text:
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (season 12)
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It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (season 12)
Promotional poster
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
10
Release
Original network
FXX
Original release
January 4 (2017-01-04) – March 8, 2017 (2017-03-08)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 11
Next →
Season 13
List of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes
The twelfth season of the American comedy television series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia premiered on FXX on January 4, 2017.[1] The season consists of 10 episodes and concluded on March 8, 2017.[2]
Contents
1 Cast
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Recurring cast
1.3 Guest stars
2 Production
3 Episodes
4 References
5 External links
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Charlie Day as Charlie Kelly
Glenn Howerton as Dennis Reynolds
Rob McElhenney as Mac
Kaitlin Olson as Dee Reynolds
Danny DeVito as Frank Reynolds
Recurring cast[edit]
Mary Elizabeth Ellis as The Waitress
David Hornsby as Cricket
Guest stars[edit]
Scott Bakula as Scott Bakula
Chad L. Coleman as Z
David Benioff as Bored Lifeguard #1
D. B. Weiss as Bored Lifeguard #2
Lynne Marie Stewart as Mrs. Kelly
Dana White as Dana White
Megan Olivi as Megan Olivi
Donald Cerrone as Donald "Cowboy" Cerrone
Paul Felder as Paul Felder "The Irish Dragon"
Lance Barber as Bill Ponderosa
Renée Felice Smith as Belle
Burnie Burns (uncredited) as Man at Bar
Production[edit]
The series was renewed for an eleventh and twelfth season on April 4, 2014, each to consist of 10 episodes.[2] In December 2016, Glenn Howerton revealed the season premiere would be a musical episode.[3]
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
US viewers
(millions)
125
1 "The Gang Turns Black" Matt Shakman Charlie Day & Glenn Howerton & Rob McElhenney January 4, 2017 (2017-01-04) XIP12008 0.730[4]
In this musical episode, an accident involving an electric blanket and a VCR playing The Wiz causes the gang to appear African-American in the mirror and in everyone else's eyes while their friend (the old man who appeared at the end of "Dennis and Mac Move to the Suburbs") vanishes. Now the gang must find a way to reverse the spell while coming face-to-face with the prejudice and discrimination that comes with being black.
126
2 "The Gang Goes to a Water Park" Matt Shakman Eric Ledgin January 11, 2017 (2017-01-11) XIP12007 0.574[5]
The gang spends the day at the water park. Dennis teaches a twelve-year-old girl the ways of being a manipulative sociopath, Mac and Dee (the latter of which is paranoid over how much urine there is in water park water) get stuck on a water slide, and Frank and Charlie try to go on every ride, including one that's not open yet, which leads to disastrous results.
127
3 "Old Lady House: A Situation Comedy" Maurice Marable Dannah Phirman & Danielle Schneider January 18, 2017 (2017-01-18) XIP12005 0.602[6]
Charlie thinks Mac's mom is holding his mom hostage so the gang installs spy cameras in their house to monitor what's going on...and Dennis ends up making their videotaped antics into a sitcom.
128
4 "Wolf Cola: A Public Relations Nightmare" Matt Shakman David Hornsby & Scott Marder January 25, 2017 (2017-01-25) XIP12006 0.629[7]
Frank's Fluids, LLC is in big trouble after a news segment reports that Wolf Cola has become the official drink of Boko Haram instead of Boca Raton. Meanwhile, Mac and Charlie try to promote Fight Milk (the drink they tried to promote near the end of "Frank's Back in Business") which leads to more trouble.
129
5 "Making Dennis Reynolds a Murderer" Maurice Marable Conor Galvin February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01) XIP12004 0.602[8]
In this send-up of murderer documentaries such as Making a Murderer and The Jinx, Maureen Ponderosa (who is now almost finished with her operation to turn into an anthropomorphic cat) is found dead in an alley, and Dennis (based on his short-lived marriage to her and the growing evidence that he sexually assaults women) is the prime suspect.
130
6 "Hero or Hate Crime?" Jamie Babbit Charlie Day & Glenn Howerton & Rob McElhenney February 8, 2017 (2017-02-08) XIP12002 0.551[9]
The gang goes to three professional arbitrators to decide who's the rightful owner of a lost scratch-off lottery ticket and prove whether Frank using a homophobic slur against Mac to save him from getting crushed by a piano is considered a heroic act or a hate crime.
131
7 "PTSDee" Jamie Babbit Charlie Day & Glenn Howerton & Rob McElhenney February 15, 2017 (2017-02-15) XIP12003 0.572[10]
After a male stripper realizes he's hit rock bottom by sleeping with her, Dee sets out to help the stripper re-evaluate his life. Meanwhile, Mac and Frank get hooked on a VR war game that takes a mental toll on Mac.
132
8 "The Gang Tends Bar" Matt Shakman Megan Ganz February 22, 2017 (2017-02-22) XIP12009 0.587[11]
It's Valentine's Day, and Paddy's is packed with customers. Dennis demands that the gang actually put in a day's worth of work, but everyone else would rather try to open a crate that's in the alley.
133
9 "A Cricket's Tale" Jamie Babbit David Hornsby & Scott Marder March 1, 2017 (2017-03-01) XIP12001 0.523[12]
In this episode that connected with the events from "PTSDee" and "The Gang Tends Bar," Rickety Cricket is presented with a chance to escape the gang's toxic influence and recover some of his old life when his estranged father turns up out of the blue to offer him a job with his company, but a strange young woman may complicate things.
134
10 "Dennis' Double Life" Matt Shakman Charlie Day & Glenn Howerton & Rob McElhenney March 8, 2017 (2017-03-08) XIP12010 0.640[13]
Dennis discovers that the woman he had sex with during his North Dakota layover on "The Gang Beats Boggs" has a child, and Dennis must decide whether to move in with her to raise the kid or leave her a single mother. Meanwhile, Charlie finally has sex with The Waitress and discovers that she's not as beautiful and charming as he imagines her.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (November 7, 2016). "'It's Always Sunny' & 'Man Seeking Woman' Get Return Dates On FXX". Deadline. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Fienberg, Dan (April 4, 2014). "FX renews 'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia,' extends deal with stars". HitFix. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Howerton, Glenn (December 15, 2016). "Almost time for Season 12. First ep. is a musical. Jan. 4. #sunnyfxx". Twitter. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (January 5, 2017). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Vikings' rises as NBA lands on top". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (January 12, 2017). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Teen Mom 2' scores high, 'Vikings' holds steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (January 19, 2017). "Wednesday cable ratings: NBA lands on top, 'Six' makes it premiere". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (January 26, 2017). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'The New Edition Story' wins second night, 'The Magicians' hits series high". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 2, 2017). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Vikings' holds steady, 'The Magicians' dips". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 9, 2017). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Legion' premiere brings in strong numbers, 'The Magicians' holds steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 16, 2017). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Black Ink Crew' wins the night, 'Legion' dips". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 23, 2017). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Alaskan Bush People' ticks up, 'Legion' ticks up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 2, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.1.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (March 9, 2017). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Underground' scores strong premiere, 'Legion' holds steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
List of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes on IMDb
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It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
Characters
Charlie Kelly
Dennis Reynolds
Mac
Deandra Reynolds
Frank Reynolds
The Waitress
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Category
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text:
Competition (economics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Adjacent advertisements in an 1885 newspaper for the makers of two competing ore concentrators (machines that separate out valuable ores from undesired minerals). The lower ad touts that their price is lower, and that their machine's quality and efficiency was demonstrated to be higher, both of which are general means of economic competition.
In economics, competition is a condition where different economic firms[Note 1] seek to obtain a share of a limited good by varying the elements of the marketing mix: price, product, promotion and place. In classical economic thought, competition causes commercial firms to develop new products, services and technologies, which would give consumers greater selection and better products. The greater selection typically causes lower prices for the products, compared to what the price would be if there was no competition (monopoly) or little competition (oligopoly).
Early economic research focused on the difference between price- and non-price-based competition, while later economic theory has focused on the many-seller limit of general equilibrium.
Contents
[hide]
1 Role in market success
2 Historical views
3 Appearence in real markets
3.1 Time variation
3.2 Anti-competitive pressures and practices
3.2.1 Anti-competitive practices
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Role in market success[edit]
Competition is generally accepted as an essential component of markets, and results from scarcity—there is never enough to satisfy all conceivable human wants—and occurs "when people strive to meet the criteria that are being used to determine who gets what." In offering goods for exchange, buyers competitively bid to purchase specific quantities of specific goods which are available, or might be available if sellers were to choose to offer such goods. Similarly, sellers bid against other sellers in offering goods on the market, competing for the attention and exchange resources of buyers.[1]:105
The competitive process in a market economy exerts a sort of pressure that tends to move resources to where they are most needed, and to where they can be used most efficiently for the economy as a whole. For the competitive process to work however, it is "important that prices accurately signal costs and benefits." Where externalities occur, or monopolistic or oligopolistic conditions persist, or for the provision of certain goods such as public goods, the pressure of the competitive process is reduced.[2]
In any given market, the power structure will either be in favor of sellers or in favor of buyers. The former case is known as a seller's market; the latter is known as a buyer's market or consumer sovereignty.[3] In either case, the disadvantaged group is known as price-takers and the advantaged group known as price-setters.[citation needed]
Historical views[edit]
In his 1776 The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith described it as the exercise of allocating productive resources to their most highly valued uses and encouraging efficiency, an explanation that quickly found support among liberal economists opposing the monopolistic practices of mercantilism, the dominant economic philosophy of the time.[4][5] Smith and other classical economists before Cournot were referring to price and non-price rivalry among producers to sell their goods on best terms by bidding of buyers, not necessarily to a large number of sellers nor to a market in final equilibrium.[6]
Later microeconomic theory distinguished between perfect competition and imperfect competition, concluding that perfect competition is Pareto efficient while imperfect competition is not. Conversely, by Edgeworth's limit theorem, the addition of more firms to an imperfect market will cause the market to tend towards Pareto efficiency.[citation needed]
Appearence in real markets[edit]
Real markets are never perfect. Economists who believe that in perfect competition as a useful approximation to real markets classify markets as ranging from close-to-perfect to very imperfect. Examples of close-to-perfect markets typically include share and foreign exchange markets; an example of an imperfect market typically includes the real estate market is an example of a very imperfect market. In such markets, the theory of the second best proves that, even if one optimality condition in an economic model cannot be satisfied, the next-best solution can be achieved by changing other variables away from otherwise-optimal values.[7]:217
Time variation[edit]
Within competitive markets, markets are often defined by their sub-sectors, such as the "short term" / "long term", "seasonal" / "summer", or "broad" / "remainder" market. For example, in otherwise competitive market economies, a large majority of the commercial exchanges may be competitively determined by long-term contracts and therefore long-term clearing prices. In such a scenario, a “remainder market” is one where prices are determined by the small part of the market that deals with the availability of goods not cleared via long term transactions. For example, in the sugar industry, about 94-95% of the market clearing price is determined by long-term supply and purchase contracts. The balance of the market (and world sugar prices) are determined by the ad hoc demand for the remainder; quoted prices in the "remainder market" can be significantly higher or lower than the long-term market clearing price.[citation needed] Similarly, in the US real estate housing market, appraisal prices can be determined by both short-term or long-term characteristics, depending on short-term supply and demand factors. This can result in large price variations for a property at one location.[citation needed]
Anti-competitive pressures and practices[edit]
Competition requires the existing of multiple firms, so it duplicates fixed costs. In a small number of goods and services, the resulting cost structure means that producing enough firms to effect competition may itself be inefficient. These situations are known as natural monopolies and are usually publicly provided or tightly regulated.[8]
The printing equipment company American Type Founders explicitly states in its 1923 manual that its goal is to 'discourage unhealthy competition' in the printing industry.
International competition also differentially affects sectors of national economies. In order to protect political supporters, governments may introduce protectionist measures such as tariffs to reduce competition.[9]
Anti-competitive practices[edit]
Main article: Anti-competitive practices
A practice is anti-competitive if it unfairly distorts free and effective competition in the marketplace. Examples include cartelization and evergreening.[10]
See also[edit]
Paid exclusivity
Competition law
Self-competition (Internal Competition)
Business and economics portal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ This article follows the general economic convention of referring to all actors as firms; examples in include individuals and brands or divisions within the same (legal) firm.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Heyne, Paul; Boettke, Peter J.; Prychitko, David L. (2014). The Economic Way of Thinking (13th ed.). Pearson. pp. 102–06. ISBN 978-0-13-299129-2.
Jump up ^ Cowen, Tyler; Tabarrok, Alex (2013). Modern Principles: Microeconomics (2nd ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. pp. 228–29. ISBN 978-1-4292-3999-8.
Jump up ^ Hutt, William H. (March 1940). "The Concept of Consumers' Sovereignty". The Economic Journal. 50: 66–77 – via JSTOR.
Jump up ^ Lanny Ebenstein, 2015. Chicagonomics: The Evolution of Chicago Free Market Economics Macmillan, pp. 13–17, 107.
Jump up ^ George J. Stigler, 2008. ([1987] 2008,. "competition," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Abstract.
Jump up ^ Mark Blaug, 2008. "invisible hand," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, v. 4, p. 565. Abstract.
Jump up ^ Lipsey, R. G.; Lancaster, Kelvin (1956). "The General Theory of Second Best". Review of Economic Studies. 24 (1): 11–32. doi:10.2307/2296233. JSTOR 2296233.
Jump up ^ Perloff, J, 2012. Microeconomics, Pearson Education, England, p. 394.
Jump up ^ Poole, William. "Free Trade: Why Are Economists and Noneconomists So Far Apart?". Retrieved 2018-02-27. One set of reservations concerns distributional effects of trade. Workers are not seen as benefiting from trade. Strong evidence exists indicating a perception that the benefits of trade flow to businesses and the wealthy, rather than to workers, and to those abroad rather than to those in the United States.
Jump up ^ J. Gregory Sidak, The Deterrent Effect of Antitrust Enforcement, 89 J. POL. ECON. 429, 429 (1981).
External links[edit]
Competition in Utility Markets from the Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation
Master in Competition and Market Regulation
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