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Diversity Immigrant Visa
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New immigrants to the United States (2012–2016), in family and employment categories, by country of birth
>100,000
50,000–100,000
20,000–50,000
10,000–20,000
5,000–10,000
<5,000
United States and its territories
The Diversity Immigrant Visa program, also known as the green card lottery, is a United States government lottery program for receiving a United States Permanent Resident Card. The Immigration Act of 1990 established the current and permanent Diversity Visa (DV) program.
The lottery is administered by the Department of State and conducted under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). It makes available 50,000 immigrant visas annually and aims to diversify the immigrant population in the United States, by selecting applicants from countries with low numbers of immigrants in the previous five years. As of 2017, around 20 million people apply for the lottery each year.
Many fraudulent schemes purport to increase the likelihood of winning in the lottery, but in fact the only way to apply and win is to enter one's data into the State Department's website, free of charge.
Attempts have been made to end the program since 2005. In 2017, it received widespread attention after eight people were killed in a terrorist attack by a recipient of a diversity immigrant visa.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Legislative and administrative history
1.2 Criticism and repeal efforts
2 Process
2.1 Requirements
2.2 Geographical distribution
2.3 Ineligible countries
2.4 Exemptions
2.5 Changes
3 Statistics
4 Fraud
5 Impact
5.1 Economic
5.2 Security
6 External links
7 References
History
Legislative and administrative history
Starting in 1986, the United States established several temporary immigrant visa programs outside of the usual immigration preferences (family members or by employment). The first program was NP-5, run from 1987–89, where a limited number of visas was issued on a first-come, first-served basis. The second program was OP-1, run through a lottery from 1989–91 and available for natives of countries with low levels of recent immigration to the United States.[1][2] The third program, AA-1, from 1992–94, was available for natives from a select group of countries that had been "adversely affected" by earlier immigration laws. Intentionally and in practice, people from Ireland and Northern Ireland benefited disproportionately from these programs. They were also known as the Donnelly, Berman and Morrison visas, respectively, after the sponsoring congressmen.[3] The Government of Ireland has actively supported the various lottery bills and similar legislation since their inception.[4]
The Donnelly visa benefited "several thousand Irish" (almost 4,000) and the Berman visa had some 500 Irish beneficiaries.[5] Under the three-year Morrison program (1992–94), by far the largest in size, those born in Ireland or Northern Ireland received a set-aside of 40% of all diversity visas, for a total of 48,000 set aside visas out of 120,000. Natives or citizens of Poland, via the sheer volume of applicants, received the second largest number of visas. The United Kingdom came in a distant third with some 6,000 visas in the Morrison program, the last in which natives of the United Kingdom or its territories (except Hong Kong and Northern Ireland) were eligible to participate.[6][7][8][9]
The Immigration Act of 1990 was passed with bipartisan support and signed by President George H. W. Bush.[10] The legislation established the current and permanent Diversity Visa (DV) program, where 55,000 immigrant visas (later reduced to 50,000) are available in an annual lottery. The lottery aims to diversify the immigrant population in the United States, by selecting applicants mostly from countries with low numbers of immigrants to the United States in the previous five years.[9] Starting in fiscal year 1999, 5,000 of the visas from the DV program are reserved for use by the NACARA program, so the number of immigrant visas available in the lottery was reduced to 50,000.[11]
The first DV lottery, for fiscal year 1995, was named DV-1.[12] For fiscal years 1996 to 1999, the name was in the format DV-YY, where YY was the last two digits of the year.[13][14][15][16] Since fiscal year 2000 the lotteries have been named in the format DV-YYYY, with the full year number.[17] The year in the name refers to the fiscal year when the immigrant visas will be given, which starts in October of the previous calendar year, and the entry period for the lottery occurs almost a year earlier. Therefore, there is a two-year difference between the lottery name and its entry period. For example, for DV-2017 (fiscal year starting in October 2016), the entry period was in 2015.[18]
Initially, the DV lottery was administered entirely by mail, and only winners were notified. The entry form moved to an online system starting in DV-2005, but still only winners were notified, by mail.[6] Starting in DV-2010, all applicants are able to verify online whether they were selected.[19] Notification of winners also by mail continued until DV-2011, but since DV-2012 it is done exclusively online.[20]
Criticism and repeal efforts
Criticism of the program has focused on instances of fraud, racism[21] and the random nature of the lottery, as well as criminal or terrorist actions perpetrated by certain lottery winners.[22][23]
In 2002, Hesham Mohamed Hadayet, an Egyptian immigrant who maintained residency in United States through his wife's diversity visa,[24] killed two people and injured four others at Los Angeles International Airport.[25][26][27] This led to criticism of the lottery as a security threat.[28][29]
Several attempts have been made to eliminate the lottery. In December 2005, the United States House of Representatives voted 273–148 to add an amendment to the border enforcement bill H.R. 4437 abolishing the DV. Opponents of the lottery said it was susceptible to fraud and was a way for terrorists to enter the country. The Senate never passed the bill. In March 2007, Congressman Bob Goodlatte (R-VA) introduced H.R. 1430, which would eliminate the Diversity Visa program. In June 2007, the U.S. House passed H.R. 2764 to eliminate funding for the program, and the Senate did likewise in September.[30]
However, the final version of this bill with amendments, signed into law on December 26, 2007, did not include the removal of funds for the program. Although H.R. 2764 was an appropriation bill and could only cut funds for the lottery during one fiscal year, this was the first time that both the House and the Senate passed a bill to halt the Diversity Visa program.H.R. 2764
Rep. Goodlatte reintroduced his Security and Fairness Enhancement for America Act (formerly H.R. 1430, now H.R. 2305) on May 7, 2009. The bill would have amended the Immigration and Nationality Act to eliminate the diversity immigrant program completely, but did not pass. Rep. Sheila Jackson-Lee (D-TX) introduced the Save America Comprehensive Immigration Act of 2009 (H.R. 264) on January 7, 2009. The bill would have doubled the number of diversity visas available to 110,000 yearly. This bill did not pass.[31] Had it passed, the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 would have abolished the program in fiscal year 2015.[clarification needed] A comprehensive analysis of DV lottery issues was prepared in 2011 by Congressional Research Service.[32]
In 2013, the so-called "Gang of Eight" - a bi-partisan group of eight United States Senators - introduced a bill that would have comprehensively reformed the immigration system. The bill would have repealed the Diversity Immigrant Visa program.[10][33] The legislation passed the Senate, but was defeated in the Republican-controlled House of Representatives amid Republican opposition.[10]
In 2017, Sayfullo Habibullaevich Saipov, who had immigrated from Uzbekistan on a diversity visa in 2010, killed eight and injured eleven when he drove his truck down a bike path in Lower Manhattan.[34][35] In response, President Donald Trump, who had earlier called for a return to a "merit-based" immigration system,[36][37] called for an end to the program.[38][39] Following Trump's call to end the program, White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders, indicated that diversity visa lottery recipients lack thorough vetting, something Politifact rated as false, noting that all recipients of the visa undergo background checks, security screenings, and interviews by consular officers before arrival in the U.S.[40]
Process
Requirements
To enter the lottery, applicants must have been born in an eligible country. If selected, to qualify for the immigrant visa, they must have completed at least a high school education or at least two years of work experience in an occupation which requires at least two other years of training or experience.[18] They must also satisfy general immigration requirements, such as means of support, no criminal background, and good health.
Eligibility is determined by the applicant's country of birth, with two exceptions: the applicant may claim the spouse's country of birth instead if desired, or a parent's country of birth if neither parent was born in the applicant's country of birth and did not legally reside there when the applicant was born. The applicant's country of residence or nationality is irrelevant to the lottery.[18]
Each year, the Department of State publishes new instructions for applicants.[41][42]
Regions and eligible countries for the Diversity Visa lottery
Geographical distribution
The visas are distributed among six regions: Africa, Asia, Europe (Turkey, Cyprus and all countries in the former Soviet Union are allocated to Europe, even though some of them are geographically entirely in Asia), Latin America (Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and South America), North America (consisting only of Canada and the Bahamas), and Oceania.[18][43][44]
Dependent territories are treated as part of their respective sovereign countries, and disputed territories are allocated as recognized by the United States. For example, Bermuda is treated as part of the United Kingdom under Europe, the Gaza Strip is considered part of Egypt under Africa, and the West Bank is considered part of Jordan under Asia. However, there are some exceptions: Northern Ireland, Hong Kong and Taiwan are treated as separate countries, and Macau is considered part of Portugal under Europe (even after its sovereignty returned to China in 1999).[18]
Each region that sent more than one sixth of the total number of immigrants to the United States in the previous five years is considered a "high-admission region" (currently Latin America and Asia), and each region that sent less than one sixth is a "low-admission region" (currently North America, Europe, Africa and Oceania). The proportion of diversity visas given to the low-admission group is set as the proportion of recent immigrants from the high-admission group (currently about 80%),[45] and vice versa. Among regions of the same group, the diversity visas are allocated proportionally to their population, excluding ineligible countries (those that sent more than 50,000 immigrants in the previous five years).[43]
Within each region, the visas are not allocated among individual countries. All applicants from the same region are selected randomly as a whole, for the number of visas allocated for that region, but with the limitation that no single country may receive more than 7% of the total diversity visas (3,500).[18]
Although only 50,000 diversity visas are available each year, the lottery selects about 100,000 applicants. The reason for the larger selection is to ensure that all 50,000 diversity visas are eventually given each year, as some applicants are expected to fail general immigration requirements or may decide to withdraw and not to continue the process. As a result, some lottery winners who have received notifications might not obtain visas.[46]
It is also possible that some visas remain available after all initially selected applicants are reviewed. In this case, additional applicants are selected later. For this reason, applicants who were not initially selected in the lottery should keep checking their status online periodically, until the end of the respective fiscal year.[47]
Ineligible countries
Those born in any territory that has sent more than 50,000 immigrants to the United States in the previous five years are not eligible to receive a diversity visa. For DV-2019 (the most recent lottery, with entry period in 2017), natives of the following nations are ineligible: Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, China (mainland-born), Colombia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Haiti, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, South Korea, United Kingdom and its dependent territories (except Northern Ireland), and Vietnam.[48]
Exemptions
The term 50,000 "immigrants" refers only to people who immigrated via the family-sponsored, employment, or immediate relatives of U.S. citizen categories, and does not include other categories such as refugees, asylum seekers, NACARA beneficiaries, or previous diversity immigrants. For this reason that Cuba, Iraq, Myanmar, Ethiopia, Iran, Nepal, Guatemala, Egypt and Ecuador are not on the ineligible list as of 2017, despite sending over 50,000 immigrants in the previous five years.[49] Northern Ireland, due to lobbying by Irish Americans, has a special exemption, as does Hong Kong, with those born in either jurisdiction being eligible to enter the lottery despite both China and the United Kingdom being ineligible.
Changes
The first program was in fiscal year 1995, and the following 12 countries were ineligible from the start: Canada, China (mainland), Dominican Republic, El Salvador, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, United Kingdom and its dependent territories (except Northern Ireland and Hong Kong), and Vietnam.[50] Since then, Bangladesh, Brazil, Colombia, Haiti, Nigeria, Pakistan and Peru have been added to the ineligible list and are currently on it, Taiwan has been removed from it, and Ecuador, Guatemala, Poland and Russia have all been both on and off the ineligible list, reflecting shifting levels of immigration from these countries.
Macau was ineligible as part of China only for DV-2002, whose entry period (October 2000) was after the transfer of sovereignty of Macau from Portugal to China (December 1999) but before enactment of the Macau Policy Act (December 2000), which specified that U.S. law would treat Macau as it did before the transfer.[51]
Of the eight most populous countries in the world, all are ineligible except Indonesia. Of the next 11 most populous countries, eight are eligible, of which six are among the heaviest users of the lottery (Russia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iran and Turkey); each of these countries was assigned close to the maximum possible ~4,500 openings for DV-2018 (along with Albania, Nepal, Ukraine and Uzbekistan).[46]
Historical eligibility for the Diversity Immigrant Visa lottery
Country
Fiscal year
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Bangladesh Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No
Brazil Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No
Canada No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
China No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Colombia Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Dominican Republic No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Ecuador Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes
El Salvador No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Guatemala Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Haiti Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
India No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Jamaica No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Mexico No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Nigeria Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No
Pakistan Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Peru Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No
Philippines No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Poland Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Russia Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
South Korea No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Taiwan No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
United Kingdom No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Vietnam No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Others Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Statistics
Applicants (including dependents)[52][53][54][46]
Region
DV-2007
DV-2008
DV-2009
DV-2010
DV-2011
DV-2012
DV-2013
DV-2014
DV-2015
DV-2016
DV-2017
DV-2018
Africa 3,901,066 4,150,726 4,372,522 5,105,274 5,812,139 6,304,186 6,783,699 7,500,487 6,586,260 N/A N/A N/A
Asia 2,732,805 3,506,073 6,401,172 6,175,452 7,870,896 10,102,185 1,863,169 2,384,168 2,720,578 N/A N/A N/A
Europe 1,910,410 2,120,916 2,174,715 2,154,567 2,593,074 3,022,506 3,512,521 4,434,266 4,731,913 N/A N/A N/A
Latin America 489,144 243,694 192,447 126,168 193,932 200,712 377,386 266,272 315,667 N/A N/A N/A
North America 1,968 2,647 3,193 2,624 3,793 3,717 3,356 3,657 3,585 N/A N/A N/A
Oceania 34,834 40,260 40,964 33,743 37,674 38,962 37,224 45,120 39,884 N/A N/A N/A
Total 9,070,227 10,064,316 13,185,013 13,597,828 16,511,508 19,672,268 12,577,355 14,633,970 14,397,887 17,573,350 19,344,586 23,088,613
Selected applicants (including dependents)[52][53][54]
Region
DV-2007
DV-2008
DV-2009
DV-2010
DV-2011
DV-2012
DV-2013
DV-2014
DV-2015
DV-2016
DV-2017
DV-2018
Africa 43,998 52,823 53,979 54,003 51,004 50,000 52,080 61,942 58,000 45,034 38,500 49,392
Asia 11,929 14,142 14,002 15,001 14,999 15,002 16,045 23,270 20,002 15,002 13,499 15,997
Europe 21,939 26,150 27,921 29,803 30,999 31,001 33,088 46,589 40,000 27,011 28,500 41,706
Latin America 3,097 1,845 1,893 1,982 2,001 2,002 2,206 4,620 3,999 3,000 1,951 4,995
North America 12 17 12 18 18 15 16 23 14 16 10 15
Oceania 1,398 1,713 1,801 1,803 1,600 2,001 2,193 4,215 3,499 1,500 1,450 3,863
Total 82,373 96,690 99,608 102,610 100,621 100,021 105,628 140,659 125,514 91,563 83,910 115,968
Proportion of applicants who were selected
Region
DV-2007
DV-2008
DV-2009
DV-2010
DV-2011
DV-2012
DV-2013
DV-2014
DV-2015
DV-2016
DV-2017
DV-2018
Africa 1.13% 1.27% 1.23% 1.06% 0.88% 0.79% 0.77% 0.83% 0.88% N/A N/A N/A
Asia 0.44% 0.40% 0.22% 0.24% 0.19% 0.15% 0.86% 0.98% 0.74% N/A N/A N/A
Europe 1.15% 1.23% 1.28% 1.38% 1.20% 1.03% 0.94% 1.05% 0.85% N/A N/A N/A
Latin America 0.63% 0.76% 0.98% 1.57% 1.03% 1.00% 0.58% 1.74% 1.27% N/A N/A N/A
North America 0.61% 0.64% 0.38% 0.69% 0.47% 0.40% 0.48% 0.63% 0.39% N/A N/A N/A
Oceania 4.01% 4.25% 4.40% 5.34% 4.25% 5.14% 5.89% 9.34% 8.77% N/A N/A N/A
Total 0.91% 0.96% 0.76% 0.75% 0.61% 0.51% 0.84% 0.96% 0.87% 0.52% 0.43% 0.50%
Fraud
There is no charge to enter the Diversity Visa lottery, and the only way to do so is by completing and sending the electronic form available at the U.S. Department of State website during the registration period. However, there are numerous companies and websites that charge a fee in order to complete the form for the applicant. The Department of State and the Federal Trade Commission have warned that some of these businesses falsely claim to increase someone's chances of winning the lottery, or that they are affiliated with the U.S. government.[55]
There have also been numerous cases of fraudulent emails and letters which falsely claim to have been sent by the Department of State and that the recipient has been granted a Permanent Resident Card. These messages prompt the recipients to transfer a "visa processing fee" as a prerequisite for obtaining a "guaranteed" green card. The messages are sometimes sent to people who never participated in the lottery and can look trustworthy as they contain the recipient's exact name and contact details and what appears to be a legal notice.
The Department of State has issued a warning against the scammers. It notes that any email claiming the recipient to be a winner of the lottery is fake because the Department has never notified and will not notify winners by email. The Department has urged recipients of such messages to notify the Internet Crime Complaint Center about the scam.[56]
The office of inspector general has identified multiple problems with DV lottery in several countries, including Ukraine, Ghana, Albania in embassy inspection reports.[57][58][59]
According to testimony from Stephen A. Edson before the House Judiciary Committee, "in Bangladesh, for example, one agent is reported to have enrolled an entire phone book so that he could then either extort money from winning applicants who had never entered the program to begin with or sell their winning slots to others."[60]
Impact
Economic
According to Dartmouth economist Ethan Lewis, ending the diversity lottery program would likely have an adverse economic impact on Americans.[why?][61]
There is no support in the economics for the assertion that immigrants suppress wages and take jobs from Americans; to the contrary, research by Lewis and several other economists of migration shows that diverse and low-skilled immigrants lift the wages of native-born workers, as those immigrants are less substitutable to native-born workers.[61] Charles Kenny, an economist at the Center for Global Development, noted that research by Harvard economist Alberto Alesina found that countries with a higher share of foreign-born populations tended to have more innovation and higher incomes.[62]
Security
In 2004, the State Department’s deputy inspector general warned that there were security risks to granting visas to winners from countries with ties to terrorism.[63] A 2007 Government Accountability Office report however found no evidence that recipients of diversity visas posed a threat.[63]
According to PolitiFact, "there is at least one documented example of an individual who migrated through the diversity visa system and was later arrested on terrorism-related charges. But it is unclear that the diversity lottery has historically been used as a strategic entry point for terrorists."[64]
The uncle of Akayed Ullah, the man who set off a dud bomb on a New York City subway platform in 2017, won a diversity lottery, which enabled him to bring his nephew to the United States under the family reunification provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.[65]
Experts on immigration note that the chances of winning the lottery are low and those who do win the lottery still have to undergo background checks and vetting, which makes the diversity lottery program a poor choice for immigrants considering launching terrorist attacks in the United States.[64]
According to the Cato Institute, immigrants from the countries with the highest percentage of diversity visas have vastly lower incarceration rates than native-born Americans.[66]
External links
Official website
Electronic Diversity Visa Lottery website of the Department of State
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Jump up ^ "Report of Inspection, Embassy of Ghana, Accra, 2009" (PDF). Oig.state.gov. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Report of Inspection, Embassy of Albania, Tirana, 2010" (PDF). Oig.state.gov. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Testimony of Stephen A Edson Before the House Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Immigration Policy and Enforcement Hearing on the Diversity Visa Program" (PDF). Judiciary.house.gov. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewis, Ethan. "US shouldn't give up benefits of 'green card lottery' over low risk of terrorism". The Conversation. Retrieved 2017-11-03.
Jump up ^ "The U.S. Can't Afford to Scrap the Visa Lottery". Bloomberg.com. 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2017-11-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Jordan, Miriam (2017-11-01). "Diversity Visa Lottery: Inside the Program That Admitted a Terror Suspect". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-11-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "Is the diversity visa program a tool for terrorists?". PolitiFact. Retrieved 2017-11-03.
Jump up ^ Robbins, Liz (12 December 2017). "Terror Suspects Become Ammunition in War Over Immigration". New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guide to the Diversity Visa: Demographics, Criminality, and Terrorism Risk". Cato Institute. 2017-11-02. Retrieved 2017-11-03.
[hide]
v
t
e
Immigration to the United States and related topics
Relevant colonial era,
United States and
international laws
Colonial era
Nationality law in the American Colonies
Plantation Act 1740
18th century
Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798
19th century
Naturalization Law 1802
Civil Rights Act of 1866
14th Amendment (1868)
Naturalization Act 1870
Page Act (1875)
Immigration Act of 1882
Chinese Exclusion (1882)
Scott Act (1888)
Immigration Act of 1891
Geary Act (1892)
1900–1949
Naturalization Act 1906
Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
Immigration Act of 1907
Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)
Emergency Quota Act (1921)
Cable Act (1922)
Immigration Act 1924
Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)
Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)
Nationality Act of 1940
Bracero Program (1942–1964)
Magnuson Act (1943)
War Brides Act (1945)
Luce–Celler Act (1946)
1950–1999
UN Refugee Convention (1951)
Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965
Refugee Act (1980)
Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
American Homecoming Act (1989)
Immigration Act 1990
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)
Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)
American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)
21st century
American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)
Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)
H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)
REAL ID Act (2005)
Secure Fence Act (2006)
DACA (2012)
Executive Order 13769 (2017)
Executive Order 13780 (2017)
Visas and policies
Visa policy
Permanent residence
Visa Waiver Program
Temporary protected status
Asylum
Green Card Lottery
US-VISIT
Security Advisory Opinion
E-Verify
Section 287(g)
National Origins Formula
Government
organizations
Department of Homeland Security
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
U.S. Border Patrol
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
Board of Immigration Appeals
Supreme Court cases
United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)
United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923)
United States v. Brignoni-Ponce (1975)
Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting (2011)
Related issues
and events
Economic impact
Eugenics in the United States
Guest worker program
Human trafficking
Human smuggling
Coyotaje
Immigration reform
Immigration reduction
Mexico–United States barrier
Labor shortage
March for America
Illegal immigrant population
Reverse immigration
2006 protests
Unaccompanied minors from Central America
List of people deported from the United States
Geography
Mexico–United States border
Canada–United States border
United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
Proposed legislation
DREAM Act (2001–2010)
H.R. 4437 (2005)
McCain–Kennedy (2005)
SKIL (2006)
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006
STRIVE Act (2007)
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007
Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)
Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013
SAFE Act (2015)
RAISE Act (2017)
Immigration stations
and points of entry
Angel Island
Castle Garden
East Boston
Ellis Island
Sullivan's Island
Washington Avenue
Operations
"Wetback" (1954)
"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)
"Babylift" (1975)
"Gatekeeper" (1994)
"Endgame" (2003–2012)
"Front Line" (2004–2005)
"Streamline" (2005–present)
"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)
"Jump Start" (2006–2008)
"Phalanx" (2010–2016)
State legislation
California DREAM Act (2006–2010)
Arizona SB 1070 (2010)
Alabama HB 56 (2011)
Non-governmental
organizations
Arizona Border Recon
Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles
Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform
National Immigration Forum
Center for Community Change
We Are America Alliance
CASA of Maryland
Mexica Movement
Mexicans Without Borders
Federation for American Immigration Reform
Minuteman Project
Minuteman Civil Defense Corps
California Coalition for Immigration Reform
Save Our State
Center for Immigration Studies
National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)
NumbersUSA
Negative Population Growth
Migration Policy Institute
Utah Compact
Center for Migration Studies of New York
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