text:
Nandalal Bose
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Nandalal Bose
নন্দলাল বসু
Born
(1882-12-03)3 December 1882
Kharagpur, Munger, Bengal Presidency, British India(now Bihar, India)[1]
Died
16 April 1966(1966-04-16) (aged 83)
Calcutta, West Bengal, India
Nationality
Indian
Known for
Painting
Movement
Contextual Modernism
Yama and Savitri, from a painting by Nandalal Bose.
Nandalal Bose (Nondo-lal Boshū) (3 December 1882 – 16 April 1966) was one of the pioneers of modern Indian art and a key figure of Contextual Modernism.
A pupil of Abanindranath Tagore, Bose was known for his "Indian style" of painting. He became the principal of Kala Bhavan, Santiniketan in 1922. He was influenced by the Tagore family and the murals of Ajanta; his classic works include paintings of scenes from Indian mythologies, women, and village life.
Today, many critics consider his paintings among India's most important modern paintings.[2][3][4] In 1976, the Archaeological Survey of India, Department of Culture, Govt. of India declared his works among the "nine artists" whose work, "not being antiquities", were to be henceforth considered "to be art treasures, having regard to their artistic and aesthetic value".[5]
He was given the work of illustrating the constitution of India
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 His place in Indian Art
4 Students
5 Honours and awards
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Nandalal was born on 3 December 1882 in a middle-class Bengali family of Kharagpur, in, Munger district of Bihar state. His father, Purnachandra Bose, was at that time working in the Darbhanga Estate.[6] His mother Kshetramonidevi was a housewife with a skill in improvising toys and dolls for young Nandalal. From his early days Nandalal began taking an interest in modelling images and later, decorating Puja pandals.
In 1898, at the age of fifteen, Nandalal moved to Calcutta for his high school studies in the Central Collegiate School. After clearing his examinations in 1902, he continued his college studies at the same institution. In June 1903 he married Sudhiradevi, the daughter of a family friend. Nanadalal wanted to study art, but he was not given permission by his family. Unable to qualify for promotion in his classes, Nandalal moved to other colleges, joining the Presidency College in 1905 to study commerce. After repeated failures, he persuaded his family to let him study art at Calcutta's School of Art.[7]
Career[edit]
As a young artist, Nandalal Bose was deeply influenced by the murals of the Ajanta Caves. He had become part of an international circle of artists and writers seeking to revive classical Indian culture; a circle that already included Okakura Kakuzō, William Rothenstein, Yokoyama Taikan, Christiana Herringham, Laurence Binyon, Abanindranath Tagore, and the seminal London Modernist sculptors Eric Gill and Jacob Epstein.[8][9]
To mark the 1930 occasion of Mahatma Gandhi's arrest for protesting the British tax on salt, Bose created a black on white linocut print of Gandhi walking with a staff. It became the iconic image for the non-violence movement.
His genius and original style were recognised by famous artists and art critics like Gaganendranath Tagore, Ananda Coomaraswamy and O. C. Ganguli. These lovers of art felt that objective criticism was necessary for the development of painting and founded the Indian Society of Oriental Art.
He became principal of the Kala Bhavana (College of Arts) at Tagore's International University Santiniketan in 1922.
He was also famously asked by Jawaharlal Nehru to sketch the emblems for the Government of India's awards, including the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Shri.[10] Along with his students, Nandalal Bose took up the historic task of beautifying/decorating the original manuscript of the Constitution of India.[11]
He died on 16 April 1966 in Calcutta.
Today, the National Gallery of Modern Art in Delhi holds 7000 of his works in its collection, including a 1930 black and white linocut of the Dandi March depicting Mahatma Gandhi, and a set of seven posters he later made at the request of Mahatma Gandhi for the 1938 Haripura Session of the Indian National Congress.[12]
His place in Indian Art[edit]
In his introduction for the Christie's catalogue, R. Siva Kumar wrote-[13]
Nandalal Bose (1882–1966) occupies a place in the history of Modern Indian art that combines those of Raphael and Durer in the history of the Renaissance. Like Raphael Nandalal was a great synthesizer, his originality lay in his ability to marshal discrete ideas drawn from Abanindranath Tagore, Rabindranath Tagore, E. B. Havell, Ananda Coomaraswamy, Okakura Kakuzo and Mahatma Gandhi into a unique and unified programme for the creation of a new art movement in India. And like Durer he combined a passion bordering on devotion with an irrepressible analytical mind that compelled him to prise open different art traditions and unravel their syntactic logic, and make them accessible to a new generation of Indian artists. But he did this so quietly and without self-assertive fanfare that the significance of his work is yet to be fully grasped even in India.
Students[edit]
Some of his students were Benode Behari Mukherjee, Ramkinkar Baij, Beohar Rammanohar Sinha, K. G. Subramanyan, A. Ramachandran, Henry Dharmasena, Pratima Thakur, Ramananda Bandopadhyay, Sovon Som, Jahar Dasgupta, Sabita Thakur, Menaja Swagnesh, Yash Bombbut, Satyajit Ray, Dinkar K Kowshik and Kondapalli Seshagiri Rao.
Also A.D.Jayathilake was one of his student from Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and had the opportunity to study under Dr.Nandalal Bose in the final batch (1948-1952).[14] Dr. Nandalal Bose's uniquely drawn two paintings; "Arjuna Tree"[15] and "Mango trees"[16] are currently with his Sri Lankan Student (A.D.Jaythilake).
Honours and awards[edit]
In 1956, he became the second artist to be elected Fellow of the Lalit Kala Akademi, India's National Academy of Art. In 1954, Nandalal Bose was awarded the Padma Vibhushan.
In 1957, the University of Calcutta conferred honorary D.Litt on him.[17] Vishvabharati University honoured him by conferring on him the title of 'Deshikottama'.
The Academy of Fine Arts in Calcutta honoured Nandalal with the Silver Jubilee Medal. The Tagore Birth Centenary Medal was awarded to Nandalal Bose in 1965 by the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Nanadlal Bose A notable Indian painter of Bengal school of art.." 4to40.com. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "San Diego museum showcases Nandalal Bose". Rediff.com News. 25 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Robert L. Pincus (15 March 2008). "The Art of Nandalal Bose' is first U.S. showcase for an Indian icon". Paramus Post.
Jump up ^ Kamala Ganesh; Usha Thakkar (13 July 2005). Culture and the Making of Identity in Contemporary India. SAGE Publications. pp. 49–. ISBN 978-0-7619-3381-6.
Jump up ^ Nine Masters Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh. "Nine Masters: Rabindranath Tagore, Amrita Sher-Gil, Jamini Roy and Nandalal Bose, Ravi Varma, Gaganendranath Tagore, Abanindranath Tagore, Sailoz Mookherjea and Nicholas Roerich."
Jump up ^ C.H.Prahalada Rao; Litent (1 January 2014). Nandalal Bose. Litent. pp. 3–. GGKEY:D9L3P5T7YE4.
Jump up ^ Dinkar k Kowshik (1985). Nandalal Bose, the doyen of Indian art. National Book Trust, India. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Rupert Richard Arrowsmith, "The Transcultural Roots of Modernism: Imagist Poetry, Japanese Visual Culture, and the Western Museum System", Modernism/modernity Volume 18, Number 1, January 2011, 27–42. ISSN 1071-6068.
Jump up ^ Video of a Lecture mentioning Bose in the context of Indian influences n global modernism, London University School of Advanced Study, March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nandalal Bose paintings on display in U.S". The Hindu. 15 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Constitution of India". World Digital Library. 7 May 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bengal School of Art exhibition to open in US". The Economic Times. 24 June 2008.
Jump up ^ http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/drawings-watercolors/nandalal-bose-bull-fighter-5716124-details.aspx
Jump up ^ "About Art Benwinton". Art Benwinton. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Art-1 Arjun Tree - Art Benwinton". Art Benwinton. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Art-2 Mango Trees - Art Benwinton". Art Benwinton. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Annual Convocation". University of Calcutta.
Further reading[edit]
Nandalal Bose and Indian painting, by Ramyansu Sekhar Das. Tower Publishers, 1958.
Nandalal Bose: a collection of essays : centenary volume. Lalit Kala Akademi, 1983.
Nandalal Bose, the doyen of Indian art. (National biography), by Dinkar Kowshik. National Book Trust, India, 1985.
Rhythms of India: The Art of Nandalal Bose, exhibition catalogue. Sonya Rhie Quintanilla. San Diego Museum of Art. 2008.
External links[edit]
Media related to Nandalal Bose at Wikimedia Commons
New York Times slideshow
[show]
v
t
e
Padma Vibhushan award recipients
Arts
Ebrahim Alkazi
Kishori Amonkar
Amitabh Bachchan
M. Balamuralikrishna
T. Balasaraswati
Asha Bhosle
Nandalal Bose
Hariprasad Chaurasia
Girija Devi
Kumar Gandharva
Adoor Gopalakrishnan
Satish Gujral
Gangubai Hangal
Bhupen Hazarika
M. F. Husain
Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer
Bhimsen Joshi
Ali Akbar Khan
Amjad Ali Khan
Allauddin Khan
Bismillah Khan
Yamini Krishnamurthy
Dilip Kumar
R. K. Laxman
Birju Maharaj
Kishan Maharaj
Lata Mangeshkar
Sonal Mansingh
Mallikarjun Mansur
Zubin Mehta
Mario Miranda
Kelucharan Mohapatra
Raghunath Mohapatra
Jasraj Motiram
Benode Behari Mukherjee
Hrishikesh Mukherjee
Rajinikanth
Ram Narayan
D. K. Pattammal
K. Shankar Pillai
Akkineni Nageswara Rao
Kaloji Narayana Rao
Satyajit Ray
S. H. Raza
Zohra Sehgal
Uday Shankar
Ravi Shankar
V. Shantaram
Shivkumar Sharma
Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman
M. S. Subbulakshmi
K. G. Subramanyan
Kapila Vatsyayan
Homai Vyarawalla
K. J. Yesudas
Civil Service
Bimala Prasad Chaliha
Naresh Chandra
T. N. Chaturvedi
Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri
Suranjan Das
Rajeshwar Dayal
Basanti Devi
P. N. Dhar
Jyotindra Nath Dixit
M. S. Gill
Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim
H. V. R. Iyengar
Bhola Nath Jha
Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi
Ajudhia Nath Khosla
Rai Krishnadasa
V. Krishnamurthy
P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam
Pratap Chandra Lal
K. B. Lall
Sam Manekshaw
Om Prakash Mehra
Mohan Sinha Mehta
M. G. K. Menon
Brajesh Mishra
Sumati Morarjee
A. Ramasamy Mudaliar
Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda
Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan
Braj Kumar Nehru
Bhairab Dutt Pande
Ghananand Pande
Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
T. V. Rajeswar
C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao
Pattadakal Venkanna R Rao
V. K. R. V. Rao
Khusro Faramurz Rustamji
Harish Chandra Sarin
Binay Ranjan Sen
Homi Sethna
Arjan Singh
Harbaksh Singh
Kirpal Singh
Manmohan Singh
Tarlok Singh
Lallan Prasad Singh
Balaram Sivaraman
Chandrika Prasad Srivastava
T. Swaminathan
Arun Shridhar Vaidya
Dharma Vira
Narinder Nath Vohra
Literature and Education
V. S. R. Arunachalam
Jagdish Bhagwati
Satyendra Nath Bose
Tara Chand
Suniti Kumar Chatterji
D. P. Chattopadhyaya
Bhabatosh Datta
Avinash Dixit
Mahasweta Devi
John Kenneth Galbraith
Sarvepalli Gopal
Lakshman Shastri Joshi
Kaka Kalelkar
Dhondo Keshav Karve
Gopinath Kaviraj
Kuvempu
O. N. V. Kurup
Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
Sitakant Mahapatra
John Mathai
Kotha Satchidanda Murthy
Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir
Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri
Bal Ram Nanda
R. K. Narayan
Amrita Pritam
K. N. Raj
C. Rangarajan
Raja Rao
Ramoji Rao
Hormasji Maneckji Seervai
Rajaram Shastri
Kalu Lal Shrimali
Govindbhai Shroff
Khushwant Singh
Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh
Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey
Mahadevi Varma
Bashir Hussain Zaidi
Medicine
Jasbir Singh Bajaj
B. K. Goyal
Purshotam Lal
A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar
S. I. Padmavati
Autar Singh Paintal
Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti
Balu Sankaran
V. Shanta
Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar
Prakash Narain Tandon
Brihaspati Dev Triguna
M. S. Valiathan
Other
Sunderlal Bahuguna
B. K. S. Iyengar
Rambhadracharya
Sri Sri Ravi Shankar
Jaggi Vasudev
Public Affairs
L. K. Advani
Montek Singh Ahluwalia
Aruna Asaf Ali
Fazal Ali
Adarsh Sein Anand
Madhav Shrihari Aney
Parkash Singh Badal
Sikander Bakht
Milon K. Banerji
Mirza Hameedullah Beg
P. N. Bhagwati
Raja Chelliah
Chandra Kisan Daphtary
Niren De
C. D. Deshmukh
Anthony Lancelot Dias
Uma Shankar Dikshit
Kazi Lhendup Dorjee
P. B. Gajendragadkar
Benjamin A. Gilman
Zakir Husain
V. R. Krishna Iyer
Jagmohan
Lakshmi Chand Jain
Aditya Nath Jha
Murli Manohar Joshi
Mehdi Nawaz Jung
Ali Yavar Jung
Vijay Kelkar
Hans Raj Khanna
V. N. Khare
Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher
Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai
Jivraj Narayan Mehta
V. K. Krishna Menon
Hirendranath Mukherjee
Ajoy Mukherjee
Pranab Mukherjee
Padmaja Naidu
Gulzarilal Nanda
Govind Narain
Fali Sam Nariman
Hosei Norota
Nanabhoy Palkhivala
K. Parasaran
Hari Vinayak Pataskar
Sunder Lal Patwa
Sharad Pawar
Naryana Raghvan Pillai
Sri Prakasa
N. G. Ranga
Ravi Narayana Reddy
Y. Venugopal Reddy
Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq
Lakshmi Sahgal
P. A. Sangma
M. C. Setalvad
Karan Singh
Nagendra Singh
Swaran Singh
Walter Sisulu
Soli Sorabjee
Kalyan Sundaram
Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
M. N. Venkatachaliah
Kottayan Katankot Venugopal
Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
Science and Engineering
V. K. Aatre
Salim Ali
Norman Borlaug
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Rajagopala Chidambaram
Charles Correa
Satish Dhawan
Anil Kakodkar
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan
Har Gobind Khorana
Daulat Singh Kothari
Verghese Kurien
Raghunath Anant Mashelkar
G. Madhavan Nair
Roddam Narasimha
Jayant Narlikar
Rajendra K. Pachauri
Benjamin Peary Pal
Yash Pal
I. G. Patel
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
K. R. Ramanathan
Raja Ramanna
C. R. Rao
C. N. R. Rao
Palle Rama Rao
Udupi Ramachandra Rao
Vikram Sarabhai
Man Mohan Sharma
Obaid Siddiqi
E. Sreedharan
M. R. Srinivasan
George Sudarshan
M. S. Swaminathan
Social Work
Baba Amte
Pandurang Shastri Athavale
Janaki Devi Bajaj
Mirabehn
Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay
Durgabai Deshmukh
Nanaji Deshmukh
Nirmala Deshpande
Mohan Dharia
U. N. Dhebar
Valerian Gracias
Veerendra Heggade
Mary Clubwala Jadhav
Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta
Usha Mehta
Sister Nirmala
Nellie Sengupta
Sports
Viswanathan Anand
Edmund Hillary
Sachin Tendulkar
Trade and Industry
Dhirubhai Ambani
Ghanshyam Das Birla
Ashok Sekhar Ganguly
Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan
Lakshmi Mittal
N. R. Narayana Murthy
M. Narasimham
Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi
Azim Premji
Prathap C. Reddy
J. R. D. Tata
Ratan Tata
Portal
Category
WikiProject
[show]
v
t
e
Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi
Painters
Jamini Roy
Nandalal Bose
Akbar Padamsee
Benode Behari Mukherjee
Anil Karanjai
N. S. Bendre
Kattingeri Krishna Hebbar
K. C. S. Paniker
M. F. Hussain
B. C. Sanyal
P. T. Reddy
K. H. Ara
S. H. Raza
K. G. Subramanyan
Paritosh Sen
Mukul Dey
Svetoslav Roerich
Ram Gopal Vijaiwargiya
Ranbir Singh Bisht
A. Ramachandran
Bikash Bhattacharjee
Ram Kumar (artist)
Sculptors
Vinayak Pandurang Karmarkar
Ram Kinker Baij
Dhanraj Bhagat
Sankho Chaudhuri
Amar Nath Sehgal
Others
Kuvempu
C. Sivaramamurti
Ravi Shankar Raval
Mulk Raj Anand
M. S. Randhawa
Kapila Vatsyayan
Keshav Malik
Templates WikiProject
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 13226970
LCCN: n83151942
ISNI: 0000 0001 2208 9147
GND: 123832632
SUDOC: 116727918
ULAN: 500121672
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nandalal_Bose&oldid=805192211"
Categories:
Indian male painters
Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts
People from Howrah district
1883 births
1966 deaths
Government College of Art & Craft alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Visva-Bharati University faculty
Bengali male artists
Indian art educators
Indian arts administrators
People from Munger district
20th-century Indian painters
20th-century Indian educators
Educators from West Bengal
Hidden categories:
EngvarB from September 2014
Use dmy dates from September 2014
Pages to import images to Wikidata
Articles with hCards
Pages using infobox artist with unknown parameters
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikisource
Languages
বাংলা
हिन्दी
ಕನ್ನಡ
മലയാളം
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 October 2017, at 17:52.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/British_India
mw-redirect
British India

value: small

values:
/wiki/Contextual_Modernism
mw-redirect
Contextual Modernism

values:
/wiki/Kala_Bhavan
mw-redirect
Kala Bhavan

values:
/wiki/Govt._of_India
mw-redirect
Govt. of India

values: History of the British salt tax in India

values:
/wiki/Black_on_white
mw-redirect
Black on white

values:
/wiki/Dandi_March
mw-redirect
Dandi March

values:
/wiki/E._B._Havell
mw-redirect
E. B. Havell

values:
/wiki/Okakura_Kakuzo
mw-redirect
Okakura Kakuzo

values:
/wiki/Vishvabharati_University
mw-redirect
Vishvabharati University

values: International Standard Serial Number (identifier)

values:
nofollow
http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2672/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;width:6em; font-weight:normal;

values:
/wiki/Suranjan_Das_(pilot)
mw-redirect
Suranjan Das (pilot)

values:
/wiki/Ajudhia_Nath_Khosla
mw-redirect
Ajudhia Nath Khosla

values:
/wiki/Bhairab_Dutt_Pande
mw-redirect
Bhairab Dutt Pande

values: Pattadakal Venkanna R Rao (page does not exist)

values: Harish Chandra Sarin (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Kotha_Satchidanda_Murthy
mw-redirect
Kotha Satchidanda Murthy

values:
/wiki/Kottayan_Katankot_Venugopal
mw-redirect
Kottayan Katankot Venugopal

values:
/wiki/Ghanshyam_Das_Birla
mw-redirect
Ghanshyam Das Birla

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi

values: Template talk:Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi

values:
/wiki/N._S._Bendre
mw-redirect
N. S. Bendre

values:
/wiki/M._F._Hussain
mw-redirect
M. F. Hussain

values:
/wiki/P._T._Reddy
mw-redirect
P. T. Reddy

values:
/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Vijaiwargiya
mw-redirect
Ram Gopal Vijaiwargiya

values:
/wiki/Ram_Kinker_Baij
mw-redirect
Ram Kinker Baij

values:
/wiki/Amar_Nath_Sehgal
mw-redirect
Amar Nath Sehgal

values:
/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_Raval
mw-redirect
Ravi Shankar Raval

values:
/wiki/M._S._Randhawa
mw-redirect
M. S. Randhawa

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/13226970

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000122089147

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/123832632

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/116727918

values: Category:Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi

values: Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts

values: Category:Government College of Art & Craft alumni

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2014

values: Category:Pages to import images to Wikidata

values: Category:Pages using infobox artist with unknown parameters

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
/wiki/Nandalal_Bose
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: নন্দলাল বসু – Bangla

values: नंदलाल बोस – Hindi

values: ನಂದಲಾಲ್ ಬೋಸ್ – Kannada

values: നന്ദലാൽ ബോസ് – Malayalam

values: ਨੰਦਲਾਲ ਬੋਸ – Punjabi

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Nandalal_Bose rootpage-Nandalal_Bose vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
SU-8 photoresist
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Su-8 and SU-8 redirect here. For the Soviet ground attack aircraft, see Sukhoi Su-8; for the Soviet self-propelled artillery project, see T-28#Experimental models
SU-8 molecule
SU-8 is a commonly used epoxy-based negative photoresist. Negative refers to a photoresist whereby the parts exposed to UV become cross-linked, while the remainder of the film remains soluble and can be washed away during development.
As shown in the structural diagram, SU-8 derives its name from the presence of 8 epoxy groups. This is a statistical average per moiety. It is these epoxies that cross-link to give the final structure.
It can be made into a viscous polymer that can be spun or spread over a thickness ranging from below 1 micrometer up to above 300 micrometers, or Thick Film Dry Sheets (TFDS) for lamination up to above 1 millimetre thick. Up to 500µm the resist can be processed with standard contact lithography.[1] Above 500µm absorption leads to increasing sidewall undercuts and poor curing at the substrate interface. It can be used to pattern high aspect ratio structures. An aspect ratio of (> 20) has been achieved with the solution formulation [2] and (> 40) has been demonstrated from the dry resist. [3] Its maximum absorption is for ultraviolet light with a wavelength of the i-line: 365 nm (it is not practical to expose SU-8 with g-line ultraviolet light). When exposed, SU-8's long molecular chains cross-link causing the polymerisation of the material. SU-8 series photoresists use gamma-butyrolactone or cyclopentanone as the primary solvent.
SU-8 was originally developed as a photoresist for the microelectronics industry, to provide a high-resolution mask for fabrication of semiconductor devices.
It is now mainly used in the fabrication of microfluidics (mainly via soft lithography, but also with other imprinting techniques such as nanoimprint lithography[4]) and microelectromechanical systems parts. It is also one of the most biocompatible materials known[5] and is often used in bio-MEMS for life science applications.[6]
Contents
1 Composition and Processing
2 Newer formulations
3 External links
4 References
Composition and Processing[edit]
SU-8 is composed of Bisphenol A Novolac epoxy that is dissolved in an organic solvent (gamma-butyrolactone GBL or cyclopentanone, depending on the formulation) and up to 10 wt% of mixed Triarylsulfonium/hexafluoroantimonate salt as the photoacid generator).[7]
SU-8 absorbs light in the UV region, allowing fabrication of relatively thick (hundreds of micrometers) structures with nearly vertical side walls. The fact that a single photon can trigger multiple polymerizations makes the SU-8 a chemically amplified resist which is polymerized by photoacid generation.[8] The light irradiated on the resist interacts with the salt in the solution creating hexafluoroantimonic acid that then protonates the epoxides groups in the resin monomers. The monomer are thus activated but the polymerization will not proceed significantly until the temperature is raised as part of the post expose bake. It is at this stage that the epoxy groups in the resin cross-link to form the cured structure. When fully cured the high crosslinking degree gives to the resist its excellent mechanical properties.[9]
The processing of SU-8 is similar to other negative resists with particular attention on the control of the temperature in the baking steps. The baking times depend on the SU-8 layer thickness; the thicker the layer, the longer the baking time. The temperature is controlled during the baking in order to reduce stress formation in the thick layer (leading to cracks) as the solvent evaporates.
The soft bake is the most important of the bake steps for stress formation. It is performed after spinning. Its function is to remove the solvent from the resist and make the layer solid. Typically at least 5% of the solvent remains in the layer after the soft bake, however the thicker the coating, the harder it becomes to remove the solvent, as evaporating solvent through thick layers becomes increasingly difficult with coating thickness. The bake is performed on a programmable hot plate to reduce the skinning effect of solvent depletion at the surface creating a dense layer which makes the remainder of the solvent more difficult to remove. In order to reduce stress, the bake procedure is generally a two step process made up of holding at 65°C before ramping to 95°C and holding again for a time dependent on the layer thickness. The temperature is then lowered slowly to room temperature.
When dry films are used, the photoresist is laminated rather than spin-coated. As this formulation is essentially solventless (less than 1% solvent remaining), it does not require a soft bake step and does not suffer stress or skinning. For enhanced adhesion, a post lamination bake can be added. This step is carried out in a similar way to the solution based resist - i.e. holding at 65°C then 95°C, the time dependent on film thickness.
After this stage the SU-8 layer can now be exposed, Typically this is through a photomask with an inverse pattern, as the resist is negative. The exposure time is a function of exposure dose and film thickness. After exposure the SU-8 needs to be baked again to complete the polymerization. This baking step is not as critical as the prebake but the rising of the temperature (again to 95°C) needs to be slow and controlled. At this point the resist is ready to be developed.
The main developer for SU-8 is 1-methoxy-2-propanol acetate.[10] Development time is primarily a function of SU-8 thickness.
After exposing and developing, its highly cross-linked structure gives it high stability to chemicals and radiation damage - hence the name "resist". Cured cross-linked SU-8 shows very low levels of outgassing in a vacuum.[11] [12] However it is very difficult to remove, and tends to outgas in an unexposed state.[13]
Newer formulations[edit]
SU-8 2000 series resists use cyclopentanone for the primary solvent and can be used to create films between 0.5 and 100 µm in thickness. This formulation may offer improved adhesion on some substrates versus the original formulation.[14]
SU-8 3000 series resists also use cyclopentanone for the primary solvent and are designed to be spun into thicker films ranging from 2 to 75 µm in a single coat.[14]
Its polymerization process proceeds upon photoactivation of a photoacid generator (triarylsulfonium salts, for example) and subsequent post exposure baking. The polymerization process it a cationic chain growth, which takes place by ring opening polymerization of the epoxide groups.
SUEX is a Thick Dry Film Sheet (TDFS) which is a solventless formulation applied by lamination. As this formulation is a dry sheet, there is high uniformity, no edge-bead formation and very little waste. These sheets come in a range of thicknesses from 100µm to over 1mm[15]. DJMicrolaminates also sell a thinner range, ADEX TFDS, which are available in thicknesses from 5µm through to 75µm[16]
External links[edit]
SU-8: Thick Photo-Resist for MEMS A webpage with a lot of material data and process tricks.
SU-8 Forum
Microchem data sheet
SU 8 Information Provides information on how to use SU 8 to create desired thicknesses.
SU-8 Spin Speed Calculator Selects a SU-8 type and calculates RPM for a given thickness.
Suppliers: The solution based SU-8 can be obtained from Microchem or Gersteltec ; the SUEX dry sheets are obtained from DJ Microlaminates , formerly known as DJ Devcorp
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "SU-8 Resists: FAQs". MicroChem. Archived from the original on May 17, 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Liu, J.; Cai, B.; Zhu, J.; Ding, G.; Zhao, X.; Yang, C.; Chen, D. "[Process research of high aspect ratio microstructure using SU-8 resist]" Microsystem Technologies 2004, V10, (4), 265.[1]
Jump up ^ Johnson, D. W,; Goettert, J.; Singh, V.; Yemane, B. "[SUEX Dry Film Resist – A new Material for High Aspect Ratio Lithography]" [2]
Jump up ^ Jesse Greener, Wei Li, Judy Ren, Dan Voicu, Viktoriya Pakharenko, Tian Tang and Eugenia Kumacheva "Rapid, cost-efficient fabrication of microfluidic reactors in thermoplastic polymers by combining photolithography and hot embossing" Lab Chip, 2010, doi: 10.1039/b918834g.
Jump up ^ Nemani, Krishnamurthy V.; Moodie, Karen L.; Brennick, Jeoffry B.; Su, Alison; Gimi, Barjor (October 2013). "In vitro and in vivo evaluation of SU-8 biocompatibility". Materials Science and Engineering: C. 33 (7): 4453–4459. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2013.07.001. PMC 3843949.
Jump up ^ S. Arscott "SU-8 as a material for lab-on-a-chip-based mass spectrometry" Lab on a Chip, 14(19), 3668-3689 (2014). doi:10.1039/C4LC00617H.
Jump up ^ Microchem, SU-8 50 material safety sheet, 2001 (12 December)
Jump up ^ A. Campo del and C. Greiner, “SU-8: a photoresist for high-aspect-ratio and 3D submicron lithography,” journal of micromechanics and microengineering, no. 17, pp. R81-R95, 2007
Jump up ^ R. Martinez-Duarte and M. Madou, “SU-8 Pholithography and its impact on microfluidics,” in Microfluidics and Nanofluidics Handbook: Fabrication, Implementation and Applications, NewYork, CRC Press, 2011, pp. 231-268
Jump up ^ https://snf.stanford.edu/SNF/materials-and-chemicals/msds-std-chemicals/images-msds/su-8-developer
Jump up ^ SU-8 photosensitive epoxy Archived 2012-05-30 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ J. Melai, C. Salm, R.A.M. Wolters, and J. Schmitz, "Qualitative and quantitative characterization of outgassing from SU-8," Micr. Eng. 86(4-6) pp. 761-764 (2009). doi: 10.1016/j.mee.2008.11.008
Jump up ^ SU-8 Photoresist Processing Archived 2009-11-09 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.microchem.com/pdf/SU-82000DataSheet2025thru2075Ver4.pdf
Jump up ^ "SUEX". djmicrolaminates.com. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
Jump up ^ https://djmicrolaminates.com/adex/website=djmicrolaminates.com. Retrieved 2017-05-25. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SU-8_photoresist&oldid=842834916"
Categories:
Polymer chemistry
Polymers
Materials science
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template archiveis links
Webarchive template wayback links
Pages with citations lacking titles
Pages with citations having bare URLs
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Français
Nederlands
日本語
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 00:20 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

value: i

value: dd

value: dl

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

value: b

value: p

values:
/wiki/Spin_coated
mw-redirect
Spin coated

values:
/wiki/Gamma_butyrolactone
mw-redirect
Gamma butyrolactone

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: Composition and Processing

values:
/wiki/Organic_solvent
mw-redirect
Organic solvent

values:
/wiki/Negative_resists
mw-redirect
Negative resists

values:
/wiki/1-methoxy-2-propanol_acetate
mw-redirect
1-methoxy-2-propanol acetate

values:
nofollow
external text
http://memscyclopedia.org/su8.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sporian.com/forum_su8.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://cleanroom.byu.edu/su8.phtml

values:
nofollow
http://harnettlab.org/su8calc/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.microchem.com

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.Gersteltec.ch

values:
nofollow
http://djmicrolaminates.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.djdevcorp.com

values:
nofollow
external text
https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb918834g

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.msec.2013.07.001

values:
nofollow
external text
https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC4LC00617H

values:
nofollow
http://djmicrolaminates.com/suex/
external text

values: Category:Webarchive template archiveis links

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Pages with citations lacking titles

values: Category:Pages with citations having bare URLs

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/SU-8_photoresist
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU-8
SU-8 – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU-8
SU-8 – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU-8
SU-8 – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-SU-8_photoresist rootpage-SU-8_photoresist skin-vector action-view


text:
History of ethics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ethics is the branch of philosophy that examines right and wrong moral behavior, moral concepts (such as justice, virtue, duty) and moral language. Various ethical theories pose various answers to the question "What is the greatest good?" and elaborate a complete set of proper behaviors for individuals and groups. Ethical theories are closely related to forms of life in various social orders.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Jewish ethics
3 Ancient Greek ethics
4 Christian ethics
5 Natural law ethics
6 Kantian ethics
7 Utilitarianism
8 Twentieth century
9 See also
10 Bibliography
11 References
12 External links
Origins[edit]
The epic poems that stand at the beginning of many world literatures, such as the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh, Homer's Iliad and the Icelandic Eddas, portray a set of values that suit the strong leader of a small tribe. Valour and success are the principal qualities of a hero, and are generally not constrained by moral considerations. Revenge and vendetta are appropriate activities for heroes. The gods that appear in such epics are not defenders of moral values but are capricious forces of nature, and are to be feared and propitiated.[2]
More strictly ethical claims are found occasionally in the literature of ancient civilizations that is aimed at lower classes of society. The Sumerian Farmer's Almanac and the Egyptian Instruction of Amenhotep both advise farmers to leave some grain for poor gleaners, and promise favours from the gods for doing so.[3] A number of ancient religions and ethical thinkers also put forward some version of the golden rule, at least in its negative version: do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself.[4]
Jewish ethics[edit]
Further information: Jewish ethics and Jewish philosophy
Since the origin of Ethical Monotheism in (Hebrew) Judaism, something Greek-sounding like "ethics" may be said to have been originated in Judaism's up to four thousand years old passed down traditions and instructions of the Torahs (Hebrew: /ˈtɔːrɔːt/, toroth; plural of Torah), Oral, Written,[5] and Mystical.
Ancient Greek ethics[edit]
Socrates, as portrayed in Plato's Republic, articulates the greatest good as the transcendent "form of good itself".[6] The good, Socrates says, is like the sun. The sun gives light and life to the earth, the good gives knowledge and virtue to the intelligible world. It is the cause of goodness in people and actions, and it also is the cause of existence and knowledge. The pursuit of and love of the good itself (rather than any particular good thing) Socrates thought was the chief aim of education and (especially) of philosophy.
In his personal life, Socrates lived extremely morally. He was chaste, disciplined, pious, responsible, and cared for his friends[7] In Gorgias he defends the notion that it is better to suffer injustice than to do it. The Greeks found this paradoxical, but Socrates both argued and lived this philosophy consistently. That is because the doing of evil damages the soul, which is the highest part of humans.[8] In the Republic, Socrates is challenged to defend the view that we have reasons to be moral that do not come from rational self-interest, in response to Glaucon's arguments in Book 2. The Republic develops the view that being a good person in an ethical sense involves achieving internal harmony of the parts of the soul. However, Plato's ethical ideal, as expressed in the Republic, still has much in common with the Homeric conception of the leader of a tribe or city: the successful running of the city and the internal harmony of the citizen who runs it is the main ethical aim, and there is little mention in Plato of any strictly moral obligations the ruler may be under.
Aristotle's ethics builds upon Plato's with important variations. Aristotle's highest good was not the good itself but goodness embodied in a flourishing human life. His ethics are based on eudaimonia, variously translated as "happiness," "prosperity," "flourishing," or "success." A "great-souled" citizen who lives a life of virtue can expect to achieve eudaimonia, which Aristotle argues is the highest good for man. Following Plato, Aristotle gives a significant role in moral life the virtues, fixed habits of behavior that lead to good outcomes; the main virtues are courage, justice, prudence and temperance. The highest form of life is, however, purely intellectual activity.[9]
Later Greek schools of philosophy, such as the Epicureans and Stoics, debated the conditions of the good life. Epicurus taught that the greatest good was pleasure and freedom from pain. The Epicureans emphasized the quiet enjoyment of pleasures, especially mental pleasure, free of fear and anxiety. The Stoics thought the greatest good not pleasure but reason and everything in accord with reason, even if painful. Hence they praised the life of reason lived in accordance with nature.[10]
A theme of Ancient Greek ethics then is the role of the virtuous life in achieving eudaimonia, or the good life; and Aristotle, Epicurus and the Stoics all argued that virtue was necessary for happiness, albeit in different ways and with different conceptions of those terms.[11]
Christian ethics[edit]
A passage of the Torah, "Love your neighbour as yourself"[12] was taken up by the writers of the New Testament and made part of the theological centerpiece of Christian ethical stance. In the New Testament Jesus teaches that all the commandments of Jewish religious law could be summarized in the two rules, "Love God and love your neighbour" (Mark 12:28-31). This is illustrated with the Parable of the Good Samaritan, which praises action to help any human in need.
Natural law ethics[edit]
Main article: Natural law
In the Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas developed a synthesis of Biblical and Aristotelian ethics called natural law theory, according to which the nature of humans determines what is right and wrong. For example, murder is wrong because life is essential to humans so depriving someone of it is inherently an evil. Education is needed for humans, and is their right, because their intellectual nature requires developing. Natural law theory remains at the heart of Catholic moral teaching, for example in its positions on contraception and other controversial moral issues.[13]
The Catholic practice of compulsory confession led to the development of manuals of casuistry, the application of ethical principles to detailed cases of conscience, such as the conditions of a just war.[14]
Kantian ethics[edit]
Main article: Kantian ethics
Immanuel Kant, in the 18th century, argued that right and wrong are founded on duty, which issues a Categorical Imperative to us, a command that, of its nature, ought to be obeyed. An action is only truly moral if done from a sense of duty, and the most valuable thing is a human will that has decided to act rightly. To decide what duty requires, Kant proposes the principle of universalizability: correct moral rules are those we could will everyone to adopt.[15]
Kant's philosophy marks a number of important conceptual shifts in philosophical thinking about ethics. Kant argues that questions about happiness should not be a focus in ethical thought, because ethics should be universal while happiness may involve very different modes of life for different individuals. He also believed this approach was necessary if an ethical theory was to avoid becoming 'heteronomous'; that is, locating the source of proper moral motivation outside of properly moral concerns.
Utilitarianism[edit]
Main article: Utilitarianism
In 19th century Britain, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill advocated utilitarianism, the view that right actions are those that are likely to result in the greatest happiness of the greatest number. Utilitarianism remains popular in the twenty-first century.[16]
Both Kantianism and Utilitarianism provide ethical theories that can support contemporary liberal political developments, and associated enlightenment ways of conceiving of the individual.
Twentieth century[edit]
The early twentieth century saw many debates on metaethics, that is, philosophical theory on the nature of ethics. Views ranged from moral realism, which holds that moral truths are about mind-independent realities,[17] to evolutionary ethics, which believes ethical practices are merely evolved ways of behavior that led to evolutionary success, to the error theory of J. L. Mackie, which held that the entire notion of ethical obligation is a mistake.[18]
Reflections on the Holocaust, such as those of Hannah Arendt, led to a deepening appreciation of the reality of extreme evil. Also in reaction to the Holocaust, rights theories, as expressed for example in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, asserted the inalienable moral rights of humans to life, education, and other basic goods. Another response to the atrocities of World War II included existential reflections on the meaning of life, leading to approaches to ethics based on "the situation" and personal interaction.[19]
The 1970s saw the revival of casuistry in the form of applied ethics, the consideration of detailed practical cases in bioethics,[20] business ethics,[21] environmental ethics and other such special fields. The development of new medical technologies such as IVF and stem cell research produced many new issues requiring ethical debate.
See also[edit]
Ethics
Ethics in religion
History of ethics in Ancient Greece
List of years in philosophy
Bibliography[edit]
MacIntyre, Alasdair (1967). A Short History of Ethics. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-415-04027-2.
Becker, Lawrence C.; Charlotte B. Becker (2003). A History of Western Ethics. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-04027-2.
Irwin, Terence (2007). The Development of Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-415-96824-0.
Crisp, Roger (2013). Oxford Handbook of the History of Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954597-1.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ MacIntyre, Alistair (1998). A Short History of Ethics: A History of Moral Philosophy from the Homeric Age to the 20th Century. Routledge.
Jump up ^ T. Cahill, The Gifts of the Jews (New York, 1998), ch. 1; A. W. H. Adkins, Merit and Responsibility: A Study in Greek Values (Oxford, 1960).
Jump up ^ S. N. Kramer, The Sumerians (Chicago, 1963), 108.
Jump up ^ J. Wattles, The Golden Rule (New York, 1996), ch. 1.
Jump up ^ Birnbaum (1979), p. 630
Jump up ^ Republic, Book VI
Jump up ^ Cf. Symposium, Phaedo, and Republic, Book I
Jump up ^ Plato, Gorgias 475e.
Jump up ^ J. O. Urmson, Aristotle's Ethics (New York, 1988.)
Jump up ^ W. O. Stephens, Stoic ethics in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Jump up ^ Julia Annas, The Morality of Happiness. Oxford University Press, 1995.
Jump up ^ Leviticus 19:18
Jump up ^ J. Finnis, Fundamentals of Ethics (Oxford, 1983).
Jump up ^ A.R. Jonsen and S. Toulmin, The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990.
Jump up ^ R. Johnson, Kant's moral philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).
Jump up ^ E.g. P. Singer, Practical Ethics (2nd ed, Cambridge, 1993).
Jump up ^ R. Shafer-Landau, Moral Realism: A Defence (Oxford, 2003).
Jump up ^ J. Mackie, Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong (New York, 1977).
Jump up ^ For example, Simone de Beauvoir, The Ethics of Ambiguity. Citadel, 1949.
Jump up ^ R. Martensen, The history of bioethics: an essay review, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 56 (2001), 168-175.
Jump up ^ T.F. McMahon, A brief history of American business ethics, in R. Frederick, ed, A Companion to Business Ethics, Oxford: Blackwell, 2002, pp. 342-52.
External links[edit]
Ancient ethical theory (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Ancient ethics (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
The Natural Law Tradition in Ethics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethics&oldid=789600552"
Categories:
Ethics
History of philosophy
History of science by discipline
History of ethics
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Français
Қазақша
Русский
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 July 2017, at 09:43.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: sup

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

value: span

value: li

values: Instruction of Amenhotep (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Golden_rule
mw-redirect
Golden rule

values:
/wiki/Ethical_Monotheism
mw-redirect
Ethical Monotheism

values:
/wiki/Written_Torah
mw-redirect
Written Torah

values:
/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)
mw-redirect
The Republic (Plato)

values:
/wiki/Categorical_Imperative
mw-redirect
Categorical Imperative

values:
/wiki/Error_theory
mw-redirect
Error theory

values:
nofollow
http://www.iep.utm.edu/stoiceth/
external text

values: s:Bible (Jewish Publication Society 1917)/Leviticus

values:
nofollow
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a-ethics/
external text

values: Category:History of science by discipline

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/History_of_ethics
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Этика тарихы – Kazakh

values: История этики – Russian

values: Історія етики – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-History_of_ethics rootpage-History_of_ethics skin-vector action-view


text:
Cummins B Series engine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Cummins B Series is a family of American straight-four and straight-6 diesel piston engines that are manufactured by Cummins. This particular family, or Series, is one of the most prolific offerings for On-Highway, Automotive purposes from Cummins, and is widely used for the Off-Highway Markets it serves such as Construction, Mining, Agriculture, Marine and Industrial sectors to name a few.
The B Series is known for the popular 5.9 liters (360.0 cu in) B Series Cummins engines. The engine was originally designed by Cummins and Case Corporation for construction machinery applications, and gained much of its popularity after appearing in the Dodge Ram, in 1989.
6.7 Demo
6.7 Euro 4 / 4+
Contents
1 General engine features
2 First generation
2.1 3.9L/4BT
2.2 6BT
3 ISB 5.9
3.1 QSB
3.2 Dodge Ram ISB
3.3 Dodge Ram ISB CR
4 ISB 6.7
4.1 Changes over the 5.9
4.2 4-cylinder
5 References
General engine features[edit]
The B-series features engine bores machined directly into the block (rather than the wet liners used on earlier Cummins engines). It was also set apart by the use of a shallow one-piece head, requiring closer tolerances than in other Cummins products.[1] The engine was first manufactured in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, and other plants were later added in Mexico, Turkey, and Darlington, UK.[2]
Every Cummins powered Dodge Pickup (since initial production in 1989) has come equipped with a turbocharger. It uses a gear-drive camshaft for extra reliability. Also specified is a deep-skirt engine block and extra-strong connecting rods. A Holset turbocharger is used. The original B Series was updated with 24 valves and an electronic engine management system to become the ISB in 1998.
First generation[edit]
Cummins B Series
Overview
Manufacturer
Cummins
Also called
4B/6B/6BT/6BTA
Production
1984–1998
Layout
Configuration
I4 and I6 diesel engines
Displacement
3.3 liter
3.9 liter
5.9 liter
Cylinder block alloy
Iron
Cylinder head alloy
Iron
Valvetrain
2 Valves per cylinder
Combustion
Turbocharger
Holset Engineering
Fuel system
Direct injection
Management
Mechanical
Fuel type
Diesel
Oil system
Wet sump
Cooling system
Water-cooled
Dimensions
Dry weight
1,100 lb (499 kg)
3.9L/4BT[edit]
The 3.9L/4BT Cummins is an engine in the same family as the 5.9 liters (360.0 cu in) Cummins turbodiesels. The 3.9L/4B is an inline four-cylinder turbodiesel that was popular for many step van applications, including bread vans and other commercial vehicles. It has also gained popularity as an engine swap into smaller trucks. The lowest powered 4B produces 55 hp (41 kW).[1]
6BT[edit]
showMore Details
5.9-liter B series Cummins
Type
Inline six-cylinder turbo diesel, direct fuel injection
Displacement
359 cu in
Bore
4.02 inches (102.0 mm)
Stroke
4.72 inches (120.0 mm)
Compression ratio
17.5:1
Max power
215HP at 2500 rpm
Max torque
440 lb-ft at 1600 rpm
Valve gear
In block cam with 2 valves per cylinder
Cylinders
6 in line
Cylinder head
Cast iron
Cylinder block
Cast iron
Camshaft drive
Gear driven
Crankshaft
Forged steel, seven main bearings
Engine management
Bosch
Fuel injection
High pressure diesel direct injection
Emission control
None
Emission level
?
Turbocharger
Holset
Lubrication system
Wet sump
System capacity with filter
3 Gallons
Cooling system
?
System capacity incl heater
?
5.9 Cummins in 1991 Dodge Ram with the valve covers removed exposing the Valvetrain
The 5.9 liters (360.0 cu in) 6BT, aka the Cummins "12-valve" was the first member of the "B" engine family to be used in a light truck vehicle. The 6BT used Robert Bosch GmbH fuel systems, injector, and VE rotary pump and P7100 inline injection pumps. Some early 6BTs were supplied with CAV rotary pumps instead, before the Bosch system became the sole standard. This engine started life in 1984 designed as an agricultural engine, for use in Case agricultural equipment.[3][full citation needed] After 1989, the 6BT engine was used in light duty, medium duty and select heavy duty trucks and buses.[citation needed]
Appearing in the 1989–1998 Dodge Ram pickup truck, it became a popular alternative to the large V8 gasoline engines normally used in full-size pickup trucks, since it produced the torque at low engine speeds, and significantly better fuel mileage. During that time, the Dodge Ram was the only diesel pickup that did not rely on glowplugs for cold weather starting.[3]
ISB 5.9[edit]
Cummins ISB 5.9L
Overview
Manufacturer
Cummins
Also called
ISB
Production
1998.5–2007
Layout
Configuration
inline-six cylinder engine
Displacement
5.9 L (360 cu in)
Cylinder bore
102.0 mm (4.02 in)
Piston stroke
120.0 mm (4.72 in)
Cylinder block alloy
Iron
Cylinder head alloy
Iron
Valvetrain
4 Valves per cylinder
Combustion
Turbocharger
Holset Engineering
Fuel system
Direct injection
Management
Mechanical with electronic advance and common rail
Fuel type
Diesel
Oil system
Wet sump
Cooling system
Water-cooled
Dimensions
Dry weight
1,100 lb (499 kg)
Chronology
Predecessor
6BT
showMore Details
5.9-liter ISB Cummins
Type
Inline six-cylinder turbo diesel, direct fuel injection
Displacement
359 cu in
Bore
4.02 inches (102.0 mm)
Stroke
4.72 inches (120.0 mm)
Compression ratio
17.2:1
Max power
325hP at 2900 rpm
Max torque
610 lb-ft at 1600 rpm
Valve gear
In block cam with 4 valves per cylinder
Cylinders
6 in line
Cylinder head
cast iron
Cylinder block
cast iron
Camshaft drive
Gear driven
Crankshaft
Forged steel, seven main bearings
Engine management
Bosch
Fuel injection
High pressure diesel direct injection, symmetrical combustion chamber
Emission control
Electric fuel control
Emission level
?
Turbocharger
Holset
Lubrication system
Wet sump
System capacity with filter
3 Gallons
Cooling system
? System capacity incl heater
?
The 5.9 liters (360.0 cu in) ISB (Interact System B) is one of the largest straight-six engines used for light truck vehicles and school buses, and the improved high output 600 version was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2004.
One unusual feature of the ISB is that it is a multi-valve pushrod engine design. The engine displaces 5,883 cubic centimetres (359.0 cu in), with a 102.0 millimetres (4.02 in) cylinder bore and 120.0 millimetres (4.72 in) piston stroke. A turbocharger is used to increase the output in the high-compression (17.2:1 in recent versions) diesel. It is an all-iron engine with forged steel connecting rods, an assembled camshaft, and a cast aluminum intake manifold. The engine is produced in Columbus, Indiana.
The ISB uses electronically controlled Robert Bosch GmbH fuel systems, unlike the 6BT systems which were mechanical. Early ISB engines utilize Bosch injectors and a Bosch VP44 high pressure pump. Later ISB designs have common rail fuel injection, Bosch injectors, and a Bosch CP3 high pressure pump.[3]
QSB[edit]
The 5.9 liters (360.0 cu in) QSB (Quantum System B) is the off-road, heavy duty version of the ISB. Typically used in marine, agricultural, and construction applications, these engines share many of the same parts as the ISB and utilize the same Bosch fuel system.[citation needed]
Dodge Ram ISB[edit]
Midway through model year 1998, the Dodge Ram switched from the 6BT to the ISB to meet updated emissions requirements. Like other ISB's, these engines started out using the Bosch VP44 rotary injection pump. The VP44 setup meant that timing and fuel could be precisely controlled, which led to cleaner emissions. However, VP44 failure rates were higher than the older P7100 injection pump. The compression ratio in these engines was 17.2:1. The 1998–2000 ISB was rated at 215 horsepower (160 kW; 218 PS) and 420 pound-feet (569 N⋅m) when equipped with the 47RE automatic transmission. The 1998 ISB was rated at 235 horsepower (175 kW; 238 PS) and 460 pound-feet (624 N⋅m) when equipped with the manual transmission. The 1999–2000 ISB was rated at 235 horsepower (175 kW; 238 PS) and 460 pound-feet (624 N⋅m) when equipped with a manual transmission. For the 2001–2002 model years, a standard output and a high output ISB Cummins engine were offered. The standard output, which was the same as the previous engines was rated to 235 horsepower (175 kW; 238 PS) and 460 pound-feet (624 N⋅m) when equipped with either a manual transmission or automatic. The high output ISB was rated at 245 horsepower (183 kW; 248 PS) and 505 pound-feet (685 N⋅m), with only a NV5600 six-speed manual transmission available. The high output engine was different in a few ways from the standard output engine; it had higher compression (17.1:1), powdered metal valve seat inserts, a larger flywheel, the Bosch fuel system was reworked to allow higher fuel flows, and fuel-injection timing was altered.
Dodge Ram ISB CR[edit]
5.9 Cummins Common rail fuel injection system
For the 2003 model year, the Cummins was introduced with Bosch high pressure common rail fuel injection, again increasing power output. On automatic equipped vehicles, the 47RE was upgraded internally to increase durability and torque capacity, now known as the 48RE. The 2003 rating for the Dodge truck was released at 305 horsepower (224 kW; 308 PS) and 555 foot-pounds (752 N·m). Midway through the 2004 model year, the Cummins 600 was introduced, producing 325 horsepower (242 kW; 330 PS) at 2,900 rpm and 600 pound-feet (813 N⋅m) at 1,600 rpm. This engine was noticeably quieter than the previous engines.[4][non-primary source needed]
ISB 6.7[edit]
Cummins ISB 6.7L
Overview
Manufacturer
Cummins
Also called
ISBe
Production
2007–present
Layout
Configuration
I6 diesel engines
Displacement
6,690 cc
Cylinder bore
107.0 mm
Piston stroke
124.0 mm
Cylinder block alloy
Iron
Cylinder head alloy
Iron
Combustion
Turbocharger
Holset Engineering
Fuel system
Direct injection(Common rail)
Management
Electronic
Fuel type
Diesel
Oil system
Wet sump
Cooling system
Water-cooled
Output
Power output
309-355 PS
Dimensions
Dry weight
1100 lbs
showMore Details
6.7-liter ISB Cummins
Type
Inline six-cylinder turbo diesel, direct fuel injection
Displacement
408 cu in
Bore
4.21 inches (107.0 mm)
Stroke
4.88 inches (124.0 mm)
Compression ratio
17.3:1
Max power
385HP at 2800 rpm
Max torque
930 lb-ft at ~1600 rpm
Valve gear
OHV with 4 valves per cylinder
Cylinders
6 in line
Cylinder head
Cast iron
Cylinder block
Cast iron
Camshaft drive
Gear driven
Crankshaft
Forged steel, seven main bearings
Engine management
Bosch
Fuel injection
High pressure diesel direct injection with 7-hole injectors
Emission control
Exhaust gas recirculation and Diesel particulate filter
Emission level
?
Turbocharged arger
Holset (variable)
Lubrication system
Wet sump
Oil System capacity with filter
3 Gallons
Cooling system
?
System capacity incl heater
?
The B6.7 is the latest version of the B Series. It is currently the largest straight-six engine produced for a light duty truck. It produces 350 horsepower (261 kW; 355 PS) and 650 pound-feet (881 N⋅m) in the 2007.5 and newer Dodge 2500/3500 pickup trucks with the Chrysler-built six-speed 68RFE automatic transmission built at the Kokomo Transmission plant in Kokomo, Indiana. Engine torque is slightly reduced with the Mercedes G56 6-speed manual transmission at 350 horsepower (261 kW; 355 PS) and 610 pound-feet (827 N⋅m). The 2007 and newer 3500 Cab & Chassis trucks only get the 305 horsepower (227 kW; 309 PS) and 610 pound-feet (827 N⋅m) version of the B6.7, whether it has the Aisin AS68RC or the Mercedes G56 6-speed manual transmission. As for the 2008 4500/5500 medium duty Chassis Cabs or the Sterling Bullet Trucks, they receive the 350 horsepower (261 kW; 355 PS) and 610 pound-feet (827 N⋅m) version of the B6.7, whether it has the Aisin AS68RC or the Mercedes G56 6-speed manual transmission. Late model 2011 Ram trucks produce 350 horsepower (261 kW; 355 PS) and 800 pound-feet (1,085 N⋅m), with the exhaust brake rating boosted from 150 horsepower (112 kW; 152 PS) to 222 horsepower (166 kW; 225 PS).[5]
Changes over the 5.9[edit]
There are many changes over the previous B5.9 for the Dodge truck, the most obvious being the larger displacement. The B6.7 had an increase of cylinder bore and piston stroke to 4.21 inches (106.9 mm) and 4.88 inches (124.0 mm) stroke, respectively, thereby giving a displacement of 408 cubic inches (6,686 cc).[6][full citation needed]
4-cylinder[edit]
The two-thirds version of the ISB is the 4-cylinder 4.5-liter at 185 hp, used in the New Routemaster, a series hybrid diesel-electric doubledecker bus in London.[7][8][9]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kennett, Pat (June 1986). "The Cummins Beat". TRUCK. London, UK: FF Publishing Ltd: 54–55.
Jump up ^ Kennett, p. 57
^ Jump up to: a b c Cummins 5.9-liter and 6.7-liter inline six-cylinder diesel engines. Allpar.com. Retrieved on 2011-08-04.
Jump up ^ "ISB web". Retrieved 30 April 2012.
Jump up ^ 2011 Ram 2500 and 3500 – Capability – Powertrain Archived 2011-02-24 at the Wayback Machine.. Ramtrucks.com. Retrieved on 2011-08-04.
Jump up ^ Cummins Engines Archived 2009-04-25 at the Wayback Machine.. Everytime.cummins.com. Retrieved on 2011-08-04.
Jump up ^ "New Bus for London: Your New Routemaster questions answered". CBS Interactive. January 5, 2012. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
Jump up ^ "LESA44T" (PDF). Wrights Group Limited. 2014. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
Jump up ^ Wrights Hybrid Wrightbus
show
v
t
e
Cummins
Personnel
Founders
Clessie Cummins
J. Irwin Miller
Former personnel
Tim Solso
Current personnel
Tom Linebarger
Divisions, subsidiaries,
and joint ventures
Subsidiaries
Cummins UK
Joint-ventures
Cummins-Wärtsilä
Products
Engines
B Series
C Series
ISX
L Series
M Series
Trucks
Aeos
Buildings and facilities
Corporate Office Building
College of Engineering for Women
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cummins_B_Series_engine&oldid=850047263"
Categories:
Chrysler engines
Cummins diesel engines
Diesel engines by model
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles needing more detailed references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016
All pages needing factual verification
Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Türkçe
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 July 2018, at 07:01 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
/wiki/Piston_engine
mw-redirect
Piston engine

values: /wiki/Automotive mw-redirect Automotive

values:
/wiki/Marine_(ocean)
mw-redirect
Marine (ocean)

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Holset_Engineering
mw-redirect
Holset Engineering

values:
/wiki/Engine_cooling
mw-redirect
Engine cooling

values: wikitable collapsible collapsed mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: A more detailed citation is required. (November 2012)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/School_buses
mw-redirect
School buses

values:
/wiki/Pushrod_engine
mw-redirect
Pushrod engine

values:
/wiki/Connecting_rods
mw-redirect
Connecting rods

values:
/wiki/Gas_compression
mw-redirect
Gas compression

values: This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (May 2012)

values: noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Cummins_L_Series_engine
mw-redirect
Cummins L Series engine

values:
/wiki/Cummins_M_Series_engine
mw-redirect
Cummins M Series engine

values: MKSSS's Cummins College of Engineering for Women

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles needing more detailed references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016

values: Category:All pages needing factual verification

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Cummins_B_Series_engine
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cummins_B_Series_engine rootpage-Cummins_B_Series_engine skin-vector action-view