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List of United States military bases
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This is a list of military installations owned or used by the United States Armed Forces currently located in the United States and around the world. This list details only current or recently closed facilities; some defunct facilities are found at Category:Closed military installations of the United States.
An "installation" is defined as "a military base, camp, post, station, yard, center, homeport facility for any ship, or other activity under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense, including leased space, that is controlled by, or primarily supports DoD's activities. An installation may consist of one or more sites" (geographically-separated real estate parcels).[1]:DoD-3
The United States is the largest operator of military bases abroad, with 38 "named bases"[note 1] having active-duty, National Guard, reserve, or civilian personnel as of September 30, 2014. Its largest, in terms of personnel, was Ramstein AB, in Germany, with almost 9,200 personnel.[1][note 2] The Pentagon stated in 2013 that there are "around" 5000 bases total, with "around" 600 of them overseas.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 By location
1.1 Joint
1.1.1 Joint overseas
1.1.1.1 Australia
1.1.1.2 Niger
1.1.1.3 Syria
1.2 United States Army
1.2.1 Overseas
1.2.1.1 Cameroon
1.2.1.2 Germany - 34 facilities
1.2.1.3 Israel
1.2.1.4 Italy - 3 facilities
1.2.1.5 Japan
1.2.1.6 Kosovo
1.2.1.7 Kuwait
1.2.1.8 South Korea
1.3 United States Marine Corps
1.3.1 Domestic
1.3.2 Overseas
1.3.2.1 Afghanistan
1.3.2.2 Germany
1.3.2.3 Japan
1.3.2.4 South Korea
1.4 United States Navy
1.4.1 Domestic
1.4.2 Overseas
1.4.2.1 Bahamas
1.4.2.2 Bahrain
1.4.2.3 Brazil
1.4.2.4 British Indian Ocean Territory
1.4.2.5 Cuba
1.4.2.6 Djibouti
1.4.2.7 Greece
1.4.2.8 Italy
1.4.2.9 Japan
1.4.2.10 Kuwait
1.4.2.11 South Korea
1.4.2.12 Spain
1.5 United States Air Force
1.5.1 Domestic
1.5.2 Overseas
1.5.2.1 Afghanistan
1.5.2.2 Germany
1.5.2.3 Greenland (Denmark)
1.5.2.4 Italy
1.5.2.5 Japan
1.5.2.6 Kuwait
1.5.2.7 Azores (Portugal)
1.5.2.8 Qatar
1.5.2.9 South Korea
1.5.2.10 Spain
1.5.2.11 Turkey
1.5.2.12 United Kingdom
1.6 Coast Guard
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
By location[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Joint[edit]
The Pentagon
Joint overseas[edit]
War Reserve Stocks are located in many nations.
Australia[edit]
Pine Gap Joint Defence Space Research Facility, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia—used by United States armed forces, and CIA, in partnership with the Australian Defence Force and the Australian intelligence services.
Niger[edit]
See also: United States Military Operations in Niger
The U.S. operates drone bases from three locations across Niger. These locations are also staffed by several hundred U.S. Special Operations Forces in a non-combat role, aiding the Nigerian military with training and surveillance.
Nigerien Air Base 201, Agadez[3][4]
Arlit[5][3][6]
Niamey[3]
Syria[edit]
Main article: American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War
There are approximately 1,500+ U.S. Special Operations Forces in Syria, spread across 11 different facilities, being used as training bases for Kurdish rebels.[7][8]
Al-Tanf
Ash Shaddadi
Ayn al-Arab
Ayn Dadad
Ayn Issah
Harab Isk (airbase)
Rmeilan (airbase)
Sabt
Tal Baydar
Tal Tamir
Ushariya
United States Army[edit]
Main article: List of United States Army installations
Overseas[edit]
Cameroon[edit]
Contingency Location Garoua, Garoua[9]
Germany - 34 facilities[edit]
Main article: List of United States Army installations in Germany
Bleidorn Housing Area, Ansbach
Dagger Complex, Darmstadt Training Center Griesheim (scheduled to close in 2015)
Edelweiss Lodge and Resort, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Lucius D. Clay Kaserne (formerly Wiesbaden Army Airfield), Wiesbaden-Erbenheim
Germersheim Army Depot, Germersheim
Grafenwöhr Training Area, Grafenwöhr/Vilseck
Hohenfels Training Area/Joint Multinational Readiness Center, Hohenfels (Upper Palatinate)
Husterhoeh Kaserne, Pirmasens
Kaiserslautern Military Community
Katterbach Kaserne, Ansbach
Kelley Barracks, Stuttgart
Kleber Kaserne, Kaiserslautern Military Community
Lampertheim Training Area, Lampertheim (scheduled to close in 2015)
Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl
McCully Barracks, Wackernheim
Miesau Army Depot, Miesau
Oberdachstetten Storage Area, Ansbach
Panzer Kaserne, Stuttgart
Patch Barracks, Stuttgart
Pulaski Barracks, Kaiserslautern
Rhine Ordnance Barracks, Kaiserslautern
Robinson Barracks, Stuttgart
Rose Barracks, Vilseck
Sembach Kaserne, Kaiserslautern
Sheridan Barracks, Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Shipton Kaserne, Ansbach
Smith Barracks, Baumholder
Storck Barracks, Illesheim
Stuttgart Army Airfield, Filderstadt
Mainz-Kastel Storage Station (scheduled to close in 2015)
USAG Wiesbaden Military Training Area, Mainz, Gonsenheim/Mombach
USAG Wiesbaden Training Area, Mainz Finthen Airport
USAG Wiesbaden Radar Station, Mainz Finthen Airport
Urlas Housing and Shopping Complex, Ansbach (converted from Urlas Training Area in 2010-2011)
Israel[edit]
The Dimona Radar Facility is an American-operated radar facility in the Negev, staffed by 120 US military personnel.[citation needed]
Italy - 3 facilities[edit]
Caserma Ederle, Vicenza
Camp Darby, Pisa-Livorno
Camp DelDin, Vicenza
Japan[edit]
Main article: United States Forces Japan
Headquarters: Yokota Air Base, Fussa, Western Tokyo
Kosovo[edit]
Main article: List of United States Army installations in Kosovo
Kuwait[edit]
Main article: List of United States Army installations in Kuwait
South Korea[edit]
Main articles: List of United States Army installations in South Korea and United States Forces Korea
United States Marine Corps[edit]
Main article: List of United States Marine Corps installations
Domestic[edit]
Arizona
MCAS Yuma
California
MCLB Barstow
MCB Camp Pendleton
MCAS Miramar
MCRD San Diego
Mountain Warfare Training Center
MCAGCC 29 Palms
Florida
MCSF Blount Island
Georgia
MCLB Albany
Hawaii
MCB Hawaii
North Carolina
MCAS Cherry Point
MCAS New River
MCB Camp Lejeune
South Carolina
MCAS Beaufort
MCRD Parris Island
Virginia
Henderson Hall
MCB Quantico
Washington, D.C.
Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.
Overseas[edit]
Afghanistan[edit]
Camp Eggers
Camp Dwyer
Camp Leatherneck
Camp Rhino
FOB Delhi
FOB Delaram
FOB Geronimo
Firebase Fiddler's Green
Germany[edit]
Camp Panzer Kaserne, Böblingen
Japan[edit]
Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D. Butler, Okinawa. Note: these camps are dispersed throughout Okinawa, but still under the administration of the MCB complex.
Camp Courtney
Camp Fuji, Shizuoka Prefecture
Camp Foster
Camp Gonsalves (Jungle Warfare Training Center)
Camp Hansen
Camp Kinser
Camp Lester
Camp McTureous
Camp Schwab
Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, Okinawa
Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni, Yamaguchi Prefecture
South Korea[edit]
Camp Mujuk[10]
United States Navy[edit]
Main article: List of United States Navy installations
Domestic[edit]
United States Navy (59)
State/Territory
Base
State
Base
California NAWS China Lake Mississippi NCBC Gulfport
NB Coronado NAS Meridian
NAS Lemoore NS Pascagoula
NPS Monterey Nevada NAS Fallon
NAS North Island New Jersey NWS Earle
NB Point Loma NAES Lakehurst
NB Ventura County-NAS Point Mugu New York NSA Saratoga Springs
NB Ventura County-NCBC Port Hueneme Pennsylvania NAS Willow Grove
Naval Base San Diego Rhode Island NS Newport
Connecticut NSB New London South Carolina NSA Charleston
Washington, D.C. Washington NY Tennessee NSA Mid-South
United States Naval Research Laboratory Texas NAS Corpus Christi
Florida Corry Station NTTC NAS JRB Fort Worth
NAS Jacksonville NAS Kingsville
NAS Key West
NS Mayport Virginia Chesapeake NSGA
NSA Orlando NSASP
NSA Panama City Training Support Center Hampton Roads
NAS Pensacola NAB Little Creek
NAS Whiting Field NS Norfolk
Georgia General Lucius D. Clay National Guard Center NAS Oceana
NSB Kings Bay Wallops Island ASCS
Dobbins ARB NWS Yorktown
Guam Naval Base Guam Guam Andersen Air Force Base
Hawaii NS Barking Sands Washington NBK Bangor
Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam NBK Bremerton
Illinois NS Great Lakes NAS Whidbey Island
Indiana NSWC Crane Division NS Everett
Louisiana NASJRB New Orleans West Virginia NIOC Sugar Grove
Maine Portsmouth NS
Maryland Fort Meade NSGA
NAS Patuxent River
NSF Thurmont
United States Naval Academy
Indian Head Naval Surface Warfare Center
(in Maryland, but a part of NSASP of Dahlgren, Virginia)
Overseas[edit]
Bahamas[edit]
Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Detachment AUTEC
Bahrain[edit]
Naval Support Activity Bahrain
Brazil[edit]
United States Naval Support Detachment, São Paulo
British Indian Ocean Territory[edit]
Naval Support Facility Diego Garcia
Cuba[edit]
Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
Djibouti[edit]
Camp Lemonnier
Greece[edit]
Naval Support Activity Souda Bay, Souda Bay, Crete
Italy[edit]
Naval Air Station Sigonella
Naval Support Activity Naples
NCTS Naples
Japan[edit]
Naval Air Facility Atsugi
Naval Forces Japan, Okinawa
United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka
United States Fleet Activities Sasebo
Kuwait[edit]
Kuwait Naval Base
South Korea[edit]
Commander Fleet Activities Chinhae
Spain[edit]
Rota Naval Station
United States Air Force[edit]
Main article: List of United States Air Force installations
Domestic[edit]
United States Air Force (71)
State / Territory
Base
State
Base
Alabama Maxwell Air Force Base Mississippi Columbus Air Force Base
Alaska Clear Air Force Station Keesler Air Force Base
Eielson Air Force Base Missouri Whiteman Air Force Base
Joint Base Elmendorf Richardson Montana Malmstrom Air Force Base
Arizona Davis–Monthan Air Force Base Nebraska Offutt Air Force Base
Luke Air Force Base Nevada Nellis Air Force Base
Arkansas Little Rock Air Force Base New Jersey Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst
California Beale Air Force Base New Mexico Cannon Air Force Base
Edwards Air Force Base Holloman Air Force Base
Los Angeles Air Force Base Kirtland Air Force Base
March Joint Air Reserve Base North Carolina Pope Air Force Base
Seymour Johnson Air Force Base
Travis Air Force Base North Dakota Grand Forks Air Force Base
Vandenberg Air Force Base Minot Air Force Base
Colorado Buckley Air Force Base Ohio Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
Peterson Air Force Base Oklahoma Altus Air Force Base
Schriever Air Force Base Tinker Air Force Base
United States Air Force Academy Vance Air Force Base
Delaware Dover Air Force Base South Carolina Charleston Air Force Base
Washington, D.C. Bolling Air Force Base Shaw Air Force Base
Florida Eglin Air Force Base South Dakota Ellsworth Air Force Base
Hurlburt Field Tennessee Arnold Air Force Base
MacDill Air Force Base Texas Brooks City-Base
Patrick Air Force Base Dyess Air Force Base
Tyndall Air Force Base Goodfellow Air Force Base
Guam Andersen Air Force Base Guam Andersen Base
Georgia Moody Air Force Base Texas Lackland Air Force Base
Robins Air Force Base Laughlin Air Force Base
Hawaii Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam Randolph Air Force Base
Idaho Mountain Home Air Force Base Sheppard Air Force Base
Illinois Scott Air Force Base Utah Hill Air Force Base
Indiana Grissom Joint Air Reserve Base Virginia Langley Air Force Base
Kansas McConnell Air Force Base Washington Fairchild Air Force Base
Louisiana Barksdale Air Force Base JBLM McChord Field, Joint Base Lewis-McChord
New Orleans Joint Reserve Base Wyoming Francis E. Warren Air Force Base
Maryland Joint Base Andrews Naval Air Facility
Massachusetts Hanscom Air Force Base
Westover Joint Air Reserve Base
Overseas[edit]
Afghanistan[edit]
Bagram Airfield
Herat International Airport
Mazar-i-Sharif Airport
Shindand Air Base
Germany[edit]
Ansbach
NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen, Geilenkirchen
Ramstein Air Base
Spangdahlem Air Base
Greenland (Denmark)[edit]
Thule Air Base
Italy[edit]
Aviano Air Base
Camp Darby (Pisa-Livorno)
Sigonella Naval Air Station
Japan[edit]
Kadena Air Base, Okinawa Prefecture
Misawa Air Base, Misawa, Aomori
Yokota Air Base, Tokyo
Kuwait[edit]
Ali Al Salem Air Base
Azores (Portugal)[edit]
Lajes Air Base
Qatar[edit]
Al Udeid Air Base
South Korea[edit]
Kunsan Air Base
Osan Air Base
Spain[edit]
Morón Air Base
Turkey[edit]
Incirlik Air Base
United Kingdom[edit]
RAF Alconbury, Huntingdonshire
RAF Croughton, Northamptonshire
RAF Lakenheath, Brandon, Suffolk [11]
RAF Mildenhall, Mildenhall, Suffolk
Coast Guard[edit]
Main articles: List of United States Coast Guard stations and United States Coast Guard Air Stations
See also[edit]
Military of the United States portal
Base Realignment and Closure
Bulgarian-American Joint Military Facilities
United States military deployments
List of United States drone bases
Lists of military installations
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ What are here termed "named bases" are the bases listed in section X: "Personnel Data from DMDC", i.e. excluding that table's rows labelled "Other", in the 2015 DoD Base Structure Report.
Jump up ^ The 2015 U.S. Base Structure Report gives 587 overseas sites, but sites are merely real property at a distinct geographical location, and multiple sites may belong to one installation (page DoD-3). For example, the Garmisch, Germany "named base" with its 72 personnel has eight distinct sites large enough to be listed in the Army's Individual Service Inventory list: Artillery Kaserne, Breitenau Skeet Range, Garmisch Family Housing, Garmish Golf Course, General Abrams Hotel And Disp, Hausberg Ski Area, Oberammergau NATO School, and Sheridan Barracks (listed in Army-15 to Army-17). These range in size from Ramstein AB with 9,188 active, guard/reserve, and civilian personnel down to Worms, which has just one civilian.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Department of Defense / Base Structure Report / FY 2015 Baseline" (PDF). Retrieved October 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Blank Spots on the map: Almost all the U.S. Army's secret military bases across the globe revealed on Google and Bing". dailymail.co.uk. 15 December 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Müller-Jung, Friederike (November 23, 2016). "US drone war expands to Niger". Deutsche Welle. An additional US base in Arlit, about 250 kilometers (155 miles) north of Agadez, has been operating for about a year, but little is known about it, Moore said, except that special forces are presumably stationed there.
Jump up ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan; Whitlock, Craig (November 24, 2017). "A city in Niger worries a new U.S. drone base will make it a 'magnet' for terrorists". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Taub, Ben (January 28, 2018). "Ben Taub on Twitter: "Secret military base near Arlit, Niger, revealed as a white dot in a sea of black, because Western soldiers didn't turn off their Fitbits". Twitter via the Internet Archive.
Jump up ^ Lewis, David; Bavier, Joe. Boulton, Ralph, ed. "U.S. deaths in Niger highlight Africa military mission creep". Reuters. In missions run out of a base in the northern Niger town of Arlit and others like the one that led to the ambush of U.S. troops, sources say they have helped local troops and intelligence agents make several arrests.
Jump up ^ "Russia and U.S. engage in military base race in Syria". defensenews.com. 15 January 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Anadolu Agency's map of U.S. bases in Syria infuriates The Pentagon". orient-news.net. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Kimmons, Sean (November 27, 2017). "Isolated from US military, small Army post looks to rid terrorism in West Africa". Army News Service.
Jump up ^ http://www.mcipac.marines.mil/Installations/Camp-Mujuk/
Jump up ^ Laming (2000), pp. 106-107
Laming, Tim (2000). UK Airports and Airfields. Ramsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing (Crowood Press). ISBN 1-85310-978-9.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military bases of the United States.
Depart. of Defense, Base Structure Report(PDF) FY 2009 Baseline
List of U.S. Bases Across the World, Bases listed along with data points
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Brainstem
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Neuroscience portal
Brainstem
The three distinct parts of the brainstem are colored in this sagittal section of a human brain.
Details
Part of
Brain
Components
Medulla, Pons, Midbrain
Identifiers
Latin
truncus encephali
MeSH
A08.186.211.132
NeuroNames
ancil-218
NeuroLex ID
Brainstem
Dorlands
/Elsevier
b_21/12195821
TA
A14.1.03.009
FMA
79876
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. In the human brain the brainstem includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. Sometimes the diencephalon, the caudal part of the forebrain, is included.[1]
The brainstem provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves. Of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves, ten pairs come from the brainstem. Though small, this is an extremely important part of the brain as the nerve connections of the motor and sensory systems from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the brainstem. This includes the corticospinal tract (motor), the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway (fine touch, vibration sensation, and proprioception), and the spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature, itch, and crude touch).
The brainstem also plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac and respiratory function. It also regulates the central nervous system, and is pivotal in maintaining consciousness and regulating the sleep cycle. The brainstem has many basic functions including heart rate, breathing, sleeping, and eating.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Midbrain
1.2 Pons
1.3 Medulla oblongata
1.4 Ventral view of medulla and pons
1.5 Dorsal view of medulla and pons
2 Development
3 Blood supply
4 Cranial nerves
5 Function
6 Clinical significance
7 Additional images
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Structure[edit]
Midbrain[edit]
Structures of the brainstem
Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus.
Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus.
Main article: Midbrain
The midbrain is divided into three parts. The first is the tectum, (Latin:roof), which forms the ceiling. The tectum comprises the paired structure of the superior and inferior colliculi and is the dorsal covering of the cerebral aqueduct. The inferior colliculus, is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several peripheral brainstem nuclei, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex. Its inferior brachium (arm-like process) reaches to the medial geniculate nucleus of the diencephalon. Superior to the inferior colliculus, the superior colliculus marks the rostral midbrain. It is involved in the special sense of vision and sends its superior brachium to the lateral geniculate body of the diencephalon. The second part is the tegmentum which forms the floor of the midbrain, and is ventral to the cerebral aqueduct. Several nuclei, tracts, and the reticular formation are contained here. The third part, the ventral tegmentum is composed of paired cerebral peduncles. These transmit axons of upper motor neurons.
The midbrain consists of:
Periaqueductal gray: The area of gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct, which contains various neurons involved in the pain desensitization pathway. Neurons synapse here and, when stimulated, cause activation of neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus, which then project down into the posterior grey column of the spinal cord and prevent pain sensation transmission.
Oculomotor nerve nucleus: This is the third cranial nerve nucleus.
Trochlear nerve nucleus: This is the fourth cranial nerve.
Red nucleus: This is a motor nucleus that sends a descending tract to the lower motor neurons.
Substantia nigra pars compacta: This is a concentration of neurons in the ventral portion of the midbrain that uses dopamine as its neurotransmitter and is involved in both motor function and emotion. Its dysfunction is implicated in Parkinson's disease.
Reticular formation: This is a large area in the midbrain that is involved in various important functions of the midbrain. In particular, it contains lower motor neurons, is involved in the pain desensitization pathway, is involved in the arousal and consciousness systems, and contains the locus coeruleus, which is involved in intensive alertness modulation and in autonomic reflexes.
Central tegmental tract: Directly anterior to the floor of the 4th ventricle, this is a pathway by which many tracts project up to the cortex and down to the spinal cord.
Ventral tegmental area: A dopaminergic nucleus located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain.
Rostromedial tegmental nucleus: A GABAergic nucleus located adjacent to the ventral tegmental area.
Pons[edit]
Main article: Pons
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2014)
The pons lies between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain. It contains tracts that carry signals from the cerebrum to the medulla and to the cerebellum and also tracts that carry sensory signals to the thalamus. The pons is connected to the cerebellum by the cerebellar peduncles. The pons houses the respiratory pneumotaxic center and apneustic center that make up the pontine respiratory group in the respiratory center. The pons co-ordinates activities of the cerebellar hemispheres.[citation needed]
Medulla oblongata[edit]
Main article: Medulla oblongata
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2014)
The medulla oblongata often just referred to as the medulla, is the lower half of the brainstem continuous with the spinal cord. Its upper part is continuous with the pons.[2] The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centres dealing with heart rate, breathing and blood pressure.
Ventral view of medulla and pons[edit]
Cross-section of the middle pons (at the level of cranial nerve V).
Cross-section of the inferior pons (at the level of the facial genu).
Cross-section of the rostral (superior) medulla.
Cross-section of the middle medulla.
Cross-section of the inferior medulla.
In the medial part of the medulla is the anterior median fissure. Moving laterally on each side are the medullary pyramids. The pyramids contain the fibers of the corticospinal tract (also called the pyramidal tract), or the upper motor neuronal axons as they head inferiorly to synapse on lower motor neuronal cell bodies within the anterior grey column of the spinal cord.
The anterolateral sulcus is lateral to the pyramids. Emerging from the anterolateral sulci are the CN XII (hypoglossal nerve) rootlets. Lateral to these rootlets and the anterolateral sulci are the olives. The olives are swellings in the medulla containing underlying inferior nucleary nuclei (containing various nuclei and afferent fibers). Lateral (and dorsal) to the olives are the rootlets for CN IX (glossopharyngeal), CN X (vagus) and CN XI (accessory nerve). The pyramids end at the pontine medulla junction, noted most obviously by the large basal pons. From this junction, CN VI (abducens nerve), CN VII (facial nerve) and CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) emerge. At the level of the midpons, CN V (the trigeminal nerve) emerges. Cranial nerve III (the oculomotor nerve) emerges ventrally from the midbrain, while the CN IV (the trochlear nerve) emerges out from the dorsal aspect of midbrain.
Between the two pyramids can be seen a decussation of fibres which marks the transition from the medulla to the spinal cord. The medulla is above the decussation and the spinal cord below.
Dorsal view of medulla and pons[edit]
The most medial part of the medulla is the posterior median sulcus. Moving laterally on each side is the fasciculus gracilis, and lateral to that is the fasciculus cuneatus. Superior to each of these, and directly inferior to the obex, are the gracile and cuneate tubercles, respectively. Underlying these are their respective nuclei. The obex marks the end of the 4th ventricle and the beginning of the central canal. The posterior intermediate sulci separates the fasciculi gracilis from the fasciculi cuneatus. Lateral to the fasciculi cuneatus is the lateral funiculus.
Superior to the obex is the floor of the 4th ventricle. In the floor of the 4th ventricle, various nuclei can be visualized by the small bumps that they make in the overlying tissue. In the midline and directly superior to the obex is the vagal trigone and superior to that it the hypoglossal trigone. Underlying each of these are motor nuclei for the respective cranial nerves. Superior to these trigones are fibers running laterally in both directions. These fibers are known collectively as the striae medullares. Continuing in a rostral direction, the large bumps are called the facial colliculi. Each facial colliculus, contrary to their names, do not contain the facial nerve nuclei. Instead, they have facial nerve axons traversing superficial to underlying abducens (CN VI) nuclei. Lateral to all these bumps previously discussed is an indented line, or sulcus that runs rostrally, and is known as the sulcus limitans. This separates the medial motor neurons from the lateral sensory neurons. Lateral to the sulcus limitans is the area of the vestibular system, which is involved in special sensation. Moving rostrally, the inferior, middle, and superior cerebellar peduncles are found connecting the midbrain to the cerebellum. Directly rostral to the superior cerebellar peduncle, there is the superior medullary velum and then the two trochlear nerves. This marks the end of the pons as the inferior colliculus is directly rostral and marks the caudal midbrain.
Development[edit]
The adult human brainstem emerges from two of the three primary vesicles formed of the neural tube. The mesencephalon is the second of the three primary vesicles, and does not further differentiate into a secondary vesicle. This will become the midbrain. The third primary vesicle, the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) will further differentiate into two secondary vesicles, the metencephalon and the myelencephalon. The metencephalon will become the cerebellum and the pons. The more caudal myelencephalon will become the medulla.
Blood supply[edit]
The main supply of blood to the brainstem is provided by the basilar arteries and the vertebral arteries.[3]
Cranial nerves[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2016)
Main article: cranial nerves
Ten of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves either target or are sourced from the brainstem.[4] The nuclei of the oculomotor nerve (III) and trochlear nerve (IV) are located in the midbrain. The nuclei of the trigeminal nerve (V), abducens nerve (VI), facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) are located in the pons. The nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII) are located in the medulla. The fibers of these cranial nerves exit the brainstem from these nuclei.[5]
Function[edit]
There are three main functions of the brainstem:
The brainstem plays a role in conduction. That is, all information relayed from the body to the cerebrum and cerebellum and vice versa must traverse the brainstem. The ascending pathways coming from the body to the brain are the sensory pathways and include the spinothalamic tract for pain and temperature sensation and the dorsal column, fasciculus gracilis, and cuneatus for touch, proprioception, and pressure sensation (both of the body). (The facial sensations have similar pathways, and will travel in the spinothalamic tract and the medial lemniscus also.) Descending tracts are upper motor neurons destined to synapse on lower motor neurons in the ventral horn and posterior horn. In addition, there are upper motor neurons that originate in the brainstem's vestibular, red, tectal, and reticular nuclei, which also descend and synapse in the spinal cord.
The cranial nerves III-XII emerge from the brainstem.[6] These cranial nerves supply the face, head, and viscera. (The first two pairs of cranial nerves arise from the cerebrum).
The brainstem has integrative functions being involved in cardiovascular system control, respiratory control, pain sensitivity control, alertness, awareness, and consciousness. Thus, brainstem damage is a very serious and often life-threatening problem.
Clinical significance[edit]
Diseases of the brainstem can result in abnormalities in the function of cranial nerves that may lead to visual disturbances, pupil abnormalities, changes in sensation, muscle weakness, hearing problems, vertigo, swallowing and speech difficulty, voice change, and co-ordination problems. Localizing neurological lesions in the brainstem may be very precise, although it relies on a clear understanding on the functions of brainstem anatomical structures and how to test them.
Brainstem stroke syndrome can cause a range of impairments including locked-in syndrome.
Duret haemorrhages are areas of bleeding in the midbrain and upper pons due to a downward traumatic displacement of the brainstem.[7]
Cysts known as syrinxes can affect the brainstem, in a condition called syringobulbia. These fluid-filed cavities can be congenital, acquired or the result of a tumor.
Criteria for claiming brainstem death in the UK have developed in order to make the decision of when to stop ventilation of somebody who could not otherwise sustain life. These determining factors are that the patient is irreversibly unconscious and incapable of breathing unaided. All other possible causes must be ruled out that might otherwise indicate a temporary condition. The state of irreversible brain damage has to be unequivocal. There are brainstem reflexes that are checked for by two senior doctors so that imaging technology is unnecessary. The absence of the cough and gag reflexes, of the corneal reflex and the vestibulo-ocular reflex need to be established; the pupils of the eyes must be fixed and dilated; there must be an absence of motor response to stimulation and an absence of breathing marked by concentrations of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood. All of these tests must be repeated after a certain time before death can be declared.[8]
Additional images[edit]
The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are labelled on this coronal section of the human brain.
Brainstem. Anterior face.Deep dissection
Brainstem. Posterior face.Deep dissection
Sagittal section of brainstem marking nuclei
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Cranial nerve nucleus
Triune brain Reptilian brain
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Alberts, Daniel (2012). Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary (32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
Jump up ^ Dorland's (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 1121. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
Jump up ^ Purves, Dale (2011). Neuroscience (5. ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer. p. 740. ISBN 978-0-87893-695-3.
Jump up ^ Purves, Dale (2011). Neuroscience (5. ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer. p. 725. ISBN 978-0-87893-695-3.
Jump up ^ Vilensky, Joel; Robertson, Wendy; Suarez-Quian, Carlos (2015). The Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves: The Nerves of "On Olympus Towering Top". Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-49201-7.
Jump up ^ http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/NeuroLectPDFs/CranialN-Lect.pdf
Jump up ^ Dorland's (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 842. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
Jump up ^ Black's Medical Dictionary 39th edition 1999
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brain stem.
Comparative Neuroscience at Wikiversity
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/Meded/Neuro/frames/nlBSsL/nl40fr.htm
http://biology.about.com/library/organs/brain/blbrainstem.htm
http://www.waiting.com/brainanatomy.html
http://braininjuryhelp.com/video-tutorial/brain-injury-help-video-tutorial/
http://www.martindalecenter.com/MedicalAnatomy_3_SAD.html
NIF Search - Brainstem via the Neuroscience Information Framework
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Meninges
Spinal cord
Brain
Rhombencephalon
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Forebrain
Diencephalon
Retina
Optic nerve
Cerebrum
Limbic system
Peripheral nervous system
Somatic
Sensory nerve
Motor nerve
Cranial nerve
Spinal nerve
Autonomic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric
[show]
v
t
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Anatomy of the medulla
Grey matter
Cranial nuclei
afferent:
Solitary nucleus
tract
Dorsal respiratory group
Gustatory nucleus
Vestibular nuclei
Lateral
Medial
Inferior
efferent:
Hypoglossal nucleus
Nucleus ambiguus
Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
Inferior salivatory nucleus
Dorsal
Gracile nucleus
Cuneate nucleus
Accessory cuneate nucleus
Ventral
Ventral respiratory group
Arcuate nucleus of medulla
Rostral ventromedial medulla
Botzinger complex
Pre-Bötzinger complex
White matter
Dorsal
Sensory
Sensory decussation
Medial lemniscus
Juxtarestiform body
Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Motor
Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Ventral
Descending tracts
Olivocerebellar tract
Rubro-olivary tract
Surface
Front
Pyramid
Anterior median fissure
Anterolateral sulcus
Olive
Inferior olivary nucleus
Back
Posterior median sulcus
Posterolateral sulcus
Area postrema
Vagal trigone
Hypoglossal trigone
Medial eminence
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Grey
Reticular formation
Gigantocellular
Parvocellular
Ventral
Lateral
Paramedian
Raphe nuclei
Obscurus
Magnus
Pallidus
Perihypoglossal nuclei
[show]
v
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Anatomy of the pons
Dorsal/
(tegmentum)
Surface
Cerebellopontine angle
Superior medullary velum
Sulcus limitans
Medial eminence
Facial colliculus
White: Sensory
Trapezoid body
Trigeminal lemniscus
Dorsal trigeminal tract
Ventral trigeminal tract
Medial lemniscus
Lateral lemniscus
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
Central tegmental tract
White: Motor
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Vestibulocerebellar tract
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Vestibulospinal tract
Medial vestibulospinal tract
Lateral vestibulospinal tract
Grey: Cranial nuclei
afferent:
GSA
Trigeminal
Principal
Spinal
Cochlear nucleus
Dorsal
Anterior
Vestibular nuclei
Superior
efferent:
SVE: Trigeminal motor nucleus
Facial motor nucleus
GSE: Abducens nucleus
GVE: Superior salivary nucleus
Inferior salivary nucleus
Other
Apneustic center
Parabrachial area
Pneumotaxic center
Subparabrachial nucleus
Medial parabrachial nucleus
Lateral parabrachial nucleus
Superior olivary nucleus
Caerulean nucleus
Ventral/
(base)
Grey
Pontine nuclei
White: Motor/descending
Corticospinal tract
Corticobulbar tract
Corticopontine fibers
MCP
Pontocerebellar fibers
Surface
Basilar sulcus
Other grey: Raphe/
reticular
Reticular formation
Caudal
Oral
Tegmental
Paramedian
Raphe nuclei
Median
[show]
v
t
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Anatomy of the midbrain
Tectum
(Dorsal)
Surface
Corpora quadrigemina:
Inferior colliculus
Brachium
Superior colliculus
Brachium
Grey matter
Pretectal area
White: Sensory/ascending
Spinotectal tract
Central tegmental tract
White: Motor/descending
Tectospinal tract
Peduncle
(Ventral)
Tegmentum
White: Sensory/ascending
Lemnisci
Medial
Lateral
Ascending MLF
Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
Spinothalamic tract
Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
Dentatothalamic tract
White: Motor/descending
Rubrospinal tract
Rubro-olivary tract
Descending MLF
Grey: cranial nuclei
GSA
Mesencephalic- GSE
Oculomotor nucleus, Trochlear nucleus- GVE
Edinger–Westphal nucleus
Grey: other
Periaqueductal gray
Raphe nuclei
dorsal
Ventral tegmental area
Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
Pedunculopontine nucleus
Red nucleus
Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus
Parabrachial area
Interpeduncular nucleus
Midbrain reticular formation
Ventricular system
Cerebral aqueduct
Base
White: Motor/descending
Cerebral crus: Corticospinal tract
Corticobulbar tract
Corticopontine tract/Frontopontine fibers/Temporopontine fibers
Grey: Substantia nigra
Pars compacta
Pars reticulata
Surface
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Decussation
Interpeduncular fossa
Authority control
GND: 4072520-0
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