text:
Kern River (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Kern River"
Single by Merle Haggard
from the album Kern River
B-side
"Old Watermill"
Released
July 1, 1985
Genre
Country
Length
3:23
Label
Epic
Songwriter(s)
Merle Haggard
Producer(s)
Grady Martin
Merle Haggard singles chronology
"Make Up and Faded Blue Jeans"
(1985) "Kern River"
(1985) "Amber Waves of Grain"
(1985)
"Make Up and Faded Blue Jeans"
(1985) "Kern River"
(1985) "Amber Waves of Grain"
(1985)
"Kern River" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Merle Haggard backed by The Strangers. It was released in July 1985 as the only single and title track from his album Kern River. The song peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Chart performance
3 Covers
4 References
Content[edit]
The song grimly recounts the story of the singer's girlfriend drowning in the Kern River, California.[2] In the 2013 biography Merle Haggard: The Running Kind writer David Cantwell calls the track "a scary record" that "screamed quiet and startled you alive."[3]

Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1985)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[4] 10
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 10
Covers[edit]
"Kern River" was covered by Emmylou Harris on her album All I Intended to Be and by Dave Alvin on his album West of the West.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Merle Haggard singles". Allmusic. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Vain, Madison. "The Essential Merle Haggard," Entertainment Weekly (Apr. 22/29, 2016).
Jump up ^ Cantwell, David (2013). Merle Haggard: The Running Kind. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71771-8.
Jump up ^ "Merle Haggard Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
hide
v
t
e
Merle Haggard
The Strangers
Norm Hamlet
Ralph Mooney
Tiny Moore
Roy Nichols
Gene Price
Eldon Shamblin
Gordon Terry
Biff Adam
Jimmy Belken
Eddie Burris
Gary Church
George French
Dennis Hromek
Don Markham
Johnny Meeks
Marcia Nichols
Ronnie Reno
Clint Strong
Jim Tittle
Jerry Ward
Bobby Wayne
Mark Yeary
Studio albums
Strangers
Swinging Doors (with The Strangers)
I'm a Lonesome Fugitive (with The Strangers)
Branded Man (with The Strangers)
Sing Me Back Home (with The Strangers)
The Legend of Bonnie & Clyde (with The Strangers)
Mama Tried (with The Strangers)
Pride in What I Am (with The Strangers)
Same Train, A Different Time
A Portrait of Merle Haggard (with The Strangers)
A Tribute to the Best Damn Fiddle Player in the World (or, My Salute to Bob Wills)
Hag (with The Strangers)
Someday We'll Look Back (with The Strangers)
Let Me Tell You About a Song (with The Strangers)
It's Not Love (But It's Not Bad) (with The Strangers)
If We Make It Through December (with The Strangers)
Merle Haggard Presents His 30th Album (with The Strangers)
Keep Movin' On (with The Strangers)
It's All in the Movies (with The Strangers)
My Love Affair with Trains (with The Strangers)
The Roots of My Raising (with The Strangers)
Ramblin' Fever
A Working Man Can't Get Nowhere Today (with The Strangers)
My Farewell to Elvis
I'm Always on a Mountain When I Fall
Serving 190 Proof
The Way I Am
Back to the Barrooms
Big City
Going Where the Lonely Go
That's the Way Love Goes
It's All in the Game
Kern River
Out Among the Stars
A Friend In California
Chill Factor
5:01 Blues
Blue Jungle
1994
1996
If I Could Only Fly
Roots, Volume 1
The Peer Sessions
Haggard Like Never Before
Unforgettable
Chicago Wind
The Bluegrass Sessions
I Am What I Am
Working in Tennessee
Live albums
Okie from Muskogee (with The Strangers)
The Fightin' Side of Me (with The Strangers)
I Love Dixie Blues (with The Strangers)
Rainbow Stew Live at Anaheim Stadium
The Epic Collection (Recorded Live)
Amber Waves of Grain
Motorcycle Cowboy: Live at Billy Bob's Texas
Ol' Country Singer
Live from Austin, TX
Live from Austin, TX '78
Gospel albums
The Land of Many Churches (with The Strangers)
Songs for the Mama That Tried
Cabin in the Hills
Two Old Friends (with Albert E. Brumley, Jr.)
Holiday albums
Merle Haggard's Christmas Present
Goin' Home for Christmas
Pancho, Lefty and Rudolph (with Willie Nelson)
I Wish I Was Santa Claus
The Strangers albums
Instrumental Sounds of Merle Haggard's The Strangers
Introducing My Friends The Strangers
Getting to Know Merle Haggard's The Strangers
The Strangers Honky Tonkin'
The Strangers Totally Instrumental (With One Exception...)
Singles
1960s
"Sing a Sad Song"
"Sam Hill"
"(My Friends Are Gonna Be) Strangers"
"I'm Gonna Break Every Heart I Can"
"Swinging Doors" (with The Strangers)
"The Bottle Let Me Down" (with The Strangers)
"The Fugitive" (with The Strangers)
"I Threw Away the Rose" (with The Strangers)
"Branded Man" (with The Strangers)
"Sing Me Back Home" (with The Strangers)
"The Legend of Bonnie & Clyde" (with The Strangers)
"Mama Tried" (with The Strangers)
"I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am" (with The Strangers)
"Hungry Eyes" (with The Strangers)
"Workin' Man Blues" (with The Strangers)
"Okie from Muskogee" (with The Strangers)
1970s
"The Fightin' Side of Me" (with The Strangers)
"Street Singer" (released by The Strangers)
"Jesus, Take a Hold" (with The Strangers)
"I Can't Be Myself" (with The Strangers)
"Soldier's Last Letter" (with The Strangers)
"Someday We'll Look Back" (with The Strangers)
"Daddy Frank (The Guitar Man)" (with The Strangers)
"Carolyn" (with The Strangers)
"Grandma Harp" (with The Strangers)
"It's Not Love (But It's Not Bad)" (with The Strangers)
"I Wonder If They Ever Think of Me" (with The Strangers)
"The Emptiest Arms in the World" (with The Strangers)
"Everybody's Had the Blues" (with The Strangers)
"If We Make It Through December (with The Strangers)"
"Things Aren't Funny Anymore" (with The Strangers)
"Old Man from the Mountain" (with The Strangers)
"Kentucky Gambler" (with The Strangers)
"Always Wanting You" (with The Strangers)
"Movin' On" (with The Strangers)
"It's All in the Movies" (with The Strangers)
"The Roots of My Raising" (with The Strangers)
"Here Comes the Freedom Train" (with The Strangers)
"Cherokee Maiden" (with The Strangers)
"If We're Not Back in Love by Monday"
"Ramblin' Fever"
"A Working Man Can't Get Nowhere Today" (with The Strangers)
"From Graceland to the Promised Land"
"Running Kind" (with The Strangers)
"I'm Always on a Mountain When I Fall"
"It's Been a Great Afternoon"
"The Way It Was in '51"
"Red Bandana"
"My Own Kind of Hat"
1980s – 1990s
"The Way I Am"
"Misery and Gin"
"I Think I'll Just Stay Here and Drink"
"Leonard"
"Rainbow Stew"
"My Favorite Memory"
"Big City"
"Dealing with the Devil"
"Are the Good Times Really Over (I Wish a Buck Was Still Silver)"
"Going Where the Lonely Go"
"You Take Me for Granted"
"What Am I Gonna Do (With the Rest of My Life)"
"It's All in the Game"
"That's the Way Love Goes"
"Someday When Things Are Good"
"Let's Chase Each Other Around the Room"
"A Place to Fall Apart"
"Make-Up and Faded Blue Jeans"
"Kern River"
"Amber Waves of Grain"
"American Waltz"
"I Had a Beautiful Time"
"A Friend in California"
"Out Among the Stars"
"Almost Persuaded"
"Twinkle, Twinkle Lucky Star"
"Chill Factor"
"We Never Touch at All"
"You Babe"
"5:01 Blues"
"A Better Love Next Time"
"If You Want to Be My Woman"
"Broken Friend"
"When It Rains It Pours"
"In My Next Life"
Collaborations
Albums
Just Between the Two of Us (with Bonnie Owens and The Strangers)
A Taste of Yesterday's Wine (with George Jones)
Pancho & Lefty (with Willie Nelson)
Heart to Heart (with Leona Williams)
Walking the Line (with George Jones and Willie Nelson)
Seashores of Old Mexico (with Willie Nelson)
Kickin' Out the Footlights...Again (with George Jones)
Last of the Breed (with Willie Nelson and Ray Price)
Django & Jimmie (with Willie Nelson)
Singles
"Just Between the Two of Us" (with Bonnie Owens and The Strangers)
"The Bull and the Beaver" with Leona Williams
"Bar Room Buddies" (with Clint Eastwood)
"Yesterday's Wine" (with George Jones)
"C.C. Waterback" (with George Jones)
"Reasons to Quit" (with Willie Nelson)
"Pancho and Lefty" (with Willie Nelson)
"We're Strangers Again" (with Leona Williams)
"If I Could Only Fly" (with Willie Nelson)
"That's the Way Love Goes" with (Jewel)
"Wreck on the Highway" (with Chester Smith)
Guest appearances
"Street Singer" (by The Strangers)
"Willie" (by Hank Cochran)
"Walking the Floor Over You" (by Ernest Tubb)
"I Can't Hold Myself in Line" (by Johnny Paycheck)
"Lefty" (by David Frizzell)
"Same Old Train" (from Tribute to Tradition)
"Politically Uncorrect" (by Gretchen Wilson)
"I Think I'll Just Stay Here and Drink" (by Hank Williams, Jr.)
Compilations
The Best of Merle Haggard
Close-Up
The Best of the Best of Merle Haggard
Songs I'll Always Sing
Eleven Winners
The Way It Was in '51
Merle Haggard's Greatest Hits
His Epic Hits: The First 11 (To Be Continued...)
His Best
His Greatest and His Best
The Lonesome Fugitive
Untamed Hawk
Vintage Collections
Down Every Road 1962–1994
Yesterday's Wine 1981-1988
A&E Biography
16 Biggest Hits
For the Record: 43 Legendary Hits
Merle Haggard's Train Whistle Blues
20 Greatest Hits
David Allan Coe Presents
40 #1 Hits
The Essential Merle Haggard: The Epic Years
Hag: The Best of Merle Haggard
Related articles
Discography
Marty Haggard
Noel Haggard
Bonnie Owens
Leona Williams
The Strangers

This 1985 country song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kern_River_(song)&oldid=839527249"
Categories:
Merle Haggard songs
Emmylou Harris songs
1985 singles
1985 songs
Epic Records singles
Kern River
Songs written by Merle Haggard
1985 country song stubs
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs
Singlechart called without song
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 4 May 2018, at 01:16.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: i

value: span

value: td

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values:
left
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
center
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
Merle_Haggard
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
;The_Strangers

:_Norm_Hamlet
:_Ralph_Mooney
:_Tiny_Moore
:_Roy_Nichols
:_Gene_Price
:_Eldon_Shamblin
:_Gordon_Terry

:_Biff_Adam
:_Jimmy_Belken
:_Eddie_Burris
:_Gary_Church
:_George_French
:_Dennis_Hromek
:_Don_Markham

:_Johnny_Meeks
:_Marcia_Nichols
:_Ronnie_Reno
:_Clint_Strong
:_Jim_Tittle
:_Jerry_Ward
:_Bobby_Wayne
:_Mark_Yeary

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values:
/wiki/Same_Train,_A_Different_Time
mw-redirect
Same Train, A Different Time

values: That's the Way Love Goes (Merle Haggard album)

values: It's All in the Game (Merle Haggard album)

values: Out Among the Stars (Merle Haggard album)

values:
/wiki/A_Friend_In_California
mw-redirect
A Friend In California

values: The Bluegrass Sessions (Merle Haggard album)

values: width:100%;padding:0px;background: rgb(238, 238, 238);

values: A Working Man Can't Get Nowhere Today (song)

values: I'm Always on a Mountain When I Fall (song)

values: That's the Way Love Goes (Johnny Rodriguez song)

values: Walking the Line (Merle Haggard, George Jones and Willie Nelson album)

values:
/wiki/Hank_Williams,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Hank Williams, Jr.

values: Songs I'll Always Sing (Merle Haggard album)

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs

values: Category:Singlechart called without song

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Kern_River_(song)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kern_River_song rootpage-Kern_River_song skin-vector action-view


text:
MS St. Louis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"SS St. Louis" redirects here. For other uses, see List of ships named SS St. Louis.
MS St. Louis surrounded by smaller vessels in its homeport of Hamburg.[1]
History
Germany
Name: St. Louis
Owner: Hamburg-America Line
Port of registry:
Hamburg (1928–33)
Hamburg (1933–46)
Hamburg (1946–49)
Hamburg (1949–52)
Builder: Bremer-Vulkan Shipyards in Bremen, Germany
Laid down: June 16, 1925
Launched: August 2, 1928
Maiden voyage: March 28, 1929
Fate: Scrapped in Bremerhaven, Germany, 1952
General characteristics
Tonnage: 16,732 gross register tons (GRT)
Length: 574 ft (175 m)
Beam: 72 ft (22 m)
Propulsion: M.A.N. diesels, twin triple-blade propellers
Speed: 16 knots (30 km/h/18 mph)
Capacity: 973 passengers (270 cabin, 287 tourist, 416 third)
The MS St. Louis was a German ocean liner. In 1939, it set off on a voyage in which its captain, Gustav Schröder, tried to find homes for over 900 Jewish refugees from Germany. After they were denied entry to Cuba, the United States, and Canada, the refugees were finally accepted in various European countries, including Belgium, the Netherlands, the UK, and France. Historians have estimated that approximately a quarter of them died in death camps during World War II. The event was the subject of a 1974 book, Voyage of the Damned, by Gordon Thomas and Max Morgan-Witts. It was adapted for a 1976 U.S. film of the same title and a 1994 opera titled "St. Louis Blues" by Chiel Meijering.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 "Voyage of the Damned"
3 Legacy
4 Later career
5 Notable passengers
6 Representation in other media
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Background[edit]
Built by the Bremer Vulkan shipyards in Bremen for the Hamburg America Line, the St. Louis was a diesel-powered ship and properly referred to with the prefix "MS" or "MV", but she is often known as the "SS St. Louis". The ship was named after the city of St. Louis, Missouri. Her sistership was the Milwaukee. The St. Louis regularly sailed the trans-Atlantic route from Hamburg to Halifax, Nova Scotia and New York and made cruises to the Canary Islands, Madeira and Morocco. The St. Louis was built for both transatlantic liner service and for leisure cruises.[citation needed]
"Voyage of the Damned"[edit]
The St. Louis set sail from Hamburg to Cuba on May 13, 1939. The vessel under command of Captain Gustav Schröder was carrying 937 passengers, most of them Jewish refugees[2][3] seeking asylum from Nazi persecution. Captain Schröder was a non-Jewish German[4] who went to great lengths to ensure dignified treatment for his passengers.
The journey to Cuba was a joyous affair. The passengers aboard the St. Louis had suffered ill-treatment in Germany, but on board, they were treated very well, at the insistence of Captain Schröder.[5] Food served included items subject to rationing in Germany, and childcare was available while parents dined. Dances and concerts were put on, and on Friday evenings, religious services were held in the dining room. A bust of Hitler was covered by a tablecloth. Swimming lessons took place in the on-deck pool. Lothar Molton, a boy traveling with his parents, said that the passengers thought of it as "a vacation cruise to freedom".[6]
The ship dropped anchor at 04:00 on May 27 at the far end of the Havana harbor and was denied entry to the usual docking areas. The next six days on the harbor were tumultuous times. The Cuban government, headed by President Federico Laredo Brú, refused to accept the foreign refugees. Although passengers had previously purchased legal visas, they could not enter Cuba either as tourists (laws related to tourist visas had recently been changed) or as refugees seeking political asylum. On May 5, 1939, four months before World War II began, Havana abandoned its former pragmatic immigration policy and instead issued Decree 937, which "restricted entry of all foreigners except U.S. citizens requiring a bond of $500 and authorization by the Cuban secretaries of state and labor. Permits and visas issued before May 5 were invalidated retroactively."[7] None of the passengers were aware that the Cuban government had retroactively invalidated their landing permits.
In the end, only 29 passengers were allowed to disembark in Cuba.[8][9] Twenty-two of them were Jewish and had valid US visas; of the others, four were Spanish citizens and two were Cuban nationals, all with valid entry documents. The last was a medical evacuee who, after attempting to commit suicide, was taken to a hospital in Havana.[2][not in citation given]
Boarding at Hamburg Harbor
Telephone records show American officials Cordell Hull, Secretary of State, and Henry Morgenthau, Secretary of the Treasury had made some efforts to persuade Cuba to accept the refugees. Their actions, together with efforts of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, were not successful.[9]
Prohibited from landing in Cuba, the St. Louis and the remaining 907 refugees[10] headed towards the United States. Captain Schröder circled off the coast of Florida, hoping for permission to enter the United States. Cordell Hull, Secretary of State, advised Roosevelt not to accept the Jews, however. Captain Schröder considered running aground along the coast to allow the refugees to escape, but, acting on Cordell Hull's instructions, US Coast Guard vessels shadowed the ship and prevented such a move.
After the St. Louis was turned away from the United States,[11] a group of academics and clergy in Canada tried to persuade Canada's Prime Minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King, to provide sanctuary to the ship's passengers, as it was only two days from Halifax, Nova Scotia.[12] But Canadian immigration official Frederick Blair, hostile to Jewish immigration, persuaded King on June 9 not to intervene. In 2000, Blair's nephew apologized to the Jewish people for his uncle's action.[13]
The situation of the vessel deteriorated as Captain Schröder negotiated and schemed to find them a safe haven. At one point he formulated plans to wreck the ship on the British coast to force the passengers to be taken as refugees. He refused to return the ship to Germany until all the passengers had been given entry to some other country. US officials worked with Britain and European nations to find refuge for the travelers in Europe.[9] The ship returned to Europe, docking at Antwerp, Belgium, on June 17, 1939 with 907 passengers.[14][15]
The United Kingdom agreed to take 288 of the passengers (32 percent), who disembarked and traveled to the UK via other steamers. After much negotiation by Schröder, the remaining 619 passengers were allowed to disembark at Antwerp; 224 were accepted by France (25 percent), 214 by Belgium (23.59 percent), and 181 by the Netherlands (20 percent). Without any passengers, the ship returned to Hamburg. The following year, after the Nazi German invasions of Belgium, France and the Netherlands in May 1940, all the Jews in those countries were at renewed risk, including the recent refugees.[16][17]
St. Louis Captain Gustav Schröder negotiates landing permits for the passengers with Belgian officials in the Port of Antwerp.
By using the survival rates for Jews in various countries, Thomas and Morgan-Witts, the authors of Voyage of the Damned, estimated that 180 of the St. Louis refugees in France, 152 of those in Belgium, and 60 of those in the Netherlands survived the Holocaust. Including the passengers who landed in England, of the original 936 refugees (one man died during the voyage), roughly 709 survived the war and 227 did not.[18][9]
Later research by Scott Miller and Sarah Ogilvie of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum did an actual historical trace on the fate of each passenger.[19] They determined that 254 of those who returned to continental Europe were murdered during the Holocaust:
"Of the 620 St. Louis passengers who returned to continental Europe, we determined that eighty-seven were able to emigrate before Germany invaded western Europe on May 10, 1940. Two hundred fifty-four passengers in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands after that date died during the Holocaust. Most of these people were murdered in the killing centers of Auschwitz and Sobibór; the rest died in internment camps, in hiding or attempting to evade the Nazis. Three hundred sixty-five of the 620 passengers who returned to continental Europe survived the war. Of the 288 passengers sent to Britain, the vast majority were alive at war's end."[20]
Legacy[edit]
After the war, Captain Gustav Schröder was awarded the Order of Merit by the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1993, Schröder was posthumously named as one of the Righteous among the Nations at the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial in Israel.[4] A display at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum tells the story of the voyage of the MS St. Louis. The Hamburg Museum features a display and a video about the St. Louis in its exhibits about the history of shipping in the city. In 2009, a special exhibit at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax, Nova Scotia entitled "Ship of Fate" explored the Canadian connection to the tragic voyage. The display is now a traveling exhibit in Canada.[21]
In 2011 a memorial monument called the Wheel of Conscience, was produced by the Canadian Jewish Congress, designed by Daniel Libeskind with graphic design by David Berman and Trevor Johnston.[22] The memorial is a polished stainless steel wheel. Symbolizing the policies that turned away more than 900 Jewish refugees, the wheel incorporates four inter-meshing gears each showing a word to represent factors of exclusion: antisemitism, xenophobia, racism, and hatred. The back of the memorial is inscribed with the passenger list.[23] It was first exhibited in 2011 at the Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, Canada's national immigration museum in Halifax. After a display period, the sculpture was shipped to its fabricators, Soheil Mosun Limited, in Toronto for repair and refurbishment.[24]
In 2012, the US State Department publicly apologized in a ceremony attended by Deputy Secretary Bill Burns and 14 survivors of the incident.[25] The survivors presented a proclamation of gratitude to various European countries for accepting some of the ship’s passengers. A signed copy of Senate Resolution 111, recognizing June 6 2009 as the 70th anniversary of the incident, was delivered to the Department of State Archives.[25]
In January 2017, software engineer Russel Neiss and Rabbi Charlie Schwartz set up a twitter account which tweeted the names of each passenger who was not allowed to disembark and subsequently killed. The format of each tweet included the passenger's name, the sentence "The US turned me away at the border in 1939" and the location where each was killed.[26]
Later career[edit]
The MS St. Louis was adapted as a German naval accommodation ship from 1940 to 1944. She was heavily damaged by the Allied bombings at Kiel on August 30, 1944, but was repaired and used as a hotel ship in Hamburg in 1946. She was later sold and was scrapped in 1952.[citation needed]
Notable passengers[edit]
Arno Motulsky (born 1923), genome scientist[27]
Representation in other media[edit]
1976 film Voyage of the Damned by Stuart Rosenberg
Julian Barnes's 1989 novel A History of the World in 10½ Chapters recounts the trial of the MS St. Louis Jews in the chapter "Three Simple Stories"
Bodie and Brock Thoene's 1991 novel Munich Signature
Irving Abella and Harold Troper's None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe 1933-1948, a non-fiction history of Canada's restrictions on Jewish immigration in the 1930s and 1940s
Leonardo Padura's novel Herejes (Tusquets, 2013) centers around the St. Louis incident.
Jan de Hartog's play "Schipper naast God", 1942, translated "Skipper next to God", 1945.
Nilo Cruz' 2014 play "Sotto Voce", a work of historical fiction dealing with modern remnants of the ship's tragedy.
2016 novel "The German Girl" by Armando Lucas Correa
2017 young adult novel Refugee by Alan Gratz
See also[edit]
SS Patria, sunk by a Haganah bomb on 25 November 1940 in the Port of Haifa.
SS Navemar, designed for 28 passengers, in 1941 the vessel carried 1,120 Jewish refugees to New York.
MV Struma, a schooner chartered to carry Jewish refugees that was torpedoed and sunk by a Soviet submarine on 5 February 1942.
MV Mefküre, a schooner carrying Jewish refugees that was torpedoed and sunk by a Soviet submarine on 5 August 1944.
Komagata Maru, a merchant ship carrying Asian migrants that was denied entry to Canada in 1914.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Photo Archives United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
^ Jump up to: a b "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum completes ten-year search to uncover the fates of St. Louis passengers" (Press release). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. October 6, 2006. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ Rosen, p. 563.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Righteous Among The Nations: Gustav Schroeder". Yad Vashem. Retrieved Jan 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Levine, p. 105.
Jump up ^ Levine, pp. 110–11.
Jump up ^ Levine, p. 103
Jump up ^ Levine, p. 114.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rosen, Robert (July 17, 2006). Saving the Jews (Speech). Carter Center (Atlanta, Georgia). Retrieved July 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Voyage of the St. Louis" (PDF). American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. June 15, 1939. Retrieved Jan 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "What was the Coast Guard's role in the SS St. Louis affair, often referred to as "The Voyage of the Damned"?". United States Coast Guard History. Dec 21, 2016. Retrieved Jan 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Maritime Museum Exhibit on Tragic Voyage of MS St. Louis", November 5, 2010, Nova Scotia Government Press Release; accessed September 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Clergy apologize for turning away the St. Louis", CBC website; retrieved 2008-05-08.
Jump up ^ George Axelsson, "907 Refugees End Voyage in Antwerp", New York Times, June 18, 1939
Jump up ^ Levine, p. 118.
Jump up ^ Rosen, pp. 103, 567.
Jump up ^ "The Tragedy of the S.S. St. Louis". Retrieved July 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ Rosen, pp. 447, 567 citing Morgan-Witts and Thomas (1994) pp. 8, 238
Jump up ^ "Refuge Denied: The St. Louis Passengers and the Holocaust" by Scott Miller and Sarah Ogilvie, Univ of Wisconsin Press (2010).
Jump up ^ Miller and Ogilvie, pp. 174–75.
Jump up ^ "Traveling Exhibit MS St. Louis Ship of Fate", Maritime Museum of the Atlantic
Jump up ^ Studio Daniel Libeskind, daniel-libeskind.com, 19 January 2011; retrieved 21 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Taplin, Jennifer (21 January 2011). "Perpetual Memorial of Regret". Metro News Halifax. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Exhibitions", Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, pier21.ca; accessed 12 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Eppinger, Kamerel. "State Department apologizes to Jewish refugees". shfwire.com. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Daley, Jason. "Haunting Twitter Account Shares the Fates of the Refugees of the St. Louis". smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Holding out hope in a cruel world publ.: University of Washington
References[edit]
Levine, Robert M. (1993). Tropical Diaspora: The Jewish Experience in Cuba. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 103. ISBN 9781558765214.
Miller, Scott; Sarah A. Ogilvie (2006). Refuge Denied: The St. Louis Passengers and the Holocaust. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-21980-2. OCLC 64592065.
Rosen, Robert (2006). Saving the Jews: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Holocaust. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 978-1-56025-778-3. OCLC 64664326.
Whitaker, Reginald (1991). Canadian Immigration Policy. Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association. ISBN 0-88798-120-8.
Further reading[edit]
Levinson, Jay. Jewish Community of Cuba: Golden Years, 1906–1958, Nashville, TN: Westview Publishing, 2005. (See Chapter 10)
Morgan-Witts, Max; Gordon Thomas (1994). Voyage of the Damned (2nd, revised (first in 1974) ed.). Stillwater, Minnesota: Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-0-87938-909-3. OCLC 31373409.
Ogilvie, Sarah; Scott Miller. Refuge Denied: The St. Louis Passengers and the Holocaust, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006.
Sampson, Pamela. No Reply: A Jewish Child Aboard the MS St. Louis and the Ordeal That Followed, Atlanta, GA, 2017
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to SS St. Louis.
Library resources about
MS St. Louis
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Robert Rosen, "Carter Center Library Speech" on "The S.S. St. Louis", July 17, 2006, Saving the Jews: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Holocaust
"The St. Louis", US Coast Guard's official FAQ
"American Responses to the Holocaust - St. Louis", U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
Gilbert Sinoué, Un bateau pour l'enfer (A ship for hell) (2005), novel
"The Story of the S.S. St. Louis (1939)" American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives
"SS St Louis: The ship of Jewish refugees nobody wanted" BBC News
[hide]
v
t
e
Latin America during World War II
Events
Seguro Obrero massacre
St. Louis Affair
Panama Conference
Battle of the Atlantic
Battle of the River Plate
Havana Conference
Battle of the Caribbean
Operation Bolivar
Revolution of '43
Operation Pelikan
Histories
Argentina during World War II
Bolivia during World War II
Brazil during World War II
Colombia during World War II
Cuba during World War II
El Salvador during World War II
Mexico in World War II
Panama during World War II
Paraguay during World War II
Puerto Ricans in World War II
Uruguay during World War II
Venezuela during World War II
People
Juan José de Amézaga
Isaías Medina Angarita
Jerónimo Méndez Arancibia
Alfredo Baldomir
Fulgencio Batista
Federico Laredo Brú
Manuel Ávila Camacho
Alberto Lleras Camargo
Lázaro Cárdenas
Ramón Castillo
Pedro Aguirre Cerda
Manuel de Jesús Troncoso de la Concha
José Castellanos Contreras
Eleazar López Contreras
Andrés Córdova
Glen Edgar Edgerton
José Félix Estigarribia
Edelmiro Julián Farrell
Ramón Grau
Henry Harwood
José María Velasco Ibarra
Hans Langsdorff
William D. Leahy
Élie Lescot
George Mantello
Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
Eduardo Santos Montejo
Juan Antonio Ríos Morales
Higinio Moríñigo
Julio Enrique Moreno
Aurelio Mosquera
Enrique Peñaranda
Jacinto Peynado
Dusko Popov
Alfonso López Pumarejo
Carlos Quintanilla
Pedro Pablo Ramírez
Clarence S. Ridley
Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río
Arturo Rawson
Rafael Trujillo
Rexford Guy Tugwell
Manuel Prado y Ugarteche
Getúlio Dornelles Vargas
Gualberto Villarroel
Sténio Vincent
See also
American Theater
British Guiana during World War II
Falangism in Latin America
History of Ecuador (1925–1944)
History of Peru
History of the Dominican Republic
History of Mar del Plata
Infamous Decade
Inter-American Highway
Latin American Section
National Socialist Movement of Chile
ODESSA
Panama Sea Frontier
Presidential Republic (1925–1973)
Ratlines (World War II)
SCADTA
South Atlantic air ferry route in World War II
Southeast Pacific Area
Spain during World War II
U-977
U-530
Vargas Era
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS_St._Louis&oldid=809315392"
Categories:
International maritime incidents
Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany
Ocean liners
Ships of the Hamburg America Line
Antisemitic attacks and incidents
International response during the Holocaust
1928 ships
The Holocaust and the United States
Refugees in Canada
1939 in Cuba
1939 in the United States
1939 in Canada
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from June 2012
Pages using deprecated image syntax
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014
All articles with failed verification
Articles with failed verification from November 2017
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Български
Català
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 November 2017, at 11:07.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

values: SS St. Louis surrounded by smaller vessels in its home port of Hamburg

attrs: href class title

value: sup

attrs: colspan style

attrs: height colspan style

values:
/wiki/Hamburg-America_Line
mw-redirect
Hamburg-America Line

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Bremer-Vulkan_Shipyards
mw-redirect
Bremer-Vulkan Shipyards

values:
/wiki/Bremen_(city)
mw-redirect
Bremen (city)

values:
/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri
mw-redirect
St. Louis, Missouri

values:
/wiki/City_of_Halifax
mw-redirect
City of Halifax

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2017)

values:
/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Henry Morgenthau, Jr.

values: American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee

values:
/wiki/Antwerp,_Belgium
mw-redirect
Antwerp, Belgium

values:
/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp
mw-redirect
Sobibor extermination camp

values:
/wiki/Righteous_among_the_Nations
mw-redirect
Righteous among the Nations

values:
/wiki/Yad_Vashem_Holocaust_Memorial
mw-redirect
Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial

values:
/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality
mw-redirect
Halifax Regional Municipality

values: Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21

values:
/wiki/US_State_Department
mw-redirect
US State Department

values:
nofollow
external text
https://twitter.com/Stl_Manifest

values: Edit section: Representation in other media

values:
/wiki/Leonardo_Padura
mw-redirect
Leonardo Padura

values: Armando Lucas Correa (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.pier21.ca/exhibitions

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/64592065

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/64664326

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/31373409

values:
plainlist
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align:left;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: Template:Latin America during World War II

values: Template talk:Latin America during World War II

values:
/wiki/Revolution_of_%2743
mw-redirect
Revolution of '43

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/El_Salvador_during_World_War_II
mw-redirect
El Salvador during World War II

values:
/wiki/Eduardo_Santos_Montejo
mw-redirect
Eduardo Santos Montejo

values:
/wiki/Juan_Antonio_R%C3%ADos_Morales
mw-redirect
Juan Antonio Ríos Morales

values:
/wiki/Higinio_Mor%C3%AD%C3%B1igo
mw-redirect
Higinio Moríñigo

values:
/wiki/Dusko_Popov
mw-redirect
Dusko Popov

values:
/wiki/Rexford_Guy_Tugwell
mw-redirect
Rexford Guy Tugwell

values:
/wiki/Manuel_Prado_y_Ugarteche
mw-redirect
Manuel Prado y Ugarteche

values:
/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Dornelles_Vargas
mw-redirect
Getúlio Dornelles Vargas

values:
/wiki/American_Theater_(1939-1945)
mw-redirect
American Theater (1939-1945)

values:
/wiki/Ratlines_(World_War_II)
mw-redirect
Ratlines (World War II)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany

values: Category:Ships of the Hamburg America Line

values: Category:Antisemitic attacks and incidents

values: Category:International response during the Holocaust

values: Category:The Holocaust and the United States

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014

values: Category:All articles with failed verification

values: Category:Articles with failed verification from November 2017

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/MS_St._Louis
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Сент Луис (кораб) – Bulgarian

values: Σεντ Λούις (πλοίο) – Greek

values: کشتی ام‌اس سنت لوئیس – Persian

values: סנט לואיס (ספינה) – Hebrew

values: Сент-Луис (лайнер) – Russian

values: எம் எஸ் செயின்ட் லூயி – Tamil

values: 圣路易斯号客轮 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-MS_St_Louis rootpage-MS_St_Louis skin-vector action-view


text:
Geology of the Rocky Mountains
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Location of the Rocky Mountains in western North America
The geology of the Rocky Mountains is that of a discontinuous series of mountain ranges with distinct geological origins. Collectively these make up the Rocky Mountains, a mountain system that stretches from Northern British Columbia through central New Mexico and which is part of the great mountain system known as the North American Cordillera.
The rocky cores of the mountain ranges are, in most places, formed of pieces of continental crust that are over one billion years old. In the south, an older mountain range was formed 300 million years ago, then eroded away. The rocks of that older range were reformed into the Rocky Mountains.
The Rocky Mountains took shape during an intense period of plate tectonic activity that resulted in much of the rugged landscape of the western North America. The Laramide orogeny, about 80–55 million years ago, was the last of the three episodes and was responsible for raising the Rocky Mountains.[1] Subsequent erosion by glaciers has created the current form of the mountains.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ancestral rock
2 Terranes and subduction
3 Raising the Rockies
4 Current landscape
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Ancestral rock[edit]
The rocks in the Rocky Mountains were formed before the mountains were raised by tectonic forces. The oldest rock is Precambrian metamorphic rock that forms the core of the North American continent. There is also Precambrian sedimentary argillite, dating back to 1.7 billion years ago. During the Paleozoic, western North America lay underneath a shallow sea, which deposited many kilometers of limestone and dolomite.[2]
In the southern Rocky Mountains, near present-day Colorado, these ancestral rocks were disturbed by mountain building approximately 300 Ma, during the Pennsylvanian. This mountain building produced the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. The uplift created two large mountainous islands, known to geologists as Frontrangia and Uncompahgria, located roughly in the current locations of the Front Range and the San Juan Mountains. They consisted largely of Precambrian metamorphic rock, forced upward through layers of the limestone laid down in the shallow sea.[3] The mountains eroded throughout the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, leaving extensive deposits of sedimentary rock.
Cretaceous Seaway
Mesozoic deposition in the Rockies occurred in a mix of marine, transitional, and continental environments as local relative sea levels changed. By the close of the Mesozoic, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3000 to 4500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. The most extensive non-marine formations were deposited in the Cretaceous period when the western part of the Western Interior Seaway covered the region.[4]
Terranes and subduction[edit]
Terranes started to collide with the western edge of North America in the Mississippian age (approximately 350 million years ago), causing the Antler orogeny.[5] During the last half of the Mesozoic Era, much of today's California, British Columbia, Oregon, and Washington were added to North America. Western North America suffered the effects of repeated collision as the Kula and Farallon plates sank beneath the continental edge. Slivers of continental crust, carried along by subducting ocean plates, were swept into the subduction zone and scraped onto North America's western edge.[6]
These terranes represent a variety of tectonic environments. Some are ancient island arcs, similar to Japan, Indonesia and the Aleutians; others are fragments of oceanic crust obducted onto the continental margin while others represent small isolated mid-oceanic islands.
Sketch of an oceanic plate subducting beneath a continental plate at a collisional plate boundary. The oceanic plate typically sinks at a high angle (exaggerated here). A volcanic arc grows above the subducting plate.
Magma generated above the subducting slab rose into the North American continental crust about 200 to 300 miles (300 to 500 km) inland. Great arc-shaped volcanic mountain ranges, known as the Sierran Arc, grew as lava and ash spewed out of dozens of individual volcanoes. Beneath the surface, great masses of molten rock were injected and hardened in place.[6]
For 270 million years, the effects of plate collisions were focused very near the edge of the North American plate boundary, far to the west of the Rocky Mountain region.[5] It was not until 80 MA that these effects began to reach the Rockies.[1]
Raising the Rockies[edit]
The current Rocky Mountains were raised in the Laramide orogeny from between 80 and 55 Ma.[1] For the Canadian Rockies, the mountain building is analogous to a rug being pushed on a hardwood floor:[2] the rug bunches up and forms wrinkles (mountains). In Canada, the subduction of the Kula plate and the terranes smashing into the continent are the feet pushing the rug, the ancestral rocks are the rug, and the Canadian Shield in the middle of the continent is the hardwood floor.[2]
Farther south, the growth of the Rocky Mountains in the United States is a geological puzzle.[1] Mountain building is normally focused between 200 to 400 miles (300 to 600 km) inland from a subduction zone boundary. Geologists continue to gather evidence to explain the rise of the Rockies so much farther inland; the answer most likely lies with the unusual subduction of the Farallon plate,[6] or possibly due to the subduction of an oceanic plateau.[1][7]
At a typical subduction zone, an oceanic plate typically sinks at a fairly steep angle, and a volcanic arc grows above the subducting plate. During the growth of the Rocky Mountains, the angle of the subducting plate may have been significantly flattened, moving the focus of melting and mountain building much farther inland than is normally expected.[6] It is postulated that the shallow angle of the subducting plate greatly increased the friction and other interactions with the thick continental mass above it. Tremendous thrusts piled sheets of crust on top of each other, building the extraordinarily broad, high Rocky Mountain range.[6]
Tilted slabs of sedimentary rock in Colorado
The current southern Rockies were forced upwards through the layers of Pennsylvanian and Permian sedimentary remnants of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. Such sedimentary remnants were often tilted at steep angles along the flanks of the modern range; they are now visible in many places throughout the Rockies, and are prominently shown along the Dakota Hogback, an early Cretaceous sandstone formation that runs along the eastern flank of the modern Rockies.
Current landscape[edit]
Immediately after the Laramide orogeny, the Rockies were like Tibet: a high plateau, probably 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) above sea level. In the last 60 million years, erosion stripped away the high rocks, revealing the ancestral rocks beneath, and forming the current landscape of the Rockies.[2]
Glaciers, such as Jackson Glacier as shown here, have dramatically shaped the Rocky Mountains.
Periods of glaciation occurred from the Pleistocene Epoch (1.8 million–70,000 years ago) to the Holocene Epoch (fewer than 11,000 years ago). The ice ages left their mark on the Rockies, forming extensive glacial landforms, such as U-shaped valleys and cirques. Recent glacial episodes included the Bull Lake Glaciation that began about 150,000 years ago and the Pinedale Glaciation that probably remained at full glaciation until 15,000–20,000 years ago.[8][9] Ninety percent of Yellowstone National Park was covered by ice during the Pinedale Glaciation.[8] The little ice age was a period of glacial advance that lasted a few centuries from about 1550 to 1860. For example, the Agassiz and Jackson Glaciers in Glacier National Park reached their most forward positions about 1860 during the Little Ice Age.[8]
All of the geological processes, above, have left a complex set of rocks exposed at the surface. For example, in the Rockies of Colorado, there is extensive granite and gneiss dating back to the Ancestral Rockies. In the central Canadian Rockies, the main ranges are composed of the Precambrian mudstones, while the front ranges are composed of the Paleozoic limestones and dolomites.[2] Volcanic rock from the Cenozoic (66 million–1.8 million years ago) occurs in the San Juan Mountains and in other areas. Millennia of severe erosion in the Wyoming Basin transformed intermountain basins into a relatively flat terrain. The Tetons and other north-central ranges contain folded and faulted rocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age draped above cores of Proterozoic and Archean igneous and metamorphic rocks ranging in age from 1.2 billion (e.g., Tetons) to more than 3.3 billion years (Beartooth Mountains).[8]
See also[edit]
Aspen anomaly
Canadian Rockies
Geology of the Grand Teton area
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e English, Joseph M.; Johnston, Stephen T. (2004). "The Laramide Orogeny: What Were the Driving Forces?" (PDF). International Geology Review. 46 (9): 833–838. doi:10.2747/0020-6814.46.9.833.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gadd, Ben (2008). "Geology of the Rocky Mountains and Columbias" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
Jump up ^ Chronic, Halka (1980). Roadside Geology of Colorado. ISBN 0-87842-105-X.
Jump up ^ Harris, Ann G.; Tuttle, Esther; Tuttle, Sherwood D (1997). Geology of National Parks (Fifth ed.). Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing. pp. 566–567. ISBN 0-7872-5353-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Blakely, Ron. "Geologic History of Western US".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document: "Geologic Provinces of the United States: Rocky Mountains". Retrieved 2006-12-10.
Jump up ^ Livaccari, RF; Burke, K; Sengor, AMC (1981). "Was the Laramide orogeny related to subduction of an oceanic plateau?". Nature. 289 (5795): 276–278. Bibcode:1981Natur.289..276L. doi:10.1038/289276a0.
^ Jump up to: a b c d This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document: T.J. Stohlgren. "Rocky Mountains".
Jump up ^ Pierce, K. L. (1979). History and dynamics of glaciation in the northern Yellowstone National Park area. Washington, D.C: U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 1–90. Professional Paper 729-F.
External links[edit]
Southern Rockies Geology
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_the_Rocky_Mountains&oldid=840586588"
Categories:
Geology of Colorado
Geology of Montana
Geology of New Mexico
Geology of the Rocky Mountains
Geology of Wyoming
Regional geology of the United States
Rocky Mountains
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Geological Survey
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Deutsch
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 May 2018, at 20:31.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class

attrs: class style

value: b

value: p

values:
/wiki/Plate_tectonic
mw-redirect
Plate tectonic

values:
/wiki/Mesozoic_Era
mw-redirect
Mesozoic Era

values:
/wiki/Formation_(geology)
mw-redirect
Formation (geology)

values:
/wiki/Mississippian_age
mw-redirect
Mississippian age

values:
/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)
mw-redirect
Washington (U.S. state)

values:
/wiki/Farallon_plate
mw-redirect
Farallon plate

values:
/wiki/North_American_plate
mw-redirect
North American plate

values:
/wiki/Subduction_zone
mw-redirect
Subduction zone

values:
/wiki/Bull_Lake_Glaciation
mw-redirect
Bull Lake Glaciation

values:
/wiki/Pinedale_Glaciation
mw-redirect
Pinedale Glaciation

values:
/wiki/Little_ice_age
mw-redirect
Little ice age

values:
/wiki/Wyoming_Basin
mw-redirect
Wyoming Basin

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F289276a0

values: -moz-column-width: 33em; -webkit-column-width: 33em; column-width: 33em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Regional geology of the United States

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Geological Survey

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Geology_of_the_Rocky_Mountains
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Geology_of_the_Rocky_Mountains rootpage-Geology_of_the_Rocky_Mountains skin-vector action-view