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India and the United Nations
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Republic of India
United Nations membership
Represented by
British Raj (1945–1947)
Dominion of India (1947–1950)
Republic of India (1950–present)
Membership
Full member
Since
30 October 1945 (1945-10-30)
UNSC seat
Temporary/Non-permanent
Permanent Representative
Syed Akbaruddin
India was among the original members of the United Nations that signed the Declaration by United Nations at Washington, D.C. on 1944 October and also participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco from 25 April to 26 June 1945. As a founding member of the United Nations, India strongly supports the purposes and principles of the UN and has made significant contributions in implementing the goals of the Charter, and the evolution of the UN's specialised programmes and agencies.[1]
India has been a member of the UN Security Council for seven terms (a total of 14 years), with the most recent being the 2011–12 term. India is a member of G4, group of nations who back each other in seeking a permanent seat on the Security Council and advocate in favour of the reformation of the UNSC. India is also part of the G-77.
India is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in all of its specialised agencies and organizations. India has contributed troops to United Nations peacekeeping efforts in Korea,[2][3] Egypt and the Congo in its earlier years and in Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Liberia, Lebanon and Rwanda in recent years, and more recently in the South Sudan conflict.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Activities
2.1 UN General Assembly
2.2 UN Security Council
2.2.1 Activities during 1947-1962
2.2.2 The Low Profile Phase from 1962-1976
2.2.3 Activities since 1976
2.2.4 Seeking of Permanent Seat in UNSC
3 Others
3.1 International Court of Justice
3.2 UN Audit
3.3 Joint Inspection Unit
3.4 Model United Nations
4 Peacekeeping
5 Initiatives
5.1 International Yoga Day
5.2 Plea for International Equality Day
6 Financial contribution
7 Representation
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
1st Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru with President of the United Nations General Assembly Carlos P. Romulo in October 1949. Also seen Jawaharlal Nehru and V. K. Krishna Menon in United Nations in December 1956.
Indian Mission to the UN Headquarters in New York
1st Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru at the UN General Assembly in 1948.
India was one of the original members of the League of Nations. In principle, only sovereign states can become UN members. However, although today all UN members are fully sovereign states, four of the original members (Belarus, India, the Philippines, and Ukraine) were not independent at the time of their admission.[5] India signed the Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 and was represented by Girija Shankar Bajpai who was the Indian Agent-General at the time. Afterwards the Indian delegation led by Sir Arcot Ramaswamy Mudaliar signed the United Nations Charter on behalf of India during the historic United Nations Conference on International Organization held in San Francisco, United States on 26 June 1945.[6] Sir A. Ramaswamy Mudaliar later went on to serve as the first president of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. Technically, India was a founding member in October 1945, despite it being a British colony. India, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia were all British colonies but were given independent seats in the United Nations General Assembly. India gained full independence in 1947.
Independent India viewed its membership at the United Nations as an important guarantee for maintaining international peace and security. India stood at the forefront during the UN's tumultuous years of struggle against colonialism and apartheid. India's status as a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 cemented its position within the UN system as a leading advocate of the concerns and aspirations of developing countries and the creation of a more equitable international economic and political order. India was among the most outspoken critics of apartheid and racial discrimination in South Africa, being the first country to have raised the issue in the UN (in 1946).[7]
Activities[edit]
UN General Assembly[edit]
Prime Minister Modi addressing the UN General Assembly, 2014
India was a founding member of the United Nations, joining in October 1945, two years before acquiring independence from the British Raj.[8] By 1946, India had started raising concerns regarding colonialism, apartheid and racial discrimination. From early 1947–48, India took an active part in Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Dr (Mrs). Hansa Mehta, a Gandhian political activist and social worker who led the Indian delegation, had made important contributions in drafting of the Declaration, especially highlighting the need for reflecting gender equality by changing the language of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights from 'all men are created equal' (Eleanor Roosevelt's preferred phrase) to 'all human beings'.[9][10]
In 1953, the chief delegate of India at the time, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was elected the first woman President of the UN General Assembly. India supported the struggle towards global disarmament and the ending of the arms race, and towards the creation of a more equitable international economic order. India had a mediatory role in resolving the stalemate over prisoners of war in Korea contributing to the signing of the armistice ending the Korean War in 1953.[11] India chaired the five-member Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission while the Indian Custodian Force supervised the process of interviews and repatriation that followed. India then went on to chair the three international commissions for supervision and control for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos established by the 1954 Geneva Accords on Indochina. India also had an active role to play in the Suez Crisis in 1956 with the role of Nehru, both as Indian Prime minister and a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement being significant. Indian historian Inder Malhotra wrote that "Now Nehru—who had tried to be even-handed between the two sides—denounced Anthony Eden (the then British Prime Minister) and co-sponsors of the aggression vigorous. He had a powerful, if relatively silent, ally in the US president Dwight D. Eisenhower who went to the extent of using America's clout in the IMF to make Eden and Mollet (the then French Prime Minister) behave".[12]
Charter provisions on Non-Self-Governing Territories were given a new thrust when the UN adopted the landmark 1960 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples which was co-sponsored by India. The following year, the Special Committee on the Implementation of the Declaration on Decolonization was established to study, investigate and recommend action to bring an end to colonialism, it was chaired by India for the first time. India played a leading role in the formation of a Sub-Committee against Apartheid set up by the General Assembly. When the Convention on Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination was adopted in 1965, India was among the earliest signatories, however it does not recognise competence under article 14 and it does not consider itself bound by article 22.
India also played a prominent role in articulating the economic concerns of developing countries in such UN-sponsored conferences as the triennial UN Conference on Trade and Development and the 1992 Conference on the Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro.[13] It has been an active member of the Group of 77, and later the core group of the G-15 nations. Other issues, such as environmentally sustainable development and the promotion and protection of human rights, have also been an important focus of India's foreign policy in international forums.
UN Security Council[edit]
Countries which host an Indian diplomatic mission.
Activities during 1947-1962[edit]
Despite its anti-status quo stand on many global issues, India's attitude toward the basic structure of the UN was fundamentally conservative.[14] It accepted the organization and distribution of power in the UN, as both a guarantee of Indian sovereignty and as a check on the numerical superiority of the U.S. and its western coalition. India supported the charter provisions for a Security Council veto for the great powers, opposed the U.S. initiative to circumvent the veto through the Uniting for Peace Resolution, dismissed Hammarskjöld's notion of a "UN presence" as interventionist and opposed all efforts to conduct UN directed plebiscites as tests of opinion.[15]
India's procedural conservatism was based both on its commitment to national sovereignty and its desire to protect Indian interests. Its experience with the UN had not always been positive. In the early years after independence, a whole range of issues, which had their origins in the partition of the Indian subcontinent between India and Pakistan, came before the UN. These issues included the disputed princely states of Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir, which were ultimately incorporated into the Indian Union through the use of military force.[16][17]
The most persistent of these disputes was the Kashmir conflict. Nehru's faith in the UN and adherence to its principles proved costly on some occasions due to the power play inherent in the organization. This was seen by his decision to refer Pakistan's intervention ('invasion') in disputed Kashmir to the UN Security Council in January 1948.[18] The United Kingdom, which was hoping to avoid being seen as unfriendly to a Muslim state after the creation of Israel, used pressure tactics on its allies France, Canada and the US to support the Pakistani viewpoint that Kashmir's accession to India was disputable and had to be put to the test of a plebiscite.[19] Nehru's hope that the UN would unconditionally instruct Pakistan to vacate the one-third portion of Kashmir that the Pakistani tribesmen and army had occupied fell flat in the face of geopolitical manoeuvrings and cross-issue linkage. To this day, Indian strategic commentators and critics of Nehru bemoan his cardinal mistake of taking the Kashmir dispute to a UN that was packed with pro-Pakistani partisan powers.[20] According to columnist Brahma Chellaney, 'Nehru did not appreciate that the UN was an institution of power politics, not an impartial police force'.[21] As if a double reminder were needed that India was small fry in a UN dominated by crafty Great Powers divided into two ideological camps, New Delhi was disappointed to find that Security Council members the US, United Kingdom and France tried to prevent it from forcibly absorbing the Portuguese colony of Goa in 1961.[22] But for the Soviet veto in favour of India, Goa could have become enmeshed in another Kashmir-like stalemate for decades, buffeted by the changing winds of Great Power alignments and preferences that were paralysing and hijacking the UN.[18][23]
Overall the period from 1947-1962 was marked by India's active interest in all UN activities under the leadership of V. K. Krishna Menon who was the Indian Ambassador to the United Nations from 1952-1962. Indian leadership and peacekeeping roles in the UN brought it considerable recognition and global standing.[24][25]
The Low Profile Phase from 1962-1976[edit]
India's defeat in the Sino-Indian War came as a grave shock in comparison to its global aspirations and recognition. Large scale hostilities and military reverses dealt a shattering blow to its self-confidence and pride. India was obliged to turn towards the west for military and political support. Following the conflict with China, India became involved in two wars with Pakistan and entered a period of political instability, economic stagnation, food shortages and near-famine conditions. India's role diminished in the UN which came both as a result of its image and a deliberate decision by the post-Nehru political leadership to adopt a low profile at the UN and speak only on vital Indian interests.[26] This change in policy was implemented during the 1965 debate on Kashmir in the Security Council when Indian Foreign Minister Swaran Singh dramatically stormed out of the session in response to the intemperate language of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan's Foreign Minister.[27] In his book "India's Changing Role in the United Nations" Stanley Kochanek shows how 'bilateralism became the guiding principle of Indian foreign policy', relegating the UN to just an 'arena for maintaining such contacts'.[28] Further the Soviet Union's backing became far more important than a slow and indecisive UN Security Council when India obtained its greatest strategic victory by breaking up Pakistan into two and carving out independent Bangladesh in 1971.
In 1974, India tested its first nuclear device, the aftermath of which resulted in a nuclear embargo by US and Canada. Soon after the UN's non-proliferation agenda became another irritant that forced New Delhi to view some units of the organization with distaste as fronts for imposing discriminatory regimes instead of promoting universal disarmament.[18] From the very beginning it has refused to lend its support to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty with India's then External Affairs Minister and later President, Pranab Mukherjee in a visit to Tokyo in 2007 commenting that: "If India did not sign the NPT, it is not because of its lack of commitment for non-proliferation, but because we consider NPT as a flawed treaty and it did not recognise the need for universal, non-discriminatory verification and treatment."[29] In short, the 1960s as a whole saw major changes in the global system but a general decline in UN activities.
Activities since 1976[edit]
From January 2011 to January 2013, India was a non permanent member of the UN Security Council. According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, a scholar of India's foreign policy, as a non-permanent member from January 2011 to January 2013, India played a crucial role on important international issues with a view to promote international peace and security as well as India's own national security.[30]
Seeking of Permanent Seat in UNSC[edit]
Main article: Reform of the United Nations Security Council
Countries that explicitly and openly support India for UNSC permanent seat.
India
Support by UN Members
India has been elected seven times to the UN Security Council, tied with Colombia and Pakistan. Only three countries have served longer: Japan, Brazil, and Argentina.
India has been seeking a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council as a member of the G4, an organization composed of Brazil, Germany, Japan, and India, all who are currently seeking permanent representation. The Russian Federation, United States, United Kingdom and France support India and the other G4 countries gaining permanent seats.[31]
According to the G4 proposal, the UN Security Council should be expanded beyond the current fifteen members to include twenty-five members. If this actually happens, it would be the first time permanent Security Council status is extended to a South Asian nation and supporters of the G4 plan suggest that this will lead to greater representation of developing nations rather than the current major powers.
India makes a number of claims to justify its demand. India has the world's second largest population and is the world's largest liberal democracy. It is also the world's seventh largest economy and third largest in terms of purchasing power parity as of 2014. India is the third largest contributor of troops to United Nations peacekeeping missions with 7,860 personnel deployed with ten UN Peacekeeping Missions as of 2014 after Bangladesh and Pakistan,[32][33] all three nations being in South Asia. India has contributed nearly 160,000 troops, the largest number from any country, participated in more than 43 missions and 156 Indian peacekeepers have made the supreme sacrifice while serving in UN missions. India has also provided and continues to provide eminent Force Commanders for UN Missions.[32]
Although the U.S. and other permanent Council members were not very supportive of expanding the Security Council, in his visit to India, US President Barack Obama has offered his support for India to become a permanent member of the Council. However, the reaction from other Council members are not very clear, particularly from China. Thus it is uncertain whether the demands by G4 nations will be implemented anytime soon.
In September 2017, U.S. Representatives Ami Bera and Frank Pallone introduced a resolution (H.Res.535) in the US House of Representatives (115th United States Congress), seeking support for India for a permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council.[34]
Others[edit]
International Court of Justice[edit]
Main articles: International Court of Justice and Judges of the International Court of Justice
From 1945 to present, a total of 3 members from India have been appointed as Judges of the International Court of Justice, the primary judicial branch of the United Nations. Moreover, Nagendra Singh was appointed as the President from 1985 to 1988. In addition, 3 member have also served as Judges sitting ad hoc. Now India's supreme courts justice 'Justice: Dalveer Bhandari' was appointed as the judge in international court . Justice Dalveer Bhanndari was studied in jnvu,jodhpur and served as judge in both high court and supreme court in india.
UN Audit[edit]
In November 2016, Vinod Rai was appointed as Chairman of UN Panel of External Auditors and Shashi Kant Sharma as Member of the United Nations Board of Auditor General.[35]
Joint Inspection Unit[edit]
Main article: Joint Inspection Unit
Joint Inspection Unit is the only independent external oversight body of the United Nations system mandated to conduct evaluations, inspections and investigations system-wide. A Gopinathan currently serves as Chairman, since January 2013. He was re-appointed to this post.[36][37]
Model United Nations[edit]
Main article: Model United Nations
The logo of the BESC Assembly of Nations, organised by the Bhawanipur Education Society College, in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
In 1996, the Cathedral Model United Nations was hosted by The Cathedral and John Connon School in Mumbai. Since then, schools in India started taking up Model United Nations as an activity in their school.
Peacekeeping[edit]
Indian soldiers patrol under UN mission in Congo, Africa
Indian Army doctors attend to a child in Congo
Main article: Indian Army United Nations peacekeeping missions
So far India has taken part in 43 Peacekeeping missions with a total contribution exceeding 160,000 troops and a significant number of police personnel having been deployed. In 2014 India is the third largest troop contributor (TCC) with 7,860 personnel deployed with ten UN Peacekeeping Missions of which 995 are police personnel, including the first female formed Police Unit under the UN.[32] The Indian Army has undertaken numerous UN peacekeeping missions.[38] As of 30 June 2014, 157 Indians have been killed during such operations.[39] The Indian army has also provided paramedical units to facilitate the withdrawal of the sick and wounded.
In service to the United Nations, Satish Nambiar was appointed as 1st Force Commander and Head of Mission of UNPROFOR and Jai Shanker Menon as Head of Mission and Force Commander of United Nations Disengagement Observer Force.
According to UN estimates, India is currently the fourth-largest police-contributing country with 1,009 officers, and the third-largest contributor of female police officers.[40]
As of February 2017, 163 Indians have been killed while serving in UN peacekeeping operations.[41]
Initiatives[edit]
International Yoga Day[edit]
On 11 December 2014, the United Nations General Assembly adopted without a vote a resolution commemorating 21 June as the International Yoga Day,[42] recognising the holistic benefits of this timeless practice and its inherent compatibility with the principles and values of the United Nations.[43]
Plea for International Equality Day[edit]
In 2016, with focus on combating inequalities to achieve Sustainable Development Goals, B. R. Ambedkar's birth anniversary was observed at the United Nations for the first time.[44] India has made a plea to declare April 14 as International Equality Day.[45][46]
Financial contribution[edit]
For FY 2015-16, India's contribution to the United Nations was ₹2,440,000,000 (US$36 million),[47] which was 55 per cent more compared with the previous fiscal.[47] India is one of the main contributors to the UN regular budget.[48] Indian contribution to United Nations Democracy Fund was USD 250 million for 2009.[49]
Representation[edit]
Main article: Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations
India has a permanent mission to the UN, which is led by the Permanent Representative (UN Ambassador), currently Syed Akbaruddin, who was appointed in January 2016.[50]
See also[edit]
India portal
United Nations portal
International relations portal
United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan
UNHCR Representation in India
Foreign relations of India
G4 nations
References[edit]
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Official website of the Ministry of External Affairs of India
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United States elections, 2018
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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2018 United States elections
Mid-term elections
Election day
November 6
Senate elections
Seats contested
33 seats of Class I (+ special elections for 2 seats of Class II)
Seats up for election (general & special):
Democratic incumbent running
Democratic incumbent retiring
Republican incumbent running
Republican incumbent retiring
Independent incumbent running
No election
Inset rectangle signifies a special election.
House elections
Seats contested
All 435 voting seats (+ 5 of 6 non-voting seats)
Gubernatorial elections
Seats contested
39 (36 states, 3 territories)
Democratic incumbent eligible for re-election
Term-limited or retiring Democrat
Republican incumbent eligible for re-election
Term-limited or retiring Republican
Independent incumbent eligible for re-election
No election
2018 elections in the United States will be held on Tuesday, November 6, 2018, except for certain special elections. All these races, regardless if it is for a federal, state, or local office, are being administered by the individual state and local governments instead of at the national or federal level. These midterm elections will take place in the middle of Republican President Donald Trump's first term. All 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives and 35 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate will be contested. In addition, 39 state and territorial governorships as well as numerous other state and local elections will also be contested.
Contents
1 Issues
1.1 Campaigns
1.1.1 Advertisements and issues
1.1.2 President Trump and officials campaigning
1.2 Foreign interference
1.2.1 Russian interference
1.2.2 Chinese interference
2 Federal elections
2.1 Congressional elections
2.1.1 Senate
2.1.2 House of Representatives
3 State elections
3.1 Gubernatorial elections
3.2 Legislative elections
3.3 Ballot measures
4 Local elections
4.1 Mayoral elections
4.2 Other elections and referenda
5 Table of state, territorial, and federal results
6 Notes
7 References
Issues
Campaigns
Advertisements and issues
Nearly half of all ads by Democrats focused on health care, in particular on defending the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) and keeping in place protections for individuals with preexisting conditions.[1] Almost a third of Republicans ads focused on taxes, in particular the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.[1] According to a report by CNN, "So far in House, Senate and governor races this year, more than $124 million has been spent on more than 280,000 immigration-related TV ad spots... that's more than five times the amount spent during the 2014 midterms, when about $23 million was spent on less than 44,000 spots."[2]
In October 2018, The New York Times and The Washington Post reported that the chief focus of Republican messaging was on fear-mongering over immigration and race. According to The Washington Post, Trump "has settled on a strategy of fear — laced with falsehoods and racially tinged rhetoric — to help lift his party to victory in the coming midterms, part of a broader effort to energize Republican voters."[3] The New York Times wrote, "Mr. Trump and other Republicans are insistently seeking to tie Democrats to unfettered immigration and violent crime, and in some instances this summer and fall they have attacked minority candidates in nakedly racial terms."[4] The Toronto Star reported that as the mid-term elections approached, Trump resorted to "a blizzard of fear-mongering and lies, many of them about darker-skinned foreigners."[5]
Vulnerable Republican candidates who voted in favor of the American Health Care Act of 2017 - which repealed and replaced the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) - sought to defend their votes with what CNN described as "falsehoods and obfuscations."[6] A number of those Republican candidates claimed to support provisions of the Affordable Care Act, such as protections for preexisting conditions, even though they voted for efforts that either weakened or eliminated those provisions.[6]
President Trump and officials campaigning
In May 2018, President Trump began to emphasize his effort to overcome the traditional strength of the non-presidential party in midterm elections, with "top priority for the White House [being to hold] the Republican majority in the Senate". He was already at that time well into his own 2020 reelection campaign, having launched it on inauguration day, 2017. In May, on a trip to Texas for a Houston fundraiser targeting the midterms, he also held a fundraising dinner in Dallas for the 2020 campaign.[7] By early August, the president's midterm efforts had included rallies in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Florida, Montana and elsewhere "reprising the style and rhetoric of his 2016 campaign". Democrats "need to flip 23 seats to capture the speaker's gavel", USA Today put it. The President was addressing the economy, the border wall, the "trade war", "don't believe anything" and the space force in the rallies, per the report.[8]
In late August 2018, controversy surfaced about the degree of campaigning being done on what were termed "official" visits around the country. One report said, traditionally, partisan attacks and endorsements were kept out of official events but that President Trump was not observing that norm. Beyond the norm, one commentator was quoted referring to "laws designed to prevent taxpayer resources from being used for self-serving purposes ― in this case, for campaign purposes." White House-recognized individuals "familiar with the president's thinking" spoke without attribution on a conference call and in another call about the campaigning. The individuals identified 35 events by Cabinet and senior staff members "with or affecting House districts in August already ... [all] targeted districts" and described a July 26 Presidential trip, presented as "official", as having been "for" Rep. Rod Blum of Iowa and Rep. Mike Bost of Illinois. The White House (via deputy press secretary Lindsay Walters) responded to the report: "It is unfortunate but ultimately unsurprising that a liberal publication like Huffington Post would make these misleading accusations and misconstrue the intent of the response".[9]
Foreign interference
Russian interference
Main article: Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections
Director of National Intelligence Dan Coats stated during congressional testimony that "the United States is under attack" from Russian efforts to impact the results of the elections.[10] As of February 13, 2018, six US intelligence agencies unanimously reported their conclusion[11] that Russian personnel are monitoring American electoral systems, and promoting partisan causes on social media.[12]
On May 23, 2018, United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, in a committee hearing, warned that the US government was not adequately protected from Russian interference in the 2018 midterms elections, saying, "No responsible government official would ever state that they have done enough to forestall any attack on the United States of America".[13]
On July 26, 2018, Missouri's Democratic Senator Claire McCaskill alleged that Russian hackers unsuccessfully attempted to break into her Senate email account,[14] confirming a report in The Daily Beast.[15]
On August 2, 2018, the Director of National Intelligence, Dan Coats announced along with FBI Director Christopher Wray at a White House press conference that Russia is actively interfering in the 2018 elections, saying "It is real. It is ongoing."[16]
Also on August 2, 2018, NPR reported that Democratic Senator Jeanne Shaheen reported to the FBI several attempts to compromise her campaign[17] including both spearphishing attempts on her staff, and a disturbing incident where someone called her offices "impersonating a Latvian official, trying to set up a meeting to talk to me about Russian sanctions and about Ukraine." Her opposition to Russian aggression and support of sanctions has placed her on an official Russian blacklist.[18]
On August 8, 2018, Florida Senator Bill Nelson told the Tampa Bay Times that Russian operatives have penetrated some of Florida's election systems ahead of the 2018 midterm elections. "They have already penetrated certain counties in the state and they now have free rein to move about," Nelson told the newspaper. He also stated that more detailed information is classified.[19] The Russian hackers may be able to prevent some voters from casting votes by removing people from the voter rolls.[20] Nelson provided no evidence of Russian hacking and was criticized by The Washington Post's Fact Checker who gave Nelson's claim four Pinocchios denoting it as an outright lie.[21]
At a summit in Helsinki with Vladimir Putin, U.S. President Donald Trump downplayed the conclusions of the US intelligence community, stating that he believed Putin's repeated denials of interference in American elections. Later, President Trump answered "no" in response to questions asking if he believed Russia would be targeting the midterm elections, but later claimed he was refusing to answer the question, not responding to it. In late July, the President reversed his position and said in a tweet that he's "very concerned" about allegations of Russian meddling, but adding that he believed interference would only benefit Democrats.[22]
Chinese interference
On September 26, 2018, at the United Nations Security Council, Donald Trump accused China of meddling in the upcoming midterm elections in America. Trump claimed that China was trying to damage his political stand prior to the elections as he has imposed tariffs on billions of dollars in Chinese goods.[23] Trump claimed, "they don't want me or us to win because I am the first president to ever challenge China on trade." China’s Foreign Minister, Wang Yi, also present at the meeting denounced the accusation saying, "we did not and will not interfere in any countries' domestic affairs. We refuse to accept any unwarranted accusations against China."[24]
On September 25, 2018, Dan Coats, US Director of National Intelligence issued a warning about China’s cyber activities, calling them "unprecedented in scale" and "among the most active foreign states conducting cyber activities against United States interests."[25] On September 18, 2018, Trump accused China on Twitter for “actively trying to impact and change our election by attacking our farmers, ranchers and industrial workers because of their loyalty to me".[26][27]
Federal elections
The primary season runs from March to September 2018.
Congressional elections
Senate
Main article: United States Senate elections, 2018
The 33 senators in Senate Class I will be up for election. 23 of the seats to be contested are presently held by Democrats, and eight by Republicans (three of whom are retiring), with two being independents. The continuing senators are 43 Republican, and 24 Democrat. According to FiveThirtyEight, in 2018, Democrats face the most unfavorable Senate map that any party has ever faced in any election, as Democrats have to defend 24 Senate seats to eight Republican Senate seats.[28][29]
Additionally, special elections are scheduled for the same day, to fill vacancies in the other two Senate Classes: in Minnesota and Mississippi to fill the seats vacated by Al Franken and Thad Cochran, respectively.
House of Representatives
Main article: United States House of Representatives elections, 2018
All 435 voting seats in the United States House of Representatives will be up for election. Additionally, elections will be held to select non-voting delegates for the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories, with the exception of the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, who serves a four-year term.
During or prior to the 2018 House election on November 6, there were eight special elections:
Special election in Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district following the resignation of Tim Murphy (R), held on March 13, 2018; won by Conor Lamb (D).
Special election in Arizona's 8th congressional district following the resignation of Trent Franks (R), held on April 24, 2018; won by Debbie Lesko (R).
Special election in Texas's 27th congressional district following the resignation of Blake Farenthold (R), held on June 30, 2018; won by Michael Cloud (R).
Special election in Ohio's 12th congressional district following the resignation of Pat Tiberi (R), held on August 7, 2018; won by Troy Balderson (R).
Special election in Michigan's 13th congressional district following the resignation of John Conyers (D), to be held on November 6, 2018, coinciding with the regular elections.
Special election in Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district following the resignation of Pat Meehan (R), to be held on November 6, 2018, coinciding with the regular elections.
Special election in Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district following the resignation of Charlie Dent (R), to be held on November 6, 2018, coinciding with the regular elections.
Special election in New York's 25th congressional district following the death of Louise Slaughter (D), to be held on November 6, 2018, coinciding with the regular elections.
In November 2017, the number of Republican congresspeople announcing their impending retirements or resigning their seats was vastly higher than since the 2006 Congress.[30] Most of these congresspeople faced tough reelection bids in 2018.[30] The number of retirements by Democrats was in line with previous Congresses.[30] The disproportionate number of Republican impending retirements is likely to harm Republican prospects in the 2018 mid-term elections as there will be fewer districts where Republicans have the incumbency advantage.[31][32][33] In the states of Kentucky, Louisiana and North Carolina, there will be no senatorial or gubernatorial elections, leaving House candidates at the top of the ticket.
State elections
The 2018 state elections will impact the redistricting that will follow the 2020 United States Census, as many states task governors and state legislators with drawing new boundaries for state legislative and Congressional districts.
Gubernatorial elections
Main article: United States gubernatorial elections, 2018
Elections will be held for the governorships of 36 U.S. states and three U.S. territories, as well as for the Mayor of the District of Columbia.
Legislative elections
87 of the 99 state legislative chambers are holding regularly scheduled elections in 2018, as will six of the nine territorial legislative chambers. Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, and Virginia do not hold regularly scheduled legislative elections in even years. Puerto Rico does not hold regularly scheduled legislative elections outside of presidential election years. Kansas, Minnesota, New Mexico, South Carolina, and American Samoa will only hold elections for their lower houses. In legislative chambers that use staggered terms, only a portion of the seats in the chamber will be up for election.
Ballot measures
157 ballot measures will be voted on in 34 states. These include many initiatives on redistricting reform and voting rights, marijuana, health care, and taxes.[34]
Local elections
Mayoral elections
Major cities that are holding mayoral elections in 2018 include:
Newark, New Jersey: Incumbent mayor Ras J. Baraka was re-elected to a second term with 77.05% of the vote.
Phoenix, Arizona: Thelda Williams is the incumbent and acting mayor after Greg Stanton chose to resign on May 29, 2018, to seek election for the United States Congress.
San Francisco, California (special): London Breed was elected to succeed the deceased mayor Ed Lee.
Washington, D.C.: Incumbent Muriel Bowser (D) is running for reelection.
Nashville, Tennessee: Acting Mayor David Briley won election with 54.47%, avoiding a runoff.
Other elections and referenda
Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska, Proposition 1, 2018
Table of state, territorial, and federal results
See also: Political party strength in U.S. states
This table shows the partisan results of Congressional, gubernatorial, and state legislative races held in each state and territory in 2018. Note that not all states and territories hold gubernatorial, state legislative, and United States Senate elections in 2018; additionally, the territories and Washington, D.C. do not elect members of the United States Senate. Washington, D.C. and the five inhabited territories each elect one non-voting member of the United States House of Representatives. Nebraska's unicameral legislature and the governorship and legislature of American Samoa are officially non-partisan. In the table, offices/legislatures that are not up for election in 2018 are already filled in for the "after 2018 elections" section, although vacancies or party switching could potentially lead to a flip in partisan control. Note that at least seven seats in the House of Representatives will be vacant at the time of the election.
Subdivision and PVI
Before 2018 elections[35]
After 2018 elections
Subdivision
PVI[36]
Governor
State leg.
U.S. Senate
U.S. House
Governor
State leg.
U.S. Senate
U.S. House
Alabama
R+14 Rep Rep Split Rep 6–1 Split
Alaska
R+9 Ind Split Rep Rep 1–0 Rep
Arizona
R+5 Rep Rep Rep Rep 5–4
Arkansas
R+15 Rep Rep Rep Rep 4–0 Rep
California
D+12 Dem Dem Dem Dem 39–14 Dem
Colorado
D+1 Dem Split Split Rep 4–3 Split
Connecticut
D+6 Dem Split Dem Dem 5–0
Delaware
D+6 Dem Dem Dem Dem 1–0 Dem
Florida
R+2 Rep Rep Split Rep 15–11
Georgia
R+5 Rep Rep Rep Rep 10–4 Rep
Hawaii
D+18 Dem Dem Dem Dem 2–0
Idaho
R+19 Rep Rep Rep Rep 2–0 Rep
Illinois
D+7 Rep Dem Dem Dem 11–7 Dem
Indiana
R+9 Rep Rep Split Rep 7–2 Rep
Iowa
R+3 Rep Rep Rep Rep 3–1 Rep
Kansas
R+13 Rep Rep Rep Rep 4–0 Rep
Kentucky
R+15 Rep Rep Rep Rep 5–1 Rep Rep
Louisiana
R+11 Dem Rep Rep Rep 5–1 Dem Rep Rep
Maine
D+3 Rep Split Split R/I[a] Split 1–1
Maryland
D+12 Rep Dem Dem Dem 7–1
Massachusetts
D+12 Rep Dem Dem Dem 9–0
Michigan
D+1 Rep Rep Dem Rep 9–4
Minnesota
D+1 Dem Rep Dem Dem 5–3
Mississippi
R+9 Rep Rep Rep Rep 3–1 Rep Rep
Missouri
R+9 Rep Rep Split Rep 6–2 Rep
Montana
R+11 Dem Rep Split Rep 1–0 Dem
Nebraska
R+14 Rep NP Rep Rep 3–0 NP
Nevada
D+1 Rep Dem Split Dem 3–1
New Hampshire
Even Rep Rep Dem Dem 2–0 Dem
New Jersey
D+7 Dem Dem Dem Dem 7–5 Dem Dem
New Mexico
D+3 Rep Dem Dem Dem 2–1
New York
D+11 Dem Split Dem Dem 17–9
North Carolina
R+3 Dem Rep Rep Rep 10–3 Dem Rep
North Dakota
R+17 Rep Rep Split Rep 1–0 Rep
Ohio
R+3 Rep Rep Split Rep 12–4
Oklahoma
R+20 Rep Rep Rep Rep 4–0 Rep
Oregon
D+5 Dem Dem Dem Dem 4–1 Dem
Pennsylvania
Even Dem Rep Split Rep 10–6
Rhode Island
D+10 Dem Dem Dem Dem 2–0
South Carolina
R+8 Rep Rep Rep Rep 6–1 Rep
South Dakota
R+14 Rep Rep Rep Rep 1–0 Rep
Tennessee
R+14 Rep Rep Rep Rep 7–2
Texas
R+8 Rep Rep Rep Rep 25–11
Utah
R+20 Rep Rep Rep Rep 4–0 Rep
Vermont
D+15 Rep Dem Split D/I[b] Dem 1–0
Virginia
D+1 Dem Rep Dem Rep 7–4 Dem Rep
Washington
D+7 Dem Dem Dem Dem 6–4 Dem
West Virginia
R+20 Rep Rep Split Rep 2–0 Rep
Wisconsin
Even Rep Rep Split Rep 5–3
Wyoming
R+25 Rep Rep Rep Rep 1–0
United States
Even N/A N/A Rep 51-49[c] Rep 235-193
Washington, D.C.
D+43 Dem[d] Dem[d] N/A Dem N/A
American Samoa
N/A NP NP Rep NP NP
Guam
Rep Dem Dem
N. Mariana Islands
Rep Split Ind
Puerto Rico
PNP/D Split PNP/R PNP/D Split PNP/R
U.S. Virgin Islands
Ind Dem Dem
Subdivision
PVI
Governor
State leg.
U.S. Senate
U.S. House
Governor
State leg.
U.S. Senate
U.S. House
Subdivision and PVI
Before 2018 elections
After 2018 elections
Notes
Jump up ^ One of Maine's senators, Susan Collins, is a Republican. The other senator from Maine, Angus King, is an independent who has caucused with the Democrats since taking office in 2013.
Jump up ^ One of Vermont's senators, Patrick Leahy, is a Democrat. The other senator from Vermont, Bernie Sanders, was elected as an independent and has caucused with the Democrats since taking office in 2007.
Jump up ^ Prior the 2018 elections, the Republican Senate caucus consisted of 51 Republicans. The Democratic Senate caucus consisted of 47 Democrats and 2 independents.
^ Jump up to: a b Washington, D.C. does not elect a governor or state legislature, but it does elect a mayor and a city council.
References
^ Jump up to: a b McGill, Brian; Bykowicz, Julie (2018-10-09). "Health Care Crowds Out Jobs, Taxes in Midterm Ads". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2018-10-09.
Jump up ^ https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/14/politics/immigration-campaign-ads-midterms/index.html
Jump up ^ "Trump and Republicans settle on fear — and falsehoods — as a midterm strategy". Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
Jump up ^ "Trump and G.O.P. Candidates Escalate Race and Fear as Election Ploys". Retrieved 2018-10-24.
Jump up ^ "Donald Trump's strategy as midterms approach: lies and fear-mongering | The Star". thestar.com. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
^ Jump up to: a b CNN, Eric Bradner, Gregory Krieg and Tami Luhby,. "Republicans' health care strategy for the midterms: Fear and misdirection". CNN. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
Jump up ^ Zeleny, Jeff,, Sarah Westwood and Pamela Brown, "Unprecedented? Trump aims to defy midterm campaign history", CNN, May 31, 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
Jump up ^ Fritze, John, "Trump's midterm message: Five things the president is telling voters", USA Today, August 11, 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
Jump up ^ Date, S. V., "White House Admits Trump Is Using Official Events For Midterm Campaigning", Huffington Post, August 22, 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
Jump up ^ Schlesinger, Robert (February 13, 2018). "'Frankly, the United States Is Under Attack': U.S. intelligence chiefs warn of Russian 2018 election interference about which Trump remains unmoved". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Herb, Jeremy (February 13, 2018). "US intel chiefs unanimous that Russia is targeting 2018 elections". CNN. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Matthew; Fandos, Nicholas (2018-02-13). "Russia Sees Midterm Elections as Chance to Sow Fresh Discord, Intelligence Chiefs Warn". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-02-14.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Zachary; Koran, Laura (May 23, 2018). "Pompeo says the US has not done enough to protect 2018 elections". CNN.
Jump up ^ Eli, Watkins (July 26, 2018). "Claire McCaskill says attempted Russia hacking on her office 'not successful'". CNN.
Jump up ^ Desiderio, Andrew; Poulsen, Kevin (July 26, 2018). "Russian Hackers' New Target: a Vulnerable Democratic Senator" – via www.thedailybeast.com.
Jump up ^ Kirby, Jen (August 2, 2018). "The US intel chief just said Russian interference is "continuing"". Vox.
Jump up ^ Mak, Tim (August 2, 2018). "This Is 'Not Fine': New Evidence Of Russian Interference Meets Inaction, Frustration". NPR.
Jump up ^ Desiderio, Andrew; Poulsen, Kevin (July 30, 2018). "Mystery Sting Targets U.S. Senator for Dirt on Russia Sanctions" – via www.thedailybeast.com.
Jump up ^ Leary, Alex; Bousquet, Steve; Wilson, Kirby (2018-08-08). "Bill Nelson: The Russians have penetrated some Florida voter registration systems". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
Jump up ^ Diaz, Daniella; Marquardt, Alex (August 9, 2018). "Dem senator: Russians 'penetrated' Florida voter systems". CNN.
Jump up ^ "Analysis - Has Russia hacked into Florida's election system? There is no evidence". Washington Post.
Jump up ^ CNN, Jeremy Diamond,. "Trump suddenly says he's 'very concerned' about 2018 Russian interference". CNN. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
Jump up ^ "Trump Accuses China of Interfering in Midterm Elections". The New York Times. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Trump accuses China of election 'meddling' against him". BBC News. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "DNI Dan Coats warns China cyber activities target U.S. state, local governments". CBS News. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Donald Trump Twitter". Retrieved September 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Donald Trump Twitter". Retrieved September 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wasserman, David (2017-08-07). "The Congressional Map Has A Record-Setting Bias Against Democrats". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
Jump up ^ "Republicans Are Favorites In The Senate, But Democrats Have Two Paths To An Upset". FiveThirtyEight. 2018-09-12. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c CNN, Sam Petulla and Jennifer Hansler,. "There is a wave of Republicans leaving Congress". CNN. Retrieved 2017-11-10.
Jump up ^ Rakich, Nathaniel (2017-09-12). "The Recent Rush Of GOP Retirements Is Good For Democrats". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2017-11-10.
Jump up ^ Cohn, Nate (2017-09-29). "Why Retirements May Hold the Key in Whether Republicans Can Keep the House". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-11-10.
Jump up ^ "WOW: Survey Finds Among White Millenial Men, 23% Move From Dems To GOP In Last Two Years". June 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2018 ballot measures - Ballotpedia". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
Jump up ^ "2017 State & Legislative Partisan Composition" (PDF). National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Coleman, Miles. "2016 State PVI Changes". Decision Desk HQ. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
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values: الانتخابات الأمريكية 2018 – Arabic

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values: Wahlen in den Vereinigten Staaten 2018 – German

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values: संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के चुनाव, वर्ष 2018 – Hindi

values: Elezioni parlamentari negli Stati Uniti d'America del 2018 – Italian

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