text:
Strait of Gibraltar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Gibraltar.
The Strait of Gibraltar as seen from space.
(North is to the left: The Iberian Peninsula is on the left and North Africa on the right).
The Strait of Gibraltar (Arabic: مضيق جبل طارق, Spanish: Estrecho de Gibraltar) is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar and Peninsular Spain in Europe from Morocco and Ceuta (Spain) in Africa. The name comes from the Rock of Gibraltar, which in turn originates from the Arabic Jebel Tariq (meaning "Tariq's mountain"[1]) named after Tariq ibn Ziyad. It is also known as the Straits of Gibraltar, the Gut of Gibraltar (although this is mostly archaic),[2] the STROG (Strait Of Gibraltar) in naval use,[3] and Bab Al Maghrib (Arabic: باب المغرب), "Gate of the West". In the Middle Ages, Muslims called it Al-Zuqaq, "The Passage", the Romans called it Fretum Gatitanum (Strait of Cadiz),[4] and in the ancient world it was known as the "Pillars of Hercules" (Ancient Greek: αἱ Ἡράκλειοι στῆλαι).[5]
Europe and Africa are separated by 7.7 nautical miles (14.3 km; 8.9 mi) of ocean at the strait's narrowest point. The Strait's depth ranges between 300 and 900 metres (160 and 490 fathoms; 980 and 2,950 ft)[6] which possibly interacted with the lower mean sea level of the last major glaciation 20,000 years ago[7] when the level of the sea is believed to have been lower by 110–120 m (60–66 fathoms; 360–390 ft).[8] Ferries cross between the two continents every day in as little as 35 minutes. The Spanish side of the Strait is protected under El Estrecho Natural Park.
Contents
[hide]
1 Location
1.1 Extent
2 Geology
3 Important Bird Area
4 History
5 Communications
5.1 Tunnel across the strait
6 Special flow and wave patterns
6.1 Inflow and outflow
6.2 Internal waves
7 Territorial waters
8 Power generation
9 In popular culture
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Location[edit]
Europe (left) and Africa (right)
On the northern side of the Strait are Spain and Gibraltar (a British overseas territory in the Iberian Peninsula), while on the southern side are Morocco and Ceuta (a Spanish exclave in Morocco). Its boundaries were known in antiquity as the Pillars of Hercules. There are several islets, such as the disputed Isla Perejil, that are claimed by both Morocco and Spain.[9]
Due to its location, the Strait is commonly used for illegal immigration from Africa to Europe.[10]
Extent[edit]
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Strait of Gibraltar as follows:[11]
On the West. A line joining Cape Trafalgar to Cape Spartel.
On the East. A line joining Europa Point to P. Almina (35°54′N 5°18′W / 35.900°N 5.300°W / 35.900; -5.300).
Geology[edit]
A view across the Strait of Gibraltar taken from the hills above Tarifa, Spain
The seabed of the Strait is composed of synorogenic Betic-Rif clayey flysch covered by Pliocene and/or Quaternary calcareous sediments, sourced from thriving cold water coral communities.[12] Exposed bedrock surfaces, coarse sediments and local sand dunes attest to the strong bottom current conditions at the present time.
Around 5.9 million years ago,[13] the connection between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean along the Betic and Rifan Corridor was progressively restricted until its total closure, effectively causing the salinity of the Mediterranean to rise periodically within the gypsum and salt deposition range, during what is known as the Messinian salinity crisis. In this water chemistry environment, dissolved mineral concentrations, temperature and stilled water currents combined and occurred regularly to precipitate many mineral salts in layers on the seabed. The resultant accumulation of various huge salt and mineral deposits about the Mediterranean basin are directly linked to this era. It is believed that this process took a short time, by geological standards, lasting between 500,000 and 600,000 years.
It is estimated that, were the straits closed even at today's higher sea level, most water in the Mediterranean basin would evaporate within only a thousand years, as it is believed to have done then,[13] and such an event would lay down mineral deposits like the salt deposits now found under the sea floor all over the Mediterranean.
After a lengthy period of restricted intermittent or no water exchange between the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean basin, approximately 5.33 million years ago,[14] the Atlantic-Mediterranean connection was completely reestablished through the Strait of Gibraltar by the Zanclean flood, and has remained open ever since.[15] The erosion produced by the incoming waters seems to be the main cause for the present depth of the strait (900 m at the narrows, 280 m at the Camarinal Sill). The strait is expected to close again as the African Plate moves northward relative to the Eurasian Plate,[citation needed] but on geological rather than human timescales.
Important Bird Area[edit]
The Strait has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because hundreds of thousands of seabirds use it every year to pass between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, including large numbers of Cory's and Balearic shearwaters, Audouin's, yellow-legged and lesser black-backed gulls, razorbills and Atlantic puffins.[16]
History[edit]
Historic map of the Strait of Gibraltar by Piri Reis
For full articles on the history of the north Gibraltar shore, see History of Gibraltar or History of Spain. For the full article on the history of the south Gibraltar shore, see History of Morocco.
Evidence of the first human habitation of the area by Neanderthals dates back to 125,000 years ago. It is believed that the Rock of Gibraltar may have been one of the last outposts of Neanderthal habitation in the world, with evidence of their presence there dating to as recently as 24,000 years ago.[17] Archaeological evidence of Homo sapiens habitation of the area dates back c. 40,000 years.
The relatively short distance between the two shores has served as a quick crossing point for various groups and civilizations throughout history, including Carthaginians campaigning against Rome, Romans travelling between the provinces of Hispania and Mauritania, Vandals raiding south from Germania through Western Rome and into North Africa in the 5th century, Moors and Berbers in the 8th–11th centuries, and Spain and Portugal in the 16th century.
Beginning in 1492, the straits began to play a certain cultural role in acting as a barrier against cross-strait conquest and the flow of culture and language that would naturally follow such a conquest. In that year, the last Muslim government north of the straits was overthrown by a Spanish force. Since that time, the straits have come to foster the development of two very distinct and varied cultures on either side of the straits after sharing much the same culture and greater degrees of tolerance for over 300+ years from the 8th century to the early 13th century.[citation needed]
On the northern side, Christian-European culture has remained dominant since the expulsion of the last Muslim kingdom in 1492, along with the Romance Spanish language, while on the southern side, Muslim-Arabic/Mediterranean has been dominant since the spread of Islam into North Africa in the 700s, along with the Arabic language. For the last 500 years, religious and cultural intolerance, more than the small travel barrier that the straits present, has come to act as a powerful enforcing agent of the cultural separation that exists between these two groups.[citation needed]
The small British enclave of the city of Gibraltar presents a third cultural group found in the straits. This enclave was first established in 1704 and has since been used by Britain to act as a surety for control of the sea lanes into and out of the Mediterranean.
Following the Spanish coup of July 1936 the Spanish Republican Navy tried to blockade the Strait of Gibraltar to hamper the transport of Army of Africa troops from Spanish Morocco to Peninsular Spain. On 5 August 1936 the so-called Convoy de la victoria was able to bring at least 2,500 men across the strait, breaking the republican blockade.[18]
Communications[edit]
3-d rendering, looking eastwards towards the Mediterranean.
The Strait is an important shipping route from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. There are ferries that operate between Spain and Morocco across the strait, as well as between Spain and Ceuta and Gibraltar to Tangier.
Tunnel across the strait[edit]
Main article: Strait of Gibraltar crossing
In December 2003, Spain and Morocco agreed to explore the construction of an undersea rail tunnel to connect their rail systems across the Strait. The gauge of the rail would be 1,435 mm (4 ft 8.5 in) to match the proposed construction and conversion of significant parts of the existing broad gauge system to standard gauge.[19] While the project remains in a planning phase, Spanish and Moroccan officials have met to discuss it as recently as 2012,[20] and proposals predict it could be completed by 2025.
Special flow and wave patterns[edit]
The Strait of Gibraltar links the Atlantic Ocean directly to the Mediterranean Sea. This direct linkage creates certain unique flow and wave patterns. These unique patterns are created due to the interaction of various regional and global evaporative forces, tidal forces, and wind forces.
Inflow and outflow[edit]
Internal waves (marked with arrows) caused by the Strait of Gibraltar. (Mediterranean Sea in upper right.)
Through the strait, water generally flows more or less continually in both an eastward and a westward direction. A smaller amount of deeper saltier and therefore denser waters continually work their way westwards (the Mediterranean outflow), while a larger amount of surface waters with lower salinity and density continually work their way eastwards (the Mediterranean inflow). These general flow tendencies may be occasionally interrupted for brief periods to accommodate temporary tidal flow requirements, depending on various lunar and solar alignments. Still, on the whole and over time, the balance of the water flow is eastwards, due to an evaporation rate within the Mediterranean basin higher than the combined inflow of all the rivers that empty into it.[citation needed] The shallow Camarinal Sill of the Strait of Gibraltar, which forms the shallowest point within the strait, acts to limit mixing between the cold, less saline Atlantic water and the warm Mediterranean waters. The Camarinal Sill is located at the far western end of the strait.
The Mediterranean waters are so much saltier than the Atlantic waters that they sink below the constantly incoming water and form a highly saline (thermohaline, both warm and salty) layer of bottom water. This layer of bottom-water constantly works its way out into the Atlantic as the Mediterranean outflow. On the Atlantic side of the strait, a density boundary separates the Mediterranean outflow waters from the rest at about 100 m (330 ft) depth. These waters flow out and down the continental slope, losing salinity, until they begin to mix and equilibrate more rapidly, much further out at a depth of about 1,000 m (3,300 ft). The Mediterranean outflow water layer can be traced for thousands of kilometres west of the strait, before completely losing its identity.
Simplifed and stylized diagram of currents at the Carmarinal Sill
During the Second World War, German U-boats used the currents to pass into the Mediterranean Sea without detection, by maintaining silence with engines off.[21] From September 1941 to May 1944 Germany managed to send 62 U-boats into the Mediterranean. All these boats had to navigate the British-controlled Strait of Gibraltar where nine U-boats were sunk while attempting passage and 10 more had to break off their run due to damage. No U-boats ever made it back into the Atlantic and all were either sunk in battle or scuttled by their own crews.[22]
Internal waves[edit]
Internal waves (waves at the density boundary layer) are often produced by the strait. Like traffic merging on a highway, the water flow is constricted in both directions because it must pass over the Camarinal Sill. When large tidal flows enter the Strait and the high tide relaxes, internal waves are generated at the Camarinal Sill and proceed eastwards. Even though the waves may occur down to great depths, occasionally the waves are almost imperceptible at the surface, at other times they can be seen clearly in satellite imagery. These internal waves continue to flow eastward and to refract around coastal features. They can sometimes be traced for as much as 100 km (62 mi), and sometimes create interference patterns with refracted waves.[23]
Territorial waters[edit]
The Strait lies mostly within the territorial waters of Spain and Morocco, except for at the far eastern end. The United Kingdom (through Gibraltar) claims 3 nautical miles around Gibraltar putting part of the Strait inside British territorial waters, and the smaller-than-maximal claim also means that part of the Strait therefore lies in international waters according to the British claim. However, the ownership of Gibraltar and its territorial waters is disputed by Spain, meanwhile Morocco dispute the far extern end (of Ceuta).
Power generation[edit]
Some studies have proposed the possibility of erecting tidal power generating stations within the strait, to be powered from the predictable current at the strait.
In the 1920s and 1930s, the Atlantropa project proposed damming the strait to generate large amounts of electricity and lower the sea level of the Mediterranean by several hundreds of meters to create large new lands for settlement.[24] This proposal would however have devastating effects on the local climate and ecology and would dramatically change the strength of the West African Monsoon.
In popular culture[edit]
Randall Munroe's Time, the 1190th comic on xkcd, is a story about a group of people living in the Mediterranean in 13000 CE, after the Strait of Gibraltar has closed. The people must find a new home because the straits are opening up again in a repeat of the Zanclean flood.
See also[edit]
Atlantropa
List of straits
Mediterranean Basin
Rock of Gibraltar
Vendavel, Westerly wind
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Gibraltar". 1911encyclopedia.org. 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
Jump up ^ Google Books Ngram Viewer results "Strait of Gibraltar/Gut of Gibraltar"
Jump up ^ See, for instance, Nato Medals: Medal for Active Endeavor, awarded for activity in the international water of the Mediterranean and STROG.
Jump up ^ Pamphlet of the Museum of the Castle of Guzman el Bueno, [El Ayuntamiento de Tarifa] accessed 16 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Strabo Geographia 3.5.5.
Jump up ^ See Robinson, Allan Richard and Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli, Ocean Processes in Climate Dynamics: Global and Mediterranean Examples. Springer, 1994, p. 307, ISBN 0-7923-2624-5.
Jump up ^ Würm glaciation
Jump up ^ Cosquer cave
Jump up ^ Tremlett, Giles, "Moroccans seize Parsley Island and leave a bitter taste in Spanish mouths", in The Guardian, July 13, 2002.
Jump up ^ "Migration Information Source - The Merits and Limitations of Spain's High-Tech Border Control". Migrationinformation.org. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
Jump up ^ De Mol, B., et al. 2012. Ch. 45: Cold-Water Coral Distribution in an Erosional Environment: The Strait of Gibraltar Gateway, in: Harris, P.T., Baker, E.K. (Eds.), Seafloor geomorphology as benthic habitat: GeoHAB Atlas of seafloor geomorphic features and benthic habitats. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 636-643
^ Jump up to: a b Messinian salinity crisis#Evidence
Jump up ^ At the Miocene/Pliocene boundary, c. 5.33 million years before the present
Jump up ^ Cloud, P., Oasis in space. Earth history from the beginning, New York: W.W. Norton & Co. Inc., p. 440. ISBN 0-393-01952-7
Jump up ^ BirdLife International (2012). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Strait of Gibraltar. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 2012-02-20.
Jump up ^ "Last of the Neanderthals". National Geographic. October 2008. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
Jump up ^ Antony Beevor (2006) [1982]. The Battle for Spain. Orion. ISBN 978-0-7538-2165-7.
Jump up ^ "Europe-Africa rail tunnel agreed". BBC News.
Jump up ^ Tunnel to Connect Morocco with Europe, February 17, 2012
Jump up ^ Paterson, Lawrence. U-Boats in the Mediterranean 1941-1944. Chatham Publishing, 2007, pp. 19 and 182. ISBN 9781861762900
Jump up ^ "U-boat war in the Mediterranean". uboat.net. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
Jump up ^ Wesson, J. C.; Gregg, M. C. (1994). "Mixing at Camarinal Sill in the Strait of Gibraltar". Journal of Geophysical Research. 99 (C5): 9847–9878. Bibcode:1994JGR....99.9847W. doi:10.1029/94JC00256.
Jump up ^ "Atlantropa: A plan to dam the Mediterranean Sea". Xefer blog. March 16, 2005. Retrieved on 13 August 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Strait of Gibraltar.
Climate Control Requires a Dam at the Strait of Gibraltar — American Geophysical Union, 1997. Accessed 26 February 2006. Gone 12 February 2010. Dam design at http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/eosrjohnsonf3.gif Building the dam and letting the Mediterranean Sea completely evaporate would raise Sea Level 15 meters over 1,000 years. Evaporating the first 100 meters or so would raise Sea Level 1 meter in about 100 years.
Project for a Europe-Africa permanent link through the Strait of Gibraltar — United Nations Economic and Social Council, 2001. Accessed 26 February 2006.
Estudios Geográficos del Estrecho de Gibraltar — La Universidad de Tetuán and La Universidad de Sevilla. Accessed 26 February 2006. (in Spanish)
"Solitons, Strait of Gibraltar". NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved 2006-05-24.
"Internal Waves, Strait of Gibraltar". NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved 2006-05-24.
[show]
v
t
e
Gibraltar topics
[show]
History
Neanderthals of Gibraltar
Timeline (sieges)
Pillars of Hercules
First Siege of Gibraltar
Battle of Gibraltar
Capture of Gibraltar
George Rooke
Treaty of Utrecht
Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar
Great Siege
George Augustus Eliott
Gibraltar real (currency)
World War II
Nationality
Genoese in Gibraltar
Maltese in Gibraltar
Explosion of the RFA Bedenham
Operation Flavius (Death on the Rock)
Aurora incident
New Flame incident
Fedra incident
[show]
Geography
General
Climate
Geology
Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault
Gibraltar Arc
Environment
Birds
Mammals
Barbary macaques
Reptiles and amphibians
Candytuft (Iberis gibraltarica)
Botanic Gardens
Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS)
Wildlife Park
Places
Natural
Bay of Gibraltar
Catalan Bay
Eastern Beach
Gorham's Cave
Rock of Gibraltar
St. Michael's Cave
Sandy Bay
Strait of Gibraltar
Vanguard Cave
Windmill Hill
Built
Bristol Hotel
City Hall
The Convent
Garrison Library
King George V Hospital
Moorish Castle
The Rock Hotel
St. Bernard's Hospital
[show]
Politics
General
Constitution Order
1969
2006
Law
Court system
LGBT rights
Passport
Political development in modern Gibraltar
People
Chief Minister
Governor
Mayor
Politics
Black Swan Project controversy
Disputed status
isthmus
Elections
2007
2011
2015
Parliament
Speaker
Political parties
Sovereignty referendums
1967
2002
EU Referendum
European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)
Military
British Forces Gibraltar
Gibraltar Defence Police
Gibraltar Squadron
Napier of Magdala Battery
RAF Gibraltar
Royal Gibraltar Police
Royal Gibraltar Regiment
[show]
Economy
General
Banks
Gibraltar pound
coins
Stock Exchange
Taxation
Tourism
Communications
.gi (Internet domain)
Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation
Gibraltar Chronicle
Gibtelecom
Panorama
Regulatory Authority
Royal Gibraltar Post Office
Postage stamps and history
Postal Orders
Study Circle
Telephone numbers
Transport
Airport
Cable car
Gibraltar–Spain border
Shipping in Gibraltar
Vehicle registration plates
[show]
Culture
General
Cuisine
Education
University of Gibraltar
Miss Gibraltar
Music
Llévame Donde Nací
National Day
Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar
Demographics
Gibraltarians
list
in the UK
Gibraltarian status
Languages
English
Llanito
Religion
Christianity
Anglicanism
Diocese in Europe
Bishop diocesan
Bishop suffragan
Cathedral of the Holy Trinity
St. Andrew's Church (Church of Scotland)
Methodism
Roman Catholicism
Diocese
Bishop
Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned
Our Lady of Europe
Shrine of Our Lady of Europe
Trafalgar Cemetery
Other faiths
Hinduism
Islam
Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque
Judaism
Great Synagogue
Sport
By sport
Basketball
Cricket
national team
Cycling
Football
Football Association
national team
Petanque
Rugby union
Campo Gibraltar RUFC
Commonwealth Games
Island Games
Records in athletics
Victoria Stadium
Symbols
Anthem
Coat of arms
Official flag
other flags
Category
Commons
Portal
WikiProject
[show]
v
t
e
African seas
Oceans
and seas
Alboran Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Levantine Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Red Sea
Southern Ocean
Gulfs
and bays
Abu Qir Bay
Acheïl Dakhlet
Al Hoceima Bay
Algiers Bay
Algoa Bay
Ambas Bay
Ana Chaves Bay
Angra de Cintra
Antongil Bay
Antsiranana Bay
Arab's Gulf
Baía Almeida
Baía da Condúcia
Baía da Corimba
Baía de Mocambo
Baía de Mossuril
Baía de Namibe
Baia de Porto Amboim
Baía de Santa Marta
Baía de Sucujaque
Baía de Tombua
Baía do Ambriz
Baía do Bengo
Baía do Dande
Baía do Govuro
Baía do Lúrio
Baía do Nzeto
Baía do Suto
Baia dos Tigres
Baie de Gorée
Baie de Sangareya
Baie de Yof
Bandombaai
Bay of Anfile
Bay of Arguin
Bay of Aseb
Bay of Arzew
Bight of Benin
Bay of Beylul
Bay of Edd
Bay of Hawakil
Bay of Langarano
Bay of Saint-Augustin
Bay of Tangier
Benguela Bay
Bera’esoli
Betty’s Bay
Bight of Biafra
Bocock’s Bay
Bombetoka Bay
Bootbaai
Bosluisbaai
Cape Cross Bay
Cape Negro Bay
Chake-Chake Bay
Chameis Bay
Chwaka Bay
Conception Bay
Cuio Bay
Dakhlet Nouadhibou
Dalwakteah Bay
Deurloopbaai
Doringbaai
Dungonab Bay
Durissa Bay
Elands Bay
Enseada das Pombas
Enseada de São Braz
Enseada do Catumbo
Enseada do Chalungo
Enseada do Quicombo
Enseada do Quitungo
Enseada dos Três Irmãos
Equimina Bay
False Bay
Farta Bay
Fernao Veloso Bay
Foul Bay
Frederik se Baai
Grosse Bucht
Gulf of Aden
Gulf of 'Agig
Gulf of Gabès
Gulf of Guinea
Gulf of Hammamet
Gulf of Sirte
Gulf of Suez
Gulf of Tadjoura
Gulf of Tunis
Gulf of Zula
Hafun Bay South
Hann Bay
Harrison Cove
Henties Bay
Hirghīgo Bahir Selat’ē
Horingbaai
Hottentotsbaai
Hurdiyo
Hydra Bay
Inhambane Bay
Jammer Bucht
John Owen Bay
Kalawy Bay
Kiwaiyu Bay
Lambert Bay
Lamu Bay
Langbaai
Loango Bay
Lobito Bay
Luanda Bay
Lüderitz Bay
McDougall Bay
Manza Bay
Maputo Bay
Markusbaai
Memba Bay
Menai Bay
Meob Bay
Mietjie Frans se Baai
Moraha Bahir Selat’ē
Mossel Bay
Möwebaai
Noopbaai
Oran Gulf
Pemba Bay
Pipas Bay
Platbaai
Plaatjieskraalbaai
Plettenbergbaai
Pointe-Noire Bay
Port Alexander, Angola
Prinzen Bucht
Río de Oro Bay
Rock Bay
Roode Bay
Rooiwalbaai
Saint Francis Bay
Saint Francis Bay (Eastern Cape)
St Helena Bay
Saint Sebastian Bay
Saldanha Bay
Sandwich Harbour
Sierra Bay
Skoonbergbaai
Skurfbaai
Slangbaai
Sodwana Bay
Sofala Bay
Somnaasbaai
Spencer Bay
Struisbaai
Spoegrivierbaai
Swartstraat
Table Bay
Thysbaai
Tietiesbaai
Ungama Bay
Walker Bay
Walvis Bay (bay)
Yawri Bay
Straits
Bab-el-Mandeb
Bab Iskender
Canal de Bolama
Canal de Bolola
Canal de Caió
Canal de São Vicente
Canal do Meio
Mafia Channel
Massawa Channel
Mozambique Channel
Pemba Channel
Shubuk Channel
Strait of Gibraltar
Strait of Sicily
Straits of Tiran
Zanzibar Channel
Historical
seas
Aethiopian Sea
Erythraean Sea
Sea of Zanj
Coordinates: 35°58′18″N 5°29′09″W / 35.97167°N 5.48583°W / 35.97167; -5.48583
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strait_of_Gibraltar&oldid=799422823"
Categories:
Strait of Gibraltar
Straits of Africa
Straits of Europe
Straits of the Mediterranean Sea
International straits
Bodies of water of Gibraltar
Bodies of water of Morocco
Bodies of water of Spain
Important Bird Areas of Gibraltar
Gibraltar–Spain border
Morocco–Spain border
Hidden categories:
Articles containing Arabic-language text
Articles containing Spanish-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008
Articles with Spanish-language external links
Coordinates on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Acèh
Afrikaans
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
Avañe'ẽ
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Dolnoserbski
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Estremeñu
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gàidhlig
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Ирон
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Къарачай-малкъар
ქართული
Kiswahili
Kurdî
لۊری شومالی
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
მარგალური
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Нохчийн
Nordfriisk
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Vèneto
Tiếng Việt
Walon
Winaray
吴语
ייִדיש
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 September 2017, at 16:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: href class

attrs: class style

value: b

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

value: span

attrs: lang dir xml:lang

values: ar rtl ar

value: i

attrs: lang xml:lang

values:
/wiki/Isla_Perejil
mw-redirect
Isla Perejil

values:
/wiki/Cape_Spartel
mw-redirect
Cape Spartel

values:
/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_de_Almina
mw-redirect
Península de Almina

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
/wiki/Mediterranean_basin
mw-redirect
Mediterranean basin

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)

values:
/wiki/Spanish_Morocco
mw-redirect
Spanish Morocco

values:
/wiki/Shipping_route
mw-redirect
Shipping route

values: Edit section: Special flow and wave patterns

values: Mediterranean outflow (page does not exist)

values: Mediterranean inflow (page does not exist)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)

values:
/wiki/Cosquer_cave
mw-redirect
Cosquer cave

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.birdlife.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://uboat.net/ops/mediterranean.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1029%2F94JC00256

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Neanderthals_of_Gibraltar
mw-redirect
Neanderthals of Gibraltar

values: George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield

values: Military history of Gibraltar during World War II

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_Gibraltar
mw-redirect
Geography of Gibraltar

values: List of amphibians and reptiles of Gibraltar

values: Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society

values: Category:Buildings and structures in Gibraltar

values: Political development in modern Gibraltar

values: Disputed status of the isthmus between Gibraltar and Spain

values: United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016

values:
/wiki/Military_of_Gibraltar
mw-redirect
Military of Gibraltar

values:
/wiki/Coins_of_the_Gibraltar_pound
mw-redirect
Coins of the Gibraltar pound

values: Postage stamps and postal history of Gibraltar

values: Vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar

values:
/wiki/Religion_in_Gibraltar
mw-redirect
Religion in Gibraltar

values: Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Gibraltar

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Gibraltar
mw-redirect
Roman Catholicism in Gibraltar

values:
/wiki/Gibraltarian_records_in_athletics
mw-redirect
Gibraltarian records in athletics

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Baia de Porto Amboim (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Baie_de_Yof
mw-redirect
Baie de Yof

values: Enseada das Pombas (page does not exist)

values: Enseada de São Braz (page does not exist)

values: Enseada do Catumbo (page does not exist)

values: Enseada do Chalungo (page does not exist)

values: Enseada do Quicombo (page does not exist)

values: Enseada do Quitungo (page does not exist)

values: Enseada dos Três Irmãos (page does not exist)

values: Hirghīgo Bahir Selat’ē (page does not exist)

values: Mietjie Frans se Baai (page does not exist)

values: Moraha Bahir Selat’ē (page does not exist)

values: Plaatjieskraalbaai (page does not exist)

values: Saint Francis Bay (Eastern Cape) (page does not exist)

values: Saint Sebastian Bay (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Straits of the Mediterranean Sea

values: Category:Important Bird Areas of Gibraltar

values: Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008

values: Category:Articles with Spanish-language external links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: مضيق جبل طارق – Arabic

values: জিব্রাল্টার প্রণালী – Bangla

values: Гибралтар боғаҙы – Bashkir

values: Гібралтарскі праліў – Belarusian

values: Гібральтарскі праліў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Гибралтарски проток – Bulgarian

values: Στενό του Γιβραλτάρ – Greek

values: تنگه جبل‌طارق – Persian

values: Strjitte fan Gibraltar – Western Frisian

values: 지브롤터 해협 – Korean

values: Ջիբրալթարի նեղուց – Armenian

values: जिब्राल्टर जलसन्धि – Hindi

values: Гибралтары донкъубал – Ossetic

values: מצר גיברלטר – Hebrew

values: Гибралтар ачыкъ богъаз – Karachay-Balkar

values: გიბრალტარის სრუტე – Georgian

values: Гибралтарски Проток – Macedonian

values: ജിബ്രാൾട്ടർ കടലിടുക്ക് – Malayalam

values: जिब्राल्टरची सामुद्रधुनी – Marathi

values: გიბრალტარიშ საროტი – Mingrelian

values: Гибралтарын хоолой – Mongolian

values: ဂျီဘရော်လ်တာ ရေလက်ကြား – Burmese

values: जिब्राल्टर जलसन्धि – Newari

values: ジブラルタル海峡 – Japanese

values: Гибралтаран хидоькъе – Chechen

values: Struat faan Gibraltaar – Northern Frisian

values: ਜਿਬਰਾਲਟਰ ਪਣਜੋੜ – Punjabi

values: پانی گلی جبرالٹر – Western Punjabi

values: Гибралтарский пролив – Russian

values: Гибралтарски мореуз – Serbian

values: ஜிப்ரால்ட்டர் நீரிணை – Tamil

values: Гибралтар бугазы – Tatar

values: ช่องแคบยิบรอลตาร์ – Thai

values: Гібралтарська протока – Ukrainian

values: آبنائے جبل الطارق – Urdu

values: דורכגאס פון גיבראלטאר – Yiddish

values: 直布羅陀海峽 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Strait_of_Gibraltar rootpage-Strait_of_Gibraltar skin-vector action-view


text:
Banana split
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the ice cream dessert. For the US TV series, see The Banana Splits. For the Philippine TV series, see Banana Sundae. For the campfire dessert, see Banana boat (food).
Banana split
A traditional banana split as served at Cabot's Ice Cream and Restaurant in Newtonville, Massachusetts
Course
Dessert
Place of origin
United States
Region or state
Latrobe, Pennsylvania
Serving temperature
Cold
Main ingredients
Vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry ice cream
Bananas
Pineapple topping
Strawberry topping
Chocolate syrup
Nuts
Whipped cream
Maraschino cherries
Variations
Multiple
A banana split is an ice cream-based dessert. In its traditional form it is served in a long dish called a boat. A banana is cut in half lengthwise (hence the name) and laid in the dish. There are many variations, but the classic banana split is made with three scoops of ice cream (one each of vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry.[1][2]) served between the split banana. A sauce or sauces (chocolate, strawberry, and pineapple are traditional) are drizzled onto the ice cream, then crushed nuts (generally peanuts or walnuts[3]) and whipped cream, then topped with a maraschino cherry.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Banana split pie
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
David Evans Strickler, a 23-year-old apprentice pharmacist at Tassel Pharmacy, located at 805 Ligonier Street in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, who enjoyed inventing sundaes at the store's soda fountain, invented the banana-based triple ice cream sundae in 1904.[4] The sundae originally cost 10 cents, twice the price of other sundaes, and caught on with students of nearby Saint Vincent College. News of a new variety of sundae quickly spread by word-of-mouth and through correspondence and soon progressed far beyond Latrobe.[5] A popular recipe published in 1907 called for a lengthwise split banana, two scoops of ice cream at each end and a spoon of whipped cream in between with maraschino cherry on a top, with one end covered with chopped mixed nuts and another with chopped mixed fruits.[6]
Strickler went on to buy the pharmacy, naming it Strickler's Pharmacy, while keeping his office on a top floor.[7]
The city of Latrobe celebrated the 100th anniversary of the invention of the banana split in 2004 and, in the same year, the National Ice Cream Retailers Association (NICRA) certified the city as its birthplace.[5] It is the place of an annual Great American Banana Split Celebration and a keeper of the original soda fountain where the first now famous throughout the world confection was made.[8]
The Great American Banana Split Celebration is held throughout the downtown Latrobe area in late August with food, fun and events for kids and adults to enjoy. In November 2014 the Latrobe Community Revitalization Program, after managing the event for 2 years, handed over the organization of the event to the Greater Latrobe-Laurel Valley Community Chamber of Commerce.[9]
As served at the Hilton Chicago (2007)
Wilmington, Ohio also claims an early connection. In 1907, restaurant owner Ernest Hazard wanted to attract students from Wilmington College during the slow days of winter. He staged an employee contest to come up with a new ice cream dish. When none of his workers were up to the task, he split a banana lengthwise, threw it into an elongated dish and created his own dessert. The town commemorates the event each June with its own Banana Split Festival.[10]
Walgreens is credited with spreading the popularity of the banana split. The early drug stores operated by Charles Rudolph Walgreen in the Chicago area adopted the banana split as a signature dessert. Fountains in the stores proved to be a draw, attracting customers who might otherwise have been just as satisfied having their prescriptions filled at some other drug store in the neighborhood.[4]
Banana split pie[edit]
The banana split pie was created by Janet Winquest, a 16-year-old resident of Holdrege, Nebraska. In 1952, she won a $3,000 prize in Pillsbury's Grand National Recipe and Baking Contest for the recipe.[11][12]
See also[edit]
Food portal
List of banana dishes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Baggett, Nancy (June 6, 2007). "Late, But Great, Banana Split Centenary".
Jump up ^ "Traditional Banana Split Recipe". Food.com. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "All-American Banana Split Recipe". Taste of Home. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Turback, Michael (March 2004). The Banana Split Book. Camino Books. ISBN 094015983X
^ Jump up to: a b Steele, Bruce (August 25, 2004). "With a Cherry on Top-Pitt fetes alums creation of banana split". University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved on September 3, 2007.
Jump up ^ Merck's Report: A Practical Journal of Pharmacy as a Profession and a Business. Ed. by Theodore Weicker. Volume 16, June 1907, p. 164.
Jump up ^ Smith, Rachel (June 22, 2006). "Latrobe's banana split a sweet 'Taste of America'". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved on September 3, 2007.
Jump up ^ Federoff, Stacey (August 20, 2013). "Latrobe to go bananas over split". TribLive. Trib Total Media. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
Jump up ^ GLLV (November 25, 2014). "GLLV Chamber to take the reins on Great American Banana Split Celebration". GLLV. Greater Latrobe-Laurel Valley Chamber of Commerce.
Jump up ^ Hunter, David (Oct 1, 2003). Shifra Stein's Day Trips from Cincinnati: Getaways Less Than Two Hours Away. Globe Pequot. p. 134. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
Jump up ^ The National Rural Letter Carrier; National Rural Letter Carriers' Association, 1952; Volume 51, p.257.
Jump up ^ Farm Journal; Farm Journal Incorporated, 1953; Volume 77, Issue 11, p.138.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Banana splits.
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Banana Split II
History of individual ingredients in banana split
[show]
v
t
e
Bananas and plantains
Culinary usage
Banana beer
Banana bread
Banana cake
Banana chips
Banana cue
Banana custard
Banana flour
Bananas Foster
Banana fritter
Banana ketchup
Banana leaf
Banana powder
Banana pudding
Banana split
Banana wine
Banania
Bánh chuối
Frozen banana
Ginanggang
Maruya
Matoke
Pisang goreng
Tonto
Turón
Related topics
Banana equivalent dose
Banana paper
Banana peel
Banana plantation
Bananadine
BanLec
Cooking banana
List of banana and plantain diseases
List of banana cultivars
List of banana dishes
Category
Production
[show]
v
t
e
Banana cultivars
[show]
Musa acuminata, M. balbisiana, and their hybrid M. × paradisiaca
AA
Lacatan
Lady Finger
Señorita
AAA
Cavendish
Dwarf Cavendish
Grand Nain
Masak Hijau
East African Highland bananas
Other
Gros Michel
Red Dacca
AAB
Iholena
Maoli-Popo'ulu
Maqueño
Popoulu
True plantains
French
Green French
Horn
Nendran
Pink French
Tiger
Pome
Pome
Prata-anã
Silk
Latundan
African plantains
Others
Pisang Seribu
Rhino Horn
AABB
Kalamagol
Pisang Awak
AB
Ney Poovan
ABB
Blue Java
Bluggoe Subgroup
Bluggoe
Silver Bluggoe
Pelipita
Pelipia
Pilipia
Saba
Benedetta
Cardaba
Dippig
ABBB
Tiparot
BBB
Kluai Lep Chang Kut
[show]
Musa section Callimusa
Fe'i
Karat
Utin Iap
[show]
v
t
e
Ice cream
Flavors
Bacon
Beer
Biscuit Tortoni
Blue Moon
Butter Brickle
Butter pecan
Cherry
Chocolate
Chocolate chip cookie dough
Cookies and Cream
Cornish
Crab
Garlic
Grape
Green tea
Halva
Hokey pokey
Mint chocolate chip
Neapolitan
Oyster
Pistachio
Raspberry Ripple
Rocky road
Spumoni
Stracciatella
Strawberry
Superman
Tiger tail
Tutti frutti
Vanilla
Forms
Bar
Bastani
Booza
Cake
Cone
Dondurma
Float
Freeze-dried
Fried
Frozen custard
Gelato
Kulfi
Sandwich
Soft serve
Sorbetes
Stir-fried
Dishes
Affogato
Arctic roll
Baked Alaska
Banana split
Bananas Foster
Bombe glacée
Café liégeois
Cherries jubilee
Choc ice
Choc-top
Coffee cabinet
Creme de papaya
Dame blanche
Milkshake
Mix-in
Mochi ice cream
Parfait
Peach Melba
Poire belle Hélène
Sizzling Brownie
Spaghettieis
Sundae
Bacon
Golden Opulence
Knickerbocker glory
Tin roof pie
Zuccotto
Events
Glasgow Ice Cream Wars
Ice Cream for Breakfast Day
Ice cream social
National Ice Cream Month
Lists
Brands
Flavors
Parlor chains
Related
Carlo Gatti
Gelato University
Geography of ice cream
Ice cream cart
Ice cream maker
Ice cream parlor
Ice cream van
Penny lick
Squround
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banana_split&oldid=806784535"
Categories:
Food and drink introduced in 1904
Banana dishes
Sundaes
Latrobe, Pennsylvania
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
Български
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
Français
Galego
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Shqip
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Українська
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 October 2017, at 03:51.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

attrs: scope style

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Banana_fritter
mw-redirect
Banana fritter

values:
/wiki/Tur%C3%B3n_(food)
mw-redirect
Turón (food)

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Lacatan_banana
mw-redirect
Lacatan banana

values:
/wiki/Cavendish_bananas
mw-redirect
Cavendish bananas

values:
/wiki/Rhino_Horn_banana
mw-redirect
Rhino Horn banana

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_ice_cream
mw-redirect
Geography of ice cream

values: Category:Food and drink introduced in 1904

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Banana_split
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Бананов сплит – Bulgarian

values: בננה ספליט – Hebrew

values: バナナスプリット – Japanese

values: Банановый сплит – Russian

values: บานานาสปลิต – Thai

values: Банановий спліт – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Banana_split rootpage-Banana_split vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Wool
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Wool (disambiguation).
"Fleeces" redirects here. For the polyester jacket, see Fleece jacket.
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Australia and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Wool just before processing
Unshorn Merino sheep
Shorn sheep
Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other animals, including cashmere and mohair from goats, qiviut from muskoxen, angora from rabbits, and other types of wool from camelids.[1] Wool mainly consists of protein together with a few percent lipids. In this regard it is chemically quite distinct from the more dominant textile, cotton, which is mainly cellulose.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
2 Processing
2.1 Shearing
2.2 Scouring
3 Fineness and yield
4 History
5 Production
6 Marketing
6.1 Australia
6.2 Other countries
7 Yarn
8 Uses
9 Events
10 See also
10.1 Production
10.2 Processing
10.3 Refined products
10.4 Organizations
10.5 Miscellaneous wool
11 References
12 External links
Characteristics[edit]
Champion hogget fleece, Walcha Show
Wool is produced by follicles which are small cells located in the skin. These follicles are located in the upper layer of the skin called the epidermis and push down into the second skin layer called the dermis as the wool fibers grow. Follicles can be classed as either primary or secondary follicles. Primary follicles produce three types of fiber: kemp, medullated fibers and true wool fibers. Secondary follicles only produce true wool fibers. Medullated fibers share nearly identical characteristics to hair and are long but lack crimp and elasticity. Kemp fibers are very coarse and shed out.[2]
Fleece of fine New Zealand Merino wool and combed wool top on a wool table
Wool's scaling and crimp make it easier to spin the fleece by helping the individual fibers attach to each other, so they stay together. Because of the crimp, wool fabrics have greater bulk than other textiles, and they hold air, which causes the fabric to retain heat. Wool has a high specific heat coefficient, so it impedes heat transfer in general. This effect has benefited desert peoples, as Bedouins and Tuaregs use wool clothes for insulation.
Felting of wool occurs upon hammering or other mechanical agitation as the microscopic barbs on the surface of wool fibers hook together.
Wool has several qualities that distinguish it from hair or fur: it is crimped and elastic.[3]
The amount of crimp corresponds to the fineness of the wool fibers. A fine wool like Merino may have up to 100 crimps per inch, while coarser wool like karakul may have as few as one or two. In contrast, hair has little if any scale and no crimp, and little ability to bind into yarn. On sheep, the hair part of the fleece is called kemp. The relative amounts of kemp to wool vary from breed to breed and make some fleeces more desirable for spinning, felting, or carding into batts for quilts or other insulating products, including the famous tweed cloth of Scotland.
Wool fibers readily absorb moisture, but are not hollow. Wool can absorb almost one-third of its own weight in water.[4] Wool absorbs sound like many other fabrics. It is generally a creamy white color, although some breeds of sheep produce natural colors, such as black, brown, silver, and random mixes.
Wool ignites at a higher temperature than cotton and some synthetic fibers. It has a lower rate of flame spread, a lower rate of heat release, a lower heat of combustion, and does not melt or drip;[5] it forms a char which is insulating and self-extinguishing, and it contributes less to toxic gases and smoke than other flooring products when used in carpets.[6] Wool carpets are specified for high safety environments, such as trains and aircraft. Wool is usually specified for garments for firefighters, soldiers, and others in occupations where they are exposed to the likelihood of fire.[6]
Wool is considered by the medical profession to be allergenic.[7]
Processing[edit]
Shearing[edit]
Fine Merino shearing Lismore, Victoria
Main article: Sheep shearing
Sheep shearing is the process by which the woolen fleece of a sheep is cut off. After shearing, the wool is separated into four main categories: fleece (which makes up the vast bulk), broken, bellies, and locks. The quality of fleeces is determined by a technique known as wool classing, whereby a qualified person called a wool classer groups wools of similar gradings together to maximize the return for the farmer or sheep owner. In Australia before being auctioned, all Merino fleece wool is objectively measured for micron, yield (including the amount of vegetable matter), staple length, staple strength, and sometimes color and comfort factor.
Scouring[edit]
Wool before and after scouring
Wool straight off a sheep, known as "greasy wool"[8] or "wool in the grease", contains a high level of valuable lanolin, as well as the sheep's dead skin and sweat residue, and generally also contains pesticides and vegetable matter from the animal's environment. Before the wool can be used for commercial purposes, it must be scoured, a process of cleaning the greasy wool. Scouring may be as simple as a bath in warm water or as complicated as an industrial process using detergent and alkali in specialized equipment.[9] In north west England, special potash pits were constructed to produce potash used in the manufacture of a soft soap for scouring locally produced white wool.
In commercial wool, vegetable matter is often removed by chemical carbonization.[citation needed][10] In less-processed wools, vegetable matter may be removed by hand and some of the lanolin left intact through the use of gentler detergents. This semigrease wool can be worked into yarn and knitted into particularly water-resistant mittens or sweaters, such as those of the Aran Island fishermen. Lanolin removed from wool is widely used in cosmetic products such as hand creams.
Fineness and yield[edit]
Raw wool has many impurities; vegetable matter, sand, dirt and yolk which is a mixture of suint (sweat), grease, urine stains and dung locks. The sheeps body yields many types of wool, with differing strengths, thicknesses, length of staple and impurities. The raw wool (greasy) is processed into 'top'. 'Worsted top' requires strong straight and parallel fibres.
Common Name
Part of Sheep
Style of Wool
Fine Shoulder Fine uniform and very dense
Near Sides Fine uniform and strong
Downrights Neck Short and irregular, lower quality
Choice Back Shorter staple, open and less strong
Abb Haunches Longer, stronger large staples
Seconds Belly Short, tender, Matted and dirty
Top-not Head Stiff, very coarse, rough and kempy
Brokes Forelegs Short irregular and faulty
Cowtail Hindlegs Very strong, coarse and hairy
Britch Tail Very coarse, kempy and dirty
[11]
Various types and natural colors of wool, and a picture made from wool
The quality of wool is determined by its fiber diameter, crimp, yield, color, and staple strength. Fiber diameter is the single most important wool characteristic determining quality and price.
Merino wool is typically 3–5 inches in length and is very fine (between 12 and 24 microns).[12] The finest and most valuable wool comes from Merino hoggets. Wool taken from sheep produced for meat is typically more coarse, and has fibers 1.5 to 6 in (38 to 152 mm) in length. Damage or breaks in the wool can occur if the sheep is stressed while it is growing its fleece, resulting in a thin spot where the fleece is likely to break.[13]
Wool is also separated into grades based on the measurement of the wool's diameter in microns and also its style. These grades may vary depending on the breed or purpose of the wool. For example:
Merinos
Diameter in microns
Name
< 15.5 Ultrafine Merino[8]
15.6 – 18.5 Superfine Merino
18.6 – 20 Fine Merino[8]
20.1 – 23 Medium Merino
> 23 Strong Merino[8]
Breeds
Breeds
Diameter
Comeback 21–26 microns, white, 90–180 mm long
Fine crossbred 27–31 microns, Corriedales, etc.
Medium crossbred 32–35 microns
Downs 23–34 microns, typically lacks luster and brightness. Examples, Aussiedown, Dorset Horn, Suffolk, etc.[14]
Coarse crossbred >36 microns
Carpet wools 35–45 microns[8]
Any wool finer than 25 microns can be used for garments, while coarser grades are used for outerwear or rugs. The finer the wool, the softer it is, while coarser grades are more durable and less prone to pilling.
The finest Australian and New Zealand Merino wools are known as 1PP, which is the industry benchmark of excellence for Merino wool 16.9 microns and finer. This style represents the top level of fineness, character, color, and style as determined on the basis of a series of parameters in accordance with the original dictates of British wool as applied by the Australian Wool Exchange (AWEX) Council. Only a few dozen of the millions of bales auctioned every year can be classified and marked 1PP.[15]
In the United States, three classifications of wool are named in the Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939.[16] "Wool" is "the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb or hair of the Angora or Cashmere goat (and may include the so-called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel, alpaca, llama, and vicuna) which has never been reclaimed from any woven or felted wool product".[16] "Virgin wool" and "new wool" are also used to refer to such never used wool. There are two categories of recycled wool (also called reclaimed or shoddy wool). "Reprocessed wool" identifies "wool which has been woven or felted into a wool product and subsequently reduced to a fibrous state without having been used by the ultimate consumer".[16] "Reused wool" refers to such wool that has been used by the ultimate consumer.[16]
History[edit]
Further information: The medieval English wool trade
A 1905 illustration of a Tibetan man spinning wool
Wild sheep were more hairy than woolly. Although sheep were domesticated some 9,000 to 11,000 years ago, archaeological evidence from statuary found at sites in Iran suggests selection for woolly sheep may have begun around 6000 BC,[17][18] with the earliest woven wool garments having only been dated to two to three thousand years later.[19] Woolly-sheep were introduced into Europe from the Near East in the early part of the 4th millennium BC. The oldest known European wool textile, ca. 1500 BC, was preserved in a Danish bog.[20] Prior to invention of shears—probably in the Iron Age—the wool was plucked out by hand or by bronze combs. In Roman times, wool, linen, and leather clothed the European population; cotton from India was a curiosity of which only naturalists had heard, and silks, imported along the Silk Road from China, were extravagant luxury goods. Pliny the Elder records in his Natural History that the reputation for producing the finest wool was enjoyed by Tarentum, where selective breeding had produced sheep with superior fleeces, but which required special care.
In medieval times, as trade connections expanded, the Champagne fairs revolved around the production of wool cloth in small centers such as Provins. The network developed by the annual fairs meant the woolens of Provins might find their way to Naples, Sicily, Cyprus, Majorca, Spain, and even Constantinople.[21] The wool trade developed into serious business, a generator of capital.[22] In the 13th century, the wool trade became the economic engine of the Low Countries and central Italy. By the end of the 14th century, Italy predominated, though Italian production turned to silk in the 16th century.[21] Both industries, based on the export of English raw wool, were rivaled only by the 15th-century sheepwalks of Castile and were a significant source of income to the English crown, which in 1275 had imposed an export tax on wool called the "Great Custom". The importance of wool to the English economy can be seen in the fact that since the 14th century, the presiding officer of the House of Lords has sat on the "Woolsack", a chair stuffed with wool.
Economies of scale were instituted in the Cistercian houses, which had accumulated great tracts of land during the 12th and early 13th centuries, when land prices were low and labor still scarce. Raw wool was baled and shipped from North Sea ports to the textile cities of Flanders, notably Ypres and Ghent, where it was dyed and worked up as cloth. At the time of the Black Death, English textile industries accounted for about 10% of English wool production. The English textile trade grew during the 15th century, to the point where export of wool was discouraged. Over the centuries, various British laws controlled the wool trade or required the use of wool even in burials. The smuggling of wool out of the country, known as owling, was at one time punishable by the cutting off of a hand. After the Restoration, fine English woolens began to compete with silks in the international market, partly aided by the Navigation Acts; in 1699, the English crown forbade its American colonies to trade wool with anyone but England herself.
A great deal of the value of woolen textiles was in the dyeing and finishing of the woven product. In each of the centers of the textile trade, the manufacturing process came to be subdivided into a collection of trades, overseen by an entrepreneur in a system called by the English the "putting-out" system, or "cottage industry", and the Verlagssystem by the Germans. In this system of producing wool cloth, once perpetuated in the production of Harris tweeds, the entrepreneur provides the raw materials and an advance, the remainder being paid upon delivery of the product. Written contracts bound the artisans to specified terms. Fernand Braudel traces the appearance of the system in the 13th-century economic boom, quoting a document of 1275.[21] The system effectively bypassed the guilds' restrictions.
Before the flowering of the Renaissance, the Medici and other great banking houses of Florence had built their wealth and banking system on their textile industry based on wool, overseen by the Arte della Lana, the wool guild: wool textile interests guided Florentine policies. Francesco Datini, the "merchant of Prato", established in 1383 an Arte della Lana for that small Tuscan city. The sheepwalks of Castile shaped the landscape and the fortunes of the meseta that lies in the heart of the Iberian peninsula; in the 16th century, a unified Spain allowed export of Merino lambs only with royal permission. The German wool market – based on sheep of Spanish origin – did not overtake British wool until comparatively late. The Industrial Revolution introduced mass production technology into wool and wool cloth manufacturing. Australia's colonial economy was based on sheep raising, and the Australian wool trade eventually overtook that of the Germans by 1845, furnishing wool for Bradford, which developed as the heart of industrialized woolens production.
A World War I-era poster sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture encouraging children to raise sheep to provide needed war supplies
Due to decreasing demand with increased use of synthetic fibers, wool production is much less than what it was in the past. The collapse in the price of wool began in late 1966 with a 40% drop; with occasional interruptions, the price has tended down. The result has been sharply reduced production and movement of resources into production of other commodities, in the case of sheep growers, to production of meat.[23][24][25]
Superwash wool (or washable wool) technology first appeared in the early 1970s to produce wool that has been specially treated so it is machine washable and may be tumble-dried. This wool is produced using an acid bath that removes the "scales" from the fiber, or by coating the fiber with a polymer that prevents the scales from attaching to each other and causing shrinkage. This process results in a fiber that holds longevity and durability over synthetic materials, while retaining its shape.[26]
In December 2004, a bale of the then world's finest wool, averaging 11.8 microns, sold for AU$3,000 per kilogram at auction in Melbourne, Victoria. This fleece wool tested with an average yield of 74.5%, 68 mm long, and had 40 newtons per kilotex strength. The result was A$279,000 for the bale.[27] The finest bale of wool ever auctioned was sold for a seasonal record of AU$2690 per kilo during June 2008. This bale was produced by the Hillcreston Pinehill Partnership and measured 11.6 microns, 72.1% yield, and had a 43 newtons per kilotex strength measurement. The bale realized $247,480 and was exported to India.[28]
In 2007, a new wool suit was developed and sold in Japan that can be washed in the shower, and which dries off ready to wear within hours with no ironing required. The suit was developed using Australian Merino wool, and it enables woven products made from wool, such as suits, trousers, and skirts, to be cleaned using a domestic shower at home.[29]
In December 2006, the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed 2009 to be the International Year of Natural Fibres, so as to raise the profile of wool and other natural fibers.
Production[edit]
Global wool production is about 2 million tonnes per year, of which 60% goes into apparel. Wool comprises ca 3% of the global textile market, but its value is higher owing to dying and other modifications of the material.[1] Australia is a leading producer of wool which is mostly from Merino sheep but has been eclipsed by China in terms of total weight.[30] New Zealand (2016) is the third-largest producer of wool, and the largest producer of crossbred wool. Breeds such as Lincoln, Romney, Drysdale, and Elliotdale produce coarser fibers, and wool from these sheep is usually used for making carpets.
In the United States, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado have large commercial sheep flocks and their mainstay is the Rambouillet (or French Merino). Also, a thriving home-flock contingent of small-scale farmers raise small hobby flocks of specialty sheep for the hand-spinning market. These small-scale farmers offer a wide selection of fleece. Global woolclip (total amount of wool shorn) 2004/2005[31]
Australia: 25% of global woolclip (475 million kg greasy, 2004/2005)
China: 18%
United States: 17%
New Zealand: 11%
Argentina: 3%
Turkey: 2%
Iran: 2%
United Kingdom: 2%
India: 2%
Sudan: 2%
South Africa: 1%
Organic wool is becoming more and more popular. This wool is very limited in supply and much of it comes from New Zealand and Australia.[32] It is becoming easier to find in clothing and other products, but these products often carry a higher price. Wool is environmentally preferable (as compared to petroleum-based nylon or polypropylene) as a material for carpets, as well, in particular when combined with a natural binding and the use of formaldehyde-free glues.
Animal rights groups have noted issues with the production of wool, such as mulesing.
Marketing[edit]
Australia[edit]
"Wool: Fibre of the gods, created – not man-made" CSIRO marketing poster describing the benefits of wool
Merino wool samples for sale by auction, Newcastle, New South Wales
About 85% of wool sold in Australia is sold by open cry auction.[citation needed] "Sale by sample" is a method in which a mechanical claw takes a sample from each bale in a line or lot of wool. These grab samples are bulked, objectively measured, and a sample of not less than 4 kg is displayed in a box for the buyer to examine. The Australian Wool Exchange conducts sales primarily in Sydney, Melbourne, Newcastle, and Fremantle. About 80 brokers and agents work throughout Australia.[citation needed]
Wool received by Australian brokers and dealers (tonnes/quarter) since 1973
Wool buyers' room at a wool auction, Newcastle, New South Wales
About 7% of Australian wool is sold by private treaty on farms or to local wool-handling facilities. This option gives wool growers benefit from reduced transport, warehousing, and selling costs. This method is preferred for small lots or mixed butts to make savings on reclassing and testing.
About 5% of Australian wool is sold over the internet on an electronic offer board.[citation needed] This option gives wool growers the ability to set firm price targets, reoffer passed-in wool, and offer lots to the market quickly and efficiently. This method works well for tested lots, as buyers use these results to make a purchase. About 97% of wool is sold without sample inspection; however, as of December 2009, 59% of wool listed had been passed in from auction.[citation needed] Growers through certain brokers can allocate their wool to a sale and at what price their wool will be reserved.
Sale by tender can achieve considerable cost savings on wool clips large enough to make it worthwhile for potential buyers to submit tenders. Some marketing firms sell wool on a consignment basis, obtaining a fixed percentage as commission.
Forward selling: Some buyers offer a secure price for forward delivery of wool based on estimated measurements or the results of previous clips. Prices are quoted at current market rates and are locked in for the season. Premiums and discounts are added to cover variations in micron, yield, tensile strength, etc., which are confirmed by actual test results when available.[citation needed]
Another method of selling wool includes sales direct to wool mills.
Other countries[edit]
The British Wool Marketing Board operates a central marketing system for UK fleece wool with the aim of achieving the best possible net returns for farmers.
Less than half of New Zealand's wool is sold at auction, while around 45% of farmers sell wool directly to private buyers and end-users.[33]
United States sheep producers market wool with private or cooperative wool warehouses, but wool pools are common in many states. In some cases, wool is pooled in a local market area, but sold through a wool warehouse. Wool offered with objective measurement test results is preferred. Imported apparel wool and carpet wool goes directly to central markets, where it is handled by the large merchants and manufacturers.[34]
Yarn[edit]
Woollen yarn
Shoddy or recycled wool is made by cutting or tearing apart existing wool fabric and respinning the resulting fibers.[35] As this process makes the wool fibers shorter, the remanufactured fabric is inferior to the original. The recycled wool may be mixed with raw wool, wool noil, or another fiber such as cotton to increase the average fiber length. Such yarns are typically used as weft yarns with a cotton warp. This process was invented in the Heavy Woollen District of West Yorkshire and created a microeconomy in this area for many years.
Rag is a sturdy wool fiber made into yarn and used in many rugged applications such as gloves.
Worsted is a strong, long-staple, combed wool yarn with a hard surface.[35]
Woolen is a soft, short-staple, carded wool yarn typically used for knitting.[35] In traditional weaving, woolen weft yarn (for softness and warmth) is frequently combined with a worsted warp yarn for strength on the loom.[36]
Uses[edit]
In addition to clothing, wool has been used for blankets, horse rugs, saddle cloths, carpeting, insulation and upholstery. Wool felt covers piano hammers, and it is used to absorb odors and noise in heavy machinery and stereo speakers. Ancient Greeks lined their helmets with felt, and Roman legionnaires used breastplates made of wool felt.
Wool has also been traditionally used to cover cloth diapers.[citation needed] Wool fiber exteriors are hydrophobic (repel water) and the interior of the wool fiber is hygroscopic (attracts water); this makes a wool garment suitable cover for a wet diaper by inhibiting wicking, so outer garments remain dry. Wool felted and treated with lanolin is water resistant, air permeable, and slightly antibacterial, so it resists the buildup of odor. Some modern cloth diapers use felted wool fabric for covers, and there are several modern commercial knitting patterns for wool diaper covers.
Initial studies of woolen underwear have found it prevented heat and sweat rashes because it more readily absorbs the moisture than other fibers.[37]
Merino wool has been used in baby sleep products such as swaddle baby wrap blankets and infant sleeping bags.
As an animal protein, wool can be used as a soil fertilizer, being a slow-release source of nitrogen.
Researchers at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology school of fashion and textiles have discovered a blend of wool and Kevlar, the synthetic fiber widely used in body armor, was lighter, cheaper and worked better in damp conditions than Kevlar alone. Kevlar, when used alone, loses about 20% of its effectiveness when wet, so required an expensive waterproofing process. Wool increased friction in a vest with 28–30 layers of fabric, to provide the same level of bullet resistance as 36 layers of Kevlar alone.[38]
Events[edit]
Andean woman sorting wool as part of the theme park Los Aleros in Mérida, Venezuela
A buyer of Merino wool, Ermenegildo Zegna, has offered awards for Australian wool producers. In 1963, the first Ermenegildo Zegna Perpetual Trophy was presented in Tasmania for growers of "Superfine skirted Merino fleece". In 1980, a national award, the Ermenegildo Zegna Trophy for Extrafine Wool Production, was launched. In 2004, this award became known as the Ermenegildo Zegna Unprotected Wool Trophy. In 1998, an Ermenegildo Zegna Protected Wool Trophy was launched for fleece from sheep coated for around nine months of the year.
In 2002, the Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum Trophy was launched for wool that is 13.9 microns or finer. Wool from Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, and South Africa may enter, and a winner is named from each country.[39] In April 2008, New Zealand won the Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum Trophy for the first time with a fleece that measured 10.8 microns. This contest awards the winning fleece weight with the same weight in gold as a prize, hence the name.
In 2010, an ultrafine, 10-micron fleece, from Windradeen, near Pyramul, New South Wales, won the Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum International Trophy.[40]
Since 2000, Loro Piana has awarded a cup for the world's finest bale of wool that produces just enough fabric for 50 tailor-made suits. The prize is awarded to an Australian or New Zealand wool grower who produces the year's finest bale.[41]
The New England Merino Field days which display local studs, wool, and sheep are held during January, in even numbered years around the Walcha, New South Wales district. The Annual Wool Fashion Awards, which showcase the use of Merino wool by fashion designers, are hosted by the city of Armidale, New South Wales, in March each year. This event encourages young and established fashion designers to display their talents. During each May, Armidale hosts the annual New England Wool Expo to display wool fashions, handicrafts, demonstrations, shearing competitions, yard dog trials, and more.[1]
In July, the annual Australian Sheep and Wool Show is held in Bendigo, Victoria. This is the largest sheep and wool show in the world, with goats and alpacas, as well as woolcraft competitions and displays, fleece competitions, sheepdog trials, shearing, and wool handling. The largest competition in the world for objectively measured fleeces is the Australian Fleece Competition, which is held annually at Bendigo. In 2008, 475 entries came from all states of Australia, with first and second prizes going to the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales fleeces.[42]
See also[edit]
Production[edit]
Glossary of sheep husbandry
Lambswool
Sheep husbandry
Sheep shearing
Wool bale
Processing[edit]
Canvas work
Carding
Combing
Knitting
Spinning
Textile manufacturing
Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
Weaving
Dyeing
Fulling
Refined products[edit]
Felt
Fiber art
Tweed
Worsted
Yarn
Wool crepe
Wool satin
Wool coating
wool melton
Organizations[edit]
British Wool Marketing Board
Worshipful Company of Woolmen
IWTO
The Natural Fibre Company (in the UK)
Miscellaneous wool[edit]
Angora wool
Cashmere wool
Chiengora wool
Llama wool
Lopi
Mohair
Pashmina
Shahtoosh
Tibetan fur
Alpaca wool
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Braaten, Ann W. (2005). "Wool". In Steele, Valerie. Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion. 3. Thomson Gale. pp. 441–443. ISBN 0-684-31394-4.
Jump up ^ Simmons, Paula (2009). Storey's Guide to Raising Sheep. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing. pp. 315–316.
Jump up ^ D'Arcy, J. B., Sheep and Wool Technology, NSW University Press, Kensington, 1986 ISBN 0-86840-106-4
Jump up ^ Wool Facts Archived 2014-05-26 at the Wayback Machine.. Aussiesheepandwool.com.au. Retrieved on 2012-08-05.
Jump up ^ Wool History Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine.. Tricountyfarm.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-05.
^ Jump up to: a b The Land, Merinos – Going for Green and Gold, p.46, US use flame resistance, 21 August 2008
Jump up ^ Admani, Shehla; Jacob, Sharon E. (2014-04-01). "Allergic contact dermatitis in children: review of the past decade". Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. 14 (4): 421. doi:10.1007/s11882-014-0421-0. PMID 24504525.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Preparation of Australian Wool Clips, Code of Practice 2010–2012, Australian Wool Exchange (AWEX), 2010
Jump up ^ "Technology in Australia 1788–1988". Australian Science and Technology Heritage Center. 2001. Archived from the original on 2006-05-14. Retrieved 2006-04-30.
Jump up ^ Wu Zhao (1987) A study of wool carbonizing Archived 2014-10-30 at the Wayback Machine.. PhD Thesis. University of New South Wales. School of Fibre Science and Technology
Jump up ^ Bradford Industrial Museum 2015.
Jump up ^ "Merino Sheep in Australia". Archived from the original on 2006-11-05. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
Jump up ^ Van Nostran, Don. "Wool Management – Maximizing Wool Returns". Mid-States Wool growers Cooperative Association. Archived from the original on 2010-01-01. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
Jump up ^ D'Arcy, J.B., Sheep Management & Wool Technology, NSW University Press, 1986, ISBN 0-86840-106-4
Jump up ^ 1PP Certification. awex.com.au
^ Jump up to: a b c d Robert E. Freer. "The Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939." Archived 2016-06-05 at the Wayback Machine. Temple Law Quarterly. 20.1 (July 1946). p. 47. Reprinted at ftc.gov. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Ensminger, M. E.; R. O. Parker (1986). Sheep and Goat Science, Fifth Edition. Danville, Illinois: The Interstate Printers and Publishers Inc. ISBN 0-8134-2464-X.
Jump up ^ Weaver, Sue (2005). Sheep: small-scale sheep keeping for pleasure and profit. 3 Burroughs Irvine, CA 92618: Hobby Farm Press, an imprint of BowTie Press, a division of BowTie Inc. ISBN 1-931993-49-1.
Jump up ^ Smith, Barbara; Kennedy, Gerald; Aseltine, Mark (1997). Beginning Shepherd's Manual, Second Edition. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. ISBN 0-8138-2799-X.
Jump up ^ "Fibre history". Woolmark. Archived from the original on 2006-08-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fernand Braudel, 1982. The Wheels of Commerce, vol 2 of Civilization and Capitalism (New York:Harper & Row), pp.312–317
Jump up ^ Bell, Adrian R.; Brooks, Chris; Dryburgh, Paul (2007). The English Wool Market, c.1230–1327. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521859417.
Jump up ^ "The end of pastoral dominance" Archived 2007-08-19 at the Wayback Machine.. Teara.govt.nz (2009-03-03). Retrieved on 2012-08-05.
Jump up ^ 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2000 Archived 2017-07-01 at the Wayback Machine., Australian Bureau of Statistics
Jump up ^ "The History of Wool" Archived 2015-04-27 at the Wayback Machine.. johnhanly.com
Jump up ^ Superwash Wool Archived 2009-03-09 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 10 November 2008
Jump up ^ World’s Finest Bale Record Broken. landmark.com.au, 22 November 2004
Jump up ^ Country Leader, NSW Wool Sells for a Quarter of a Million, 7 July 2008
Jump up ^ Shower suit Archived 2011-08-22 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 11 November 2008
Jump up ^ "Sheep 101". Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016. According to this chart, US production is around 10,000 metric tons, hugely at variance with the percentage list, and way outside year-to-year variability.
Jump up ^ "WoolFacts" (PDF). Australian Wool Innovation. September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-28.
Jump up ^ Speer, Jordan K. (2006-05-01). "Shearing the Edge of Innovation". Apparel Magazine. Archived from the original on 2015-05-26.
Jump up ^ Wool Production in New Zealand. maf.govt.nz
Jump up ^ Wool Marketing. sheepusa.org
^ Jump up to: a b c Kadolph, Sara J., ed.: Textiles, 10th edition, Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2007, ISBN 0-13-118769-4, p. 63
Jump up ^ Østergård, Else: Woven into the Earth: Textiles from Norse Greenland , Aarhus University Press, 2004, ISBN 87-7288-935-7, p. 50
Jump up ^ ABC Rural Radio: Woodhams, Dr. Libby, New research shows woollen underwear helps prevent rashes Archived 2011-08-23 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2010-3-24
Jump up ^ Blenkin, Max (2011-04-11). "Wool's tough new image". Country Leader. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "2004/51/1 Trophy and plaque, Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum trophy and plaque, plaster / bronze / silver / gold, trophy designed and made by Not Vital for Ermenegildo Zegna, Switzerland, 2001". Powerhouse Museum, Sydney. Archived from the original on 2007-05-19. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
Jump up ^ Country Leader, 26 April 2010, Finest wool rewarded, Rural Press, North Richmond
Jump up ^ Australian Wool Network News, Issue #19, July 2008
Jump up ^ Walcha News (2008-07-24, Fletcher Wins Australian Fleece Comp, p. 3
External links[edit]
"Story of Wool". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
"Wool". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
[show]
v
t
e
Fibers
Natural
Plant
Abacá
Bagasse
Bamboo
Coir
Cotton
Fique
Flax
Linen
Hemp
Jute
Kapok
Kenaf
Piña
Pine
Raffia
Ramie
Rattan
Sisal
Wood
Animal
Alpaca
Angora
Byssus
Camel hair
Cashmere
Catgut
Chiengora
Guanaco
Hair
Llama
Mohair
Pashmina
Qiviut
Rabbit
Silk
Tendon
Spider silk
Wool
Vicuña
Yak
Mineral
Asbestos
Man-made
Regenerated
Art silk
Semi-synthetic
Acetate
Diacetate
Lyocell
Modal
Rayon
Triacetate
Synthetic
Mineral
Glass
Carbon
Tenax
Basalt
Metallic
Polymer
Acrylic
Aramid
Twaron
Kevlar
Technora
Nomex
Microfiber
Modacrylic
Nylon
Olefin
Polyester
Polyethylene
Dyneema
Spectra
Spandex
Vinylon
Vinyon
Zylon
Category
Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Fabric
Woven
Aertex
Airdura
Airguard
Barathea
Barkcloth
Batiste
Bedford cord
Bengaline
Beta cloth
Bombazine
Brilliantine
Broadcloth
Buckram
Bunting
Burlap
C change
Calico
Cambric
Canvas
Chambray
Capilene
Cedar bark
Challis
Char cloth
Charmeuse
Charvet
Cheesecloth
Chiffon
Chino
Chintz
Cloqué
Cloth of gold
Cordura
Corduroy
Duck
Coutil
Crape
Crêpe
Cretonne
Dazzle
Denim
Dimity
Donegal tweed
Dornix
Dowlas
Drill
Drugget
Eolienne
Flannel
Foulard
Fustian
Gabardine
Gauze
Gazar
Georgette
Ghalamkar
Gingham
Grenadine
Grenfell Cloth
Grosgrain
Habutai
Haircloth
Harris Tweed
Herringbone
Himroo
Hodden
Irish linen
Jamdani
Kerseymere
Khādī
Khaki drill
Kente cloth
Lamé
Lawn
Linsey-woolsey
Loden
Longcloth
Mackinaw
Madapolam
Madras
Moleskin
Muslin
Nainsook
Nankeen
Ninon
Oilskin
Organdy
Organza
Osnaburg
Ottoman
Oxford
Paduasoy
Percale
Pongee
Poplin
Rakematiz
Rayadillo
Rep
Rinzu
Ripstop
Russell cord
Saga Nishiki
Samite
Sateen
Satin
Saye
Scarlet
Seersucker
Sendal
Serge
Scrim
Shot silk
Stuff
Taffeta
Tais
Toile
Tucuyo
Tweed
Twill
Ultrasuede
Vegetable flannel
Ventile
Vinyl coated polyester
Viyella
Voile
Wadmal
Wigan
Whipcord
Zephyr
Zorbeez
Figured woven
Brocade
Camlet
Damask
Lampas
Songket
Pile woven
Baize
Chenille
Corduroy
Crimplene
Fustian
Mockado
Moquette
Plush
Polar fleece
Terrycloth
Velours du Kasaï
Velvet
Velveteen
Zibeline
Nonwoven
Felt
Cedar bark
Knitted
Boiled wool
Coolmax
Machine knitting
Milliskin
Jersey
Velour
Netted
Bobbinet
Carbon fiber
Lace
Mesh
Needlerun net
Ninon
Tulle
Technical
Ballistic nylon
Ban-Lon
Conductive
Darlexx
E-textiles
Gannex
Gore-Tex
Silnylon
Spandex
Stub-tex
SympaTex
Windstopper
Patterns
Argyle
Bizarre silk
Chiné
Herringbone
Houndstooth
Paisley
Pin stripes
Polka dot
Shweshwe
Tartan (plaid)
Tattersall
Textile fibers
Acrylic
Alpaca
Angora
Cashmere
Coir
Cotton
Eisengarn
Hemp
Jute
Kevlar
Linen
Mohair
Nylon
Microfiber
Olefin
Pashmina
Polyester
Piña
Ramie
Rayon
Sea silk
Silk
Sisal
Spandex
Spider silk
Wool
Finishing and
printing
Androsia
Batik
Beetling
Bingata
Bògòlanfini
Burnout
Calendering
Decatising
Devoré
Finishing
Fulling
Heatsetting
Mercerization
Moire
Nap
Rogan printing
Rōketsuzome
Roller printing
Sanforization
Tenterhook
Textile printing
Warp printing
Waxed cotton
Woodblock printing
Indienne
Fabric mills
Carlo Barbera
Cerruti
Dormeuil
Drago
Ermenegildo Zegna
E. Thomas
Holland & Sherry
Larusmiani
Loro Piana
Reda
Scabal
Vitale Barberis Canonico
Related
Dyeing
Fiber
History of textiles
History of silk
Knitting
Pandy
Shrinkage
Swatches and strike-offs
Synthetic fabric
Terminology
Manufacturing
Preservation
Weaving
Yarn
[show]
v
t
e
Clothing materials and parts
Garment Structures
Armscye
Collar
Cuff
Dart
Facing
Fly
Lapel
Gore
Hem
Lining
Placket
Pleat
Pocket
Revers
Ruffle
Shoulder pad
Strap
Sleeve
Train
Waistband
Yoke
Cloth materials
Cotton
Elastic
Fur
Linen
Nylon
Polyester
Rayon
Silk
Spandex
Wool
Skins
Artificial
Calf
Cattle
Deer
Goat
Kangaroo
Ostrich
Seal
Shark
Sheep
Snake
Fasteners
Back closure
Belt hook
Buckle
Button
Buttonhole
Frog
Shank
Hook-and-eye
Hook and loop
Velcro
Snap
Zipper
Seams
Neckline
Bustline
Waistline
Hemline
Authority control
GND: 4066895-2
NDL: 00574306
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wool&oldid=812215018"
Categories:
Wool
Animal hair
Polyamides
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2017
Australia-centric
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014
Articles prone to spam from August 2012
Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW
Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Aragonés
Armãneashti
Asturianu
Aymar aru
Azərbaycanca
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Diné bizaad
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Galego
ગુજરાતી
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Ирон
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Lingála
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Soomaaliga
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
West-Vlams
Winaray
ייִדיש
粵語
Zazaki
中文
Kabɩyɛ
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 November 2017, at 17:52.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Wool_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Wool (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias

attrs: class href

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize

values:
/wiki/Crimp_(wool)
mw-redirect
Crimp (wool)

values:
/wiki/Karakul_(sheep)
mw-redirect
Karakul (sheep)

values:
/wiki/Batting_(material)
mw-redirect
Batting (material)

values:
/wiki/Micron_(wool)
mw-redirect
Micron (wool)

values:
/wiki/North_west_England
mw-redirect
North west England

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Domestic_sheep
mw-redirect
Domestic sheep

values:
/wiki/Comeback_(sheep)
mw-redirect
Comeback (sheep)

values:
/wiki/Aussiedown_(sheep)
mw-redirect
Aussiedown (sheep)

values:
/wiki/Dorset_(sheep)
mw-redirect
Dorset (sheep)

values:
/wiki/Suffolk_(sheep)
mw-redirect
Suffolk (sheep)

values:
/wiki/The_medieval_English_wool_trade
mw-redirect
The medieval English wool trade

values:
/wiki/Harris_tweed
mw-redirect
Harris tweed

values:
/wiki/Meseta_Central
mw-redirect
Meseta Central

values:
/wiki/Lincoln_(sheep)
mw-redirect
Lincoln (sheep)

values:
/wiki/Romney_(sheep)
mw-redirect
Romney (sheep)

values:
/wiki/Drysdale_(sheep)
mw-redirect
Drysdale (sheep)

values:
/wiki/Rambouillet_(sheep)
mw-redirect
Rambouillet (sheep)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)

values:
/wiki/Warp_(weaving)
mw-redirect
Warp (weaving)

values:
/wiki/Cloth_diapers
mw-redirect
Cloth diapers

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)

values:
/wiki/Sleeping_bag_(infant)
mw-redirect
Sleeping bag (infant)

values:
/wiki/Merino_wool
mw-redirect
Merino wool

values:
/wiki/New_England_(Australia)
mw-redirect
New England (Australia)

values:
/wiki/Bendigo,_Victoria
mw-redirect
Bendigo, Victoria

values:
/wiki/Sheep_husbandry
mw-redirect
Sheep husbandry

values: Timeline of clothing and textiles technology

values:
/wiki/Alpaca_wool
mw-redirect
Alpaca wool

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
/wiki/Thomson_Gale
mw-redirect
Thomson Gale

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24504525

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.merinos.com.au/history.asp

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sheep101.info/wool.html

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: s:The New Student's Reference Work/Story of Wool

values: s:The New International Encyclopædia/Wool

values:
/wiki/Mineral_fiber
mw-redirect
Mineral fiber

values:
/wiki/Man-made_fiber
mw-redirect
Man-made fiber

values:
/wiki/Regenerated_fiber
mw-redirect
Regenerated fiber

values:
/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber
mw-redirect
Semi-synthetic fiber

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Hessian_(cloth)
mw-redirect
Hessian (cloth)

values:
/wiki/Calico_(textile)
mw-redirect
Calico (textile)

values: MacLachlan hunting tartan (D. W. Stewart).svg

values:
navbox-image
12
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Carbon_(fiber)
mw-redirect
Carbon (fiber)

values:
/wiki/Tulle_netting
mw-redirect
Tulle netting

values:
/wiki/Carlo_Barbera
mw-redirect
Carlo Barbera

values:
/wiki/Fulling_mill
mw-redirect
Fulling mill

values:
/wiki/Textile_preservation
mw-redirect
Textile preservation

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Clothing materials and parts

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4066895-2

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014

values: Category:Articles prone to spam from August 2012

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Wool
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Wool&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol
Wol – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana
Lana – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llana
Llana – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27arwa
T'arwa – Aymara
ay
ay
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yun
Yun – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values: Воўна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Вълна (влакна) – Bulgarian

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuna
Vuna – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llana
Llana – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uld
Uld – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolle
Wolle – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vill
Vill – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Μαλλί – Greek

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana
Lana – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lano
Lano – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artile
Artile – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laine
Laine – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol
Wol – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olann
Olann – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/La
La – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuna
Vuna – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lano
Lano – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol
Wol – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: Къуымбил – Ossetic

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ull
Ull – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana
Lana – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenn
Lenn – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hir%C3%AE
Hirî – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values: Жүн (биология) – Kyrgyz

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna
Vilna – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna
Vilna – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B6l
Wöl – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wul
Wul – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values: သိုးမွေး – Burmese

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol
Wol – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ull
Ull – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wull
Wull – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A3
Lã – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millma
Millma – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Шерсть (материал) – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oo
Oo – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leshi
Leshi – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool
Wool – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volna
Volna – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhogor
Dhogor – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuna
Vuna – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol
Wol – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa
Villa – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ull
Ull – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana
Lana – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: கம்பளி – Tamil

values: ఉన్ని – Telugu

values: Пашм – Tajik

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCn
Yün – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len
Len – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulle
Wulle – West Flemish
vls
vls
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Wool rootpage-Wool skin-vector action-view