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Everything Has Changed
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"Everything Has Changed"
Single by Taylor Swift featuring Ed Sheeran
from the album Red
Released
June 24, 2013[1]
Format
Digital download
Genre
Folk pop[2]
Length
4:04
Label
Big Machine
Republic
Songwriter(s)
Taylor Swift
Ed Sheeran
Producer(s)
Butch Walker
Taylor Swift singles chronology
"Red"
(2013) "Everything Has Changed"
(2013) "Sweeter Than Fiction"
(2013)
"Red"
(2013) "Everything Has Changed"
(2013) "Sweeter Than Fiction"
(2013)
Ed Sheeran singles chronology
"Give Me Love"
(2012) Give Me Love2012 "Everything Has Changed"
(2013) Everything Has Changed2013 "Old School Love"
(2013) Old School Love2013
Music video
"Everything Has Changed" on YouTube
"Everything Has Changed" is a song written and performed by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift and English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran, taken from Swift's fourth studio album, Red (2012). Produced by Butch Walker, the track was released as the sixth single from the album on July 16, 2013. "Everything Has Changed" is a guitar ballad combining folk and pop genres about "wanting to get to know a new lover better".[3]
The single gained mixed reviews from music critics, who were ambivalent towards its composition. "Everything Has Changed" peaked at number 32 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and entered the top ten charts of countries including Belgium, Ireland and the United Kingdom. A music video for "Everything Has Changed" was released on Swift's VEVO channel on June 6, 2013. Swift performed "Everything Has Changed" with Sheeran on Britain's Got Talent on June 8, 2013. Swift also performed the track on her Red Tour (2013).
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and composition
2 Reception
3 Music video
4 Live performances
5 Track listing
6 Credits and personnel
7 Charts and certifications
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Certifications
8 Release history
9 References
10 External links
Background and composition[edit]
It was reported that English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran would appear as a guest artist on American recording artist Taylor Swift's then-upcoming album Red. On October 18, 2012, "Everything Has Changed" by Swift featuring Sheeran was leaked online.[4] The song was written by Swift and Sheeran in Swift's backyard.[4] "Everything Has Changed" is a guitar ballad,[3] blending folk-pop genres.[2] Written in the key of G-flat major, it has a moderate tempo of 84 beats per minute.[5] The duo's vocal range spans from G♭3 to D♭5.[5] Lyrically, the track talks about "wanting to get to know a new lover better".[3] Swift further explained the song's theme, "Everything looks different to you because of this one person, because one new person came into your life. It’s really cool".[4]
Reception[edit]
"Everything Has Changed"
A 24-second sample of "Everything Has Changed"
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Everything Has Changed" received generally lukewarm reviews from music critics. A writer from Billboard gave the song a mixed review, criticizing its composition yet complimenting Sheeran's appearance.[6] Robert Cospey of Digital Spy gave the song a three stars out of five rating, praising the song's musical style as "cutesy" but felt that "their exchanges leave us with a warm and fuzzy feeling that is all too rare these days".[2] Sian Rowe, a writer from NME provided "Everything Has Changed" a negative review, writing that the track is "disappointing in every way".[3]
In the United States, "Everything Has Changed" peaked at number 32 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart; it eventually charted at number eight on the Adult Pop Songs, number 11 on the Adult Contemporary and number 14 on the Mainstream Top 40.[7] On the Canadian Hot 100, the single peaked at number 28.[7] "Everything Has Changed" was more commercially successful in several European territories, peaking at number five in Ireland,[8] number seven [9] in Sheeran's native United Kingdom,[10] and number eight in Belgium (Flanders region).[11] It was certified gold by the Recorded Music NZ,[12] and Recording Industry Association of America,[13] and double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association.[14]
Music video[edit]
A music video for "Everything Has Changed" was released on Swift's VEVO channel on YouTube on June 6, 2013.[15] It was directed by Philip Andelman and filmed in Oak Park, California and San Antonio. The video begins with two children who initially appear to be Swift and Sheeran when they were much younger, meeting each other on a bus to elementary school.[16] Young Taylor is played by Ava Ames.[17] Throughout the video, the two children have their "youthful play" including painting their faces with crayons, pretending to be a princess and knight, and dancing with each other in the empty school gym.[18] At the end, Swift and Sheeran appear and we realize that they are actually two different parents, arriving at the school to pick up their kids and take each of the children back to their respective homes.[18] Jason Lipshutz from Billboard labelled the video as "impossibly adorable",[19] while Ray Rahman from Entertainment Weekly compared the video's synopsis to Forrest Gump, but "much more gentle than that".[16] To date, it has 221 million views on YouTube.[20]
Live performances[edit]
On June 8, 2013, Swift and Sheeran performed "Everything Has Changed" together on season finale of the seventh series of Britain's Got Talent.[21] Swift also sang the song on her Red Tour (2013).[22]
Track listing[edit]
Digital download[23]
"Everything Has Changed" (featuring Ed Sheeran) – 4:06
Credits and personnel[edit]
Credits are adapted from liner notes of Red.[24]
Taylor Swift – writer, lead vocals
Ed Sheeran – writer, lead vocals
Butch Walker – production, guitars, keyboards, percussion, drums, backing vocals
Jake Sinclair – recording, bass guitar, backing vocals
Justin Niebank – mixing
Drew Bollman – assistant mixing
Hank Williams – mastering
Joann Tominaga – production coordinator
Patrick Warren – string arrangement, composition
Gary Lightbody – background vocals
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[25]
28
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[11]
8
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[26]
28
Canada AC (Billboard)[27]
37
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[28]
42
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[29]
34
Europe (Euro Digital Songs)[30]
8
Ireland (IRMA)[8]
5
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[31]
22
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[9]
7
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[10]
7
US Billboard Hot 100[7]
32
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[32]
11
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[33]
8
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[34]
14
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[14]
Platinum 70,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[12]
Gold 7,500*
United Kingdom (BPI)[35]
Gold 400,000
United States (RIAA)[13]
Platinum 1,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
United States[36]
July 16, 2013 Contemporary hit radio
Big Machine
Republic
United States[23]
July 23, 2013 Digital download remix single Big Machine
United Kingdom[37]
July 30, 2013
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift Feat. Ed Sheeran - 'Everything Has Changed' (Live Performance, Summertime Ball 2013)".
^ Jump up to: a b c Copsey, Robert (June 11, 2013). "Taylor Swift ft. Ed Sheeran: 'Everything Has Changed' – Single review". Digital Spy. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rowe, Sian (July 12, 2013). "Everything Has Changed: Review". NME. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Taylor Swift and Ed Sheeran Everything Has Changed duet leaks". Metro. October 18, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Taylor Swift "Everything Has Changed" Sheet Music". Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift, 'Red': Track-By-Track Review". Billboard. October 19, 2012. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Taylor Swift. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chart Track: Week 25, 2013". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Archive Chart: 2013-06-22". Scottish Singles Top 40. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Archive Chart: 2013-06-22" UK Singles Chart. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ultratop.be – Taylor Swift feat. Ed Sheeran – Everything Has Changed" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Archived from the original on April 22, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gold & Platinum" (Enter keyword "Everything Has Changed" in the search box). Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Accreditations – 2013 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cospey, Robert (June 6, 2013). "Taylor Swift, Ed Sheeran debut 'Everything Has Changed' video". Digital Spy. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Rahman, Ray (June 6, 2013). "Tiny versions of Taylor Swift and Ed Sheeran flirt in their new video for 'Everything Has Changed': Watch it here". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ava Ames".
^ Jump up to: a b Rivera, Zayda (June 6, 2013). "Taylor Swift, Ed Sheeran go back to elementary school in new music video ‘Everything Has Changed’". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lipshutz, Jason (June 6, 2013). "Taylor Swift, Ed Sheeran Return To Childhood in 'Everything Has Changed' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ TaylorSwiftVEVO (June 5, 2013). "Taylor Swift - Everything Has Changed ft. Ed Sheeran" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Dodge, Shyam (June 9, 2013). "Young love! Taylor Swift and Ed Sheeran perform flirty duet about childhood romance on Britain's Got Talent season finale". Daily Mail. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ford, Rebecca (August 20, 2013). "Taylor Swift Finds Love in Los Angeles: Concert Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Everything Has Changed (Remix)". iTunes Store (US). Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Red (Compact disc liner notes). Taylor Swift. Big Machine Records. 2012. BMR310400A
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Taylor Swift feat. Ed Sheeran – Everything Has Changed". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Canadian Hot 100 for Taylor Swift. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Billboard Canada AC for Taylor Swift. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Billboard Canada CHR/Top 40 for Taylor Swift. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Billboard Canada Hot AC for Taylor Swift. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Euro Digital Songs : Jun 29, 2013. Billboard biz. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Taylor Swift feat. Ed Sheeran – Everything Has Changed". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Billboard Adult Contemporary for Taylor Swift. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Taylor Swift. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Chart history" Billboard Pop Songs for Taylor Swift. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Taylor Swift – Everything Has Changed". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved July 22, 2013. Enter Everything Has Changed in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "Airplay Archive". FMQB. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Everything Has Changed (Remix)". Amazon.com (UK). Retrieved February 3, 2014.
External links[edit]
Everything Has Changed Taylor Swift ft. Ed Sheeran
Taylor Swift - Everything Has Changed ft. Ed Sheeran on YouTube
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Taylor Swift portal
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Alsace-Lorraine
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Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine
Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen (German), Terre d'Empire d'Alsace-Lorraine (French)
Imperial Territory of the German Empire
←
1871–1918 →
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem
Elsässisches Fahnenlied
"The Alsatian Flag's song"
Alsace-Lorraine within the German Empire
Capital Straßburg (Strasbourg)
Government Federal territory
Reichsstatthalter
• 1871–1879 Eduard von Möller (first)
• 1918 Rudolf Schwander (last)
Legislature Landtag
History
• Treaty of Frankfurt 10 May 1871
• Disestablished 1918
• Treaty of Versailles 28 June 1919
Area
• 1910 14,496 km2 (5,597 sq mi)
Population
• 1910 1,874,014
Density 129.3 /km2 (334.8 /sq mi)
Political subdivisions Bezirk Lothringen, Oberelsass, Unterelsass
Today part of France
Part of the series on
Alsace
Rot un Wiss, flag of Alsace.
History[show]
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Germania Superior
Alamannia
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Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg
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Concordat in Alsace-Moselle (1801):
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Strasbourg
(Lorraine: Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz)
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Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine
Calvinism:
Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine
Jewish consistories:
Strasbourg
Colmar
(Lorraine: Metz)
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Local law in Alsace-Moselle
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Capital: Strasbourg
Bas-Rhin (Unterelsaß)
Arrondissement of Haguenau-Wissembourg
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The Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine (German: Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen or Elsass-Lothringen, French: Terre d'Empire d'Alsace-Lorraine or Alsace-Moselle) was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871 after it annexed most of Alsace and the Moselle department of Lorraine following its victory in the Franco-Prussian War. The Alsatian part lay in the Rhine Valley on the west bank of the Rhine River and east of the Vosges Mountains. The Lorraine section was in the upper Moselle valley to the north of the Vosges.
The territory was made up of 93% of Alsace and 26% of Lorraine; the remaining portions of these regions continued to be part of France. For historical reasons, specific legal dispositions are still applied in the territory in the form of a "local law". In relation to its special legal status, since its reversion to France following World War I, the territory has been referred to administratively as Alsace-Moselle.[note 1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
1.1 Towns and cities
2 History
2.1 Background
2.2 From annexation to World War I
2.2.1 Reichstag election results 1874–1912
2.2.2 During World War I
2.3 Annexation to the French Republic
2.4 World War II
3 Demographics
3.1 First language (1900)
3.2 Religion
3.2.1 Religious statistics in 1910
3.3 Statistics (1866–2010)
3.4 Languages
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
7.1 Other languages
8 External links
Geography[edit]
Alsace-Lorraine had a land area of 14,496 km2 (5,597 sq mi). Its capital was Strasbourg. It was divided in three districts (Bezirke in German):
Oberelsass (Upper Alsace), whose capital was Kolmar, had a land area of 3,525 km2 and corresponds exactly to the current department of Haut-Rhin
Unterelsass, (Lower Alsace), whose capital was Strassburg, had a land area of 4,755 km2 and corresponds exactly to the current department of Bas-Rhin
Lothringen, (Lorraine), whose capital was Metz, had a land area of 6,216 km2 and corresponds exactly to the current department of Moselle (department)
Towns and cities[edit]
The largest urban areas in Alsace-Lorraine at the 1910 census were:
Straßburg (now Strasbourg): 220,883 inhabitants
Mülhausen (Mulhouse) : 128,190 inhabitants
Metz: 102,787 inhabitants
Diedenhofen (Thionville): 69,693 inhabitants
Colmar (also historically Kolmar): 44,942 inhabitants
History[edit]
Background[edit]
Main articles: French–German enmity and Causes of the Franco-Prussian War
The modern history of Alsace-Lorraine was largely influenced by the rivalry between French and German nationalism.
France long sought to attain and preserve its "natural boundaries", which are the Pyrenees to the southwest, the Alps to the southeast, and the Rhine River to the northeast. These strategic claims led to the annexation of territories located west of the Rhine river in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. What is now known as Alsace was progressively conquered by Louis XIV in the 17th century, while Lorraine was incorporated in the 18th century under Louis XV.[1]
German nationalism, which resurfaced following the French occupation of Germany under Napoleon, sought to unify all the German-speaking populations of the former Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation into a single nation-state. As various German dialects were spoken by most of the population of Alsace and Moselle (northern Lorraine), these regions were viewed by German nationalists to be rightfully part of hoped-for united Germany in the future.
We Germans who know Germany and France know better what is good for the Alsatians than the unfortunates themselves. In the perversion of their French life they have no exact idea of what concerns Germany.
— Heinrich von Treitschke, German historian, 1871[2][3]
From annexation to World War I[edit]
Main article: Franco-Prussian War
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Louis-Frédéric Schützenberger's The Exodus (1872), depicting Alsatians leaving newly annexed Alsace for France
Shading shows départements before 1870; black lines after 1871. Only the département of Meurthe changed name and became Meurthe-et-Moselle after the border changes; border between 1871 and 1918 in yellow.
The loss of Alsace and Lorraine personified – statue in Nancy, in the French part of Lorraine.
"The Black Stain": In France, children were taught in school not to forget the lost provinces, which were coloured in black on maps. Painting by Albert Bettannier, a native of Metz who fled to Paris after the annexation of his hometown.
In 1871, the newly created German Empire's demand for Alsace from France after its victory in the Franco-Prussian War was not simply a punitive measure. The transfer was controversial even among the Germans: The German Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, was initially opposed to it, as he thought it would engender permanent French enmity toward Germany.[citation needed] Some German industrialists did not want the competition from Alsatian industries, such as the cloth makers who would be exposed to competition from the sizeable industry in Mulhouse. However, the German Emperor, Wilhelm I, eventually sided with army commander Helmuth von Moltke, other Prussian generals and other officials who argued that a westward shift in the French border was necessary for strategic military and ethnographic reasons. From an ethnic perspective, the transfer involved people who for the most part spoke Alemannic German dialects. From a military perspective, by early 1870s standards, shifting the frontier away from the Rhine would give the Germans a strategic buffer against feared future French attacks. Due to the annexation, the Germans gained control of the fortifications of Metz, though it was a French-speaking town; of Strasbourg (Straßburg) on the left bank of the Rhine; and of most of the iron resources of Lorraine.
However, domestic politics in the new Reich may have been decisive. Although it was effectively led by Prussia, the new German Empire was a decentralized federal state. The new arrangement left many senior Prussian generals with serious misgivings about leading diverse military forces to guard a prewar frontier that, except for the northernmost section, was part of two other states of the new Empire – Baden and Bavaria. As recently as the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, these states had been Prussia's enemies. In the new Empire's constitution, both states, but especially Bavaria, had been given concessions with regard to local autonomy, including partial control of their military forces. For this reason, the Prussian General Staff argued that it was necessary for the Reich's frontier with France to be under direct Prussian control.[citation needed] Creating a new Imperial Territory (Reichsland) out of formerly French territory would achieve this goal: although a Reichsland would not be part of the Kingdom of Prussia, being governed directly from Berlin it would be under Prusso-German control. Thus, by annexing Alsace-Lorraine, Berlin was able to avoid complications with Baden and Bavaria on such matters as new fortifications.[citation needed]
Memories of the Napoleonic Wars were still quite fresh in the 1870s. Right up until the Franco-Prussian War, the French had maintained a long-standing desire to establish their entire eastern frontier on the Rhine, and thus they were viewed by most 19th century Germans as an aggressive people. In the years before 1870, it is arguable that the Germans feared the French more than the French feared the Germans. Many Germans at the time thought that the creation of the new Empire in itself would be enough to earn permanent French enmity, and thus desired a defensible border with their old enemy. Any additional enmity that would be earned from territorial concessions was downplayed as marginal and insignificant in the overall scheme of things.
The annexed area consisted of the northern part of Lorraine, along with Alsace. The area around the town of Belfort (now the French département of Territoire de Belfort) was unaffected, because Belfort had been defended by Colonel Denfert-Rochereau, who surrendered only after receiving orders from Paris, and was compensated by another territory. The town of Montbéliard and its surrounding area to the south of Belfort, which have been part of the Doubs department since 1816, and therefore were not considered part of Alsace, were not included, although they were a Protestant enclave, as it belonged to Württemberg from 1397 to 1806. This area corresponded to the French départements of Bas-Rhin (in its entirety), Haut-Rhin (except the area of Belfort and Montbéliard), and a small area in the northeast of the Vosges département, all of which made up Alsace, and the départements of Moselle (four-fifths of it) and the northeast of Meurthe (one-third of Meurthe), which were the eastern part of Lorraine.
The rest of the département of Meurthe was joined with the westernmost part of Moselle which had escaped German annexation to form the new département of Meurthe-et-Moselle.
The neo-Romanesque Metz railway station, built in 1908. Kaiser Wilhelm II instigated the construction of various buildings in Alsace-Lorraine supposedly representative of German architecture.
The new border between France and Germany mainly followed the geolinguistic divide between French and German dialects, except in a few valleys of the Alsatian side of the Vosges mountains, the city of Metz and its region and in the area of Château-Salins (formerly in the Meurthe département), which were annexed by Germany although most people there spoke French.[note 2] In 1900, 11.6% of the population of Alsace-Lorraine spoke French as their first language (11.0% in 1905, 10.9% in 1910).
That small francophone areas were affected, was used in France to denounce the new border as hypocrisy, since Germany had justified the annexation on linguistic grounds. However, the German administration was tolerant of the use of the French language, and French was permitted as an official language and school language in those areas where it was spoken by a majority. This would only change with the First World War in 1914.
The Treaty of Frankfurt gave the residents of the region until October 1, 1872 to choose between emigrating to France or remaining in the region and having their nationality legally changed to German. About 161,000 people, i.e., around 10.4% of the residents of Alsace-Lorraine, opted for French citizenship (the so-called Optanden); however, only about 50,000 actually emigrated, while the rest acquired German citizenship.[4]
The sentiment of attachment to France stayed strong at least during the first 16 years of the annexation. During the Reichstag elections, the 15 deputies of 1874, 1881, 1884 (but one) and 1887 were called protester deputies (fr: députés protestataires) because they expressed to the Reichstag their opposition to the annexation by means of the 1874 motion in the French language: « May it please the Reichstag to decide that the populations of Alsace-Lorraine that were annexed, without having been consulted, to the German Reich by the treaty of Frankfurt have to come out particularly about this annexation. »[5] The Saverne Affair (usually known in English-language accounts as the Zabern Affair), in which abusive and oppressive behaviour by the military towards the population of the town of Saverne led to protests not just in Alsace but in other regions, put a severe strain on the relationship between the people of Alsace-Lorraine and the rest of the German Empire.
Under the German Empire of 1871-1918, the annexed territory constituted the Reichsland or Imperial Territory of Elsaß-Lothringen (German for Alsace-Lorraine). The area was administered directly from Berlin, but was granted limited autonomy in 1911. This included its constitution and state assembly, its own flag, and the Elsässisches Fahnenlied (Alsatian Flag Song) as its anthem.
Reichstag election results 1874–1912[edit]
1874
1877
1878
1881
1884
1887
1890
1893
1898
1903
1907
1912
Inhabitants (in 1,000)
1550 1532 1567 1564 1604 1641 1719 1815 1874
Eligible voters (in %)
20.6 21.6 21.0 19.9 19.5 20.1 20.3 20.3 21.0 21.7 21.9 22.3
Turnout (in %)
76.5 64.2 64.1 54.2 54.7 83.3 60.4 76.4 67.8 77.3 87.3 84.9
Regional Parties Autonomists (fr) (Aut)
96.9 97.8 87.5 93.3 95.9 92.2 56.6 47.7 46.9 36.1 30.2 46.5
Social Democratic Party of Germany (S)
0.3 0.1 0.4 1.8 0.3 10.7 19.3 22.7 24.2 23.7 31.8
Conservatives (K)
0.0 0.2 2.8 0.0 12.5 14.7 10.0 4.8
Deutsche Reichspartei (R)
0.2 12.0 0.8 1.5 6.6 7.6 6.1 4.1 3.5 2.7 2.1
National Liberal Party (N)
2.1 0.0 1.9 0.7 11.5 8.5 3.6 10.3
Liberals
0.2
Freeminded Union (FVg)
0.0 0.1 6.2 6.4
Progressive People's Party (FVp)
1.4 0.0 1.8 0.5 14.0
Centre Party (Zentrum) (Z)
0.0 0.6 7.1 31.1 5.4
Others
0.7 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.2 1.1 1.9 12.0 7.0 5.9 0.2
1874
1877
1878
1881
1884
1887
1890
1893
1898
1903
1907
1912
Mandates
Aut 15
Aut 15
Aut 15
Aut 15
Aut 15
Aut 15
K 1
Aut 10
R 1
N 2
S 1
K 3
Aut 8
R 1
S 2
FVg 1
K 1
Aut 10
R 2
S 1
FVg 1
K 1
Aut 9
R 1
N 1
FVg 1
Vp 1
U 1
R 1
Aut 7
Z 5
S 2
FVg 1
Aut 9
S 5
FVp: Progressive People's Party. formed in 1910 as a merger of all leftist liberal parties.
During World War I[edit]
Further information: World War I
German patrol during the Saverne Affair
Translation: Here at Gertwiller on 22 August 1914 three Alsatian farmers were shot, against all justice. (...) innocent victims of German barbarity. Alsatians! Remember!
In French foreign policy, the demand for the return of Alsace and Lorraine faded in importance after 1880 with the decline of the monarchists element. When the World War broke out in 1914, recovery of the two lost provinces became the top French war goal.[6]
In the early 20th century, the increased militarization of Europe, and the lack of negotiation between major powers, led to harsh and rash actions taken by both sides in respect to Alsace-Lorraine during World War I. As soon as war was declared, both the French and German authorities used the inhabitants of Alsace-Lorraine as propaganda pawns.[citation needed]
Germans living in France were arrested and placed into camps by the French authorities. Upon occupying certain villages, veterans of the 1870 conflict were sought out and arrested by the French army.[7]
The Germans responded to the outbreak of war with harsh measures against the Alsace-Lorraine populace:[8] the Saverne Affair had convinced the high command that the population was hostile to the German Empire and that it should be forced into submission.[citation needed] German troops occupied some homes. The German military feared French partisans – or francs-tireurs, as they had been called during the Franco-Prussian War – would reappear.
German authorities developed policies aimed at reducing the influence of French. In Metz, French street names, which had been displayed in French and German, were suppressed in January 1915. Six months later, on July 15, 1915, German became the only official language in the region,[9] leading to the Germanization of the towns’ names effective September 2, 1915.
Prohibiting the speaking of French in public further increased the exasperation of some of the natives, who were long accustomed to mixing their conversation with French language (see code-switching); however, the use even of one word, as innocent as "bonjour", could incur a fine.[note 3] Some ethnic Germans in the region cooperated in the persecution as a way to demonstrate German patriotism.[note 4]
German authorities became increasingly worried about renewed French nationalism. The Reichsland governor stated in February 1918: "Sympathies towards France and repulsion for Germans have penetrated to a frightening depth the petty bourgeoisie and the peasantry".[10] But in order to spare them possible confrontations with relatives in France but also to avoid any desertion from the Alsatian soldiers to the French army,[note 5][11] German Army draftees from Alsace-Lorraine were sent mainly to the Eastern front, or the Navy (Kaiserliche Marine). About 15,000 Alsatians and Lorrainers served in the German Navy.
Annexation to the French Republic[edit]
Main article: November 1918 in Alsace-Lorraine
An Alsatian in traditional dress and a French officer, c. 1919
In the general revolutionary atmosphere of the expiring German Empire, Marxist councils of workers and soldiers (Soldaten und Arbeiterräte) formed in Mulhouse, in Colmar and Strasbourg in November 1918, in parallel to other such bodies set up in Germany, in imitation of the Russian equivalent soviets.
Metz and the Lorraine returned to France, front page of Le Petit Journal newspaper dated from 8 December 1918
In this chaotic situation, Alsace-Lorraine's Landtag proclaimed itself the supreme authority of the land with the name of Nationalrat, the Soviet of Strasbourg claimed the foundation of a Republic of Alsace-Lorraine, while SPD Reichstag representative for Colmar, Jacques Peirotes, announced the establishment of the French rule, urging Paris to send troops quickly.[12]
While the soviet councils disbanded themselves with the departure of the German troops between November 11 and 17,[13] the arrival of the French Army stabilized the situation: French troops put the region under occupatio bellica and entered Strasbourg on November 21. The Nationalrat proclaimed the annexation of Alsace to France on December 5, even though this process did not gain international recognition until the signature of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
Alsace-Lorraine was divided into the départements of Haut-Rhin, Bas-Rhin and Moselle (the same political structure as before the annexation and as created by the French Revolution, with slightly different limits). Today, these territories enjoy laws that are significantly different from the rest of France – these specific provisions are known as the local law.
The département Meurthe-et-Moselle was maintained even after France recovered Alsace-Lorraine in 1919. The area of Belfort became a special status area and was not reintegrated into Haut-Rhin in 1919 but instead was made a full-status département in 1922 under the name Territoire-de-Belfort.[note 6]
The French Government immediately started a Francization campaign that included the forced deportation of all Germans who had settled in the area after 1870. For that purpose, the population was divided in four categories: A (French citizens prior to 1870), B (descendants of such French citizens), C (citizens of Allied or neutral states) and D (enemy aliens - Germans). By July 1921, 111,915 people categorized as "D" had been expelled to Germany.[14][15] German-language Alsatian newspapers were also suppressed.
World War II[edit]
Main article: Malgré-nous
Monument to the Malgré-nous in Obernai, Bas-Rhin
After the defeat of France in the spring of 1940, Alsace and Moselle were not formally annexed by Nazi Germany. Although the terms of the armistice specified that the integrity of the whole French territory could not be modified in any way, Adolf Hitler, the German leader, drafted an annexation law in 1940 that he kept secret, expecting to announce it in the event of a German victory.[16] Through a series of laws which individually seemed minor, Berlin took full control of Alsace-Lorraine, and Alsatians could be drafted into the German Army. During the occupation, Moselle was integrated into a Reichsgau named Westmark and Alsace was amalgamated with Baden. From 1942, people from Alsace and Moselle were made German citizens by decree of the Nazi government.[17]
Beginning in October 1942, young Alsatian men were inducted into the German armed forces. Sometimes they were known as the malgré-nous, which could be translated in English as "against our will".[note 7][18][19] A small minority, however, volunteered, notably the author of The Forgotten Soldier, known by the pseudonym Guy Sajer. Ultimately, 100,000 Alsatians and 30,000 Mosellans were enrolled, many of them to fight on the Eastern Front against the Soviet Red Army. Most of those who survived the war were interned in Tambov in Russia in 1945. Many others fought in Normandy against the Allies as the malgré-nous of the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich, some of which were involved in the Oradour sur Glane and Tulle war crimes.
Demographics[edit]
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First language (1900)[edit]
German and Germanic dialects: 1,492,347 (86.8%)[20]
Other Languages: 219,638 (12.8%)[20]
French and Romance dialects : 198,318 (11.5%)
Italian: 18,750 (1.1%)
German and a second language : 7,485 (0.4%)
Polish: 1,410 (0.1%)
Religion[edit]
When Alsace and the Lorraine department became part of Germany, the French laws regarding religious bodies were preserved, with special privileges to the then recognised religions of Calvinism, Judaism, Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism, under a system known as the Concordat. However, the Roman Catholic dioceses of Metz and of Strasbourg became exempt jurisdictions. The Church of Augsburg Confession of France (fr), with its directory, supreme consistory and the bulk of its parishioners residing in Alsace, was reorganised as the Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine (EPCAAL) in 1872, but territorially reconfined to Alsace-Lorraine only. The five local Calvinist consistories, originally part of the Reformed Church of France, formed a statewide synod in 1895, the Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine (EPRAL). The three Israelite consistories in Colmar (de), Metz (de) and Strasbourg (de) were disentangled from supervision by the Israelite Central Consistory of France and continued as separate statutory corporations which never formed a joint body, but cooperated. All the mentioned religious bodies retained the status as établissements publics de culte (public bodies of Religion). When the new Alsace-Lorraine constitution of 1911 provided for a bicameral state parliament (Landtag of Alsace-Lorraine (fr)) each recognised religion was entitled to send a representative into the first chamber of the Landtag as ex officio members (the bishops of Strasbourg and of Metz, the presidents of EPCAAL and EPRAL, and a delegate of the three Israelite consistories).
Religious statistics in 1910[edit]
Population 1,874,014 :[20]
Catholic: 76.22%
Protestant: 21.78% (18.87% Lutherans, 2.91% Calvinists)
Jewish: 1.63%
Other Christian: 0.21%
Atheist: 0.12%
Statistics (1866–2010)[edit]
Year
Population
Cause of change
1866 1,596,198 –
1875 1,531,804 After incorporation into the German Empire, 100,000 to 130,000 people left for France and French Algeria
1910 1,874,014 +0.58% population growth per year during 1875-1910
1921 1,709,749 Death of young men in the German army (1914–18);
Deportation of German settlers by the French authorities.
1936 1,915,627 +0.76% population growth per year during 1921–1936
1946 1,767,131 Death of young men in the French army in 1939–45,
Death of young men in the German army in 1942–45,
Death of civilians and many people still refugees in the rest of France
1975 2,523,703 +1.24% population growth per year during 1946–1975, a period of rapid population and economic growth in France known as the Trente Glorieuses
2010 2,890,753 +0.39% population growth per year during 1975–2010, a period marked by deindustrialization, rising unemployment (particularly in Moselle), and the migration of many people from northern and north-eastern France to the milder winters and economic dynamism of the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions of France
Languages[edit]
Spatial distribution of dialects in Alsace-Lorraine prior to the expansion of standard French in the 20th century
Both Germanic and Romance dialects were traditionally spoken in Alsace-Lorraine before the 20th century.
Germanic dialects:
Central German dialects:
Luxembourgish Franconian aka Luxembourgish in the north-west of Moselle (Lothringen) around Thionville (Diddenuewen in the local Luxembourgish dialect) and Sierck-les-Bains (Siirk in the local Luxembourgish dialect)
Moselle Franconian in the central northern part of Moselle around Boulay-Moselle (Bolchin in the local Moselle Franconian dialect) and Bouzonville (Busendroff in the local Moselle Franconian dialect)
Rhine Franconian in the north-east of Moselle around Forbach (Fuerboch in the local Rhine Franconian dialect), Bitche (Bitsch in the local Rhine Franconian dialect), and Sarrebourg (Saarbuerj in the local Rhine Franconian dialect), as well as in the north-west of Alsace around Sarre-Union (Buckenum in the local Rhine Franconian dialect) and La Petite-Pierre (Lítzelstain in the local Rhine Franconian dialect)
Transitional between Central German and Upper German:
South Franconian in the northernmost part of Alsace around Wissembourg (Waisseburch in the local South Franconian dialect)
Upper German dialects:
Alsatian in the largest part of Alsace and in a few villages around Phalsbourg in the extreme south-east of Moselle. Alsatian was the most spoken dialect in Alsace-Lorraine.
High Alemannic in the southernmost part of Alsace, around Saint-Louis and Ferrette (Pfirt in the local High Alemannic dialect)
Romance dialects (belonging to the langues d'oïl like French):
Lorrain in roughly the southern half of Moselle, including its capital Metz, as well as in some valleys of the Vosges Mountains in the west of Alsace around Schirmeck and Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines
Franc-Comtois in 12 villages in the extreme south-west of Alsace
See also[edit]
Franco-Prussian War
Unification of Germany
French–German enmity
Gare de Metz-Ville
November 1918 in Alsace-Lorraine
Guy Sajer
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ An instruction dated 1920-08-14 from the assistant Secretary of State of the Presidency of the Council to the General Commissioner of the Republic in Strasbourg reminds that the term Alsace-Lorraine is prohibited and must be replaced by the sentence "the département of Haut-Rhin, the département of Bas-Rhin and the département of Moselle". While this sentence was considered as too long, some used the term Alsace-Moselle to point to the three concerned départements. However, this instruction has no legal status because it is not based on any territorial authority.
Jump up ^ The linguistic border ran on the north of the new border, including in the "Alemannic" territories Thionville (also named Diedenhofen under the German Reich), Metz, Château-Salins, Vic-sur-Seille and Dieuze, which were fully French-speaking. The valleys of Orbey and Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines were in the same case. Similarly, the town of Dannemarie (and adjoining areas) were also left in Alsace when language alone could have made them part of Territoire de Belfort.
Jump up ^ As of on October 26, 1914, we can read in Spindler's journal: "Then he recommends to me not to speak French. The streets are infested with informers, men and women, who touch rewards and make arrest the passers by for a simple « merci » said in French. It goes without saying that these measures excite the joker spirit of the people. A woman at the market, who probably was unaware that "bonchour" and "merci" was French, is taken with part by a German woman because she answered her "Guten Tag" by a "bonchour ". Then, the good woman, the fists on the hips, challenges her client : "Now I'm fed up with your silly stories! Do you know what? [here something like "kiss my ..."]! Is that endly also French? » (als: Jetz grad genua mit dene dauwe Plän! Wisse Sie was? Leeke Sie mich ...! Esch des am End au franzêsch?)"
Jump up ^ We can read in L'Alsace pendant la guerre how the exasperation of the population gradually increased but Spindler hears on September 29, 1914, a characteristic sentence: « ... the interior decorator H., who repairs the mattresses of the Ott house, said to me this morning: “If only it was the will of God that we became again French and that these damned "Schwowebittel" were thrown out of the country! And then, you know, there are chances that it happens.” It is the first time since the war I hear a simple man expressing frankly this wish. »
Jump up ^ One of the famous case was the desertion from all the Alsatian soldiers from their German bataillion the eve of the Verdun offensive to warn the French army from the imminent attack
Jump up ^ However, on the Colmar prefecture building, the name of Belfort can be seen as a sous-prefecture.
Jump up ^ (The term actually appeared after World War I.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roosen, William James (2013). The age of Louis XIV: the rise of modern diplomacy. Transaction Publishers. p. 55. OCLC 847763358.
Jump up ^ Cerf, Barry (1919). Alsace-Lorraine since 1870. MacMillan.
Jump up ^ Finot, Jean (May 30, 1915). "Remaking the Map of Europe". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Sophie Charlotte Preibusch: Verfassungsentwicklungen im Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen 1871–1918. In: Berliner Juristische Universitätsschriften, Grundlagen des Rechts. Vol 38, ISBN 3-8305-1112-4, p. 96. (in German) (Google Digitalisat)
Jump up ^ Les députés "protestataires" d'Alsace-Lorraine (French)
Jump up ^ Frederic H. Seager, "The Alsace-Lorraine Question in France, 1871-1914." in Charles K. Warner, ed., From the Ancien Regime to the Popular Front (1969): 111-126.
Jump up ^ In 1914, Albert Schweitzer was put under supervision in Lambaréné, French Equatorial Africa; in 1917, he was taken to France and incarcerated until July 1918.
Jump up ^ Charles Spindler, L'Alsace pendant la Guerre, 6 septembre 1914 and 11 septembre 1915.
Jump up ^ Grandhomme, Jean-Noël (2008) Boches ou tricolores. Strasbourg: La nuée bleue.
Jump up ^ Grandhomme, Jean-Noël. op.cit.
Jump up ^ Alain Denizot - (1996) - "Guerre mondiale, 1914-1918 - Campagnes et batailles" 67-68
Jump up ^ Jacques Fortier, « La chute de l'Empire », Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace, 16 November 2008 (Fr.)
Jump up ^ Jean-Noël Grandhomme, « Le retour de l'Alsace-Lorraine », L'Histoire, number 336, November 2008 (Fr.)
Jump up ^ Douglas, R.M. (2012). Ordnungsgemäße Überführung - Die Vertreibung der Deutschen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg (in German). C.H.Beck. pp. 94 f. ISBN 978-3-406-62294-6.
Jump up ^ "Tabellarische Geschichte Elsaß-Lothringens / Französische Besatzung (1918-1940)". Archived from the original on 2009-10-25.
Jump up ^ Eberhard Jäckel, La France dans l'Europe de Hitler, op. cit., p. 123-124.
Jump up ^ Eberhard Jäckel, « L'annexion déguisée », dans Frankreich in Hitlers Europa – Die deutsche Frankreichpolitik im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Deutsche Verlag-Anstalg GmbH, Stuttgart, 1966, p. 123-124.
Jump up ^ Pierre Schlund, Souvenirs de guerre d'un Alsacien, Éditions Mille et une vies, 2011, ISBN 978-2-923692-18-0
Jump up ^ Paul Durand, En passant par la Lorraine ; gens et choses de chez nous 1900-1945, Éditions Le Lorrain, 1945, p. 131-132
^ Jump up to: a b c Rademacher, Michael (2006). "Verwaltungsgeschichte Elsaß-Lothringen 1871–1919" [Administrative History of Alsace-Lorraine 1871–1919] (in German).
Further reading[edit]
Bankwitz, Philip Charles Farwell. Alsatian autonomist leaders, 1919-1947 (UP of Kansas, 1978).
Byrnes, Joseph F. "The relationship of religious practice to linguistic culture: language, religion, and education in Alsace and the Roussillon, 1860–1890." Church History 68#3 (1999): 598-626.
Harp, Stephen L. "Building the German nation. Primary schooling in Alsace-Lorraine, 1870–1918." Paedagogica Historica 32.supplement 1 (1996): 197-219.
Hazen, Charles Downer. Alsace-Lorraine Under German Rule (New York: H. Holt, 1917). online; scholarly history
Höpel, Thomas: The French-German Borderlands: Borderlands and Nation-Building in the 19th and 20th Centuries, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2010, retrieved: December 17, 2012.
Klein, Detmar. "German-Annexed Alsace and Imperial Germany: A Process of Colonisation?." in Róisín Healy and Enrico Dal Lago, eds. The Shadow of Colonialism on Europe’s Modern Past (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014). 92-108.
Putnam, Ruth. Alsace and Lorraine from Cæsar to Kaiser, 58 B.C.–1871 A.D. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1915.
Seager, Frederic H. "The Alsace-Lorraine Question in France, 1871-1914." in Charles K. Warner, ed., From the Ancien Regime to the Popular Front (1969): 111-126.
Silverman, Dan P. Reluctant Union; Alsace-Lorraine and Imperial Germany, 1871-1918 (Pennsylvania State UP, 1972).
Varley, Karine. Under the Shadow of Defeat (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008) pp. 175–202.
Other languages[edit]
Baumann, Ansbert. « Die Erfindung des Grenzlandes Elsass-Lothringen », in: Burkhard Olschowsky (ed.), Geteilte Regionen – geteilte Geschichtskulturen? Muster der europäischen Identitätsbildung im europäischen Vergleich, Munich: Oldenbourg 2013, ISBN 978-3-486-71210-0, S. 163–183.
Roth, François. Alsace-Lorraine, De 1870 À Nos Jours: Histoire d'un "pays perdu". Nancy: Place Stanislas, 2010. ISBN 978-2-35578-050-9.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alsace-Lorraine.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Alsace-Lorraine.
http://www.geocities.com/bfel/geschichte5b.html (Archived 2009-10-25) (in German)
http://www.elsass-lothringen.de/ (in German)
https://web.archive.org/web/20090730200508/http://geocities.com/CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Alsace_Lorraine.html
France, Germany and the Struggle for the War-making Natural Resources of the Rhineland
Elsass-Lothringen video
Annuary of Cultur and Artists from Elsass-Lothringen (in French) (in German)
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