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NCIS (season 4)
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NCIS (season 4)
Season 4 U.S. DVD cover
Starring
Mark Harmon
Michael Weatherly
Cote de Pablo
Pauley Perrette
Sean Murray
Lauren Holly
David McCallum
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
24
Release
Original network
CBS
Original release
September 19, 2006 (2006-09-19) – May 22, 2007 (2007-05-22)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 3
Next →
Season 5
List of NCIS episodes
The fourth season of the police procedural drama NCIS was originally broadcast between September 19, 2006 and May 22, 2007. Special Agent Gibbs left NCIS at the end of season three after a terrorist attack had been successful because his superiors did not heed his warnings in time. The team is now led by DiNozzo for a short time until Gibbs' eventual return. New characters introduced in this season are Michelle Lee, who was briefly on DiNozzo's team and was transferred to the legal department upon Gibbs' return, and (already in the final episodes of season 3) Gibbs' former boss and mentor Mike Franks, both as recurring characters. Also, albeit later in the season, Army CID Lieutenant Colonel Hollis Mann is introduced as another love interest for Gibbs.
In December 2006, Bill Keveney from USA Today announced that the "CBS investigative drama NCIS topped the Nielsen viewership list for the first time with 17.4 million. CBS was the No. 1 network in viewers and young adults (ages 18 to 49) for the week of Dec. 11–17."[1]
TV Guide reported on May 5, 2007 that creator and showrunner Donald Bellisario would step down and leave the series due to a disagreement with series star Mark Harmon.[2] Because of Bellisario's "chaotic management style", Harmon threatened to leave NCIS.[3] Co-executive producer Chas. Floyd Johnson and head writer Shane Brennan replaced Bellisario as showrunner.[2]
Contents
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
2 Episodes
3 DVD special features
4 References
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Mark Harmon as Leroy Jethro Gibbs, NCIS Senior Special Agent (SSA) assigned to Washington's Navy Yard
Michael Weatherly as Anthony DiNozzo, NCIS Special Agent, second in command
Cote de Pablo as Ziva David, Mossad Liaison Officer
Pauley Perrette as Abigail Sciuto, Forensic Specialist attached to NCIS
Sean Murray as Timothy McGee, NCIS Special Agent
Lauren Holly as Jenny Shepard, NCIS Director
David McCallum as Dr. Donald Mallard, Chief Medical Examiner for NCIS
Recurring[edit]
Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, FBI Senior Special Agent
Jessica Steen as Paula Cassidy, NCIS Senior Special Agent
Brian Dietzen as Jimmy Palmer, Assistant Medical Examiner for NCIS
Troian Bellisario as Sarah McGee (Tim McGee's sister)
Mary Mouser as Kelly Gibbs, Gibbs' deceased daughter
Stephanie Mello as Cynthia Summer, NCIS Secretary to Director Shepard
Muse Watson as Mike Franks, retired Senior Special Agent for NCIS (Gibbs' old boss)
Don Franklin as Ron Sacks, FBI Special Agent
Scottie Thompson as Jeanne Benoit, Tony's girlfriend while undercover
Armand Assante as Rene Benoit, NCIS target
Susanna Thompson as Hollis Mann, Gibbs' girlfriend and Army CID Agent
Liza Lapira as Michelle Lee, NCIS Special Agent
David Dayan Fisher as Trent Kort, CIA Agent
Enzo Cilenti as Mamoun Sharif, NCIS target
Payton Spencer as Emily Fornell (Tobias Fornell's daughter)
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
71
1 "Shalom" William Webb Teleplay by: John C. Kelley
Story by: Donald P. Bellisario & John C. Kelley September 19, 2006 (2006-09-19) 401 13.80[4]
After witnessing a Mossad agent perform an assassination, which was not authorized by Mossad, Ziva is suspected by the FBI to be a double agent. Now a fugitive and on the run, Ziva is forced to ask for help from Gibbs, who is in Mexico after retiring from NCIS. Tony finds his leadership skills being tested to the limit as he and the rest of the team put their careers on the line, determined to prove her innocence before the FBI can arrest her.
72
2 "Escaped" Dennis Smith Teleplay by: Steven D. Binder
Story: Christopher Silber & Steven D. Binder September 26, 2006 (2006-09-26) 402 14.12[5]
A former petty officer, convicted of murder, escapes from prison and forces F.B.I. Special Agent Fornell to reopen his case in order to find the real culprit whilst claiming his own innocence. Fornell asks Gibbs, who had worked on the case before and is reinstated as an NCIS agent by Director Shepard, for help when his daughter is threatened. To his former team's disappointment, Gibbs insists that the reinstatement is only temporary. The team soon finds discrepancies in the petty officer's case and that he may have been framed.
73
3 "Singled Out" Terrence O'Hara David J. North October 3, 2006 (2006-10-03) 403 15.89[6]
Gibbs returns to NCIS and leads his team to investigate the kidnapping of a Navy Lieutenant, who is a computer specialist. They discover that the Lieutenant had used her military knowledge to profile potential husbands and was attending speed dating events. When they suspect that the kidnapper may continue attending the event in order to avoid suspicion, Ziva goes undercover at a speed-dating event to identify him. In addition, Tony is offered a promotion – and his own team – as a reward for his performance as team leader while Gibbs was retired but declines and remains in Gibbs' team.
74
4 "Faking It" Thomas J. Wright Shane Brennan October 10, 2006 (2006-10-10) 404 15.86[7]
Minutes after Metro Police traffic cops apprehend a man with a recently-fired gun, a car crashes behind them with a dead Petty Officer in the driver's seat and "NCIS" written in his blood on the seat, leading the team to suspect the arrested man had shot the Petty Officer. Tony and Gibbs find out that the Petty Officer went undercover in an operation led by Gibbs' former mentor Mike Franks, who informs them that their suspect is a Russian terrorist involved in selling illegal weapons to Chechen rebels and other extremist terrorist groups but the case went cold when the CIA took over and the files "went missing" from the NCIS evidence storeroom. The situation takes a delicate turn when Homeland Security claims the suspect is actually working for them.
75
5 "Dead and Unburied" Colin Bucksey Nell Scovell October 17, 2006 (2006-10-17) 405 15.92[8]
When a missing lance corporal is found dead in a vacant house by a real-estate broker giving two potential buyers a tour, the NCIS team discovers that he was buried in the backyard and then exhumed. They also learn about his identity and that he was to be deployed to Iraq, but he never showed up for duty. The investigation leads them to a new clue – he had two fiancées who are aghast at learning that they were both engaged to the same man. Abby runs the DNA samples from the two women to find out if the DNA is a match to the soil found on the dead man's body and later finds out that the team are looking for a third woman who might have been sleeping with the victim.
76
6 "Witch Hunt" James Whitmore, Jr. Steven Kriozere October 31, 2006 (2006-10-31) 407 15.94[9]
It is Halloween, and the NCIS team is busy investigating a ransom case in which a Marine's daughter has been kidnapped after the kidnapper attacked the Marine in his home. The investigation leads them to a fact that the couple has been separated. They decide to focus on the wife's ex-boyfriend, after learning that the woman is the one who destroyed their marriage. Meanwhile, McGee and Tony are stunned by Abby's Halloween costume.
77
7 "Sandblast" Dennis Smith Robert Palm November 7, 2006 (2006-11-07) 406 15.44[10]
When a Marine colonel dies in an explosion at a military golf course, the NCIS team must investigate a suspected terrorist attack with the help from the Army Criminal Investigative Division (CID). The CIA gives them a lead to an abandoned warehouse. However, things take a sinister turn when both NCIS and Army CID invade and discover that it is actually a trap – the warehouse is rigged with a bomb set to go off any second. Ziva goes against Gibbs' orders and is successful in defusing the bomb, preserving any evidence for both groups to use, but earns a brief reprimand from Gibbs for doing so. In the meantime, McGee uses his computer skills to break into the secret government files to uncover the terrorist cell while Tony embarks on a personal quest of his own as he attempts to stop the Marine colonel's son from dropping out of college and enlisting in hopes of avenging his father's death.
78
8 "Once a Hero" Thomas J. Wright Shane Brennan November 14, 2006 (2006-11-14) 408 15.80[11]
A decorated Marine veteran falls from a floor of a hotel during a conference of agency directors (that included Jenny Shepard) while Tony and Ziva were on security detail and the NCIS team must find out what happened to him. Soon they realize that the Marine did not commit suicide and that he was homeless, having lost everything after being injured while serving in Iraq. Having gone through the victim's personal belongings, the team soon find compromising evidence against him but Gibbs is determined to prove the man's innocence by any means necessary.
79
9 "Twisted Sister" Terrence O'Hara Steven D. Binder November 21, 2006 (2006-11-21) 409 17.00[12]
When McGee's younger sister Sarah shows up disoriented and bloodied at his door in the middle of the night, and claims that she may have killed someone, McGee takes matters into his own hands, beginning his own independent investigation. Sarah claims that she is innocent, but has no memory of the past several hours and refuses to go with McGee to NCIS. While McGee works on figuring out what happened to his sister, the NCIS team is investigating a case of a Navy sailor, who is somehow connected to McGee's sister. Both Tony and Abby are busy with love problems, while McGee turns out to have another secret.
80
10 "Smoked" Dennis Smith John C. Kelley & Robert Palm November 28, 2006 (2006-11-28) 410 17.96[13]
A dead man in a chimney chute on a Marine base leads the team to discover a serial killer's burial ground. They believe that the dead man was the serial killer until Abby uncovers something which proves he might actually be a victim while the whole team are in for a shock when the true killer is finally revealed. Meanwhile, Tony helps the director with a special project and makes time for his girlfriend as well while Ducky talks to Gibbs about how he felt betrayed when Gibbs left and after a heart-to-heart the two eventually repair their friendship, and McGee deals with the team's reaction to their portrayal in his best-selling book.
81
11 "Driven" Dennis Smith Teleplay by: Richard C. Arthur & Nell Scovell & John C. Kelley
Story by: Richard C. Arthur December 12, 2006 (2006-12-12) 411 17.39[14]
The team is forced to attend a sexual harassment seminar but much to their relief, Gibbs receives a call that a Navy officer is found dead in a classified self-driven robotic vehicle she was working on developing for a potential DoD contractor. Although it initially looks like suicide, when Abby puts the vehicle through some tests, it nearly takes her life as well but thanks to Gibbs' efforts, she is saved from certain death although McGee is left guilt-ridden over what happened. They discover that someone rigged the vehicle to kill the passenger and make it appear to be suicide but the woman who was killed was not the intended target. While Gibbs is questioning the scientists involved in the contract, the vehicle "escapes" from the garage and it is up to Abby and McGee to stop it from killing more people. Meanwhile, Tony visits the hospital to see his girlfriend and continues working on special projects for the Director. Ziva notices Tony getting calls from the hospital and begins worrying about his health.
82
12 "Suspicion" Colin Bucksey Shane Brennan January 16, 2007 (2007-01-16) 412 15.95[15]
When a Marine is murdered in a small town hotel room, NCIS is called in to investigate. However, things take a nosedive when they learn that the local Sheriff's department already cleaned up the crime scene and performed an autopsy. They also have a suspect – an Iraqi national who just moved to the town a few months earlier. But NCIS later receive evidence suggesting that an active terrorist cell might be in play in the town, and the national is not quite the man they believe he is.
83
13 "Sharif Returns" Terrence O'Hara Steven D. Binder January 23, 2007 (2007-01-23) 413 14.83[16]
When the NCIS team learns that the missing 10 kilograms of highly toxic chemical weapons are now in the hands of Mamoun Sharif (Enzo Cilenti), the wanted terrorist from "Sandblast", they will have to find a way to find the man and stop him before it is too late with the aid from Army Lt. Col. Hollis Mann and constant phone calls from Sharif himself, who claims to have infected Gibbs with the chemical.
84
14 "Blowback" Thomas J. Wright Teleplay by: Christopher Silber & David J. North & Shane Brennan
Story by: Christopher Silber February 6, 2007 (2007-02-06) 414 16.16[17]
After catching an international arms dealer thanks to a Mossad tip, the NCIS team learns that the Navy's highly classified weapons system will be sold to "La Grenouille," an important arms dealer. To stop the transaction from happening, the team sends Ducky undercover. Meanwhile, another government agency appears to be working on the same case, with different plans.
85
15 "Friends & Lovers" Dennis Smith John C. Kelley February 13, 2007 (2007-02-13) 415 15.36[18]
A man proposing to his girlfriend finds the body of a sailor. NCIS works with local officers believing that the man died of an unintentional drug overdose. However, Abby discovers a message written in blood on a laminated card found at the crime scene and the team suspect that the sailor might not have been a victim after all. Meanwhile, Jimmy continues his relationship with Agent Michelle Lee and Tony helps Jeanne deal with an obsessive ex-boyfriend as well as a Metro cop dealing with his own ex.
86
16 "Dead Man Walking" Colin Bucksey Nell Scovell February 20, 2007 (2007-02-20) 416 15.90[19]
A Navy Lieutenant arrives at NCIS with radiation poisoning requesting that the team investigate his murder, prompting them to investigate who is responsible for poisoning him. The Navy Lieutenant is an inspector for the International Atomic Energy Agency, so the team tries to figure out who would want to make sure he didn't make it to the next inspection. However, only his two closest colleagues knew where the next inspection was to take place. Meanwhile, Ziva sympathizes with the Lieutenant, in whom she sees a reflection of her own most strongly held beliefs and develops feelings for him. It is revealed in the next episode that the Lieutenant had died.
87
17 "Skeletons" James Whitmore, Jr. Jesse Stern February 27, 2007 (2007-02-27) 417 16.16[20]
An explosion at a military cemetery mausoleum turns up a skeleton. As they investigate, Ducky discovers that they have turned up the skeleton of more than one body. The team talks to the families to try to find some link between the victims. Meanwhile, Abby is having personal problems.
88
18 "Iceman" Thomas J. Wright Shane Brennan March 20, 2007 (2007-03-20) 418 15.69[21]
When the man on Ducky's table turns out to still be alive the unit must track the young Marine's actions prior to his arrival in the morgue. They discover that the Marine had been on leave and used his time off for a secret trip to Baghdad. The case takes a turn when Mike Franks – Gibbs' old boss shows up revealing that the young Marine is in fact his long-lost son.
89
19 "Grace Period" James Whitmore, Jr. John C. Kelley April 3, 2007 (2007-04-03) 419 13.79[22]
An NCIS team, led by Paula Cassidy, discovers a tip about terrorist activity but it turns out to be a trap, resulting in the death of two agents and Cassidy, grief-stricken, begins blaming herself for what happened. Gibbs and his team are sent to investigate the deaths with Cassidy joining them during the investigation. But the team are shocked when Ducky reveals that the man who was the suicide bomber that killed Cassidy's team was dead at least a day before his bomb went off.
90
20 "Cover Story" Dennis Smith David J. North April 10, 2007 (2007-04-10) 420 14.38[23]
During the murder investigation of a Petty Officer, McGee is unsettled when elements of the crime scene resemble the descriptions in his new novel, which is half-finished. The only person who had access to McGee's book, other than McGee himself, is his publisher. The killer promises two more kills and when the second body is found, McGee is pressured to determine who the killer plans to kill next.
91
21 "Brothers in Arms" Martha Mitchell Steven D. Binder April 24, 2007 (2007-04-24) 421 14.17[24]
Director Shepard meets an informant named Troy Webster who has information on international arms dealer La Grenouille but Webster is killed during a gunfight, prompting Gibbs and his team to take charge of the investigation. Shepard later becomes convinced that La Grenouille, the arms dealer she has been chasing down is the one who ordered the kill but the team are all doubting her judgement, believing she might be on a personal revenge trip which is further increased when she manages to lead the team into a trap, leaving them with no clues to La Grenouille's whereabouts even after days of investigations.
92
22 "In the Dark" Thomas J. Wright Steven D. Binder May 1, 2007 (2007-05-01) 422 13.83[25]
The assistant of a blind photographer notices a dead Petty Officer in one of the photographs and calls NCIS. Gibbs and his team respond to the case and use the photographer's help to re-construct the crime scene through his heightened senses of hearing and scent to find out who killed the victim. Meanwhile, both Gibbs and Tony are having love troubles.
93
23 "Trojan Horse" Terrence O'Hara Donald P. Bellisario & Shane Brennan May 8, 2007 (2007-05-08) 423 13.88[26]
A man is found dead in a taxi headed to the NCIS headquarters but his body shows no signs of external injuries. Gibbs decides to lead the investigation into the man's death in preference to performing his duties as the Acting Director of NCIS while Jenny is in Paris attending an Interpol conference. When the team discovers that the people whose names were found on a list belonging to the dead man are all dead, Gibbs suspects that the list is a decoy used to distract them. While in Paris, Jenny gets a tip on one of La Grenouille's associates that may lead to a shocking revelation.
94
24 "Angel of Death" Dennis Smith Donald P. Bellisario May 22, 2007 (2007-05-22) 424 14.14[27]
Jenny returns from her European trip and discovers that she had an unannounced visitor at her home who she suspects is her supposedly dead father. All NCIS agents are scheduled to take a Homeland Security polygraph test, which Gibbs finds out to have been arranged by the CIA. Gibbs has McGee hack into the CIA to uncover their involvement with La Grenouille and Jenny has Abby run fingerprints from the visitor. An unarmed Tony and Jeanne are held hostage in the hospital morgue by a drug dealer, who is desperate to remove his shipment of drugs from the dead body packer. The episode ends with Tony eventually meeting the man both he and Jenny have been spending months trying to find – René Benoit, also known as La Grenouille, the international arms dealer from France who is revealed to be Jeanne's father.
DVD special features[edit]
Cast and Crew Commentaries on Select Episodes
Cast Roundtable (Parts 1 & 2)
Ducky's World
Behind the Set: The Production Design of N.C.I.S.
Dressed to Kill: Dressing the Sets of N.C.I.S.
Prop Master
Picture Perfect: The Looks of N.C.I.S.
Season of Secrets
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Keveney, Bill (December 20, 2006). "'NCIS' gets rerun assist". USA Today. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Ausiello, Michael (May 5, 2007). "Exclusive: NCIS Boss Exits!". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 11, 2009. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (April 24, 2007). "Exclusive: NCIS Feud Erupts! Harmon to Walk?". TV Guide. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ ""NCIS" and "The Unit" Post Week-To-Week Increases in Viewers and Key Demographics". CBS Press Express. September 27, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS Makes It Two Straight Wins in Viewers and Adults 25–54". CBS Press Express. October 3, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS Starts the Season 3 for 3 in Viewers and Adults 25–54". CBS Press Express. October 10, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS Number One for the Week in All Key Measures". CBS Press Express. October 17, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS'S Winning Streak in Viewers and Adults 25–54 Hits Five Weeks". CBS Press Express. October 24, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS Rolls a Lucky 7". CBS Press Express. November 7, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS is Now 8 For 8". CBS Press Express. November 14, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS Makes It 9 For 9". CBS Press Express. November 22, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS Gives Thanks For Its 10th Consecutive Weekly Win". CBS Press Express. November 28, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ ""NCIS" Hits a Season High in Viewership For the Second Consecutive Week". CBS Press Express. November 29, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS Rolls a Lucky 13". CBS Press Express. December 19, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2009. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "CBS Wins the Week with the Best Viewer Delivery by Any Network This Season and Best by Any Network in Nearly a Year". CBS Press Express. January 23, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS Has Five of the Top 10 Shows of the Week". CBS Press Express. January 30, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS Places First For the Week in Viewers and Adults 25–54". CBS Press Express. February 13, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS Wins the Week in Viewers". CBS Press Express. February 21, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS Wins February Sweep in Viewers and Adults 25–54". CBS Press Express. March 1, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS Places Second For the Week in Viewers and Key Demographics". CBS Press Express. March 6, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS Places First in Viewers; Second in Adults 18–49 and Adults 25–54". CBS Press Express. March 27, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS Slam Dunks Its Way to a Weekly Win in Viewers". CBS Press Express. April 10, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2009. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "A "King" and a "Shark" Pace CBS To a Weekly Win in Viewers". CBS Press Express. April 17, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS Weekly Rating Highlights". CBS Press Express. May 1, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS Places First in Viewers with 11 of the Week's Top 20 Programs – More Than the Other Networks Combined". CBS Press Express. May 8, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CBS Places First in Viewers and Adults 25–54". CBS Press Express. May 15, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Season Finale of "NCIS" is the Week's Number One Scripted Program, Delivering More Viewers Than the Finales of "Heroes," "24" and "Lost"". CBS Press Express. May 30, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2009. [permanent dead link]
General references
"NCIS Episodes". TV Guide. Retrieved March 22, 2009.
"Shows A-Z – ncis on cbs". The Futon Critic. Retrieved March 22, 2009.
"NCIS: Episode Guide". TV.com. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
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NCIS franchise
NCIS
Characters
Leroy Jethro Gibbs
Caitlin "Kate" Todd
Anthony "Tony" DiNozzo
Abigail "Abby" Sciuto
Timothy "Tim" McGee
Ziva David
Cast list
Episodes
Introductory
"Ice Queen"
Season 1
"Yankee White"
Season 2
"Twilight"
Season 3
"Kill Ari (Parts I & II)"
"Under Covers"
"Hiatus (Parts I & II)"
Season 4
"Grace Period"
"Angel of Death"
Season 5
"Requiem"
Season 6
"Last Man Standing"
"Aliyah"
Season 7
"Truth or Consequences"
"Good Cop, Bad Cop"
Season 8
"Enemies Foreign"
"Freedom"
"A Man Walks Into a Bar..."
"One Last Score"
"Baltimore"
Season 9
"Nature of the Beast"
"Enemy on the Hill"
"Devil's Triangle"
"Newborn King"
"Housekeeping"
"A Desperate Man"
"Life Before His Eyes"
"Secrets"
"Psych Out"
"Need to Know"
"The Tell"
"The Good Son"
"The Missionary Position"
"Rekindled"
"Playing with Fire"
"Up in Smoke"
"Till Death Do Us Part"
Season 10
"Extreme Prejudice"
"Recovery"
"Phoenix"
"Lost at Sea"
"The Namesake"
"Shell Shock (Part I)"
"Shell Shock (Part II)"
"Gone"
"Devil's Trifecta"
"You Better Watch Out"
"Shabbat Shalom"
"Shiva"
"Hit and Run"
"Canary"
"Hereafter"
"Detour"
"Prime Suspect"
"Seek"
"Squall"
"Chasing Ghosts"
"Berlin"
"Revenge"
"Double Blind"
"Damned If You Do"
Season 11
"Whiskey Tango Foxtrot"
"Past, Present, and Future"
"Under the Radar"
"Anonymous Was a Woman"
"Once a Crook"
"Oil & Water"
"Better Angels"
"Alibi"
"Gut Check"
"Devil's Triad"
Season 12
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Season 14
Season 15
Related
Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David
Ziva David captivity storyline
Other media
Home video releases
Soundtrack
NCIS: Los Angeles
Characters
G. Callen
Kensi Blye
Sam Hanna
Episodes
Introductory
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Notable episodes
"Identity"
"Blye, K., Part 2"
Other media
Home video releases
NCIS: New Orleans
Characters
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
"Boom Boom" (theme song)
Related
JAG
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Divided government in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Presidents of the United States and control of Congress)
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In the United States, divided government describes a situation in which one party controls the executive branch while another party controls one or both houses of the legislative branch.
Divided government is seen by different groups as a benefit or as an undesirable product of the model of governance used in the U.S. political system. Under said model, known as the separation of powers, the state is divided into different branches. Each branch has separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the others. However, the degree to which the President of the United States has control of Congress often determines his political strength - such as the ability to pass sponsored legislation, ratify treaties, and have Cabinet members and judges approved.
The model can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in a parliamentary system where the executive and legislature (and sometimes parts of the judiciary) are unified. Those in favor of divided government believe that such separations encourage more policing of those in power by the opposition, as well as limiting spending and the expansion of undesirable laws.[1] Opponents, however, argue that divided governments become lethargic, leading to many gridlocks. In the late 1980s, Terry M. Moe, a professor of political science at Stanford University, examined the issue.[2] He concluded that divided governments lead to compromise which can be seen as beneficial. But he also noticed that divided governments subvert performance and politicize the decisions of executive agencies.
Early in the 20th century, divided government was rare, but since the 1970s it has become increasingly common.
Contents
1 Party control of legislative and executive branches since 1901
2 Presidential impact
3 Presidents by congressional control and terms won/served
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Party control of legislative and executive branches since 1901[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Party control of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives (including President's party): 1855-2017[3][4][5]
D denotes the Democratic Party and R denotes the Republican Party
Year
President
Senate
House
1901–1903 R R R
1903–1905 R R R
1905–1907 R R R
1907–1909 R R R
1909–1911 R R R
1911-1913 R R D
1913–1915 D D D
1915–1917 D D D
1917–1919 D D D
1919-1921 D R R
1921–1923 R R R
1923–1925 R R R
1925–1927 R R R
1927–1929 R R R
1929–1931 R R R
1931-1933 R R D
1933–1935 D D D
1935–1937 D D D
1937–1939 D D D
1939–1941 D D D
1941–1943 D D D
1943–1945 D D D
1945–1947 D D D
1947-1949 D R R
1949–1951 D D D
1951–1953 D D D
1953–1955 R R R
1955-1957 R D D
1957-1959 R D D
1959-1961 R D D
1961–1963 D D D
1963–1965 D D D
1965–1967 D D D
1967–1969 D D D
1969-1971 R D D
1971-1973 R D D
1973-1975 R D D
1975-1977 R D D
1977–1979 D D D
1979–1981 D D D
1981-1983 R R D
1983-1985 R R D
1985-1987 R R D
1987-1989 R D D
1989-1991 R D D
1991-1993 R D D
1993–1995 D D D
1995-1997 D R R
1997-1999 D R R
1999-2001 D R R
2001-2003 R D* R
2003–2005 R R R
2005–2007 R R R
2007-2009 R D D
2009–2011 D D D
2011-2013 D D R
2013-2015 D D R
2015-2017 D R R
2017-2019 R R R
*The 2000 election resulted in a 50-50 tie in the Senate, and the Constitution gives tie-breaking power to the Vice President. The Vice President was Democrat Al Gore from January 3, 2001 until the inauguration of Republican Richard Cheney on January 20. Then on May 24, Republican Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to caucus with the Democrats as an independent, resulting in another shift of control.
Presidential impact[edit]
Many presidents' elections produced what is known as a coattail effect, in which the success of a presidential candidate also leads to electoral success for other members of his or her party. In fact, all newly elected presidents except Zachary Taylor, Richard Nixon, and George H. W. Bush were accompanied by control of at least one house of Congress.
Presidents by congressional control and terms won/served[edit]
No.
President
President's Party
Senate with
Senate opposed
House with
House opposed
Congress with
Congress opposed
Congress divided
Years served
Elections won
1
George Washington None 8 0 4 4 4 0 4 8 2
2
John Adams Federalist 4 0 4 0 4 0 0 4 1
3
Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican 8 0 8 0 8 0 0 8 2
4
James Madison Democratic-Republican 8 0 8 0 8 0 0 8 2
5
James Monroe Democratic-Republican 8 0 8 0 8 0 0 8 2
6
John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican 0 4 2 2 0 2 2 4 1
7
Andrew Jackson Democratic 6 2 8 0 6 0 2 8 2
8
Martin Van Buren Democratic 4 0 4 0 4 0 0 4 1
9
William Harrison Whig 0.1 0 0.1 0 0.1 0 0 0.1 1
10
John Tyler Whig Independent 4 0 2 2 2 0 2 4 0
11
James Polk Democratic 4 0 2 2 2 0 2 4 1
12
Zachary Taylor Whig 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
13
Millard Fillmore Whig 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0
14
Franklin Pierce Democratic 4 0 2 2 2 0 2 4 1
15
James Buchanan Democratic 4 0 2 2 2 0 2 4 1
16
Abraham Lincoln Republican National Union 4 0 4 0 4 0 0 4 2
17
Andrew Johnson National Union 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0
18
Ulysses Grant Republican 8 0 6 2 6 0 2 8 2
19
Rutherford Hayes Republican 2 2 0 4 0 2 2 4 1
20
James Garfield Republican 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 1
21
Chester Arthur Republican 4 0 2 2 2 0 2 4 0
22
Grover Cleveland Democratic 0 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 1
23
Benjamin Harrison Republican 4 0 2 2 2 0 2 4 1
24
Grover Cleveland Democratic 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 4 1
25
William McKinley Republican 4.5 0 4.5 0 4.5 0 0 4.5 2
26
Theodore Roosevelt Republican 7.5 0 7.5 0 7.5 0 0 7.5 1
27
William Taft Republican 4 0 2 2 2 0 2 4 1
28
Woodrow Wilson Democratic 6 2 6 2 6 2 0 8 2
29
Warren Harding Republican 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 1
30
Calvin Coolidge Republican 6 0 6 0 6 0 0 6 1
31
Herbert Hoover Republican 4 0 2 2 2 0 2 4 1
32
Franklin Roosevelt Democratic 12 0 12 0 12 0 0 12.1 4
33
Harry Truman Democratic 6 2 6 2 6 2 0 7.8 1
34
Dwight Eisenhower Republican 2 6 2 6 2 6 0 8 2
35
John Kennedy Democratic 2.8 0 2.8 0 2.8 0 0 2.8 1
36
Lyndon Johnson Democratic 5.2 0 5.2 0 5.2 0 0 5.2 1
37
Richard Nixon Republican 0 5.6 0 5.6 0 5.6 0 5.6 2
38
Gerald Ford Republican 0 2.4 0 2.4 0 2.4 0 2.4 0
39
Jimmy Carter Democratic 4 0 4 0 4 0 0 4 1
40
Ronald Reagan Republican 6 2 0 8 0 2 6 8 2
41
George H. W. Bush Republican 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 1
42
Bill Clinton Democratic 2[6] 6 2 6 2 6 0 8 2
43
George W. Bush Republican 4.5 3.5 6 2 4.5 2 1.5 8 2
44
Barack Obama Democratic 6 2 2 6 2 2 4 8 2
45
Donald Trump Republican 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 1 1
No.
President
President's Party
Senate with
Senate opposed
House with
House opposed
Congress with
Congress opposed
Congress divided
Years served
Elections won
See also[edit]
Divided government
Party divisions of United States Congresses
Political power in the United States over time
Political party strength in U.S. states
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Would Divided Government Be Better?". Cato Institute. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Moe, Terry (1989). "The Politics of Bureaucratic Structure". Retrieved 2016-05-04.
Jump up ^ "Party In Power - Congress and Presidency - A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress, 1945-2008". Uspolitics.about.com. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Chart of Presidents of the United States". Filibustercartoons.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Composition of Congress by Party 1855–2013". Infoplease.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Clinton served the last 17 days of his 2nd term with a 50-50 majority in the senate with Al Gore being the tie breaker for the democrats after they won control in the 2000 elections until Republican Vice president Dick Cheney was sworn in and broke the tie in favor of the republicans.
Further reading[edit]
Morris Fiorina, Divided Government, 1996.
David R. Mayhew, Divided We Govern, 1991.
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Mackenzie Foy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Mackenzie Foy
Foy at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival.
Born
Mackenzie Christine Foy
(2000-11-10) November 10, 2000 (age 17)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Model
actress
Years active
2009–present
Mackenzie Christine Foy (born November 10, 2000) is an American model and actress. She is known for appearing as Renesmee Cullen in the 2012 film The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2, which earned her a Young Artist Award nomination as Best Supporting Young Actress in a Feature Film,[1][2] and for her role as the young Murphy in the 2014 space epic Interstellar, for which she received critical acclaim, a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor, and several other awards nominations.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Foy was born on November 10, 2000. She was born and raised in Los Angeles.[3] Her father, a truck driver, and mother, a homemaker, had no connections to the film industry. Foy began modeling at age 3, and started acting at age 9.[4]
Career[edit]
Mackenzie Foy at the 2012 San Diego Comic Con International
Foy began modeling in print ads in 2004, working for Garnet Hill, Polo Ralph Lauren and Guess.[3][5][6] From there, she modeled for companies such as The Walt Disney Company, Mattel and Gap.[7]
Foy's acting career began when she was nine years old, when she guest-starred in television shows such as 'Til Death, FlashForward and Hawaii Five-0. In 2010, she was cast as Renesmee Cullen in the film adaptation of Stephenie Meyer's book Breaking Dawn, the fourth and final novel in the Twilight saga series. The first movie, The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1, in which Renesmee is shown only in a flash forward, was released on November 18, 2011, while the second, The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2, on November 16, 2012.
In February 2012, she joined the cast of James Wan's horror film The Conjuring.[8] Shooting started on February 21 in North Carolina, and the film was released in July 2013.[9] In February, she was also in the last episode of the second season of the horror TV series R. L. Stine's The Haunting Hour, in which she played Natalie, a girl who goes to live with her grandfather and discovers that one of the dolls is alive and has bad intentions.[10] On October 10, 2012, Foy joined Wish You Well, the film adaptation of David Baldacci's book, where she played the lead.[11] On November 17, 2012, Foy was in another episode of R. L. Stine's The Haunting Hour, playing Georgia Lomin.[12] In 2014, Foy appeared in Erica Dunton's movie Black Eyed Dog.
Foy in 2014
Foy co-starred in Christopher Nolan's Interstellar, about a team of explorers who travel through a wormhole in an attempt to ensure humanity's survival. Her character as an adult woman was portrayed by Oscar nominee Jessica Chastain. Her character as an elderly woman was portrayed by Ellen Burstyn, who had played her grandmother the previous year in Wish You Well. She provided the voice of Celestine in the English dub of Ernest & Celestine (2012), Violet in The Boxcar Children (2014) and The Little Girl in The Little Prince (2015). In July, it was announced that Foy would play Clara in the 2018 film The Nutcracker and the Four Realms.[13]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2011 The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 Renesmee Cullen
2012 The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 Renesmee Cullen
2013 The Conjuring Cindy Perron
Wish You Well Lou Cardinal
2014 Ernest & Celestine Celestine (voice) English dub
The Boxcar Children Violet (voice)
Black Eyed Dog Daisy
Interstellar Young Murphy "Murph" Cooper
2015 The Little Prince The Little Girl (voice)
2018 The Nutcracker and the Four Realms Clara
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2009 'Til Death Little Girl Episode: "No Complaints"
2010 FlashForward Kate Erskine Episode: "Blowback"
2010 Hawaii Five-0 Lily Wilson Episode: "Ho'apono"
2012 R. L. Stine's The Haunting Hour: The Series Natalie / Georgia Lomin Episodes: "The Return of Lilly D", "Red Eye"
2014 The Cookie Mobster Sally Television film
2015 Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise Jenny Television film
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Work
Result
Refs
2013 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Screen Couple
(shared with Taylor Lautner) The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 Won [14]
2013 Golden Raspberry Award Worst Screen Ensemble
(shared with cast) The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 Won [14]
2013 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film – Supporting Young Actress The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 Nominated [2][15]
2014 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Youth Performance Interstellar Nominated [16]
2014 St. Louis Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Interstellar Nominated
2014 Critics' Choice Movie Awards Best Young Performer Interstellar Nominated [17]
2015 Saturn Award Best Performance by a Younger Actor Interstellar Won [18]
2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress – Sci-Fi/Fantasy Interstellar Nominated [19]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Breaking Dawn Filming News: Mackenzie Foy To Appear In Breaking Dawn Part 1 and 2?". November 22, 2011. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "34th Annual Young Artist Awards". YoungArtistAwards.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Meet Renesmee! Mackenzie Foy of 'Breaking Dawn -- Part 2'". June 15, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Mandell, Andrea (November 18, 2012). "Mackenzie Foy stands out in 'Breaking Dawn -- Part 2'". USA Today. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mackenzie Foy, 'Twilight' Star, On Shootfhhfzing 'Breaking Dawn' And Her Favorite Scene". July 13, 2012. Archived from the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Twilight' Star Renesmee Revealed: 5 Things to Know About Mackenzie Foy". June 13, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Meet Robert Pattinson and Kristen Stewart's baby (in Twilight)". January 27, 2011. Archived from the original on February 9, 2011. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mackenzie Foy On For The Warren Files". Empire Online. February 6, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Horror pic taps 'Twilight,' 'Dark Knight' kids". February 6, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ ""Twilight" star Mackenzie Foy battles an evil doll in "The Haunting Hour"". February 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mackenzie Foy of 'Breaking Dawn' Joins Adaptation of 'Wish You Well'". October 10, 2012. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mackenzie Foy is Guest Starring in a Brand New 'Haunting Hour'". November 12, 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Disney's Nutcracker Movie Finds Its Lead Actress, Adds A Legend - CINEMABLEND". 29 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 33rd Annual RAZZIE® Awards". Razzies.com. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Actress, Hoover native Savannah Lathem wins Young Artist Award for 'California Solo' movie". Al.com. May 5, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "D.C. Wants to Have a Talk About the Birds and the Boys" (PDF). The Washington DC Area Film Critics Association. 8 December 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Siede, Caroline (December 15, 2014). "The Critics' Choice Awards enjoyed Birdman and Boyhood as well". The A.V. Club.
Jump up ^ "'Interstellar' sweeps Saturn Awards 2015". Business Standard. June 27, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Longeretta, Emily (June 9, 2015). "Teen Choice Awards Pit One Direction Against Zayn Malik". Hollywood Life. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mackenzie Foy.
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Bitters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Bitter (disambiguation).
An old bottle of “Kuyavian Stomach Essence,” a bitters from Posen, Germany (now Poznań in Poland).
A bitters is traditionally an alcoholic preparation flavored with botanical matter such that the end result is characterized by a bitter, sour, or bittersweet flavor. Numerous longstanding brands of bitters were originally developed as patent medicines, but are now sold as digestifs and cocktail flavorings.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ingredients
2 History
3 Digestive bitters
4 Cocktail bitters
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Ingredients[edit]
The botanical ingredients used in preparing bitters have historically consisted of aromatic herbs, bark, roots, and/or fruit for their flavour and medicinal properties. Some of the more common ingredients are cascarilla, cassia, gentian, orange peel, and cinchona bark.
Most bitters contain both water and alcohol, the latter of which functions as a solvent for botanical extracts as well as a preservative. The alcoholic strength of bitters varies widely across different brands and styles.
History[edit]
This 1883 advertisement promised help with a variety of ailments.
The earliest origins of bitters can be traced back as far as the ancient Egyptians, who may have infused medicinal herbs in jars of wine.[1] This practice was further developed during the Middle Ages, where the availability of distilled alcohol coincided with a renaissance in pharmacognosy,[2] which made possible far more concentrated herbal bitters and tonic preparations. Many of the various brands and styles of digestive bitters made today reflect herbal stomachic and tonic preparations whose roots are claimed to be traceable back to Renaissance era pharmacopeia and traditions.
By the 19th century, the British practice of adding herbal bitters (used as preventive medicines) to Canary wine had become immensely popular in the former American colonies.[3] By 1806, American publications referenced the popularity of a new preparation termed cocktail, which was described as a combination of “a stimulating liquor, composed of spirits of any kind, sugar, water, and bitters.”[4]
Of the commercial aromatic bitters that would emerge from this period, perhaps the most well known is Angostura bitters. In spite of its name, the preparation contains no medicinal bark from the angostura tree; instead it is named after the town of Angostura, today's Ciudad Bolívar, in Venezuela. In 1824, German physician Dr. Johann Gottlieb Benjamin Siegert compounded a cure for sea sickness and stomach maladies, among other medicinal uses.[5] Dr. Siegert subsequently formed the House of Angostura to sell the bitters to sailors.
Another renowned aromatic bitters with 19th-century roots is Peychaud's Bitters, which were originally developed by apothecary Antoine Amédée Peychaud in New Orleans, Louisiana, and is most commonly associated with the Sazerac cocktail.
A broadly popular style of bitters that emerged from the period is orange bitters, the flavor of which ranges from dryly aromatic to fruity, and is most commonly made from the rinds of Seville oranges and various spices. Orange bitters are commonly called for in older cocktail recipes.
Bitters prepared from the tree bark containing the antimalarial quinine were occasionally included in historical cocktail recipes, which served to mask the intensely bitter flavor of this medicine. Trace quantities of quinine are still included as a flavoring in tonic water, which is used today mostly in drinks with gin.
Antique commercial bitters bottles are highly collectible, the oldest and rarest of which sometimes command prices in the tens of thousands USD.[6]
Digestive bitters[edit]
Digestive bitters are typically consumed either neat or with ice at the end of a meal in many European and South American countries. Many, including popular Italian-style amaros and German-style Kräuter liquors, are often used in cocktails as well.
Some notable examples of digestive bitters available today include:
Alomo Bitters (Ghana)
Amaro Lucano (Italy)
Amaro Montenegro (Italy)
Aperol (Italy)
Araucano (Valparaíso, Chile)
Averna (Italy)
Balsam (Eastern Europe)
Becherovka (Czech Republic)
Beerenburg (Netherlands)
Blutwurz (Bavaria)
Calisaya (USA)
Campari (Italy)
Cynar (Italy)
Fernet-Branca (Italy)
Fernet Stock (Czech Republic)
Gammel Dansk (Denmark)
Gran Classico Bitter (Switzerland)
Jägermeister (Germany)
Jeppson's (United States)
Killepitsch (Düsseldorf, Germany)
Kuemmerling (Germany)
Pelinkovac (Balkans)
Quinquina (France - originally from South America)
Ramazzotti (Italy)
Ratzeputz (Germany)
Riga Black Balsam (Latvia)
St. Vitus (Germany)
Schierker Feuerstein (Germany)
Schwartzhog (Germany)
Sirop de Picon (France)
Suze (France)
Underberg (Germany)
Unicum (Hungary)
Wódka Żołądkowa Gorzka (Poland)
Wurzelpeter (Germany)
Cocktail bitters[edit]
A bottle of Angostura aromatic bitters with its distinctive, oversized label
Cocktail bitters are typically used for flavoring cocktails in drops or dashes. In the United States, many cocktail bitters are classified as alcoholic non-beverage products ('non-beverage' meaning not consumed like a typical beverage). As alcoholic non-beverage products, they are often available from retailers who do not sell liquor, such as supermarkets in many US states.
Some notable examples of cocktail bitters include:
Angostura bitters – originally from Venezuela in 1830, currently from Trinidad and Tobago
The Bitter Truth – founded in 2006 in Germany, producing old time aromatic bitters, orange bitters, celery bitters, lemon bitters, Creole bitters, Jerry Thomas own decanter bitters, grapefruit bitters, spiced chocolate bitters, peach bitters and tonic bitters
Bittermens – founded in 2007 in San Francisco and launched in 2010 with various flavors, including Xocolatl Mole (chocolate spice), Hopped Grapefruit, Burlesque Bitters (hibiscus, açai, quassia), 'Elemakule Tiki Bitters (clove, allspice, cinnamon, citrus), and Boston "Bittahs" (citrus, chamomile).
Boker’s Bitters – called for in many cocktails from Jerry Thomas' How to Mix Drinks or The Bon Vivant's Companion, the first bartender's guide, and essential to the Martinez
Peychaud's Bitters – originally from New Orleans, Louisiana, but now produced in Kentucky
See also[edit]
Liquor portal
Drink portal
Amaro (liqueur)
Digestif
Flavored liquor
Gentian (spirit)
Kräuterlikör
Orange bitters
Purl
Shrub (drink)
Swedish bitters
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ancient Remedy: Bitter Herbs and Sweet Wine". Retrieved 2013-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Medicinal Plants (History)". Retrieved 2013-11-03.
Jump up ^ "A Brief History of Bitters". smithsonianmag.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Origin of the Cocktail". imbibemagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2013-08-20. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Angostura Bitters". Angosturabitters.com. Retrieved 2007-04-29. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Antique Bitters Bottles". Antiquebottles-glass.com. 2011-03-25. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bitters.
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