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List of active United States military aircraft
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A United States Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcon in flight
Active United States military aircraft is a list of military aircraft that are used by the United States military. For aircraft no longer in-service see List of military aircraft of the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Air Force
2 Army
3 Coast Guard
4 Marine Corps
5 Navy
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Air Force[edit]
See also: United States Air Force
Type
Manufacturer
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service[1]
Total
Notes
A-10C Thunderbolt II Fairchild Republic USA Jet Attack 1977 287
AC-130 Stinger II, Ghost Rider, Spooky II Lockheed & Boeing USA Propeller Gunship 1968 35 AC-130U, AC-130W and AC-130J.
B-1B Lancer Rockwell USA Jet Bomber 1986 60 Only supersonic bomber aircraft active in the U.S. Air Force.
B-2A Spirit Northrop Grumman USA Jet Bomber 1997 20 Slated to remain in service until 2058.
B-52H Stratofortress Boeing USA Jet Bomber 1955 75 Slated to remain in service through 2050.
C-5M Super Galaxy Lockheed USA Jet Transport 1970 52
C-12 Huron Beechcraft USA Propeller Transport
Surveillance 1974 29 26 x C-12C/C-12D/C-12F, 3 x C-12J
C-17A Globemaster III McDonnell Douglas later Boeing USA Jet Transport 1995 222 U.S. Military C-17's were produced by McDonnell-Douglas prior to the merger with Boeing. Boeing continued production of the C-17 for sales to non-U.S. Military customers.
C-20 Gulfstream USA Jet Transport 1
C-21A Learjet USA Jet Passenger transport 23
C-26 Metroliner Fairchild USA Propeller Transport 1 C-26B, RC-26
C-32 Boeing USA Jet VIP Transport 8 6 x C-32A, 2 x C-32B
C-37A Gulfstream USA Jet Passenger transport 9
C-38A Gulfstream USA Jet Passenger transport 2
C-40 Clipper Boeing USA Jet VIP Transport 14 C-40B and C-40C. 1 on order.
C-130H Hercules Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Transport 218 Most C-130H serve in the ANG and AFRES.
C-130J Super Hercules Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Transport 115 The USAF continues to receive new C-130Js for various missions[2][3]
C-144 (CN-235-100M) CASA Spain Propeller Transport 2 427th SOS
C-146A Wolfhound[4] Fairchild-Dornier Germany Propeller Transport 18 524th SOS[5]
E-3 Sentry Boeing USA Jet Command and control 31 E-3B and E-3C. One E-3B For Testing[6]
E-4B "Nightwatch" Boeing USA Jet Command and control 4 assigned to 55th Wing at Offutt AFB, Nebraska
E-8C Joint STARS Northrop Grumman USA Jet Command and control 16 One E-8A For Testing
E-9A Widget Bombardier Aerospace USA
Canada Propeller Surveillance 5
E-11A[7] Northrop Grumman USA
Canada Jet Communications 4[8]
EC-130H Compass Call Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Electronic warfare 15
EC-130 Commando Solo III Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Electronic warfare 7 3 x EC-130J, 4 x EC-130SJ
Type
Manufacturer
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service[1]
Total
Notes
F-15 Eagle McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Fighter 1976 236 212 x F-15C, 24 x F-15D. Currently being upgraded to remain in service beyond 2030 the aircraft will eventually be replaced by the F-22.
F-15E Strike Eagle McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Multirole Strike fighter 1988 220 Currently being upgraded to remain in service beyond 2030.
F-16 Fighting Falcon General Dynamics USA Jet Fighter 1978 951 To be replaced by the F-35A.
F-22A Raptor Lockheed Martin USA Jet Fighter 2005 195[9] No longer in production.
F-35A Lightning II Lockheed Martin USA Jet Fighter 2016 71 In production with 1763 planned, currently 47 for testing
Type
Manufacturer
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service[1]
Total
Notes
HC-130 Combat King/Combat King II Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Search and rescue 29 9 x HC-130N/HC-130P. 78 x HC-130J planned, of which 20 currently on order.
KC-10A Extender McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Aerial refueling 1981 58 Likely to remain in service until 2043
KC-135 Stratotanker Boeing USA Jet Aerial refueling 1957 397 KC-135R and KC-135T. To be replaced by the KC-46
LC-130H Hercules Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Cargo aircraft 10 all aircraft assigned to 139th Airlift Wing, New York Air Guard
MC-130
Combat Talon II/Combat Shadow Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Multi-mission 60 21 x MC-130H/P, 39 x MC-130J
OC-135B Open Skies Boeing USA Jet Observation 2 used as part of Treaty on Open Skies
RC-135 Cobra Ball, Combat Sent, Rivet Joint Boeing USA Jet Reconnaissance 22 3 x RC-135S, 2 x RC-135U, 17 x RC-135V/W
Type
Manufacturer
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service[1]
Total
Notes
T-1A Jayhawk Raytheon USA Jet Trainer 157 Originally 180. Two crashed after mishaps.
T-6A Texan II Raytheon/Beechcraft USA Propeller Trainer 447
T-38 Talon Northrop USA Jet Trainer 1961 501 T-38A and T-38C
T-41C Mescalero Cessna USA Propeller Trainer 4
T-51A Cessna USA Propeller Trainer 3
T-52A Diamond Canada Propeller Trainer 54
T-53A[10] Cirrus USA Propeller Trainer 25
U-2 Dragon Lady Lockheed USA Jet Reconnaissance
Trainer aircraft 1957 31 26 x U-2S, 5 x TU-2S. To be replaced by the RQ-4 Global Hawk block 40.
U-28A Pilatus Switzerland Propeller Utility 15
VC-25A Boeing USA Jet VIP Transport 1990 2 Used as Presidential Transport, operated by 89th Airlift Wing at Andrews AFB, Maryland. To be replaced by the Boeing 747-8.[11]
WC-130J Hercules Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Weather reconnaissance 10 all aircraft assigned to 403d Wing (AFRC) at Keesler AFB, Mississippi
WC-135 Constant Phoenix Boeing USA Jet Weather Reconnaissance 2
Type
Manufacturer
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service[1]
Total
Notes
HH-60 Pave Hawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Search and rescue 100 HH-60G and HH-60U. To be replaced by 112 HH-60W from 2021.[12]
UH-1N Twin Huey Bell USA Helicopter Utility 59[13]
TH-1H Iroquois Bell USA Helicopter Trainer 37
C-145 Skytruck (M28)[14] PZL Mielec Poland Propeller STOL Utility 7 6th SOS[15]
UV-18B de Havilland Canada Canada Propeller STOL Utility 4
CV-22B Osprey Bell, Boeing USA Powered lift Cargo VTOL aircraft 2006 46[16] 50 planned
MQ-1B Predator General Atomics USA UAV 1995 150 [17] To be replaced by the MQ-9.
RQ-4 Global Hawk Northrop Grumman USA UAV Patrol 2001 37[18] RQ-4A, RQ-4B and MQ-4C. 66 RQ-4B planned plus 68 MQ-4C [19][20]
MQ-9B Reaper General Atomics USA UAV 93 396 planned[19]
RQ-170 Sentinel Lockheed Martin USA UAV
Puma AE AeroVironment USA UAV Patrol
Army[edit]
See also: United States Army
Type
Manufacturer
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service[21]
Total
Notes
C-12J Beechcraft USA Propeller Transport 3[22]
C-12 Huron Beechcraft USA Propeller Cargo/Transport 104 C-12C, C-12D and C-12F. 5 on order as of December 2015.
C-212 Aviocar CASA Spain Propeller Cargo/Transport 3
RC-26D Metroliner Fairchild USA Propeller Range Support 12
C-27J Spartan Alenia Aeronautica USA
Italy Propeller Cargo aircraft 6 Former Air Force aircraft used by Army Special Operations Command for training.
C-31A Troopship Fokker Netherlands Propeller Cargo/Transport 2 Used for the Golden Knights Gold Team and Black Team
C-37 Gulfstream USA Jet Cargo/Transport 3 2 x C-37A, 1 x C-37B
EO-5 de Havilland Canada Canada Propeller Electronic Warfare,
Reconnaissance 10 3 x EO-5C, 7 x RC-7. Previously designated as RC-7B
RC-12 Huron Beechcraft USA Propeller Reconnaissance 83 RC-12D, RC-12H and RC-12K. 6 on order as of December 2015.
UC-35 Cessna USA Jet Utility aircraft 27 20 x UC-35A, 7 x UC-35B
DHC Dash-8-315 de Havilland Canada Canada Propeller Patrol 6 Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
UV-18 de Havilland Canada Canada Propeller Cargo/Transport 5
MH/AH-6M Little Bird MD Helicopter USA Helicopter Attack 1980 47
AH-64 Apache Longbow, Guardian Boeing USA Helicopter Attack 1986 792 AH-64D and AH-64E. 25 on order as of December 2015.
CH-47 Chinook Boeing USA Helicopter Transport 1962 442 394 x CH-47D, 48 x CH-47F. 464 new CH-47F to be delivered
EH-60A Black Hawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Electronic-warfare 1979 64
MH-47 Chinook Boeing USA Helicopter Multi-mission 1962 61 11 x MH-47D, 23 x MH-47E, 27 x MH-47G
MH-60 Black Hawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Multi-mission 58 23 x MH-60K, 35 x MH-60L.
TH-67 Creek Bell USA
Canada Helicopter Trainer 163 To be retired by 2020.[23]
UH-60 Black Hawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Utility 1,443 751 x UH-60A, 592 x UH-60L, 100 x UH-60M. 1227 UH-60M planned.[24]
UH-72A Lakota Eurocopter USA
Germany Helicopter Utility 341 13 on order as of December 2015.
MQ-1C Gray Eagle General Atomics USA UAV 2009 75[25] 133 planned[19]
Prioria Robotics Maveric Prioria Robotics USA UAV 36 [26]
CQ-10 Snowgoose MMIST Canada UAV Transport 2005 15 49 planned. Parafoil and autogyro variants.
RQ-7B Shadow AAI Corporation USA UAV 450 68 on order.[27]
RQ-11 Raven AeroVironment USA UAV
Switchblade AeroVironment USA UAV Attack
Puma AE AeroVironment USA UAV Patrol
Coast Guard[edit]
See also: United States Coast Guard
Type
Manufacturer
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service
Total
Notes
HC-27J Spartan Alenia Aeronautica USA
Italy Propeller Search and rescue 14 Former Air Force aircraft.
C-37A Gulfstream USA Jet Command & Control 2 VIP transport for high-ranking members of the Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Coast Guard.[citation needed]
HC-130 Hercules Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Search and rescue 33 5 x HC-130B or HC-130H (1500 series), 22 x HC-130H-7, 6 active HC-130J, 1 test, 3 in minotaur conversion, 4 under contract and in production.
HC-144 Ocean Sentry Airbus USA
Spain Propeller Search and rescue 2009 18 The HC-144A will replace some HC-130s. CGAS Miami is the first unit to receive operational HC-144A's.
MH-60 Jayhawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Medium Range Recovery (MRR) 42 MH-60 aircraft have been upgraded to MH-60T standard from HH-60J and will remain in service until 2027
HH-65 Dolphin Eurocopter USA
France Helicopter Short Range Recovery (SRR) 101 MH-65C, MH-65D and MH-65E. The HH-65Bs have been upgraded to HH-65C standard. AUF HH-65Cs have also been upgraded to MH-65Cs.
Marine Corps[edit]
See also: United States Marine Corps
Type
Manufacturer
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service[1]
Total
Notes
C-9B Skytrain II McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Cargo/Transport 2 Active 2 Scheduled to be replaced by 2 C-40A Clippers by 2023.
EA-6B Prowler Northrop Grumman USA Jet Carrier-based Electronic-warfare 18 Active, 6 Training, 3 Stored 27 Scheduled to be replaced most likely by the EA-18G Growler by 2019.[28]
F/A-18A Hornet McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Carrier-based Fighter 36 Active, 7 Training, 12 Stored 55 Scheduled to be replaced by F-35B/C Lightning II by 2019
F/A-18B Hornet McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Carrier-based Trainer 4 Training, 3 Stored 7 Scheduled to be replaced by F-35B/C Lightning II by 2019.
F/A-18C Hornet McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Carrier-based Fighter 60 Active, 12 Training, 47 Stored 119 Scheduled to begin replacement by F-35B/C Lightning II starting 2019.
F/A-18D Hornet McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Carrier-based Strike 48 Active, 20 Training, 24 Stored 92 Scheduled to begin replacement by F-35B/C Lightning II starting 2023.
F-35B Lightning II Lockheed Martin USA Jet Carrier-based Fighter 38 V/STOL variant. Planned total of 353 F-35Bs and 67 F-35Cs (CTOL) to replace various aircraft.[28]
F-5N Tiger II Northrop USA Jet Aggressor 13 Scheduled to maintain service till 2026.
KC-130J Super Hercules Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Tanker 53
UC-12W Huron Beechcraft USA Propeller Utility 6 Active 6 Scheduled to replace the UC-12F/M Huron by 2024.
UC-12M Huron Beechcraft USA Propeller Utility 3 Active 3 Scheduled to be replaced by UC-12W Huron by 2024.
UC-12F Huron Beechcraft USA Propeller Utility 3 Active 3 Scheduled to be replaced by UC-12W Huron by 2024.
UC-35D Citation Cessna USA Jet Utility 10 Active 10 Scheduled to maintain service till 2026.
UC-35C Citation Cessna USA Jet Utility 2 Active 2 Scheduled to maintain service till 2026.
AH-1W SuperCobra Bell USA Helicopter Attack 1986 105 To be upgraded to or replaced by AH-1Z Viper.
AH-1Z Viper Bell USA Helicopter Attack 2010 72
CH-53E Super Stallion Sikorsky USA Helicopter Cargo/Transport 142 To be replaced by CH-53K King Stallion, in flight testing - 2015.
UH-1Y Venom Bell USA Helicopter Utility 138
VH-3D Sea King Sikorsky USA Helicopter Marine One VIP Transport 11 Presidential transport[citation needed]
VH-60N Whitehawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Marine One VIP Transport 7
AV-8B/+ Harrier II McDonnell Douglas UK
USA Jet Attack 108 VTOL. To be replaced by F-35B[29]
MV-22B Osprey Bell Boeing USA Powered lift Multi-mission 253 VTOL. 126 on order
TAV-8B Harrier II McDonnell Douglas UK
USA Jet Trainer 16 VTOL. To be replaced by F-35B
K-MAX Kaman USA UAV Cargo and transport 1 Helicopter with twin intermeshing rotors. UAV variant of manned type.
RQ-7B Shadow AAI Corporation USA UAV Reconnaissance 50
RQ-11 Raven AeroVironment USA UAV Reconnaissance
ScanEagle Boeing USA UAV Reconnaissance
Switchblade AeroVironment USA UAV Attack
Puma AE AeroVironment USA UAV Reconnaissance
RQ-21A Blackjack Boeing Insitu USA UAV Reconnaissance
MQ-8B Fire Scout Northrop Grumman USA UAV Multi-Mission 2009 27[30] Helicopter.
Type
Manufacturer
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service
Total
Notes
Navy[edit]
See also: United States Navy
Type
Manufacturer
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service[31]
Total
Notes
C-2A Greyhound Grumman USA Propeller Carrier-based Cargo/Transport aircraft 35 To be replaced by 44 CMV-22 [32]
C-20 Gulfstream USA Jet Cargo/Transport aircraft 4 C-20A, C-20D and C-20G
C-37 Gulfstream USA Jet Cargo/Transport aircraft 4 1 x C-37A, 3 x C-37B.[citation needed]
C-40A Clipper Boeing USA Jet Cargo/Transport aircraft 15
C-130T Hercules Lockheed USA Propeller Cargo/Transport aircraft 20
UC-12 Huron Beechcraft USA Propeller Cargo/Transport aircraft 14
C-26D Metroliner Fairchild USA Propeller Cargo/Transport aircraft 6
KC-130F/R Lockheed Martin USA Propeller Aerial Refueling 5
E-2C/D Hawkeye Northrop Grumman USA Propeller Carrier-based Airborne Command and Control aircraft 68
E-6B Mercury Boeing USA Jet Electronic-warfare aircraft 16
EA-18G Growler Boeing USA Jet Carrier-based Electronic-warfare aircraft 113 18 on order.
EP-3E ARIES II Lockheed USA Propeller Electronic-warfare aircraft 12
F-5F/N Tiger II Northrop USA Jet Fighter 30 F-5F, F-5N. Used for adversary training[33]
F-16 Fighting Falcon General Dynamics USA Jet Fighter aircraft 26 22 single-seat F-16N, 4 twin-seat TF-16N
Used for adversary training.[34]
F/A-18 Hornet McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Carrier-based Fighter aircraft 314 F/A-18A, F/A-18B, F/A-18C and F/A-18D.
To be replaced by F-35C
F/A-18E/F Super Hornet McDonnell Douglas / Northrop Grumman then Boeing / Northrop Grumman USA Jet Carrier-based Fighter 507 F/A-18E and F/A-18F. 10 on order.
F-35C Lightning II Lockheed Martin USA Jet Carrier-based Fighter aircraft 12 NAS Pax River SDD aircraft, 260 planned[35]
P-3C Orion Lockheed USA Propeller Maritime patrol aircraft 1962 78 To be replaced by P-8
P-8A Poseidon Boeing USA Jet Anti-Submarine-warfare aircraft 2013 50 122 planned[36]
T-6 Texan II Beechcraft USA Propeller Trainer aircraft 61 49 x T-6A, 12 x T-6B.
T-44A Beechcraft USA Propeller Trainer aircraft 52
T-45C Goshawk McDonnell Douglas USA Jet Carrier-based Trainer aircraft 218
UC-35D Cessna USA Jet Utility aircraft 1
HH-60H Rescue Hawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Search-and-rescue 49
CMV-22 Osprey Bell Boeing USA Powered lift Multi-mission 1 48 on order.
MH-53E Sea Dragon Sikorsky USA Helicopter Airborne mine countermeasures and vertical on-board delivery 27
MH-60 Seahawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Anti-submarine warfare helicopter
Multi-mission 400
SH-60F Seahawk Sikorsky USA Helicopter Anti-submarine warfare 60
TH-57 Sea Ranger Bell USA Helicopter Training helicopter 129 44 x TH-57B, 85 x TH-57C
ScanEagle Boeing USA UAV
RQ-21A Blackjack Boeing Insitu USA UAV
MQ-8B Fire Scout Northrop Grumman USA UAV Patrol 2009 27[30] Helicopter. 96 planned.[37]
See also[edit]
Military of the United States portal
U.S. DoD aircraft designations table
List of military aircraft of the United States
Future military aircraft of the United States
UAVs in the U.S. military
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "WorldAirForces2018.pdf". Flightglobal.com.
Jump up ^ "Lockheed Martin Deliver 300th C-130J Super Hercules". defenseworld.net. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Air Force Gets 300th C-130J Super Hercules". mil-embedded.com. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ C-146A Wolfhound af.mil
Jump up ^ "524th Special Operations Squadron | 524th SOS". Airforce.americanspecialops.com. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
Jump up ^ "E-3 Sentry (AWACS)". United States Air Force. 2003-11-01. Retrieved 2013-08-02.
Jump up ^ Tamir Eshel. "U.S. Air Force Extends BACN Com-Relay Biz Jets Operations in Kandahar". defense-update.com. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Aviationist » Networking From on High: Behind the Scenes of NASA's Spooky WB-57 Jet". The Aviationist. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "nationaldefensemagazine.pdf". nationaldefensemagazine.org. Retrieved 2016-12-11. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ USAF Academy Buys Cirrus SR-20s, Designates T-53A. Archived 25 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. July 6, 2011
Jump up ^ Shalal, Andrea (29 January 2016). "Boeing wins contract to build new Air Force One presidential jets". Reuters. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Assessments of Selected Weapon Programs" (PDF), Report to Congressional Committees (PDF)|format= requires |url= (help), Government Accountability Office, 2015, p. 71, retrieved 2015-08-14
Jump up ^ "UH-1N Iroquois". U.S. Air Force. United States Air Force. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
Jump up ^ C-145A af.mil
Jump up ^ "Non-standard Aviation - USAF Special Operations". Retrieved 25 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "CV-22 Osprey".
Jump up ^ "MQ-1B Predator > U.S. Air Force > Fact Sheet Display". www.af.mil. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
Jump up ^ Northrop Grumman Delivers 37th Global Hawk to US Air Force - Deagel.com, January 7, 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Northrop Grumman Receives $114 Million to Build Three More Global Hawks for US. Air Force". November 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "WorldAirForces2016-Corrected.pdf". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2015-12-10.
Jump up ^ "Alaska Army Guard receives 1 of only 3 C-12J airframes in the US Army".
Jump up ^ Huber, Mark (28 January 2016). "Flight Training Begins for First Class of Lakota Pilots". Aviation International News. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sikorsky Aircraft Delivers 100th New Production UH-60M BLACK HAWK Helicopter to U.S". Reuters. 25 March 2009. Archived from the original on 5 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Gray Eagle Completes 20,000 Automated Takeoffs & Landings | sUAS News". Retrieved 2015-05-07.
Jump up ^ United States Army purchases Maveric bird camouflage UAS Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. - Armyrecognition.com, 26 November 2013
Jump up ^ "More RQ-7s for US Army". Flightglobal.com. 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "2015 Marine Aviation Plan" (PDF). Headquarters Marine Corps. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Cifuentes, Michael S. "Marine Corps continues flying with Joint Strike Fighter program". Headquarters Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Robochoppers Turned Into Maritime Recon Aircraft - Strategypage.com, January 18, 2013
Jump up ^ "2017 AIR FORCES PDF - Aircraft - Aviation". Scribd.
Jump up ^ Whittle, Richard (2015-01-13). "Navy Decides to Buy V-22 Ospreys for Carrier Delivery". Breaking Defense. Retrieved 2015-08-27.
Jump up ^ "F-5N/F Freedom Fighter | NAVAIR – U.S. Navy Naval Air Systems Command – Navy and Marine Corps Aviation Research, Development, Acquisition, Test and Evaluation". Navair.navy.mil. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "F-16 Versions - (T)F-16N". f-16.net.
Jump up ^ Drew, James (2015-08-16). "US Navy considers reduced annual F-35C buy". Flight Global. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2015-08-17.
Jump up ^ Moran, Captain Michael T. "P-8A Poseidon." Archived 28 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. NAVAIR – U.S. Navy Naval Air Systems Command – Navy and Marine Corps Aviation Research, Development, Acquisition, Test and Evaluation.
Jump up ^ Fire Scout ends Afghan mission; future includes new variant, LCS work - Militarytimes.com, August 16, 2013
External links[edit]
United States Navy Fact File page includes links to Fact File pages for USN manned and unmanned aircraft.
United States Army 2010 Weapons System Handbook (PDF file, 41.6 mb) includes pages describing US manned and unmanned aircraft.
United States Coast Guard Aircraft and Cutters page includes links to descriptive pages for USCG manned and unmanned aircraft.
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text:
J
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 9 April 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the letter J of the alphabet. For other uses, see J (disambiguation).
For technical reasons, "J#" redirects here. For the programming language, see J Sharp.
J
J j ȷ
(See below)
Usage
Writing system
Latin script
Type
Alphabetic
Language of origin
Latin language
Phonetic usage
[j]
[dʒ]
[x~h]
[ʒ]
[ɟ]
[ʝ]
[dz]
[tɕ]
[gʱ]
[t]
[ʐ]
[ʃ]
[c̬]
[i]
/dʒeɪ/
/dʒaɪ/
Unicode value
U+004A, U+006A, U+0237
Alphabetical position
10
History
Development
Ιι
𐌉
I i İ ı
J j ȷ
Time period
1524 to present
Descendants
• Ɉ
• Tittle
• Tittle
• J
Sisters
І
Ј
י
ي
ܝ
ی
ࠉ
𐎊
ዪ
Ⴢ
ⴢ
ჲ
☞
☚
Variations
(See below)
Other
Other letters commonly used with
j(x), ij
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
ISO basic
Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd
Ee Ff Gg Hh
Ii Jj Kk Ll
Mm Nn Oo Pp
Qq Rr Ss Tt
Uu Vv Ww Xx
Yy Zz
v
t
e
J is the tenth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its normal name in English is jay /dʒeɪ/ or, now uncommonly, jy /dʒaɪ/.[1][2] When used for the palatal approximant, it may be called yod (/jɒd/ or /joʊd/) or yot (/jɒt/ or /joʊt/).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Use in writing systems
2.1 English
2.2 Other languages
2.2.1 Germanic and Eastern-European languages
2.2.2 Romance languages
2.2.3 Basque
2.2.4 Non-European languages
3 Related characters
4 Computing codes
4.1 Wingdings smiley issue
5 Other uses
6 Other representations
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The letter J originated as a swash letter I, used for the letter I at the end of Roman numerals when following another I, as in XXIIJ or xxiij instead of XXIII or xxiii for the Roman numeral representing 23. A distinctive usage emerged in Middle High German.[3] Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550) was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana ("Trissino's epistle about the letters recently added in the Italian language") of 1524.[4] Originally, 'I' and 'J' were different shapes for the same letter, both equally representing /i/, /iː/, and /j/; but, Romance languages developed new sounds (from former /j/ and /ɡ/) that came to be represented as 'I' and 'J'; therefore, English J, acquired from the French J, has a sound value quite different from /j/ (which represents the initial sound in the English word "yet").
Use in writing systems[edit]
English[edit]
In English, ⟨j⟩ most commonly represents the affricate /dʒ/. In Old English, the phoneme /dʒ/ was represented orthographically with ⟨cg⟩ and ⟨cȝ⟩.[5] Under the influence of Old French, which had a similar phoneme deriving from Latin /j/, English scribes began to use ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) to represent word-initial /dʒ/ in Old English (for example, iest and, later jest), while using ⟨dg⟩ elsewhere (for example, hedge).[5] Later, many other uses of ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) were added in loanwords from French and other languages (e.g. adjoin, junta). The first English language book to make a clear distinction between ⟨i⟩ and ⟨j⟩ was published in 1633.[6] In loan words such as raj, ⟨j⟩ may represent /ʒ/. In some of these, including raj, Azerbaijan, Taj Mahal, and Beijing, the regular pronunciation /dʒ/ is actually closer to the native pronunciation, making the use of /ʒ/ an instance of a hyperforeignism.[7] Occasionally, ⟨j⟩ represents the original /j/ sound, as in Hallelujah and fjord (see Yodh for details). In words of Spanish origin, where ⟨j⟩ represents the voiceless velar fricative [x] (such as jalapeño), English speakers usually approximate with the voiceless glottal fricative /h/.
In English, ⟨j⟩ is the fourth least frequently used letter in words, being more frequent only than ⟨z⟩, ⟨q⟩, and ⟨x⟩. It is, however, quite common in proper nouns, especially personal names.
Other languages[edit]
Germanic and Eastern-European languages[edit]
Pronunciation of written <j> in European languages
The great majority of Germanic languages, such as German, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, use ⟨j⟩ for the palatal approximant /j/, which is usually represented by the letter ⟨y⟩ in English. Notable exceptions are English, Scots and (to a lesser degree) Luxembourgish. ⟨j⟩ also represents /j/ in Albanian, and those Uralic, Slavic and Baltic languages that use the Latin alphabet, such as Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Latvian and Lithuanian. Some related languages, such as Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian, also adopted ⟨j⟩ into the Cyrillic alphabet for the same purpose. Because of this standard, the lower case letter was chosen to be used in the IPA as the phonetic symbol for the sound.
Romance languages[edit]
In the Romance languages, ⟨j⟩ has generally developed from its original palatal approximant value in Latin to some kind of fricative. In French, Portuguese, Catalan, and Romanian it has been fronted to the postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ (like ⟨s⟩ in English measure). In Spanish, by contrast, it has been both devoiced and backed from an earlier /ʝ/ to a present-day /x ~ h/,[8] with the actual phonetic realization depending on the speaker's dialect/s.
In modern standard Italian spelling, only Latin words, proper nouns (such as Jesi, Letojanni, Juventus etc.) or those borrowed from foreign languages have ⟨j⟩. Until the 19th century, ⟨j⟩ was used instead of ⟨i⟩ in diphthongs, as a replacement for final -ii, and in vowel groups (as in Savoja); this rule was quite strict for official writing. ⟨j⟩ is also used to render /j/ in dialect, e.g. Romanesque ajo for standard aglio (–/ʎ/–) (garlic). The Italian novelist Luigi Pirandello used ⟨j⟩ in vowel groups in his works written in Italian; he also wrote in his native Sicilian language, which still uses the letter ⟨j⟩ to represent /j/ (and sometimes also [dʒ] or [gj], depending on its environment).[9]
Basque[edit]
In Basque, the diaphoneme represented by ⟨j⟩ has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect: [gʰ, kʰ, j, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x] (the last one is typical of Gipuzkoa).
Non-European languages[edit]
Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin script, ⟨j⟩ stands for /ʒ/ in Turkish and Azerbaijani, for /ʐ/ in Tatar. ⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in Indonesian, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Oromo, Turkmen, and Zulu. It represents a voiced palatal plosive /ɟ/ in Konkani, Yoruba, and Swahili. In Kiowa, ⟨j⟩ stands for a voiceless alveolar plosive, /t/.
In Chinese Pinyin, ⟨j⟩ stands for /tɕ/, the unaspirated equivalent of ⟨q⟩.
The Royal Thai General System of Transcription does not use the letter ⟨j⟩, although it is used in some proper names and non-standard transcriptions to represent either จ [tɕ] or ช [tɕʰ] (the latter following Pali/Sanskrit root equivalents).
In romanized Pashto, ⟨j⟩ represents ځ, pronounced [dz].
Related characters[edit]
𐤉 : Semitic letter Yodh, from which the following symbols originally derive
I i : Latin letter I, from which J derives
ȷ : Dotless j
ᶡ : Modifier letter small dotless j with stroke[10]
ᶨ : Modifier letter small j with crossed-tail[10]
IPA-specific symbols related to J: ʝ ɟ ʄ ʲ
Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to J: U+1D0A ᴊ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL J[11], U+1D36 ᴶ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL J[11], and U+2C7C ⱼ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER J[12]
J with diacritics: Ĵ ĵ ǰ Ɉ ɉ J̃ j̇̃
Computing codes[edit]
Character
J
j
ȷ
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J LATIN SMALL LETTER J LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J
Encodings
decimal
hex
decimal
hex
decimal
hex
Unicode 74 U+004A 106 U+006A 567 U+0237
UTF-8 74 4A 106 6A 200 183 C8 B7
Numeric character reference J J j j ȷ ȷ
EBCDIC family 209 D1 145 91
ASCII 1 74 4A 106 6A
1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Unicode also has a dotless variant, ȷ (U+0237). It is primarily used in Landsmålsalfabet and in mathematics. It is not intended to be used with diacritics since the normal j is softdotted in Unicode (that is, the dot is removed if a diacritic is to be placed above; Unicode further states that, for example i+ ¨ ≠ ı+¨ and the same holds true for j and ȷ).[13]
In Unicode, a duplicate of 'J' for use as a special phonetic character in historical Greek linguistics is encoded in the Greek script block as ϳ (Unicode U+03F3). It is used to denote the palatal glide /j/ in the context of Greek script. It is called "Yot" in the Unicode standard, after the German name of the letter J.[14][15] An uppercase version of this letter was added to the Unicode Standard at U+037F with the release of version 7.0 in June 2014.[16][17]
Wingdings smiley issue[edit]
In the Wingdings font by Microsoft, the letter "J" is rendered as a smiley face (note this is distinct from the Unicode code point U+263A, which renders as ☺). In Microsoft applications, ":)" is automatically replaced by a smiley rendered in a specific font face when composing rich text documents or HTML email. This autocorrection feature can be switched off or changed to a Unicode smiley.[18] [19]
Other uses[edit]
In international licence plate codes, J stands for Japan.
In mathematics, j is one of the three imaginary units of quaternions.
In the Metric system, J is the symbol for the joule, the SI derived unit for energy.
In physics, electrical engineering and related fields, j is the symbol for the imaginary unit (the square root of -1) (in other fields the letter i is used, but this would be ambiguous as it is also the symbol for current).
A J can be a slang term for a spliff (marijuana cigarette)
Other representations[edit]
NATO phonetic Morse code
Juliet ·–––
Signal flag Flag semaphore American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) Braille
dots-245
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "J", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989)
Jump up ^ "J" and "jay", Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993)
Jump up ^ "Wörterbuchnetz". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ De le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua Italiana in Italian Wikisource.
^ Jump up to: a b Hogg, Richard M.; Norman Francis Blake; Roger Lass; Suzanne Romaine; R. W. Burchfield; John Algeo (1992). The Cambridge History of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-521-26476-6.
Jump up ^ English Grammar, Charles Butler, 1633
Jump up ^ Wells, John (1982). Accents of English 1: An Introduction. Cambridge, UN: Cambridge University Press. p. 108. ISBN 0-521-29719-2.
Jump up ^ Penny, Ralph John (2002). A History of the Spanish Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-01184-1.
Jump up ^ Cipolla, Gaetano (2007). The Sounds of Sicilian: A Pronunciation Guide. Mineola, NY: Legas. pp. 11–12. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
^ Jump up to: a b Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF).
Jump up ^ The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0, p. 293 (at the very bottom)
Jump up ^ Nick Nicholas, "Yot" Archived 2012-08-05 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ "Unicode Character 'GREEK LETTER YOT' (U+03F3)". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Unicode: Greek and Coptic" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Unicode 7.0.0". Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2014-06-26.
Jump up ^ Pirillo, Chris (26 June 2010). "J Smiley Outlook Email: Problem and Fix!". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Chen, Raymond (23 May 2006). "That mysterious J". The Old New Thing. MSDN Blogs. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to J.
The dictionary definition of J at Wiktionary
The dictionary definition of j at Wiktionary
"J". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). 1911.
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/wiki/J_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
J (disambiguation)

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/wiki/File:J_cursiva.gif
image
Writing cursive forms of J

values:
/wiki/Latin_language
mw-redirect
Latin language

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

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/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate
mw-redirect
Voiced palato-alveolar affricate

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/wiki/Breathy_voice
mw-redirect
Breathy voice

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/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_normal.svg
image
Early Yota

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mw-redirect
Replacement character

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values: Edit section: Germanic and Eastern-European languages

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/wiki/Luxembourgish_language
mw-redirect
Luxembourgish language

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/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive
mw-redirect
Voiced palatal plosive

values: Royal Thai General System of Transcription

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/wiki/Pashto_language
mw-redirect
Pashto language

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monospaced
font-family: monospace, monospace;

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/wiki/Palatal_glide
mw-redirect
Palatal glide

values: List of international license plate codes

values:
/wiki/Electrical_current
mw-redirect
Electrical current

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/wiki/ICAO_spelling_alphabet
mw-redirect
ICAO spelling alphabet

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values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

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/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_alphabet/main
mw-redirect
Template talk:Latin alphabet/main

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/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet
mw-redirect
Classical Latin alphabet

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/wiki/Cz_(digraph)
mw-redirect
Cz (digraph)

values: Western Latin character sets (computing)

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View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

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navigation
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Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

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Visit the main page

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values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

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values:
https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Achinese
ace
ace
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ace
display: none;

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https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
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values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
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https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Amharic
am
am
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values:
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Arabic
ar
ar
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https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Aragonese
an
an
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https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Aramaic
arc
arc
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values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Asturian
ast
ast
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display: none;

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https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Guarani
gn
gn
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display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

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display: none;

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https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – South Azerbaijani
azb
azb
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https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Chinese (Min Nan)
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values: J (літара) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

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display: none;

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https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Bulgarian
bg
bg
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display: none;

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https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Bavarian
bar
bar
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https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Bosnian
bs
bs
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https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Catalan
ca
ca
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https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Chuvash
cv
cv
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https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Czech
cs
cs
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https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Corsican
co
co
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https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Welsh
cy
cy
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display: none;

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https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Danish
da
da
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values:
https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Northern Sami
se
se
interlanguage-link-target

values:
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display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
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display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Estonian
et
et
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https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Greek
el
el
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https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Emiliano-Romagnolo
eml
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display: none;

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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Spanish
es
es
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https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Esperanto
eo
eo
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https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Basque
eu
eu
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https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Persian
fa
fa
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https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Faroese
fo
fo
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https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Western Frisian
fy
fy
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values:
https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Friulian
fur
fur
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https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Irish
ga
ga
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https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

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https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

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https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Gan Chinese
gan
gan
interlanguage-link-target

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https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Korean
ko
ko
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https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
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https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Ido
io
io
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https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Iloko
ilo
ilo
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https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

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https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

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https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Hebrew
he
he
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Georgian
ka
ka
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Kashubian
csb
csb
interlanguage-link-target

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display: none;

values:
https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Cornish
kw
kw
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-kw
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

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values:
https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Komi
kv
kv
interlanguage-link-target

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values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

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display: none;

values:
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display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
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values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

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display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

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display: none;

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Lombard
lmo
lmo
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values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
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values:
https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Marathi
mr
mr
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Min Dong Chinese
cdo
cdo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values: ဂျေ (အက္ခရာ) – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Nāhuatl
nah
nah
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frr
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values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

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values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Norman
nrm
nrm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
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values:
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values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_(lotin)
J (lotin) – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਜੇ (ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਅੱਖਰ) – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Russian
ru
ru
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Saterland Frisian
stq
stq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-stq
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Sranan Tongo
srn
srn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-srn
display: none;

values: J (слово латинице) – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values:
https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Tatar
tt
tt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values:
https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Thai
th
th
interlanguage-link-target

values: J (забони барномасозӣ) – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Urdu
ur
ur
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Volapük
vo
vo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vo
display: none;

values:
https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lete_J
Lete J – Walloon
wa
wa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Yiddish
yi
yi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Yoruba
yo
yo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values:
https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Cantonese
zh-yue
zh-yue
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Zazaki
diq
diq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values:
https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Samogitian
bat-smg
bat-smg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
J – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

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Doves as symbols
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White doves at the Blue Mosque
Doves, usually white in color, are used in a lot of settings as symbols of love, peace or as messengers. Doves appear in the symbolism of Judaism, Christianity and Paganism, and of both military and pacifist groups.
Contents
[hide]
1 Paganism
2 Judaism
3 Christianity
4 Peace and pacifism in politics
5 Royal Air Force
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Paganism[edit]
Early fifth-century BC statue of Aphrodite from Cyprus, showing her wearing a cylinder crown and holding a dove
In ancient Mesopotamia, doves were prominent animal symbols of Inanna-Ishtar, the goddess of love, sexuality, and war.[1][2] Doves are shown on cultic objects associated with Inanna as early as the beginning of the third millennium BC.[1] Lead dove figurines were discovered in the temple of Ishtar at Aššur, dating to the thirteenth century BC,[1] and a painted fresco from Mari, Syria shows a giant dove emerging from a palm tree in the temple of Ishtar,[2] indicating that the goddess herself was sometimes believed to take the form of a dove.[2] In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Utnapishtim releases a dove and a raven to find land; the dove merely circles and returns.[3] Only then does Utnapishtim send forth the raven, which does not return, and Utnapishtim concludes the raven has found land.[3]
In the ancient Levant, doves were used as symbols for the Canaanite mother goddess Asherah.[1][2][4] The ancient Greek word for "dove" was peristerá, derived from the Semitic phrase peraḥ Ištar, meaning "bird of Ishtar".[1][2] In classical antiquity, doves were sacred to the Greek goddess Aphrodite,[5][6][1][2] who absorbed this association with doves from Inanna-Ishtar.[2] Aphrodite frequently appears with doves in ancient Greek pottery.[5] The temple of Aphrodite Pandemos on the southwest slope of the Athenian Acropolis was decorated with relief sculptures of doves with knotted fillets in their beaks[5] and votive offerings of small, white, marble doves were discovered in the temple of Aphrodite at Daphni.[5] During Aphrodite's main festival, the Aphrodisia, her altars would be purified with the blood of a sacrificed dove.[7] Aphrodite's associations with doves influenced the Roman goddesses Venus and Fortuna, causing them to become associated with doves as well.[4]
Judaism[edit]
J. E. Millais: The Return of the Dove to the Ark (1851)
According to the biblical story (Genesis 8:11), a dove was released by Noah after the flood in order to find land; it came back carrying a freshly plucked olive leaf (Hebrew: עלה זית alay zayit),[Gen 8:11] a sign of life after the Flood and of God's bringing Noah, his family and the animals to land. Rabbinic literature interpreted the olive leaf as "the young shoots of the Land of Israel"[8] or the dove's preference for bitter food in God's service, rather than sweet food in the service of men.[9][10][11]
The Talmud compares the spirit of God to a dove that hovers over the face of the waters.[12][13][14]
In post-biblical Judaism, souls are envisioned as bird-like (Bahir 119), a concept that may be derived from the Biblical notion that dead spirits "chirp" (Isa. 29:4). The Guf, or Treasury of Souls, is sometimes described as a columbarium, a dove cote. This connects it to a related legend: the "Palace of the Bird's Nest", the dwelling place of the Messiah's soul until his advent (Zohar II: 8a–9a). The Vilna Gaon explicitly declares that a dove is a symbol of the human soul (Commentary to Jonah, 1). The dove is also a symbol of the people Israel (Song of Songs Rabbah 2:14), an image frequently repeated in Midrash.
Christianity[edit]
Dove with an olive branch, Catacombs of Domitilla, Rome
The use of a dove and olive branch as a symbol of peace originated with the early Christians, who portrayed the act of baptism accompanied by a dove holding an olive branch in its beak and also used the image on their sepulchres.[15][16]
Christians derived the symbol of the dove and olive branch from Greek thought, including its use of the symbol of the olive branch,[17] and the story of Noah and the Flood. Although Jews never used the dove as a symbol of peace, it acquired that meaning among early Christians, confirmed by St Augustine of Hippo in his book On Christian Doctrine and became well established.[18]
In Christian Iconography, a dove also symbolizes the Holy Spirit, in reference to Matthew 3:16 and Luke 3:22 where the Holy Spirit is compared to a dove at the Baptism of Jesus.[Mt 3:16][19]
The early Christians in Rome incorporated into their funerary art the image of a dove carrying an olive branch, often accompanied by the word "Peace". It seems that they derived this image from the simile in the Gospels, combining it with the symbol of the olive branch, which had been used to represent peace by the Greeks and Romans. The dove and olive branch also appeared in Christian images of Noah's ark. The fourth century Vulgate translated the Hebrew alay zayit (leaf of olive) in Genesis 8:11 as Latin ramum olivae (branch of olive). By the fifth century, Augustine of Hippo wrote in On Christian Doctrine that "perpetual peace is indicated by the olive branch (oleae ramusculo) which the dove brought with it when it returned to the ark".
Baptism of Christ, by Francesca, 1449
In the earliest Christian art, the dove represented the peace of the soul rather than civil peace, but from the third century it began to appear in depictions of conflict in the Old Testament, such as Noah and the Ark, and in the Apocrypha, such as Daniel and the lions, the three young men in the furnace, and Susannah and the Elders.[20][21]
Before the Peace of Constantine (313 AD), in which Rome ceased its persecution of Christians following Constantine's conversion, Noah was normally shown in an attitude of prayer, a dove with an olive branch flying toward him or alighting on his outstretched hand. According to Graydon Snyder, "The Noah story afforded the early Christian community an opportunity to express piety and peace in a vessel that withstood the threatening environment" of Roman persecution.[20] According to Ludwig Budde and Pierre Prigent, the dove referred to the descending of the Holy Spirit rather than the peace associated with Noah. After the Peace of Constantine, when persecution ceased, Noah appeared less frequently in Christian art.[20]
Medieval illuminated manuscripts, such as the Holkham Bible, showed the dove returning to Noah with a branch.[22] Wycliffe's Bible, which translated the Vulgate into English in the 14th century, uses "a braunche of olyue tre with greene leeuys" ("a branch of olive tree with green leaves") in Gen. 8:11.[23] In the Middle Ages, some Jewish illuminated manuscripts also showed Noah's dove with an olive branch, for example, the Golden Haggadah (about 1420).[24][25]
Peace and pacifism in politics[edit]
White dove with olive branch, stained glass window in the Denis and Saint Sebastian church in Kruft, Germany
Doves are often associated with the concept of peace and pacifism. They often appear in political cartoons, on banners and signs at events promoting peace (such as the Olympic Games, at various anti-war/anti-violence protests, etc.), and in pacifist literature. A person who is a pacifist is sometimes referred to as a dove (similarly, in American politics, a person who advocates the use of military resources as opposed to diplomacy can be referred to as a hawk). Picasso's lithograph, La Colombe (The Dove), a traditional, realistic picture of a pigeon, without an olive branch, was chosen as the emblem for the World Peace Council in Paris in April 1949.[26] The dove became a symbol for the peace movement and the ideals of the Communist Party and was used in Communist demonstrations of the period. At the 1950 World Peace Congress in Sheffield, Picasso said that his father had taught him to paint doves, concluding, "I stand for life against death; I stand for peace against war."[27][28] At the 1952 World Peace Congress in Berlin, Picasso's Dove was depicted in a banner above the stage. Anti-communists had their own take on the peace dove: the group Paix et Liberté distributed posters titled La colombe qui fait BOUM (the dove that goes BOOM), showing the peace dove metamorphosing into a Soviet tank.[29]
Royal Air Force[edit]
Tactical Communications Wing RAF
The rock dove is, due to its relation to the homing pigeon and thus communications, the main image in the crest of the Tactical Communications Wing, a body within the Royal Air Force. Below the crest is the wing's motto, "Ubique Loquimur" or "We Speak Everywhere".
See also[edit]
Peace symbols
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer (1990). Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. VI. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. pp. 35–36. ISBN 0-8028-2330-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Lewis, Sian; Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2018). The Culture of Animals in Antiquity: A Sourcebook with Commentaries. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-315-20160-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Kovacs, Maureen Gallery (1989). The epic of Gilgamesh. Stanford University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-8047-1711-3.
^ Jump up to: a b The Enduring Symbolism of Doves, From Ancient Icon to Biblical Mainstay by Dorothy D. Resig BAR Magazine Archived 31 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. Bib-arch.org (9 February 2013). Retrieved on 5 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cyrino, Monica S. (2010). Aphrodite. Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. pp. 120–123. ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6.
Jump up ^ Tinkle, Theresa (1996). Medieval Venuses and Cupids: Sexuality, Hermeneutics, and English Poetry. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0804725156.
Jump up ^ Simon, Erika (1983). Festivals of Attica: An Archaeological Companion. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-09184-8.
Jump up ^ Genesis Rabbah, 33:6
Jump up ^ "Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 108b". Halakhah.com. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Eruvin 18b" (PDF). Retrieved 21 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rashi". Tachash.org. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Talmud, Tractate Moed, Hagiga 15a" (PDF). Retrieved 21 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Franciscan Fellowship
Jump up ^ James Elmes, A General and Bibliographical Dictionary of the Fine Arts, London: Thomas Tegg, 1826
Jump up ^ "''Catholic Encyclopedia'', Roman Catacombs: Paintings". Newadvent.org. 1 November 1908. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Graydon F. Snyder, "The Interaction of Jews with Non-Jews in Rome", in Karl P. Donfreid and Peter Richardson, Judaism and Christianity in Early Rome, Grand Rapids: Wm B. Ferdman, 1998
Jump up ^ Augustine of Hippo, ''On Christian Doctrine''. Google Books. ISBN 9781593774943. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "''Catholic Encyclopedia'', Dove: As an artistic symbol". Newadvent.org. 1 May 1909. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Graydon D. Snyder, Ante Pacem: archaeological evidence of church life before Constantine, Macon: Mercer University Press, 2003
Jump up ^ "John Dominic Crossan, ''Inventory of Biblical Scenes on Pre-Constantinian Christian Art''". Faculty.maryvillecollege.edu. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "British Library, ''The Holkham Bible''". Bl.uk. 30 November 2003. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Wycliffe Bible, Gen 8:11". Studylight.org. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Narkiss, Bezalel, The Golden Haggadah, London: The British Library, 1997, p. 22
Jump up ^ British Library, Online Gallery, Sacred Texts. The Golden Haggadah, p.3, lower left hand panel.
Jump up ^ "Museum of Modern Art". Moma.org. 1949-01-09. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
Jump up ^ "Tate Gallery". Tate.org.uk. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
Jump up ^ "BBC Modern Masters". Bbc.co.uk. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
Jump up ^ "Princeton University Library". Infoshare1.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
External links[edit]
Media related to Doves at Wikimedia Commons
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