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Pax Romana
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Extent of the Roman Empire under Augustus. Yellow represents the extent of the Republic in 31 BC, while green represents gradually conquered territories under the reign of Augustus, and pink areas represent client states.
AR Antoninianus of Gordian III, struck Antioch 243-244 AD with Pax Augusta on the reverse
Pax Romana (Latin for the "[Peace in Rome ]") was the long period of relative peacefulness and minimal expansion by the Roman military force experienced by the Roman Empire after the end of the Final War of the Roman Republic and before the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century. During this time, the Roman empire reached its peak land mass area and its population grew up to 70 million people.[1] Since it was established by Augustus, it is sometimes called Pax Augusta. Its span was approximately 206 years (27 BC to AD 180), from the time of Augustus becoming emperor to the death of Emperor Marcus Aurelius.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Analogous peaces
2.1 In fiction
3 References
4 External links
Overview[edit]
Fresco of a relaxed seated woman from Stabiae, 1st century AD
The Pax Romana is said to have been a "miracle" because prior to it there had never been peace for so many centuries in a given period of history. However, Walter Goffart wrote: "The volume of the Cambridge Ancient History for the years A.D. 70–192 is called 'The Imperial Peace', but peace is not what one finds in its pages".[3] Arthur M. Eckstein writes that the period must be seen in contrast to the much more frequent warfare in the Roman Republic in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. Eckstein also notes that the incipient Pax Romana appeared during the Republic, and that its temporal span varied with geographical region as well: "Although the standard textbook dates for the Pax Romana, the famous “Roman Peace” in the Mediterranean, are 31 BC to AD 250, the fact is that the Roman Peace was emerging in large regions of the Mediterranean at a much earlier date: Sicily after 210 [BC]; peninsular Italy after 200 [BC]; the Po Valley after 190 [BC]; most of Spain after 133 [BC]; North Africa after 100 [BC]; and for ever longer stretches of time in the Greek East."[4]
The first known record of the term Pax Romana appears in a writing by Seneca the Younger in 55 AD.[5] The concept was highly influential, and the subject of theories and attempts to copy it in subsequent ages. Arnaldo Momigliano noted that "Pax Romana is a simple formula for propaganda, but a difficult subject for research."[6] In fact, the "Pax Romana" was broken by the First Jewish–Roman War, the Kitos War (also in Judea, 115–117), the Bar Kokhba Revolt (also known as the Third Jewish–Roman War), the Roman–Parthian War of 58–63, Trajan's Roman–Parthian War of 113, the Dacian Wars, various battles with Germanic tribes, including the Teutoburg Forest, and Boudica's war in Britain in AD 60 or 61.
The Pax Romana began when Octavian (Augustus) defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium on 2 September 31 BC and became the Roman emperor.[2][7][1] He became princeps, or first citizen. Lacking a good precedent of successful one-man rule, Augustus created a junta of the greatest military magnates and stood as the front man. By binding together these leading magnates in a coalition, he eliminated the prospect of civil war. The Pax Romana was not immediate, despite the end of the civil wars, because fighting continued in Hispania and in the Alps. Nevertheless, Augustus closed the Gates of Janus (a ceremony indicating that Rome was at peace) three times,[8] first in 29 BC and again in 25 BC. The third closure is undocumented, but Inez Scott Ryberg (1949) and Gaius Stern (2006) have persuasively dated the third closure to 13 BC with the commissioning of the Ara Pacis.[9][10][11] At the time of the Ludi Saeculares in 17 BC the concept of Peace was publicized, and in 13 BC was proclaimed when Augustus and Agrippa jointly returned from pacifying the provinces. The order to construct the Ara Pacis was no doubt part of this announcement.
Augustus faced a problem making peace an acceptable mode of life for the Romans, who had been at war with one power or another continuously for 200 years.[10] Romans regarded peace not as an absence of war, but the rare situation which existed when all opponents had been beaten down and lost the ability to resist.[6] Augustus' challenge was to persuade Romans that the prosperity they could achieve in the absence of warfare was better for the Empire than the potential wealth and honor acquired when fighting a risky war. Augustus succeeded by means of skillful propaganda. Subsequent emperors followed his lead, sometimes producing lavish ceremonies to close the Gates of Janus, issuing coins with Pax on the reverse, and patronizing literature extolling the benefits of the Pax Romana.[10]
After Augustus died in 14 AD many other Roman emperors ruled during this time. The last five emperors of the Pax Romana were considered the "Five Good Emperors".[1]
Analogous peaces[edit]
See also: List of periods of regional peace
The prominence of the concept of the Pax Romana led to historians coining variants of the term to describe other systems of relative peace that have been established, attempted, or argued to have existed. Some variants include:[2]
Pax Americana
Pax Britannica
Pax Europaea
Pax Hispanica
Pax Mongolica
Pax Ottomana
Pax Sinica
Pax Khazarica
Pax Syriana
Pax Islamica
Pax Sovietica
More generically, the concept has been referred to as pax imperia,[12][13] (sometimes spelled as pax imperium[14]) meaning imperial peace,[15][16] or—less literally—hegemonic peace.[16][17] Raymond Aron notes that imperial peace—peace achieved through hegemony—sometimes, but not always—can become civil peace. As an example, the German Empire's imperial peace of 1871 (over its internal components like Saxony) slowly evolved into the later German state. As a counter-example, the imperial peace of Alexander the Great's empire dissolved because the Greek city states maintained their political identity and more importantly, embrios of their own armed forces. Aron notes that during the Pax Romana, the Jewish war was a reminder that the overlapping of the imperial institutions over the local ones did not erase them and the overlap was a source of tension and flare-ups. Aron summarizes that, "In other words, imperial peace becomes civil peace insofar as the memory of the previously independent political units are effaced, insofar as individuals within a pacified zone feel themselves less united to the traditional or local community and more to the conquering state."[15]
The concept of Pax Romana was highly influential, and attempts to imitate it occurred in the Byzantine Empire, and in the Christian West, where it morphed into the Peace and Truce of God (pax Dei and treuga Dei).[16] A theoretician of the imperial peace during the Middle Ages was Dante Aligheri. Dante's works on the topic were analyzed at the beginning of the 20th century by William Mitchell Ramsay in the book The Imperial Peace; An Ideal in European History (1913).[18][19]
In fiction[edit]
Isaac Asimov's fictional Galactic Empire and Foundation series refer to Pax Trantorica and Pax Imperium.
Pax Soprana is the sixth episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos.
In Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic, Reim's Peace is the Reim Empire's version of Pax Romana, established about 200 years prior to the series by Empress Scherazade. Reim is a nation based on the Roman Empire.
In Fallout: New Vegas Caesar aims to use his Roman-style army to create a new Pax Romana across the wasteland.
First episode of season 4 of Gotham is known as "Pax Penguina".
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Pax Romana". www.ushistory.org. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Pax Romana". Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ Walter Goffart (1989). Rome's Fall and After. Hambledon Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-85285-001-2.
Jump up ^ Arthur M. Eckstein (2011) [2006]. "Conceptualizing Roman Imperial Expansion under the Republic: An Introduction". In Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Morstein-Marx. A Companion to the Roman Republic. John Wiley & Sons. p. 574. ISBN 978-1-4443-5720-2. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Ali Parchami (2009). Hegemonic Peace and Empire: The Pax Romana, Britannica and Americana. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-134-00704-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Momigliano, Arnaldo (1942). "The Peace of the Ara Pacis" (PDF). Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 5: 228–231. doi:10.2307/750454. JSTOR 750454.
Jump up ^ Davis, Paul K. (1999). 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World’s Major Battles and How They Shaped History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 63. ISBN 1-5760-7075-1.
Jump up ^ Augustus states in Res Gestae 13 that he closed the Gates three times, a fact documented by many other historians (See Gates of Janus).
Jump up ^ Scott Ryberg, Inez (1949). "The Procession of the Ara Pacis" . Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 19: 77,79–101. doi:10.2307/4238621.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stern, Gaius (2010) [2006]. Women, children, and senators on the Ara Pacis Augustae: A study of Augustus' vision of a new world order in 13 BCE. ProQuest. ISBN 978-0-549-83411-3.
Jump up ^ Sir Ronald Syme had suggested a later date (but Rome was then at war).
Jump up ^ Tatah Mentan (2010). The State in Africa: An Analysis of Impacts of Historical Trajectories of Global Capitalist Expansion and Domination in the Continent. African Books Collective. p. 153. ISBN 978-9956-616-12-1.
Jump up ^ Hyo-Dong Lee (2013). Spirit, Qi, and the Multitude: A Comparative Theology for the Democracy of Creation. Oxford University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-8232-5501-6.
Jump up ^ Stephen Ross (2004). Conrad and Empire. University of Missouri Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-8262-1518-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Raymond Aron (2003). Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations. Transaction Publishers. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-0-7658-0504-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c David Gress (1985). Peace and Survival: West Germany, The Peace Movement & European Security. Hoover Press. pp. 96–99. ISBN 978-0-8179-8093-1.
Jump up ^ Ali Parchami (2009). Hegemonic Peace and Empire: The Pax Romana, Britannica and Americana. Routledge. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-134-00704-2.
Jump up ^ James Brown Scott (2002) [1939]. Law, the State, and the International Community. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. pp. 223–224. ISBN 978-1-58477-178-4.
Jump up ^ "The imperial peace; an ideal in European history". Internet Archive.
External links[edit]
United Nations of Roma Victrix History: Pax Romana
Pax Romana Discussion group
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Ethics of care
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The ethics of care (alternatively care ethics or EoC) is a normative ethical theory that holds that moral action centers on interpersonal relationships and care or benevolence as a virtue. EoC is one of a cluster of normative ethical theories that were developed by feminists in the second half of the twentieth century.[1] While consequentialist and deontological ethical theories emphasize generalizable standards and impartiality, ethics of care emphasize the importance of response to the individual. The distinction between the general and the individual is reflected in their different moral questions: "what is just?" versus "how to respond?".[2] Gilligan criticizes the application of generalized standards as "morally problematic, since it breeds moral blindness or indifference."[3]
Some beliefs of the theory are basic:
Persons are understood to have varying degrees of dependence and interdependence on one another.
Individuals impacted by the consequences of one's choices deserve consideration in proportion to their vulnerability.
Details determine how to safeguard and promote the interests of those involved.
Contents
1 Historical background
1.1 Carol Gilligan and In a Different Voice
2 Relationship to traditional ethical positions
3 Care ethics as feminist ethics
4 See also
4.1 Theories
4.2 Theorists
5 References
6 Further reading and external links
Historical background[edit]
Carol Gilligan and In a Different Voice[edit]
The founder of Ethics of Care (EoC) was Carol Gilligan, an American ethicist and psychologist. Gilligan was a student of developmental psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg. Gilligan developed EoC in contrast to her mentor's theory of stages of moral development. She held that measuring progress by Kohlberg's model resulted in boys being found to be more morally mature than girls, and this held for adult men and women as well (although when education is controlled for there are no gender differences).[4] Gilligan further argued that Kohlberg's model was not an objective scale of moral development. Gilligan consider it as a masculine perspective on morality, founded on justice and abstract duties or obligations. Dana Ward has stated, in a paper that appears never to have been formally published for critical peer review, that the scale is psychometrically sound.[5]
Gilligan's In a Different Voice offered the perspective that men and women have tendencies to view morality in different terms. Her theory claimed women tended to emphasize empathy and compassion over the notions of morality that are privileged in Kohlberg's scale.[6] Subsequent research suggests that the discrepancy in being oriented towards care-based or justice-based ethical approaches may be based on gender differences, or on differences in actual current life situations of the genders.[7]
Relationship to traditional ethical positions[edit]
Care ethics contrasts with more well-known ethical models, such as consequentialist theories (e.g. utilitarianism) and deontological theories (e.g. Kantian ethics) in that it seeks to incorporate traditionally feminized virtues and values which, proponents of care ethics contend, are absent in such traditional models of ethics.[8]
Care ethics as feminist ethics[edit]
While some feminists have criticized care-based ethics for reinforcing traditional stereotypes of a "good woman"[9] others have embraced parts of this paradigm under the theoretical concept of care-focused feminism.[10]
Care-focused feminism is a branch of feminist thought, informed primarily by ethics of care as developed by Carol Gilligan and Nel Noddings.[10] This body of theory is critical of how caring is socially engendered, being assigned to women and consequently devalued. “Care-focused feminists regard women’s capacity for care as a human strength”[10] which can and should be taught to and expected of men as well as women. Noddings proposes that ethical caring has the potential to be a more concrete evaluative model of moral dilemma, than an ethic of justice.[11] Noddings’ care-focused feminism requires practical application of relational ethics, predicated on an ethic of care.[12]
Ethics of care is also a basis for care-focused feminist theorizing on maternal ethics. These theories recognize caring as an ethically relevant issue.[13] Critical of how society engenders caring labor, theorists Sara Ruddick, Virginia Held, and Eva Feder Kittay suggest caring should be performed and care givers valued in both public and private spheres.[14] This proposed paradigm shift in ethics encourages the view that an ethic of caring be the social responsibility of both men and women.
Joan Tronto argues that the definition of the term "ethic of care" is ambiguous due in part to the lack of a central role it plays in moral theory.[15] She argues that considering moral philosophy is engaged with human goodness, then care would appear to assume a significant role in this type of philosophy.[15] However, this is not the case and Tronto further stresses the association between care and "naturalness". The latter term refers to the socially and culturally constructed gender roles where care is mainly assumed to be the role of the woman.[15] As such, care loses the power to take a central role in moral theory.
Tronto states there are four ethical elements of care:
Attentiveness
Attentiveness is crucial to the ethics of care because care requires a recognition of others' needs in order to respond to them.[15] The question which arises is the distinction between ignorance and inattentiveness.[15] Tronto poses this question as such, "But when is ignorance simply ignorance, and when is it inattentiveness"?[15]
Responsibility
In order to care, we must take it upon ourselves, thus responsibility. The problem associated with this second ethical element of responsibility is the question of obligation. Obligation is often, if not already, tied to pre-established societal and cultural norms and roles. Tronto makes the effort to differentiate the terms "responsibility" and "obligation" with regards to the ethic of care. Responsibility is ambiguous, whereas obligation refers to situations where action or reaction is due, such as the case of a legal contract.[15] This ambiguity allows for ebb and flow in and between class structures and gender roles, and to other socially constructed roles that would bind responsibility to those only befitting of those roles.
Competence
To provide care also means competency. One cannot simply acknowledge the need to care, accept the responsibility, but not follow through with enough adequacy - as such action would result in the need of care not being met.[15]
Responsiveness
This refers to the "responsiveness of the care receiver to the care".[15] Tronto states, "Responsiveness signals an important moral problem within care: by its nature, care is concerned with conditions of vulnerability and inequality".[15] She further argues responsiveness does not equal reciprocity.[15] Rather, it is another method to understand vulnerability and inequality by understanding what has been expressed by those in the vulnerable position, as opposed to re-imagining oneself in a similar situation.[15]
See also[edit]
Theories[edit]
Feminist ethics
Ethics
Theorists[edit]
Annette Baier
Sandra Bartky
Daniel Engster
Ellen Feder
Chris Gastmans
Carol Gilligan
Maurice Hamington
Virginia Held
Sarah Hoagland
Eva Feder Kittay
Rita Manning
Nel Noddings
Fiona Robinson
Sara Ruddick
Maureen Sander-Staudt
Michael Slote
Joan Tronto
References[edit]
Jump up ^ “Care Ethics” Maureen Sander-Staudt, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ISSN 2161-0002, http://www.iep.utm.edu/, 22/3/2016.
Jump up ^ Gilligan, Carol. "Moral Orientation and Moral Development." The Feminist Philosophy Reader. By Alison Bailey and Chris J. Cuomo. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2008. N. pag. 469 Print.
Jump up ^ Gilligan, Carol. "Moral Orientation and Moral Development." The Feminist Philosophy Reader. By on Bailey and Chris J. Cuomo. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2008. N. pag. 471 Print.
Jump up ^ Walker, L.J. (1991). "Sex differences in moral reasoning.” In W.M. Kurtines and J. L. Gewirtz (eds.) Handbook of moral behavior and development: Vol, 2. Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Jump up ^ Ward, Dana (2000). "Still Hearing Voice: The Persistent Myth of Gendered Judgment," Keynote address presented at the VIIIth Biennial conference of the International Society for Justice Research, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
Jump up ^ Gilligan, Carol. In A Different Voice, Cambridge: Harvard University Press (1982)
Jump up ^ Ford and Lowery (1986). "Gender Differences in Moral Reasoning: A Comparison of the Use of Justice and Care Orientations". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 50(4), 777-783; Rothbart, Hanley and Albert (1986). "Gender Differences in Moral Reasoning." Sex Roles. 15 (11&12), 645-653; and Krebs, D.L., Vermeulen, S.C., Denton, K., and Carpendale, J. I. (1994). "Gender and perspective differences in moral judgment and moral orientation". Journal of Moral Education. 23, 17-26.
Jump up ^ Tong, Rosemarie; Williams, Nancy (May 4, 2009). "Feminist Ethics". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Metaphysics Research Lab. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bartky, Sandra Lee (1990). Femininity and domination: studies in the phenomenology of oppression. New York: Routledge. pp. 104–105. ISBN 9780415901864.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tong, Rosmarie: Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction, page 162-165. Westview Press, Charlotte, 2009.
Jump up ^ Noddings, Nel: Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education, page 3-4. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1984.
Jump up ^ Noddings, Nel: Women and Evil, page 222. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1989.
Jump up ^ Held, Virginia. Ethics of Care, page 64. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006.
Jump up ^ Kittay, Eva Feder: Love’s Labor: Essays on Women, Equality and Dependency, page 20. Routledge, New York, 1999.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Tronto, Joan C. (2005), "An ethic of care", in Cudd, Ann E.; Andreasen, Robin O., Feminist theory: a philosophical anthology, Oxford, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 251–263, ISBN 9781405116619.
Further reading and external links[edit]
"Care Ethics". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Held, Virginia (2005). The ethics of care. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0195180992.001.0001. ISBN 9780195180992.
Held, Virginia (1993). Feminist morality: transforming culture, society, and politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226325934.
Slote, Michael A. (2007). The ethics of care and empathy. London ; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77200-6.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Feminist Ethics
Ethics of Care article at Carnegie Mellon website
Gilligan's stages of moral development
Nel Noddings biography
Gilligan, Carol (1982). In a different voice: psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674445444.
Jagger, Alison (1995), "Caring as a feminist practice of moral reason", in Virginia, Held, Justice and care: essential readings in feminist ethics, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, ISBN 9780813321622.
Noddings, Nel (2005). Educating citizens for global awareness. New York: Teachers College Press. ISBN 9780807745342.
Tronto, Joan C. (September 2012). "Partiality based on relational responsibilities: another approach to global ethics". Ethics and Social Welfare, special issue: Gender Justice. Taylor & Francis. 6 (3): 303–316. doi:10.1080/17496535.2012.704058.
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Tawny Kitaen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tawny Kitaen
Born
Julie E. Kitaen
(1961-08-05) August 5, 1961 (age 56)
San Diego, California, USA
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1979–present
Spouse(s)
David Coverdale (1989–1991)
Chuck Finley (1997–2002)
Children
2
Julie E. "Tawny" Kitaen[1] (/kɪˈteɪ.ən/; born August 5, 1961)[2] is an American actress and media personality.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
3.1 Legal troubles
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Kitaen was born in San Diego, California, in 1961, the daughter of Linda (née Taylor), a housewife and a former beauty pageant participant, and Terry Kitaen, an employee of a neon sign company.[4] Julie began using the name "Tawny" at the age of 12, on her own initiative.[5]
Career[edit]
Kitaen began her acting career in 1983 with a minor role in the television movie Malibu. In 1984, she starred as the title character of the erotic-adventure movie The Perils of Gwendoline in the Land of the Yik-Yak, also called Gwendoline. She also co-starred in the movie Bachelor Party as the bride-to-be of a young Tom Hanks, and was the star of the 1986 horror movie Witchboard.[6]
Kitaen appeared in several videos in the 1980s for the band Whitesnake, including the hits "Here I Go Again", "Still of the Night", "Is This Love," and "The Deeper The Love." She was then dating Whitesnake's lead singer, David Coverdale, to whom she was later briefly married.
Kitaen appeared in Seinfeld, once, as Jerry's girlfriend in the 1991 episode "The Nose Job."
She had recurring parts on multiple television series such as Hercules: The Legendary Journeys and co-hosted America's Funniest People from 1992 to 1994.
Kitaen was also in 19 episodes of the TV series The New WKRP in Cincinnati from 1991 to 1993 as a night-time DJ named Mona Loveland; in the show, her night-time program was called Midnight With Mona.
Kitaen was one of the cast of the sixth edition of the VH1 reality television show The Surreal Life, which began airing in March 2006. While trying to deal with chemical-dependence issues described below in more detail, which marred her legal status as also detailed below, Kitaen also appeared in the second season of the VH1 reality TV show Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew, which began in October 2008.[7][8][9] Dr. Drew Pinsky, who moderated Celebrity Rehab With Dr. Drew, subsequently came under fire for the fact that at least two celebrities he had tried to help, television actor Jeff Conaway and country-and-western singer Mindy McCready, had subsequently died of complications of their respective dependencies.
Personal life[edit]
Kitaen dated RATT guitarist Robbin Crosby during and after high school. She followed the bands to L A in the late 70's to find a career of her own. Kitaen married Whitesnake lead singer David Coverdale in 1989. Nevertheless, she had an affair with O.J. Simpson during Simpson's marriage to Nicole Brown[10][11] and her marriage to Coverdale.[12] Coverdale and Kitaen divorced in 1991. Kitaen was married to baseball player Chuck Finley from 1997 to 2002. She has two daughters, Wynter Finley (b. 1993) and Raine Finley (b. 1998).
Legal troubles[edit]
In 2002, Kitaen was charged with domestic violence for an incident involving her then husband, professional baseball player Chuck Finley. She had kicked Finley in the face repeatedly with high heeled shoes. [13] Three days later, Finley filed for divorce.[13] After a plea bargain, Kitaen agreed to "enter a spousal battery counseling program and avoid contact with Finley."[13] The couple had been married for five years and had two daughters together, Wynter and Raine.[14]
In November 2006, prosecutors charged Kitaen with possessing 15 grams of cocaine in her San Juan Capistrano home in Orange County. The authorities said her two children were home at the time and Kitaen had given deputies permission for the search.[15] In December 2006, she entered a six-month rehabilitation program in exchange for the dismissal of a felony drug possession charge.[16][17][18]
On September 26, 2009, Kitaen was arrested for driving under the influence in Newport Beach, California.[19] The following July, she pleaded no contest to misdemeanor DWI and was sentenced to a couple days in jail, ordered to attend a first offender alcohol program and required to perform 64 hours of community service.[20]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1984 The Perils of Gwendoline in the Land of the Yik-Yak Gwendoline
1984 Bachelor Party Debbie Thompson
1986 Witchboard Linda Brewster
1986 Crystal Heart Alley Daniels
1986 Instant Justice Virginia
1987 Happy Hour Misty Roberts
1989 White Hot Vanessa
1993 Three of Hearts Woman in Bar
1996 Playback Sara Burgess
1997 Dead Tides Nola
2002 Happy Hour Short film
2009 Too Cool
2011 Here We Go Again Short film
2014 Naked After Midnight Rikki
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1976 To Tell the Truth Herself Game show
1983 Malibu Mahoney's girlfriend TV film
1985 California Girls Karen Malone TV film
1986-1987 Capitol Meredith Ross TV series
1987 Glory Years Melinda Murphy TV film
1989 Santa Barbara Lisa DiNapoli Appeared between February 28, 1989 and July 21, 1989[21][22]
1989 Booker Skylar Samperton Episode: "Someone Stole Lucille"
1991 They Came From Outer Space Monica Bates Episode: "Sex, Lies & UFOs: Part 2"
1991 Shades of L.A. Linda Makowski Episodes: "Line of Fire: Parts 1 & 2"
1991 Veronica Clare Episodes: "The Boxing Story", "Slow Violence"
1991 Seinfeld Isabel Episode: "The Nose Job"
1991-1993 New WKRP in Cincinnati, TheThe New WKRP in Cincinnati Mona Loveland Main role (19 episodes)
1992-1994 America's Funniest People Cohost (with Dave Coulier) Succeeded Arleen Sorkin
1992-1996 Eek! The Cat Annabelle (voice) Main role (39 episodes)
1994 Married... with Children Dominique Episode: "Shoeway to Heaven"
1994 Hercules and the Circle of Fire Deianeira TV film
1994 Hercules in the Underworld Deianeira TV film
1994 Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur Deianeira TV film
1995 Burke's Law Rhonda Dooley Episode: "Who Killed Cock-a-Doodle Dooley?"
1995 Hercules: The Legendary Journeys Deianeira Episodes: "The Wrong Path", "The Other Side"
1997 Hercules: The Legendary Journeys Deianeira Episode: "When a Man Loves a Woman"
2011 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Lydia Kole Episode: "Father of the Bride"
2012 Life@Large TV miniseries
References[edit]
Jump up ^ According to the State of California. California Birth Index, 1905-1995. Center for Health Statistics, California Department of Health Services, Sacramento, California. Searchable at http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/39461
Jump up ^ Time Waster. "Tawny Kitaen: Major League Hitter". The. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
Jump up ^ "Tawny Kitaen". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Seinfeld. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Celebrity Rehab 2 with Dr. Drew | Show Cast, Episodes, Guides, Trailers, Web Exclusives, Previews". VH1.com. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
Jump up ^ Caryn James (March 15, 1987). "LOVE TRIANGLE IN 'WITCHBOARD'". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ ""VH1 Heads Back to Rehab With Dr. Drew Pinsky for a Second Season of 'Celebrity Rehab With Dr. Drew.'" June 10, 2008.".
Jump up ^ TV Guide, June 23, 2008. Page 8.
Jump up ^ ""Celebs Check Into Rehab 2 With Dr. Drew"; vh1.com; June 10, 2008.".
Jump up ^ Sheila Weller (4 March 2016). Raging Heart: The Intimate Story of the Tragic Marriage of O.J. and Nicole Brown Simpson. Graymalkin Media. pp. 139–. ISBN 978-1-63168-066-3.
Jump up ^ Sheila Weller (1995). Raging Heart: The Intimate Story of the Tragic Marriage of O.J. and Nicole Brown Simpson. Pocket Books. pp. 198, 210. ISBN 978-0-671-52145-5.
Jump up ^ "Tawny Kitaen and O. J. Simpson". Who's Dated Who?. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Kitaen Files $12-Mil Lawsuit Against Ex". People Magazine. September 24, 2002.
Jump up ^ "Wife accepts Chuck Finley plea bargain". cbcsports. 2002-09-18.
Jump up ^ Faber, Judy (November 22, 2006). "Tawny Kitaen Faces Felony Drug Charges". CBS News Online. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
Jump up ^ "Tawny Kitaen enters drug rehab for cocaine - Celebrities - MSNBC.com".
Jump up ^ Vyas, Sunil; 'Bachelor Party' actress Tawny Kitaen in cocaine possession row earthtimes.org; November 23, 2006
Jump up ^ Reuters; Tawny Kitaen enters drug rehab for cocaine msnbc; December 18, 2006
Jump up ^ "Actress Tawny Kitaen arrested in Calif. for DUI". Associated Press. 2009-09-26.
Jump up ^ Coker, Matt (4 November 2010). "Tawny Kitaen Sells 2 Homes for $4.3 Million, Which is Less Than What She Paid for Them". Retrieved 11 August 2017.
Jump up ^ http://santabarbara-online.com/lisadin2.htm
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150223203744/http://capridge.com/lisa.htm
External links[edit]
Tawny Kitaen on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 39587037
LCCN: no2011149764
ISNI: 0000 0000 5924 6436
BNF: cb14193824p (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tawny_Kitaen&oldid=801761391"
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20th-century American actresses
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American film actresses
Jewish American actresses
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American voice actresses
Living people
People from San Juan Capistrano, California
Actresses from San Diego
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Casino Pier
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Casino Pier
Casino Pier as seen from the south prior to Hurricane Sandy
Slogan
"Rebuilding Family Memories"
Location
Seaside Heights, New Jersey, United States
Coordinates
39°56′33″N 74°04′09″W / 39.9426°N 74.0692°W / 39.9426; -74.0692Coordinates: 39°56′33″N 74°04′09″W / 39.9426°N 74.0692°W / 39.9426; -74.0692
Owner
Casino Pier
Opened
1932
Operating season
year-round
Rides
Total
25
Roller coasters
3
Website
www.casinopiernj.com
Casino Pier is an amusement park situated on a pier, in Seaside Heights, New Jersey, United States. Casino Pier was partially destroyed, and indefinitely closed, on October 29, 2012, after part of the pier collapsed into the Atlantic Ocean due to the storm surge generated by Hurricane Sandy.[1] Despite this, park management successfully rebuilt the pier's lower deck, and re-opened with limited rides in July 2013.[2] Before the storm, the pier extended approximately 300 feet (100 meters) into the Atlantic Ocean, from the narrow strip of the Barnegat Peninsula (approx. 6 blocks) in which Seaside Heights is situated. An expansion for the pier is set to open in 2017 which includes Hydrus (a Euro-Fighter roller coaster) and a Ferris wheel.
Contents
[hide]
1 Facilities
2 Attractions
2.1 Current attractions
2.2 Rides destroyed during Hurricane Sandy
2.3 Former rides removed before Hurricane Sandy
3 References
4 External links
Facilities[edit]
Casino Pier just after Hurricane Sandy
Casino Pier is an amusement facility center composed of numerous rides, games, and concession stands. Before Hurricane Sandy, there were 38 rides on the pier, ranging from family rides to roller coasters; other attractions include a rooftop miniature golf course, a chairlift that runs the length of the Seaside Height's boardwalk north of Casino Pier, a figure 8 Go-Kart track, and numerous concession stands which serve typical boardwalk fare (pizza, cheese steaks, sausage sandwiches, ice cream, funnel cake, and lemonade).
Located in the Casino Pier Arcade, between the boardwalk and Ocean Terrace is the historic antique carousel. This carousel first arrived in Seaside in 1928. The arcade also houses the Pier Grille, a restaurant. The arcade features numerous arcade games, including claw and pusher redemption games, many popular video games, as well as classic arcade offerings such as Skee-Ball, pinball, and video poker.
The pier itself also featured several games. Some are games of chance, such as spinning wheels, but more often, the games involved a rudimentary amount of skill, such as a ring toss, basketball shoot, and Ladder Climb.
Although most of Casino Pier's offerings have been on the pier itself, additional Casino Pier recreational and concessional areas are located on the boardwalk between Grant Avenue and Sherman Avenue. Casino Pier owns a water park across the street, Breakwater Beach, which was remodeled in 2003 from the original Water Works water park that once stood on the property. Breakwater Beach incorporates numerous water slides with a heavy focus on families. Breakwater Beach has undergone several phases of reconstruction, and several slides have been rebuilt.
Attractions[edit]
Current attractions[edit]
Kiddie rides
Boats – Classic boat-themed carousel
Car Combo – Classic car-and-truck-themed carousel
Dizzy Dragons – Dragon-themed tea-cups attraction
Hot Tamales – Mexican-themed kiddie roller coaster
Jump Around – Dune buggy themed carousel ride manufactured by Zamperla that randomly jumps and bounces as it rotates
Motorcycles – Classic motorcycle-themed carousel
Speedway – Children's version of the classic whip ride themed to NASCAR
Family rides
Bumper Cars – Classic bumper cars attraction featuring music and special-effect lighting
Disk'O – A circular platform ride with outward-facing seating that spins riders as the platform moves back and forth along a half-pipe track
Go-Karts – Single and double passenger go-kart vehicles that travel up to 14 mph (23 km/h)
Moby Dick – Horizontal platform ride that elevates and descends quickly as it rotates vertically
Musik Express – Caterpillar ride that features pop music, lighting, and sound effects
Pirates Hideaway – Pirate-themed junior roller coaster
Pirate's Island – Pirate-themed maze with ropes, bridges, and a slide
Sky Ride – Chairlift transport ride
Surf Shack – Surfer-themed funhouse obstacle course
Tilt-A-Whirl – Classic Tilt-A-Whirl platform ride
Wave Swinger – A tilting swing ride that swings riders in a circle as they elevate and descend
Ferris Wheel – A spinning ferris wheel opening in 2017
Thrill rides
Air Race – Airplane-themed attraction in which riders experience up to 3 G's during loops and dives that reach heights of 25 feet (7.6 m)
Hydrus – a Euro-Fighter Roller coaster manufacutured by Gerstlauer with a 97 degree drop
Shore Shot – Drop tower ride that shoots riders 125 feet (38 m) into the air at 45 mph (72 km/h) producing both positive and negative g-force
Skycoaster – Swing-style ride that drops riders from 109 feet (33 m) reaching speeds up to 80 mph (130 km/h)
Skyscraper – Windmill-type attraction that rapidly spins riders 170 feet (52 m) into the air at speeds up to 70 mph (110 km/h)
Super Storm – Pendulum type of ride that makes a 360-degree revolution
Rides destroyed during Hurricane Sandy[edit]
The Star Jet Roller Coaster from Casino Pier a week before demolition, Seaside Heights, New Jersey
Star Jet – fell into the Atlantic Ocean during Hurricane Sandy in 2012 and was demolished in May 2013[3]
Wild Mouse
Log Flume
Lady Bugs
Kite Flyer
Samba Balloons
Kid Swing Ride
Pharaoh's Fury
Tornado
Safari Train
Funhouse
Centrifuge
Stillwalk Manor
Rock Wall
Rock N' Roll
Enterprise
Musik Express – the original one got destroyed, and Casino Pier added a brand new one after the storm
Tilt a Whirl – the original one got destroyed, and Casino Pier added a brand new one after the storm
Former rides removed before Hurricane Sandy[edit]
Jet Star (roller coaster operated from 1970 to 2000)
Citations:[4][5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sandy damages Casino Pier in Seaside". APP.com. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Seaside Heights' Casino Pier announces more new rides ahead of opening weekend". NJ.com. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Demolition to begin on NJ coaster wrecked by Sandy". Associated Press. May 14, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.themeparkreview.com/parks/pimages/Casino_Pier/2010_Park_Map/IMG_0002.jpg
Jump up ^ https://casinopiernj.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/CP-Map-2017-1024x712.jpg
External links[edit]
Casino Pier official website
Casino Pier Photo Gallery
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casino_Pier&oldid=816501240"
Categories:
Amusement parks in New Jersey
Buildings and structures in Ocean County, New Jersey
Piers in New Jersey
1932 establishments in New Jersey
Tourist attractions in Ocean County, New Jersey
Rebuilt buildings and structures in the United States
Seaside Heights, New Jersey
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