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I Fought the Law
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"I Fought the Law"
Song by The Crickets
from the album In Style With the Crickets
A-side
"A Sweet Love"
Released
December 4, 1960
Recorded
1958–59
Genre
Rock and roll
Length
2:12
Label
Coral
Songwriter(s)
Sonny Curtis
Producer(s)
Norman Petty
"I Fought the Law" is a song written by Sonny Curtis of the Crickets and popularized by a cover by the Bobby Fuller Four, which went on to become a top-ten hit for the band in 1966 and was also recorded by the Clash in 1979. The Bobby Fuller Four version of this song was ranked No. 175 on the Rolling Stone list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2004, and the same year was named one of the 500 "Songs that Shaped Rock" by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Bobby Fuller Four version
2.1 Chart positions
3 The Clash version
3.1 Personnel
3.2 Chart positions
4 Hank Williams Jr. version
4.1 Chart positions
5 Dead Kennedys version
6 Other versions
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The song was written in 1958 by Sonny Curtis, and recorded in 1959 when he joined the Crickets, taking the place of the late Buddy Holly on guitar. Joe B. Mauldin and Jerry Allison continued their positions on the standup bass and drums, respectively, while Earl Sinks filled the role for vocals. The song was on their 1960 LP, In Style with the Crickets, and the following year appeared as the b-side of their single, "A Sweet Love". The song never received any airplay. Milwaukee's Paul Stefen and the Royal Lancers covered the song in 1962; it provided them with a local hit, but it never made the national charts.[1] In 1964, Sammy Masters recorded his cover of the song. That same year, the song was recorded by Bobby Fuller and his band on his own Exeter label in El Paso, which solidified the band's popularity in the West Texas area with one of his biggest local hits.
Bobby Fuller Four version[edit]
"I Fought the Law"
Single label of the Bobby Fuller version of "I Fought the Law"
Single by The Bobby Fuller Four
from the album I Fought the Law
B-side
"Little Annie Lou"
Released
December 1965 (1965-12)
Format
Vinyl
Genre
Garage rock[2]
Length
2:14
Label
Mustang
Songwriter(s)
Sonny Curtis
Producer(s)
Bob Keane
The Bobby Fuller Four singles chronology
"Let Her Dance"
(1965) "I Fought the Law"
(1965) "Love's Made a Fool of You"
(1966)
"Let Her Dance"
(1965) "I Fought the Law"
(1965) "Love's Made a Fool of You"
(1966)
Audio sample
file
help
After enjoying regional success in Texas, Bobby Fuller and his band decided to switch to a major label—Del-Fi Records under Mustang Records—and they became known as the Bobby Fuller Four. While producing minor hits, the band broke the national top ten when they re-recorded "I Fought the Law" in 1965 with Bobby Fuller (vocals, guitar), Randy Fuller (backing vocals, bass guitar), Jim Reese (backing vocals, guitar), and DeWayne Quirico (drums).
Just six months after the song made its first appearance on the Billboard Top 100 chart, Fuller was found dead from asphyxiation in his mother's car in a parking lot near his Los Angeles, California apartment. The Los Angeles Police Department declared the death an apparent suicide, but others believed him to have been murdered.[3] Fuller was 23 years old.
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (1966)
Peak
position
Canadian RPM Top Singles[4] 11
US Billboard Hot 100[5] 9
The Clash version[edit]
"I Fought the Law"
Single by The Clash
from the album The Cost of Living
B-side
"(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais"
Released
July 26, 1979 (US)
Format
Vinyl
Genre
Punk rock
Length
2:38
Label
CBS 50738
Songwriter(s)
Sonny Curtis
The Clash singles chronology
"English Civil War"
(1979) "I Fought the Law"
(1979) "Groovy Times"
(1979)
"English Civil War"
(1979) "I Fought the Law"
(US, 1979) "Groovy Times"
(1979)
The Clash reissued singles chronology
"London Calling" re-release
(1988) String Module Error: Match not found1988 "I Fought the Law" re-release
(1988) String Module Error: Match not found1988 "Return to Brixton"
(1990) Return to Brixton1990
In mid-1978, the Clash were working on their second album, Give 'Em Enough Rope. Singer Joe Strummer and guitarist Mick Jones flew out to San Francisco to record overdubs in September–October at the Automatt studio. The owner of the Automatt kept his collection of classic jukeboxes distributed around the various rooms of the studio complex. Strummer and Jones listened to the Bobby Fuller version of "I Fought the Law" for the first time on one of the jukeboxes, and by the time they returned to England, they could perform the song.[6]
Their version first appeared on the EP The Cost of Living in May 1979 in the UK and then later in 1979 was made part of the American edition of the Clash's eponymous album. This cover version helped gain the Clash their first taste of airplay in the States and is one of the best-known cover versions of the song. The live recording of the song, performed at the Lyceum Theatre, West End, London, on December 28, 1978, features as the last piece of the 1980 film Rude Boy directed by Jack Hazan and David Mingay. The Clash were dressed all in black for that gig, and the song, at that stage, was considered the film's title song.[7][8][9][10] On July 26, 1979, "I Fought the Law" was the first single by the band to be released in the United States.
In 1988, CBS Records re-issued the single (catalog number) in CD, 12" and 7" vinyl formats, with "City of the Dead" (2:24) and "1977" (1:40) as its 7" B-side. The song is featured as a downloadable track in the music video game series Rock Band.[11]
In 1989 during Operation Just Cause, the US military surrounded the Apostolic Nunciature in Panama while trying to capture Manuel Noriega, the strongman of Panama. US forces blasted loud rock music—including "I Fought the Law" by the Clash—to put pressure on Noriega to give himself up.[12]
In 2012, the Clash's version of the song was featured in the video game Sleeping Dogs, as part of a karaoke mini-game.
The song appears during the end credits of the 2014 film RoboCop and the 2016 film War on Everyone.
Personnel[edit]
Joe Strummer – lead vocals, rhythm guitars
Mick Jones – backing vocals, lead guitars
Paul Simonon – backing vocals, bass guitar
Topper Headon – drums
Chart positions[edit]
Rel.
Year
Chart
Peak
position
1st 1979-06-101979 Irish Singles Chart[13] 24
2nd 1988-06-121988 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[14] 17
1988-03-261988 UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[15] 29
Hank Williams Jr. version[edit]
In 1978 country artist Hank Williams Jr. recorded a version of the song that would appear on his 1979 album Family Tradition. Released as the album's first single, it was a moderate hit and peaked at #15 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, giving Williams his first Top 15 single in four years.
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (1978)
Peak
position
Hot Country Singles & Tracks[16] 15
Dead Kennedys version[edit]
"I Fought the Law"
Song by Dead Kennedys
from the album Give Me Convenience or Give Me Death[17]
Released
June 1987
Format
Vinyl
Genre
Punk rock
Length
2:18[17]
Label
Alternative Tentacles
Songwriter(s)
Sonny Curtis / Jello Biafra / East Bay Ray
The punk band Dead Kennedys put together their own version of "I Fought The Law" shortly after San Francisco politician Dan White murdered city Supervisor Harvey Milk and Mayor George Moscone in 1978. Most of the lyrics were re-written so the song was from White's point of view; the chorus was changed to "I fought the law, and I won", with the final line in the final chorus changed to "I am the law, so I won." The song portrays White as someone who got away with first-degree premeditated murder and is unrepentant about it and specifically cites his use of the diminished responsibility defense. It also makes use of the reference "Twinkie defense", where lead singer Jello Biafra sings "Twinkies are the best friend I ever had".[18]
Other versions[edit]
"I Fought the Law"
Single by Green Day
Released
February 1, 2004
Format
Digital download
Genre
Punk rock
Length
2:49
Label
Reprise
Songwriter(s)
Sonny Curtis
Green Day singles chronology
"Waiting"
(2001) "I Fought the Law"
(2004) "American Idiot"
(2004)
"Waiting"
(2001) "I Fought the Law"
(2004) "American Idiot"
(2004)
Sam Neely's version of the song went to No. 54 on the Billboard pop charts and no. 61 on the country charts in 1975. Hank Williams Jr. had a No. 15 country hit with the song in 1978 and another country version by the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band went to No. 66 in 1992.[19]
Dave Courtney recorded a version for the Scottish pop-punks Mute. Mute's frontman Jay Burnett wrote new lyrics based on Courtney's court case. Like the Dead Kennedys' version, the chorus is changed to "I fought the law and I won".
In 1999, Mike Ness of Social Distortion covered the tune on his second solo album, Under the Influences, which peaked at No. 174 on the Billboard 200 (November 27, 1999).
Green Day's version of the song was used in 2004 for a Pepsi/iTunes commercial that premiered during Super Bowl XXXVIII.[20] The single became a live favorite for the band throughout 2005, including television performances.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel. Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles: 1955-2010. Record Research, 2011.
Jump up ^ Stiernberg, Bonnie. "The 50 Best Garage Rock Songs of All Time". Paste. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Richie. "AllMusic Biography: Bobby Fuller Four". allmusic.com. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
Jump up ^ "I fought the law in Canadian Top Singles Chart". Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bobby Fuller awards on Allmusic". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Salewicz, Chris (2006). Redemption Song: The Ballad of Joe Strummer. Macmillan. pp. 222–223. ISBN 0-571-21178-X.
Jump up ^ Hazan, Jack; David Mingay, Ray Gange, Joe Strummer, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, Nicky Headon, Buzzy Enterprises, Epic Music Video (2006). Rude Boy (Documentary, Rockumentary). New York, NY, United States: Epic Music Video. ISBN 0-7389-0082-6. OCLC 70850190. 2nd edition digitally restored and remastered sound.
Jump up ^ Green, Johnny; Barker, Garry (2003) [1997]. A Riot of Our Own: Night and Day with The Clash (3rd ed.). London: Orion. pp. 149–150. ISBN 0-7528-5843-2. OCLC 52990890.
Jump up ^ Salewicz, Chris (2007-05-15) [2006]. Redemption Song: The Ballad of Joe Strummer (1st American ed.). New York: Faber and Faber. p. 246. ISBN 0-571-21178-X. OCLC 76794852.
Jump up ^ Whistance, Don J. "Rude Boy". theclash.org.uk. Retrieved 2008-01-22. 10 I Fought the Law: The Lyceum, West End, London on the 28 December 1978 was where the last piece of filming took place which included Sonny Curtis's song: 'I Fought the Law'.
The Clash dressed all in black for the gig and played 'I Fought The Law ', which at that stage was being considered as the film's title song.
Jump up ^ Kuchera, Ben (2007-12-11). "New punk songs come to Rock Band". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2008-01-03. 'I Fought the Law' - The Clash
Jump up ^ Tran, Mark (2010-04-27). "Manuel Noriega - from US friend to foe". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Chartd". IRMA. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Enter "I FOUGHT THE LAW" in Search by Song Title and click search.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – The Clash – I Fought The Law". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine (1949-05-26). "Hank Williams Jr. – Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
^ Jump up to: a b Raggett, Ned. "Give Me Convenience or Give Me Death review on Allmusic". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Welcome To The Official Website For Dead Kennedys". Deadkennedys.com. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
Jump up ^ "The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band - Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
Jump up ^ "Pepsi iTunes – "I Fought The Law"". aaplinvestors.net. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
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Psychosexual development
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Part of a series of articles on
Psychoanalysis
Concepts[hide]
Psychosexual development
Psychosocial development (Erikson)
Unconscious
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Id, ego and super-ego
Libido
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Important figures[show]
Karl Abraham
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Michael Balint
Wilfred Bion
Josef Breuer
Nancy Chodorow
Max Eitingon
Erik Erikson
Ronald Fairbairn
Paul Federn
Otto Fenichel
Sándor Ferenczi
Anna Freud
Sigmund Freud
Erich Fromm
Harry Guntrip
Karen Horney
Edith Jacobson
Ernest Jones
Carl Jung
Abram Kardiner
Heinz Kohut
Melanie Klein
Jacques Lacan
Ronald Laing
Margaret Mahler
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Sandor Rado
Otto Rank
Wilhelm Reich
Joan Riviere
Isidor Sadger
Ernst Simmel
Sabina Spielrein
Wilhelm Stekel
James Strachey
Harry Stack Sullivan
Susan Sutherland Isaacs
Donald Winnicott
Important works[show]
The Interpretation of Dreams (1899)
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901)
Three Essays on the Theory
of Sexuality (1905)
Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920)
The Ego and the Id (1923)
Schools of thought[show]
Self psychology
Lacanian
Jungian
Object relations
Interpersonal
Reichian
Relational
Ego psychology
Training[show]
Boston Graduate School of
Psychoanalysis
British Psychoanalytic Council
British Psychoanalytical Society
Columbia University Center for
Psychoanalytic Training and Research
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Psychology portal
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In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory, that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy) that develops in five stages. Each stage – the oral, the anal, the phallic, the latent, and the genital – is characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the libidinal drive. Sigmund Freud proposed that if the child experienced sexual frustration in relation to any psychosexual developmental stage, he or she would experience anxiety that would persist into adulthood as a neurosis, a functional mental disorder.[1][2]
Contents
1 Background
2 Freudian psychosexual development
2.1 Oral stage
2.2 Anal stage
2.3 Phallic stage
2.4 Latency stage
2.5 Genital stage
3 Criticisms
3.1 Scientific
3.2 Feminist
3.3 Anthropologic
4 Medical sexological model
5 See also
6 References
Background[edit]
The neurologist Sigmund Freud, c. 1921.
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) observed that during the predictable stages of early childhood development, the child's behavior is oriented towards certain parts of his or her body, e.g. the mouth during breast-feeding, the anus during toilet-training. He argued that adult neurosis (functional mental disorder) often is rooted in childhood sexuality, and consequently suggested that neurotic adult behaviors are manifestations of childhood sexual fantasy and desire. That is because human beings are born "polymorphous perverse", infants can derive sexual pleasure from any part of their bodies, and that socialization directs the instinctual libidinal drives into adult heterosexuality.[3] Given the predictable timeline of childhood behavior, he proposed "libido development" as a model of normal childhood sexual development, wherein the child progresses through five psychosexual stages – the oral; the anal; the phallic; the latent; and the genital – in which the source pleasure is in a different erogenous zone.
Freudian psychosexual development[edit]
Sexual infantilism: in pursuing and satisfying his or her libido (sexual drive), the child might experience failure (parental and societal disapproval) and thus might associate anxiety with the given erogenous zone. To avoid anxiety, the child becomes fixated, preoccupied with the psychologic themes related to the erogenous zone in question, which persist into adulthood, and underlie the personality and psychopathology of the man or woman, as neurosis, hysteria, personality disorders, et cetera.
Stage
Age Range
Erogenous zone
Consequences of psychologic fixation
Oral Birth–1 year Mouth Orally aggressive: chewing gum and the ends of pencils, etc.
Orally passive: smoking, eating, kissing, oral sexual practices[4]
Oral stage fixation might result in a passive, gullible, immature, manipulative personality.
Anal 1–3 years Bowel and bladder elimination Anal retentive: Obsessively organized, or excessively neat
Anal expulsive: reckless, careless, defiant, disorganized, coprophiliac
Phallic 3–6 years Genitalia Oedipus complex (in boys and girls); according to Sigmund Freud.
Electra complex (in girls); according to Carl Jung.
Latency 6–puberty Dormant sexual feelings Sexual unfulfillment if fixation occurs in this stage.
Genital Puberty–death Sexual interests mature Frigidity, impotence, unsatisfactory relationships
Oral stage[edit]
Main article: Oral stage
The first stage of psychosexual development is the oral stage, spanning from birth until the age of one year, wherein the infant's mouth is the focus of libidinal gratification derived from the pleasure of feeding at the mother's breast, and from the oral exploration of his or her environment, i.e. the tendency to place objects in the mouth. The id dominates, because neither the ego nor the super ego is yet fully developed, and, since the infant has no personality (identity), every action is based upon the pleasure principle. Nonetheless, the infantile ego is forming during the oral stage; two factors contribute to its formation: (i) in developing a body image, he or she is discrete from the external world, e.g. the child understands pain when it is applied to his or her body, thus identifying the physical boundaries between body and environment; (ii) experiencing delayed gratification leads to understanding that specific behaviors satisfy some needs, e.g. crying gratifies certain needs.[5]
Weaning is the key experience in the infant's oral stage of psychosexual development, his or her first feeling of loss consequent to losing the physical intimacy of feeding at mother's breast. Yet, weaning increases the infant's self-awareness that he or she does not control the environment, and thus learns of delayed gratification, which leads to the formation of the capacities for independence (awareness of the limits of the self) and trust (behaviors leading to gratification). Yet, thwarting of the oral-stage — too much or too little gratification of desire — might lead to an oral-stage fixation, characterised by passivity, gullibility, immaturity, unrealistic optimism, which is manifested in a manipulative personality consequent to ego malformation. In the case of too much gratification, the child does not learn that he or she does not control the environment, and that gratification is not always immediate, thereby forming an immature personality. In the case of too little gratification, the infant might become passive upon learning that gratification is not forthcoming, despite having produced the gratifying behavior.[5]
Anal stage[edit]
Main article: Anal stage
The second stage of psychosexual development is the anal stage, spanning from the age of eighteen months to three years, wherein the infant's erogenous zone changes from the mouth (the upper digestive tract) to the anus (the lower digestive tract), while the ego formation continues. Toilet training is the child's key anal-stage experience, occurring at about the age of two years, and results in conflict between the id (demanding immediate gratification) and the ego (demanding delayed gratification) in eliminating bodily wastes, and handling related activities (e.g. manipulating excrement, coping with parental demands). The style of parenting influences the resolution of the id–ego conflict, which can be either gradual and psychologically uneventful, or which can be sudden and psychologically traumatic.
The ideal resolution of the id–ego conflict is in the child's adjusting to moderate parental demands that teach the value and importance of physical cleanliness and environmental order, thus producing a self-controlled adult. Yet, if the parents make immoderate demands of the child, by over-emphasizing toilet training, it might lead to the development of a compulsive personality, a person too concerned with neatness and order. If the child obeys the id, and the parents yield, he or she might develop a self-indulgent personality characterized by personal slovenliness and environmental disorder. If the parents respond to that, the child must comply, but might develop a weak sense of self, because it was the parents' will, and not the child's ego, which controlled the toilet training.
Phallic stage[edit]
Main article: Phallic stage
The third stage of psychosexual development is the phallic stage, spanning the ages of three to six years, wherein the child's genitalia are his or her primary erogenous zone. It is in this third infantile development stage that children become aware of their bodies, the bodies of other children, and the bodies of their parents; they gratify physical curiosity by undressing and exploring each other and their genitals, and so learn the physical (sexual) differences between "male" and "female" and the gender differences between "boy" and "girl". In the phallic stage, a boy's decisive psychosexual experience is the Oedipus complex, his son–father competition for possession of mother. This psychological complex derives from the 5th-century BC Greek mythologic character Oedipus, who unwittingly killed his father, Laius, and sexually possessed his mother, Jocasta. Analogously, in the phallic stage, a girl's decisive psychosexual experience is the Electra complex, her daughter–mother competition for psychosexual possession of father. This psychological complex derives from the 5th-century BC Greek mythologic character Electra, who plotted matricidal revenge with Orestes, her brother, against Clytemnestra, their mother, and Aegisthus, their stepfather, for their murder of Agamemnon, their father, (cf. Electra, by Sophocles).[6][7][8]
Initially, Freud equally applied the Oedipus complex to the psychosexual development of boys and girls, but later developed the female aspects of the theory as the feminine Oedipus attitude and the negative Oedipus complex;[9] yet, it was his student–collaborator, Carl Jung, who coined the term Electra complex in 1913.[10][11] Nonetheless, Freud rejected Jung's term as psychoanalytically inaccurate: "that what we have said about the Oedipus complex applies with complete strictness to the male child only, and that we are right in rejecting the term 'Electra complex', which seeks to emphasize the analogy between the attitude of the two sexes".[12][13]
Oedipus complex: Oedipus explains the riddle of the Sphinx, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres. (ca. 1805)
Electra complex: Electra at the Tomb of Agamemnon, by Frederic Leighton, c.1869
Oedipus : Despite mother being the parent who primarily gratifies the child's desires, the child begins forming a discrete sexual identity — "boy", "girl" — that alters the dynamics of the parent and child relationship; the parents become the focus of infantile libidinal energy. The boy focuses his libido (sexual desire) upon his mother, and focuses jealousy and emotional rivalry against his father — because it is he who sleeps with mother. To facilitate uniting him with his mother, the boy's id wants to kill father (as did Oedipus), but the ego, pragmatically based upon the reality principle, knows that the father is the stronger of the two males competing to possess the one female. Nevertheless, the boy remains ambivalent about his father's place in the family, which is manifested as fear of castration by the physically greater father; the fear is an irrational, subconscious manifestation of the infantile Id.[14]
Electra : Whereas boys develop castration anxiety, girls develop penis envy that is rooted in anatomic fact: without a penis, she cannot sexually possess mother, as the infantile id demands. As a result, the girl redirects her desire for sexual union upon father; thus, she progresses towards heterosexual femininity that culminates in bearing a child who replaces the absent penis. Moreover, after the phallic stage, the girl's psychosexual development includes transferring her primary erogenous zone from the infantile clitoris to the adult vagina. Freud thus considered a girl's Oedipal conflict to be more emotionally intense than that of a boy, potentially resulting in a submissive woman of insecure personality.[15]
Psychologic defense : In both sexes, defense mechanisms provide transitory resolutions of the conflict between the drives of the Id and the drives of the Ego. The first defense mechanism is repression, the blocking of memories, emotional impulses, and ideas from the conscious mind; yet it does not resolve the Id–Ego conflict. The second defense mechanism is Identification, by which the child incorporates, to his or her ego, the personality characteristics of the same-sex parent; in so adapting, the boy diminishes his castration anxiety, because his likeness to father protects him from father's wrath as a rival for mother; by so adapting, the girl facilitates identifying with mother, who understands that, in being females, neither of them possesses a penis, and thus they are not antagonists.[16]
Dénouement : Unresolved psychosexual competition for the opposite-sex parent might produce a phallic-stage fixation leading a girl to become a woman who continually strives to dominate men (viz. penis envy), either as an unusually seductive woman (high self-esteem) or as an unusually submissive woman (low self-esteem). In a boy, a phallic-stage fixation might lead him to become an aggressive, over-ambitious, vain man. Therefore, the satisfactory parental handling and resolution of the Oedipus complex and of the Electra complex are most important in developing the infantile super-ego, because, by identifying with a parent, the child internalizes morality, thereby, choosing to comply with societal rules, rather than having to reflexively comply in fear of punishment.
Latency stage[edit]
Main article: Latency stage
The fourth stage of psychosexual development is the latency stage that spans from the age of six years until puberty, wherein the child consolidates the character habits he or she developed in the three, earlier stages of psychologic and sexual development. Whether or not the child has successfully resolved the Oedipal conflict, the instinctual drives of the id are inaccessible to the Ego, because his or her defense mechanisms repressed them during the phallic stage. Hence, because said drives are latent (hidden) and gratification is delayed — unlike during the preceding oral, anal, and phallic stages — the child must derive the pleasure of gratification from secondary process-thinking that directs the libidinal drives towards external activities, such as schooling, friendships, hobbies, etc. Any neuroses established during the fourth, latent stage, of psychosexual development might derive from the inadequate resolution either of the Oedipus conflict or of the Ego's failure to direct his or her energies towards socially acceptable activities.
Genital stage[edit]
Main article: Genital stage
The fifth stage of psychosexual development is the genital stage that spans puberty through adult life, and thus represents most of a person's life; its purpose is the psychological detachment and independence from the parents. The genital stage affords the person the ability to confront and resolve his or her remaining psychosexual childhood conflicts. As in the phallic stage, the genital stage is centered upon the genitalia, but the sexuality is consensual and adult, rather than solitary and infantile. The psychological difference between the phallic and genital stages is that the ego is established in the latter; the person's concern shifts from primary-drive gratification (instinct) to applying secondary process-thinking to gratify desire symbolically and intellectually by means of friendships, a love relationship, family and adult responsibilities.
Criticisms[edit]
Scientific[edit]
A usual criticism of the scientific (experimental) validity of the Freudian psychology theory of human psychosexual development is that Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was personally fixated upon human sexuality; therefore, he favored defining human development with a normative theory of psychologic and sexual development.[17] Hence, the phallic stage proved controversial, for being based upon clinical observations of the Oedipus complex.
In Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-year-old Boy (1909), the case study of the boy "Little Hans" (Herbert Graf, 1903–73) who was afflicted with equinophobia, the relation between Hans's fears - of horses and of father - derived from external factors such as the birth of his sister, and internal factors like the desire of the infantile id to replace father as companion to mother, as well as guilt for enjoying the masturbation normal to a boy of his age. Moreover, his admitting to wanting to procreate with mother was considered proof of the boy's sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent; he was a heterosexual male. Yet, the boy Hans was unable to relate fearing horses to fearing his father. The psychoanalyst Freud noted that "Hans had to be told many things that he could not say himself" and that "he had to be presented with thoughts, which he had, so far, shown no signs of possessing".[17]
Many Freud critics believe the memories and fantasies of childhood seduction Freud reported, were not real memories, but were constructs that Freud created and forced upon his patients.[18] According to Frederick Crews, the seduction theory that Freud abandoned in the late 1890s acted as a precedent to the wave of false allegations of childhood sexual abuse in the 1980s and 1990s.[18]
Feminist[edit]
Contemporaneously, Sigmund Freud's psychosexual development theory is criticized as sexist, because it was informed with his introspection (self-analysis). To integrate the female libido (sexual desire) to psychosexual development, he proposed that girls develop "penis envy". In response, the German Neo-Freudian psychoanalyst Karen Horney, counter-proposed that girls instead develop "Power envy", rather than penis envy. She further proposed the concept of "womb and vagina envy", the male's envy of the female ability to bear children; yet, contemporary formulations further develop said envy from the biologic (child-bearing) to the psychologic (nurturance), envy of women's perceived right to be the kind parent.[19]
Anthropologic[edit]
Psychosexual development: Bronisław Malinowski and natives, Trobriand Islands (1918).
Contemporary criticism also questions the universality of the Freudian theory of personality (Id, Ego, Super-ego) discussed in the essay On Narcissism (1914), wherein he said that "it is impossible to suppose that a unity, comparable to the ego can exist in the individual from the very start". Contemporary cultural considerations have questioned the normative presumptions of the Freudian psychodynamic perspective that posits the son–father conflict of the Oedipal complex as universal and essential to human psychologic development.
The anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski's studies of the Trobriand islanders challenged the Freudian proposal that psychosexual development (e.g. the Oedipus complex) was universal. He reported that in the insular matriarchal society of the Trobriand, boys are disciplined by their maternal uncles, not their fathers; impartial, avuncular discipline. In Sex and Repression in Savage Society (1927), Malinowski reported that boys dreamed of feared uncles, not of beloved fathers, thus, power — not sexual jealousy — is the source of Oedipal conflict in such non–Western societies. In Human Behavior in Global Perspective: an Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology (1999), Marshall H. Segall et al. propose that Freud based the theory of psychosexual development upon a misinterpretation.[20] Furthermore, contemporary research confirms that although personality traits corresponding to the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, the latent stage, and the genital stage are observable, they remain undetermined as fixed stages of childhood, and as adult personality traits derived from childhood.[21]
Medical sexological model[edit]
Modern scientific ideas about psychosexual development were reflected in the Medical Sexological Model,[22] which was formulated by the Ukrainian scientist Vyacheslav Kholodny in 2014. Postulates of this Model:
Psychosexual development includes constituents: sexual consciousness, stereotype of gender role and psychosexual orientations (orientation of a libido and ways of its realization).
The libido contains conceptual, Platonic, erotic and sexual components.
Constituents and Components are formed through a phase of position formation and a realization phase.
There are content (semantic, scenario) and body elements in the Model.
Wikinews has related news: Dr. Joseph Merlino on sexuality, insanity, Freud, fetishes and apathy
See also[edit]
Amphimixis
Herma
Min (god)
Fertility
Bacchanalia
Vanir
Phallic monism
Priapus
Sigmund Freud
Orgastic potency
References[edit]
Library resources about
Psychosexual development
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Jump up ^ "Introduction to Sigmund Freud, Module on Psychosexual Development". Cla.purdue.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-12-11. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
Jump up ^ Bullock, A., Trombley, S. (1999) The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought Harper Collins:London pp. 643, 705
Jump up ^ Myre, Sim (1974) Guide to Psychiatry, 3rd ed. Churchill Livingstone:Edinburgh and London, p. 396
Jump up ^ Myre, Sim (1974) Guide to Psychiatry 3rd ed., Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh and London pp. 35, 407
^ Jump up to: a b Leach, P. (1997) Your Baby and Child: From Birth to Age Five 5th edition. New York:Knopf p. 000
Jump up ^ Murphy, Bruce (1996). Benét's Reader's Encyclopedia Fourth edition, HarperCollins Publishers:New York p. 310
Jump up ^ Bell, Robert E. (1991) Women of Classical Mythology: A Biographical Dictionary Oxford University Press:California pp.177–78
Jump up ^ Hornblower, S., Spawforth, A. (1998) The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization pp. 254–55
Jump up ^ Freud, Sigmund (1991). On Sexuality: Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality and Other Works. Penguin Books, Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-013797-2.
Jump up ^ Scott, Jill (2005) Electra after Freud: Myth and Culture Cornell University Press p. 8.
Jump up ^ Jung, Carl (1970). Psychoanalysis and Neurosis. Princeton University Press.
Jump up ^ Sigmund Freud, On Sexuality (London 1991) p. 375
Jump up ^ "Sigmund Freud 1856–1939" entry (2000) Encyclopaedia of German Literature Routledge:London Retrieved 2 September 2009: http://www.credoreference.com.library.capella.edu/entry/routgermanlit/sigmund_freud_1856_1939
Jump up ^ Bullock, A., Trombley, S. (1999) The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought Harper Collins:London pp. 607, 705
Jump up ^ Bullock, A., Trombley, S. (1999) The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought Harper Collins:London pp. 259, 705
Jump up ^ Bullock, A., Trombley, S. (1999) The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought Harper Collins:London pp. 205, 107
^ Jump up to: a b Frank Cioffi (2005) "Sigmund Freud" entry The Oxford Guide to Philosophy Oxford University Press:New York pp. 323–324
^ Jump up to: a b Crews, F. C. (2006). Follies of the Wise: Dissenting Essays. Shoemaker & Hoard. ISBN 1-59376-101-5.
Jump up ^ Berzoff, Joan; Flanagan, Laura Melano; Hertz, Patricia (2008). Inside Out and Outside in: Psychodynamic Clinical Theory and Psychopathology in Contemporary Multicultural Contexts. New York: Jason Aronson. pp. 229–242. ISBN 978-0-7657-0432-0. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Segall, Marshall H. (2 March 1999). Human behavior in global perspective: an introduction to cross-cultural psychology. Allyn and Bacon. p. 399. ISBN 978-0-205-18861-1. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Fisher, Seymour; Greenberg, Roger P. (1977). The scientific credibility of Freud's theories and therapy. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-07385-6. PMC 1082294  .
Jump up ^ Холодный В. А. Медико-сексологическая модель психосексуального развития // Вестник неврологии, психиатрии и нейрохирургии. 2014. № 10. ISSN 2074-6822. P. 3—10.
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Human psychological development
Developmental psychology
Antenatal
Positive youth development
Young adult
Positive adult development
Maturity
Cognitive development of infants
Theorists and
theories
Freud (1856–1939) (Psychosexual development)
Piaget (1896–1980) (Theory of cognitive development)
Vygotsky (1896–1934) (Cultural-historical psychology)
Erikson (1902–1994) (Psychosocial development)
Bowlby (1907–1990) (Attachment theory)
Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) (Ecological systems theory)
Kohlberg (1927–1987) (Stages of moral development)
Commons (b. 1939), Fischer (b. 1943), Kegan (b. 1946), Demetriou (b. 1950), and others (Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development)
Evolutionary developmental psychology
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text:
Hawk(e): The Movie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Hawk(e): The Movie is an independent comedy film co-directed by Phil Baker and Tom Turner and written by Phil Baker.[1][2] The film was produced by Genepool Records with Paramore Productions and is set for a summer 2013 release. The film is to be distributed by Genepool in the UK and Continuum Motion Pictures in North America.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Additional Details
2.1 Cast
2.1.1 Crew
2.1.2 Soundtrack
3 References
Plot[edit]
Movie-maker-come-idiot Mike Hawk sets about making his latest movie, a Rom-Com called "Get Becky Laid", and is followed in his pursuits by documentary maker and film fanatic Philip K Longfellow. Mike Hawk also plays the lead character and has named him Mike Hawke - after himself only adding another 'e' to his name to distinguish the two. Mike's bitten off more than he can chew, and is followed as he gets through the making of the film, achieving it only through sheer determination and ignorance.
Additional Details[edit]
Hawk(e): The Movie is due for release Summer 2013. It was shot in and around Plymouth with Principal photography taking place in October and early November 2010.
Cast[edit]
Mike Hawk(e): Phil Baker
Philip K Longfellow: Martin Ross
Scarlett Foxx/Becky: Chelsea-Marie Gall
Archie Bishop: Darren Lake
William Yung/Weepole: Paul Gentle
Rachael Hoskins/Kirsty: Lucy Harvey
Sandra Cox/Sandy: Kokil Sharma
Richard “Dick” Dickson: Dan McNeill
Max Willey: Richard Silverwood
Richard Holder: Mark Smalley
Richard Daley: Michael Terry
Richard Payne: Tom Turner
Richard Long: Dan Leahy
Richard Hunter: John Elliott
PC Richards: Richard Haighton
Crew[edit]
Director Of Photography: Mikey Parkinson
Camera Operators: Tom Turner/Mikey Parkinson
Editor: Thomas Turner
Sound Recordists: Phil Baker/Carl Jones
Sound Engineers: Deep Blue Sound
Assistant Crew: Rich Silverwood
Production Photographer: Oliver Joy/Mikey Parkinson
Additional Featured Stills Photographers: James Baker
Hair: Karen Shilstone
Make-up: Carole Dodge
Effects Make-up: Jon Haye
Costume Consultant: Laura Backhouse
Original Featured Songs: Phil Baker
Original Songs Engineers: Doc Collins/Phil Baker
Original Song Backing Singer: Nick Lemanis
Propmaker: Jon Haye
Graphic Design : Mikey Parkinson
Double for Miss Gall: Lizzi Gabe-Thomas
Insurance provided by Allan Chapman & James Insurance Brokers Ltd
Executive Producers: Phil Baker & Pete Genepool
Soundtrack[edit]
The film's soundtrack includes tracks from Cosmo Jarvis, Leeroy Thornhill of The Prodigy, Kat Marsh - a performer also known for her time as bass player in The King Blues, as well as director Phil Baker's band Lemanis, and other Plymouth based bands such as The Wildcards. Two tracks were also written and recorded specifically for the movie, one of which was performed by Darren Lake, one of the lead cast.
References[edit]
http://www.devon-cornwall-film.co.uk/2011/02/08/plymouth-comedy-hawke-trailer-released-dcfilm-speaks-to-director-phil-baker/
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2111321/ IMDB
Jump up ^ http://www.hawkethemovie.com Archived 2013-05-16 at the Wayback Machine. Hawk(e): The Movie official website.

This film article about a 2010s comedy is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawk(e):_The_Movie&oldid=848146873"
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This page was last edited on 30 June 2018, at 02:01 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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