text:
Elephant in the room
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For other uses, see Elephant in the room (disambiguation).
The Elephant in the Room, Banksy exhibition, 2006 Barely Legal show, Los Angeles[1] (The elephant is Tai)
Elephant in the room is an English-language metaphorical idiom for an obvious problem or risk that no one wants to discuss,[2] or a condition of groupthink that no one wants to challenge.[citation needed]
It is based on the idea/thought that something as conspicuous as an elephant can appear to be overlooked in codified social interactions, and that the sociology/psychology of repression also operates on the macro scale.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Usage
2.1 Similar
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Origins[edit]
In 1814, Ivan Andreevich Krylov (1769–1844), poet and fabulist, wrote a fable entitled "The Inquisitive Man" which tells of a man who goes to a museum and notices all sorts of tiny things, but fails to notice an elephant. The phrase became proverbial.[3] Fyodor Dostoevsky in his novel 'Demons' wrote, 'Belinsky was just like Krylov's Inquisitive Man, who didn't notice the elephant in the museum....'[4]
The Oxford English Dictionary gives the first recorded use of the phrase, as a simile, in The New York Times on June 20, 1959: "Financing schools has become a problem about equal to having an elephant in the living room. It's so big you just can't ignore it."[5]
This idiomatic expression may have been in general use much earlier than 1959. For example, the phrase appears 44 years earlier in the pages of a British journal, Journal of Education, in 1915. The sentence was presented as a trivial illustration of a question British schoolboys would be able to answer, e.g., "Is there an elephant in the class-room?"[6]
The first widely disseminated conceptual reference was a story written by Mark Twain in 1882, "The Stolen White Elephant", which slyly dissects the inept, far-ranging activities of detectives trying to find an elephant that was right on the spot after all. This may have been the reference in the legal opinion of United States v. Leviton, 193 F. 2d 848 (2nd Circuit, 1951), makes reference in its opinion, "As I have elsewhere observed, it is like the Mark Twain story of the little boy who was told to stand in a corner and not to think of a white elephant."
A slightly different version of the phrase was used before this, with George Berkeley talking of whether or not there is "an invisible elephant in the room" in his debates with scientists.[7]
In 1935, comedian Jimmy Durante starred on Broadway in the Billy Rose Broadway musical Jumbo, in which a police officer stops him while leading a live elephant and asks, "What are you doing with that elephant?" Durante's reply, "What elephant?" was a regular show-stopper. Durante reprises the piece in the 1962 film version of the play, Billy Rose's Jumbo.
Usage[edit]
The term refers to a question, problem, solution, or controversial issue which is obvious to everyone who knows about the situation, but which is deliberately ignored because to do otherwise would cause great embarrassment, sadness, or trigger arguments or is simply taboo. The idiom can imply a value judgment that the issue ought to be discussed openly, or it can simply be an acknowledgment that the issue is there and not going to go away by itself.
The term is often used to describe an issue that involves a social taboo, such as race, religion, homosexuality, mental illness, or even suicide. It is applicable when a subject is emotionally charged; and the people who might have spoken up decide that it is probably best avoided.[8]
The idiom is commonly used in addiction recovery terminology to describe the reluctance of friends and family of an addicted person to discuss the person's problem, thus aiding the person's denial. Especially in reference to alcohol abuse, the idiom is sometimes coupled with that of the pink elephant, q.v. "the pink elephant in the room."[citation needed]
The expression has also been used as a metaphorical idiom in Spanish. In 1994, the 8000 Process was a legal investigation of events surrounding accusations that the campaign of Colombian Liberal Party candidate Ernesto Samper for President of Colombia was partially funded with drug money from the Cali Cartel. Insisting on his innocence, Samper stated that if drug money had entered the presidential campaign, it had done so "behind his back". Cardinal Pedro Rubiano, a leader of Colombia's Catholic Church, stated in an interview that not knowing that drug money financed part of the presidential campaign was similar to not noticing "an elephant entering one's living room".[9][10] Since then, the events that led to drug money financing the "Samper for President" campaign have been referred to as "The Elephant".
For some, their first encounter with this phrase comes through the poem of the same name by Terry Kettering.[11] In one edition of Time magazine in 2013, Chris Christie was labeled as the "Elephant in the Room" on the cover page.
Similar[edit]
A variation is the phrase "elephant in the corner" which is infrequently used to the same effect.[12]
Logician and philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein used an example of a rhinoceros in the room to show the impossibility of proving negative existential statements.[citation needed]
"Mokita" is a word in the Kilivila language,[13] which is spoken on Kiriwina, the largest of the Trobriand Islands (near Papua New Guinea). It means "truth we all know but agree not to talk about."
See also[edit]
Quotations related to Elephant in the room at Wikiquote
Blind men and an elephant
Elephant joke
Elephant test
Nigger in the woodpile
Ostrich effect
Polite fiction
Skeleton in the closet (idiom)
Taboo
The Elephant in the Living Room, 2011 documentary
The Emperor's New Clothes
Third rail (metaphor)
Unsaid
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Wyatt, Edward. A Splashy Los Angeles Debut by Banksy - Design - New York Times, Published: September 16, 2006, retrieved December 2012
Jump up ^ Cambridge University Press. (2009). Cambridge academic content dictionary, p. 298.
Jump up ^ Demons by Fyodor Dostoevsky, translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky, Vintage 2006, p. 718
Jump up ^ Demons by Fyodor Dostoevsky, translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky, Vintage 2006, p. 38
Jump up ^ "OED, Draft Additions June 2006: elephant, n". OUP. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Jump up ^ Journal of education, Vol. 37 (1915), p. 288.
Jump up ^ On the nature and elements of the external world: or Universal immaterialism fully explained and newly demonstrated by Thomas Collyns Simon, 1862, p.18
Jump up ^ Palta, Namrata. (2007). Spoken English: a Detailed and Simplified Course for Learning Spoken English, p. 95.
Jump up ^ Canal RCN - Noticias RCN Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Articulo Archivado FRASES DEL AÑO
Jump up ^ Mauk, Kristen L. (2006). Gerontological Nursing: Competencies for Care, p. 808., p. 808, at Google Books; "The Elephant in the Room," CHUMS Magazine, p. 23. May 2003.
Jump up ^ "‘Elephant in the corner of the living room’: Discrimination common, associated with depression among minority children," AAPNews (American Academy of Pediatrics). May 8, 2010; O'Connor, P. (2008) "The Elephant in the Corner: Gender and Policies Related to Higher Education," Administration [Institute of Public Administration of Ireland] 56(1), pp. 85-110.
Jump up ^ Senft, Gunter (1995). "Ain't Misbehavin'? Trobriand Pragmatics and the Field Researcher's Opportunity to Put His (Or Her) Foot in It". Oceanic Linguistics. University of Hawai'i Press. 34 (1): 211–226. doi:10.2307/3623120. JSTOR 3623120.
References[edit]
Cambridge University Press. (2009). Cambridge academic content dictionary (Paul Heacock, editor). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87143-3/ISBN 978-0-521-69196-3; OCLC 183392531
__________. (1915). Journal of education, Vol. 37. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 1713625
Palta, Namrata. (2007). Spoken English: a Detailed and Simplified Course for Learning Spoken English. New Delhi: Lotus Press. ISBN 978-8-183-82052-3; OCLC 297508439
External links[edit]
Look up elephant in the room in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (OALD), Word of the Month: Elephant in the room
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Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?
Author
Bill Martin, Jr.
Illustrator
Eric Carle
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Children's literature
Publisher
Doubleday & Company
Publication date
1967
Published in English
1967
Media type
Hardcover
Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See? is a children's picture book published in 1967.[1] Written and illustrated by Bill Martin, Jr. and Eric Carle, the book is designed to help toddlers associate colors and meanings to objects.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Sequels
3 Reception
4 References
Summary[edit]
The book itself has little to no plot. Instead, the narrator asks various animals what they see with the response usually being another animal, the respondent is then asked what they themselves see, and the process is repeated. It features a Brown Bear, Red Bird, Yellow Duck, Blue Horse, Green Frog, Purple Cat, White Dog, Black Sheep, a Goldfish, a Teacher or a Mother, and Students or Children. The 1984 British edition of the book substitutes a monkey for the teacher. Carle explained that variations in text between editions (mostly on the last page) were due to Martin, and that he made new illustrations to go with the changes.[2]
Sequels[edit]
Carle and Martin published three spin-off books: Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? (1991)[3] uses zoo animals and sounds; Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? (2003),[4] endangered species; and Baby Bear, Baby Bear, What Do You See? (2007),[5] North American animals.
Missouri Governor John Ashcroft and First Lady Barbara Bush with a "Parents as Teachers" group at the Greater St. Louis Ferguson-Florissant School District in October 1991. Mrs. Bush (in a rocking chair) is reading Brown Bear, Brown Bear to the children.
Reception[edit]
The book was one of the "Top 100 Picture Books" of all time in a 2012 poll by School Library Journal.[6] As of 2013, it ranked 21st on a Goodreads list of "Best Children's Books,"[7] and the publisher claimed that there were "7 million copies in print in various formats and languages."[8]
In 2010, the Texas State Board of Education briefly removed the book from the public school curriculum after confusing the author with philosopher Bill Martin, author of Ethical Marxism: The Categorical Imperative of Liberation.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ List of Books by Eric Carle
Jump up ^ Brown Bear Tells a Story, Eric Carle's Blog, June 9, 2010
Jump up ^ Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear?
Jump up ^ Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See?
Jump up ^ Baby Bear, Baby Bear, What Do You See?
Jump up ^ Bird, Elizabeth (July 6, 2012). "Top 100 Picture Books Poll Results". School Library Journal "A Fuse #8 Production" blog. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Best Children's Books". Goodreads. 2008. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See? (Book & CD Set)". Macmillan Publishers. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Name confusion gets kid's author banned from Texas curriculum". Dallas Morning News. January 25, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
Children's literature portal
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Renewable resource
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A renewable resource is a natural resource which replenishes to overcome resource depletion caused by usage and consumption, either through biological reproduction or other naturally recurring processes in a finite amount of time in a human time scale. Renewable resources are a part of Earth's natural environment and the largest components of its ecosphere. A positive life cycle assessment is a key indicator of a resource's sustainability.[1]
Definitions of renewable resources may also include agricultural production, as in sustainable agriculture and to an extent water resources.[2] In 1962 Paul Alfred Weiss defined Renewable Resources as: "The total range of living organisms providing man with food, fibres, drugs, etc...".[3] Another type of renewable resources is renewable energy resources. Common sources of renewable energy include solar, geothermal and wind power, which are all categorised as renewable resources.
Global vegetation
oceans and seas often act as renewable resources
Sawmill near Fügen, Zillertal, Austria
Contents
[hide]
1 Air, food and water
1.1 Water resources
1.2 Non agricultural food
1.3 Sustainable agriculture
1.4 Air
2 Non-food resources
2.1 Historical role
2.2 Challenges
2.3 Renewables used for self sufficiency
3 Legal situation and subsidies
4 Examples of industrial use
4.1 Biorenewable chemicals
4.2 Bioplastics
4.3 Bioasphalt
4.4 Renewable energy
4.5 Biomass
4.6 Biofuel
4.7 Biogas
4.8 Natural fibre
5 Threats to renewable resources
5.1 Overfishing
5.2 Deforestation
5.3 Endangered species
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Air, food and water[edit]
Water resources[edit]
Main article: Water resources
Water can be considered a renewable material when carefully controlled usage, treatment, and release are followed. If not, it would become a non-renewable resource at that location. For example, groundwater is usually removed from an aquifer at a rate much greater than its very slow natural recharge, and so groundwater is considered non-renewable. Removal of water from the pore spaces may cause permanent compaction (subsidence) that cannot be renewed. 97.5% of the water on the Earth is salt water, and 3% is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps.[4] The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction (0.008%) present above ground or in the air.[5]
Water pollution is one of the main concerns regarding water resources. It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry.[6] Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants (which use water for cooling), ore and oil refineries (which use water in chemical processes) and manufacturing plants (which use water as a solvent).
Desalination of seawater is considered a renewable source of water, although reducing its dependence on fossil fuel energy is needed for it to be fully renewable.[7]
Panoramic of a natural wetland (Sinclair Wetlands, New Zealand)
Non agricultural food[edit]
Alaska wild "berries" from the Innoko National Wildlife Refuge - Renewable Resources
Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body.[8] Most food has its origin in renewable resources. Food is obtained directly from plants and animals.
Hunting may not be the first source of meat in the modernised world, but it is still an important and essential source for many rural and remote groups. It is also the sole source of feeding for wild carnivores.[9]
Sustainable agriculture[edit]
Main article: Sustainable agriculture
The phrase sustainable agriculture was coined by Australian agricultural scientist Gordon McClymont.[10] It has been defined as "an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will last over the long term".[11] Expansion of agricultural land reduces biodiversity and contributes to deforestation. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations estimates that in coming decades, cropland will continue to be lost to industrial and urban development, along with reclamation of wetlands, and conversion of forest to cultivation, resulting in the loss of biodiversity and increased soil erosion.[12]
Polyculture practices in Andhra Pradesh
Although air and sunlight are available everywhere on Earth, crops also depend on soil nutrients and the availability of water. Monoculture is a method of growing only one crop at a time in a given field, which can damage land and cause it to become either unusable or suffer from reduced yields. Monoculture can also cause the build-up of pathogens and pests that target one specific species. The Great Irish Famine (1845–1849) is a well-known example of the dangers of monoculture.
Crop rotation and long-term crop rotations confer the replenishment of nitrogen through the use of green manure in sequence with cereals and other crops, and can improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants. Other methods to combat lost soil nutrients are returning to natural cycles that annually flood cultivated lands (returning lost nutrients indefinitely) such as the Flooding of the Nile, the long-term use of biochar, and use of crop and livestock landraces that are adapted to less than ideal conditions such as pests, drought, or lack of nutrients.
Agricultural practices are the single greatest contributor to the global increase in soil erosion rates.[13] It is estimated that "more than a thousand million tonnes of southern Africa's soil are eroded every year. Experts predict that crop yields will be halved within thirty to fifty years if erosion continues at present rates."[14] The Dust Bowl phenomenon in the 1930s was caused by severe drought combined with farming methods that did not include crop rotation, fallow fields, cover crops, soil terracing and wind-breaking trees to prevent wind erosion.[15]
The tillage of agricultural lands is one of the primary contributing factors to erosion, due to mechanised agricultural equipment that allows for deep plowing, which severely increases the amount of soil that is available for transport by water erosion.[16][17] The phenomenon called Peak Soil describes how large-scale factory farming techniques are jeopardizing humanity's ability to grow food in the present and in the future.[18] Without efforts to improve soil management practices, the availability of arable soil will become increasingly problematic.[19]
Methods to combat erosion include no-till farming, using a keyline design, growing wind breaks to hold the soil, and widespread use of compost. Chemical fertiliser and pesticides can also have an effect of soil erosion, which can contribute to soil salinity and prevent other species from growing. Phosphate is a primary component in the chemical fertiliser applied most commonly in modern agricultural production. However, scientists estimate that rock phosphate reserves will be depleted in 50–100 years and that Peak Phosphate will occur in about 2030.[20]
Industrial processing and logistics also have an effect on agriculture's sustainability. The way and locations crops are sold requires energy for transportation, as well as the energy cost for materials, labour, and transport. Food sold at a local location, such a farmers' market, have reduced energy overheads.
Illegal slash and burn practice in Madagascar, 2010
Air[edit]
Air is a non-renewable resource. All living organisms need oxygen, nitrogen(directly or indirectly), carbon(directly or indirectly) and many other gases in small quantities for their survival.
Non-food resources[edit]
Douglas fir forest created in 1850, Meymac (Corrèze), France
Main articles: Energy crop and Non-food crop
An important renewable resource is wood provided by means of forestry, which has been used for construction, housing and firewood since ancient times. [21][22][23] Plants provide the main sources for renewable resources, the main distinction is made between energy crops and non-food crops. A large variety of lubricants, industrially used vegetable oils, textiles and fibre made e.g. of cotton, copra or hemp, paper derived from wood, rags or grasses, bioplastic are based on plant renewable resources. A large variety of chemical based products like latex, ethanol, resin, sugar and starch can be provided with plant renewables. Animal based renewables include fur, leather, technical fat and lubricants and further derived products, as e.g. animal glue, tendons, casings or in historical times ambra and baleen provided by whaling.
With regard to pharmacy ingredients and legal and illegal drugs, plants are important sources, however e.g. venom of snakes, frogs and insects has been a valuable renewable source of pharmacological ingredients. Before GMO production set in, insulin and important hormones were based on animal sources. Feathers, an important byproduct of poultry farming for food, is still being used as filler and as base for keratin in general. Same applies for the chitin produced in farming Crustaceans which may be used as base of chitosan. The most important part of the human body used for non-medical purposes is human hair as for artificial hair integrations, which is being traded worldwide.
Historical role[edit]
An adult and sub-adult Minke whale are dragged aboard the Nisshin Maru, a Japanese whaling vessel
Hemp insulation, a renewable resource used as building material
Historically, renewable resources like firewood, latex, guano, charcoal, wood ash, plant colors as indigo, and whale products have been crucial for human needs but failed to supply demand in the beginning of the industrial era.[24] Early modern times faced large problems with overuse of renewable resources as in deforestation, overgrazing or overfishing.[24]
Besides fresh meat and milk, which is as a food item not topic of this section, livestock farmers and artisans used further animal ingredients as tendons, horn, bones, bladders. Complex technical constructions as the composite bow were based on combination of animal and plant based materials. The current distribution conflict between biofuel and food production is being described as Food vs. fuel. Conflicts between food needs and usage, as supposed by fief obligations were in so far common in historical times as well.[25] However, a significant percentage of (middle European) farmers yields went into livestock, which provides as well organic fertiliser.[26] Oxen and horses were important for transportation purposes, drove engines as e.g. in treadmills.
Other regions solved the transportation problem with terracing, urban and garden agriculture.[24] Further conflicts as between forestry and herding, or (sheep) herders and cattle farmers led to various solutions. Some confined wool production and sheep to large state and nobility domains or outsourced to professional shepherds with larger wandering herds.[27]
The British Agricultural Revolution was mainly based on a new system of crop rotation, the four-field rotation. British agriculturist Charles Townshend recognised the invention in Dutch Waasland and popularised it in the 18th century UK, George Washington Carver in the USA. The system used wheat, turnips and barley and introduced as well clover. Clover is able to fix nitrogen from air, a practically non exhaustive renewable resource, into fertilizing compounds to the soil and allowed to increase yields by large. Farmers opened up a fodder crop and grazing crop. Thus livestock could to be bred year-round and winter culling was avoided. The amount of manure rose and allowed more crops but to refrain from wood pasture.[24]
Early modern times and the 19th century saw the previous resource base partially replaced respectively supplemented by large scale chemical synthesis and by the use of fossil and mineral resources respectively.[28] Besides the still central role of wood, there is a sort of renaissance of renewable products based on modern agriculture, genetic research and extraction technology. Besides fears about an upcoming global shortage of fossil fuels, local shortages due to boycotts, war and blockades or just transportation problems in remote regions have contributed to different methods of replacing or substituting fossil resources based on renewables.
Challenges[edit]
The use of certain basically renewable products as in TCM endangers various species. Just the black market in rhinoceros horn reduced the world's rhino population by more than 90 percent over the past 40 years.[29][30]
Renewables used for self sufficiency[edit]
In vitro-culture of Vitis (grapevine), Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute
The success of the German chemical industry till World War I was based on the replacement of colonial products. The predecessors of IG Farben dominated the world market for synthetic dyes at the beginning of the 20th century[31] and had an important role in artificial pharmaceuticals, photographic film, agricultural chemicals and electrochemicals.[28]
However the former Plant breeding research institutes took a different approach. After the loss of the German colonial empire, important players in the field as Erwin Baur and Konrad Meyer switched to using local crops as base for economic autarky.[32][33] Meyer as a key agricultural scientist and spatial planner of the Nazi era managed and lead Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft resources and focused about a third of the complete research grants in Nazi Germany on agricultural and genetic research and especially on resources needed in case of a further German war effort.[32] A wide array of agrarian research institutes still existing today and having importance in the field was founded or enlarged in the time.
There were some major failures as trying to e.g. grow frost resistant olive species, but some success in the case of hemp, flax, rapeseed, which are still of current importance.[32] During World War 2, German scientists tried to use Russian Taraxacum (dandelion) species to manufacture natural rubber.[32] Rubber dandelions are still of interest, as scientists in the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) announced 2013 to have developed a cultivar that is suitable for commercial production of natural rubber.[34]
Legal situation and subsidies[edit]
Several legal and economic means have been used to enhance the market share of renewables. The UK uses Non-Fossil Fuel Obligations (NFFO), a collection of orders requiring the electricity Distribution Network Operators in England and Wales to purchase electricity from the nuclear power and renewable energy sectors. Similar mechanisms operate in Scotland (the Scottish Renewable Orders under the Scottish Renewables Obligation) and Northern Ireland (the Northern Ireland Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation). In the USA, Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), use a similar approach. German Energiewende is using fed-in tariffs. An unexpected outcome of the subsidies was the quick increase of pellet byfiring in conventional fossil fuel plants (compare Tilbury power stations) and cement works, making wood respectively biomass accounting for about half of Europe’s renewable-energy consumption.[23]
Examples of industrial use[edit]
Biorenewable chemicals[edit]
Biorenewable chemicals are chemicals created by biological organisms that provide feedstocks for the chemical industry.[35] Biorenewable chemicals can provide solar-energy-powered substitutes for the petroleum-based carbon feedstocks that currently supply the chemical industry. The tremendous diversity of enzymes in biological organisms, and the potential for synthetic biology to alter these enzymes to create yet new chemical functionalities, can drive the chemical industry. A major platform for creation of new chemicals is the polyketide biosynthetic pathway, which generates chemicals containing repeated alkyl chain units with potential for a wide variety of functional groups at the different carbon atoms.[35][36][37]
Bioplastics[edit]
Main article: Bioplastics
A packaging blister made from cellulose acetate, a bioplastic
Bioplastics are a form of plastics derived from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, lignin, corn starch, pea starch[38] or microbiota.[39] The most common form of bioplastic is thermoplastic starch. Other forms include Cellulose bioplastics, biopolyester, Polylactic acid, and bio-derived polyethylene.
The production and use of bioplastics is generally regarded as a more sustainable activity when compared to plastic production from petroleum (petroplastic); however, manufacturing of bioplastic materials is often still reliant upon petroleum as an energy and materials source. Because of the fragmentation in the market and ambiguous definitions it is difficult to describe the total market size for bioplastics, but the global production capacity is estimated at 327,000 tonnes.[40] In contrast, global consumption of all flexible packaging is estimated at around 12.3 million tonnes.[41]
Bioasphalt[edit]
Main article: Bioasphalt
Bioasphalt is an asphalt alternative made from non-petroleum based renewable resources. Manufacturing sources of bioasphalt include sugar, molasses and rice, corn and potato starches, and vegetable oil based waste. Asphalt made with vegetable oil based binders was patented by Colas SA in France in 2004.[42][43]
Renewable energy[edit]
Main article: Renewable energy
Renewable energy refers to the provision of energy via renewable resources which are naturally replenished fast enough as being used. It includes e.g. sunlight, wind, biomass, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.[44] Renewable energy may replace or enhance fossil energy supply various distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.[45]
Biomass[edit]
Main article: Biomass
A sugarcane plantation in Brazil (State of São Paulo). Cane is used for biomass energy.
Biomass is referring to biological material from living, or recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials.
Sustainable harvesting and use of renewable resources (i.e., maintaining a positive renewal rate) can reduce air pollution, soil contamination, habitat destruction and land degradation.[46] Biomass energy is derived from six distinct energy sources: garbage, wood, plants, waste, landfill gases, and alcohol fuels. Historically, humans have harnessed biomass-derived energy since the advent of burning wood to make fire, and wood remains the largest biomass energy source today.[47][48]
However, low tech use of biomass, which still amounts for more than 10% of world energy needs may induce indoor air pollution in developing nations[49] and results in between 1.5 million and 2 million deaths in 2000.[50]
The biomass used for electricity generation varies by region.[51] Forest by-products, such as wood residues, are common in the United States.[51] Agricultural waste is common in Mauritius (sugar cane residue) and Southeast Asia (rice husks).[51] Animal husbandry residues, such as poultry litter, are common in the UK.[51] The biomass power generating industry in the United States, which consists of approximately 11,000 MW of summer operating capacity actively supplying power to the grid, produces about 1.4 percent of the U.S. electricity supply.[52]
Biofuel[edit]
Main article: Biofuels
Brazil has bioethanol made from sugarcane available throughout the country. Shown a typical Petrobras gas station at São Paulo with dual fuel service, marked A for alcohol (ethanol) and G for gasoline.
A biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological carbon fixation. Biofuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion, as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases.[53]
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn, sugarcane or switchgrass.
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe.
Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic digestion of organic material by anaerobes.,[54] etc. is also a renewable source of energy.
Biogas[edit]
Biogas typically refers to a mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic bacteria or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops.[55] It is primarily methane (CH
4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H
2S), moisture and siloxanes.
Natural fibre[edit]
Main article: Natural fiber
Natural fibres are a class of hair-like materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to pieces of thread. They can be used as a component of composite materials. They can also be matted into sheets to make products such as paper or felt. Fibres are of two types: natural fibre which consists of animal and plant fibres, and man made fibre which consists of synthetic fibres and regenerated fibres.
Threats to renewable resources[edit]
Renewable resources are endangered by non-regulated industrial developments and growth.[56] They must be carefully managed to avoid exceeding the natural world's capacity to replenish them.[1] A life cycle assessment provides a systematic means of evaluating renewability. This is a matter of sustainability in the natural environment.[57]
Overfishing[edit]
Atlantic cod stocks severely overfished leading to abrupt collapse
Main article: Overfishing
National Geographic has described ocean over fishing as "simply the taking of wildlife from the sea at rates too high for fished species to replace themselves."[58]
Tuna meat is driving overfishing as to endanger some species like the bluefin tuna. The European Community and other organisations are trying to regulate fishery as to protect species and to prevent their extinctions.[59] The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty deals with aspects of overfishing in articles 61, 62, and 65.[60]
Examples of overfishing exist in areas such as the North Sea of Europe, the Grand Banks of North America and the East China Sea of Asia.[61]
The decline of penguin population is caused in part by overfishing, caused by human competition over the same renewable resources[62]
Deforestation[edit]
Main article: Deforestation
Deforestation in Brazil 1996
Besides their role as a resource for fuel and building material, trees protect the environment by absorbing carbon dioxide and by creating oxygen.[63] The destruction of rain forests is one of the critical causes of climate change. Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to linger in the atmosphere. As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces a layer in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun. The radiation converts to heat which causes global warming, which is better known as the greenhouse effect.[64]
Deforestation also affects the water cycle. It reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture.[65] Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that erosion, flooding and landslides ensue.[66][67]
Rain forests house many species and organisms providing people with food and other commodities. In this way biofuels may well be unsustainable if their production contributes to deforestation.[68]
Endangered species[edit]
Over-hunting of American Bison.
Main article: Endangered species
Some renewable resources, species and organisms are facing a very high risk of extinction caused by growing human population and over-consumption. It has been estimated that over 40% of all living species on Earth are at risk of going extinct.[69] Many nations have laws to protect hunted species and to restrict the practice of hunting. Other conservation methods include restricting land development or creating preserves. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best-known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system.[70] Internationally, 199 countries have signed an accord agreeing to create Biodiversity Action Plans to protect endangered and other threatened species.
See also[edit]
Renewable energy portal
Environment portal
Ecology portal
Earth sciences portal
Sustainable development portal
Energy portal
Exploitation of natural resources
Habitat conservation
List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom
Natural capital
Natural resource
Non-renewable resource
Recycling
Resource
Seed tree
Stewardship
Sustainable development
Scarcity
References[edit]
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Further reading[edit]
Krzeminska, Joanna, Are Support Schemes for Renewable Energies Compatible with Competition Objectives? An Assessment of National and Community Rules, Yearbook of European Environmental Law (Oxford University Press), Volume VII, Nov. 2007, p. 125
Masters, G. M. (2004). Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems. Hoboken, NJ:John Wiley & Sons.
Panwar, N. L., Kaushik, S. C., & Kothari, S. (2011, April). Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(3), 1513-1524.
Sawin, Janet. "Charting a New Energy Future." State of the World 2003. By Lester R. Brown. Boston & Company, Incorporated, 2003.
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text:
List of Miss Universe titleholders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The following is a list of women who have won the Miss Universe title.
Contents
[hide]
1 Titleholders
2 Gallery of winners
3 Countries/Territory by winning the title
4 References
5 External links
Titleholders[edit]
Year
Represented
Titleholder
Age [A]
Height
Hometown
Date
1952 Finland Armi Kuusela[1] 17 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Muhos June 28, 1952
1953 France Christiane Martel[2] 21 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Créteil July 17, 1953
1954 United States Miriam Stevenson[3] 21 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Winnsboro July 24, 1954
1955 Sweden Hillevi Rombin[B][4][5] 21 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Alfta July 22, 1955
1956 United States Carol Morris[6] 20 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Ottumwa July 20, 1956
1957 Peru Gladys Zender[7] 18 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Lima July 19, 1957
1958 Colombia Luz Marina Zuluaga[B][8] 19 5 ft 4 in (163 cm) Pereira July 26, 1958
1959 Japan Akiko Kojima[9] 22 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Tokyo July 24, 1959
1960 United States Linda Bement[10] 18 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Salt Lake City July 09, 1960
1961 Germany Marlene Schmidt[11] 24 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Stuttgart July 15, 1961
1962 Argentina Norma Nolan[12] 24 5 ft 5 in (165 cm) Buenos Aires July 14, 1962
1963 Brazil Iêda Maria Vargas[13] 18 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Porto Alegre July 20, 1963
1964 Greece Corinna Tsopei[14] 20 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Athens August 01, 1964
1965 Thailand Apasra Hongsakula[15] 18 5 ft 4 in (163 cm) Bangkok July 24, 1965
1966 Sweden Margareta Arvidsson[16] 18 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Gothenburg July 16, 1966
1967 United States Sylvia Hitchcock[B][17] 21 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Miami July 15, 1967
1968 Brazil Martha Vasconcellos[18] 20 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Salvador July 13, 1968
1969 Philippines Gloria Diaz[19] 18 5 ft 5 in (165 cm) Aringay July 19, 1969
1970 Puerto Rico Marisol Malaret[20] 20 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) San Juan July 11, 1970
1971 Lebanon Georgina Rizk[21] 18 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Beirut July 24, 1971
1972 Australia Kerry Anne Wells[22] 20 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) Perth July 29, 1972
1973 Philippines Margarita Moran[23] 19 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Manila July 21, 1973
1974 Spain Amparo Muñoz[B][24] 20 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Málaga July 19, 1974
1975 Finland Anne Marie Pohtamo[25] 19 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Helsinki July 19, 1975
1976 Israel Rina Messinger[26] 20 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Kiryat Tiv'on July 11, 1976
1977 Trinidad and Tobago Janelle Commissiong[27] 24 5 ft 5 in (165 cm) Port of Spain July 16, 1977
1978 South Africa Margaret Gardiner[28] 18 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Cape Town July 24, 1978
1979 Venezuela Maritza Sayalero[29] 18 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Caracas July 20, 1979
1980 United States Shawn Weatherly[30] 20 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Sumter July 08, 1980
1981 Venezuela Irene Sáez[31] 19 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Caracas July 20, 1981
1982 Canada Karen Dianne Baldwin[32] 18 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) London July 26, 1982
1983 New Zealand Lorraine Downes[33] 19 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Auckland July 11, 1983
1984 Sweden Yvonne Ryding[34] 21 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Eskilstuna July 09, 1984
1985 Puerto Rico Deborah Carthy-Deu[35] 19 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) San Juan July 15, 1985
1986 Venezuela Bárbara Palacios[36] 22 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Caracas July 21, 1986
1987 Chile Cecilia Bolocco[37] 22 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Santiago May 27, 1987
1988 Thailand Porntip Nakhirunkanok[38] 20 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Bangkok May 24, 1988
1989 Netherlands Angela Visser[39] 22 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Rotterdam May 23, 1989
1990 Norway Mona Grudt[40] 19 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Trondheim April 15, 1990
1991 Mexico Lupita Jones[41] 23 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Mexicali May 17, 1991
1992 Namibia Michelle McLean[42] 19 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) Windhoek May 8, 1992
1993 Puerto Rico Dayanara Torres[43] 18 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Toa Alta May 21, 1993
1994 India Sushmita Sen[44] 18 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) New Delhi May 21, 1994
1995 United States Chelsi Smith[45] 21 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Deer Park May 12, 1995
1996 Venezuela Alicia Machado[46] 19 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Maracay May 17, 1996
1997 United States Brook Lee[47] 26 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Pearl City May 16, 1997
1998 Trinidad and Tobago Wendy Fitzwilliam[48] 25 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) Diego Martin May 12, 1998
1999 Botswana Mpule Kwelagobe 19 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Gaborone May 26, 1999
2000 India Lara Dutta[49] 22 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Mumbai May 12, 2000
2001 Puerto Rico Denise Quiñones[50] 20 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Lares May 11, 2001
2002 Russia Oxana Fedorova (Dethroned) 24 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Pskov May 29, 2002
Panama Justine Pasek (Succeeded)[D][51] 23 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Panama City September 24, 2002
2003 Dominican Republic Amelia Vega[52] 18 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) Santiago de los Caballeros June 03, 2003
2004 Australia Jennifer Hawkins[53] 20 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) Newcastle June 01, 2004
2005 Canada Natalie Glebova[54] 23 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) Toronto May 31, 2005
2006 Puerto Rico Zuleyka Rivera[55] 18 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Salinas July 23, 2006
2007 Japan Riyo Mori[56] 20 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Shizuoka May 28, 2007
2008 Venezuela Dayana Mendoza[57] 22 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Caracas July 14, 2008
2009 Stefanía Fernández[58] 18 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Mérida August 23, 2009
2010 Mexico Ximena Navarrete[59] 22 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Guadalajara August 23, 2010
2011 Angola Leila Lopes[60] 25 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Benguela September 12, 2011
2012 United States Olivia Culpo[61] 20 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Cranston December 19, 2012
2013 Venezuela Gabriela Isler 25 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) Valencia November 09, 2013
2014 Colombia Paulina Vega 22 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) Barranquilla January 25, 2015
2015 Philippines Pia Wurtzbach 26 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) Cagayan de Oro December 20, 2015
2016 France Iris Mittenaere[62] 24 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) Lille January 29, 2017
2017 South Africa Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters 22 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) Sedgefield November 26, 2017
Gallery of winners[edit]
Miss Universe 2016
Iris Mittenaere
France
Miss Universe 2015
Pia Wurtzbach
Philippines
Miss Universe 2014
Paulina Vega
Colombia
Miss Universe 2013
Gabriela Isler
Venezuela
Miss Universe 2012
Olivia Culpo
United States
Miss Universe 2011
Leila Lopes
Angola
Miss Universe 2010
Ximena Navarrete
Mexico
Miss Universe 2009
Stefanía Fernández,
Venezuela
Miss Universe 2008
Dayana Mendoza,
Venezuela
Miss Universe 2007
Riyo Mori,
Japan
Miss Universe 2006
Zuleyka Rivera,
Puerto Rico
Miss Universe 2005
Natalie Glebova,
Canada
Miss Universe 2004
Jennifer Hawkins
Australia
Miss Universe 2003
Amelia Vega,
Dominican Republic
Miss Universe 2002
Justine Pasek,
Panama
Miss Universe 2001
Denise Quiñones,
Puerto Rico
Miss Universe 2000
Lara Dutta,
India
Miss Universe 1999
Mpule Kwelagobe,
Botswana
Miss Universe 1997
Brook Lee,
United States
Miss Universe 1994
Sushmita Sen,
India
Miss Universe 1993
Dayanara Torres,
Puerto Rico
Miss Universe 1991
Lupita Jones,
México
Miss Universe 1989
Angela Visser, Netherlands
Miss Universe 1987
Cecilia Bolocco, Chile
Miss Universe 1984
Yvonne Ryding, Sweden
Miss Universe 1980
Shawn Weatherly, United States
Miss Universe 1977
Janelle Commissiong, Trinidad and Tobago
Miss Universe 1976
Rina Mor, Israel
Miss Universe 1967
Sylvia Hitchcock, United States
Miss Universe 1956
Carol Morris, United States
Miss Universe 1953
Christiane Martel, France
Miss Universe 1952
Armi Kuusela, Finland
Countries/Territory by winning the title[edit]
Countries that have won Miss Universe and number of titles.
Country/Territory
Titles
Year(s)
United States 8 1954, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1980, 1995, 1997, 2012
Venezuela 7 1979, 1981, 1986, 1996, 2008, 2009, 2013
Puerto Rico 5 1970, 1985, 1993, 2001, 2006
Philippines 3 1969, 1973, 2015
Sweden 1955, 1966, 1984
South Africa 2 1978, 2017
France 1953, 2016
Colombia 1958, 2014
Mexico 1991, 2010
Japan 1959, 2007
Canada 1982, 2005
Australia 1972, 2004
India 1994, 2000
Trinidad and Tobago 1977, 1998
Thailand 1965, 1988
Finland 1952, 1975
Brazil 1963, 1968
Angola 1 2011
Dominican Republic 2003
Panama 2002[B]
Russia 2002[A]
Botswana 1999
Namibia 1992
Norway 1990
Netherlands 1989
Chile 1987
New Zealand 1983
Israel 1976
Spain 1974
Lebanon 1971
Greece 1964
Argentina 1962
Germany 1961
Peru 1957
Notes
A Resigned
B Took over title
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Perfect Scandinavian Beauty Selected as 'Miss Universe'". The Owosso Argus-Press. 1952-06-30.
Jump up ^ "French Pastry - New Miss Universe is a Cute Parisian Dish". Spokane Daily Chronicle. 1952-07-18.
Jump up ^ "South Carolina's Miriam Stevenson Wins "Miss Universe"; Miss Brazil Second". Spokane Daily Chronicle. 1954-07-24.
Jump up ^ "Sweden's Beauteous Blonde Wins Miss Universe Title". The Miami News. 1955-07-23.
Jump up ^ Cardenas, Jose (June 20, 1996). "Plane Crash Kills McCarthy Aide; Aviation: G. David Schine, his wife and son die as single-engine craft goes down near freeway soon after takeoff from Burbank Airport". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
Jump up ^ "Iowa Preacher's Daughter Crowned Miss Universe". St. Petersburg Times. 1956-07-22.
Jump up ^ "Peruvian Beauty New Miss Universe". Lodi News-Sentinel. 1957-07-20.
Jump up ^ "New Miss Universe Is Looking for Husband, Not Movie Glamour". Lakeland Ledger. 1958-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Japanese Beauty Wins Miss Universe Title". Park City Daily News. 1959-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Miss Universe packing home plenty of loot". Ellensburg Daily Record. 1960-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Willowy Silver-Blonde German Reigns As New Miss Universe". The Sumter Daily Item. 1961-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Still Can't Believe It, Says Miss Universe". St. Petersburg Times. 1962-08-01.
Jump up ^ "Language Barriers Prove Problem for Miss Universe". Ocala Star-Banner. 1963-07-22.
Jump up ^ "Greeks Have Last Word For It - Miss Universe". The Miami News. 1964-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Thailand's Beauty Called "Fatty" also Miss Universe". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1965-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Swedish Girl Wins Miss Universe". THe Modesto Bee. 1966-07-11.
Jump up ^ "Miss Universe A Real Pro As She Prepares for Year". Sarasota Journal. 1967-07-13.
Jump up ^ "Brazil Beauty Becomes Miss Universe". Rome News-Tribune. 1968-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Miss Philippines Wins Title of Miss Universe". The New York Times. July 20, 1969. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Miss Universe Title Won by Puerto Rican Beauty". The Bulletin. 1970-07-14.
Jump up ^ "New Miss Universe Knew She'd Won - She Peeked". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. 1971-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Former TV Weather Girl Becomes Miss Universe". Herald-Journal. 1972-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Miss Universe Title Won By Filipino Beauty Queen". Herald-Journal. 1973-07-22. Retrieved 2013-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Miss Spain Top Beauty in Universe". Bangor Daily News. 1974-07-22.
Jump up ^ "Miss Finland wins contest". The Spokesman-Review. 1975-07-20.
Jump up ^ "Miss Israel named as Miss Universe". Herald-Journal. 1976-07-12.
Jump up ^ "First Black named Miss Universe". The Bryan Times. 1977-07-18.
Jump up ^ "Miss South Africa is named the new Miss Universe". The Bryan Times. 1978-07-25.
Jump up ^ "Miss Universe Hopefuls Hurt". Spokane Daily Chronicle. 1979-07-20.
Jump up ^ "Name Miss USA as Miss Universe". The Bryan Times. 1980-07-09.
Jump up ^ "Miss Universe Chosen". The Milwaukee Journal. 1981-07-21.
Jump up ^ "Title 'dream come true' for new Miss Universe". Times Daily. 1982-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Miss New Zealand wins Miss Universe Crown". The Montreal Gazette. 1983-07-12.
Jump up ^ "Swedish Nurse is crowned Miss Universe". The Montreal Gazette. 1984-07-10.
Jump up ^ "New Miss Universe says hard work, fait did it". Ludington Daily News. 1985-07-16.
Jump up ^ "New Miss Universe chosen". Ocala Star-Banner. 1986-07-22.
Jump up ^ "Designer wins Miss Universe crown". The Lewiston Journal. 1987-05-27.
Jump up ^ "Thai woman wins Miss Universe". The Prescott Courier. 1988-05-27.
Jump up ^ "Miss Holland wins Miss Universe title". The Bryan Times. 1989-05-24.
Jump up ^ "Miss Norway is Miss Universe". Lawrence Jourgnal-World. 1990-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Attorney is Mexico's 1st Miss Universe". Kentucky New Era. 1991-05-18.
Jump up ^ "'I'm Just the Lucky One' New Miss Universe says". Eugene Register-Guard. 1992-05-10.
Jump up ^ "Puerto Rico crowned Miss Universe". Kentucky New Era. 1993-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Indian model Sushmita Sen wins Miss Universe title". New Straits Times. 1994-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Texan Crowned New Miss Universe". Gainesville Sun. 1995-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Venezuela dubbed Miss Universe". Lodi News-Sentinel. 1996-05-18.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Beauty Crowned Miss Universe". Herald-Journal. 1997-05-17.
Jump up ^ Dipietro, Ben (1998-05-13). "Beauty Queen Crowned". Kentucky New Era.
Jump up ^ "Lara Dutta is Miss Universe". The Tribune. 2000-05-13.
Jump up ^ James, Ian (2001-05-11). "Puerto Rican beauty wins Miss Universe crown". Kentucky New Era.
Jump up ^ "I'm not married, says dethroned Miss Universe". Sydney Morning Herald. 2002-09-24.
Jump up ^ Chavarria, Teresita (2003-06-04). "Miss Dominican Rep. wins Miss Universe". CNN.
Jump up ^ Gadd, Michael (2004-06-03). "Miss Universe win puts Jennifer over the moon". Sydney Morning Herald.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Natalie Glebova Wins Miss Universe". Fox News. 2005-05-31.
Jump up ^ "Miss Puerto Rico wins Miss Universe contest". The Tuscaloosa News. 2006-07-23.
Jump up ^ "New Miss Universe Riyo Mori Says She Has 'Samurai Soul'". Fox News. 2007-06-11.
Jump up ^ "Miss Universe 2008 from Venezuela". The Hindu. 2008-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Miss Venezuela Stefania Fernandez is Miss Universe 2009". Economic Times. 2009-08-24.
Jump up ^ "Gana la mexicana Jimena Navarrete el Miss Universo 2010". Diario Milénio (in Spanish). Notimex. Archived from the original on August 27, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Miss Angola Leila Lopes is Miss Universe 2011! retrieved 12 September 2011
Jump up ^ "Olivia Culpo". Miss Universe, L.P. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ McDermott, Maeve (30 January 2017). "Miss France Iris Mittenaere is crowned Miss Universe 2017". USA Today.
External links[edit]
Official Miss Universe website
Lists portal
[show]
v
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Miss Universe
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
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1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
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1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Titleholders
Runners-up and finalists
Editions
Countries
[show]
v
t
e
Miss Universe titleholders
Armi Kuusela (1952)
Christiane Martel (1953)
Miriam Stevenson (1954)
Hillevi Rombin (1955)
Carol Morris (1956)
Gladys Zender (1957)
Luz Marina Zuluaga (1958)
Akiko Kojima (1959)
Linda Bement (1960)
Marlene Schmidt (1961)
Norma Nolan (1962)
Iêda Maria Vargas (1963)
Corinna Tsopei (1964)
Apasra Hongsakula (1965)
Margareta Arvidsson (1966)
Sylvia Hitchcock (1967)
Martha Vasconcellos (1968)
Gloria Diaz (1969)
Marisol Malaret (1970)
Georgina Rizk (1971)
Kerry Anne Wells (1972)
Margarita Moran (1973)
Amparo Muñoz (1974)
Anne Marie Pohtamo (1975)
Rina Messinger (1976)
Janelle Commissiong (1977)
Margaret Gardiner (1978)
Maritza Sayalero (1979)
Shawn Weatherly (1980)
Irene Sáez (1981)
Karen Baldwin (1982)
Lorraine Downes (1983)
Yvonne Ryding (1984)
Deborah Carthy-Deu (1985)
Bárbara Palacios Teyde (1986)
Cecilia Bolocco (1987)
Porntip Nakhirunkanok (1988)
Angela Visser (1989)
Mona Grudt (1990)
Lupita Jones (1991)
Michelle McLean (1992)
Dayanara Torres (1993)
Sushmita Sen (1994)
Chelsi Smith (1995)
Alicia Machado (1996)
Brook Lee (1997)
Wendy Fitzwilliam (1998)
Mpule Kwelagobe (1999)
Lara Dutta (2000)
Denise Quiñones (2001)
Justine Pasek (2002)
Amelia Vega (2003)
Jennifer Hawkins (2004)
Natalie Glebova (2005)
Zuleyka Rivera (2006)
Riyo Mori (2007)
Dayana Mendoza (2008)
Stefanía Fernández (2009)
Ximena Navarrete (2010)
Leila Lopes (2011)
Olivia Culpo (2012)
Gabriela Isler (2013)
Paulina Vega (2014)
Pia Wurtzbach (2015)
Iris Mittenaere (2016)
Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Miss Universe participant countries and territories
[hide]
Active
(1952–present)
Albania
Angola
Argentina
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Bahamas
Barbados
Belgium
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Curaçao
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Great Britain
Greece
Guam
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea
Kosovo
Laos
Lebanon
Lithuania
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Mexico
Montenegro
Myanmar
Namibia
Netherlands
Nepal
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Romania
Russia
Saint Lucia
Serbia
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Switzerland
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad & Tobago
Turkey
Turks & Caicos
Ukraine
Uruguay
USA
US Virgin Islands
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
[hide]
Inactive since 2014 (under IMG/WMG)
American Samoa (1978)
Antigua & Barbuda (2008)
Azerbaijan (2013)
Benin (1962)
Bermuda (1997)
Botswana (2013)
Chinese Taipei (2004)
Cook Islands (1999)
Cote d'Ivoire (1986)
Cuba (1967)
Cyprus (2012)
Dominica (1985)
Democratic Republic of Congo (1986)
Estonia (2013)
Fiji (1981)
Gambia (1986)
Gibraltar (1990)
Grenada (1964)
Jordan (1960)
Latvia (2006)
Lesotho (1978)
Liberia (1977)
Luxembourg (1994)
Madagascar (1961)
Micronesia (1975)
Morocco (1978)
Northern Marianas (2006)
Papua New Guinea (1986)
Samoa (1986)
Senegal (1987)
Seychelles (1995)
St. Kitts & Nevis (1981)
St. Maarten (1982)
St. Vincent and the Grenadines (2006)
Suriname (1999)
Swaziland (1994)
Tunisia (1971)
Vanuatu (1978)
Zimbabwe (2001)
[hide]
Inactive territories and dependencies
(1952–2000)
Region of China
Hong Kong (1952–2000)
Constituent country of Denmark
Greenland (1987–1990)
Overseas regions of France
French Guiana (1977–1984)
Guadeloupe (1977–1984)
Martinique (1957–1984)
New Caledonia (1982)
Réunion (1977–1986)
St. Martin (2000-2006)
Tahiti (1962–1985)
Constituent countries of Great Britain
England (1955–1990)
Scotland (1961–1990)
Wales (1961-1990)
Perfecture of Japan
Okinawa (1963-1968)
Region of the Netherlands
Bonaire (1967–1999)
Bantustans of South Africa
Bophuthatswana (1979)
Transkei (1979-1983)
Territories of United States
Alaska (1952-1958)
Hawaii (1952-1959)
[show]
v
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Big Four international beauty pageants
Miss Universe
winners
Miss World
winners
Miss Earth
winners
Miss International
winners
List of beauty pageants
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Miss_Universe_titleholders&oldid=827980570"
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Miss Universe
Lists of award winners
Lists of women in beauty pageants
Miss Universe winners
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values: قائمة ملكات جمال الكون – Arabic

values: Anexo:Ganadoras de Miss Universo – Spanish

values: मिस यूनीवर्स विजेताओं की सूची – Hindi

values: Daftar pemenang Miss Universe – Indonesian

values: Miss Universe-győztesek listája – Hungarian

values: Lijst van Miss Universe-winnaressen – Dutch

values: Lista de vencedoras do Miss Universo – Portuguese

values: Победительницы конкурса «Мисс Вселенная» – Russian

values: විශ්ව රූ රැජිණ ජයග්‍රාහිකාවන් – Sinhala

values: Talaan ng mga Titulado ng Miss Universe – Tagalog

values: รายนามผู้ครองตำแหน่งนางงามจักรวาล – Thai

values: 歷屆環球小姐列表 – Chinese

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