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Indus Waters Treaty
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The Indus Waters Treaty (English) or सिंधु जल संधि (Hindi) or "سندھ طاس معاہدہ" (Urdu) is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank (then the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development)[1][2] The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by the first Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and then President of Pakistan Ayub Khan.[3]
According to this agreement, control over the water flowing in three "eastern" rivers of India — the Beas, the Ravi and the Sutlej with the mean flow of 33 MAF — was given to India, while control over the water flowing in three "western" rivers of India — the Indus, the Chenab and the Jhelum with the mean flow of 80 MAF — to Pakistan. More controversial, however, were the provisions on how the waters were to be shared. Since Pakistan's rivers receive more water flow from India, the treaty allowed India to use western rivers water for limited irrigation use and unrestricted use for power generation, domestic, industrial and non consumptive uses such as navigation, floating of property, fish culture, etc. while laying down precise regulations for India to build projects. The preamble of the treaty declares that the objectives of the treaty are recognizing rights & obligations of each country in settlement of water use from the Indus rivers system in a spirit of goodwill, friendship and cooperation contrary to the fears of Pakistan that India could potentially create droughts and famines in Pakistan, especially at times of war since substantial water inflows of the Indus basin rivers are from India.[1]
Since the ratification of the treaty in 1960, India and Pakistan have not engaged in any water wars. Most disagreements and disputes have been settled via legal procedures, provided for within the framework of the treaty.[4] The treaty is considered to be one of the most successful water sharing endeavours in the world today, even though analysts acknowledge the need to update certain technical specifications and expand the scope of the document to include climate change.[5] As per the provisions in the treaty, India can use only 20% of the total water carried by the Indus rivers system while Pakistan can use the remaining 80%.[6][7][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Treaty provisions
2 History and background
3 World Bank involvement
3.1 Grants and Loans to Pakistan
4 Treaty implications
5 Treaty under scrutiny
6 See also
7 Sources
8 References
9 External links
10 Further reading
Treaty provisions[edit]
The Indus system of rivers comprises three western rivers — the Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab — and three eastern rivers — the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi. The treaty, under Article 5.1, envisages the sharing of waters of the rivers Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Jhelum and Chenab which join the Indus River on its left bank (eastern side) in Pakistan. According to this treaty, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, which constitute the eastern rivers, are allocated for exclusive use by India before they enter Pakistan. However, a transition period of 10 years was permitted in which India was bound to supply water to Pakistan from these rivers until Pakistan was able to build the canal system for utilization of waters of Jhelum, Chenab and the Indus itself, allocated to it under the treaty. Similarly, Pakistan has exclusive use of the western rivers Jhelum, Chenab and Indus. As Punjab was dependent on three eastern rivers too, India agreed to make fixed contribution of UK Pound Streling 62,060,000/= (Pound Streling sixty two million and sixty thousand only) towards the cost of construction of new head-works and canal system for irrigation. India had to pay this amount in ten equal installments.[9] allocated to it.[10][11] The treaty resulted in partitioning of the rivers rather than sharing of their waters.[12]
Both countries agreed to exchange data and co-operate in matters related to the treaty. For this purpose, treaty creates the Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner appointed by each country. It would follow the set procedure for adjudicating any future disputes arising over the allocation of waters. The Commission has survived three wars and provides an ongoing mechanism for consultation and conflict resolution through inspection, exchange of data and visits. The Commission is required to meet regularly to discuss potential disputes as well as cooperative arrangements for the development of the basin. Either party must notify the other of plans to construct any engineering works which would affect the other party and to provide data about such works. The annual inspections and exchange of data continue, unperturbed by tensions on the subcontinent. In cases of disagreement, Permanent Court of Arbitration or a neutral technical expert is called in for arbitration. Technical expert's ruling was followed for clearing the Baglihar power plant and Permanent Court of Arbitration verdict was followed for clearing the Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant.[13][14]
History and background[edit]
The waters of the Indus basin begin in Tibet and the Himalayan mountains in the states of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. They flow from the hills through the states of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir and Sindh, converging in Pakistan and emptying into the Arabian Sea south of Karachi. Where once there was only a narrow strip of irrigated land along these rivers, developments over the last century have created a large network of canals and storage facilities that provide water for more than 26 million acres (110,000 km2), the largest irrigated area of any one river system in the world.
The partition of British India created a conflict over the plentiful waters of the Indus basin. The newly formed states were at odds over how to share and manage what was essentially a cohesive and unitary network of irrigation. Furthermore, the geography of partition was such that the source rivers of the Indus basin were in India. Pakistan felt its livelihood threatened by the prospect of Indian control over the tributaries that fed water into the Pakistani portion of the basin. Where India certainly had its own ambitions for the profitable development of the basin, Pakistan felt acutely threatened by a conflict over the main source of water for its cultivable land.
During the first years of partition, the waters of the Indus were apportioned by the Inter-Dominion Accord of May 4, 1948. This accord required India to release sufficient waters to the Pakistani regions of the basin in return for annual payments from the government of Pakistan. The accord was meant to meet immediate requirements and was followed by negotiations for a more permanent solution. However, neither side was willing to compromise their respective positions and negotiations reached a stalemate. From the Indian point of view, there was nothing that Pakistan could do to prevent India from any of the schemes to divert the flow of water in the rivers.[15] Pakistan wanted to take the matter to the International Court of Justice, but India refused, arguing that the conflict required a bilateral resolution.
World Bank involvement[edit]
In this same year, David Lilienthal, formerly the chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority and of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, visited the region to write a series of articles for Collier's magazine. Lilienthal had a keen interest in the subcontinent and was welcomed by the highest levels of both Indian and Pakistani governments. Although his visit was sponsored by Collier's, Lilienthal was briefed by state department and executive branch officials, who hoped that Lilienthal could help bridge the gap between India and Pakistan and also gauge hostilities on the subcontinent. During the course of his visit, it became clear to Lilienthal that tensions between India and Pakistan were acute, but also unable to be erased with one sweeping gesture. He wrote in his journal:
India and Pakistan were on the verge of war over Kashmir. There seemed to be no possibility of negotiating this issue until tensions abated. One way to reduce hostility . . . would be to concentrate on other important issues where cooperation was possible. Progress in these areas would promote a sense of community between the two nations which might, in time, lead to a Kashmir settlement. Accordingly, I proposed that India and Pakistan work out a program jointly to develop and jointly to operate the Indus Basin river system, upon which both nations were dependent for irrigation water. With new dams and irrigation canals, the Indus and its tributaries could be made to yield the additional water each country needed for increased food production. In the article I had suggested that the World Bank might use its good offices to bring the parties to agreement, and help in the financing of an Indus Development program.[16]:93
Lilienthal's idea was well received by officials at the World Bank, and, subsequently, by the Indian and Pakistani governments. Eugene R. Black, then president of the World Bank, told Lilienthal that his proposal "makes good sense all round". Black wrote that the Bank was interested in the economic progress of the two countries and had been concerned that the Indus dispute could only be a serious handicap to this development. India's previous objections to third party arbitration were remedied by the Bank's insistence that it would not adjudicate the conflict but rather work as a conduit for agreement.[17]
Black also made a distinction between the "functional" and "political" aspects of the Indus dispute. In his correspondence with Indian and Pakistan leaders, Black asserted that the Indus dispute could most realistically be solved if the functional aspects of disagreement were negotiated apart from political considerations. He envisioned a group that tackled the question of how best to utilize the waters of the Indus Basin, leaving aside questions of historic rights or allocations.
Black proposed a Working Party made up of Indian, Pakistani and World Bank engineers. The World Bank delegation would act as a consultative group, charged with offering suggestions and speeding dialogue. In his opening statement to the Working Party, Black spoke of why he was optimistic about the group's success:
One aspect of Mr. Lilienthal's proposal appealed to me from the first. I mean his insistence that the Indus problem is an engineering problem and should be dealt with by engineers. One of the strengths of the engineering profession is that, all over the world, engineers speak the same language and approach problems with common standards of judgment.[16]:110
Black's hopes for a quick resolution to the Indus dispute were premature. While the Bank had expected that the two sides would come to an agreement on the allocation of waters, neither India nor Pakistan seemed willing to compromise their positions. While Pakistan insisted on its historical right to waters of all the Indus tributaries and that half of West Punjab was under threat of desertification, the Indian side argued that the previous distribution of waters should not set future allocation. Instead, the Indian side set up a new basis of distribution, with the waters of the Western tributaries going to Pakistan and the Eastern tributaries to India. The substantive technical discussions that Black had hoped for were stymied by the political considerations he had expected to avoid.
The World Bank soon became frustrated with this lack of progress. What had originally been envisioned as a technical dispute that would quickly untangle itself started to seem intractable. India and Pakistan were unable to agree on the technical aspects of allocation, let alone the implementation of any agreed upon distribution of waters. Finally, in 1954, after nearly two years of negotiation, the World bank offered its own proposal, stepping beyond the limited role it had apportioned for itself and forcing the two sides to consider concrete plans for the future of the basin. The proposal offered India the three eastern tributaries of the basin and Pakistan the three western tributaries. Canals and storage dams were to be constructed to divert waters from the western rivers and replace the eastern river supply lost by Pakistan.
While the Indian side was amenable to the World Bank proposal, Pakistan found it unacceptable. The World Bank allocated the eastern rivers to India and the western rivers to Pakistan. This new distribution did not account for the historical usage of the Indus basin, or the fact that West Punjab's Eastern districts could turn into desert, and repudiated Pakistan's negotiating position. Where India had stood for a new system of allocation, Pakistan felt that its share of waters should be based on pre-partition distribution. The World Bank proposal was more in line with the Indian plan and this angered the Pakistani delegation. They threatened to withdraw from the Working Party, and negotiations verged on collapse.
However, neither side could afford the dissolution of talks. The Pakistani press met rumors of an end to negotiation with talk of increased hostilities; the government was ill-prepared to forego talks for a violent conflict with India and was forced to reconsider its position. India was also eager to settle the Indus issue; large development projects were put on hold by negotiations, and Indian leaders were eager to divert water for irrigation.[18]
In December 1954, the two sides returned to the negotiating table. The World Bank proposal was transformed from a basis of settlement to a basis for negotiation and the talks continued, stop and go, for the next six years.[19]
One of the last stumbling blocks to an agreement concerned financing for the construction of canals and storage facilities that would transfer water from the western rivers to Pakistan. This transfer was necessary to make up for the water Pakistan was giving up by ceding its rights to the eastern rivers. The World Bank initially planned for India to pay for these works, but India refused. The Bank responded with a plan for external financing. An Indus Basin Development Fund Agreement (Karachi, 19 September 1960); a treaty between Australia, Canada, West Germany, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States with the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IRDC) and Pakistan who agreed to provide a combination of funds and loans.[20] This solution cleared the remaining stumbling blocks to agreement, and the Indus Waters Treaty was signed by the leaders of both countries on the same day in 1960.[21] The grants and loans to Pakistan were extended in 1964 through a supplementary agreement.[22]
Grants and Loans to Pakistan[edit]
Country
Currency
Original Grant (1960)
Supplementaty Grant (1964)
Original Loan to Pakistan (1960)
Supplementary Loan to Pakistan (1964)
India GB£ 62,060,000 Ten yearly instalments Article 5 of IWT
Australia A£ 6,965,000 4,667,666
Canada Can$ 22,100,000 16,810,794
West Germany DM 126,000,000 80,400,000
New Zealand NZ£ 1,000,000 503,434
United Kingdom GB£ 20,860,000 13,978,571
United States US$ 177,000,000 118,590,000 70,000,000 51,220,000
IRDC Bank US$ 90,000,000 (in various currencies) inc interest[23] 58,540,000 (in various currencies)
Presently, the World Bank role in the treaty is limited to keep the dispute settlement process moving when a party/country is not cooperating to follow the arbitration procedure given in the treaty in case of a dispute.[24][21]
Treaty implications[edit]
From the rivers flowing in India, India got nearly 33 million acre feet (MAF) from eastern rivers whereas Pakistan got nearly 125 MAF from western rivers.[25] However India can use the western river waters for irrigation up to 701,000 acres with new water storage capacity not exceeding 1.25 MAF and use the rivers for non run of river hydro power plants (excluding unlimited run of the river hydro projects) with storage not exceeding 1.6 MAF and nominal flood storage capacity of 0.75 MAF.[5] These water allocations made to the Jammu and Kashmir state of India are meagre to meet its irrigation water requirements whereas the treaty permitted enough water to irrigate 80% of the cultivated lands in the Indus river basin of Pakistan.[26][27] The storage capacity permitted by the treaty for hydro power generation is less than the total annual silt that would accumulate in the reservoirs if the total hydro potential of the state was to be exploited fully.[28] Pakistan is also losing additional benefits by not permitting moderate water storages in upstream J&K state whose water would be ultimately released to the Pakistan for its use and avoid few dams requirement in its territory. Ultimately, J&K state is bound to resort costly de-silting of its reservoirs to keep them operational. Whereas Pakistan is planning to build multi purpose water reservoirs with massive storage for impounding multi year inflows such as 4,500 MW Diamer-Bhasha Dam, 3,600 MW Kalabagh Dam, 600 MW Akhori Dam, Dasu Dam, Bunji Dam, Thakot dam, Patan dam, etc. projects with huge population resettlement.[5] In case of any dam break, downstream areas in Pakistan as well as Kutch region in India would face unprecedented water deluge or submergence as these dams are located in high seismically-active zones.[29]
In 2003 J&K state assembly passed a unanimous resolution for the abrogation of the treaty and again in June 2016, the Jammu and Kashmir assembly demanded for revision of the Indus Water Treaty.[30] The legislators feel that the treaty trampled upon the rights of the people and treats the state of Jammu and Kashmir as a non-entity.[31][32]
Treaty under scrutiny[edit]
Main article: Great Rann of Kutch
The treaty has not considered Gujarat state in India as part of the Indus river basin. The Indus river is entering the Great Rann of Kutch area and feeding in to Kori Creek during floods. At the time of the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960, the Great Rann of Kutch area was disputed territory between the two nations which was later settled in the year 1968 by sharing total disputed area in 9:1 ratio between India and Pakistan. Without taking consent from India, Pakistan has constructed Left Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD) project passing through the Great Rann of Kutch area with the assistance from the world bank. LBOD's purpose is to bypass the saline and polluted water which is not fit for agriculture use to reach sea via Rann of Kutch area without passing through its Indus delta.[33] Water released by the LBOD is enhancing the flooding in India and contaminating the quality of water bodies which are source of water to salt farms spread over vast area.[34] The LBOD water is planned to join the sea via disputed Sir Creek but LBOD water is entering Indian territory due to many breaches in its left bank caused by floods[35] Gujarat state of India being the lower most riparian part of Indus basin, Pakistan is bound to provide all the details of engineering works taken up by Pakistan to India as per the provisions of the treaty and shall not proceed with the project works till the disagreements are settled by arbitration process.[36]
In aftermath of the 2016 Uri attack, India reviewed the treaty and its provisions and proposed several changes.[37][38]
See also[edit]
Great Rann of Kutch
Baglihar Dam
Effects of global warming
Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant
India–Pakistan relations
Sources[edit]
Barrett, Scott: Conflict and Cooperation in Managing International Water Resources, Policy Research Working Paper 1303, The World Bank, May 1994.
Michel, Aloys Arthur: The Indus Rivers – A Study of the Effects of Partition, Yale University Press: New Haven, 1967.
Verghese, B.G.: Waters of Hope, Oxford and IBH Publishing: New Delhi, 1990.
Indus Waters Treaty: an exercise in international mediation by Niranjan Das Gulhati [1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Full text of 'Indus Water Treaty' with Annexures, World Bank" (PDF). 1960. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
Jump up ^ War over water The Guardian, Monday 3 June 2002 01.06 BST
Jump up ^ "How the Indus Treaty was signed". Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Indus Water Treaty: Options for India" (PDF). Retrieved 28 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Indus Equation Report" (PDF). Strategic Foresight Group. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
Jump up ^ C.A. Brebbia (4 September 2013). Water and Society II. WIT Press. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-1-84564-742-1.
Jump up ^ Map Workbook. FK Publications. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-81-89611-79-8.
Jump up ^ Roy Chowdhury, Biswaroop. Memory Unlimited. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. pp. 148–. ISBN 978-81-8419-017-5.
Jump up ^ Shreyan, Sengupta. "Transboundary water disputes" (PDF). ETH Zurich. ETH Zurich. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Garg, Santosh Kumar (1999). International and interstate river water disputes. Laxmi Publications. pp. 54–55. ISBN 81-7008-068-1. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Indus Waters Treaty 1960" (pdf). Site Resources; World Bank. pp. 1–24.
Jump up ^ "Water Sharing Conflicts Between Countries, and Approaches to Resolving Them" (PDF). Honolulu: Global Environment and Energy in the 21st century. p. 98. Archived from the original (pdf) on August 21, 2007. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
Jump up ^ "The Baglihar difference and its resolution process - a triumph for the Indus Waters Treaty?" (PDF). 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Verdict of Permanent Court of Arbitration on Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant". 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "What Indus water treaty means". Retrieved 29 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Gulhati, Niranjan D., The Indus Waters Treaty: An Exercise in International Mediation, Allied Publishers: Bombay, 1973.
Jump up ^ Mason, Edward Sagendorph; Asher, Robert E. (1973). The World Bank Since Bretton Woods (First ed.). Wawshington: The Brookings Institution. p. 612. ISBN 9780815720300. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "India and Pakistan: An Atlantic report". 1960. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Indus Waters Treaty: View From Kashmir". 2006. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1961/2.html
^ Jump up to: a b "Indus water treaty". World Bank. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1964/14.html
Jump up ^ http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/614421468332678823/pdf/Credit-0060-Pakistan-Indus-Basin-Project-Credit-Agreement.pdf
Jump up ^ Last page of the Indus Water Treaty
Jump up ^ "India generous with its shared water resources". Retrieved 28 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Geography of Jammu and Kashmir State". Retrieved 28 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Legislative Assembly rejects PDP resolution". Retrieved 28 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Harnessing gigantic hydro power potential of Indus, Jhelum and Chenab rivers in India". Retrieved 30 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pakistan's Indus Cascade - a disaster in the making". Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Finally, J&K hires consultant to quantify Indus Water Treaty losses". Retrieved 20 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "State all for scrapping of Indo-Pak water treaty". Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sustaining energy and food security in trans-boundary river system: case of Indus basin". Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Revisiting the LBOD issue". Retrieved 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Indus re-enters India after two centuries, feeds Little Rann, Nal Sarovar". Retrieved 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Evolution of the Delta, the LBOD outfall system and the Badin dhands - chapters 3 & 4" (PDF). World Bank. 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wrangles over water: Pakistan wages a water war on India". Retrieved 22 September 2016.
Jump up ^ How India plans to use Indus Water Treaty to turn the heat on Pakistan
Jump up ^ "Narendra Modi lays groundwork for water war in battle with Pakistan". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
External links[edit]
[2] Ali, Saleem H. "Water Politics in South Asia: Technocratic Cooperation in the Indus basin and beyond." Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 2008.
Indus Waters Treaty:The World Bank The actual brokers of the Treaty World Bank and the detailed website.
Indus Water Treaty Importance Analysis and Indo pak relation.
Bibliography Water Resources and International Law See Indus River. Peace Palace Libray
The Indus Waters Treaty: A History. Henry L. Stimson Center.
Further reading[edit]
A. Misra (19 July 2010). India-Pakistan: Coming Terms. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 63–. ISBN 978-0-230-10978-0.
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Help
Category:Local Government Areas in Anambra State
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Pages in category "Local Government Areas in Anambra State"
The following 21 pages are in this category, out of 21 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
A
Aguata
Anambra East
Anambra West
Anaocha
Awka North
Awka South
Ayamelum
D
Dunukofia
E
Ekwusigo
I
Idemili North
Idemili South
Ihiala
N
Njikoka
Nnewi North
Nnewi South
O
Ogbaru
Onitsha North
Onitsha South
Orumba North
Orumba South
Oyi
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Local_Government_Areas_in_Anambra_State&oldid=547614936"
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Local Government Areas of Nigeria
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Germany at the FIFA World Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Germany national team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia
This is a record of Germany and West Germany's results at the FIFA World Cup. The FIFA World Cup, sometimes called the Football World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the men's national teams of the members of FIFA, the sport's global governing body.
The tournament consists of two parts, the qualification phase and the final phase (officially called the World Cup Finals). The qualification phase, which currently takes place over the three years going to the Finals, is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals. The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title, at venues within the host nation (or nations) over a period of about a month. The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world, with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final.[1]
For Germany's World Cup history, FIFA considers only the teams managed by the Deutscher Fußball-Bund, comprising three periods: Germany (during Nazi era), West Germany and reunified Germany. The Germany national football team is one of the most successful national teams at the FIFA World Cup, winning four titles, earning second-place and third-place finishes four times each and one fourth-place finish. If you consider 3rd place or better for a winning campaign, Germany's 12 victories in 19 tournaments add up to at least three more than any other nation. In addition, Germany are the only team which has stood on the podium (3rd place or better) every decade there was a tournament held—1930s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. Along with Argentina, Brazil and Spain, they are one of the four national teams to win outside their continental confederation, with the title of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in South America. The team was present in 19 out of the 21 tournaments, the second most frequent, and only did not reach the quarterfinals twice, in 1938 and 2018. With this, Germany's 8th place or better (quarterfinals) in 17 out of 19 tournaments (89%) ranks highest in FIFA World Cup Finals history. It makes Germany the better team in the history of the tournament in terms of final positions, if points were awarded proportionally for a title, runner-up finish, third-place finish, semi-final and quarter-final appearances.
Contents
1 Records
1.1 Winning World Cups
2 FIFA World Cup finals
2.1 1954 World Cup Final v Hungary
2.2 1966 World Cup Final v England
2.3 1974 World Cup Final v the Netherlands
2.4 1982 World Cup Final v Italy
2.5 1986 World Cup Final v Argentina
2.6 1990 World Cup Final v Argentina
2.7 2002 World Cup Final v Brazil
2.8 2014 World Cup Final v Argentina
3 Record players
4 Top goalscorers
5 By match
6 By opponent
7 References
8 External links
Records[edit]
1930–1938 as → → Germany
1950–1990 as West Germany
1994–present as Germany
Champions Runners-up Third place Fourth place
FIFA World Cup finals record
Qualifications record
Year
Round
Position
GP
W
D*
L
GF
GA
Squad
GP
W
D
L
GF
GA
1930 Did not enter
Did not enter —
1934 Third place 3rd 4 3 0 1 11 8 Squad 1 1 0 0 9 1 1934
1938 First round 10th 2 0 1 1 3 5 Squad 3 3 0 0 11 1 1938
1950 Banned from entering 1950
1954 Champions 1st 6 5 0 1 25 14 Squad 4 3 1 0 12 3 1954
1958 Fourth place 4th 6 2 2 2 12 14 Squad Qualified as defending champions 1958
1962 Quarter-finals 7th 4 2 1 1 4 2 Squad 4 4 0 0 11 5 1962
1966 Runners-up 2nd 6 4 1 1 15 6 Squad 4 3 1 0 14 2 1966
1970 Third place 3rd 6 5 0 1 17 10 Squad 6 5 1 0 20 3 1970
1974 Champions 1st 7 6 0 1 13 4 Squad Qualified as hosts 1974
1978 Second group stage 6th 6 1 4 1 10 5 Squad Qualified as defending champions 1978
1982 Runners-up 2nd 7 3 2 2 12 10 Squad 8 8 0 0 33 3 1982
1986 Runners-up 2nd 7 3 2 2 8 7 Squad 8 5 2 1 22 9 1986
1990 Champions 1st 7 5 2 0 15 5 Squad 6 3 3 0 13 3 1990
1994 Quarter-finals 5th 5 3 1 1 9 7 Squad Qualified as defending champions 1994
1998 Quarter-finals 7th 5 3 1 1 8 6 Squad 10 6 4 0 23 9 1998
2002 Runners-up 2nd 7 5 1 1 14 3 Squad 10 6 3 1 19 12 2002
2006 Third place 3rd 7 5 1 1 14 6 Squad Qualified as hosts 2006
2010 Third place 3rd 7 5 0 2 16 5 Squad 10 8 2 0 26 5 2010
2014 Champions 1st 7 6 1 0 18 4 Squad 10 9 1 0 36 10 2014
2018 Group stage 22nd 3 1 0 2 2 4 Squad 10 10 0 0 43 4 2018
2022 To be decided - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2022
2026 To be decided - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2026
Total
19/21
4 titles
109
67
20*
22
226
125
94
74
18
2
292
70
Total
*Denotes draws including knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.
**Red border indicates tournament was held on home soil.

showGermany's World Cup record
First Match
Germany 5–2 Belgium
(27 May 1934; Florence, Italy)
Biggest Win
Germany 8–0 Saudi Arabia
(1 June 2002; Sapporo, Japan)
Biggest Defeat
Hungary 8-3 West Germany
(20 June 1954; Basel, Switzerland)
Best Result
Champions at the 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014 World Cups
Worst Result
Round 1 in 1938, Group Stage in 2018
Winning World Cups[edit]
Year
Manager
Captain
Winning Goal Scorer(s)
1954 Sepp Herberger Fritz Walter Helmut Rahn
1974 Helmut Schön Franz Beckenbauer Gerd Müller
1990 Franz Beckenbauer Lothar Matthäus Andreas Brehme
2014 Joachim Löw Philipp Lahm Mario Götze
FIFA World Cup finals[edit]
1954 World Cup Final v Hungary[edit]
Main article: 1954 FIFA World Cup Final
Only 14 days before the final, Germany played the favoured Hungarian Golden Team in the first round of the tournament and suffered a 3-8 loss, their highest World Cup defeat to this day. In the final, Hungary was up by two goals after only eight minutes, so it came as a surprise that the German team not only quickly equalized but turned the game around in the 84th minute with a goal scored by Helmut Rahn.
4 July 1954 (1954-07-04)17:00 CET
West Germany
3–2
Hungary
Morlock 10'
Rahn 18', 84'
Report
Puskás 6'
Czibor 8'
Wankdorf Stadium, Bern
Attendance: 62,500
Referee: William Ling
GK 1 Toni Turek
RB 7 Josef Posipal
CB 10 Werner Liebrich
LB 3 Werner Kohlmeyer
HB 6 Horst Eckel
HB 8 Karl Mai
IR 13 Max Morlock
IL 16 Fritz Walter (c)
OR 12 Helmut Rahn
CF 15 Ottmar Walter
OL 20 Hans Schäfer
Manager:
Sepp Herberger
GK 1 Gyula Grosics
RB 2 Jenő Buzánszky
CB 3 Gyula Lóránt
LB 4 Mihály Lantos
HB 5 József Bozsik
HB 6 József Zakariás
RW 11 Zoltán Czibor
AM 9 Nándor Hidegkuti
LW 20 Mihály Tóth
CF 8 Sándor Kocsis
CF 10 Ferenc Puskás (c)
Manager:
Gusztáv Sebes
1966 World Cup Final v England[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup Final
The strongly contested game between Germany and host nation England went into extra time after a score of 2-2 after 90 minutes. Geoff Hurst's goal in the 101st minute is one of the most controversial in football history: His shot bounced off the cross-bar onto the ground and back away from the goal. After a brief discussion with the Soviet linesman Tofiq Bahramov, referee Gottfried Dienst awarded the goal. With the Germans forced to press for the equalizer, Hurst converted a counter attack in the 120th minute and decided the match for England.
30 July 196615:00 BST
England
4–2 (a.e.t.)
West Germany
Hurst 18', 101', 120'
Peters 78' Report Haller 12'
Weber 89'
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 96,924
Referee: Gottfried Dienst
GK 1 Gordon Banks
RB 2 George Cohen
CB 5 Jack Charlton
CB 6 Bobby Moore (c)
LB 3 Ray Wilson
DM 4 Nobby Stiles
RM 7 Alan Ball
AM 9 Bobby Charlton
LM 16 Martin Peters 20'
CF 10 Geoff Hurst
CF 21 Roger Hunt
Manager:
Alf Ramsey
GK 1 Hans Tilkowski
RB 2 Horst-Dieter Höttges
CB 5 Willi Schulz
CB 6 Wolfgang Weber
LB 3 Karl-Heinz Schnellinger
CM 4 Franz Beckenbauer
CM 12 Wolfgang Overath
RF 8 Helmut Haller
CF 9 Uwe Seeler (c)
CF 10 Sigfried Held
LF 11 Lothar Emmerich
Manager:
Helmut Schön
1974 World Cup Final v the Netherlands[edit]
Main article: 1974 FIFA World Cup Final
Germany reached the final as host nation in 1974 and were facing their neighbours and rivals from the Netherlands. After an early penalty scored by Johan Neeskens, Germany turned the game around to win their second World Cup trophy.
7 July 197416:00 (CET)
Netherlands
1–2
West Germany
Neeskens 2' (pen.) Report Breitner 25' (pen.)
Müller 43'
Olympiastadion, Munich
Attendance: 75,200
Referee: Jack Taylor
GK 8 Jan Jongbloed
RB 20 Wim Suurbier
CB 17 Wim Rijsbergen 69'
CB 2 Arie Haan
LB 12 Ruud Krol
RM 6 Wim Jansen
CM 13 Johan Neeskens 40'
LM 3 Willem van Hanegem 23'
RF 16 Johnny Rep
CF 14 Johan Cruyff (c) 45'
LF 15 Rob Rensenbrink 46'
Substitutes:
GK 18 Piet Schrijvers
DF 5 Rinus Israël
MF 7 Theo de Jong 69'
MF 10 René van de Kerkhof 46'
FW 9 Piet Keizer
Manager:
Rinus Michels
GK 1 Sepp Maier
RB 2 Berti Vogts 4'
CB 5 Franz Beckenbauer (c)
CB 4 Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck
LB 3 Paul Breitner
RM 16 Rainer Bonhof
CM 14 Uli Hoeneß
LM 12 Wolfgang Overath
RF 9 Jürgen Grabowski
CF 13 Gerd Müller
LF 17 Bernd Hölzenbein
Substitutes:
GK 21 Norbert Nigbur
DF 6 Horst-Dieter Höttges
MF 8 Bernhard Cullmann
MF 15 Heinz Flohe
FW 11 Jupp Heynckes
Manager:
Helmut Schön
1982 World Cup Final v Italy[edit]
Main article: 1982 FIFA World Cup Final
Paul Breitner became only the third player in World Cup history to have scored in two separate finals, but only after the Italians had already taken a 3-0 lead after 81 minutes.
11 July 198220:00 CEST
Italy
3–1
West Germany
Rossi 57'
Tardelli 69'
Altobelli 81' Report Breitner 83'
Estadio Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid
Attendance: 90,000
Referee: Arnaldo Cézar Coelho
GK 1 Dino Zoff (c)
SW 7 Gaetano Scirea
CB 6 Claudio Gentile
CB 5 Fulvio Collovati
RWB 3 Giuseppe Bergomi
LWB 4 Antonio Cabrini
DM 13 Gabriele Oriali 73'
RM 16 Bruno Conti 31'
CM 14 Marco Tardelli
LW 19 Francesco Graziani 7'
CF 20 Paolo Rossi
Substitutions:
GK 12 Ivano Bordon
MF 10 Giuseppe Dossena
MF 11 Giampiero Marini
MF 15 Franco Causio 89'
FW 18 Alessandro Altobelli 7' 89'
Manager:
Enzo Bearzot
GK 1 Harald Schumacher
SW 15 Uli Stielike 73'
RB 20 Manfred Kaltz
CB 4 Karlheinz Förster
LB 5 Bernd Förster
RM 6 Wolfgang Dremmler 61' 62'
CM 3 Paul Breitner
LM 2 Hans-Peter Briegel
RW 11 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (c) 70'
LW 7 Pierre Littbarski 88'
CF 8 Klaus Fischer
Substitutions:
GK 21 Bernd Franke
DF 12 Wilfried Hannes
MF 10 Hansi Müller 70'
MF 14 Felix Magath
FW 9 Horst Hrubesch 62'
Manager:
Jupp Derwall
1986 World Cup Final v Argentina[edit]
Main article: 1986 FIFA World Cup Final
With the highest attendance ever at a FIFA World Cup final, West Germany faced Argentina in Mexico City. Although the South Americans' star player Diego Maradona was closely guarded by the German team, he assisted the decisive 3-2 scored by Jorge Burruchaga, ensuring his country's second World Cup win. Late during the match, three yellow cards were given to Argentinians for time wasting.
29 June 198612:00 CST
Argentina
3–2
West Germany
Brown 23'
Valdano 56'
Burruchaga 84' Report Rummenigge 74'
Völler 81'
Estadio Azteca, Mexico City
Attendance: 114,600
Referee: Romualdo Arppi Filho
GK 18 Nery Pumpido 85'
SW 5 José Luis Brown
CB 9 José Cuciuffo
CB 19 Oscar Ruggeri
RWB 14 Ricardo Giusti
LWB 16 Julio Olarticoechea 77'
DM 2 Sergio Batista
CM 12 Héctor Enrique 81'
AM 7 Jorge Burruchaga 90'
SS 10 Diego Maradona (c) 17'
CF 11 Jorge Valdano
Substitutions:
MF 21 Marcelo Trobbiani 90'
Manager:
Carlos Bilardo
GK 1 Harald Schumacher
SW 17 Ditmar Jakobs
CB 4 Karlheinz Förster
CB 2 Hans-Peter Briegel 62'
RWB 14 Thomas Berthold
LWB 3 Andreas Brehme
CM 6 Norbert Eder
CM 8 Lothar Matthäus 21'
AM 10 Felix Magath 62'
CF 11 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (c)
CF 19 Klaus Allofs 46'
Substitutions:
FW 9 Rudi Völler 46'
FW 20 Dieter Hoeneß 62'
Manager:
Franz Beckenbauer
1990 World Cup Final v Argentina[edit]
Main article: 1990 FIFA World Cup Final
For this re-match of the 1986 Final, Argentina played extremely defensively. Defender Pedro Monzón became the first player ever to receive a red card in a World Cup final, only to be joined by team mate Gustavo Dezotti 22 minutes later. Although West Germany was the dominating side with 23:1 shots, it is fitting that the rough match was decided by a penalty kick taken by Andreas Brehme.
Franz Beckenbauer achieved the feat to lose and then win a World Cup final each as player (1966, 1974) and manager (1986, 1990).
8 July 199020:00 UTC+2
West Germany
1–0
Argentina
Brehme 85' (pen.) Report
Stadio Olimpico, Rome
Attendance: 73,603
Referee: Edgardo Codesal
GK 1 Bodo Illgner
SW 5 Klaus Augenthaler
CB 6 Guido Buchwald
CB 4 Jürgen Kohler
RWB 14 Thomas Berthold 73'
LWB 3 Andreas Brehme
CM 8 Thomas Häßler
CM 10 Lothar Matthäus (c)
CM 7 Pierre Littbarski
CF 9 Rudi Völler 52'
CF 18 Jürgen Klinsmann
Substitutes:
GK 12 Raimond Aumann
DF 2 Stefan Reuter 73'
MF 15 Uwe Bein
MF 20 Olaf Thon
FW 13 Karl-Heinz Riedle
Manager:
Franz Beckenbauer
GK 12 Sergio Goycochea
SW 20 Juan Simón
CB 18 José Serrizuela
CB 19 Oscar Ruggeri 46'
RWB 4 José Basualdo
LWB 17 Roberto Sensini
DM 13 Néstor Lorenzo
CM 21 Pedro Troglio 84'
AM 10 Diego Maradona (c) 87'
CM 7 Jorge Burruchaga 53'
CF 9 Gustavo Dezotti 5', 87'
Substitutes:
GK 22 Fabián Cancelarich
DF 5 Edgardo Bauza
DF 15 Pedro Monzón 65' 46'
MF 6 Gabriel Calderón 53'
FW 3 Abel Balbo
Manager:
Carlos Bilardo
2002 World Cup Final v Brazil[edit]
Main article: 2002 FIFA World Cup Final
With only one goal against during the six matches leading up to the final, hopes were on the German defence to withstand Brazil's star quality strikers. Germany's playmaker Michael Ballack was suspended for the final after picking his second yellow card of the tournament in the semi-final against South Korea. Two goals from Ronaldo in the middle of the second half decided the match in favour of the South Americans and ensured their record fifth title.
30 June 200220:00 UTC+9
Germany
0–2
Brazil
Report Ronaldo 67', 79'
International Stadium, Yokohama
Attendance: 69,029
Referee: Pierluigi Collina
GK 1 Oliver Kahn (c)
CB 2 Thomas Linke
CB 5 Carsten Ramelow
CB 21 Christoph Metzelder
RM 22 Torsten Frings
CM 8 Dietmar Hamann
CM 16 Jens Jeremies 77'
LM 17 Marco Bode 84'
AM 19 Bernd Schneider
CF 11 Miroslav Klose 9' 74'
CF 7 Oliver Neuville
Substitutes:
FW 20 Oliver Bierhoff 74'
FW 14 Gerald Asamoah 77'
MF 6 Christian Ziege 84'
Manager:
Rudi Völler
GK 1 Marcos
CB 3 Lúcio
CB 5 Edmílson
CB 4 Roque Júnior 6'
RM 2 Cafu (c)
CM 8 Gilberto Silva
CM 15 Kléberson
LM 6 Roberto Carlos
AM 11 Ronaldinho 85'
CF 10 Rivaldo
CF 9 Ronaldo 90'
Substitutes:
MF 19 Juninho 85'
MF 17 Denílson 90'
Manager:
Brazil Luiz Felipe Scolari
2014 World Cup Final v Argentina[edit]
Main article: 2014 FIFA World Cup Final
Despite defeating host country Brazil 7–1, Germany was supported by the home fans due to Brazil's rivalry with Argentina . This record third match-up of two teams in World Cup finals saw good chances for both sides in regular time, but stayed goalless until substitute striker Mario Götze scored during the second half of extra time, in the 113th minute. The fourth title was the first since Germany's reunification in October 1990.
13 July 201416:00 UTC−3
Germany
1–0 (a.e.t.)
Argentina
Götze 113'
Report
Estádio do Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro
Attendance: 74,738
Referee: Nicola Rizzoli
GK 1 Manuel Neuer
RB 16 Philipp Lahm (c)
CB 20 Jérôme Boateng
CB 5 Mats Hummels
LB 4 Benedikt Höwedes 34'
CM 23 Christoph Kramer 31'
CM 7 Bastian Schweinsteiger 29'
CM 18 Toni Kroos
RW 13 Thomas Müller
LW 8 Mesut Özil 120'
CF 11 Miroslav Klose 88'
Substitutions:
FW 9 André Schürrle 31'
MF 19 Mario Götze 88'
DF 17 Per Mertesacker 120'
Manager:
Joachim Löw
GK 1 Sergio Romero
RB 4 Pablo Zabaleta
CB 15 Martín Demichelis
CB 2 Ezequiel Garay
LB 16 Marcos Rojo
CM 14 Javier Mascherano 64'
CM 6 Lucas Biglia
RW 8 Enzo Pérez 86'
LW 22 Ezequiel Lavezzi 46'
SS 10 Lionel Messi (c)
CF 9 Gonzalo Higuaín 78'
Substitutions:
FW 20 Sergio Agüero 65' 46'
FW 18 Rodrigo Palacio 78'
MF 5 Fernando Gago 86'
Manager:
Alejandro Sabella
Record players[edit]
Lothar Matthäus is the FIFA World Cup's all-time record player. In addition, along with Antonio Carbajal and Rafael Márquez from Mexico, he is one of the few players to have been fielded in five FIFA World Cups.
Miroslav Klose, who is only one match behind, also holds the record for most victories at FIFA World Cups (17).
No.
Name
Matches
World Cups
1 Lothar Matthäus 25 1982, 1986, 1990, 1994 and 1998
2 Miroslav Klose 24 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014
3 Uwe Seeler 21 1958, 1962, 1966 and 1970
4 Philipp Lahm 20 2006, 2010 and 2014
Bastian Schweinsteiger 20 2006, 2010 and 2014
6 Wolfgang Overath 19 1966, 1970 and 1974
Berti Vogts 19 1970, 1974 and 1978
Karl-Heinz Rummenigge 19 1978, 1982 and 1986
Per Mertesacker 19 2006, 2010 and 2014
10 Franz Beckenbauer 18 1966, 1970 and 1974
Sepp Maier 18 1970, 1974 and 1978
Thomas Berthold 18 1986, 1990 and 1994
Top goalscorers[edit]
Since 2014, Miroslav Klose is the all-time top goalscorer at FIFA World Cup final tournaments. Gerd Müller used to be the holder of that record from 1974 until it was broken by Ronaldo in 2006.
No.
Name
Goals
World Cups
1 Miroslav Klose 16 2002 (5), 2006 (5), 2010 (4) and 2014 (2)
2 Gerd Müller 14 1970 (10) and 1974 (4)
3 Jürgen Klinsmann 11 1990 (3), 1994 (5) and 1998 (3)
4 Thomas Müller 10 2010 (5) and 2014 (5)
Helmut Rahn 10 1954 (4) and 1958 (6)
6 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge 9 1978 (3), 1982 (5) and 1986 (1)
Uwe Seeler 9 1958 (2), 1962 (2), 1966 (2) and 1970 (3)
8 Rudi Völler 8 1986 (3), 1990 (3) and 1994 (2)
9 Hans Schäfer 7 1954 (4) and 1958 (3)
10 Helmut Haller 6 1966
Lothar Matthäus 6 1986 (1), 1990 (4) and 1994 (1)
Max Morlock 6 1954
By match[edit]
showYear as
Round
Against
Score
Scorers
1934 Round 1 Belgium 5–2 Kobierski, Siffing, Conen (3)
Quarter-final Sweden 2–1 Hohmann (2)
Semi-final Czechoslovakia 1–3 Noack
Third place match Austria 3–2 Lehner (2), Conen
1938 Round 1 Switzerland 1–1 (AET) Gauchel
Round 1 (replay) Switzerland 2–4 Hahnemann, Lörtscher (o.g.)
1954 Group 2 Turkey 4–1 Schäfer, Klodt, O. Walter, Morlock
Group 2 Hungary 3–8 Pfaff, Rahn, Herrmann
Play-off Turkey 7–2 O. Walter, Schäfer (2), Morlock (3), F. Walter
Quarter-final Yugoslavia 2–0 Horvath (o.g.), Rahn
Semi-final Austria 6–1 Schäfer, Morlock, F. Walter (2), O. Walter (2)
Final Hungary 3–2 Morlock, Rahn (2)
1958 Group 1 Argentina 3–1 Rahn (2), Seeler
Group 1 Czechoslovakia 2–2 Schäfer, Rahn
Group 1 Northern Ireland 2–2 Rahn, Seeler
Quarter-final Yugoslavia 1–0 Rahn
Semi-final Sweden 1–3 Schäfer
Third place match France 3–6 Cieslarczyk, Rahn, Schäfer
1962 Group 2 Italy 0–0
Group 2 Switzerland 2–1 Brülls, Seeler
Group 2 Chile 2–0 Szymaniak, Seeler
Quarter-final Yugoslavia 0–1
1966 Group 2 Switzerland 5–0 Held, Haller (2), Beckenbauer (2)
Group 2 Argentina 0–0
Group 2 Spain 2–1 Emmerich, Seeler
Quarter-final Uruguay 4–0 Haller (2), Beckenbauer, Seeler
Semi-final Soviet Union 2–1 Haller, Beckenbauer
Final England 2–4 (AET) Haller, Weber
1970 Group 4 Morocco 2–1 Seeler, Müller
Group 4 Bulgaria 5–2 Libuda, Müller (3), Seeler
Group 4 Peru 3–1 Müller (3)
Quarter-final England 3–2 (AET) Beckenbauer, Seeler, Müller
Semi-final Italy 3–4 (AET) Schnellinger, Müller (2)
Third place match Uruguay 1–0 Overath
1974 Group 1 Chile 1–0 Breitner
Group 1 Australia 3–0 Overath, Cullmann, Müller
Group 1 East Germany 0–1
Group B (Round 2) Yugoslavia 2–0 Breitner, Müller
Group B (Round 2) Sweden 4–2 Overath, Bonhof, Grabowski, Hoeneß
Group B (Round 2) Poland 1–0 Müller
Final Netherlands 2–1 Breitner, Müller
1978 Group 2 Poland 0–0
Group 2 Mexico 6–0 D. Müller, H. Müller, Rummenigge (2), Flohe (2)
Group 2 Tunisia 0–0
Group A (Round 2) Italy 0–0
Group A (Round 2) Netherlands 2–2 Abramczik, D. Müller
Group A (Round 2) Austria 2–3 Rummenigge, Hölzenbein
1982 Group 2 Algeria 1–2 Rummenigge
Group 2 Chile 4–1 Rummenigge (3), Reinders
Group 2 Austria 1–0 Hrubesch
Group B (Round 2) England 0–0
Group B (Round 2) Spain 2–1 Littbarski, Fischer
Semi-final France 3–3 (AET), 5–4 (p) Littbarski, Rummenigge, Fischer
Final Italy 1–3 Breitner
1986 Group E Uruguay 1–1 Allofs
Group E Scotland 2–1 Völler, Allofs
Group E Denmark 0–2
Round of 16 Morocco 1–0 Matthäus
Quarter-final Mexico 0–0 (AET), 4–1 (p)
Semi-final France 2–0 Brehme, Völler
Final Argentina 2–3 Rummenigge, Völler
1990 Group D Yugoslavia 4–1 Matthäus (2), Klinsmann, Völler
Group D United Arab Emirates 5–1 Völler (2), Klinsmann, Matthäus, Bein
Group D Colombia 1–1 Littbarski
Round of 16 Netherlands 2–1 Klinsmann, Brehme
Quarter-final Czechoslovakia 1–0 Matthäus
Semi-final England 1–1 (AET), 4–3 (p) Brehme
Final Argentina 1–0 Brehme
1994 Group C Bolivia 1–0 Klinsmann
Group C Spain 1–1 Klinsmann
Group C South Korea 3–2 Klinsmann (2), Riedle
Round of 16 Belgium 3–2 Völler (2), Klinsmann
Quarter-final Bulgaria 1–2 Matthäus
1998 Group F United States 2–0 Möller, Klinsmann
Group F Yugoslavia 2–2 Mihajlović (o.g.), Bierhoff
Group F Iran 2–0 Bierhoff, Klinsmann
Round of 16 Mexico 2–1 Klinsmann, Bierhoff
Quarter-final Croatia 0–3
2002 Group E Saudi Arabia 8–0 Klose (3), Ballack, Jancker, Linke, Bierhoff, Schneider
Group E Republic of Ireland 1–1 Klose
Group E Cameroon 2–0 Bode, Klose
Round of 16 Paraguay 1–0 Neuville
Quarter-final United States 1–0 Ballack
Semi-final South Korea 1–0 Ballack
Final Brazil 0–2
2006 Group A Costa Rica 4–2 Lahm, Klose (2), Frings
Group A Poland 1–0 Neuville
Group A Ecuador 3–0 Klose (2), Podolski
Round of 16 Sweden 2–0 Podolski (2)
Quarter-final Argentina 1–1 (AET), 4–2 (p) Klose
Semi-final Italy 0–2 (AET)
Third place match Portugal 3–1 Schweinsteiger (2), Petit (o.g.)
2010 Group D Australia 4–0 Podolski, Klose, Müller, Cacau
Group D Serbia 0–1
Group D Ghana 1–0 Özil
Round of 16 England 4–1 Klose, Podolski, Müller (2)
Quarter-final Argentina 4–0 Müller, Klose (2), Friedrich
Semi-final Spain 0–1
Third place match Uruguay 3–2 Müller, Jansen, Khedira
2014 Group G Portugal 4–0 Müller (3), Hummels
Group G Ghana 2–2 Götze, Klose
Group G United States 1–0 Müller
Round of 16 Algeria 2–1 (AET) Schürrle, Özil
Quarter-final France 1–0 Hummels
Semi-final Brazil 7–1 Müller, Klose, Kroos (2), Khedira, Schürrle (2)
Final Argentina 1–0 (AET) Götze
2018 Group F Mexico 0–1
Group F Sweden 2–1 Reus, Kroos
Group F South Korea 0–2
By opponent[edit]
Legend
Won more than lost
Won equals lost
Lost more than won
Opponent
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Win %
Argentina 7 4 2 1 12 5 +7 57.14%
Yugoslavia 6 4 1 1 11 4 +7 66.67%
Sweden 5 4 0 1 11 7 +4 80.00%
England 5 2 2 1 10 8 +2 40.00%
Italy 5 0 2 3 4 9 −5 0.00%
Uruguay 4 3 1 0 9 3 +6 75.00%
Austria 4 3 0 1 12 6 +6 75.00%
Mexico 4 2 1 1 8 2 +6 50.00%
Switzerland 4 2 1 1 10 6 +4 50.00%
Spain 4 2 1 1 5 4 +1 50.00%
France 4 2 1 1 9 9 0 50.00%
Chile 3 3 0 0 7 1 +6 100.00%
United States 3 3 0 0 4 0 +4 100.00%
Netherlands 3 2 1 0 6 4 +2 66.67%
Poland 3 2 1 0 2 0 +2 66.67%
South Korea 3 2 0 1 4 4 0 66.67%
Czechoslovakia 3 1 1 1 4 5 −1 33.33%
Turkey 2 2 0 0 11 3 +8 100.00%
Australia 2 2 0 0 7 0 +7 100.00%
Portugal 2 2 0 0 7 1 +6 100.00%
Belgium 2 2 0 0 8 4 +4 100.00%
Morocco 2 2 0 0 3 1 +2 100.00%
Ghana 2 1 1 0 3 2 +1 50.00%
Brazil 2 1 0 1 7 3 +4 50.00%
Bulgaria 2 1 0 1 6 4 +2 50.00%
Algeria 2 1 0 1 3 3 0 50.00%
Hungary 2 1 0 1 6 10 −4 50.00%
Saudi Arabia 1 1 0 0 8 0 +8 100.00%
United Arab Emirates 1 1 0 0 5 1 +4 100.00%
Ecuador 1 1 0 0 3 0 +3 100.00%
Costa Rica 1 1 0 0 4 2 +2 100.00%
Peru 1 1 0 0 3 1 +2 100.00%
Cameroon 1 1 0 0 2 0 +2 100.00%
Iran 1 1 0 0 2 0 +2 100.00%
Scotland 1 1 0 0 2 1 +1 100.00%
Soviet Union 1 1 0 0 2 1 +1 100.00%
Bolivia 1 1 0 0 1 0 +1 100.00%
Paraguay 1 1 0 0 1 0 +1 100.00%
Northern Ireland 1 0 1 0 2 2 0 0.00%
Colombia 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0.00%
Republic of Ireland 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0.00%
Tunisia 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.00%
East Germany 1 0 0 1 0 1 −1 0.00%
Serbia 1 0 0 1 0 1 −1 0.00%
Denmark 1 0 0 1 0 2 −2 0.00%
Croatia 1 0 0 1 0 3 −3 0.00%
Total (46)
109
67
20
22
226
125
+101
61.47%
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived June 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. (PDF), FIFA.com. Retrieved on June 6, 2007.
External links[edit]
DFB's German national football team page
FIFA Official Ranking of all Participants at Finals 1930–2002. FIFA Match Results for all Stages 1930–2002
FIFA official site
show
West Germany/Germany FIFA World Cup squads
show
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t
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Germany squad – 1934 FIFA World Cup third place
GK Buchloh
GK Jakob
GK Kreß
DF Bender
DF Busch
DF Haringer
DF Schwartz
MF Albrecht
MF Gramlich
MF Janes
MF Münzenberg
MF Szepan (c)
MF Zielinski
FW Conen
FW Dienert
FW Heidemann
FW Hohmann
FW Kobierski
FW Lehner
FW Noack
FW Siffling
FW Streb
Coach: Nerz
show
v
t
e
Germany squad – 1938 FIFA World Cup
GK Buchloh
GK Jakob
GK Raftl
DF Janes
DF Münzenberg
DF Schmaus
MF Goldbrunner
MF Kitzinger
MF Kupfer
MF Mock
MF Wagner
FW Gauchel
FW Gellesch
FW Hahnemann
FW Lehner
FW Neumer
FW Pesser
FW Siffling
FW Skoumal
FW Streitle
FW Stroh
FW Szepan (c)
Coach: Herberger
show
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e
West Germany squad – 1954 FIFA World Cup winners (1st title)
1 Turek
2 Laband
3 Kohlmeyer
4 Bauer
5 Erhardt
6 Eckel
7 Posipal
8 Mai
9 Mebus
10 Liebrich
11 Metzner
12 Rahn
13 Morlock
14 Klodt
15 O. Walter
16 F. Walter (c)
17 Herrmann
18 Biesinger
19 Pfaff
20 Schäfer
21 Kubsch
22 Kwiatkowski
Coach: Herberger
show
v
t
e
West Germany squad – 1958 FIFA World Cup fourth place
1 Herkenrath
2 Erhardt
3 Juskowiak
4 Eckel
5 Wewers
6 Szymaniak
7 Stollenwerk
8 Rahn
9 Walter
10 Schmidt
11 Schäfer (c)
12 Seeler
13 Klodt
14 Cieslarczyk
15 Kelbassa
16 Sturm
17 Schnellinger
18 Hoffmann
19 Peters
20 Nuber
21 Sawitzki
22 Kwiatkowski
Coach: Herberger
show
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e
West Germany squad – 1962 FIFA World Cup
1 Tilkowski
2 Erhardt
3 Schnellinger
4 Schulz
5 Wilden
6 Szymaniak
7 Koslowski
8 Haller
9 Seeler
10 Brülls
11 Schäfer (c)
12 Nowak
13 Kurbjuhn
14 Werner
15 Giesemann
16 Sturm
17 Kraus
18 Herrmann
19 Strehl
20 Vollmar
21 Sawitzki
22 Fahrian
Coach: Herberger
show
v
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e
West Germany squad – 1966 FIFA World Cup runners-up
1 Tilkowski
2 Höttges
3 Schnellinger
4 Beckenbauer
5 Schulz
6 Weber
7 Brülls
8 Haller
9 Seeler (c)
10 Held
11 Emmerich
12 Overath
13 Hornig
14 Lutz
15 Patzke
16 Lorenz
17 Paul
18 Sieloff
19 Krämer
20 Grabowski
21 Bernard
22 Maier
Coach: Schön
show
v
t
e
West Germany squad – 1970 FIFA World Cup third place
1 Maier
2 Höttges
3 Schnellinger
4 Beckenbauer
5 Schulz
6 Weber
7 Vogts
8 Haller
9 Seeler (c)
10 Held
11 Fichtel
12 Overath
13 Müller
14 Libuda
15 Patzke
16 Lorenz
17 Löhr
18 Sieloff
19 Dietrich
20 Grabowski
21 Manglitz
22 Wolter
Coach: Schön
show
v
t
e
West Germany squad – 1974 FIFA World Cup winners (2nd title)
1 Maier
2 Vogts
3 Breitner
4 Schwarzenbeck
5 Beckenbauer (c)
6 Höttges
7 Wimmer
8 Cullmann
9 Grabowski
10 Netzer
11 Heynckes
12 Overath
13 Müller
14 Hoeneß
15 Flohe
16 Bonhof
17 Hölzenbein
18 Herzog
19 Kapellmann
20 Kremers
21 Nigbur
22 Kleff
Coach: Schön
show
v
t
e
West Germany squad – 1978 FIFA World Cup
1 Maier
2 Vogts (c)
3 Dietz
4 Rüssmann
5 Kaltz
6 Bonhof
7 Abramczik
8 Zimmermann
9 Fischer
10 Flohe
11 Rummenigge
12 Schwarzenbeck
13 Konopka
14 D. Müller
15 Beer
16 Cullmann
17 Hölzenbein
18 Zewe
19 Worm
20 H. Müller
21 Kargus
22 Burdenski
Coach: Schön
show
v
t
e
West Germany squad – 1982 FIFA World Cup runners-up
1 Schumacher
2 Briegel
3 Breitner
4 K. Förster
5 B. Förster
6 Dremmler
7 Littbarski
8 Fischer
9 Hrubesch
10 Müller
11 Rummenigge (c)
12 Hannes
13 Reinders
14 Magath
15 Stielike
16 T. Allofs
17 Engels
18 Matthäus
19 Hieronymus
20 Kaltz
21 Franke
22 Immel
Coach: Derwall
show
v
t
e
West Germany squad – 1986 FIFA World Cup runners-up
1 Schumacher (c)
2 Briegel
3 Brehme
4 Förster
5 Herget
6 Eder
7 Littbarski
8 Matthäus
9 Völler
10 Magath
11 Rummenigge
12 Stein
13 Allgöwer
14 Berthold
15 Augenthaler
16 Thon
17 Jakobs
18 Rahn
19 K. Allofs
20 Hoeneß
21 Rolff
22 Immel
Coach: Beckenbauer
show
v
t
e
West Germany squad – 1990 FIFA World Cup winners (3rd title)
1 Illgner
2 Reuter
3 Brehme
4 Kohler
5 Augenthaler
6 Buchwald
7 Littbarski
8 Häßler
9 Völler
10 Matthäus (c)
11 Mill
12 Aumann
13 Riedle
14 Berthold
15 Bein
16 Steiner
17 Möller
18 Klinsmann
19 Pflügler
20 Thon
21 Hermann
22 Köpke
Coach: Beckenbauer
show
v
t
e
Germany squad – 1994 FIFA World Cup
1 Illgner
2 Strunz
3 Brehme
4 Kohler
5 Helmer
6 Buchwald
7 Möller
8 Häßler
9 Riedle
10 Matthäus (c)
11 Kuntz
12 Köpke
13 Völler
14 Berthold
15 Gaudino
16 Sammer
17 Wagner
18 Klinsmann
19 Kirsten
20 Effenberg
21 Basler
22 Kahn
Coach: Vogts
show
v
t
e
Germany squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup
1 Köpke
2 Wörns
3 Heinrich
4 Kohler
5 Helmer
6 Thon
7 Möller
8 Matthäus
9 Kirsten
10 Häßler
11 Marschall
12 Kahn
13 Jeremies
14 Babbel
15 Freund
16 Hamann
17 Ziege
18 Klinsmann (c)
19 Reuter
20 Bierhoff
21 Tarnat
22 Lehmann
Coach: Vogts
show
v
t
e
Germany squad – 2002 FIFA World Cup runners-up
1 Kahn (c)
2 Linke
3 Rehmer
4 Baumann
5 Ramelow
6 Ziege
7 Neuville
8 Hamann
9 Jancker
10 Ricken
11 Klose
12 Lehmann
13 Ballack
14 Asamoah
15 Kehl
16 Jeremies
17 Bode
18 Böhme
19 Schneider
20 Bierhoff
21 Metzelder
22 Frings
23 Butt
Coach: Völler
show
v
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e
Germany squad – 2006 FIFA World Cup third place
1 Lehmann
2 Jansen
3 Friedrich
4 Huth
5 Kehl
6 Nowotny
7 Schweinsteiger
8 Frings
9 Hanke
10 Neuville
11 Klose
12 Kahn
13 Ballack (c)
14 Asamoah
15 Hitzlsperger
16 Lahm
17 Mertesacker
18 Borowski
19 Schneider
20 Podolski
21 Metzelder
22 Odonkor
23 Hildebrand
Coach: Klinsmann
show
v
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e
Germany squad – 2010 FIFA World Cup third place
1 Neuer
2 Jansen
3 Friedrich
4 Aogo
5 Tasci
6 Khedira
7 Schweinsteiger
8 Özil
9 Kießling
10 Podolski
11 Klose
12 Wiese
13 Müller
14 Badstuber
15 Trochowski
16 Lahm (c)
17 Mertesacker
18 Kroos
19 Cacau
20 Boateng
21 Marin
22 Butt
23 Gómez
Coach: Löw
show
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Germany squad – 2014 FIFA World Cup winners (4th title)
1 Neuer
2 Großkreutz
3 Ginter
4 Höwedes
5 Hummels
6 Khedira
7 Schweinsteiger
8 Özil
9 Schürrle
10 Podolski
11 Klose
12 Zieler
13 Müller
14 Draxler
15 Durm
16 Lahm (c)
17 Mertesacker
18 Kroos
19 Götze
20 Boateng
21 Mustafi
22 Weidenfeller
23 Kramer
Coach: Löw
show
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e
Germany national football team
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1 Considered a successor team by FIFA, or have competed under another name(s). 2 Have been member of multiple confederations. 3 Team and national federation no longer exist.
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Virtual function
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Polymorphism
Ad hoc polymorphism
Function overloading
Operator overloading
Parametric polymorphism
Double dispatch
Multiple dispatch
Single and dynamic dispatch
Subtyping
Virtual function
v
t
e
In object-oriented programming, in languages such as C++, and Object Pascal, a virtual function or virtual method is an inheritable and overridable function or method for which dynamic dispatch is facilitated. This concept is an important part of the (runtime) polymorphism portion of object-oriented programming (OOP). In short, a virtual function defines a target function to be executed, but the target might not be known at compile time.
Contents
[hide]
1 Purpose
2 Example
3 Abstract classes and pure virtual functions
4 Behaviour during construction and destruction
5 Virtual destructors
6 See also
7 References
Purpose[edit]
Further information: Dynamic dispatch
The concept of the virtual function solves the following problem:
In object-oriented programming, when a derived class inherits from a base class, an object of the derived class may be referred to via a pointer or reference of the base class type instead of the derived class type. If there are base class methods overridden by the derived class, the method actually called by such a reference or pointer can be bound either 'early' (by the compiler), according to the declared type of the pointer or reference, or 'late' (i.e., by the runtime system of the language), according to the actual type of the object referred to.
Virtual functions are resolved 'late'. If the function in question is 'virtual' in the base class, the most-derived class's implementation of the function is called according to the actual type of the object referred to, regardless of the declared type of the pointer or reference. If it is not 'virtual', the method is resolved 'early' and the function called is selected according to the declared type of the pointer or reference.
Virtual functions allow a program to call methods that don't necessarily even exist at the moment the code is compiled.
In C++, virtual methods are declared by prepending the virtual keyword to the function's declaration in the base class. This modifier is inherited by all implementations of that method in derived classes, meaning that they can continue to over-ride each other and be late-bound. And even if methods owned by the base class call the virtual method, they will instead be calling the derived method. Overloading occurs when two or more methods in one class have the same method name but different parameters. Overriding means having two methods with the same method name and parameters. Overloading is also referred to as dynamic function mapping and overriding as function matching.
Example[edit]
Class Diagram of Animal
For example, a base class Animal could have a virtual function eat. Subclass Llama would implement eat() differently than subclass Wolf, but one can invoke eat() on any class instance referred to as Animal, and get the eat() behaviour of the specific subclass.
class Animal { public: void /*non-virtual*/ move(void) { std::cout << "This animal moves in some way" << std::endl; } virtual void eat(void) = 0; }; // The class "Animal" may possess a definition for eat() if desired. class Llama : public Animal { public: // The non virtual function move() is inherited but not overridden void eat(void) override { std::cout << "Llamas eat grass!" << std::endl; } };
This allows a programmer to process a list of objects of class Animal, telling each in turn to eat (by calling eat()), without needing to know what kind of animal may be in the list, how each animal eats, or what the complete set of possible animal types might be.
Abstract classes and pure virtual functions[edit]
A pure virtual function or pure virtual method is a virtual function that is required to be implemented by a derived class if the derived class is not abstract. Classes containing pure virtual methods are termed "abstract" and they cannot be instantiated directly. A subclass of an abstract class can only be instantiated directly if all inherited pure virtual methods have been implemented by that class or a parent class. Pure virtual methods typically have a declaration (signature) and no definition (implementation).
As an example, an abstract base class MathSymbol may provide a pure virtual function doOperation(), and derived classes Plus and Minus implement doOperation() to provide concrete implementations. Implementing doOperation() would not make sense in the MathSymbol class, as MathSymbol is an abstract concept whose behaviour is defined solely for each given kind (subclass) of MathSymbol. Similarly, a given subclass of MathSymbol would not be complete without an implementation of doOperation().
Although pure virtual methods typically have no implementation in the class that declares them, pure virtual methods in C++ are permitted to contain an implementation in their declaring class, providing fallback or default behaviour that a derived class can delegate to, if appropriate.
Pure virtual functions can also be used where the method declarations are being used to define an interface - similar to what the interface keyword in Java explicitly specifies. In such a use, derived classes will supply all implementations. In such a design pattern, the abstract class which serves as an interface will contain only pure virtual functions, but no data members or ordinary methods. In C++, using such purely abstract classes as interfaces works because C++ supports multiple inheritance. However, because many OOP languages do not support multiple inheritance, they often provide a separate interface mechanism. An example is the Java programming language.
Behaviour during construction and destruction[edit]
Languages differ in their behaviour while the constructor or destructor of an object is running. For some languages, notably C++, the virtual dispatching mechanism has different semantics during construction and destruction of an object. While it is recommended that virtual function calls in constructors should be avoided for C++,[1] in some other languages, for example C# and Java, the derived implementation can be called during construction and design patterns such as the Abstract Factory Pattern actively promote this usage in languages supporting the ability.
Virtual destructors[edit]
Object-oriented languages typically manage memory allocation and de-allocation automatically when objects are created and destroyed. However, some object-oriented languages allow a custom destructor method to be implemented, if desired. If the language in question uses automatic memory management, the custom destructor (generally called a finalizer in this context) that is called is certain to be the appropriate one for the object in question. For example, if an object of type Wolf that inherits Animal is created, and both have custom destructors, the one called will be the one declared in Wolf.
In manual memory management contexts, the situation can be more complex, particularly as relates to static dispatch. If an object of type Wolf is created but pointed to by an Animal pointer, and it is this Animal pointer type that is deleted, the destructor called may actually be the one defined for Animal and not the one for Wolf, unless the destructor is virtual. This is particularly the case with C++, where the behaviour is a common source of programming errors.
See also[edit]
Inheritance
Superclass
Virtual inheritance
Interface (object oriented programming)
Component object model
Virtual method table
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Meyers, Scott (June 6, 2005). "Never Call Virtual Functions during Construction or Destruction".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virtual_function&oldid=836689850"
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