text:
Legally Blonde
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the 2001 film. For other uses, see Legally Blonde (disambiguation).
Legally Blonde
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Robert Luketic
Produced by
Marc Platt
Ric Kidney
Screenplay by
Karen McCullah Lutz
Kirsten Smith
Based on
Legally Blonde
by Amanda Brown
Starring
Reese Witherspoon
Luke Wilson
Selma Blair
Matthew Davis
Victor Garber
Jennifer Coolidge
Music by
Rolfe Kent
Cinematography
Anthony B. Richmond
Edited by
Anita Brandt-Burgoyne
Production
company
Type A Films
Marc Platt Productions
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Distributed by
MGM Distribution Co.
Release date
July 13, 2001 (2001-07-13)
Running time
96 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$18 million
Box office
$141.8 million[2]
Legally Blonde is a 2001 American comedy film based on Amanda Brown's novel of the same name. It was directed by Robert Luketic, scripted by Karen McCullah Lutz and Kirsten Smith, and stars Reese Witherspoon, Luke Wilson, Selma Blair, Matthew Davis, Victor Garber, and Jennifer Coolidge. The film tells the story of Elle Woods, a sorority girl who attempts to win back her ex-boyfriend by getting a Juris Doctor degree. The title is a pun on the term "legally blind".
The film was released on July 13, 2001, and received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the critics' consensus states "though the material is predictable and formulaic, Reese Witherspoon's funny, nuanced performance makes this movie better than it would have been otherwise".[3] It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture: Musical or Comedy[4] and ranked 29th on Bravo's 2007 list of "100 Funniest Movies".[5] Witherspoon received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, and the 2002 MTV Movie Award for Best Female Performance.
The box office success led to a 2003 sequel, Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde, and a 2009 direct-to-DVD spin-off, Legally Blondes. Additionally, Legally Blonde: The Musical premiered on January 23, 2007, in San Francisco and opened in New York City at the Palace Theatre on Broadway on April 29, 2007, starring Laura Bell Bundy.
As of June 2018, Witherspoon has been in discussions with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to produce a third instalment in the Legally Blonde film series. In addition to reprising her role as Elle Woods, Witherspoon is bringing back both Karen McCullah Lutz and Kirsten Smith to pen the film's script.[6] MGM later confirmed in a Twitter post that Legally Blonde 3 is set to be released on February 14, 2020.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 The "bend and snap" scene
4 Reception
5 Soundtrack
6 Musical
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Elle Woods, a pretty, rich and popular fashion merchandising student and president of her Delta Nu sorority, is crushed when her boyfriend Warner Huntington III breaks up with her over a romantic dinner rather than proposing to her, as she was expecting. He argues that he needs a more serious woman in order to fulfill his political aspirations, which include attending Harvard Law. Encouraged by her sorority sisters, Elle decides to also enroll in Harvard Law in order to win Warner back. After much effort, Elle manages to gain admission but soon discovers that the personalities and atmosphere in Harvard are very different from hers and she is thrown out of class during her first day by the strict Professor Stromwell and a classmate named Vivian for not having prepared for the lecture. Elle is later horrified to discover that Vivian is Warner's fiancee.
None of Elle's classmates take her seriously and she is friendless at the university aside from Emmett, an associate at Harvard who gives her advice on handling each of her professors, and a beautician named Paulette who encourages her to try to win over Warner. Elle repeatedly tries to fit in with the others but is repeatedly rebuffed. Vivian even goes so far as to lie to Elle about a party invitation, falsely telling her that it was a costume party, humiliating her in front of her classmates. She is also ridiculed by Warner after informing him of her intent to apply for a prestigious internship with Professor Callahan, as Warner tells her that she is not smart enough and is wasting her time. This motivates Elle to prove herself, as she begins to study law seriously and even manages to use her knowledge to help Paulette reclaim her dog from an ex-boyfriend.
After several months of dramatic improvement, Elle, along with Warner, Vivian and another student Enid Wexler, is given an internship at Callahan's law office, where they will be working on a murder case, defending a prominent fitness instructor named Brooke Windham, who refuses to produce an alibi for the murder. Recognizing her as a personal role model and former Delta Nu member, Elle manages to discover the alibi but keeps it secret due to a personal promise with Brooke, which impresses Vivian and leads to the two women beginning to bond after it was revealed that she was keeping the alibi confidential and that Warner blatantly said to sell out her friend for benefits; during their alone time, Vivian revealing to Elle that Warner only got into Harvard via a call from his father (a distinguished alumni) to the school board, because he was on the waiting list.
During the trial Elle manages to find holes in the prosecution's case such as proving that the prosecution's main witness was lying/perjuring about having an affair with Brooke, pointing out that he is gay. Seemingly impressed, Callahan invites Elle to his office later that evening, where he makes a sexual pass at her. Vivian witnesses the pass but not Elle angrily spurning his advances and angrily accuses Elle of using her looks to get ahead. Elle considers leaving Harvard and goes to Paulette's salon to let her know, but is encouraged by Professor Stromwell, who happened to be at the salon.
When the trial resumes, Emmett explains to Brooke how Callahan's behavior caused Elle to quit her internship, leaving Vivian to regret her actions towards Elle. Brooke then decides to fire Callahan and replace him with Elle, who is able to defend her due to Massachusetts' Supreme Judicial Court rule 3.03, which allows Elle to legally appear on a defendant's behalf under Emmett's supervision, as he is a licensed attorney. Although nervous, Elle manages to catch Brooke's step-daughter Chutney in a lie during cross-examination, as she claimed that she could not have heard the gun shot because she was washing her hair after getting a perm earlier that day. Elle then points out that freshly permed hair cannot be washed within a 24 hour period without deactivating the perming chemical ammonium thioglycolate, which Chutney should know as she had received over 30 perm treatments during her life. Upset, Chutney unwittingly reveals that she hated Brooke for being the same age as her. She confesses that she intended to shoot Brooke but accidentally shot and killed her father by mistake, thinking it was Brooke who had entered the house. Chutney is then arrested for murder, with all charges against Brooke dismissed. After the trial Warner unsuccessfully tries to persuade Elle to take him back, only for her to mock him by stating that he is not serious enough for her.
The film ends with Elle graduating from Harvard two years later and giving the graduation speech. Vivian broke off her engagement to Warner and is now Elle's best friend, while Warner graduates with no honors, no job offers and no girlfriend. Paulette ends up marrying a UPS guy she had been infatuated with throughout the film and is expecting a baby, to be named Elle. Emmett has started his own firm and he and Elle have been dating since the trial, with him planning to propose to her later that night.
Cast[edit]
Reese Witherspoon as Elle Woods
Luke Wilson as Emmett Richmond
Matthew Davis as Warner Huntington III
Selma Blair as Vivian Kensington
Victor Garber as Professor Callahan
Jennifer Coolidge as Paulette Bonafonté
Holland Taylor as Professor Stromwell
Ali Larter as Brooke Taylor-Windham
Jessica Cauffiel and Alanna Ubach as Margot and Serena, close friends of Elle.
Oz Perkins as David Kidney
Linda Cardellini as Chutney Windham, Brooke's stepdaughter.
Raquel Welch as Mrs. Windham-Vandermark, Chutney's mother and Mr. Windham's ex-wife.
Bruce Thomas as the UPS guy, Paulette's crush and soon-to-be husband.
Greg Serano as Enrique Salvatore
Production[edit]
The film is based upon the book of the same name by Amanda Brown, who built the story upon her real life experiences as a blonde attending Stanford Law School, while being obsessed with fashion and beauty, reading Elle magazine, and frequently clashing with the personalities of her fellow peers.[7]
Brown said that when she first arrived to Stanford Law, she discovered she had made a big mistake. "I was in my first week of law school, in 1993, and I saw this flyer for "The Women of Stanford Law," so I was like, "I'll go and meet some nice girls. Whatever."[7]
I went to the meeting, and these were not women. These were really angry people. The woman who was leading it spent three years at Stanford trying to change the name "semester" to "ovester." I started laughing and I realized everyone in the room took it very seriously. So I didn't make any friends there.
Brown wrote letters to her parents about these experiences, which she adapted into a manuscript and sent to an agent, who was initially drawn to it because it was the only manuscript written on pink paper.[7]
Producer Marc Platt was intrigued by the character of Elle Woods when an unpublished novel manuscript was delivered to him.[8] "What I loved about this story is that it's hilarious, it's sexy and, at the same time, it's empowering," says Platt. "The world looks at Elle and sees someone who is blonde and beautiful but nothing more. Elle, on the other hand, doesn't judge herself or anybody else. She thinks the world's great, she's great, everyone's great and nothing can change that. She's truly an irrepressible modern heroine."[8]
Screenwriters Karen McCullah and Kirsten Smith spent two days on Stanford's campus in the spring of 2000 doing research for their screenplay based on Brown's novel.[9]
Both USC and Stanford refused to allow the producers to use their college names in the film.[10] "[The producers of the film] asked if they could set the film at USC, but the images of her as an undergraduate and being in a sorority...we felt there was too much stereotyping going on," says Elijah May, campus filming coordinator at USC. The production settled on having Elle go to a fictional college called CULA.[10]
Although the film is primarily set at Harvard University, campus scenes were filmed at the University of Southern California,[11] University of California, Los Angeles,[12] California Institute of Technology, and Rose City High School in Pasadena, California. The graduation scene was filmed at Dulwich College in London, England, since Witherspoon was in that city filming The Importance of Being Earnest. Harvard University appears in the film briefly in certain aerial shots.
Witherspoon researched the character by studying sorority girls on their campuses and associated hot spots. She went to dinner with them and joked she was conducting an "anthropological study."[13]
"I could have gone into this and been really ditsy and played what I would have thought this character was, and I would have missed a whole other side of her," Witherspoon added.[14] "But by going down to Beverly Hills, hanging out in Neiman Marcus, eating in their cafe and seeing how these women walk and speak, I got into the reality of the character. I saw how polite these women are, and I saw how much they value their female friendships and how important it is to support each other."[14]
You see so many beautiful people in this world, especially in the world that I live in and a lot of your first instincts is to discount women who put a lot of effort into their looks as maybe not serious about their job or maybe not serious about their relationships...I think everyone naturally jumps to those conclusions...I was interested in exploring the difference between [the way] someone looks and how people perceive them and how they really are. I'm not necessarily perky and bubbly all the time, so it's been a lot of effort to stay up and the amount of care and energy she puts into a lot things has really been a challenge for me and trying to convey that lightness all the time is hard work.[15]
The film's costume designer Sophie De Rakoff bonded with Witherspoon over Dolly Parton.[16] De Rakoff said that Elle's iconic pink suit in the film "was all organic and intuitive. I designed costumes for Elle Woods that moved the story forward and fitted the moment. Reese and I actually went to visit a sorority house in the early prep, and it was just obvious that pink should be her signature color."[16]
The "bend and snap" scene[edit]
The "bend and snap" scene — where Elle explains to Paulette how to get her crush's attention — almost didn't make it into the movie.[17] "[Producer] Marc [Platt] wanted a B plot for Paulette (Jennifer Coolidge)," co-writer Karen McCullah told Entertainment Weekly. "At first we were like, 'Should the store be robbed?'" Co-writer Kirsten Smith observed, "I think we spent a week or two trying to figure out what the B plot and this big set piece should be. There were crime plots. We were pitching scene after scene and it all felt very tonally weird."[17]
Later, while brainstorming at a bar in Los Angeles, McCullah came up with a solution: "What if Elle shows [Paulette] a move so she can get the UPS guy?" In the spur of the moment, Smith invented a move, standing up and demonstrating what would become the bend and snap. Smith explains, "It was a spontaneous invention. It was a completely drunken moment in a bar." Director Robert Luketic later adapted the "bend and snap" move into a dance number for the film.
"...It was a fully choreographed number by Toni Basil, and she was awesome," Witherspoon recalls. "She did the whole dance."[18]
"I remember just reading it and thinking it was the most hysterical thing ever," she added. "That is still the most asked request I get from people. Even this past year, when I have been giving speeches or talking about whatever, they always ask me, 'Will you do the bend and snap?' I have a feeling I will be doing the bend and snap until I am 95."
Reception[edit]
Legally Blonde was released on July 13, 2001 in North America. Its opening weekend gross of $20 million[2] made it a sleeper hit for the struggling MGM studio, and it went on to gross $96.5 million in North America and $45.2 million elsewhere, for a worldwide total of $141.7 million.[2] The film was released in the United Kingdom on October 26, 2001, and opened on #2, behind American Pie 2.[19]
The film was a critical success. Based on 130 reviews, collected by review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 68% of the critics gave Legally Blonde positive ratings, ranking the film as "fresh". Most reviews praised Reese Witherspoon's lead performance, although some denigrated the overall film.[20] Metacritic reported that the film had an average score of 59, based on 31 reviews.[21] At the 2001 Golden Globe Awards ceremony, the film was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Picture – Musical or Comedy. The same year, Witherspoon was also nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Actress – Musical or Comedy.[22]
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
Nominated Courtroom Drama Film[23]
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Legally Blonde (soundtrack)
A soundtrack album was released in 2001 on A&M Records, including the songs:
"Watch Me Shine" by Joanna Pacitti
"Sound of Milwaukee" by Fatboy Slim
"Can't Get Me Down" by Lo-Ball
"We Could Still Belong Together" by Lisa Loeb
"Don't Need You To (Tell Me I'm Pretty)" by Samantha Mumba
"One Girl Revolution" by Superchick
"Magic" by The Black Eyed Peas featuring Terry Dexter
"Sex Machine" by Mýa
"That's the Way (I Like It)" by KC and the Sunshine Band
"You Sexy Thing" by Hot Chocolate
"Get Down on It" by Kool & the Gang
"Love Is a Beautiful Thing" by Krystal
"A Thousand Miles" by Vanessa Carlton
"Baby, Come on Over" by Samantha Mumba
"Perfect Day" by Hoku
"Ooh La La" by Valeria
Musical[edit]
Main article: Legally Blonde (musical)
In February 2007, a musical adaptation premiered on Broadway to mixed reviews, starring Laura Bell Bundy as Elle, Christian Borle as Emmett, Orfeh as Paulette, Nikki Snelson as Brooke, Richard H. Blake as Warner, Kate Shindle as Vivienne, and Michael Rupert as Callahan. Other cast members included Andy Karl, Leslie Kritzer, Annaleigh Ashford, DeQuina Moore, and Natalie Joy Johnson. The show, Bundy, Borle, and Orfeh were all nominated for Tony Awards. Later, the Broadway show was the focus of an MTV reality-TV series called Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods, in which the winner would take over the role of Elle on Broadway. Bailey Hanks from Anderson, South Carolina, won the competition.
Legally Blonde had a successful run at the Savoy Theatre in London's West End, starring Sheridan Smith, Susan McFadden, and Carley Stenson as Elle, and Duncan James, Richard Fleeshman, Simon Thomas, and Ben Freeman as Warner. During the three-year run, the cast also included Alex Gaumond, Denise Van Outen, and Lee Mead.
See also[edit]
Legally Blonde (franchise)
2000s portal
Film in the United States portal
Comedy portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Legally Blonde (12)". British Board of Film Classification. August 6, 2001. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Legally Blonde (2001)". Box Office Mojo. 2001-11-18. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Legally Blonde". Retrieved 2016-11-15.
Jump up ^ Jamie Allen / CNN (2001). "CNN.com - Globes: 'Beautiful,' 'Moulin' golden - December 20, 2001". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
Jump up ^ "BRAVO 100 Funniest Movies". The Film Spectrum. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (June 4, 2018). "Reese Witherspoon in Talks to Return for 'Legally Blonde 3'". Variety. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Blonde Ambition / Author Amanda Brown marvels at the industry surrounding 'Legally Blonde'". San Francisco Chronicle. 2003-07-13. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "Film Review: Legally Blonde". The Westmorland Gazette. 2001-11-08. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Blonde Ambition". Stanford Alumni. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Matsumoto, Jon (2001-07-22). "You'll Need a Permission Slip for That". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
Jump up ^ "USC Campus Filming: USC in Film". Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved November 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Search - UCLA Undergraduate Admission". Admissions.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Reese Witherspoon chats about Legally Blonde". Entertainment Weekly. 2001-07-26. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "Reese Witherspoon is the opposite of the ditsy blond". Chicago Tribune. 2001-07-10. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
Jump up ^ Legally Blonde: Reese Witherspoon Interview. ScreenSlam. 2015. Retrieved 2018-10-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Costume Designer Sophie de Rakoff on Reese Witherspoon". Elle. 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "Legally Blonde writers explain how the bend and snap was created". Entertainment Weekly. 2018-04-02. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
Jump up ^ Macke, Johnni (2016-07-13). "Reese Witherspoon Does the Bend and Snap in Honor of". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Weekend box office 26th October 2001 - 28th October 2001". www.25thframe.co.uk. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Legally Blonde (2001)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Legally Blonde Reviews". Metacritic. 2001-07-13. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
Jump up ^ "15 Years of Reese Witherspoon | Fox News Magazine". Magazine.foxnews.com. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees" (PDF). Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved 2016-08-19. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Legally Blonde
Legally Blonde on IMDb
Legally Blonde at AllMovie
Legally Blonde at Rotten Tomatoes
Legally Blonde at Box Office Mojo
show
v
t
e
Legally Blonde by Amanda Brown
Books
Legally Blonde
Films
Legally Blonde
Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde
Legally Blondes
Music
Legally Blonde: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Characters
Elle Woods
Other works
Legally Blonde (musical)
Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods
show
v
t
e
Films directed by Robert Luketic
Titsiana Booberini (1997)
Legally Blonde (2001)
Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! (2004)
Monster-in-Law (2005)
21 (2008)
The Ugly Truth (2009)
Killers (2010)
Paranoia (2013)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legally_Blonde&oldid=866419146"
Categories:
2001 films
English-language films
2000s comedy films
2000s legal films
American comedy films
American films
American legal films
Blond hair
Directorial debut films
Feminist films
Films about lawyers
Films about fraternities and sororities
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Robert Luketic
Films produced by Marc E. Platt
Films set in California
Films set in Massachusetts
Films set in universities and colleges
Films shot in Boston
Films shot in London
Films shot in Los Angeles
Harvard Law School
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
Use mdy dates from October 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Shqip
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
中文
23 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 05:53 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Legally_Blonde_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Legally Blonde (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: p

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

values:
/wiki/Marc_E._Platt
mw-redirect
Marc E. Platt

values:
/wiki/Karen_McCullah_Lutz
mw-redirect
Karen McCullah Lutz

values:
/wiki/MGM_Distribution_Co.
mw-redirect
MGM Distribution Co.

values:
/wiki/Legally_blind
mw-redirect
Legally blind

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

values:
/wiki/Bravo_(US_TV_channel)
mw-redirect
Bravo (US TV channel)

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy

values:
/wiki/MTV_Movie_Awards
mw-redirect
MTV Movie Awards

values:
/wiki/San_Francisco,_California
mw-redirect
San Francisco, California

values:
/wiki/Palace_Theatre_(Broadway)
mw-redirect
Palace Theatre (Broadway)

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: The Importance of Being Earnest (2002 film)

values:
/wiki/Norman_Cook
mw-redirect
Norman Cook

values: Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine

values: Love Is a Beautiful Thing (Al Green song)

values:
/wiki/Kate_Shindle
mw-redirect
Kate Shindle

values:
/wiki/Tony_Awards
mw-redirect
Tony Awards

values: Simon Thomas (actor) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Denise_Van_Outen
mw-redirect
Denise Van Outen

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250494/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v246684

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:Films about fraternities and sororities

values: Category:Films directed by Robert Luketic

values: Category:Films produced by Marc E. Platt

values: Category:Films set in universities and colleges

values: Category:Use mdy dates from October 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Legally_Blonde
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: شقراء قانونيا (فيلم) – Arabic

values: Професия блондинка – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Η Εκδίκηση της Ξανθιάς – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: قانوناً بلوند – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 금발이 너무해 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Օրենքով շիկահերը – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: לא רק בלונדינית – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: キューティ・ブロンド – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Блондинка в законе – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: Білявка в законі – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Legally_Blonde rootpage-Legally_Blonde skin-vector action-view


text:
Rock Star (2001 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Steel Dragon" redirects here. For other uses, see Steel dragon (disambiguation).
Rock Star
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Stephen Herek
Produced by
Robert Lawrence
Toby Jaffe
Written by
John Stockwell
Starring
Mark Wahlberg
Jennifer Aniston
Jason Flemyng
Timothy Olyphant
Timothy Spall
Dominic West
Music by
Trevor Rabin
Cinematography
Ueli Steiger
Edited by
Trudy Ship
Production
company
Bel Air Entertainment
Maysville
Distributed by
Warner Bros.
Release date
September 7, 2001 (2001-09-07)
Running time
105 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$38[1]–57[2] million
Box office
$19.3 million
Rock Star is a 2001 American musical comedy-drama film directed by Stephen Herek and starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston. It tells the story of Chris "Izzy" Cole, a tribute band singer whose ascendance to the position of lead vocalist of his favourite band, which was inspired by the real-life story of Tim "Ripper" Owens, singer in a Judas Priest tribute band who was chosen to replace singer Rob Halford when he left the band.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
5 Soundtrack
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In the mid-1980s, Chris Cole (Mark Wahlberg) is a Pittsburgh fanatical admirer of a heavy metal band called Steel Dragon. By day, Chris is a photocopier technician and by night, he is the lead singer of a Steel Dragon tribute band called Blood Pollution (the name is taken from a Steel Dragon song).
Internal struggles among the actual Steel Dragon band members culminate with the firing of their lead singer, Bobby Beers (Jason Flemyng), and the beginning of recruitment sessions to find a new vocalist. Chris experiences his own strife with his Blood Pollution bandmates, particularly guitarist Rob Malcolm (Timothy Olyphant). During a live performance, Rob's playing fails to live up to Chris' over-demanding standards regarding note-for-note accuracy to the original Steel Dragon recordings, and Chris sabotages Rob's amplifier mid-song – a fight breaks out between the two onstage. The next day, Chris meets Blood Pollution at a rehearsal session, but he finds out that he has been replaced with his arch-rival, the (now former) lead singer of another Steel Dragon tribute band. Rob also cites Chris' inability to create his own musical style, preferring to remain the singer in a tribute band.
One day, Chris receives an unexpected phone call from Steel Dragon's founder and rhythm guitarist, Kirk Cuddy (Dominic West), and is offered an audition for the band (thanks to two of Blood Pollution's groupies, who showed Kirk a videotape of one of Blood Pollution's concerts). After hanging up on Kirk once, thinking he's being pranked by Rob, Chris ecstatically agrees. At the studio, he meets the band, as well as learning that Bobby Beers was fired because he was a closeted homosexual, and gives an outstanding performance of "We All Die Young" (a Steel Dragon song in the movie, but it is actually a song by Steelheart, whose lead vocalist Miljenko Matijevic provides Cole's singing voice for the film). Chris joins the band as their new singer, adopting the stage name "Izzy". Following a successful debut concert with Steel Dragon, Izzy must come to grips with the pressures of his new-found fame and success. The band embarks on a lengthy tour and Izzy experiences the excesses of the lifestyle, with the group's manager, Mats (Timothy Spall), serving as a sympathetic mentor to Izzy.
His new lifestyle impacts his life both for better and worse, particularly with his relationship with his supportive girlfriend, Emily Poule (Jennifer Aniston), when she decides not to continue with him throughout the remainder of the tour as a rock star girlfriend, though Emily and Izzy agree to get back together when the tour reaches Seattle. Eventually, Steel Dragon stops in Seattle for a show, and Emily arrives at his hotel room as they had previously arranged, although Izzy had become so inebriated while on tour he forgot about the arrangement and did not even know what city he was in. Although taken aback by all the groupies, Emily still tries to reconnect with him, reminding him of their plans to meet up once he got to Seattle, however he is too intoxicated to really understand what she is saying, eventually suggesting they go to Seattle together. Heartbroken with his inconsiderate behavior, intoxication and the fact that he is sleeping with so many groupies, Emily leaves him.
After the end of the tour, Izzy reports to the next series of Steel Dragon recording sessions with song concepts and artwork for the band's next album. The rest of the band rejects Izzy's ideas, with Kirk explaining that the band has to stay true to the "Steel Dragon thing" to fulfill fan expectations. Izzy is angered upon realizing that he was only recruited for his vocal abilities. After a heartfelt conversation with Mats about how he feared he had no control over the direction life has taken him, Izzy begins to reconsider his rock star lifestyle. On the next tour, in a scene directly paralleling one near the beginning of the film with their roles reversed, Izzy hears a fan (Myles Kennedy) singing along with him toward the end of a live concert. Impressed, Izzy pulls the fan, who introduces himself as Thor, onstage and hands him the microphone to finish the concert. Backstage, Izzy realizes that what he wanted for so long was not what he thought, and he says goodbye to Mats, departing from the band while doing so.
Upon ditching his stage name, Izzy, Chris makes his way to Seattle and starts a new band with his old friend and former bandmate Rob. At the same time Steel Dragon, failing to evolve to the changing tastes and styles of the 1990s, has its fame fizzle out. Chris finds Emily working in the coffee shop she and her roommate purchased a few years earlier, but is initially too ashamed to speak to her. While walking one evening, Emily sees a flyer for his band posted on the wall and takes it down. In the final scene, Chris is singing with his band in a bar and Emily walks in. Chris leaves the stage and speaks to her. They reconcile, ending the film with a kiss and the final note of Chris' first original song "Colorful" (which is actually a song by The Verve Pipe).
During the credits, Cuddy talks about the future of the band and Beers is shown to have taken up Irish Dancing after leaving Steel Dragon.
Cast[edit]
The band members are portrayed by ex-Dokken and current Foreigner bassist Jeff Pilson, Black Label Society founder & Ozzy Osbourne guitarist Zakk Wylde, actor Dominic West, and ex-Foreigner and Black Country Communion drummer Jason Bonham (the son of the late John Bonham, drummer for Led Zeppelin). Myles Kennedy, who was at the time the lead vocalist of The Mayfield Four and now the frontman of Alter Bridge and Slash's solo project, makes a cameo appearance.
The singing voice for Wahlberg's character was provided by Steelheart frontman Miljenko Matijevic for the Steel Dragon Songs, the final number was dubbed by Brian Vander Ark. Jeff Scott Soto (of Talisman, Yngwie Malmsteen, Soul SirkUS, and Journey) provided the voice of the singer Wahlberg's character replaces. Kennedy is the only actor whose actual voice is used.[citation needed]. Ralph Saenz (Steel Panther) also appears briefly, as the singer auditioning ahead of Chris at the studio.
Blood Pollution (Chris Cole's former band and a Steel Dragon tribute band) is also made up of known musical artists, including guitarist Nick Catanese (Black Label Society), drummer Blas Elias (Slaughter), and bassist Brian Vander Ark (The Verve Pipe, who also contributed a song to the film's soundtrack). Actor Timothy Olyphant portrays Blood Pollution's guitarist, Rob Malcolm. Bradley, the singer who replaces Chris in Blood Pollution, is played by Third Eye Blind frontman Stephan Jenkins.
Blood Pollution
Mark Wahlberg as Chris "Izzy" Cole (Lead vocals)
Jennifer Aniston as Emily Poule (Manager)
Timothy Olyphant as Rob Malcolm (Guitar)
Blas Elias as Donny Johnson (Drums)
Nick Catanese as Xander Cummins (Guitar)
Brian Vander Ark as Ricki Bell (Bass)
Steel Dragon
Jason Flemyng as Bobby Beers (Lead Vocals)
Timothy Spall as Mats (Road Manager)
Dominic West as Kirk Cuddy (Rhythm Guitar)
Jason Bonham as A.C. (Drums)
Zakk Wylde as Ghode (Lead Guitar)
Jeff Pilson as Jörgen (Bass)
Spouses
Kara Zediker as Marci (Rob's girlfriend)
Heidi Mark as Kirk's wife
Rachel Hunter as A.C.'s wife
Carrie Stevens as Ghode's wife
Amy Miller as Jörgen's wife
Others
Dagmara Domińczyk as Tania Asher
Stephan Jenkins as Bradley
Michael Shamus Wiles as Joe Cole Sr
Beth Grant as Tess Cole
Matthew Glave as Joe Cole Jr
Myles Kennedy as Mike / Thor
Ralph Saenz as Ralph
Carey Lessard as Nina
Kristin Richardson as Samantha
Production[edit]
After The New York Times ran a story on Tim "Ripper" Owens in 1997, various Hollywood studios ran to option the filming rights. Warner Bros. won the bid, and hired John Stockwell to write the script. Stockwell soon began researching the heavy metal music and tribute band scene and visited Owens' hometown of Akron, Ohio.[3] Afterwards the project, under the working title Metal God, got the involvement of George Clooney's newly founded Maysville Pictures.[4] Brad Pitt signed to star in 1998, but wound up dropping the project following creative differences with the studio.[5] Eventually Mark Wahlberg, a former rapper with Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch who co-starred with Clooney in Three Kings, was hired for the main role in May 1999.[6] Stephen Herek signed to direct in October,[7] and the following month Jennifer Aniston became attached for the main female role, while Callie Khouri was hired to revise the script.[8]
Wahlberg spent five months preparing for his role as Chris Cole, working with a vocal coach, growing his hair, attending the metal scene and wandering around Los Angeles in-character.[9] A concert scene was shot at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena before 10,000 Metallica and Megadeth fans.[10] While filming one Steel Dragon performance, the crew pranked Wahlberg by playing Marky Mark's "Good Vibrations" instead of a rock track, and footage of this is featured during the film's end credits.[11] By 2001, Warner renamed the project from Metal God to Rock Star in order to attract a broader rock fandom instead of just metal fans.[12]
Reception[edit]
The film opened at No. 4 at the U.S. box office raking in US$6,018,636 in its opening weekend,[13] and grossing a domestic total of $17,008,282 and $2,325,863 internationally for a worldwide gross of $19,334,145; based on a $57 million budget, Rock Star was a box office bomb.[14]
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 52% "Rotten" score, with the consensus "Like its title, Rock Star is rather generic, being not so much about the heavy metal scene than about rock cliches and formula".[15] On another aggregator, Metacritic, the film is rated 54 based on 32 reviews.[16]
When Judas Priest bassist Ian Hill was asked about his reaction to Rock Star in an interview in PopMatters magazine Hill responded "Well, it was a true work of fiction, you know? When we heard about the production company were going to make a movie based, as far as we knew, about Ripper joining the band we offered our help. We said 'If there's anything you want to know, talk to us at the time.' And certainly our communication was cut off and that was it and they went off on their own tangent." Hill added "I mean, I quite enjoyed the movie. It was entertaining, you know?" Hill was quoted as saying "It had nothing to do with Rob Halford, Ripper Owens and Judas Priest, it's got nothing to do with that, whatsoever. It was fiction. Apart from the fact that 'Local Boy Makes Good'? That was the only true aspect of the movie." Hill was quick to add "I watched it once. I don't have the urge to watch it again."[17]
Soundtrack[edit]
Rock Star
Soundtrack album by Various Artists
Released
August 28, 2001
Genre
Rock
Label
Priority
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [18]
A small number of the songs featured in the film and on the soundtrack were released after the dates given in the film. They are marked with an asterisk.
No.
Title
Artist
Length
1. "Rock Star" (Art Alexakis) Everclear 3:30
2. "Livin' the Life" (Steve Plunkett, Peter Beckett) Steel Dragon 3:14
3. "Wild Side*" (Vince Neil, Nikki Sixx, Tommy Lee) Mötley Crüe 4:34
4. "We All Die Young" (Miljenko Matijevic, Kenny Kanowski) Steel Dragon 4:01
5. "Blood Pollution" (Twiggy Ramirez) Steel Dragon 3:59
6. "Livin' on a Prayer*" (Jon Bon Jovi, Richie Sambora, Desmond Child) Bon Jovi 4:08
7. "Stand Up" (Sammy Hagar) Steel Dragon 4:18
8. "Stranglehold" (Ted Nugent) Ted Nugent 8:23
9. "Wasted Generation" (Desmond Child, A.Allen (Ajay Popoff), J. Allen (Jeremy Popoff)) Steel Dragon 2:54
10. "Lick It Up" (Paul Stanley, Vinnie Vincent) KISS 3:56
11. "Long Live Rock 'n' Roll" (Ronnie James Dio, Ritchie Blackmore) Rainbow 3:27
12. "Devil Inside*" (Andrew Farriss, Michael Hutchence) INXS 5:13
13. "Colorful" (Brian Vander Ark) The Verve Pipe 4:25
14. "Gotta Have It" (Trevor Rabin) Trevor Rabin 2:57
Total length: 58:59
Partial list of songs that were featured in the movie but did not appear on the soundtrack CD:
AC/DC - "Are You Ready"*
Culture Club - "Karma Chameleon"
Def Leppard - "Let's Get Rocked"*
Def Leppard - "Rock! Rock! (Till You Drop)"
Foghat - "Chateau Lafitte '59 Boogie"
Frankie Goes to Hollywood - "Relax"
Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch - "Good Vibrations"
Ralph Saenz, Peter Beckett, and Steve Plunkett - "California Girls" (The Beach Boys cover)
Talking Heads - "Once in a Lifetime"
Steel Dragon - "Reckless" (Phoenix Down cover)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Rock Star - Box Office Data, DVD and Blu-ray Sales, Movie News, Cast and Crew Information". The Numbers. Retrieved 2014-05-18.
Jump up ^ "Rock Star (2001)". Box Office Mojo. 2002-08-28. Retrieved 2014-05-18.
Jump up ^ 'Rock Stars writer went to heavy-metal school
Jump up ^ Clooney tunes prod’n pipeline
Jump up ^ Why Pitt, Aniston didn't costar in Rock Star
Jump up ^ Wahlberg a headbanger?; ‘X-Men’ gets man
Jump up ^ Judas Priest Story Draws "Mr. Holland's Opus" Director
Jump up ^ ‘Friend’ going ‘Metal’?
Jump up ^ In a Whole New Jungle
Jump up ^ A Hollywood Rock Star
Jump up ^ Wahlberg Humiliated With Old Track
Jump up ^ Mark Wahlberg To Be ‘Rock Star’ In April
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for September 7–9, 2001". Box Office Mojo. 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
Jump up ^ Rock Star at Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ Rock Star at Rotten Tomatoes
Jump up ^ "Rock Star Reviews". Metacritic. 2012-06-08. Retrieved 2014-05-18.
Jump up ^ Maçek, J. C., III (June 1, 2015). "'We're All Fans': An Interview with Judas Priest's Ian Hill". PopMatters. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Rock Star at AllMusic
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Rock Star (film)
Rock Star on IMDb
Rock Star at AllMovie
Rock Star at Box Office Mojo
Rock Star at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Stephen Herek
Critters (1986)
Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead (1991)
The Mighty Ducks (1992)
The Three Musketeers (1993)
Mr. Holland's Opus (1995)
101 Dalmatians (1996)
Holy Man (1998)
Rock Star (2001)
Life or Something Like It (2002)
Man of the House (2005)
Picture This (2008)
Dead like Me: Life After Death (2009)
Into the Blue 2: The Reef (2009)
The Cutting Edge: Fire and Ice (2010)
The Chaperone (2011)
Jinxed (2013)
Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors (2015)
The Great Gilly Hopkins (2015)
Dolly Parton's Christmas of Many Colors: Circle of Love (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Tim "Ripper" Owens
Studio albums
Solo
Play My Game
Winter's Bane
Heart of a Killer
Judas Priest
Jugulator
Demolition
Iced Earth
The Glorious Burden
Overture of the Wicked (EP)
Framing Armageddon (Something Wicked Part 1)
Beyond Fear
Beyond Fear
Yngwie Malmsteen's Rising Force
Perpetual Flame
Relentless
Charred Walls of the Damned
Charred Walls of the Damned
Cold Winds on Timeless Days
Live albums
Judas Priest
'98 Live Meltdown
Live in London
Iced Earth
Festivals of the Wicked
Notable Songs
Judas Priest
"Blood Stained"
"Burn in Hell"
"Bullet Train"
"Cathedral Spires"
Iced Earth
"The Reckoning"
"Setian Massacre"
Related articles
Rock Star
Authority control
MusicBrainz: b5825b40-3d56-4ca6-b052-ce355bc36546
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_Star_(2001_film)&oldid=830583560"
Categories:
2001 films
English-language films
2000s comedy-drama films
2000s musical films
American films
American comedy-drama films
American musical drama films
American rock music films
Films directed by Stephen Herek
Films set in the 1980s
Films set in Pittsburgh
Heavy metal films
Warner Bros. films
Films scored by Trevor Rabin
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011
Articles with hAudio microformats
Album infoboxes lacking a cover
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Track listings with deprecated parameters
Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Italiano
עברית
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
6 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 March 2018, at 18:41.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Steel_dragon_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Steel dragon (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/Comedy-drama_film
mw-redirect
Comedy-drama film

values:
/wiki/Tribute_band
mw-redirect
Tribute band

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Three_Kings
mw-redirect
Three Kings

values: Good Vibrations (Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch song)

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: gainsboro

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: float:right;clear:right;width:24.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:center;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0;border-spacing:0

values:
/wiki/Steve_Plunkett
mw-redirect
Steve Plunkett

values:
/wiki/Stand_Up_(Steel_Dragon_song)
mw-redirect
Stand Up (Steel Dragon song)

values: padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:right;background-color:#eee

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/news/ni0070172/
external text

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmusic.com/album/r549164

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0202470/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v251564

values:
/wiki/The_Chaperone_(film)
mw-redirect
The Chaperone (film)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
Tim_"Ripper"_Owens
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: Festivals of the Wicked (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Blood_Stained
mw-redirect
Blood Stained

values:
/wiki/Cathedral_Spires
mw-redirect
Cathedral Spires

values: nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Films directed by Stephen Herek

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Album infoboxes lacking a cover

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Track listings with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Rock_Star_(2001_film)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Star
Rock Star – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: ستاره راک (فیلم ۲۰۰۱) – Persian

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Star
Rock Star – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: רוק סטאר – Hebrew

values: ロック・スター – Japanese

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Star
Rock Star – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Star
Rock Star – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Рок-звезда – Russian

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Star
Rock Star – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Rock_Star_2001_film rootpage-Rock_Star_2001_film skin-vector action-view


text:
Sovereign (British coin)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sovereign
United Kingdom
Mass
7.98 g
Diameter
22.05 mm
Thickness
1.52 mm
Edge
Milled
Composition
22 Carat Gold
Years of minting
1817–1917, 1925, 1957-present
Obverse
Design
Reigning British monarch
Reverse
Design
Saint George and the Dragon
Designer
Benedetto Pistrucci
Design date
1817
Most valuable sovereign = Edward VIII 1937 Purchased at auction 2014 for £516,000
The sovereign is a gold coin of the United Kingdom, with a nominal value of one pound sterling. Prior to 1932 it was a fully circulating coin within Britain's then Gold Standard currency. Today it is used as a bullion coin and is sometimes mounted in jewellery. The most valuable sovereign is the British Edward VIII 1937 struck for Edward VIII who abdicated, therefore these coins never entered circulation, and an example of one was purchased at auction in 2014 for £516,000.[1]
Named after the English gold sovereign, last minted in 1604, the name was revived with the Great Recoinage of 1816.[2] Minting these new sovereigns began in 1817. By the coin act of 1816, 12 Troy ounces of 22-carat gold were worth 44.5 Guineas (a Guinea being £1.05). This meant that the 1-pound sovereign should weigh 160/623 ounces (~0.257 oz or 7.98 g), whereas its content of pure gold was 22/24 of this (~0.23542 oz or ca. 7.322381 g). This weight has remained almost constant — rounding at 10−6 g took place on its legal redefinition in the decimalised rather than fractional system of coin weights.[3]
Sovereigns have been minted in the United Kingdom from 1817 to 1917, in 1925, and from 1957 to the present. In the past Australia, Canada, and South Africa all occasionally minted the coins. Today, they are minted at the Royal Mint in Llantrisant, Wales, and under licence by MMTC-PAMP near Delhi, India.[4]
In addition to the sovereign, the Royal Mint also struck ten-shilling half sovereigns, two-pound double sovereigns, and five-pound quintuple sovereign coins. Only the sovereign and the half sovereign were commonly struck for circulation. The coins bear no notation of value, and denomination must be attributed by size or weight.
In 2009, The Royal Mint released a new coin in the sovereign series: the quarter-sovereign, similar in some ways to the original gold English crown of the rose.
Contents
[hide]
1 Technical specifications
2 Design
3 Reminting worn coins
4 Production quantities
5 Counterfeiting
6 Composition
7 Production summary
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Technical specifications[edit]
Sovereigns minted since 1817 have been produced according to the act of 1816 (56 George III chapter 68):
Weight: 7.988052 g (0.2817702 oz) (calculated from original definition; the Coin Act 1971 rounded the standard to exactly 7.98805 g (0.281770 oz).[3])
Thickness: 1.52 mm (0.060 in)[5]
Diameter: 22.05 mm (0.868 in)[5]
Fineness: 22 carat = 916⅔ / 1000 (± 2/1000[3])
Gold Content: 7.322381 g = 0.235420 (exactly: 440/1869) troy ounces or 113.0016 grains (original definition; actual gold content may differ due to allowed tolerances and abrasion, see Reminting worn coins below.)
Design[edit]
1842 "Shield reverse" sovereign
The initial reverse type for gold coins was the shield and crown motif, supplemented on the sovereign with a heraldic wreath. This was succeeded by a portrayal of Saint George killing a dragon, engraved by Benedetto Pistrucci.[6] This same design is still in use on British gold sovereigns, although other reverse designs have also been used during the reigns of King William IV, Queen Victoria, King George IV, and Queen Elizabeth II.
Reminting worn coins[edit]
In Victorian times it was the practice of the Bank of England to remove worn sovereigns and half sovereigns from circulation and to have them recoined. Consequently, although a billion sovereigns have been minted in total, that figure includes gold that has been coined and recoined a number of times. In addition, when coins were sent to places such as the United States for international payments between governments, they were frequently melted down into gold bars because of the Federal regulations then in force. When gold coins were finally withdrawn from circulation in 1933 in the US, many thousands of British gold sovereigns were consigned to the melting pot in this way.
It is estimated that in circulation a sovereign could have a lifespan of up to 15 years before it fell below the "least current weight", that is, the minimum amount of gold below which it ceased to be legal tender. English law allows a sovereign to be legal tender so long as it weighs 7.93787 g (0.280000 oz), or more;[3] and the difference between this and the full standard weight of 7.98805 g (0.281770 oz) (approx. 0.6%) represents the margin allowed for abrasion. It was actually the half-sovereign that had the most circulation in Victorian Britain. Many sovereigns languished in bank vaults for most of their lives. In 1889 and 1890 Orders in Council were made permitting members of the general public to hand in any gold coins that were underweight and have them replaced by full-weight coins. A proclamation was subsequently issued in November 1890 that any gold coin struck before 1837 would cease to be legal tender with effect from 28 February 1891.[7] This recycled gold was subsequently reminted into 13,680,486 half sovereigns in 1892 and 10,846,741 sovereigns in 1900. (Both figures are for the London branch of the Royal Mint.)
Sovereign obverse (heads) dies were also used in the nineteenth century to create farthings once they had become worn. (An obverse die could typically produce 100,000 coins.)
Production quantities[edit]
Sovereigns were produced in large quantities until World War I, at which time the UK came off the gold standard. From then until 1932, sovereigns were produced only at branch mints at Melbourne, Sydney, Perth, Bombay, Ottawa, and Pretoria (except for some in 1925 produced in London as part of Winston Churchill's ill-fated attempt to return the UK to the gold standard). The last regular issue was in 1932 (at Pretoria).
In 1949, 1950 and 1951 the Royal Mint produced sovereigns, but instead of preparing new dies with George VI's head and with the correct date, they re-issued George V sovereigns dated 1925. A total of 886,000 "backdated" coins (restrikes) were minted.[8]
1817 sovereign of George III
Production resumed in 1957, ostensibly to prevent the coin being counterfeited in Syria and Italy.[9] Subsequent publication of treasury papers appear to indicate that sovereigns were widely used in pursuance of British foreign policy in the Middle East, and it was felt that the coin could not be allowed to fall into disrepute, as many individuals were receiving payments in the form of sovereigns for services rendered to the British government.
Sovereigns were produced most years as bullion until 1982. From there to 1999, proof coinage only versions were produced, but since 2000, bullion sovereigns have been minted. Modern sovereigns are minted at the Royal Mint in Llantrisant, Rhondda Cynon Taff, Wales. The coins are produced in the precious metal unit which is sealed off from the rest of the Mint, the Mint itself being protected by Ministry of Defence Police.
Mintage figures for the latest British coin production are given below. Please note: these are the actual numbers of coins issued, not the official issue limits often advertised. In addition, the Mint will strike extra coins for the purposes of quality control, i.e. samples of coins are submitted for the Trial of the Pyx which involves their destruction. Thus, an issue limit figure never fully reveals the true number actually created. Furthermore, the date on a bullion coin refers to the year the die was made, not necessarily the year in which it was struck. It is not unknown for the Mint to strike gold sovereigns with the date of the previous (or even older) years, e.g. bullion sovereigns struck during the reign of George VI were all dated 1925 and featured the head of George V. Additionally, the Royal Mint was selling sovereigns dated 2010 in December 2009.
1914 half sovereign from the Sydney mint
Counterfeiting[edit]
Balance for checking sovereigns and half sovereigns.
The gold sovereign appears quite a small coin, but with a face value of £1 it had, in 1895, the same purchasing power as £103 in 2014.[10] Gold is a dense metal: the sovereign contains 0.23542 ounces of gold, with a total weight of 0.25682 ounces. A reason to limit production of double sovereigns (£2) and quintuple sovereigns (£5) was the relative ease of removing gold from these larger coins — chemically, by filing, or using other techniques; for example, drilling small holes into the coin followed by hammering to conceal the holes, or "sweating": shaking a leather bag full of coins for a long period and collecting the gold dust that was knocked off.[11]
Counterfeit coins can be detected either visually by comparison with known genuine coins, by using a coin gauge,[12] or by precise weighing and measurement against standard dimensions (see Specifications above).
This picture shows a sovereign balance or sovereign rocker, which was used to check that the weight was adequate, that the thickness and diameter were not excessive, and that the shape was a good circular cylinder.
There are many recorded[clarification needed] fake or counterfeit gold sovereigns in circulation,[13] although they are still relatively scarce in comparison to the numbers of genuine coins, due to the difficulty of accurately replicating such a small coin economically. With numismatic fakes, the counterfeiter might use the correct proportions of gold, but try to replicate an older coin with special rarity value. Such fakes present a potential problem only to the numismatic collector, as they still have standard bullion content.
Occasionally one comes across fake sovereign coins in which the gold is replaced or alloyed with a substitute metal to look like gold. For example, a few fake sovereigns appeared in circulation which were produced with 9 carat gold instead of the correct 22 carat composition. Such fakes can be relatively easily detected by measurement and weighing using jewellers' scales. Experienced coin dealers will generally detect such fakes immediately, as they are obviously underweight or have the wrong size or thickness, as well as often having minor differences or lack of sharpness in the design details. It is more common to come across counterfeit copies of larger gold coins such as the Krugerrand, which are easier and more economical to copy.
Gold is, however, a difficult material to counterfeit without detection due to its unique density and colour. Gold is one of the densest metals and therefore much heavier (for equivalent size or volume) than the common metals such as lead, brass, copper and steel that are used to make fake bullion coins. Fake gold coins are either oversize or underweight, or both. A fake made from lead to exactly the same thickness and diameter as a genuine sovereign would be 35% lighter than the genuine coin. If made the correct weight and diameter, it would be 54% too thick.
The sovereign is a "protected coin" for the purposes of Part II of the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981.[14]
Composition[edit]
Current sovereigns are struck in the same 22 carat (91⅔%) Crown gold (11/12 gold and 1/12 copper) alloy as the first modern sovereigns of 1817.[15] Alloys are used to make gold coins harder and more durable, so they can resist scratches and dents during handling.
The only time there has been a deviation from this composition was in the production of early Australian sovereigns, which used silver as part of the alloy, and in London sovereigns dated 1887, when an additional 1.25% silver was added in order to make the blanks softer for the new Joseph Boehm relief of Queen Victoria: 1887 London Mint sovereigns are more yellow than other London-produced sovereigns. This additional silver affected the amount of copper in the coin, not, of course, its gold content. (Nineteenth-century techniques of refining were not as advanced as today, and nineteenth-century sovereigns became more accurate in terms of their gold weight as silver – which is often naturally combined with gold – was removed as an impurity from the "pure" gold used. Such minor inconsistencies would not affect either their numismatic or bullion value).
Sovereigns usually have a higher premium to the price of gold than some other bullion coins, such as the Krugerrand. This is due to a number of factors: the higher unit cost of the Sovereign (at under one-quarter of an ounce); the higher demand for the Sovereign from numismatists (compared to the Krugerrand which is not sought-after numismatically); and the higher costs of identifying and stocking a numismatic coin.
Production summary[edit]
Sovereigns have been produced as follows:
London: 1817–1917, 1925, 1957-1974 Royal Mint London was disbanded in November 1975
Llantrisant: 1976 onwards
Melbourne: 1872–1931
Sydney: 1855–1926
Perth: 1899–1931
Bombay: 1918-1919 all dated 1918
Ottawa: 1908–1919
Pretoria: 1923–1932
Delhi: 2013 onwards
Melbourne
During the 1850s, the colony of Victoria alone contributed more than one-third of the world’s gold output. Although a Mint opened in Sydney in 1855, it had difficulty keeping pace with the output of the goldfields and in 1871 a new branch of the Royal Mint opened in Melbourne. Melbourne sovereigns carry a small ‘M’ to identify them.
Sydney
Millions of pounds of gold bullion were shipped from Australia to London each year to be minted into coin. However, it soon became apparent that it would be easier to refine the gold and turn it into coins at source, rather than transport it to Britain and have it turned into coins there. Sydney, Melbourne, and Adelaide each submitted to be the venue of a branch of the Royal Mint and after some deliberation the British government awarded it to Sydney, which began issuing coins in 1855. This mint issued coins with its own design from 1855 until 1870 then, in 1871 the Royal Mint insisted that all gold sovereigns regardless of Mint should carry the British design.
The coins minted by Sydney carry a small ‘S’ mintmark to identify them for quality control purposes.
Perth
The gold mines at Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie in Western Australia, once discovered, quickly became recognised as two of Australia’s richest. The problems of transporting the raw gold over 2,100 miles to the nearest Mint in Melbourne were obvious and so a new branch of the Royal Mint was authorised and opened in 1899.
Sovereigns minted at Perth carry a small ‘P’ mintmark.
Bombay (India)
Another branch of the British Mint was established in Bombay in India in 1918, where the demand for sovereigns was particularly high. The Bombay mint only produced coins for one year and all are dated 1918. Nonetheless, the Indian mint struck more sovereigns (approximately 1.3 million) in its single year of operation than the Ottawa branch managed in more a decade.
Sovereigns from the Bombay mint were distinguished by the letter ‘I’ for India.
Ottawa (Canada)
The Klondike Gold Rush of 1897-1898 saw more than 25,000 people seek their fortune in the frozen North of Canada. For some time all of Canada’s coinage was struck in England but these new gold strikes made this impractical.
In 1908 a Canadian branch of the British Royal Mint was opened in Ottawa. As well as producing silver and base metal coins for everyday use, the new Canadian mint also turned the recently discovered gold into sovereigns striking intermittently between 1908 and 1919.
Sovereigns of this mint carry a small ‘C’ mintmark.
Pretoria (South Africa)
The next branch mint was established in Pretoria (South Africa) in 1923. Like the Australian and Canadian mints, this was set up to turn locally mined gold into coins. Significant quantities of gold were discovered in Johannesburg in 1886, setting off another mass migration as speculators, prospectors, fortune-seekers, and adventurers from all over the world descended upon the region.
By the end of the 1890s the area was responsible for a significant percentage of global gold production. Sovereigns, identical to the British coins except for the inclusion of an ‘SA’ mintmark, were struck at Pretoria between 1923 and 1932.[16]
Delhi (India)
To address the high demand for gold coins in the Indian market, which does not allow gold coins to be imported,[17] the minting of gold sovereigns in India has resumed since 2013. Indian/Swiss joint venture company MMTC-PAMP mints under licence in its facility close to Delhi with full quality control from the Royal Mint.[18]
As with the 1918 Bombay minting, these coins are UK legal tender, and are of identical design and specification as UK-minted sovereigns except for the 'I' for India mintmark.
See also[edit]
Numismatics portal
Guinea (British coin)
Gold Britannia coin
Sovereign (English coin)
Sovereign ring
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2623891/A-record-516-000-royal-coin-Incredibly-rare-sovereign-bearing-head-Edward-VIII-struck-abdication-sold-auction.html
Jump up ^ “The so-called "Great Recoinage" that began in 1816 was principally concerned with the re-introduction of a silver coinage and a change in the gold coinage from the guinea valued at 21 shillings to the slightly lighter sovereign worth 20 shillings. The value of the shilling remained unchanged at twelve pence.” From The Coinage of Britain By Ken Elks
^ Jump up to: a b c d Coinage Act 1971 (PDF). London: HMSO. 1971. p. 9. ISBN 0-10-542471-4.
Jump up ^ British Royal Mint makes first gold sovereigns in India in century Reuters 18 February 2013
^ Jump up to: a b The Royal Mint: The Sovereign Gold Bullion Coin
Jump up ^ "Benedetto Pistrucci". Retrieved 2012-03-27.
Jump up ^ https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26109/page/6455/data.pdf
Jump up ^ "Gold Sovereigns: 1925 Gold Sovereigns".
Jump up ^ Matthews, Robert. "Counterfeit Coin Newsletter July 2004".
Jump up ^ Measuring Worth
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (2008): Money
Jump up ^ Fisch coin gauge
Jump up ^ Fake sovereigns in circulation
Jump up ^ The Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981, section 27(1), as read with the Forgery and Counterfeiting (Protected Coins) Order 1981 (S.I. 1981/505), article 2 and Schedule
Jump up ^ Matthews, Robert. "The Production of the Proof Sovereign" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "London Mint Office Gold Sovereign Guide". London Mint Office.
Jump up ^ "Chindambaram rules out lifting ban on import of gold coins". The Hindu.
Jump up ^ "MMTC PAMP Sovereign web page". MMTC PAMP.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sovereign (British coin).
The Sovereign | The Royal Mint
Gold Sovereign History | The Royal Mint
Benedetto Pistrucci - Historical Royal Mint Artists | The Royal Mint Museum
Sovereign dates
London Mint Office Gold Sovereign Guide
The verdict of the jury from the Trial of the Pyx 2007, with confirmation as to the purity of gold and silver British coins
Online Coin Club / Coins from United Kingdom / Sovereign (Pre-Decimal)
[hide]
v
t
e
British coinage
Decimal
1⁄2p
1p
2p
5p
10p
20p
50p
£1
£2
Pre-decimal
Quarter farthing ( 1⁄16d)
Third farthing ( 1⁄12d)
Half farthing ( 1⁄8d)
Farthing ( 1⁄4d)
Halfpenny ( 1⁄2d)
Penny (1d)
Three halfpence ( 1 1⁄2d)
Twopence (2d)
Threepence (3d)
Groat (4d)
Sixpence (6d)
Shilling (1/-)
Florin (2/-)
Half crown (2/6)
Double florin (4/-)
Crown (5/-)
Half sovereign (10/-)
Half guinea (10/6)
Sovereign (20/-)
Guinea (21/-)
Commemorative and bullion
25p
£5
£20
£50
£100
Britannia
Maundy money
Quarter sovereign
Half sovereign
Sovereign
Lunar
The Queen's Beasts
See also
Pound sterling
Coins of the pound sterling
Banknotes of the pound sterling
List of British banknotes and coins
List of British currencies
Scottish coinage
Coins of Ireland
List of people on coins of the United Kingdom
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_(British_coin)&oldid=796144715"
Categories:
British gold coins
Coins of the United Kingdom
One-base-unit coins
Bullion coins
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Беларуская
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Français
한국어
Italiano
עברית
മലയാളം
日本語
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Саха тыла
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 August 2017, at 19:59.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

value: span

value: b

values:
row
white-space: nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Gold_Standard
mw-redirect
Gold Standard

values:
/wiki/Coin_Act_1816
mw-redirect
Coin Act 1816

values:
/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)
mw-redirect
Guinea (British coin)

values:
/wiki/British_half_sovereign_coin
mw-redirect
British half sovereign coin

values:
/wiki/Crown_of_the_Rose_(coin)
mw-redirect
Crown of the Rose (coin)

values:
/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom
mw-redirect
Victoria of the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Rhondda_Cynon_Taff
mw-redirect
Rhondda Cynon Taff

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Joseph_Boehm
mw-redirect
Joseph Boehm

values:
/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia
mw-redirect
Perth, Western Australia

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Britannia_coin#Gold_Britannia
mw-redirect
Britannia coin

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.fisch.co.za

values:
nofollow
external text
https://goldsovereigns.co.uk/fakes.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://mmtcpamp.com/product/SOVEREIGN

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Sovereign_(British_coin)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign
Sovereign – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: 소브린 금화 – Korean

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovrana
Sovrana – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: סובריין – Hebrew

values: കുതിരപ്പവൻ – Malayalam

values: Соверен – Russian

values: Соверен – Sakha

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Sovereign_British_coin rootpage-Sovereign_British_coin skin-vector action-view