text:
Right angle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Right angle (disambiguation).
A right angle is equal to 90 degrees.
A line segment (AB) drawn so that it forms right angles with a line (CD).
In geometry and trigonometry, a right angle is an angle of exactly 90° (degrees),[1] corresponding to a quarter turn.[2] If a ray is placed so that its endpoint is on a line and the adjacent angles are equal, then they are right angles.[3] The term is a calque of Latin angulus rectus; here rectus means "upright", referring to the vertical perpendicular to a horizontal base line.
Closely related and important geometrical concepts are perpendicular lines, meaning lines that form right angles at their point of intersection, and orthogonality, which is the property of forming right angles, usually applied to vectors. The presence of a right angle in a triangle is the defining factor for right triangles,[4] making the right angle basic to trigonometry.
Contents
[hide]
1 In elementary geometry
2 Symbols
3 Euclid
4 Conversion to other units
5 Rule of 3-4-5
6 Thales' theorem
7 See also
8 References
In elementary geometry[edit]
A rectangle is a quadrilateral with four right angles. A square has four right angles, in addition to equal-length sides.
The Pythagorean theorem states how to determine when a triangle is a right triangle.
Symbols[edit]
Right triangle, with the right angle shown via a small square.
Another option of diagrammatically indicating a right angle, using an angle curve and a small dot.
In Unicode, the symbol for a right angle is U+221F ∟ Right angle (HTML ∟). It should not be confused with the similarly shaped symbol U+231E ⌞ Bottom left corner (HTML ⌞). Related symbols are U+22BE ⊾ Right angle with arc (HTML ⊾), U+299C ⦜ Right angle variant with square (HTML ⦜), and U+299D ⦝ Measured right angle with dot (HTML ⦝).[5]
In diagrams, the fact that an angle is a right angle is usually expressed by adding a small right angle that forms a square with the angle in the diagram, as seen in the diagram of a right triangle (in British English, a right-angled triangle) to the right. The symbol for a measured angle, an arc, with a dot, is used in some European countries, including German-speaking countries and Poland, as an alternative symbol for a right angle.[6]
Euclid[edit]
Right angles are fundamental in Euclid's Elements. They are defined in Book 1, definition 10, which also defines perpendicular lines. Definition 10 does not use numerical degree measurements but rather touches at the very heart of what a right angle is, namely two straight lines intersecting to form two equal and adjacent angles.[7] The straight lines which form right angles are called perpendicular.[8] Euclid uses right angles in definitions 11 and 12 to define acute angles (those smaller than a right angle) and obtuse angles (those greater than a right angle).[9] Two angles are called complementary if their sum is a right angle.[10]
Book 1 Postulate 4 states that all right angles are equal, which allows Euclid to use a right angle as a unit to measure other angles with. Euclid's commentator Proclus gave a proof of this postulate using the previous postulates, but it may be argued that this proof makes use of some hidden assumptions. Saccheri gave a proof as well but using a more explicit assumption. In Hilbert's axiomatization of geometry this statement is given as a theorem, but only after much groundwork. One may argue that, even if postulate 4 can be proven from the preceding ones, in the order that Euclid presents his material it is necessary to include it since without it postulate 5, which uses the right angle as a unit of measure, makes no sense.[11]
Conversion to other units[edit]
A right angle may be expressed in different units:
1/4 turn
90° (degrees)
π/2 radians
100 grad (also called grade, gradian, or gon)
8 points (of a 32-point compass rose)
6 hours (astronomical hour angle)
Rule of 3-4-5[edit]
Throughout history carpenters and masons have known a quick way to confirm if an angle is a true "right angle." It is based on the most widely known Pythagorean triple (3, 4, 5) and so called the "Rule of 3-4-5." From the angle in question, running a straight line along one side exactly three units in length, and along the second side exactly four units in length, will create a hypotenuse (the longer line opposite the right angle that connects the two measured endpoints) of exactly 5 units in length. This measurement can be made quickly and without technical instruments. The geometric law behind the measurement is the Pythagorean theorem ("The square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the two adjacent sides").
Thales' theorem[edit]
Construction of the perpendicular to the half-line h from the point P (applicable not only at the end point A, M is freely selectable), animation at the end with pause 10 s
Alternative construction if P outside of the half-line h and the distance A to P' is small (B is freely selectable),
animation at the end with pause 10 s
Main article: Thales' theorem
Thales' theorem states that an angle inscribed in a semicircle (with a vertex on the semicircle and its defining rays going through the endpoints of the semicircle) is a right angle.
Two application examples in which the right angle and the Thales' theorem are included (see animations).
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Right angles.
Cartesian coordinate system
Orthogonality
Perpendicular
Rectangle
Types of angles
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Right Angle". Math Open Reference. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Wentworth p. 11
Jump up ^ Wentworth p. 8
Jump up ^ Wentworth p. 40
Jump up ^ Unicode 5.2 Character Code Charts Mathematical Operators, Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B
Jump up ^ Müller-Philipp, Susanne; Gorski, Hans-Joachim (2011). Leitfaden Geometrie [Handbook Geometry] (in German). Springer. ISBN 9783834886163.
Jump up ^ Heath p. 181
Jump up ^ Heath p. 181
Jump up ^ Heath p. 181
Jump up ^ Wentworth p. 9
Jump up ^ Heath pp. 200-201 for the paragraph
Wentworth, G.A. (1895). A Text-Book of Geometry. Ginn & Co.
Euclid, commentary and trans. by T. L. Heath Elements Vol. 1 (1908 Cambridge) Google Books
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text:
Begin the Beguine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the Spanish film, see Begin the Beguine (film).
Not to be confused with the R.E.M. song "Begin the Begin" or the television episode "Begin the Begin" (Grey's Anatomy).
"Begin the Beguine"
Single by Artie Shaw and His Orchestra (original issues as "Art" Shaw)
A-side
"Indian Love Call"
B-side
"Begin the Beguine"
Recorded
July 24, 1938, New York City
Genre
Jazz
Length
3:11
Label
Bluebird
B-7746
Songwriter(s)
Cole Porter; arranged by Artie Shaw and Jerry Gray
"Begin the Beguine" is a popular song written by Cole Porter. Porter composed the song between Kalabahi, Indonesia, and Fiji during a 1935 Pacific cruise aboard Cunard's ocean liner Franconia.[1] In October 1935, it was introduced by June Knight in the Broadway musical Jubilee, produced at the Imperial Theatre in New York City.[2]
Contents
1 Music
2 Artie Shaw version
3 Later popularity
3.1 Releases by notable artists
4 In film
5 Other media
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Music[edit]
A Beguine was originally a Christian lay woman of the 13th or 14th century living in a religious community without formal vows, but in the creole of the Caribbean, especially in Martinique and Guadeloupe, the term came to mean "white woman", and then to be applied to a style of music and dance, and in particular a slow, close couples' dance. This combination of French ballroom dance and Latin folk dance became popular in Paris and spread further abroad in the 1940s, largely due to the influence of the Porter song.[citation needed]

Musicologist and composer Alec Wilder described it in his book American Popular Song: The Great Innovators 1900–1950 as "a maverick, an unprecedented experiment and one which, to this day, after hearing it hundreds of times, I cannot sing or whistle or play from start to finish without the printed music ... about the sixtieth measure I find myself muttering another title, End the Beguine."[3]
Artie Shaw version[edit]
At first, the song gained little popularity, perhaps because of its length and unconventional form. Josephine Baker danced to it in her return to America in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1936, but neither she nor the song were successful. Two years later, however, bandleader Artie Shaw recorded an arrangement of the song, an extended swing orchestra version, in collaboration with his arranger and orchestrator, Jerry Gray.
After signing a new recording contract with RCA Victor Shaw chose "Begin the Beguine" to be the first of six tunes he would record with his new 14 piece band at this, his first recording session with RCA. The session was held at RCA's "Studio 2" on East 24th Street in New York on July 24, 1938.[4] Until then, Shaw's band had been having a tough time finding an identity and maintaining its existence without having had any popular hits of significance; his previous recording contract with Brunswick had lapsed at the end of 1937 without being renewed.
RCA's pessimism with the whole idea of recording the long tune "that nobody could remember from beginning to end anyway" resulted in it being released on the "B" side of the record "Indian Love Call", issued by Bluebird Records as catalog number B-7746 B. Shaw's persistence paid off, though, when "Begin the Beguine" became a best-selling record in 1938, peaking at No. 3., skyrocketing Shaw and his band to fame and popularity. The recording became one of the most famous and popular anthems of the entire Swing Era. Subsequent re-releases by RCA Victor (catalog number 20-1551)[5] and other releases on LPs, tapes and CDs have kept the recording readily available continuously ever since its initial release.
Later popularity[edit]
After Shaw introduced the song to dance halls, MGM brought out the musical film Broadway Melody of 1940, in which Fred Astaire and Eleanor Powell danced to "Begin the Beguine". In short order, all the major big bands recorded it, including Harry James, Benny Goodman, Tommy Dorsey and Glenn Miller, often as an instrumental, as in the film. As a vocal song, it also became a pop standard, beginning with Porter and Tony Martin; new interpretations are often still measured against renditions by Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald, and Elvis Presley did an adaptation of his own. "Begin the Beguine" became such a classic during World War II that Max Beckmann adopted the title for a painting in 1946 (now at University of Michigan Museum of Art).
Releases by notable artists[edit]
Xavier Cugat and his orchestra recorded one of the first versions in 1935, with a stronger Latin sound than later versions. The song was recorded as an instrumental, although a vocalist (Don Reid) sings the title and the beginning and end of the song. This recording reached the charts of the day.[6]
Tony Martin[7] recorded Begin the Beguine at least twice: on March 14, 1939 for Decca Records (catalog numbers 2375a[8] and later 25018[9] in 78 rpm, 9-25018 in 45 rpm) and for RCA Victor Records in the late 1940s (catalog number 20-2814,[10] 47-3228).
In July 1939 Chick Henderson recorded a version of the song with the Joe Loss orchestra in London, on the Regal Zonophone label. The record sold over one million copies,[citation needed] a remarkable and almost unique achievement for the time, and did much to make the song a standard in the UK, whilst making household names of both the band and its singer.
Leslie Hutchinson recorded a version on April 3, 1940. This recording was given to the Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba, who later asked that it be played seven times at his tomb when his body was laid to rest, which occurred a week after his death on January 31, 1969.[11][12]
Jane Froman recorded the song for CBS Millions for Defense, broadcast on July 30, 1941, the song starts at 4 minutes and 30 seconds into the broadcast.
Bing Crosby recorded the song on May 3, 1944 for Decca Records.[13]
Eddie Heywood and his orchestra recorded a single version in 1944 and this reached the USA charts in 1945 peaking in the No. 16 spot.[14]
Alys Robi made a 78 rpm version in 1944.
The Andrews Sisters recorded a single version in collaboration with Glenn Miller and his orchestra.
Larry Adler recorded a version with The John Kirby Orchestra in New York ca. 2/1944 Decca 22319.
Maurice Rocco recorded his version in the mid 1940s.
Jo Stafford released her version in the early 1950s.
Mario Lanza recorded a successful version in the late 1950s.
Berl Olswanger recorded his instrumental version on Berl Olswanger at the Piano (1953)
Pat Boone on the album Howdy! 1957
Frank Sinatra recorded a version on February 24, 1946[15] and this reached the Billboard charts in the No.23 position.[16] It was later re-released on The Columbia Years (1943–1952).
Charlie Parker, in the album The Cole Porter Songbook (1950–54; re-released on CD in 1991)
Oreste Kirkop recorded in Hollywood in November 1955 with The Paramount Studio Orchestra conducted by Victor Young ( Recording released on a double CD entitled " The Maltese Tenor, Oreste Kirkop" by KTA Productions, Malta in 1996. KTA 070, KTA 071).
Caterina Valente included a version on her 1956 album The Hi-Fi Nightingale.
Liberace recorded and performed a spirited version with his brother, George Liberace, on his live television show in 1956.
Ella Fitzgerald performed a version for the Cole Porter Songbook on Verve, 1956
The Flamingos performed a version on Flamingo Serenade, 1959.
Chet Atkins included a version on his 1960 album The Other Chet Atkins.
Louis Prima and Keely Smith had a single version in 1961.
Al Hirt released a version on his 1961 album, The Greatest Horn in the World.[17]
Elvis Presley recorded his own song in 1962, based on Porter's, entitled "You'll Be Gone". Presley co-wrote the original aspects of the song with his bodyguard Red West and assistant Charlie Hodge.
Andy Williams had a version in his 1964 album The Great Songs from "My Fair Lady" and Other Broadway Hits.
Tom Jones recorded a version in 1966 for his album From the Heart.
Django Reinhardt recorded several times a gypsy jazz version of Begin the Beguine.
Les Paul arranged a jazz guitar version.
Laventille Highlanders Steel Orchestra from Trinidad and Tobago, led by tuner Bertie Marshall, recorded a version on the steel pan.
Juan García Esquivel had a lounge music version of the tune.
Pete Townshend included a version in 1970 for his album Happy Birthday.
Johnny Mathis recorded an eight-minute-long disco version in 1979, as well as a samba rendition. The edited single of the disco version reached #37 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary survey in 1979; this version has gained popularity as a favorite among Carolina Beach Music fans.
Sammy Davis, Jr. recorded a version in 1979 for his album Hearin' is Believin'.
Julio Iglesias's 1981 version reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in December 1981.[18]
Richard Clayderman's album Music of love (1984) includes this song.
Dionne Warwick recorded a version in 1990 for her album Dionne Warwick Sings Cole Porter.
Tuck Andress recorded a version in 1990 for his album Reckless Precision.
Gal Costa recorded a version in 1990 for her album Plural.
Thomas Hampson's version on his Cole Porter album Night and Day for EMI (1991) features the original arrangements by Robert Russell Bennett, performed by the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by John McGlinn.
Michael Nesmith recorded a version in 1992 for his solo album Tropical Campfires.
Pearl Django had a gypsy jazz version in 2000 in the album Avalon.
Frank Holder recorded a bossa nova version on his album Interpretations Frank Holder and Shane Hill in 2012
In film[edit]
Fred Astaire and Eleanor Powell danced to an instrumental version in Broadway Melody of 1940.
Deanna Durbin sang it in Hers to Hold (1943).
In the 1946 Porter biographical film Night and Day, Latin singer Carlos Ramirez performed this song.
"Begin the Beguine" was referenced in the 1968 animated movie Yellow Submarine in a conversation between the characters John and Jeremy.
It was also sung by Sammy Davis Jr. in Moon Over Parador.
Begin the Beguine was the chosen English title for Volver a Empezar (José Luis Garci, 1982), the first Spanish film to win an Academy Award in Hollywood for a foreign language movie. Garci includes another tribute to Cole Porter in another of his films, You're the One (2000).
The song is featured in the 1989 documentary The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg, during the chapters in which Greenberg is drafted into the armed forces and in a part of the chapter about the relationship between Greenberg and his wife Carol.
"Begin the Beguine" is sung by actress Melora Hardin in the South Seas Club scene in The Rocketeer (1991).
An instrumental march arrangement appears on the soundtrack of Evil Under the Sun (1982).
Sheryl Crow performs the song in De-Lovely (2004), a biographical film about Porter.
Instrumental music played during a ballroom scene in the 2008 movie Australia includes "Begin the Beguine", performed by Australian clarinetist Andy Firth and the Ralph Pyle Big Band.
In Hope and Glory, the song is sung by the character Dawn (Sammi Davis) while her family is repairing windows broken during an air raid.
It is played in The Josephine Baker Story (1991).
It is used in Ballet Shoes (2007).
It is used extensively, in three different forms, in Undertaking Betty (2002).
There is a reference to the song in a lyric in Under The Sea from Disney's The Little Mermaid (1989) when Sebastian sings "Under the sea, under the sea, when the sardine begin the beguine it's music to me".
Other media[edit]
A character in Michael Ondaatje's Divisadero (2007) refers to this song several times.
A heavily modified Mustang P51 racing aircraft called Beguine was fielded in the 1949 National Air Races, the musical score was painted in gold over the dark blue fuselage. It crashed on a nearby house in Berea, Ohio, during the race killing pilot Bill Odom and two people in the house. The National Air Races were discontinued after the accident.[19]
The song is quoted musically and parodied in Noël Coward's 1944 song Nina, which includes the lyrics:
She refused to begin the Beguine / Though they implored her to / And in language profane and obscene / She cursed the man who taught her to / She cursed Cole Porter too
It is mentioned several times in Jeffrey Eugenides' Middlesex. Milton Stephanides, father of the novel's main character, Cal, plays the song on his clarinet to woo Tessie, Cal's mother.
In the short story "Julio Iglesias" by Haruki Murakami, Iglesias' recording of the song proves to be unbearable to a group of sea turtles.
Fictional Medal of Honor recipient Ernie Yost sings the song in an episode of NCIS when he proclaims his love for Artie Shaw over Benny Goodman in the episode "Call of Silence".
The song is mentioned on the television sitcom Mama's Family Season 2 Episode 1
In a sixth-season The West Wing episode called "A Good Day", President Bartlet (Martin Sheen) sings part of the song while dancing in the Oval Office with the First Lady, Abby (Stockard Channing).
The song is played aboard the Bianca Pride in Paule Marshall's novel, Praisesong for the Widow.
Leland Palmer calls out the song's title after fainting in the first episode of the second season of Twin Peaks.
The song plays in the background of a scene in the 2006 South Park episode, "Smug Alert!".
Tim Curry sings the words ‘begin the beguine’ in the song "Anything Can Happen on Halloween" from The Worst Witch (film).
The lyrics ‘begin the beguine’ also appear in the 'Mountain Duet' from Chess (musical) by Tim Rice in reference to a meeting both parties have been trying to put off but which surprises both of them by quickly turning romantic.
See also[edit]
List of 1930s jazz standards
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cryer, Max. "Love Me Tender: the stories behind the world's favourite songs" (Auckland: Exisie Publishing Co., 2008), pp. 86–89
Jump up ^ Rice, Jo (1982). The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits (1st ed.). Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 219. ISBN 0-85112-250-7.
Jump up ^ Wilder, Alec. American Popular Song: The Great Innovators 1900–1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972), pg. 240
Jump up ^ Inventory of the Artie Shaw Collection, 1910–2005 (bulk 1936–1955) Collection Number: MMS 5 University of Arizona School of Music http://web.cfa.arizona.edu/artieshaw/collection/mms5shaw.pdf page 15 retrieved August 24, 2014
Jump up ^ "RCA Victor 78rpm numerical listing discography: 20-1500 – 20-2000". 78discography.com. Retrieved 2014-03-29.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954. Wisconsin, USA: Record Research Inc. p. 116. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.
Jump up ^ "Loews Hotels". Feinsteinsattheregency.com. Retrieved 2014-03-29.
Jump up ^ "DECCA (USA) 78rpm numerical listing discography: 2000 – 2500". 78discography.com. Retrieved 2014-03-29.
Jump up ^ "DECCA (USA) 78rpm numerical listing discography: 25000 series". 78discography.com. Retrieved 2014-03-29.
Jump up ^ "RCA Victor 20-prefix 78rpm numerical listing discography: 2500 – 3000". 78discography.com. Retrieved 2014-03-29.
Jump up ^ Susan Kidder Herr, "Darshan I: A Fairy Tale for Old Souls," The Awakener Magazine, vol.13, nos. 1 & 2 (1970), p. 8.
Jump up ^ Fred Marks, Thoughts on Begin the Beguine, The Awakener Magazine, vol. 21, no. 2 (1985), p. 40.
Jump up ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954. Wisconsin, USA: Record Research Inc. p. 211. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.
Jump up ^ "Frank Sinatra Discography". jazzdiscography.com.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954. Wisconsin, USA: Record Research Inc. p. 392. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.
Jump up ^ "Al Hirt – The Greatest Horn in the World (Vinyl, LP, Album) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2014-03-29.
Jump up ^ , he recorded 4 versions of this song in Italian Venezia a Settembre, French Une chanson qui revient, Spanish Begin the Beguine, German aber der Traum war sehr schön Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 403. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ http://www.cleveland.com/berea/index.ssf/2014/08/labor_day_marks_65_years_since.html
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Discography
Studio albums
Yo canto (1969)
Un canto a Galicia (1972)
Soy (1973)
A flor de piel (1974)
A México (1975)
El amor (1975)
America (1976)
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Et l'amour crea la femme (1982)
1100 Bel Air Place (1984)
Libra (1985)
Un hombre solo (1987)
Tutto l'amore che ti manca (1987)
Non Stop (1988)
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Calor (1992)
Crazy (1994)
La carretera (1995)
Tango (1996)
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Ao Meu Brasil (2001)
Divorcio (2003)
Romantic Classics (2006)
1 (2011)
México (2015)
Live albums
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Compilation albums
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Love Songs (2003)
1: The Collection (2014)
Singles
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"Gwendolyne" (1970)
"Cucurrucucú paloma" (1975)
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"Yours (Quiéreme Mucho)" (1981)
"Amor" (1984)
"All of You" (1984)
"The Air That I Breathe" (1984)
"To All the Girls I've Loved Before" (1984)
"I've Got You Under My Skin" (1985)
"We Are the World" (1985)
"Lo Mejor de Tu Vida" (1987)
"Que No Se Rompa la Noche" (1987)
"Bamboléo" (1989)
"Vincent" (1990)
"Can't Help Falling in Love" (1990)
"Crazy" (1994)
"Oye Como Va" (1994)
"When You Tell Me That You Love Me" (1994)
"El Choclo" (1996)
"La Gota Fría" (1998)
"Everybody's Talkin'" (2006)
Family
Julio Iglesias Sr. (father)
Julio Iglesias Jr. (son)
Enrique Iglesias (son)
Chabeli Iglesias (daughter)
Isabel Preysler (first wife)
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List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1981
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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These are the Billboard Hot 100 number-one hits of 1981. The longest running number-one single of 1981 is "Physical" by Olivia Newton-John which stayed at the top of the chart for six weeks in 1981 and then for four additional weeks in 1982, with a total of 10 weeks at number-one. This also makes "Physical" the longest running number-one single of the 1980s.
Key
The yellow background indicates the #1 song on Billboard's 1981 Year-End Chart of Pop Singles.
Issue Date
Song
Artist(s)
Reference
January 3 "(Just Like) Starting Over" John Lennon [1]
January 10 [2]
January 17 [3]
January 24 [4]
January 31 "The Tide Is High" Blondie [5]
February 7 "Celebration" Kool & the Gang [6]
February 14 [7]
February 21 "9 to 5" Dolly Parton [8]
February 28 "I Love a Rainy Night" Eddie Rabbitt [9]
March 7 [10]
March 14 "9 to 5" Dolly Parton [11]
March 21 "Keep On Loving You" REO Speedwagon [12]
March 28 "Rapture" Blondie [13]
April 4 [14]
April 11 "Kiss on My List" Daryl Hall and John Oates [15]
April 18 [16]
April 25 [17]
May 2 "Morning Train (Nine to Five)" Sheena Easton [18]
May 9 [19]
May 16 "Bette Davis Eyes" Kim Carnes [20]
May 23 [21]
May 30 [22]
June 6 [23]
June 13 [24]
June 20 "Stars on 45 Medley" Stars on 45 [25]
June 27 "Bette Davis Eyes" Kim Carnes [26]
July 4 [27]
July 11 [28]
July 18 [29]
July 25 "The One That You Love" Air Supply [30]
August 1 "Jessie's Girl" Rick Springfield [31]
August 8 [32]
August 15 "Endless Love" Diana Ross and Lionel Richie [33]
August 22 [34]
August 29 [35]
September 5 [36]
September 12 [37]
September 19 [38]
September 26 [39]
October 3 [40]
October 10 [41]
October 17 "Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)" Christopher Cross [42]
October 24 [43]
October 31 [44]
November 7 "Private Eyes" Daryl Hall and John Oates [45]
November 14 [46]
November 21 "Physical" Olivia Newton-John [47]
November 28 [48]
December 5 [49]
December 12 [50]
December 19 [51]
December 26 [52]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart".
Sources[edit]
Fred Bronson's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition (ISBN 0-8230-7677-6)
Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2008, 12 Edition (ISBN 0-89820-180-2)
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Eighties (ISBN 0-89820-079-2)
Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard's online archive services and print editions of the magazine.
See also[edit]
1981 in music
Cashbox Top 100 number-one singles of 1981
List of number-one hits (United States)
List of number-one albums of 1981 (U.S.)
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Lists of Billboard number-one singles
1940–1959
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960–1979
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
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1980–1999
1980
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1983
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1985
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1990
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By decade
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See also
Top-ten singles
Hot 100 Year-end
List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_1981&oldid=850693607"
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International unit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In pharmacology, the international unit is a unit of measurement for the amount of a substance; the mass or volume that constitutes one international unit varies based on which substance is being measured, and the variance is based on the biological activity or effect, for the purpose of easier comparison across substances. International units are used to quantify vitamins, hormones, some medications, vaccines, blood products, and similar biologically active substances.
The name international unit has often been capitalized (in English and other languages), although major English-language dictionaries treat it as a common noun and thus use lower case. The name has several accepted abbreviations. It is usually abbreviated as IU in English, UI in Romance languages (for example Spanish unidad internacional, French unité internationale, Italian unità internazionale, Romanian unitate internațională), IE in several Germanic languages (for example German internationale Einheit, Dutch internationale eenheid) or as other forms (for example Russian МЕ, международная единица [mezhdunarodnaya jedinica], Hungarian NE, nemzetközi egység). In order to remove the possibility of having the letter "I" confused with the digit "1", some hospitals have it as a stated policy to omit the "I", that is, to only use U or E when talking and writing about dosages, while other hospitals require the word "units" (or words "international units") to be written out entirely.[1]
Many biological agents exist in different forms or preparations (e.g. vitamin A in the form of retinol or beta-carotene). The goal of the IU is to be able to compare these, so that different forms or preparations with the same biological effect will contain the same number of IUs. To do so, the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization provides a reference preparation of the agent, arbitrarily sets the number of IUs contained in that preparation, and specifies a biological procedure to compare other preparations of the same agent to the reference preparation. Since the number of IUs contained in a new substance is arbitrarily set, there is no equivalence between IU measurements of different biological agents. For instance, one IU of vitamin E cannot be equated with one IU of vitamin A in any way, including mass or efficacy.
Despite its name, IU is not part of the International System of Units used in physics and chemistry. The iu should not be confused with the enzyme unit, also known as the international unit of enzyme activity and abbreviated as U.
Contents
[hide]
1 Equality and equivalency of IU for different substances
2 Mass equivalents of 1 IU
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Notes
4.2 Citations
5 External links
Equality and equivalency of IU for different substances[edit]
To define the IU for a substance, an international collaborative study is organized by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization using various assay systems in several laboratories.[2] The main goal of the study is to reach a consensus regarding methods of analysis and the approach to standardization so that results can be compared.[3][4][5]
The study is performed using highly purified preparations of the substance, typically in lyophilized form, called "international reference preparations" or IRPs.[2] Each preparation is divided into precisely weighed samples, with each sample stored in its own ampoule labeled with a code corresponding to the source IRP.[2] Assays are performed using these samples and are calibrated against the previously available IU standard. These results can be quite variable; the final IU value for samples of a given IRP are determined by consensus.[3] The IRP that provides the best results and shows the best long term stability is selected to define the next IU.[2] This IRP is then referred to as the "international standard."[2]
Mass equivalents of 1 IU[edit]
For some substances, the precise mass equivalent of one IU is later established. If that happens, the former IU mass for that substance is officially abandoned in favor of a newly established mass. The unit count will often still remain in use.
Vitamin A: 1 IU is the biological equivalent of 0.3 μg retinol, or of 0.6 μg beta-carotene.[6][7][a]
Vitamin C: 1 IU is 50 μg L-ascorbic acid
Vitamin D: 1 IU is the biological equivalent of 25 ng cholecalciferol/ergocalciferol
Vitamin E: 1 IU is the biological equivalent of about 0.667 mg d-alpha-tocopherol (2/3 mg exactly), or of 0.45 mg of dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate.[8][9]
Insulin: 1 IU is equivalent to 0.0347 mg of human insulin (28.8 IU/mg).
Oxytocin: 1 IU is equivalent to 2 μg of pure peptide.
See also[edit]
United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ RE and RAE are newer units designed to replace IU for Vitamin A. See Vitamin A.
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "Facts about the Official “Do Not Use” List" (PDF). The Joint Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 10, 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists (Dec 1992). "Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists position paper: standardization of selected polypeptide hormone measurements.". Clin Biochem. 25 (6): 415–24. PMID 1477965. doi:10.1016/0009-9120(92)90030-V.
^ Jump up to: a b Jeffcoate SL (1988). "What are we measuring in gonadotropin assays?". Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 288: 28–30. PMID 3048031.
Jump up ^ Wicher JT (1991). "Calibration is the key to immunoassay but the ideal calibrator is unattainable.". Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 205: 21–32. PMID 1947745.
Jump up ^ Ekins R (1991). "Immunoassay standardization". Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 205: 33–46. PMID 1947747.
Jump up ^ Dietary Supplements Ingredient Database
Jump up ^ Dietary Reference Intakes Tables: Unit Conversion Factors
Jump up ^ "Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin E". Retrieved 6 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dietary Reference Intakes Tables". Retrieved 6 October 2012.
External links[edit]
Look up international unit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
WHO reference preparations
Online converter with authoritative references for all substances

Science portal
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Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race
Map
Date
June–August
Location
Jamaica, Queens, Queens, New York, United States
Event type
Ultramarathon
Distance
3,100 miles (4,989 km)
Beneficiary
Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team
Established
1985 — 1000 miles;
1987 — 2004 Ultra Trio (700, 1000 and 1300-miles);
1996 — 2700 miles (4,345 km);
since 1997 — 3100 miles
Course records
3,100
M: 40 days 09:06:21 "Ashprihanal" Pekka Aalto (2015);
F: 48 days 14:24:10
Kaneenika Janakova (2017)
Official site
www.3100.ws
The Self-Transcendence 3100 mile race is the world's longest certified footrace.[1] In 1996 Sri Chinmoy created this event as a 2,700-mile (4,345 km) race. At the award ceremony that year he declared that the 1997 edition would be extended to 3,100 miles (4,989 km).
This multiday race is hosted by the Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team and takes place in Queens, New York in the United States from June–August every year. The course is 3,100 miles (4,989 km) long. Runners negotiate 5649 laps of one extended city block in Jamaica, Queens - 164th Place to Abigail Adams (84th) Avenue to 168th Street to Grand Central Parkway Coordinates: 40°42′56″N 73°47′59″W / 40.715556°N 73.799653°W / 40.715556; -73.799653 ("Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race course") - a distance of 0.5488 mile (883 m).[2] The runners have 52 days in which to complete the distance - an average of 59.62 miles (95.95 km) every day.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Records & winners
2.1 1,000 Mile IAU World Championship 1988
2.2 Records
3 Winner's list
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
7.1 Runner
History[edit]
The Self-Transcendence 3100 mile was founded by Sri Chinmoy out of his wish to create an opportunity for runners to discover the limits of their capacities and to try to go beyond them. Hence the name "Self-Transcendence", which is appended to all the footraces that the Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team hosts. Since 1985 when the group first began holding races, the focus on the ultramarathon and multiday races has grown from the Ultra Trio, three races with staggered starts of 700, 1000 and 1300-mile duration that take place in September, and the spring races, which include the Self-Transcendence 6-Day race and the only annual race of its kind, the Self-Transcendence 10-Day race.
In 1996 Sri Chinmoy created this event as a 2,700-mile (4,345 km) race. At the award ceremony that year he declared that the 1997 edition would be extended to 3,100 miles (4,989 km). The race has been run at this distance every year since.
Records & winners[edit]
2012
1,000 Mile IAU World Championship 1988[edit]
1988 Sri Chinmoy 1,000 Mile IAU World Championship and 700 and 1,300 Mile Races were held 20 May — 7 June 1988.
Yiannis Kouros 10 days+10:30.36 (WR)
Sandra Barwick 14 days+20:45.16 (WR) [3]
Records[edit]
The world record is held by Ashprihanal Aalto who broke the record of Madhupran Wolfgang Schwerk, 41 days 08:16:29, with time of 40 days 09:06:21 in July 2015.[4] The ladies' record is held by Kaneenika Janakova who completed 3100 miles in 48 days 14:24:10 in 2017. She broke the record of Surasa Mairer 49 days 07:52:24 (2015). Suprabha Beckjord is the only person to have completed every edition of the race (until 2009). Ashprihanal Aalto has won the race eight times of his 13.
Winner's list[edit]
Winner's list 700 - 2700 Miles (Antecessor of 3100 mile Race)
Date
Distance
Men
showWomen
Year
Miles
Country
Athlete
Time
(days, hours, minutes, seconds)
Country
Athlete
Time
(days, hours, minutes, seconds)
1985 1000
1986 1000 Stu Mittleman 11:20:37:00 [5]
1987 700
1000
1300

Yiannis Kouros
Tom Grace
Marty Sprengelmeyer 150 miles
567 miles
1250 miles

Antana Locs
Pippa Davis
Izumi Yamamoto 691 miles
832 miles
825 miles [6]
1988 700
1000
1300

Sauriya Clarc
Yiannis Kouros
Stefan Schlett (de) 11:05:42:00
10:10:30:36
1172 miles

Suprabha Schechter
Sandra Barwick
Izumi Yamamoto 10:13:03:45
14:20:45:16
230 miles
1989 700
1000
1300

Noivedya Brower
John Wallis
Al Howie 11:17:57:00 [7]
14:09:45:04 [7]
17:08:25:34 [7]

- Essie Garrett
Suprabha Schechter
- 12:19:26:36 [7]
14:20:18:24 [7]

1990 700
1000
1300

-
Suprabha Schechter
-
13:53:00:00[8]
-
1991 700
1000
1300

Thomas Possert
Al Howie
13:14:02:52 [7]
16:19:00:00

Sandra Barwick[8]

17:22:46:07
1992 700
1000
1300

István Sipos (hu)

09:14:43:30
-
-

Suprabha Beckjord[8]
1993 700
1000
1300

Jeffrey Covell
Aleksandr Chulakov
István Sipos 11:12:12:13 [7]
14:18:29:45 [7]
16:17:36:14

Monika Shamita Achenbach-König
Dipali Cunningham
Antana Locs 11:20:42:46 [7]
15:12:52:02[7]
18:12:34:35 [7]
1994 700
1000
1300

- Aleksandar (Namitabha) Arsic
Marty Sprengelmeyer
- 11:14:30:29 [7]
14:08:00:20[7]
-

Catherine Dipali Cunningham
Silvia Andonie Graziano
Antana Locs[8] 10:05:32:58 [7]
14:18:52:38[7]
18:18:49:42 [7]
1995 700
1000
1300

Sasa Djordjevic

Georgs Jermolajevs 12:01:47:46[7]
-
16:14:00:00[8]
Catherine Dipali Cunningham
Dhvaja Dorn
- 09:15:14:46 [7]
15:22:39:35[7]
-
1996 700
1000
1300
2700

John Wallis
István Sipos

Georgs Jermolajevs 10:07:25:54 [7]
13:22:27:27
-
40:11:00:00
-
Paula Surasa Mairer
-
Suprabha Beckjord
- 11:09:11:05 [7]
-
43:01:00:00
-
1997 700
1000
1300
2700

Nicola Sinisgalli
Georgis Jermolajevs

Georgs Jermolajevs
10:18:41:31
12:01:25:47
-
-

-
- Paula Surasa Mairer
Dipali Cunningham
-
- 10:20:20:25
13:20:18:40
-
-
Winner's list 3100 Miles (Race best time coloured background)
Date
Distance
Men
Women
Year
Miles
Country
Athlete
Time
(days, hours, minutes, seconds)
Country
Athlete
Time
(days, hours, minutes, seconds)
1997 3100 United States Edward Kelley 47:15:19:56 [9] United States Suprabha Beckjord 51:02:09:56 [9]
1998 3100 Hungary István Sipos (hu) 46:17:02:06 [9] United States Suprabha Beckjord 49:14:30:54 [9]
1999 3100 United States Edward Kelley 48:12:42:46 [9] United States Suprabha Beckjord 51:14:16:17 [9]
2000 3100 Finland Ashprihanal Aalto 47:13:29:55 [9] United States Suprabha Beckjord 54:15:51:34 [9]
2001 3100 Finland Ashprihanal Aalto 48:10:56:12 [9] United States Suprabha Beckjord 52:10:37:42 [9]
2002 3100 Germany Madhupran Wolfgang Schwerk 42:13:24:03 [9] United States Suprabha Beckjord 51:12:08:06 [9]
2003 3100 Serbia Namitabha Arsic 49:02:24:45 [9][10] United States Suprabha Beckjord 56:03:00:22 [9][10]
2004 3100 Finland Ashprihanal Aalto 46:06:55:11 [9][10] United States Suprabha Beckjord 55:13:13:00 [9][10]
2005 3100 Serbia Srdjan Stojanovich 46:10:51:16 [9][10] United States Suprabha Beckjord 63:04:23:28 [10][11]
2006 3100 Germany Madhupran Wolfgang Schwerk 41:08:16:29 [10][12] United States Suprabha Beckjord 60:04:35:24 [10][13]
2007 3100 Finland Ashprihanal Aalto 43:04:26:32 [9][10] United States Suprabha Beckjord 58:07:54:27 [10][14]
2008 3100 Finland Ashprihanal Aalto 44:02:42:15 [9][10] United States Suprabha Beckjord 56:17:51:22 [10][15]
2009 3100 Finland Ashprihanal Aalto 43:16:28:06 [9][10] United States Suprabha Beckjord 60:08:58:51 [10][16]
2010 3100 Finland Ashprihanal Aalto 46:07:37:24 [10][17] No finisher — —
2011 3100 Ukraine Sarvagata Ukrainskyi 44:13:38:52 [9][10] Austria Surasa Mairer 53:15:54:25 [10][18]
2012 3100 Australia Grahak Cunningham 43:10:36:39 [10][19] No entrants — —
2013 3100 Russia Vasu Duzhiy 47:05:39:00 [20] Austria Surasa Mairer 50:04:57:24 [20]
2014 3100 Ukraine Sarvagata Ukrainskyi 44:06:58:10 [21] Australia Sarah Barnett (fr) 50:03:55:08 [22]
2015 3100 Finland Ashprihanal Aalto 40:09:06:21 [4] Austria Surasa Mairer 49:07:52:24 [23]
2016 3100 Ukraine Yuri Trostenyuk 46:01:10:25 [24] Slovakia Kaneenika Janakova 51:07:31:07
2017 3100 Russia Vasu Duzhiy 46:17:38:22 [25] Slovakia Kaneenika Janakova 48:14:24:10 [26]
See also[edit]
Self-Transcendence 6- & 10-day Race
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Huffington Post Mathias, Christopher (2011-07-06). "3,100 Mile Self-Transcendence Race 2011 Enters 23rd Day In Queens". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
Jump up ^ Harper's Magazine "Run Like Fire Once More: Chasing perfection at the world's longest footrace". August 2007. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
Jump up ^ us.srichinmoyraces.org "Finish Statistics 1300 mile Race". 1988. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
^ Jump up to: a b runnersworld.com "Finn Shatters Record in World's Longest Certified Footrace". 2015-07-29. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ us.srichinmoyraces.org "1000 mile Road Race". 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
Jump up ^ us.srichinmoyraces.org "Results and Records". 2011-11-18. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u statistik.d-u-v.org "Ultra Marathon Statistics". Retrieved 2017-08-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e srichinmoyraces.org "About The 3100 Mile Race". 2008-12-14. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u lebedev.org "Winners List 1997 - 2011". 2011. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r statistik.d-u-v.org "DUV Statistics". Retrieved 2013-03-30.
Jump up ^ srichinmoyraces.org "2005 Race". 2009-10-29. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
Jump up ^ Runner's World Madphuran Wolfgang Schwerk. February 2007. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
Jump up ^ srichinmoyraces.org "2006 Edition". 2010-08-12. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
Jump up ^ srichinmoyraces.org "2007 Race". 2010-08-12. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
Jump up ^ srichinmoyraces.org "Results 2008". Retrieved 2013-03-21.
Jump up ^ srichinmoyraces.org "Results 2009". Retrieved 2013-03-21.
Jump up ^ srichinmoyraces.org "Results 2010". 2010-08-04. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
Jump up ^ Die Presse "(German) New York: Wienerin bewältigt 5000-Kilometer-Extremlauf". 2011-08-10. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
Jump up ^ srichinmoyraces.org "2012 Final Results". 2012-08-16. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
^ Jump up to: a b srichinmoyraces.org "2013 Results". 2013-08-06. Retrieved 2018-03-25.
Jump up ^ perfectionjourney.org "Today we celebrate". 2014-07-29. Retrieved 2014-07-30.
Jump up ^ 3100.ws "Day 51: Two More Make It In". 2014-08-05. Retrieved 2014-08-05.
Jump up ^ perfectionjourney.org "Its all Grace". 2015-08-02. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ srichinmoybio.co.uk "Close finish in Sri Chinmoy Self Transcendence 3100 Mile Race". 2016-08-05. Retrieved 2016-08-05.
Jump up ^ srichinmoy.wordpress.com "Vasu finished 3100 mile race in NY". Retrieved 2017-08-06.
Jump up ^ srichinmoycentre.org "New women's world record in 3100 Mile Race (2017)". Retrieved 2017-08-10.
Further reading[edit]
Cunningham, Grahak : Running Beyond The Marathon - insights into the longest footrace in the world, eText Press Publishing, 2012, ASIN B00AK1J0WS
Emmaus, PA: Endurancs Special - An ultramarathon is one thing. But 3,100 miles around a city block is something else entirely. What does it take to endure the world's longest (and strangest) race?, Runner's World, Zürich 2007, OCLC 103305923
Hoad, Richard : World's Toughest Endurance Challenges, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012, ISBN 978-1408158852
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race.
Official website
Video: Report, WSJ
Video: Report AFP (Eng.)
Runner[edit]
grahakcunningham.com
lebedev.org.ua
williamsichel.co.uk
Ultrabeh.sk
Sopan Tsekov
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