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Nashville (season 1)
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Nashville (season 1)
Season 1 DVD cover
Starring
Connie Britton
Hayden Panettiere
Clare Bowen
Eric Close
Charles Esten
Jonathan Jackson
Sam Palladio
Robert Wisdom
Powers Boothe
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
21
Release
Original network
ABC
Original release
October 10, 2012 (2012-10-10) – May 22, 2013 (2013-05-22)
Season chronology
Next →
Season 2
List of Nashville episodes
The first season of the American television musical drama series Nashville premiered on October 10, 2012 and concluded on May 22, 2013 on ABC. The series was created by Academy Award winner Callie Khouri and produced by R.J. Cutler, Khouri, Dee Johnson, Steve Buchanan and Connie Britton. The series stars Connie Britton as Rayna Jaymes, a legendary country music superstar whose stardom is beginning to fade, and Hayden Panettiere as rising star Juliette Barnes.
The episodes, except for the pilot, are named after Hank Williams songs.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Regular cast
1.2 Supporting cast
1.3 Guest cast
2 Episodes
3 Specials
4 U.S. ratings
5 References
6 External links
Cast[edit]
Regular cast[edit]
Connie Britton as Rayna Jaymes
Hayden Panettiere as Juliette Barnes
Clare Bowen as Scarlett O'Connor
Eric Close as Teddy Conrad
Charles Esten as Deacon Claybourne
Jonathan Jackson as Avery Barkley
Sam Palladio as Gunnar Scott
Robert Wisdom as Coleman Carlisle
Powers Boothe as Lamar Wyatt
Supporting cast[edit]
Recurring cast
Judith Hoag as Tandy Wyatt
Sylvia Jefferies as Jolene Barnes
Lennon Stella as Maddie Conrad
Maisy Stella as Daphne Conrad
Kimberly Williams-Paisley as Peggy Kenter
Chris Carmack as Will Lexington
Jay Hernandez as Dante Rivas
Michiel Huisman as Liam McGuinnis
Tilky Montgomery Jones as Sean Butler
Rya Kihlstedt as Marilyn Rhodes
Susan Misner as Stacy
Background cast
David Alford as Bucky Dawes
Ed Amatrudo as Glenn Goodman
Kourtney Hansen as Emily
Todd Truley as Marshall Evans
Chloe Bennet as Hailey
Nicholas Strong as JT
Tiffany Morgan as Jeanne Buchanan
J. Karen Thomas as Audrey Carlisle
Guest cast[edit]
J. D. Souther as Watty White
Wyclef Jean as Dominic King
Afton Williamson as Makena
Burgess Jenkins as Randy Roberts
David Clayton Rogers as Jason Scott
Yara Martinez as Carmen Gonzalez
J.J. Rodgers as Deb Butler
Katie Couric as herself
Ming-Na Wen as Calista Reeve
Vince Gill as himself
Kip Moore as himself
Dan Auerbach as himself
Brad Paisley as himself
Pam Tillis as herself
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Nashville episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Pilot" R.J. Cutler Callie Khouri October 10, 2012 (2012-10-10) 8.93[1]
Rayna Jaymes is a famous country singer, whose tour is not selling as quickly as she had expected. In order to save money, her record company wants her to be an opening act for up-and-coming singer Juliette Barnes. Rayna's company tells her to either go on tour with Juliette or leave the label. Juliette is revealed to constantly be called on the phone by her mother, who is a drug addict and wants money to feed her drug needs. Juliette records three songs Rayna turned down for her album. Rayna eventually wants them back but it's too late. Meanwhile, Rayna's husband, Teddy Conrad, after a business failure, is frustrated over living on his wife’s income. He accepts an offer to run for mayor of Nashville with help from Rayna's counselman father. Elsewhere, Juliette has a meeting of minds with Deacon, the lead guitarist of Rayna's band who is Rayna's former boyfriend. Elsewhere, Deacon's niece, Scarlett O'Connor, struggles to become a singer in her own right while struggling as a waitress and dealing with her boyfriend Avery.
2
2 "I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You)" R.J. Cutler Callie Khouri October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17) 6.74[2]
As Teddy's campaign continues, Rayna is faced with an investigation that reveals family secrets involving Deacon. Meanwhile, Juliette feels betrayed when she sees Deacon perform with Rayna. Also, Scarlett must decide between her dream of being a country-western singer and her relationship with Avery.
3
3 "Someday You'll Call My Name" Michael Engler Liz Tigelaar October 24, 2012 (2012-10-24) 6.54[3]
Rayna learns the family is facing financial problems; Juliette asks Deacon to write and tour with her.
4
4 "We Live in Two Different Worlds" Paul McCrane Todd Ellis Kessler October 31, 2012 (2012-10-31) 5.74[4]
The arrival of a woman from Teddy's past tests his marriage; Juliette deals with the fallout surrounding her shoplifting arrest, Rayna and Deacon perform together.
5
5 "Move It on Over" Lesli Linka Glatter David Marshall Grant November 7, 2012 (2012-11-07) 6.07[5]
Rayna thinks about moving on when Deacon sets boundaries in their relationship.
6
6 "You're Gonna Change (Or I'm Gonna Leave)" David Petrarca Meredith Lavender & Marcie Ulin November 14, 2012 (2012-11-14) 5.93[6]
Rayna seeks the help of a music producer to change her sound; Juliette attempts to repair her image.
7
7 "Lovesick Blues" Mimi Leder Wendy Calhoun November 28, 2012 (2012-11-28) 5.69[7]
Marshall pushes for Juliette and Rayna to collaborate at an event; Teddy tells Rayna the truth.
8
8 "Where He Leads Me" Wendey Stanzler Jason George December 5, 2012 (2012-12-05) 5.95[8]
Teddy's secrecy about embezzling millions of dollars in the past, and the surfacing of suggestive photographs, leads Rayna to believe he is having an affair. Meanwhile, Scarlett gets an invitation to be a band's lead singer and the song she wrote with Gunnar gets an option contract, prompting a passionate kiss between the two and Gunnar to dump his girlfriend and profess his love to Scarlett. Juliette asks Sean to marry her.
9
9 "Be Careful of Stones That You Throw" Paul McCrane David Gould January 9, 2013 (2013-01-09) 5.92[9]
When Rayna suggests bringing her girls on tour, she learns Lamar is willing to blackmail her; Juliette and Sean's elopement surprises everyone; Deacon reconnects with an ex; Avery follows a music producer's advice.
10
10 "I'm Sorry for You My Friend" Sanaa Hamri Dana Greenblatt January 16, 2013 (2013-01-16) 6.54[10]
Rayna and Juliette prepare for their first concert together in San Diego. Rayna surprises Teddy by coming home from the tour to watch the votes come in and wait to see whether he becomes mayor.
11
11 "You Win Again" Paul Edwards Liz Tigelaar January 23, 2013 (2013-01-23) 5.51[11]
To celebrate the success of "Wrong Song," Edgehill Records throws a party. Deacon joins Juliette's band, leaving Teddy surprised.
12
12 "I've Been Down That Road Before" Stephen Cragg Meredith Lavender & Marcie Ulin February 6, 2013 (2013-02-06) 5.30[12]
Deacon plays his first show with Juliette. Juliette wants to make her music more mature. After Rayna asks Deacon why he joined Juliette's band, he kisses her. Gunnar moves in with Scarlett and Teddy shows up at Rayna's hotel room and says something that will change their relationship forever.
13
13 "There'll Be No Teardrops Tonight" Eric Stoltz Todd Ellis Kessler & David Marshall Grant February 13, 2013 (2013-02-13) 5.74[13]
Rayna becomes overwhelmed onstage and finds comfort in Liam. Juliette makes changes on her tour and cleans house. Rayna and Teddy tell Maddie and Daphne about their plans to divorce; Maddie then tells her mother that she overheard her father talking to Peggy on the phone.
14
14 "Dear Brother" Jonathan Pontell Nancy Miller & Dana Greenblatt February 27, 2013 (2013-02-27) 5.20[14]
Juliette throws a surprise birthday party for Deacon; Rayna gets hounded by the press because of her divorce.
15
15 "When You're Tired of Breaking Other Hearts" Paul McCrane Jason George & David Gould March 27, 2013 (2013-03-27) 5.18[15]
When Juliette plays a secret concert for her fans an accident happens leaving fans with minor injuries including Maddie. Gunnar wants to know who shot his brother; Rayna talks to Katie Couric about her divorce and Scarlett gets an offer to sign with Rayna's new label as a solo act.
16
16 "I Saw the Light" Julie Hébert Wendy Calhoun April 3, 2013 (2013-04-03) 5.54[16]
Juliette is jealous of Rayna when she sees her billboard in New York so she seeks out a sponsorship of her own. While on tour with her mom, Maddie decides that she wants to become a singer much to Rayna's disliking. Rayna meets Deacon's new girlfriend.
17
17 "My Heart Would Know" Sanaa Hamri Mollie Bickley St. John April 10, 2013 (2013-04-10) 5.96[17]
Rayna rushes home to Nashville to be there for her father after he suffers a heart attack. Meanwhile, Jolene and Deacon are not happy with Jolene's sponsor, Dante, who becomes Juliette's new manager.
18
18 "Take These Chains from My Heart" Eric Stoltz Meredith Lavender & Marcie Ulin May 1, 2013 (2013-05-01) 5.27[18]
Jolene is suspicious of Dante after she sees him kissing another woman. Liam plays the Nashville show with Rayna and plans to spend the weekend away with her. Stacey questions Deacon if he still has feelings for Rayna. After discovering that the drugs found on Jolene were not hers, Emily says that some money is missing which makes Juliette suspicious of Dante. Rayna changes her mind about the trip and goes to tell Deacon that she still loves him. Gunnar gets an offer to record a demo after singing songs penned by his dead brother.
19
19 "Why Don't You Love Me" Stephen Cragg Todd Ellis Kessler May 8, 2013 (2013-05-08) 5.38[19]
Edgehill throws a party to celebrate their artists who are nominated for CMA Awards. Rayna tells Teddy and Tandy that she is back together with Deacon while they tell her not to tell him that he is Maddie's biological father. When Deacon comes home to his house he is surprised to see Stacey there, she wants to get back together with him but he has to tell her that he is with Rayna now. Juliette turns to drinking to cope after what happened with Dante, causing Jolene concern for her. After Juliette goes on a rant Deacon quits her band, Teddy is having a tough time with Maddie as she blames him for her parents' split.
20
20 "A Picture from Life's Other Side" Michael Waxman Dee Johnson May 15, 2013 (2013-05-15) 5.56[20]
Dante threatens to release a sex tape of him and Juliette if she doesn't give him ten million dollars. Juliette decides not to give in and let him sell it. Jolene refuses to let her daughter be humiliated so she calls Dante to meet up with her so she can give him the money and he'll give her the SD card. Juliette goes to Jolene's apartment to find Dante's dead body and Jolene dead from a drug overdose; implying that Jolene murdered him and then killed herself. Meanwhile, Teddy serves Rayna with a restraining order stating that he doesn't want Deacon around the girls; Rayna finds support in Lamar. Scarlett doesn't like how Gunnar is trying to be like his brother and breaks up with him. Maddie finds out that Teddy might not be her real father.
21
21 "I'll Never Get Out of This World Alive" Callie Khouri Callie Khouri May 22, 2013 (2013-05-22) 6.02[21]
Backstage at the CMA Awards, Deacon confronts Rayna and asks her if he is Maddie's biological father after Maddie tells him that he might be her father. Deacon and Maddie are furious when they find out the truth which leads Deacon back to drinking. Meanwhile, Juliette wins Female Vocalist of the Year and pays her final respects to her mother. Teddy gets a call from the U.S. Attorney General and meets up Peggy who reveals she is pregnant. Gunnar proposes to Scarlett. When Rayna takes a drunk Deacon home they argue along the way and end up in a car wreck.
Specials[edit]
Special
no.
Title
Narrator
Aired between
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
"The Whole Story" Charles Esten as Deacon "Where He Leads Me" (Episode 8)
"Be Careful of Stones That You Throw" (Episode 9) January 2, 2013 (2013-01-02) 3.94[22]
U.S. ratings[edit]
#
Title
Air date
Rating/Share (18–49)
Viewers (millions)
DVR 18-49
DVR viewers (millions)
Total 18-49
Total viewers (millions)
1 "Pilot" October 10, 2012 (2012-10-10) 2.8/8 8.93[1] 1.4 3.52 4.2 12.46[23]
2 "I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You)" October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17) 2.0/6 6.74[2] 1.3 3.09 3.3 9.83[24]
3 "Someday You'll Call My Name" October 24, 2012 (2012-10-24) 2.0/6 6.54[3] 1.2 2.82 3.2 9.36[25]
4 "We Live in Two Different Worlds" October 31, 2012 (2012-10-31) 1.8/5 5.74[4] 1.3 2.92 3.0 8.53[26]
5 "Move It on Over" November 7, 2012 (2012-11-07) 2.0/5 6.07[5] 1.2 2.81 3.2 8.88[27]
6 "You're Gonna Change (Or I'm Gonna Leave)" November 14, 2012 (2012-11-14) 1.8/5 5.93[6] 1.3 2.97 3.1 8.9[28]
7 "Lovesick Blues" November 28, 2012 (2012-11-28) 1.8/5 5.69[7] 1.1 2.61 2.9 8.3[29]
8 "Where He Leads Me" December 5, 2012 (2012-12-05) 1.9/5 5.95[8] 1.2 2.79 3.1 8.74[30]
9 "Be Careful of Stones That You Throw" January 9, 2013 (2013-01-09) 2.1/6 5.92[9] 1.2 2.91 3.3 8.83[31]
10 "I'm Sorry for You My Friend" January 16, 2013 (2013-01-16) 2.2/6 6.54[10] 1.1 2.63 3.3 9.17[32]
11 "You Win Again" January 23, 2013 (2013-01-23) 1.9/5 5.51[11] 1.3 3.0 3.2 8.51[33]
12 "I've Been Down That Road Before" February 6, 2013 (2013-02-06) 1.7/5 5.30[12] 1.2 2.76 2.9 8.06[34]
13 "There'll Be No Teardrops Tonight" February 13, 2013 (2013-02-13) 1.8/5 5.74[13] 1.2 2.76 3.0 8.5[35]
14 "Dear Brother" February 27, 2013 (2013-02-27) 1.6/4 5.20[14] 1.3 2.95 2.9 8.15[36]
15 "When You're Tired of Breaking Other Hearts" March 27, 2013 (2013-03-27) 1.5/4 5.18[15] 1.1 2.66 2.6 7.84[37]
16 "I Saw the Light" April 3, 2013 (2013-04-03) 1.7/5 5.54[16] 0.9 2.29 2.6 7.83[38]
17 "My Heart Would Know" April 10, 2013 (2013-04-10) 1.8/5 5.96[17] 0.8 2.09 2.6 8.05[39]
18 "Take These Chains from My Heart" May 1, 2013 (2013-05-01) 1.7/5 5.27[18] 0.8 2.33 2.5 7.6[40]
19 "Why Don't You Love Me" May 8, 2013 (2013-05-08) 1.6/4 5.38[19] 0.9 2.19 2.5 7.57[41]
20 "A Picture from Life's Other Side" May 15, 2013 (2013-05-15) 1.6/5 5.56[20] 0.9 2.23 2.5 7.79[42]
21 "I'll Never Get Out of This World Alive" May 22, 2013 (2013-05-22) 1.9/5 6.02[21] 0.8 2.23 2.7 8.25[43]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (October 11, 2012). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'The X Factor', 'Survivor', 'The Neighbors' & 'Modern Family' Adjusted Up; No Adjustments for 'Arrow'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (October 18, 2012). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Modern Family', 'Survivor', 'Animal Practice' Adjusted Up; 'CSI' Adjusted Down Plus Unscrambled FOX Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (October 25, 2012). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'The Middle', 'Guys With Kids', 'Criminal Minds', & 'Law and Order: SVU' Adjusted Up + World Series Game 1 Final Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (November 1, 2012). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Survivor', 'The Neighbors', 'Modern Family', 'CSI' & 'Chicago Fire' Adjusted Up; '30 Rock', 'Guys With Kids', & 'Supernatural' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (November 8, 2012). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'The Voice', 'Modern Family', & 'Survivor' Adjusted Up; 'Chicago Fire' & 'The Middle' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (November 15, 2012). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'The Middle', 'Law & Order: SVU', & 'CSI' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (November 29, 2012). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Arrow' and 'The X Factor' Adjusted Up; 'Supernatural' and 'Suburgatory' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Konodlojy, Amanda (December 7, 2012). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Chicago Fire' Rises to Tie Series Debut, 'The X Factor' Dips + 'The Middle' & 'Arrow' Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (January 10, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'People's Choice Awards', 'The Neighbors' & 'Nashville' Adjusted Up; 'Suburgatory' & 'I Get That A Lot' Adjusted Down (Updated)". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (January 17, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Criminal Minds' Adjusted Up; 'Suburgatory' & 'The Neighbors' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (January 24, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol', 'The Neighbors', 'Criminal Minds' & 'Nashville' Adjusted Up; 'Suburgatory' & 'CSI' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (February 7, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Supernatural', 'Criminal Minds' & 'Chicago Fire' Adjusted Up; 'Modern Family', 'The Neighbors' & 'Suburgatory' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (February 14, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'CSI', 'Suburgatory' & 'Law & Order: SVU' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (February 28, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Chicago Fire', 'American Idol', & 'CSI' Adjusted Up; 'Suburgatory' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (March 28, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol', 'Survivor' & 'Arrow' Adjusted Up; 'Whitney' and 'Chicago Fire' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (April 4, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Modern Family', 'American Idol' & 'Survivor' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (April 11, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Survivor' & 'Suburgatory' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (May 2, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol', 'Survivor', 'Modern Family', 'Criminal Minds', 'CSI', 'The Voice' Adjusted Up; 'How To Live With Your Parents' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (May 9, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Modern Family', 'American Idol', 'The Voice', 'Family Tools', 'Survivor' & 'Supernatural' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (May 16, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Chicago Fire', 'Modern Family', 'American Idol', 'Criminal Minds' & 'Supernatural' Adjusted Up; 'Nashville' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (May 23, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'MasterChef', 'Modern Family', 'Criminal Minds' & 'Law & Order: SVU' Adjusted Up; 'How To Live With Your Parents' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 3, 2013). "TV Ratings Wednesday: 'Chicago Fire' Hits Series High, 'Law & Order: SVU', 'Whitney' & 'Guys With Kids' Rise, 'Mobbed' Returns Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 29, 2012). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings and Viewership Gains; 'Grimm', 'Private Practice', 'Gossip Girl' & '90210' Tie For Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 3". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 5, 2012). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings and Viewership Gains; 'Grimm' Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 4". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 12, 2012). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings and Viewership Gains; 'Nikita' Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 5". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 19, 2012). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings and Viewership Gains; '666 Park Ave' Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 6". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 27, 2012). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings, 'Revolution' Tops Viewership Gains; 'Gossip Girl' Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 7". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 3, 2012). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings and Tops Viewership Gains; 'Private Practice' Earns Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 8". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 17, 2012). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings and Tops Viewership Gains; 'Parks and Recreation' Earns Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 10". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (December 24, 2012). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings and Tops Viewership Gains; 'Private Practice' Earns Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 11". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 28, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings & Viewership Gains; 'Private Practice' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 16". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 4, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Again Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings & Viewership Gains; 'Private Practice' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 17". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 11, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Again Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings & Viewership Gains; 'Nashville' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 18". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 25, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains; 'Revenge' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 20". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 4, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains; 'Glee' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 21". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 18, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains; 'Smash' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 23". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 15, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase & Total Viewership Gains, 'Cult' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 27". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 22, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase & Total Viewership Gains, 'Grimm' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 28". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 29, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase, 'Smash' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase & 'The Following' Tops Total Viewership Gains in Week 29". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 20, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Again Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains; 'Smash' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 32". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 28, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Again Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains; 'Smash' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 33". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (June 3, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Again Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains; '90210' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 34". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (June 10, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains; 'Hannibal' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 35". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
External links[edit]
Official website
Nashville on IMDb
Nashville on Facebook
[hide]
v
t
e
Nashville
Episodes
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Season 6
Characters
Rayna Jaymes
Juliette Barnes
Discography
Albums
The Music of Nashville: Season 1, Volume 1
The Music of Nashville: Season 1, Volume 2
The Music of Nashville: Season 2, Volume 1
The Music of Nashville: Season 2, Volume 2
Christmas with Nashville
The Music of Nashville: Season 3, Volume 1
The Music of Nashville: Season 3, Volume 2
The Music of Nashville: Season 4, Volume 1
The Music of Nashville: Season 4, Volume 2
The Music of Nashville: Season 5, Volume 1
The Music of Nashville: Season 5, Volume 2
Singles
"Telescope"
"Shotgun"
Category
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Little House on the Prairie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Little House on the Prairie (disambiguation).
Little House on the Prairie
Front hardcover, first edition of the most frequently adapted volume (1935)
Little House in the Big Woods
Farmer Boy
Little House on the Prairie
On the Banks of Plum Creek
By the Shores of Silver Lake
The Long Winter
Little Town on the Prairie
These Happy Golden Years
The First Four Years
Author
Laura Ingalls Wilder
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Fiction
Publisher
Harper & Brothers
Published
1932–1943
No. of books
9
Little House on the Prairie is a series of American children's novels written by Laura Ingalls Wilder based on her childhood in the Great Plains during the 1800s.[1] Eight of the novels were completed by Wilder, and published by Harper & Brothers. The first draft of a ninth novel was published posthumously in 1971 and is commonly included in the series.[2]
The Little House books have been adapted for stage or screen more than once, most successfully as the American television series Little House on the Prairie, which ran from 1974 to 1983.[3] As well as an anime, and many different kinds of books, such as cookbooks, there are also many licensed objects to buy that are representative of the books.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Publishing
1.2 Depiction of minorities
1.3 Accuracy to history
1.4 Political relation to the Little House books
1.4.1 Connections with politics
1.4.2 Depiction of the United States Government
2 Books
2.1 Little House in the Big Woods
2.2 Farmer Boy
2.3 Little House on the Prairie
2.4 On the Banks of Plum Creek
2.5 By the Shores of Silver Lake
2.6 The Long Winter
2.7 Little Town on the Prairie
2.8 These Happy Golden Years
2.9 The First Four Years
2.10 Related books
3 Television adaptations
3.1 Jackanory (1966, 1968)
3.2 Little House on the Prairie (TV series, 1974–1983)
3.3 Laura, the Prairie Girl (animated series, 1975)
3.4 Beyond the Prairie (2000, 2001)
3.5 Little House on the Prairie (2005 miniseries)
4 Stage adaptation
5 Documentary
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
Publishing[edit]
The first book of the Little House series, Little House in the Big Woods, was published in 1932.[5] This first book did well when it was first published.[6] The Little House books were reissued by Ursula Nordstrom to be illustrated by Garth Williams.[7]
Before writing the Little House series Laura Ingalls Wilder was a columnist in a farm journal.[6] Her daughter, Rose Wilder Lane, was the motivator behind Wilder's writing and publishing of the first book.[5] Since the first book , there have been around 60 million Little House books sold.[5] There are 9 books that fall under the Little House books umbrella.[8]
Rose Wilder Lane had a heavy hand in the editing of the books, though Laura Ingalls Wilder's voice is still strong.[6] It is contested the amount of influence that Lane had on the books, especially regarding any political themes, but views that align with hers are very visible within the books. [5] Regardless, Rose Wilder Lane was a large part in the publishing and form of the books. Lane, also had a hand in giving the rights to Roger Lea MacBride, who then led to the creation of the television show entitled Little House on the Prairie.[5]
Time ranks the Little House series as 22 out of 100 of the "100 Best Young Adult Books of All Time."[9] They are considered classics of American children's literature and remain widely read. In a 2012 survey published by School Library Journal, a monthly with primarily U.S. audience, Little House in the Big Woods was ranked number 19 among all-time best children's novels, and two of its sequels were ranked among the top 100.[10] Five of the Little House book have been Honor Books for the Newbery Medal. In 1938, On the Banks of Plum Creek, was a honor book, in 1940 By the Shores of Silver Lake was as well. Later in 1941, The Long Winter, was an honor book, and the two honor books later were The Little Town on the Prairie, in 1942, and Those Happy Golden Years in 1944.[11] In addition to this, the American Library Association stated that The Long Winter, the seventh book in the series, was a "resource for teaching about pioneer history."[12]
Depiction of minorities[edit]
The Little House books do include people of minority status, mainly Native Americans. There have been criticisms of the Little House books because of portrayals of Native Americans.[13] Much of the criticism relates to the negative stereotyping as well as a view of them as less than human.[14] There also criticism of the ignorance present in the books of the illegality of the Ingalls' occupation of land they did not have the right to occupy.[14] Wilder presents the land as "uninhabited," which it was not.[6] She moves through the series in which she gets older and her growth "gradually forces her to embrace whiteness... as a sign of refinement and to reject brownness as its antithesis."[14]
A climactic point surrounding Wilder's depiction of Native Americans, was in 1998 when an eight year old girl read Little House on the Prairie in her class, in which is stated "The only good Indian is a dead Indian." She was distraught and her mother, Waziyatawin Angela Cavender Wilson, a member of the Wahpetunwan Dakota, challenged the school on the reading of the book.[15] This prompted the American Library Association to release a statement about possibly changing the name of the Wilder Award, an award named after Laura Ingalls Wilder.[15] This award is given to books that have made a large impact on children's literature in America.[16]
Accuracy to history[edit]
Laura Ingalls Wilder did not write a work of non-fiction, the historical accuracy of the Little House books leaves much to be desired. Wilder bent the truth on more than one occasion to keep her story interesting.[14] She also presented a view of the world that supported her family over the truth.[17] She particularly ignores history regarding the government's involvement in homesteading,[17] and the existences and tragedies faced by Native American people.[14] This includes the illegal occupation of the land by her family, when that land was still the Osage's land, as recognized by the United States government.[14]
Political relation to the Little House books[edit]
While the Little House books may not be blatantly political in the sense of aligning outright with political parties, there are underlying themes within the books that are anti-government, and there have been owners of the rights to the books who are aligned with political parties.[6]
Connections with politics[edit]
While Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote the Little House books, it was Rose Wilder Lane who edited them and it was Lane who had the rights after Laura's death. Rose was an "outspoken antigovernment polemicist and is called one of the grandmothers of the libertarian movement."[5] Lane's views were supported by her mother.[6] Though despite her mother's support of her political views, Lane went against her mother, and what was written in her will, by leaving the rights of the Little House books to Roger Lea MacBride after her own death.[6] Roger Lea MacBride has strong connections to politics, being a once libertarian presidential candidate, and a member of the Republican Liberty Caucus.[5] His gaining of the rights to the books, was not only from Lane's will but also through a legal battle with the library that Wilder wrote in her will would gain the rights after Lane's death.[5] MacBride was the one to allow the television show to be made, and through the rights he has made a great deal of money.[5]
In addition to being involved in party politics the Little House books were used for the "reeducation process" of Japanese and German people after World War Two.[17]
Another layer of politics the Little House books brings to the surface is John Locke's Labor Theory of Property. That is essential in the rhetoric surrounding the Little House books because of the relation between homesteading and the labor theory of property. The labor theory of property is the idea that if someone improves the land with their own labor that they then have rights to that land.[18]
Depiction of the United States Government[edit]
Anti-governmental political views, such as those held by Rose Wilder Lane, can be found in the Little House books. In her article, "'Little House on the Prairie' and the Truth About the American West," Patricia Nelson Limerick connects Wilder's apparent and Lane's outright distaste for the government as a way to blame the government for their father's failure at homesteading.[6] The books show the Wilder family to be entrepreneurs and shows a form of hero worship of Laura Ingalls Wilder's parents.[17] this shaped a hatred of the government, who in fact helped homesteaders.[17] In "'Little House on the Prairie' and the Myth of Self Reliance," Julie Tharp and Jeff Kleiman state that the myth of self reliance has contributed to conservative rhetoric, and the Little House books are full of the narrative of self reliance.[17] Within the books there is also rhetoric against the New Deal.[14]
Books[edit]
Main article: List of Little House on the Prairie books
Little House in the Big Woods (1932)
Farmer Boy (1933)
Little House on the Prairie (1935)
On the Banks of Plum Creek (1937)
By the Shores of Silver Lake (1939)
The Long Winter (1940)
Little Town on the Prairie (1941)
These Happy Golden Years (1943)
The First Four Years (1971)
Four series of books expand the Little House series to include five generations of Laura Ingalls Wilder's family. The "Martha Years" and "Charlotte Years" series, by Melissa Wiley, are fictionalized tales of Laura's great-grandmother in Scotland in the late 18th century and grandmother in early 19th century Massachusetts.[19] The "Caroline Years" series narrates Laura's mother, Caroline Quiner's, childhood in Wisconsin.[20] The Rose Years (originally known as the "Rocky Ridge Years") series follows Rose Wilder Lane from childhood in Missouri to early adulthood in San Francisco. It was written by her surrogate grandson Roger MacBride.[21]
Two volumes of Laura's letters and diaries have also been issued under the Little House imprint: On The Way Home and West From Home, both published by Harper Collins in 1962 and 1974 respectively.[22][23]
Little House in the Big Woods[edit]
Main article: Little House in the Big Woods
Front hardcover, first ed. of the first vol. (1932)
The story of the first book in the series, Little House in the Big Woods, revolves around the life of the Ingalls family in their small home near Pepin, Wisconsin. The family includes mother Caroline Ingalls, father Charles Ingalls, elder daughter Mary Amelia Ingalls, and younger daughter (and protagonist), Laura Ingalls Wilder.[24] Also in the story, though not yet born historically, is Laura's baby sister Carrie. In the book, Laura herself turns five years old, when the real-life author had only been three during the events of the book. According to a letter from her daughter, Rose, to biographer William Anderson, the publisher had Laura change her age in the book because it seemed unrealistic for a three-year-old to have specific memories such as she wrote about.[25]
Little House replica at the Little House Wayside
Little House in the Big Woods describes the homesteading skills Laura observed and began to practice during her fifth year. The cousins come for Christmas that year, and Laura receives a doll, which she names Charlotte. Later that winter, the family goes to Grandma Ingalls’s and has a “sugaring off,” when they harvest sap and make maple syrup. They return home with buckets of syrup, enough to last the year. Laura remembered that sugaring off, and the dance that followed, for the rest of her life.[26]
The book also describes other farm work duties and events, such as the birth of a calf, and the availability of milk, butter and cheese, gardening, field work, hunting, gathering, and more. Everyday housework is also described in detail. When Pa went into the woods to hunt, he usually came home with a deer then smoked the meat for the coming winter. One day he noticed a bee tree and returned from hunting early to get the wash tub and milk pail to collect the honey. When Pa returned in the winter evenings, Laura and Mary always begged him to play his fiddle, as he was too tired from farm work to play during the summertime.[26]
Farmer Boy[edit]
Main article: Farmer Boy
Farmer Boy, published in 1933, is the second-published of the Little House books and it is commonly numbered two in the series, but its story is unrelated to that of the inaugural novel, Little House in the Big Woods. It features the boyhood of Laura's future husband Almanzo Wilder from before his ninth birthday until after his tenth. The book describes his schooling, holidays, farm work, and most of all, food.[27]
Little House on the Prairie[edit]
Main article: Little House on the Prairie (novel)
Little House on the Prairie, published in 1935, is the third book in the Little House series but only the second that features the Ingalls family; it continues directly the story of the inaugural novel, Little House in the Big Woods.
The book tells about the months the Ingalls family spent on the prairie of Kansas, around the town of Independence, Kansas. At the beginning of this story, Pa Ingalls decides to sell the house in the Big Woods of Wisconsin, and move the family, via covered wagon to the Indian Territory near Independence, Kansas, as there were widely circulating stories that the land (technically still under Osage ownership) would be opened to settlement by homesteaders imminently. So Laura, along with Pa and Ma, Mary, and baby Carrie, move to Kansas. Along the way, Pa trades his two horses for two Western mustangs, which Laura and Mary name Pet and Patty.[28]
Caroline and Charles Ingalls
When the family reaches Indian Territory, they meet Mr. Edwards, who is extremely polite to Ma, but tells Laura and Mary that he is "a wildcat from Tennessee." Mr. Edwards is an excellent neighbor, and helps the Ingalls in every way he can, beginning with helping Pa erect their house. Pa builds a roof and a floor for their house and digs a well, and the family is finally settled.[28]
At their new home, unlike their time in the Big Woods, the family meets difficulty and danger. The Ingalls family becomes terribly ill from a disease called at that time "fever 'n' ague" (fever with severe chills and shaking) which was later identified as malaria. Laura comments on the varied ways they believe to have acquired it, with "Ma" believing it came from eating bad watermelon. Mrs. Scott, another neighbor, takes care of the family while they are sick. Around this time, Mr. Edwards brings Laura and Mary their Christmas presents from Independence, and in the spring, the Ingalls plant the beginnings of a small farm.[28]
Irony also becomes a part of this book. Ma's prejudice about American Indians, and Laura's childish observations of them, are contrasted with Pa's more egalitarian view of them, and these views collectively are shown side by side with the objective portrayal of the Osage tribe that lives on and owns that land.[14]
At the end of this book, the family is told that the land must be vacated by settlers as it is not legally open to settlement yet, and in 1870 Pa elects to leave the land and move before the Army forcibly requires him to abandon the land.[28]
On the Banks of Plum Creek[edit]
Main article: On the Banks of Plum Creek
On the Banks of Plum Creek, published in 1937 and fourth in the series, follows the Ingalls family as they move from Pepin, Wisconsin to Kansas to an area near Walnut Grove, Minnesota, and settle in a dugout "on the banks of Plum Creek (Redwood County, Minnesota)".[29]
Pa trades his horses Pet and Patty to the property owner (a man named Hanson) for the land and crops, but later gets two new horses as Christmas presents for the family, which Laura and her sister Mary name "Sam" and "David". Pa soon builds a new, above-ground, wooden house for the family. During this story, Laura and Mary go to school for the first time in town where they meet their teacher, Miss Eva Beadle. They also meet Nellie Oleson, who makes fun of Laura and Mary for being "country girls." Laura plays with her bulldog Jack when she is home, and she and Mary are invited to a party at the Olesons' home. Laura and Mary invite all the girls (including Nellie) to a party at their house to reciprocate. The family soon goes through hard times when a plague of Rocky Mountain Locust decimates their crops. The book ends with Pa returning safely to the house after being unaccounted for during a severe four-day blizzard.[30]
By the Shores of Silver Lake[edit]
Main article: By the Shores of Silver Lake
By the Shores of Silver Lake, published in 1939 and fifth in the series.
The story begins when the family is about to leave Plum Creek, shortly after the family has recovered from the scarlet fever which caused Mary to become blind. The family welcomes a visit from Aunt Docia, whom they had not seen for several years. She suggests that Pa and Ma move west to the rapidly developing Dakota Territory, where Pa could work in Uncle Henry’s railroad camp at very good wages for that era. Ma and Pa agree, since it will allow Pa to look for a homestead while he works. The family has endured many hardships on Plum Creek and Pa especially is anxious for a new start. After selling his land and farm to neighbors, Pa goes ahead with the wagon and team. Mary is still too weak to travel so the rest of the family follows later by train.[31]
The day Pa leaves, however, their beloved bulldog Jack is found dead, which saddens Laura greatly. In actuality, the dog upon whom Jack was based was no longer with the family at this point, but the author inserted his death here to serve as a transition between her childhood and her adolescence. Laura also begins to play a more mature role in the family due to Mary's blindness – Pa instructs Laura to "be Mary's eyes" and to assist her in daily life as she learns to cope with her disability. Mary is strong and willing to learn.[31]
The family travels to Dakota Territory by train – this is the children's first train trip and they are excited by the novelty of this new mode of transportation that allows them to travel in one hour the distance it would take a horse and wagon an entire day to cover.[31]
With the family reunited and situated at the railroad camp, Laura meets her cousin Lena, and the two become good friends.[31]
As winter approaches, and the railroad workers take down the cabins and head back East, the family wonders where they might stay for the winter. As luck would have it, the county surveyor needs a house-sitter while he is East for the winter, and Pa signs up. It is a winter of luxury for the Ingalls family as they are given all the provisions they need in the large, comfortable house. They spend a cozy winter with their new friends, Mr. and Mrs. Boast, and both families look forward to starting their new claims in the spring.[31]
But the "Spring Rush" comes early. The large mobilization of pioneers to the Dakotas in early March prompts Pa to leave immediately on the few days' trip to the claims office. The girls are left alone and spend their days and nights boarding and feeding all the pioneers passing through. They charge 25 cents for dinner and boarding, starting a savings account toward sending Mary to the School for the Blind in Vinton, Iowa.[31]
Pa successfully files his claim, with the aid of old friend Mr. Edwards. As the spring flowers bloom and the prairie comes alive with new settlers, the Ingalls family moves to their new piece of land and begins building what will become their permanent home.[31]
The Long Winter[edit]
Main article: The Long Winter (novel)
The Long Winter, published in 1940 and sixth in the series, covers the shortest timespan of the novels, only an eight-month period. The winter of 1880–1881 was a notably severe winter in history, sometimes known as "The Snow Winter".[32][33][34]
The story begins in Dakota Territory at the Ingalls homestead in South Dakota on a hot September day in 1880 as Laura and her father ("Pa") are haying. Pa tells Laura that he knows the winter is going to be hard because muskrats always build a house with thick walls before a hard winter, and this year, they have built the thickest walls he has ever seen. In mid-October, the Ingalls wake with an unusually early blizzard howling around their poorly insulated claim shanty. Soon afterward, Pa receives another warning from an unexpected source: a dignified old Native American man comes to the general store in town to warn the white settlers that there will be seven months of blizzards. Impressed, Pa decides to move the family into town for the winter.[35]
Laura attends school with her younger sister, Carrie until the weather becomes too severe to permit them to walk to and from the school building. Blizzard after blizzard sweeps through the town over the next few months. Food and fuel become scarce and expensive, as the town depends on the trains to bring supplies but the frequent blizzards prevent the trains from getting through. Eventually, the railroad company suspends all efforts to dig out the train, stranding the town. For weeks, the Ingalls subsist on potatoes and coarse brown bread, using twisted hay for fuel. As even this meager food runs out, Laura's future husband Almanzo Wilder and his friend Cap Garland risk their lives to bring wheat to the starving townspeople – enough to last the rest of the winter.[35]
Laura's age in this book is also accurate. (In 1880, she would have been 13, as she states in the first chapter.) However, Almanzo Wilder's age is misrepresented in this book. Much is made of the fact that he is 19 pretending to be 21 in order to illegally obtain a homestead claim from the US government. But in 1880, his true age would have been 23. Scholar Ann Romines has suggested that Laura made Almanzo younger because it was felt that more modern audiences would be scandalized by the great difference in their ages in light of their young marriage.[36]
As predicted, the blizzards continue for seven months. Finally, the trains begin running again, bringing the Ingalls a Christmas barrel full of good things – including a turkey. In the last chapter, they sit down to enjoy their Christmas dinner in May.[35]
Little Town on the Prairie[edit]
Main article: Little Town on the Prairie
Little Town on the Prairie, published in 1941 and seventh in the series.
The story begins as Laura accepts her first job performing sewing work in order to earn money for Mary to go to a college for the blind in Iowa. Laura's hard work comes to an end by summer when she is let go, and the family begins planning to raise cash crops to pay for Mary's college. After the crops are destroyed by blackbirds, Pa sells a calf to earn the balance of the money needed. When Ma and Pa escort Mary to the college, Laura, Carrie, and Grace are left alone for a week. In order to stave off the loneliness stemming from Mary's departure, Laura, Carrie, and Grace do the fall cleaning. They have several problems, but the house is sparkling when they are done. Ma and Pa come home, and are truly surprised.[37]
In the fall, the Ingalls quickly prepare for a move to town for the winter. Laura and Carrie attend school in town and Laura is reunited with her friends Minnie Johnson and Mary Power and meets a new girl, Ida Brown. There is a new schoolteacher for the winter term: Eliza Jane Wilder, Almanzo’s sister. Nellie Oleson, Laura's nemesis from Plum Creek, has moved to De Smet and is attending the school. Nellie turns the teacher against Laura and Miss Wilder loses control of the school for a time. A visit by the school board restores order; however, Miss Wilder leaves at the end of the fall term, and is eventually replaced by Mr. Clewett and then Mr. Owen, the latter of whom befriends Laura. Through the course of the winter, Laura sets herself to studying, as she only has one year left before she can apply for a teaching certificate.[37]
At the same time, Almanzo Wilder begins escorting Laura home from church. By Christmastime, Almanzo once again sees Laura home, and offers to take her on a sleigh ride after he completes the cutter he is building.[37]
At home, Laura is met by Mr. Boast and Mr. Brewster, who ask Laura if she would be interested in a teaching position at a settlement led by Brewster twelve miles (19 km) from town. The school superintendent, George Williams, comes and tests Laura (though she is two months too young, he never asks her age), and she is awarded a third-grade teaching certificate.[37]
These Happy Golden Years[edit]
Main article: These Happy Golden Years
These Happy Golden Years, published in 1943 and eighth in the series, originally ended with a note alone on the last page: "The end of the Little house books."[38] It takes place between 1882 and 1885. As the story begins, Pa is taking Laura 12 miles (19 km) from home to her first teaching assignment at Brewster settlement. Laura, only 15 and a schoolgirl herself, is apprehensive as this is both the first time she has left home and the first school she has taught. She is determined to complete her assignment and earn $40 to help her sister Mary, who is attending Vinton College for the Blind in Iowa.[39]
This first school proves difficult for her. Laura must board with the Brewsters in their two-room claim shanty, sleeping on their sofa. The Brewsters are an unhappy family and Laura is deeply uncomfortable observing the way husband and wife quarrel. In one particularly unsettling incident, she wakes in the night to see Mrs Brewster standing over her husband with a knife. It is a bitterly cold winter, and neither the claim shanty or the school house can be heated adequately. The children she is teaching, some of whom are older than she is herself, test her skills as a teacher. Laura grows more self-assured through the term, and successfully completes the two-month term.[39]
To Laura's surprise and delight, homesteader Almanzo Wilder (with whom she became acquainted in Little Town on the Prairie) appears at the end of her first week of school in his new two-horse cutter to bring her home for the weekend. Already fond of Laura and wanting to ease her homesickness, Almanzo takes it upon himself to bring her home and back to school each weekend.[39]
The relationship continues after the school term ends. Sleigh rides give way to buggy rides in the spring, and Laura impresses Almanzo with her willingness to help break his new and often temperamental horses. Laura's old nemesis, Nellie Oleson, makes a brief appearance during two Sunday buggy rides with Almanzo. Nellie's chatter and flirtatious behavior towards Almanzo annoys Laura. Shortly thereafter, Nellie moves back to New York after her family loses their homestead.[39]
Laura's Uncle Tom (Ma's brother) visits the family and tells of his failed venture with a covered wagon brigade seeking gold in the Black Hills. Laura helps out seamstress Mrs. McKee by staying with her and her daughter on their prairie claim for two months to "hold it down" as required by law. The family enjoys summer visits from Mary.[39]
The family finances have improved to the point that Pa can sell a cow to purchase a sewing machine for Ma. Laura continues to teach and work as a seamstress.[39]
Almanzo invites Laura to attend summer "singing school" with him and her classmates. On the last evening of singing school while driving Laura home, Almanzo – who has by now been courting Laura for three years – proposes to Laura. During their next ride, Almanzo presents Laura with a garnet-and-pearl ring and they share their first kiss.[39]
Several months later, after Almanzo has finished building a house on his tree claim, he asks Laura if she would mind getting married within a few days as his sister and mother have their hearts set on a large church wedding, which Pa cannot afford. Laura agrees, and she and Almanzo are married in a simple ceremony by the Reverend Brown. After a wedding dinner with her family, Laura drives away with Almanzo and the newlyweds settle contentedly into their new home.[39]
The First Four Years[edit]
Main article: The First Four Years (novel)
The First Four Years, published in 1971, is commonly considered the ninth and last book in the original Little House series. It covers the earliest years of Laura and Almanzo's marriage.[40]
The First Four Years derives its title from a promise Laura made to Almanzo when they became engaged. Laura did not want to be a farm wife, but she consented to try farming for three years. At the end of that time, Laura and Almanzo mutually agreed to continue for one more year, a "year of grace", in Laura's words. The book ends at the close of that fourth year, on a rather optimistic note. In reality, the continually hot, dry Dakota summers, and several other tragic events described in the book eventually drove them from their land, but they later founded a very successful fruit and dairy farm in Missouri, where they lived comfortably until their respective deaths.[40]
Related books[edit]
On the Way Home (1962)
West from Home (1974)
The Road Back (2006)
Television adaptations[edit]
Jackanory (1966, 1968)[edit]
Jackanory is a British television series intended to encourage children to read; it ran from 1965 to 1996, and was revived in 2006. From October 24 through October 28, 1966, five short episodes aired that were based on Little House in the Big Woods, with Red Shively as the storyteller. From October 21 through October 25, 1968, five more were released, this time based on Farmer Boy, with Richard Monette as the storyteller.
Little House on the Prairie (TV series, 1974–1983)[edit]
Main article: Little House on the Prairie (TV series)
The television series Little House on the Prairie aired on the NBC network from 1974 to 1983. The show was a loose adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilder's Little House on the Prairie semi-autobiographical novel series, although the namesake book was represented in the premiere only; the ensuing television episodes primarily followed characters and locations from the follow-up book, On the Banks of Plum Creek (1937), although the continuity of the television series greatly departed from this book as well. Some storylines were borrowed from Wilder's later books but were portrayed as having taken place in the Plum Creek setting. Michael Landon starred as Charles Ingalls, Karen Grassle played Caroline Ingalls, Melissa Gilbert played Laura Ingalls, Melissa Sue Anderson played Mary Ingalls, and the twins Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush (credited as Lindsay Sidney Greenbush) played Carrie Ingalls. Victor French portrayed long-time friend Mr. Edwards. Dean Butler portrayed Laura's husband, Almanzo Wilder. Some characters were added in the show, such as Albert, played by Matthew Laborteaux, an orphan whom the family adopted.[3]
Although it deviated from the original books in many respects, the television series, which was set in Walnut Grove, Minnesota, was one of a few long-running successful dramatic family shows.[citation needed] It remained a top-rated series, and garnered 17 Emmy® and three Golden Globe® nominations, along with two People’s Choice® Awards.[41]
Laura, the Prairie Girl (animated series, 1975)[edit]
Main article: Laura, the Prairie Girl
A Japanese cartoon series of 26 episodes (about 24 minutes each), originally entitled Sōgen no shōjo Laura.
Beyond the Prairie (2000, 2001)[edit]
Main article: Beyond the Prairie: The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder
Two made for television movies by Marcus Cole, with Meredith Monroe as Laura. Part 1 tells the story of teenage Laura in DeSmet, while the second part is about Laura and Almanzo's (Walton Goggins) marriage and their life in Mansfield, Missouri. It also focuses a lot on the character of Wilder's young daughter; Rose (Skye McCole Bartusiak).[42]
Little House on the Prairie (2005 miniseries)[edit]
Main article: Little House on the Prairie (TV miniseries)
The 2005 ABC five-hour (six-episode) miniseries Little House on the Prairie attempted to follow closely the books Little House in the Big Woods and Little House on the Prairie. It starred Cameron Bancroft as Charles Ingalls; Erin Cottrell as Caroline Ingalls; Kyle Chavarria as Laura Ingalls; Danielle Chuchran as Mary Ingalls; and Gregory Sporleder as Mr Edwards. It was directed by David L. Cunningham. In 2006 the mini-series was released on DVD and the 2-disc set runs approximately 255 minutes long.[43]
Stage adaptation[edit]
Main article: Little House on the Prairie (musical)
A musical version of the Little House books premiered at the Guthrie Theater, Minnesota on July 26, 2008. The musical has music by Rachel Portman and lyrics by Donna DiNovelli and is directed by Francesca Zambello with choreography by Michele Lynch. The cast includes Melissa Gilbert as "Ma". The musical began a US national tour in October 2009.[44][45]
Documentary[edit]
Main article: Little House on the Prairie: The Legacy of Laura Ingalls Wilder
Little House on the Prairie: The Legacy of Laura Ingalls Wilder is a one-hour documentary film that looks at the life of Wilder. Wilder's story as a writer, wife, and mother is explored through interviews with scholars and historians, archival photography, paintings by frontier artists, and dramatic reenactments.[46]
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
Novels portal
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fraser, Caroline (2017). Prairie Fires. New York: Metropolitan Book. p. 2. ISBN 9781627792769.
Jump up ^ Anderson, William (1992). Laura Ingalls Wilder: A Biography. New York: Harper Trophy. p. 13. ISBN 0-06-020113-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Little House on the Prairie, Melissa Gilbert, Michael Landon, Karen Grassle, retrieved 2018-04-11
Jump up ^ Fraser, Caroline (2017). Prairie Fires. New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Russo, Maria (2017-02-07). "Finding America, Both Red and Blue, in the 'Little House' Books". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Limerick, Patricia Nelson (2017-11-20). "'Little House on the Prairie' and the Truth About the American West". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
Jump up ^ Larson, Sarah (2016-06-03). "Garth Williams, Illustrator of American Childhood". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
Jump up ^ Wilder, Laura Ingalls. The Little House Books. U.S.A. : Harper & Row Publishers Inc., 1971.
Jump up ^ "The 100 Best Young-Adult Books of All Time". TIME.com. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
Jump up ^ Bird, Elizabeth (July 7, 2012). "Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results". A Fuse #8 Production. Blog. School Library Journal (blog.schoollibraryjournal.com). Retrieved 2015-10-31.
Jump up ^ admin (1999-11-30). "Newbery Medal and Honor Books, 1922-Present". Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC). Retrieved 2018-04-11.
Jump up ^ Cannon, Brian Q. (2013). "Homesteading Remembered: A Sesquicentennial Perspective". Agricultural History. 87 (1): 1–29. doi:10.3098/ah.2013.87.1.1.
Jump up ^ Eschner, Kat. "The Little House on the Prairie Was Built on Native American Land". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Smulders, Sharon (January 1, 2002). ""The Only Good Indian": History, Race, and Representation in Laura Ingalls Wilder's Little House on the Prairie". Children's Literature Review Quarterly. 27 no. 4: 191–202 – via Project Muse.
^ Jump up to: a b Fraser, Caroline (2018-03-13). "Perspective | Yes, 'Little House on the Prairie' is racially insensitive — but we should still read it". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
Jump up ^ admin (1999-11-30). "Welcome to the (Laura Ingalls) Wilder Award home page!". Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC). Retrieved 2018-04-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Tharp, Julie; Kleiman, Jeff (2000). ""Little House on the Prairie" and the Myth of Self-Reliance". Transformations: The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy. 11 (1): 55–64.
Jump up ^ Becker, Lawrence C. (1976). "The Labor Theory of Property Acquisition". The Journal of Philosophy. 73 (18): 653–664. doi:10.2307/2025823.
Jump up ^ "Martha and Charlotte - Melissa Wiley". Melissa Wiley. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
Jump up ^ "Little House: The Caroline Years Series by Maria D. Wilkes". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
Jump up ^ "Little House: The Rose Years Series by Roger Lea MacBride". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
Jump up ^ Wilder, Laura Ingalls (1974). West from Home. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-440081-6.
Jump up ^ Wilder, Laura Ingalls (1962). On the Way Home. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-440080-8.
Jump up ^ Gormley, Laura Ingalls Wilder: Young Pioneer, p. 36.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Laura Ingalls Wilder: The Iowa Story, pp. 1–2.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilder, Laura Ingalls (1932). Little House in the Big Woods. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 06-440003-4 Check |isbn= value: length (help).
Jump up ^ Wilder, Laura Ingalls (1933). Farmer Boy. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 06-440002-6 Check |isbn= value: length (help).
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wilder, Laura Ingalls (1935). Little House on the Prairie. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 06-440004-2 Check |isbn= value: length (help).
Jump up ^ "The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum". archives.gov.
Jump up ^ Wilder, Laura Ingalls (1937). On the Banks of Plum Creek. New York: Harper & Row.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Wilder, Laura Ingalls (1939). On the Shores of Silver Lake. New York: Harper & Row.
Jump up ^ Laskin, David. The Children's Blizzard. New York: HarperCollins, 2004. Pp. 56–57.
Jump up ^ Potter, Constance. "Genealogy Notes: De Smet, Dakota Territory, Little Town in the National Archives, Part 2". Prologue, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003).
Jump up ^ Robinson, Doane. History of South Dakota (1904). Volume I, Chapter III, pp. 306–09.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wilder, Laura Ingalls (1940). The Long Winter. New York: Harper & Row.
Jump up ^ Kuznets, Lois R. (Spring 2000). "Wild and Wilder: Gendered Spaces in Narratives for Children and Adults". Michigan Quarterly Review. XXXIX (2). ISSN 1558-7266.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wilder, Laura Ingalls (1941). Little Town on the Prairie. New York: harper & Row.
Jump up ^ "These happy golden years" (first edition). Library of Congress Online Catalog (catalog.loc.gov). Retrieved 2015-09-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Wilder, Laura Ingalls (1943). These Happy Golden Years. New York: Harper & Row.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilder, Laura Ingalls (1971). The First Four Years. New York: Harper & Row.
Jump up ^ "Little House on the Prairie". littlehouseontheprairie.com.
Jump up ^ Cole, Marcus (2000-01-02), Beyond the Prairie: The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder, Rob Halverson, Terra Allen, Alandra Bingham, retrieved 2018-04-11
Jump up ^ "The Television Mini-Series". littlehouseontheprairie.com.
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. "New Musical Little House on the Prairie Makes World Premiere July 26 at the Guthrie" Archived 2008-07-29 at the Wayback Machine., playbill.com, July 26, 2008
Jump up ^ Rothstein, Mervyn."Prairie Tales" Archived 2008-07-29 at the Wayback Machine., playbill.com, July 26, 2008
Jump up ^ "The Legacy of Laura Ingalls Wilder - a Documentary DVD". littlehouseontheprairie.com. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
Further reading[edit]
Fraser, Caroline (2017). "Prairie Fires." New York: Metropolitan Books. IBSN 9781627792769.
Fraser, Caroline. “Yes, ‘Little House on the Prairie’ is Racially Insensitive- But we Should Still Read it.” The Washington Post (Washington D.C.) March 13th, 2018.
Kilgore, John. "Little House in the Culture Wars". Eastern Illinois University. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
Limerick, Patricia Nelson. “‘Little House on the Prairie’ and the Truth About the American West.” The New York Times (New York, NY). November 20th, 2017.
Miller, John E. (May 1998). Becoming Laura Ingalls Wilder: The Woman Behind the Legend. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-8262-1167-4.
Russo, Maria. “Finding America, Both Red and Blue in the ‘Little House’ Books.” The New York Times (New York, NY). February 7th, 2017.
Smulders, Sharon. “‘The Only Good Indian’: History, Race, and Representation in Laura Ingalls Wilder’s Little House on the Prairie” Children’s Literature Association Quarterly Vol. 27, No. 4, 2003.
Tharp, Julie and Kleiman, Jeff. “Little House on the Prairie and the Myth of Self Reliance.” Transformations: The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy Vol. 11, No. 1, 10TH ANNIVERSARY ISSUE (Spring 2000), pp. 55-64.
Zochert, Donald (1977-05-01). Laura: The Life of Laura Ingalls Wilder. Avon. ISBN 0-380-01636-2.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Little House on the Prairie
Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article: Laura Ingalls Wilder (in the public domain in Canada), including the complete text of the first eight Little House books
Official website at Friendly Family Productions, LLC
Little House on the Prairie historic site, near Independence, Kansas
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Crocodile (Black Mirror)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Crocodile"
Black Mirror episode
Promotional poster
Episode no.
Series 4
Episode 3
Directed by
John Hillcoat
Written by
Charlie Brooker
Featured music
Original Score by
Atticus Ross
Leopold Ross
Claudia Sarne
Original air date
29 December 2017 (2017-12-29)
Running time
59 minutes
Guest appearance(s)
Andrea Riseborough as Mia Nolan
Andrew Gower as Rob
Kiran Sonia Sawar as Shazia Akhand
Anthony Welsh as Anan Akhand
Claire Rushbrook as Police Detective
Joshua James as Gordy
Adelle Leonce as Noni Harper-Brown
Brian Pettifer as William Grange
Jamie Michie as Simon Nicholls
Armin Karima as Farshad
Stefán Örn Eggertsson as Finn Nicholls
James Eeles as DC Lydon
Ólafía Hrönn Jónsdóttir as Felicity Carmichael
Dilja Imana as Ali Akhand
Sigurður Sigurjónsson as Room Service Man
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Arkangel" Next →
"Hang the DJ"
List of Black Mirror episodes
"Crocodile" is the third episode of the fourth series of anthology series Black Mirror. It was written by Charlie Brooker and directed by John Hillcoat. The episode first aired on Netflix, along with the rest of series four, on 29 December 2017.
Filmed in Iceland, the episode centres on Mia (Andrea Riseborough) who is distressed about having helped her friend Rob (Andrew Gower) cover up a hit-and-run death. Fifteen years later, Rob wants to confess their crime, leading Mia to kill him and dispose of his body. Shortly after, Mia witnesses a road accident between a pedestrian and self-driving vehicle. Shazia (Kiran Sonia Sawar) meanwhile is hired to investigate the accident, and uses a Recaller device that allows her to see the recent memories of those she interviews.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Analysis
3 Production
3.1 Marketing
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Mia Nolan (Andrea Riseborough) and Rob (Andrew Gower) go to a club together. While driving home, a drunken Rob hits and kills a cyclist on a mountain road. He convinces Mia to help him cover up the death by throwing the cyclist's body and bicycle into a lake.
Fifteen years later, Mia is happily married with a son and successful career. When she goes on a business trip, Rob meets her at her hotel. He shows her a news article about the dead cyclist, whose wife believes he is alive and is still looking for him. A newly sober Rob wants to make amends by writing an anonymous letter telling the truth, but Mia is afraid the letter will be traced. An argument ensues and she kills Rob. She is further shaken upon seeing a road accident outside, where a self-driving pizza delivery truck hits a pedestrian. Mia rents a pay per view porn movie to provide herself with an alibi, then disposes of Rob's body.
The man who was hit by the truck contacts his insurance company and is visited by Shazia (Kiran Sonia Sawar), an insurance investigator. She uses a device known as a Recaller to scan a claimant's and witnesses' memories to verify the claims, despite memory being acknowledged as unreliable. Shazia follows a chain of witnesses near the accident without determining liability as none had witnessed it directly, but one witness's memories show Mia looking out of her hotel room window at the time of the accident. Shazia is hopeful that Mia's testimony will allow her to prove the case—which would also allow the insurance company to pursue a lucrative negligence suit against the owners of the pizza truck. Before Shazia sets off to test Mia, she tells her husband that she hopes Mia will submit to the test.
Mia admits to witnessing the accident, and initially refuses to let Shazia in her house, but eventually relents after Sharzia tells her of a legal requirement to submit to the test. Shazia mistakes Mia's reluctance as being due to embarrassment over watching a porn movie, and assures her that she is not interested in her personal activities. Mia tries to prepare her mind to focus away from Rob's murder before Shazia uses the Recaller on her, but she cannot stop memories of the road collision and the homicide surfacing during the scan. Recognizing what she has seen, Shazia tries to leave, but Mia incapacitates her and ties her up. Shazia promises that she will delete the Recaller data and will not tell anyone what happened if Mia lets her go, but Mia believes she will be incriminated. Mia scans Shazia's memories with the Recaller to learn that her husband Anan knew Shazia was going to see Mia that day. Mia kills Shazia and drives to her home to kill Anan. Upon realising that Shazia's baby son is also in the house and has seen her face, Mia reluctantly kills him too.
Police investigating the murders reveal that Shazia's son was blind and would have been unable to identify the killer; they instead use the Recaller on the family guinea pig to dredge its memories for evidence. Meanwhile, Mia cries in the audience as she watches her son's school production of Bugsy Malone; the audience begins to clap. The police are seen waiting at the back of the auditorium. As the camera continues lingering on Mia, in tears, the screen abruptly cuts to black.
Analysis[edit]
Some critics have suggested that the title is a reference to the metaphor "crocodile tears", a phrase that could be referring to Mia's insincere expressions of sorrow while committing a series of violent crimes.[1][2] Jason Koebler of Vice notes that Mia does not read the End-User License Agreement (EULA) for the Recaller. Koebler suggests that Mia reading the EULA would have allowed her to avoid using the Recaller, and thus prevent her later murders from being necessary.[3]
Production[edit]
Some scenes in this episode were filmed within the Harpa concert hall in Reykjavík, Iceland.
Whilst series one and two of Black Mirror were shown on Channel 4 in the UK, in September 2015 Netflix commissioned the series for 12 episodes,[4] and in March 2016 it outbid Channel 4 for the rights to distributing the third series, with a bid of $40 million.[5] The 12 episode order was divided into two series of six episodes each.
The episode was inspired by the series one episode, "The Entire History of You", which featured a personal implant that one could use privately to review their memories. For "Crocodile", they considered what the situation would be like if these memories were not private, developing a "cat-and-mouse type drama" that would highlight the importance of memories, and to what lengths one with a secret would go to to hide those memories.[6]
The episode was initially conceived as having a male protagonist with Andrea Riseborough reading the script with another part in mind. However, after Riseborough liked the journey of the protagonist and asked if the part could be rewritten as a woman, the script was altered in order to accommodate Riseborough.[7] Both Brooker and executive producer Annabel Jones described the change as interesting, with Jones noting that "How often do you see a mother reduced to this level of desperation?" on television.[7][8]
The episode was shot in Iceland and includes scenes filmed in the Harpa concert hall.[7] Brooker had originally called out for filming in Scotland in his script, but Netflix suggested Iceland as a "more stunning backdrop", according to Brooker. During filming, Iceland had its largest snowfall in forty years, which required them to add one line of dialogue to comment on the change of weather to account for the sudden snow accumulation.[9]
Marketing[edit]
In May 2017, a Reddit post unofficially announced the names and directors of the six episodes in series 4 of Black Mirror.[10] The first trailer for the series was released by Netflix on 25 August 2017, and contained the six episode titles.[11][12]
Beginning on 24 November 2017, Netflix published a series of posters and trailers for the fourth series of the show, referred to as the "13 Days of Black Mirror".[13] On 6 December, Netflix published a trailer featuring an amalgamation of scenes from the fourth series, which announced that the series would be released on 29 December.[14]
Reception[edit]
The episode received mixed reviews. The cinematography of the Icelandic landscape was widely praised, along with Riseborough's and Sawar's performances.[15] Two critics criticised the violence and described it as unnecessarily bleak.[16][17]
At the 2018 Consumer Electronics Show in January 2018, Toyota announced its customisable self-driving delivery vehicle, the e-Palette, with one of their first partners being Pizza Hut to create a self-driving pizza delivery truck. Commentators pointed out the coincidence of this announcement shortly after the first broadcast of "Crocodile",[18] and the official Twitter account for Black Mirror commented on the announcement, "We know how this goes."[19]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Handlen, Zack (29 December 2017). "Nothing stays forgotten on Black Mirror". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Fletcher, Rosie (2 January 2018). "What does title of Black Mirror's ep 'Crocodile' mean?". Digital Spy. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Koebler, Jason (2 January 2018). "'Black Mirror' Made a Murder Thriller About Overbearing Licensing Agreements". Motherboard. Vice. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Birnbaum, Debra (25 September 2015). "'Black Mirror' Lands at Netflix". Variety. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Plunkett, John (29 March 2016). "Netflix deals Channel 4 knockout blow over Charlie Brooker's Black Mirror". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Turchiano, Danielle (29 December 2017). "'Black Mirror' Co-Creator Breaks Down Season 4: 'We Want to Be Surprising and Unpredictable'". Variety. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Strause, Jackie (27 December 2017). "'Black Mirror' Delivers a Timely Female-Led Season 4". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Ling, Thomas (7 December 2017). "Black Mirror season 4 episode guide: Charlie Brooker reveals new plot and episode details". Radio Times. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Hibbard, James (2 January 2018). "Black Mirror season 4, your burning questions answered". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (27 May 2017). "Black Mirror season 4 episode titles and directors revealed". The Independent. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Donnelly, Matt (25 August 2017). "'Black Mirror' Season 4: Teaser Trailer, Episode Titles, Directors and Stars Revealed (Video)". TheWrap. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Hooton, Christopher (25 August 2017). "Black Mirror season 4 Netflix trailer teases all six episodes and their titles". The Independent. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Strause, Jackie (27 November 2017). "'Black Mirror': All the Season 4 Details". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ White, Peter (6 December 2017). "Netflix Reveals 'Black Mirror' Season 4 Release Date in New Trailer". Decider. New York Post. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Chakrabarti, Suchandrika (30 December 2017). "Black Mirror's Crocodile shows jaws closing upon an unlikely criminal". mirror. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Sims, David. "'Black Mirror:' 'Crocodile' Is a Nihilistic Nordic Noir". The Atlantic. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Black Mirror Season 4 Episode 3 Review: Crocodile". Den of Geek. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Anderton, Joe (8 January 2018). "Pizza Hut is making Black Mirror's self-driving pizza van a reality". Digital Spy. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Margi (9 January 2018). "CES 2018: Driverless Pizza Hut delivery van draws Black Mirror comparisons". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
External links[edit]
"Crocodile" on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Black Mirror
Episodes
Series 1
"The National Anthem"
"Fifteen Million Merits"
"The Entire History of You"
Series 2
"Be Right Back"
"White Bear"
"The Waldo Moment"
Special
"White Christmas"
Series 3
"Nosedive"
"Playtest"
"Shut Up and Dance"
"San Junipero"
"Men Against Fire"
"Hated in the Nation"
Series 4
"USS Callister"
"Arkangel"
"Crocodile"
"Hang the DJ"
"Metalhead"
"Black Museum"
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