text:
Paradise Lost
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Paradise Lost (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Paradise Lost
Title page of the first edition (1667)
Author
John Milton
Cover artist
J. B. de Medina and Henry Aldrich
Country
England
Language
English
Genre
Epic poetry, Christian theology
Publisher
Samuel Simmons (original)
Publication date
1667
Media type
Print
Followed by
Paradise Regained
Text
Paradise Lost at Wikisource
Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton (1608–1674). The first version, published in 1667, consisted of ten books with over ten thousand lines of verse. A second edition followed in 1674, arranged into twelve books (in the manner of Virgil's Aeneid) with minor revisions throughout and a note on the versification.[1][2] It is considered by critics to be Milton's major work, and it helped solidify his reputation as one of the greatest English poets of his time.[3]
The poem concerns the biblical story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Milton's purpose, stated in Book I, is to "justify the ways of God to men".[6]
Contents
1 Composition
2 Structure
3 Synopsis
4 Characters
4.1 Satan
4.2 Adam
4.3 Eve
4.4 The Son of God
4.5 God the Father
4.6 Raphael
4.7 Michael
5 Motifs
5.1 Marriage
5.2 Idolatry
6 Interpretation and critique
7 Iconography
8 See also
9 Footnotes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
12.1 Online text
12.2 Other information
Composition[edit]
Gustave Doré, The Heavenly Hosts, c. 1866, illustration to Paradise Lost.
In his introduction to the Penguin edition of Paradise Lost, the Milton scholar John Leonard notes, "John Milton was nearly sixty when he published Paradise Lost in 1667. [The biographer] John Aubrey (1626–97) tells us that the poem was begun in about 1658 and finished in about 1663. But parts were almost certainly written earlier, and its roots lie in Milton's earliest youth."[7] Leonard speculates that the English Civil War interrupted Milton's earliest attempts to start his "epic [poem] that would encompass all space and time."[7]
Leonard also notes that Milton "did not at first plan to write a biblical epic".[7] Since epics were typically written about heroic kings and queens (and with pagan gods), Milton originally envisioned his epic to be based on a legendary Saxon or British king like the legend of King Arthur.[8][9] In the 1667 version of Paradise Lost, the poem was divided into ten books. However, in the 1672 edition, Paradise Lost contained twelve books.[10]
Having gone totally blind in 1652, Milton wrote Paradise Lost entirely through dictation with the help of amanuenses and friends. He also wrote the epic poem while he was often ill, suffering from gout, and despite the fact that he was suffering emotionally after the early death of his second wife, Katherine Woodcock, in 1658, and the death of their infant daughter. Milton remarried five years later in 1663.[11]
Structure[edit]
The poem is divided into "books" (ten originally, twelve in Milton's revised edition of 1674). The Arguments (brief summaries) at the head of each book were added in subsequent imprints of the first edition.[12]
Synopsis[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
John Martin, Satan Presiding at the Infernal Council, c. 1823–1827
Gustave Doré, Depiction of Satan, the central character of John Milton's Paradise Lost c. 1866
The poem follows the epic tradition of starting in medias res (Latin for in the midst of things), the background story being recounted later.
Milton's story has two narrative arcs, one about Satan (Lucifer) and the other following Adam and Eve. It begins after Satan and the other rebel angels have been defeated and banished to Hell, or, as it is also called in the poem, Tartarus. In Pandæmonium, the capital city of Hell, Satan employs his rhetorical skill to organize his followers; he is aided by Mammon and Beelzebub. Belial and Moloch are also present. At the end of the debate, Satan volunteers to corrupt the newly created Earth and God's new and most favoured creation, Mankind. He braves the dangers of the Abyss alone in a manner reminiscent of Odysseus or Aeneas. After an arduous traversal of the Chaos outside Hell, he enters God's new material World, and later the Garden of Eden.
At several points in the poem, an Angelic War over Heaven is recounted from different perspectives. Satan's rebellion follows the epic convention of large-scale warfare. The battles between the faithful angels and Satan's forces take place over three days. At the final battle, the Son of God single-handedly defeats the entire legion of angelic rebels and banishes them from Heaven. Following this purge, God creates the World, culminating in his creation of Adam and Eve. While God gave Adam and Eve total freedom and power to rule over all creation, he gave them one explicit command: not to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil on penalty of death.
The story of Adam and Eve's temptation and fall is a fundamentally different, new kind of epic: a domestic one. Adam and Eve are presented as having a romantic and sexual relationship while still being without sin. They have passions and distinct personalities. Satan, disguised in the form of a serpent, successfully tempts Eve to eat from the Tree by preying on her vanity and tricking her with rhetoric. Adam, learning that Eve has sinned, knowingly commits the same sin. He declares to Eve that since she was made from his flesh, they are bound to one another – if she dies, he must also die. In this manner, Milton portrays Adam as a heroic figure, but also as a greater sinner than Eve, as he is aware that what he is doing is wrong.
After eating the fruit, Adam and Eve have lustful sex. At first, Adam is convinced that Eve was right in thinking that eating the fruit would be beneficial. However, they soon fall asleep and have terrible nightmares, and after they awake, they experience guilt and shame for the first time. Realizing that they have committed a terrible act against God, they engage in mutual recrimination.
Meanwhile, Satan returns triumphantly to Hell, amidst the praise of his fellow fallen angels. He tells them about how their scheme worked and Mankind has fallen, giving them complete dominion over Paradise. As he finishes his speech, however, the fallen angels around him become hideous snakes, and soon enough, Satan himself turned into a snake, deprived of limbs and unable to talk. Thus, they share the same punishment, as they shared the same guilt.
Eve appeals to Adam for reconciliation of their actions. Her encouragement enables them to approach God, and sue for grace, bowing on suppliant knee, to receive forgiveness. In a vision shown to him by the angel Michael, Adam witnesses everything that will happen to Mankind until the Great Flood. Adam is very upset by this vision of the future, so Michael also tells him about Mankind's potential redemption from original sin through Jesus Christ (whom Michael calls "King Messiah").
Adam and Eve are cast out of Eden, and Michael says that Adam may find "a paradise within thee, happier far". Adam and Eve also now have a more distant relationship with God, who is omnipresent but invisible (unlike the tangible Father in the Garden of Eden).
Characters[edit]
Satan[edit]
Satan, formerly called Lucifer, is the first major character introduced in the poem. He was once the most beautiful of all angels, and is a tragic figure who famously declares: "Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven." Following his failed rebellion against God, he is cast out from Heaven and condemned to Hell. Satan's desire to rebel against his creator stems from his unwillingness to be subjugated by God and his Son, claiming that angels are "self-begot, self-raised,"[13] and thereby denying God's authority over them as their creator.
Satan is deeply arrogant, albeit powerful and charismatic.[citation needed] Satan's persuasive powers are evident throughout the book; not only is he cunning and deceptive, but he is also able to rally the fallen angels to continue in the rebellion after their agonizing defeat in the Angelic War. He argues that God rules as a tyrant and that all the angels ought to rule as gods.[14] Though commonly understood to be the antagonizing force in Paradise Lost, Satan may be best defined as a tragic or Hellenic hero. According to William McCollom, one quality of the classical tragic hero is that he is not perfectly good and that his defeat is caused by a tragic flaw, as Satan causes both the downfall of man and the eternal damnation of his fellow fallen angels despite his dedication to his comrades. In addition, Satan's Hellenic qualities, such as his immense courage and, perhaps, lack of completely defined morals compound his tragic nature.[15]
Satan's status as a protagonist in the epic poem is debated. Milton characterizes him as such, but Satan lacks several key traits that would otherwise make him the definitive protagonist in the work. One deciding factor that insinuates his role as the protagonist in the story is that most often a protagonist is heavily characterized and far better described than the other characters, and the way the character is written is meant to make him seem more interesting or special to the reader. [16] For that matter, Satan is both well described and is depicted as being quite versatile in that he is shown as having the capacity to do evil whilst retaining his characteristic sympathetic qualities and thus it is this complex and relatable nature that makes him a likely candidate for the story's overarching protagonist.[16]
By some definitions a protagonist must be able to exist in and of himself or herself and that the secondary characters in the work exist only to further the plot for the protagonist.[17] Because Satan does not exist solely for himself, as without God he would not have a role to play in the story, he may not be viewed as the protagonist because of the continual shifts in perspective and relative importance of characters in each book of the work. Satan's existence in the story involves his rebellion against God and his determination to corrupt the beings he creates in order to perpetuate evil so that there can be a discernable balance and justice for both himself and his fallen angels. Therefore, it is more probable that he exists in order to combat God, making his status as the definitive protagonist of the work relative to each book. Following this logic, Satan may very well be considered as an antagonist in the poem, whereas God could be considered as the protagonist instead.
Satan's status as a traditional hero in the work is similarly up to debate as the term "hero" evokes different meanings depending on the time and the person giving the definition and is thus a matter of contention within the text. According to Aristotle, a hero is someone who is "superhuman, godlike, and divine" but is also human.[18] A hero would have to either be a human with God-like powers or the offspring of God. While Milton gives reason to believe that Satan is superhuman, as he was originally an angel, he is anything but human. Therefore, according to Aristotle's definition of a hero alone, Satan is not a hero. Torquato Tasso and Francesco Piccolomini expanded on Aristotle's definition and declared that for someone to be considered heroic one has to be perfectly or overly virtuous.[19] Satan repeatedly demonstrates a lack of virtue throughout the story as he intends to tempt God's creations with evil in order to destroy the good God is trying to create. Satan goes against God's law and therefore becomes corrupt and lacking of virtue and, as Piccolomini warned, "vice may be mistaken for heroic virtue".[18] Satan is very devoted to his cause, although that cause is evil but he strives to spin his sinister aspirations to appear as good ones. Satan achieves this end multiple times throughout the text as he riles up his band of fallen angels during his speech by deliberately telling them to do evil to explain God's hypocrisy and again during his entreaty to Eve. He makes his intentions seem pure and positive even when they are rooted in evil and, according to Steadman, this is the chief reason that readers often mistake Satan as a hero.[19]
Although Satan's army inevitably loses the war against God, Satan achieves a position of power and begins his reign in Hell with his band of loyal followers, composed of fallen angels, which is described to be a "third of heaven". Satan's characterization as the leader of a failing cause folds into this as well and is best exemplified through his own quote, "to be weak is to be miserable; Doing or Suffering", as through shared solidarity espoused by empowering rhetoric, Satan riles up his comrades in arms and keeps them focused towards their shared goal.[20] Similar to Milton's republican sentiments of overthrowing the King of England for both better representation and parliamentary power, Satan argues that his shared rebellion with the fallen angels is an effort to "explain the hypocrisy of God", and in doing so, they will be treated with the respect and acknowledgement that they deserve. As scholar Wayne Rebhorn argues, "Satan insists that he and his fellow revolutionaries held their places by right and even leading him to claim that they were self-created and self-sustained" and thus Satan's position in the rebellion is much like that of his own real world creator.[21]
Adam[edit]
William Blake, The Temptation and Fall of Eve, 1808 (illustration of Milton's Paradise Lost)
Adam is the first human being created by God. Finding himself alone, Adam complains and requests a mate from God, who grants his request and creates Eve to be Adam's conjugal companion and helpmate. God appraises Adam and Eve most of all his creations, and appoints them to rule over all the creatures of the world and to reside in the Garden of Eden. Adam is more gregarious than Eve, and yearns for her company. His complete infatuation with Eve, while pure of itself, eventually contributes to his deciding to join her in disobedience to God.
Unlike the biblical Adam, before Milton's Adam leaves Paradise he is given a glimpse of the future of mankind by the Archangel Michael—including a synopsis of stories from the Old and New Testaments.
Eve[edit]
Eve is the second human created by God, who takes one of Adam's ribs and shapes it into a female form of Adam. Not the traditional model of a good wife, Milton's Eve is often unwilling to be submissive towards Adam. She is the more intelligent of the two and more curious about external ideas than her husband. Though happy, she longs for knowledge, specifically for self-knowledge. (Her first act in existence is to turn away from Adam to look at and ponder her own reflection.) Eve is beautiful and though she loves Adam she may feel suffocated by his constant presence. In Book IX, she convinces Adam to separate for a time and work in different parts of the Garden. In her solitude, she is tempted by Satan to sin against God by eating of the Tree of Knowledge. Soon thereafter, Adam follows Eve in support of her act.
The Son of God[edit]
The Son of God is the spirit who will become incarnate as Jesus Christ, though he is never named explicitly because he has not yet entered human form. Milton believed in a subordinationist doctrine of Christology that regarded the Son as secondary to the Father and as God's "great Vice-regent" (5.609). Milton's God in Paradise Lost refers to the Son as "My word, my wisdom, and effectual might" (3.170). The poem is not explicitly anti-trinitarian, but it is consistent with Milton's convictions. The Son is the ultimate hero of the epic and is infinitely powerful—he single-handedly defeats Satan and his followers and drives them into Hell. After their fall, the Son of God tells Adam and Eve about God's judgment: He, the Son, volunteers to journey into the World and become a man himself; then he redeems the Fall of Man through his own sacrificial death and resurrection. In the final scene, a vision of Salvation through the Son of God is revealed to Adam by Michael. Still, the name Jesus of Nazareth, and the details of Jesus' story are not depicted in the poem,[22] though they are alluded to when Michael explains that "Joshua, whom the Gentiles Jesus call," prefigures the Son of God, "his name and office bearing" to "quell / The adversarie Serpent, and bring back [...] long wander[e]d man / Safe to eternal Paradise of rest."[23]
God the Father[edit]
God the Father is the creator of Heaven, Hell, the world, of everyone and everything there is, through the agency of His Son. Milton presents God as all-powerful and all-knowing, as an infinitely great being who cannot be overthrown by even the great army of angels Satan incites against him. Milton's stated purpose for the poem is to justify the ways of God to men, so he portrays God as often conversing about his plans and his motives for his actions with the Son of God. The poem shows God creating the world in the way Milton believed it was done, that is, God created Heaven, Earth, Hell, and all the creatures that inhabit these separate planes from part of Himself, not out of nothing.[24] Thus, according to Milton, the ultimate authority of God over all things that happen derives from his being the "author" of all creation. Satan tries to justify his rebellion by denying this aspect of God and claiming self-creation, but he admits to himself the truth otherwise, and that God "deserved no such return/ From me, whom He created what I was."[25][26]
Raphael[edit]
Raphael is the archangel whom God sends to warn Adam of Satan's infiltration of Eden and to warn that Satan will try to curse them (Adam and Eve). Raphael also discusses at length with the curious Adam some details about the creation and about events that transpired in Heaven.
Michael[edit]
Michael is a mighty archangel who fought for God in the Angelic War. In the first battle, he wounds Satan terribly with a powerful sword that God fashioned to cut through even the substance of angels. After Adam and Eve disobey God by eating from the Tree of Knowledge, God sends the angel Michael to visit them in the garden. Before he escorts them out of Paradise, Michael shows them visions of the future that disclose an outline of Bible stories from that of Cain and Abel in Genesis through the story of Jesus Christ in the New Testament.
Motifs[edit]
Marriage[edit]
Milton first presented Adam and Eve in Book IV with impartiality. The relationship between Adam and Eve is one of "mutual dependence, not a relation of domination or hierarchy." While the author placed Adam above Eve in his intellectual knowledge and, in turn, his relation to God, he granted Eve the benefit of knowledge through experience. Hermine Van Nuis clarifies, that although there is stringency specified for the roles of male and female, Adam and Eve unreservedly accept their designated roles.[27] Rather than viewing these roles as forced upon them, each uses their assignment as an asset in their relationship with each other. These distinctions can be interpreted as Milton's view on the importance of mutuality between husband and wife.
When examining the relationship between Adam and Eve, some critics apply either an Adam-centered or Eve-centered view of hierarchy and importance to God. David Mikics argues, by contrast, these positions "overstate the independence of the characters' stances, and therefore miss the way in which Adam and Eve are entwined with each other".[28] Milton's narrative depicts a relationship where the husband and wife (here, Adam and Eve) depend on each other and, through each other's differences, thrive.[28] Still, there are several instances where Adam communicates directly with God while Eve must go through Adam to God; thus, some have described Adam as her guide.[29]
Although Milton does not directly mention divorce, critics posit theories on Milton's view of divorce based upon their inferences from the poem and from his tracts on divorce written earlier in his life. Other works by Milton suggest he viewed marriage as an entity separate from the church. Discussing Paradise Lost, Biberman entertains the idea that "marriage is a contract made by both the man and the woman".[30] These ideas imply Milton may have favored that both man and woman have equal access to marriage and to divorce.
Idolatry[edit]
Milton's 17th-century contemporaries by and large criticised his ideas and considered him as a radical, mostly because of his Protestant views on politics and religion. One of Milton's most controversial arguments centred on his concept of what is idolatrous, which subject is deeply embedded in Paradise Lost.
Milton's first criticism of idolatry focused on the constructing of temples and other buildings to serve as places of worship. In Book XI of Paradise Lost, Adam tries to atone for his sins by offering to build altars to worship God. In response, the angel Michael explains that Adam does not need to build physical objects to experience the presence of God.[31] Joseph Lyle points to this example, explaining "When Milton objects to architecture, it is not a quality inherent in buildings themselves he finds offensive, but rather their tendency to act as convenient loci to which idolatry, over time, will inevitably adhere."[32] Even if the idea is pure in nature, Milton thought it would unavoidably lead to idolatry simply because of the nature of humans. That is, instead of directing their thoughts towards God, humans will turn to erected objects and falsely invest their faith there. While Adam attempts to build an altar to God, critics note Eve is similarly guilty of idolatry, but in a different manner. Harding believes Eve's narcissism and obsession with herself constitutes idolatry.[33] Specifically, Harding claims that "... under the serpent's influence, Eve's idolatry and self-deification foreshadow the errors into which her 'Sons' will stray."[33] Much like Adam, Eve falsely places her faith in herself, the Tree of Knowledge, and to some extent the Serpent, all of which do not compare to the ideal nature of God.
Milton made his views on idolatry more explicit with the creation of Pandæmonium and his allusion to Solomon's temple. In the beginning of Paradise Lost and throughout the poem, there are several references to the rise and eventual fall of Solomon's temple. Critics elucidate that "Solomon's temple provides an explicit demonstration of how an artefact moves from its genesis in devotional practice to an idolatrous end."[34] This example, out of the many presented, distinctly conveys Milton's views on the dangers of idolatry. Even if one builds a structure in the name of God, the best of intentions can become immoral in idolatry. Further, critics have drawn parallels between both Pandemonium and Saint Peter's Basilica,[citation needed] and the Pantheon. The majority of these similarities revolve around a structural likeness, but as Lyle explains, they play a greater role. By linking Saint Peter's Basilica and the Pantheon to Pandemonium—an ideally false structure—the two famous buildings take on a false meaning.[35] This comparison best represents Milton's Protestant views, as it rejects both the purely Catholic perspective and the Pagan perspective.
In addition to rejecting Catholicism, Milton revolted against the idea of a monarch ruling by divine right. He saw the practice as idolatrous. Barbara Lewalski concludes that the theme of idolatry in Paradise Lost "is an exaggerated version of the idolatry Milton had long associated with the Stuart ideology of divine kingship".[36] In the opinion of Milton, any object, human or non human, that receives special attention befitting of God, is considered idolatrous.
Interpretation and critique[edit]
The Creation of Man, engraving from the 1688 edition, by John Baptist Medina.
The writer and critic Samuel Johnson wrote that Paradise Lost shows off "[Milton's] peculiar power to astonish" and that "[Milton] seems to have been well acquainted with his own genius, and to know what it was that Nature had bestowed upon him more bountifully than upon others: the power of displaying the vast, illuminating the splendid, enforcing the awful, darkening the gloomy, and aggravating the dreadful."[37]
Milton scholar John Leonard interpreted the "impious war" between Heaven and Hell as civil war:[38][page needed]
Paradise Lost is, among other things, a poem about civil war. Satan raises 'impious war in Heav'n' (i 43) by leading a third of the angels in revolt against God. The term 'impious war' implies that civil war is impious. But Milton applauded the English people for having the courage to depose and execute King Charles I. In his poem, however, he takes the side of 'Heav'n's awful Monarch' (iv 960). Critics have long wrestled with the question of why an antimonarchist and defender of regicide should have chosen a subject that obliged him to defend monarchical authority.
The editors at the Poetry Foundation argue that Milton's criticism of the English monarchy was being directed specifically at the Stuart monarchy and not at the monarchy system in general.[39]
In a similar vein, critic and writer C.S. Lewis argued that there was no contradiction in Milton's position in the poem since "Milton believed that God was his 'natural superior' and that Charles Stuart was not." Lewis interpreted the poem as a genuine Christian morality tale.[40][page needed] Other critics, like William Empson, view it as a more ambiguous work, with Milton's complex characterization of Satan playing a large part in that perceived ambiguity.[40][page needed] Empson argued that "Milton deserves credit for making God wicked, since the God of Christianity is 'a wicked God.'" Leonard places Empson's interpretation "in the [Romantic interpretive] tradition of William Blake and Percy Bysshe Shelley."[38][page needed]
Blake famously wrote, "The reason Milton wrote in fetters when he wrote of Angels & God, and at liberty when of Devils & Hell, is because he was a true Poet and of the Devil's party without knowing it."[41] This quotation succinctly represents the way in which the 18th- and 19th-century English Romantic poets viewed Milton.
Empson's view is more complex. Leonard points out that "Empson never denies that Satan's plan is wicked. What he does deny is that God is innocent of its wickedness: 'Milton steadily drives home that the inmost counsel of God was the Fortunate Fall of man; however wicked Satan's plan may be, it is God's plan too [since God in Paradise Lost is depicted as being both omniscient and omnipotent].'"[38][page needed] Leonard calls Empson's view "a powerful argument", he notes that this interpretation was challenged by Dennis Danielson in his book Milton's Good God (1982).[38][page needed]
Iconography[edit]
See also: William Blake's illustrations of Paradise Lost
In Sin, Death and the Devil (1792), James Gillray caricatured the political battle between Pitt and Thurlow as a scene from Paradise Lost. Pitt is Death and Thurlow Satan, with Queen Charlotte as Sin in the middle.
The first illustrations to accompany the text of Paradise Lost were added to the fourth edition of 1688, with one engraving prefacing each book, of which up to eight of the twelve were by Sir John Baptist Medina, one by Bernard Lens II, and perhaps up to four (including Books I and XII, perhaps the most memorable) by another hand.[42] The engraver was Michael Burghers (not 'Burgesse' as given in the Christ's College website). By 1730 the same images had been re-engraved on a smaller scale by Paul Fourdrinier.
Some of the most notable illustrators of Paradise Lost included William Blake, Gustave Doré and Henry Fuseli. However, the epic's illustrators also include John Martin, Edward Francis Burney, Richard Westall, Francis Hayman, and many others.
Outside of book illustrations, the epic has also inspired other visual works by well-known painters like Salvador Dalí who executed a set of ten colour engravings in 1974.[43] Milton's achievement in writing Paradise Lost while blind (he dictated to helpers) inspired loosely biographical paintings by both Fuseli[44] and Eugène Delacroix.[45]
See also[edit]
Paradise Lost in popular culture
John Milton's poetic style
Paradise Regained
Visio Tnugdali
Prince of Darkness (Satan)
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Milton, John (1674). Paradise Lost; A Poem in Twelve Books (II ed.). London: S. Simmons. Retrieved 8 January 2017 – via Internet Archive.
Jump up ^ "Paradise Lost: Introduction". Dartmouth College. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "John Milton". Poetry Foundation. 19 April 2018.
Jump up ^ John Milton. Paradise Lost, Book I, l. 26. 1667. Hosted by Dartmouth. Accessed 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Milton 1674, 1:26.
Jump up ^ Milton's original line read "...justifie the wayes of God to men."[4][5]
^ Jump up to: a b c Leonard 2000, p. xii.
Jump up ^ Leonard 2000, p. xiii.
Jump up ^ Broadbent 1972, p. 54.
Jump up ^ Forsythe, Neil (2002). The Satanic Epic. Princeton University.
Jump up ^ Abrahm, M.H., Stephen Greenblatt, Eds. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. New York: Norton, 2000.
Jump up ^ Teskey, Gordon (2005). "Introduction". Paradise Lost: A Norton Critical Edition. New York: Norton. pp. xxvii–xxviii. ISBN 978-0393924282.
Jump up ^ Milton 1674, 5:860.
Jump up ^ Milton 1674, 5:794–802.
Jump up ^ McCollom, William G. ―The Downfall of the Tragic Hero.‖ College English 19.2 (1957): 51- 56.
^ Jump up to: a b (Taha, Ibrahim. "Heroism In Literature." The American Journal of Semiotics18.1/4 (2002): 107-26. Philosophy Document Center. Web. 12 Nov. 2014)
Jump up ^ Taha, Ibrahim. "Heroism In Literature." The American Journal of Semiotics18.1/4 (2002): 107-26. Philosophy Document Center. Web. 12 Nov. 2014
^ Jump up to: a b Steadman, John M. "Heroic Virtue and the Divine Image in Paradise Lost. "Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 22.1/2 (1959): pp. 89
^ Jump up to: a b Steadman, John M. "Heroic Virtue and the Divine Image in Paradise Lost. "Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 22.1/2 (1959): pp. 90
Jump up ^ Milton, John. Paradise Lost. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 9th ed. Vol. B. New York ; London: W.W. Norton, 2012. 1950. Print.
Jump up ^ Rebhorn, Wayne A. "The Humanist Tradition and Milton's Satan: The Conservative as Revolutionary". Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, Vol. 13, No. 1, The English Renaissance (Winter 1973), pp. 81-93. Print.
Jump up ^ Marshall 1961, p. 17
Jump up ^ Milton 1674, 12:310-314
Jump up ^ Lehnhof 2008, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Milton 1674, 4:42–43.
Jump up ^ Lehnhof 2008, p. 24.
Jump up ^ Van Nuis 2000, p. 50.
^ Jump up to: a b Mikics 2004, p. 22.
Jump up ^ Mikics, David (24 February 2004). "Miltonic Marriage and the Challenge to History in Paradise Lost". Texas Studies in Literature and Language. 46 (1): 20–48. doi:10.1353/tsl.2004.0005 – via Project MUSE.
Jump up ^ Biberman 1999, p. 137.
Jump up ^ Milton 1674, Book 11.
Jump up ^ Lyle 2000, p. 139.
^ Jump up to: a b Harding 2007, p. 163.
Jump up ^ Lyle 2000, p. 140.
Jump up ^ Lyle 2000, p. 147.
Jump up ^ Lewalski 2003, p. 223.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Samuel. Lives of the English Poets. New York: Octagon, 1967.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Leonard, John. "Introduction." Paradise Lost. New York: Penguin, 2000.
Jump up ^ "John Milton". Poetry Foundation. 19 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Leonard, John. "Introduction". Paradise Lost. New York: Penguin, 2000.
Jump up ^ Blake, William. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. 1793.
Jump up ^ Illustrating Paradise Lost Archived 1 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. from Christ's College, Cambridge, has all twelve on line. See Medina's article for more on the authorship, and all the illustrations, which are also in Commons.
Jump up ^ Lockport Street Gallery. Retrieved on 2013-12-13.
Jump up ^ Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved on 2013-12-13.
Jump up ^ WikiPaintings. Retrieved on 2013-12-13.
References[edit]
Anderson, G (January 2000), "The Fall of Satan in the Thought of St. Ephrem and John Milton", Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies, 3 (1), archived from the original on 26 February 2008
Biberman, M (January 1999), "Milton, Marriage, and a Woman's Right to Divorce", SEL: Studies in English Literature, 39 (1): 131–153, doi:10.2307/1556309, JSTOR 1556309
Black, J, ed. (March 2007), "Paradise Lost", The Broadview Anthology of British Literature, A (Concise ed.), Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, pp. 998–1061, ISBN 978-1-55111-868-0, OCLC 75811389
Blake, W. (1793), The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, London .
Blayney, B, ed. (1769), The King James Bible, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Bradford, R (July 1992), Paradise Lost (1st ed.), Philadelphia: Open University Press, ISBN 978-0-335-09982-5, OCLC 25050319
Broadbent, John (1972), Paradise Lost: Introduction, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521096393
Butler, G (February 1998), "Giants and Fallen Angels in Dante and Milton: The Commedia and the Gigantomachy in Paradise Lost", Modern Philosophy, 95 (3): 352–363
Carter, R. and McRae, J. (2001). The Routledge History of Literature in English: Britain and Ireland. 2 ed. Oxon: Routledge.
Carey, J; Fowler, A (1971), The Poems of John Milton, London
Doerksen, D (December 1997), "Let There Be Peace': Eve as Redemptive Peacemaker in Paradise Lost, Book X", Milton Quarterly, 32 (4): 124–130, doi:10.1111/j.1094-348X.1997.tb00499.x
Eliot, T.S. (1957), On Poetry and Poets, London: Faber and Faber
Eliot, T. S. (1932), "Dante", Selected Essays, New York: Faber and Faber, OCLC 70714546 .
Empson, W (1965), Milton's God (Revised ed.), London
John Milton: A Short Introduction (2002 ed., paperback by Roy C. Flannagan, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-631-22620-8; 2008 ed., ebook by Roy Flannagan, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-470-69287-5)
Forsyth, N (2003), The Satanic Epic, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-11339-5
Frye, N (1965), The Return of Eden: Five Essays on Milton's Epics, Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Harding, P (January 2007), "Milton's Serpent and the Pagan Birth of Error", SEL: Studies in English Literature, 47 (1): 161–177, doi:10.1353/sel.2007.0003
Hill, G (1905), Lynch, Jack, ed., Samuel Johnson: The Lives of the English Poets, 3 vols, Oxford: Clarendon, OCLC 69137084
Kermode, F, ed. (1960), The Living Milton: Essays by Various Hands, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 0-7100-1666-2, OCLC 17518893
Kerrigan, W, ed. (2007), The Complete Poetry and Essential Prose of John Milton, New York: Random House, ISBN 978-0-679-64253-4, OCLC 81940956
Lehnhof, K. (Summer 2004), "Paradise Lost and the Concept of Creation", South Central Review, 21 (2): 15–41, doi:10.1353/scr.2004.0021
Leonard, John (2000), "Introduction", in Milton, John, Paradise Lost, New York: Penguin, ISBN 9780140424393
Lewalski, B. (January 2003), "Milton and Idolatry", SEL: Studies in English Literature, 43 (1): 213–232, doi:10.1353/sel.2003.0008
Lewis, C.S. (1942), A Preface to Paradise Lost, London: Oxford University Press, OCLC 822692
Lyle, J (January 2000), "Architecture and Idolatry in Paradise Lost", SEL: Studies in English Literature, 40 (1): 139–155, doi:10.2307/1556158, JSTOR 1556158
Marshall, W. H. (January 1961), "Paradise Lost: Felix Culpa and the Problem of Structure", Modern Language Notes, 76 (1): 15–20, doi:10.2307/3040476, JSTOR 3040476
Mikics, D (2004), "Miltonic Marriage and the Challenge to History in Paradise Lost", Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 46 (1): 20–48, doi:10.1353/tsl.2004.0005
Miller, T.C., ed. (1997), The Critical Response to John Milton's "Paradise Lost", Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-313-28926-2, OCLC 35762631
Milton, J (1674), Paradise Lost (2nd ed.), London: S. Simmons
Rajan, B (1947), Paradise Lost and the Seventeenth Century Reader, London: Chatto & Windus, OCLC 62931344
Ricks, C.B. (1963), Milton's Grand Style, Oxford: Clarendon Press, OCLC 254429
Stone, J.W. (May 1997), ""Man's effeminate s(lack)ness:" Androgyny and the Divided Unity of Adam and Eve", Milton Quarterly, 31 (2): 33–42, doi:10.1111/j.1094-348X.1997.tb00491.x
Van Nuis, H (May 2000), "Animated Eve Confronting Her Animus: A Jungian Approach to the Division of Labor Debate in Paradise Lost", Milton Quarterly, 34 (2): 48–56, doi:10.1111/j.1094-348X.2000.tb00619.x
Walker, Julia M. (1998), Medusa's Mirrors: Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton, and the Metamorphosis of the Female Self, University of Delaware Press, ISBN 978-0-87413-625-8
Wheat, L (2008), Philip Pullman's His dark materials—a multiple allegory : attacking religious superstition in The lion, the witch, and the wardrobe and Paradise lost, Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, ISBN 978-1-59102-589-4, OCLC 152580912
Further reading[edit]
Patrides, C. A. Approaches to Paradise Lost: The York Tercentenary Lectures (University of Toronto, 1968) ISBN 0-8020-1577-8
Ryan J. Stark, "Paradise Lost as Incomplete Argument," 1650—1850: Aesthetics, Ideas, and Inquiries in the Early Modern Era (2011): 3–18.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutParadise Lostat Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Data from Wikidata
Gustave Doré Paradise Lost Illustrations from the University at Buffalo Libraries
Major Online Resources on Paradise Lost
Paradise Lost public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Online text[edit]
Paradise Lost XHTML version at Dartmouth's Milton Reading Room
Project Gutenberg text version 1
Project Gutenberg text version 2
Paradise Lost PDF/Ebook version with layout and fonts inspired by 17th century publications.
paradiselost.org has the original poetry side-by-side with a translation to plain (prosaic) English
Other information[edit]
darkness visible – comprehensive site for students and others new to Milton: contexts, plot and character summaries, reading suggestions, critical history, gallery of illustrations of Paradise Lost, and much more. By students at Milton's Cambridge college, Christ's College.
Selected bibliography at the Milton Reading Room – includes background, biography, criticism.
Paradise Lost learning guide, quotes, close readings, thematic analyses, character analyses, teacher resources
show
v
t
e
John Milton
Topics
Poetic style
Reception history
Religion
Politics
Early life
Relationships
Poetry
Poems 1645
On the Morning of Christ's Nativity
Upon the Circumcision
The Passion
Arcades
Comus
"Lycidas"
"L'Allegro"
"Il Penseroso"
Paradise Lost
Paradise Regained
Samson Agonistes
Poems 1673
Antiprelatical tracts
Of Reformation
Of Prelatical Episcopacy
Animadversions
The Reason of Church-Government
Apology for Smectymnuus
Divorce tracts
Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce
Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce
Tetrachordon
Colasterion
Political tracts
Areopagitica
The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
Eikonoklastes
Defensio pro Populo Anglicano
Defensio Secunda
A Treatise of Civil Power
The Ready and Easy Way
Other writings
Of Education
The History of Britain
Of True Religion
Individual sonnets
"When I Consider How My Light is Spent"
"On the Late Massacre in Piedmont"
"Methought I Saw my Late Espoused Saint"
Disputed
De Doctrina Christiana
Family
John Milton (father)
Edward Phillips (nephew)
John Phillips (nephew)
show
v
t
e
John Milton's Paradise Lost
Source
Fall of man
Adaptations
William Blake's illustrations of Paradise Lost (art)
Paradise Lost (opera)
Related
Paradise Lost in popular culture
Paradise Regained
Albums
Black Aria (1992)
Damnation and a Day (2003)
Rattle That Lock (2015)
Characters
Satan
Prince of Darkness
Adam
Eve
Son of God
God the Father
Raphael
Michael
Places
Pandæmonium
show
v
t
e
Adam and Eve
Source
Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis
Adam
Eve
Offspring
Cain and Abel
Aclima
Seth
Awan
Azura
Television
"Probe 7, Over and Out" (1963)
Film
Mama's Affair (1921)
Good Morning, Eve! (1934)
The Broken Jug (1937)
The Original Sin (1948)
The Private Lives of Adam and Eve (1960)
El pecado de Adán y Eva (1969)
La Biblia en pasta (1984)
The Annunciation (1984)
Adipapam (1988)
Adam (1992)
Man's Best Friend (1998)
Babs (2000)
The Last Eve (2005)
Year One (2009)
The Tragedy of Man (2011)
Adam and Dog (2011)
Tropico (2013)
Plays
Le Jeu d'Adam (12th century)
The Broken Jug (1808)
The Tragedy of Man (1861)
The Creation of the World and Other Business (1972)
Musicals
The Apple Tree (1966)
Dude (1972)
Up from Paradise (1973)
Children of Eden (1991)
Compositions
The Creation (1798)
structure
La mort d'Adam (1809)
Ève (1875)
Genesis Suite (1945)
Lilith (2001)
Literature
Apocalypse of Adam
Book of Moses
Book of Abraham
Books of Adam
Book of the Penitence of Adam
Cave of Treasures
"El y Ella"
Genesis A and Genesis B
Harrowing of Hell
Life of Adam and Eve
Testament of Adam
Testimony of Truth (3rd century)
Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan (6th century)
"Old Saxon Genesis" (9th century)
"Adam lay ybounden" (15th century)
Paradise Lost (1667)
Le Dernier Homme (1805)
Extracts from Adam's Diary (1904)
Eve's Diary (1905)
The Book of Genesis (2009)
Art
Bernward Doors (1015)
Tapestry of Creation (11th century)
Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (1425)
Vienna Diptych (15th century)
The Last Judgment (1482)
The Garden of Earthly Delights (1504)
Adam and Eve (1507)
Paradise and Hell (1510)
The Creation of Adam (1512)
The Haywain Triptych (1516)
Eve, the Serpent and Death (1510s or 1520s)
Adam and Eve (1528)
The Fall of Man (1550)
Maps of ancient Israel
The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man (1617)
The Fall of Man (1628)
The Four Seasons (1660s)
The Koren Picture-Bible (1692–1696)
The First Mourning (1888)
Eve (1931)
Adam and Eve (1932)
The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve (1958)
Songs
"Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again"
"Adam-ondi-Ahman" (1835)
"Forbidden Fruit" (1915)
"The Garden of Eden" (1956)
"Let's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance" (1970)
"Man Gave Names to All the Animals" (1979)
Albums
The Cainian Chronicle (1996)
Visions of Eden (2006)
Other cultures
Adam–God doctrine
Adam and Eve (LDS Church)
Adam in Islam
Adam in rabbinic literature
Al-A'raf
Book of Moses
Endowment
Manu (Hinduism)
Mashya and Mashyana
Serpent seed
Tree of Jiva and Atman
Tree of life (Quran)
Our Lady of Endor Coven
Geography
Adam-ondi-Ahman
Tomb of Eve
Biology
Mitochondrial Eve
Y-chromosomal Adam
The Real Eve
Story within a story
Doraemon: Nobita's Diary of the Creation of the World
Island of Love
The Visitors
Games
Demon: The Fallen (2002)
Related theology
Fall of man
Original sin
Garden of Eden
Tree of the knowledge of good and evil
Serpents in the Bible
Forbidden fruit
Apple
Fig leaf
Figs in the Bible
Adam's ale
Adamic language
Rosh Hashanah
Camael
Shamsiel
Tree of life
Allegorical interpretations of Genesis
Other
Pre-Adamite
Generations of Adam
Cave of the Patriarchs
"In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela"
"Simpsons Bible Stories"
Second Time Lucky
Adam and Eve cylinder seal
Timeline of Genesis patriarchs
Genealogies of Genesis
Carnal knowledge
Legend of the Rood
Ystorya Adaf
Snakes for the Divine
Ransom theory of atonement
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNE: XX2219050
BNF: cb11939532n (data)
GND: 4114602-5
LCCN: n85227530
NLA: 35354390
SUDOC: 027329607
VIAF: 314808661
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Lost&oldid=853347561"
Categories:
1667 books
1667 poems
1674 books
Christian poetry
Epic poems in English
Astrological texts
Poetry by John Milton
Biblical paraphrases
Biblical poetry
Garden of Eden
Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve
Cosmogony
God in fiction
The Devil in fiction
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles needing additional references from February 2016
All articles needing additional references
Use British English from May 2012
Articles that link to Wikisource
Articles needing additional references from March 2016
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2016
Articles with LibriVox links
Use dmy dates from May 2012
Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wikisource
Languages
العربية
বাংলা
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latina
Magyar
മലയാളം
مصرى
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
41 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 August 2018, at 03:20 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Paradise Lost (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: Houghton EC65.M6427P.1667aa - Paradise Lost, 1667.jpg

values:
/wiki/Fall_of_Man
mw-redirect
Fall of Man

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Francesco_Piccolomini
mw-redirect
Francesco Piccolomini

values:
/wiki/Jesus_Christ
mw-redirect
Jesus Christ

values:
/wiki/Solomon%27s_temple
mw-redirect
Solomon's temple

values:
/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica
mw-redirect
Saint Peter's Basilica

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2008)

values:
/wiki/Barbara_Lewalski
mw-redirect
Barbara Lewalski

values: Edit section: Interpretation and critique

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2016)

values: William Blake's illustrations of Paradise Lost

values:
/wiki/Peter_Fourdrinier
mw-redirect
Peter Fourdrinier

values: The Norton Anthology of English Literature

values:
nofollow
external text
https://muse.jhu.edu/article/52299

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1353/tsl.2004.0005

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/1556309

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1556309

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/75811389

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/25050319

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/70714546

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1353/sel.2007.0003

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/69137084

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/17518893

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/81940956

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1353/scr.2004.0021

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1353/sel.2003.0008

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/822692

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/1556158

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1556158

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/3040476

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3040476

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/35762631

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/62931344

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/254429

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/152580912

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/26

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.paradiselost.org

values:
nofollow
http://www.shmoop.com/paradise-lost/
external text

values:
navbox-image
9
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Comus_(John_Milton)
mw-redirect
Comus (John Milton)

values: The Reason of Church-Government Urged against Prelaty

values: Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce

values: The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
navbox-image
18
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: The Creation of the World and Other Business

values: Doraemon: Nobita's Diary of the Creation of the World

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4114602-5

values:
nofollow
external text
https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35354390

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/027329607

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/314808661

values: Category:Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2016

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Use British English from May 2012

values: Category:Articles that link to Wikisource

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2016

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Paradise_Lost
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: الفردوس المفقود – Arabic

values: প্যারাডাইস লস্ট – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Страчаны рай – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Изгубеният рай – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: بهشت گمشده – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Կորուսյալ դրախտ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: पैराडाइज लॉस्ट – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: גן העדן האבוד – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: დაკარგული სამოთხე – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values: Elveszett paradicsom (Milton) – Hungarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: പാരഡൈസ് ലോസ്റ്റ് – Malayalam

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: الفردوس المفقود – Egyptian Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: प्याराडाइज लस्ट – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: ਪੈਰਾਡਾਇਜ਼ ਲੌਸਟ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Потерянный рай (поэма) – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: பாரடைஸ் லாஸ்ட் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: పేరడైజ్ లాస్ట్ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: แพระไดส์ลอสต์ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Втрачений рай – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Paradise_Lost rootpage-Paradise_Lost skin-vector action-view


text:
Before I Fall (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Before I Fall
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ry Russo-Young
Produced by
Matthew Kaplan
Brian Robbins
Jonathan Shestack
Written by
Maria Maggenti
Based on
Before I Fall
by Lauren Oliver
Starring
Zoey Deutch
Halston Sage
Logan Miller
Kian Lawley
Jennifer Beals
Diego Boneta
Elena Kampouris
Music by
Adam Taylor
Cinematography
Michael Fimognari
Edited by
Joe Landauer
Production
company
Awesomeness Films
Jon Shestack Productions
Distributed by
Open Road Films
Release date
January 21, 2017 (2017-01-21) (Sundance)
March 3, 2017 (2017-03-03) (United States)
Running time
99 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$5 million[2]
Box office
$16.1 million[3]
Before I Fall is a 2017 American teen drama film directed by Ry Russo-Young and written by Maria Maggenti, based on the 2010 novel of same name by Lauren Oliver. The film stars Zoey Deutch, Halston Sage, Logan Miller, Kian Lawley, Jennifer Beals, Diego Boneta and Elena Kampouris.
The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2017, and was theatrically released on March 3, 2017, by Open Road Films. The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $16 million worldwide against its $5 million budget. According to IndieWire, it was one of the highest grossing independent films of 2017.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
6 Awards and nominations
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Samantha Kingston (Zoey Deutch) wakes on Cupid's Day (February 12). She is picked up by her friends, Lindsay (Halston Sage), Ally (Cynthy Wu) and Elody (Medalion Rahimi), who joke with her about losing her virginity to her boyfriend Rob (Kian Lawley) that night. During class, Sam is handed a rose, gifted from her boyfriend with a nonchalant note. She is also given a pale colored rose with a note suggesting it is from another boy named Kent (Logan Miller). He later invites her to his party. During lunch the girls make fun of Juliet (Elena Kampouris), an outsider girl that they view as a "psycho". At the party, Juliet shows up, seemingly uninvited. Lindsay confronts her and the two fight, with Juliet leaving in tears. As they are driving back from the party, the car hits something and crashes, apparently killing Sam and her friends.
Sam wakes in her room on Cupid's Day again. Thinking the previous day was just a nightmare, Sam continues on with her day but finds that the same events occur, and they again crash leaving the party. Sam wakes up on the same day again. Realizing she is in a time-loop, she convinces the group to have a sleepover instead of going to the party, trying to avoid the crash. They avoid the crash, but find out later in the night that Juliet has killed herself. Despite avoiding the crash, Sam wakes up on the same day again. Camera effects are used to indicate that Sam has continued to endure the same day many times and is seemingly unable to break the loop, so one morning she decides to angrily react to everyone around her, insulting her friends and family. At the party, she has sex with Rob, but appears to not enjoy the experience. She runs into Kent's room and breaks down in tears. Kent finds and comforts her, letting her stay in his room.
The next day, she skips school and spends time with her sister. At the party, Sam and Kent share a kiss. She hears the fight between Lindsay and Juliet from the hall and chases after her through the woods. Sam tries to stop Juliet, but she jumps in front of Lindsay's car, horrifying Sam and making her realize that Juliet was what the car hit on the original day. Sam wakes up again with a sense of calm and understanding, knowing what she must do to end the loop. She goes about her day much kinder and considerate than she had on the first. She also breaks up with Rob and tells Kent that she has a "secret" to tell him. At the party, she tells Kent she loves him. She again attempts to save Juliet, but when Juliet attempts to run into traffic, Sam accepts her fate and pushes her out of the way, being killed by a truck and ending the loop. As she dies, a montage of good memories plays in her head. Touched and moved, Juliet says to Sam's lifeless body that she saved her, to which Sam's spirit replies "No, you saved me".
Cast[edit]
Zoey Deutch as Samantha Kingston
Erica Tremblay as Izzy Kingston
Halston Sage as Lindsay Edgecombe
Logan Miller as Kent McFuller
Cynthy Wu as Ally Harris
Kian Lawley as Rob Cokran
Jennifer Beals as Samantha's mother
Medalion Rahimi as Elody
Diego Boneta as Mr. Daimler
Elena Kampouris as Juliet Sykes
Liv Hewson as Anna Cartullo
Nicholas Lea as Dan Kingston
Claire Corlett as Devil Cupid
Roan Curtis as Marian Sykes
Production[edit]
On July 15, 2010, Fox 2000 Pictures bought the feature film rights to the teen novel Before I Fall, Lauren Oliver's debut, which was published that year.[5][6] Maria Maggenti was hired to adapt the novel into a screenplay, while Jonathan Shestack was set to produce and Ginny Pennekamp to co-produce. The film is about a high school student who re-lives the same day until she gets everything in her life right.[5] In 2011, the script was listed among the Black List of best unproduced screenplays.[7] Ry Russo-Young was attached as the film's director.[8] On September 15, 2015, it was announced that Zoey Deutch had been cast in the film's lead role, Samantha Kingston.[8] Brian Robbins and Matthew Kaplan produced the film through their Awesomeness Films, along with Shestack, with production starting in late October 2015.[8] On October 27, 2015, more cast was announced, consisting of Halston Sage, Logan Miller, Kian Lawley, Diego Boneta, and Elena Kampouris.[9] Good Universe handled the film's international sales at the American Film Market.[9] On November 3, 2015, Jennifer Beals joined the film's cast, to play Samantha's mother.[10] On November 20, 2015, Liv Hewson was cast in the film to play Anna Cartullo.[11] Adam Taylor composed the film's score.[12]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography on the film began on November 16, 2015, in Squamish, British Columbia, where they filmed at Quest University.[6][13][14] Shooting also took place in and around Vancouver.[15] Filming ended on December 19, 2015.[16]
Release[edit]
In May 2016, Open Road Films acquired U.S distribution rights to the film.[17] Before I Fall had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2017.[18] The film was originally scheduled to be released on April 7, 2017, but was moved up to March 3.[19][20] It also screened in Italy at Giffoni Film Festival on July 18, 2017.[21]
Home media[edit]
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on May 30, 2017 in the United States by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Before I Fall grossed $12.2 million in the United States and Canada and $3.5 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $16.1 million, against a production budget of $5 million.[3]
In the United States and Canada, Before I Fall opened alongside The Shack and Logan, and was projected to gross around $4 million in its opening weekend.[22] It ended up opening to $4.9 million, which Deadline.com noted, while on par with projections, was a disappointing figure. While it only carried a $5 million production cost, the estimated amount spent on advertising the film was around $20 million, meaning an opening of $13 million would have been needed to be deemed a success.[23] In its second weekend the film grossed $3.1 million, dropping just 34% and again finishing 6th at the box office.[24]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 65% based on 103 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Before I Fall's familiar ingredients are enlivened by a fresh YA perspective and a strong performance from emerging star Zoey Deutch."[25] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 58 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[26] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[27]
Abbey Bender of Uproxx gave the film a generally positive review and praised Ry Russo-Young's direction, noting: "Before I Fall ends disappointingly with a moment of sacrifice that feels too heavy handed. Along the way, though, there are plenty of scenes of compellingly lush nature and teenage girlhood."[28] AllMovie gave it 2.5 stars out of 5,[29] while Susan Wloszczyna of rogerebert.com gave it 3 out of 4.[30]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Film earned a nomination in 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Drama category. Cast also earned nominations; Zoey Deutch in 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Drama Actress category and Kian Lawley in Choice Movie: Drama Actor category for the movie. Kian won the award for Choice Movie: Drama Actor.
[31]
See also[edit]
List of films featuring time loops
X-Files episode: 'Monday'
Twilight Zone episodes:
'Death Ship'
'Judgment Night'
'Shadow Play'
Black Mirror episode 'White Bear' - Not a time loop, but a woman's condemned to relive the same day over and over as a judicial punishment.

Comparable films:
Groundhog Day
Edge of Tomorrow
Happy Death Day
Live, Die, Repeat, and Repeat
ARQ[32]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Printable Film Guide" (PDF). Sundance Film Festival. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Box Office: ‘Logan’ Slicing and Dicing Toward Year’s Biggest Debut", Variety, March 2, 2017, retrieved March 3, 2017
^ Jump up to: a b "Before I Fall (2017)". The Numbers. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The 20 Highest Grossing Indies of 2017 (A Running List)". IndieWire. April 25, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Fleming Jr, Mike (July 15, 2010). "Fox 2000 Sees Film Potential In Teen Novel". Deadline. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Before I Fall Filming Location in Squamish". What's Filming?. November 29, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ A. Fernandez, Jay (December 12, 2011). "Black List 2011: 'Star Wars' Satire and Zombies Among Top 10 Screenplays". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hipes, Patrick (September 15, 2015). "Zoey Deutch To Star In 'Before I Fall', Next Movie From Awesomeness Films". Deadline. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Sneider, Jeff (October 27, 2015). "Halston Sage, Logan Miller, Kian Lawley Join Zoey Deutch in 'Before I Fall'". The Wrap. TheWrap. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (November 3, 2015). "Jennifer Beals Joins 'Before I Fall' Opposite Zoey Deutch – AFM". Deadline. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ A. Lincoln, Ross (November 20, 2015). "'Before I Fall' Adds Liv Hewson; Gabriella Wright Joins 'Security'". Deadline. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Adam Taylor Scoring Ry Russo-Young's 'Before I Fall'". FilmMusicReporter. November 18, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "On the Set for 11/20/15: Ricky Gervais Starts Shooting ‘Life on the Road’, Chris Evans and Octavia Spencer Wrap ‘Gifted’". SSN Insider. November 20, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "See a Photo From the Set of BEFORE I FALL – The Fandom". The Fandom. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "DIGITAL: BEFORE I FALL Films in Vancouver/Squamish With Zoey Deutch, Halston Sage, Elena Kampouris, Logan Miller & YouTube Star Kian Lawley". yvrshoots.com. November 29, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "On the Set for 1/1/16: George Lopez Starts ‘Aloha Santa’, Dave Bautista Wraps ‘Bushwick’, Catherine Zeta-Jones Finishes ‘The Godmother’". SSN Insider. December 31, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (May 13, 2016). "Open Road Falls Hard For ‘Before I Fall;’ Commits To Wide Release For Awesomeness Pic As Good Universe Shops Intl: Cannes". Deadline.com. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (December 5, 2016). "Sundance 2017: Robert Redford, New Rashida Jones Netflix Series, ‘Rebel In The Rye’ & More On Premiere, Docu, Midnight & Kids Slates". Deadline.com. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (July 26, 2016). "Zoey Deutch’s ‘Before I Fall’ Gets April Release". Variety. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 25, 2016). "Jamie Foxx’s ‘Sleepless’ Cruises To MLK Weekend; ‘Before I Fall’ Lands In March". Deadline.com. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ ""BEFORE I FALL", THE PREMIERE ON 18 JULY AT GIFFONI FILM FESTIVAL WITH THE STAR ZOEY DEUTCH". Giffoni Film Festival. June 18, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "‘Logan’ Looks To Roar $170M+ Around The World In First Weekend – Box Office Preview". Deadline.com.
Jump up ^ "‘Logan’s $85.3M Debut Breaks Records For Wolverine Series & Rated R Fare; Beats ‘Fifty Shades’ & ‘Passion Of The Christ’", Deadline.com, retrieved March 5, 2017
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (March 12, 2017). "‘Kong’ Beats His Chest On Saturday: Weekend Opening Now At $61M – Sunday AM Update". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Before I Fall (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Before I Fall reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "‘Before I Fall’ Reinvents ‘Groundhog Day’ As A Teen Drama". Uproxx. March 1, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Before I Fall - AllMovie". AllMovie. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Before I Fall Review". rogerebert.com. March 3, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ceron, Ella (June 19, 2017). "Teen Choice Awards 2017: See the First Wave of Nominations". Teen Vogue. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARQ (film)". Wikipedia. 2017-07-07.
External links[edit]
Official website
Before I Fall on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Before_I_Fall_(film)&oldid=801191182"
Categories:
2017 films
English-language films
2010s drama films
American films
American drama films
American fantasy films
American high school films
American teen drama films
Awesomeness Films films
Films based on American novels
Films shot in Vancouver
Teen drama films
Time loop films
Open Road Films films
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from July 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Bahasa Melayu
日本語
Русский
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 September 2017, at 06:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

attrs: href title

value: li

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
/wiki/Average_rating
mw-redirect
Average rating

values: Shadow Play (1961 The Twilight Zone episode)

values:
/wiki/Edge_of_Tomorrow_(film)
mw-redirect
Edge of Tomorrow (film)

values:
/wiki/Fandango_Media
mw-redirect
Fandango Media

values:
nofollow
external text
https://m.cinemascore.com

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.beforeifallfilm.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1691916/
external text

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Before_I_Fall_(film)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Wenn du stirbst, zieht dein ganzes Leben an dir vorbei, sagen sie – German

values: پیش از آنکه بمیرم (فیلم) – Persian

values: 일곱 번째 내가 죽던 날 (영화) – Korean

values: Ժամանակի մատրիցան – Armenian

values: ビフォア・アイ・フォール – Japanese

values: Матрица времени – Russian

values: Матриця часу (фільм) – Ukrainian

values: 還有機會說再見 (電影) – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Before_I_Fall_film rootpage-Before_I_Fall_film skin-vector action-view


text:
Speaker of the Lok Sabha
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Speaker of the Lok Sabha
State Emblem of India
Flag of India
Incumbent
Sumitra Mahajan
Style
The Honourable
Appointer
Members of the Lok Sabha
Term length
During the life of the Lok Sabha (five years maximum)
Inaugural holder
Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar
Formation
15 May 1952
Deputy
M. Thambidurai
Website
Speaker's Official Website
India
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
India
Constitution and law[show]
Constitutional amendment
Basic structure doctrine
Fundamental rights
Human rights
———————
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
Uniform civil code
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Indian Penal Code
Law enforcement
Government of India[show]
President (Head of state) (List)
Vice president (List)
———————
Executive:
Prime minister (Head of government) (List)
Union Council of Ministers
Cabinet secretary
Secretaries:
(Defence • Finance • Foreign • Home)
Civil services
All India Services (IAS • IFoS • IPS)
Central Civil Services (IRS • IFS • IA&AS • IPoS • IRAS • IRTS • IRPS • ICAS • IDAS • IDES • ICLS • IIS • ITrS • IP&TAFS • IOFS)
———————
Legislature:
Parliament
Rajya Sabha (Chairman)
Lok Sabha (Speaker)
Judiciary:
Supreme court (Chief justice)
High courts (Chief justices)
District courts
Elections[show]
Election commission:
Chief Election Commissioner (Election commissioners)
Recent general elections: 2009
2014
2019
Recent state elections: 2017
2018
2019
———————
Political parties
National parties
State parties
National coalitions:
National Democratic Alliance (NDA)
United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
Federalism[show]
Administrative divisions
———————
State governments
Governors (List)
Chief ministers (List)
Chief secretary (Principal secretaries)
Field-level officers
Divisional commissioners
District magistrates
Sub-divisional magistrates
Legislatures:
Vidhan Sabha
Vidhan Parishad
———————
Local governments: Rural bodies:
District councils
Block panchayats
Gram Panchayats
Urban bodies:
Municipal corporations
Municipal councils
Nagar panchayats
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India.[1] The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections. Serving for a term of five years, the Speaker chosen from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha, and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance.
The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party, who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha. She is the second woman to hold the office, after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar.[2]
Contents
1 Powers and functions of the Speaker
2 Removal of the Speaker
3 Pro tem Speaker
4 List of Speakers
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Powers and functions of the Speaker[edit]
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behavior by suspending them. They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the President. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament. The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman, who is the Vice President of India. In the warrant of precedence, the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India. Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India.The speaker is answerable to the house. Both the speaker and deputy speaker may be removed by a resolution passed by the majority of the members.
Removal of the Speaker[edit]
Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an effective majority of the House as per Articles 94 and 96.
Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of Representation of the People Act, 1951.[3] This would arise out of speaker's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution.[4] When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill, it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker's Lok Sabha membership under section 8k of Representation of the People Act, 1951. However the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per Article 122[5]
Pro tem Speaker[edit]
After a general election and the formation of a new government, a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, who selects a pro tem speaker. The appointment has to be approved by the president.[6]
The first meeting after the election when the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker. In absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker acts as Speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six member selected by the Speaker will act as Speaker according to their seniority.
Eligibility Criteria Of a Speaker of Loksabha
1) He or She must be a citizen of India.
2) He or She must not be less than 25 years of age.
3) He or She should not hold any office of profit under the Government of India,or the Government of any other state.
List of Speakers[edit]
No.
Name
Portrait
Term
Party
From
To
Length
Lok Sabha[7]
1 Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar
15 May 1952 27 February 1956 3 years, 288 days 1st Indian National Congress
2 M. A. Ayyangar 8 March 1956 10 May 1957 1 year, 63 days
11 May 1957 16 April 1962 4 years, 340 days 2nd
3 Sardar Hukam Singh 17 April 1962 16 March 1967 4 years, 333 days 3rd
4 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 17 March 1967 19 July 1969 2 years, 124 days 4th
5 Gurdial Singh Dhillon — 8 August 1969 19 March 1971 1 year, 221 days
22 March 1971 1 December 1975 4 years, 254 days 5th
6 Bali Ram Bhagat — 15 January 1976 25 March 1977 1 year, 69 days
(4) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 26 March 1977 13 July 1977 109 days 6th Janata Party
7 K. S. Hegde 21 July 1977 21 January 1980 2 years, 184 days
8 Balram Jakhar 22 January 1980 27 oct 1984 3 years, 358 days 7th Indian National Congress
16 January 1985 18 December 1989 4 years, 336 days 8th
9 Rabi Ray — 19 December 1989 9 July 1991 1 year, 202 days 9th Janata Dal
10 Shivraj Patil 10 July 1991 22 May 1996 4 years, 317 days 10th Indian National Congress
11 P. A. Sangma 23 May 1996 23 March 1998 1 year, 304 days 11th
12 G. M. C. Balayogi — 24 March 1998 19 October 1999 1 year, 209 days 12th Telugu Desam Party
22 October 1999 3 March 2002 2 years, 132 days 13th
13 Manohar Joshi 10 May 2002 2 June 2004 2 years, 23 days Shiv Sena
14 Somnath Chatterjee 4 June 2004 31 May 2009 4 years, 361 days 14th Communist Party of India (Marxist)
15 Meira Kumar 4 June 2009 4 June 2014 5 years, 0 days 15th Indian National Congress
16 Sumitra Mahajan 5 June 2014 Incumbent 4 years, 83 days 16th Bharatiya Janata Party
See also[edit]
Parliament of India
President of India
Vice-President of India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha". speakerloksabha.nic.in. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sumitra Mahajan: Did you know she is listed as 'Tai' even in Lok Sabha". India Today. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sections 7 & 8k, Representation of the People Act, 1951" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Aadhaar Act as Money Bill: Why the Lok Sabha isn't Immune from Judicial Review". Retrieved 29 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Interpretation of Article 122 by the Supreme Court". Retrieved 3 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Ashok, Akash Deep (4 June 2014). "Pro tem Speaker: All you need to know about this parliamentary post". India Today. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Office of the Lok Sabha Speaker". Retrieved 29 July 2016.
External links[edit]
show
v
t
e
Speakers of the Lok Sabha
Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar
M. A. Ayyangar
Sardar Hukam Singh
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Gurdial Singh Dhillon
Bali Ram Bhagat
K. S. Hegde
Balram Jakhar
Rabi Ray
Shivraj Patil
P. A. Sangma
G. M. C. Balayogi
Manohar Joshi
Somnath Chatterjee
Meira Kumar
Sumitra Mahajan
show
v
t
e
Parliament of India
President of India
President of India (List)
Lok Sabha
Speaker
Leader of the Lok Sabha
Leader of the Opposition
Constituencies
1st LS (1952–57) (Members)
2nd LS (1957–62) (Members)
3rd LS (1962–67) (Members)
4th LS (1967–71) (Members)
5th LS (1971–77) (Members)
6th LS (1977–80) (Members)
7th LS (1980–84) (Members)
8th LS (1984–89) (Members)
9th LS (1989–91) (Members)
10th LS (1991–96) (Members)
11th LS (1996–98) (Members)
12th LS (1998–99) (Members)
13th LS (1999–2004) (Members)
14th LS (2004–09) (Members)
15th LS (2009–14) (Members)
16th LS (2014–19) (Members)
17th LS (2019–24) (Members)
Rajya Sabha
Members
Chairman
Leader of the Rajya Sabha
Leader of the Opposition
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha&oldid=856505298"
Categories:
Lists of legislative speakers in India
Speakers of the Lok Sabha
Lists of political office-holders in India
Lists of members of the Lok Sabha
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from February 2016
All articles needing additional references
EngvarB from October 2013
Use dmy dates from October 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
বাংলা
ગુજરાતી
हिन्दी
മലയാളം
मराठी
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
संस्कृतम्
Simple English
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 August 2018, at 18:19 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Emblem_of_India
mw-redirect
Emblem of India

values: text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;

values:
nofollow
https://speakerloksabha.nic.in/
external text

values:
/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_in_India
mw-redirect
Fundamental Rights in India

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

values:
/wiki/Indian_Defense_Accounts_Service
mw-redirect
Indian Defense Accounts Service

values: Indian Post & Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service

values:
/wiki/Chairman_of_Rajya_Sabha
mw-redirect
Chairman of Rajya Sabha

values:
/wiki/High_Courts_of_India
mw-redirect
High Courts of India

values:
/wiki/District_Courts_of_India
mw-redirect
District Courts of India

values: Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of states of India

values:
/wiki/Chief_Secretary_(India)
mw-redirect
Chief Secretary (India)

values:
/wiki/Principal_Secretary_(India)
mw-redirect
Principal Secretary (India)

values:
/wiki/Divisional_Commissioner
mw-redirect
Divisional Commissioner

values:
/wiki/District_Magistrate
mw-redirect
District Magistrate

values:
/wiki/Panchayat_Samiti_(Block)
mw-redirect
Panchayat Samiti (Block)

values:
/wiki/Gram_Panchayats
mw-redirect
Gram Panchayats

values:
/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_in_India
mw-redirect
Municipal Corporations in India

values:
/wiki/Nagar_Palika_(Municipality)
mw-redirect
Nagar Palika (Municipality)

values:
/wiki/Nagar_Panchayat
mw-redirect
Nagar Panchayat

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: Powers and functions of the Speaker

values:
/wiki/Motion_of_censure
mw-redirect
Motion of censure

values:
/wiki/Sardar_Hukam_Singh
mw-redirect
Sardar Hukam Singh

values:
/wiki/Vice-President_of_India
mw-redirect
Vice-President of India

values:
nofollow
https://indiankanoon.org/doc/61480953/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://speakerloksabha.nic.in

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Speakers_of_the_Lok_Sabha
mw-redirect
Speakers of the Lok Sabha

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg
image
Emblem of India

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: List of current members of the Rajya Sabha

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:Lists of legislative speakers in India

values: Category:Lists of political office-holders in India

values: Category:Lists of members of the Lok Sabha

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2016

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: লোকসভার অধ্যক্ষ – Bangla

values: લોકસભાના અધ્યક્ષ – Gujarati

values: लोकसभा अध्यक्ष – Hindi

values: ലോക്‌സഭ സ്പീക്കർ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: भारताच्या लोकसभेचे अध्यक्ष – Marathi

values: ਲੋਕ ਸਭਾ ਦੇ ਸਪੀਕਰ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values: लोकसभाध्यक्षः – Sanskrit

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

values: Speaker of the Lok Sabha – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: இந்திய மக்களவைத் தலைவர் – Tamil

values: లోక్ సభ స్పీకర్ – Telugu

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha rootpage-Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha skin-vector action-view