text:
John the Baptist
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
John the Baptist
Prophet
Born
Late 1st century BC[1]
Herodian Judea, the Levant
Died
28 – 36 AD[2][3][4][5][6]
Machaerus, Perea, the Levant
Venerated in
Christianity
Islam
Mandaeism
Canonized
Pre-Congregation
Major shrine
Church of St John the Baptist in Ein Karem, Jerusalem
Shrine of Prophet Yahya, Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria
Nabi Yahya Mosque in Sebastia, West Bank
Feast
24 June (Nativity),
29 August (Beheading),
7 January (Synaxis,
Eastern Orthodox),
2 Thout (Coptic Orthodox Church)
Attributes
Red Martyr, Camel-skin robe, cross, lamb, scroll with words "Ecce Agnus Dei", platter with own head, pouring water from hands or scallop shell
Patronage
see #Commemoration
John the Baptist (Hebrew: יוחנן המטביל Yokhanan HaMatbil, Ancient Greek: Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτιστής, Iōánnēs ho baptistḗs or Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτίζων, Iōánnēs ho baptízōn,[5][7][8][9][10] Coptic: ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ ⲡⲓⲡⲣⲟⲇⲣⲟⲙⲟⲥ or ⲓⲱ̅ⲁ ⲡⲓⲣϥϯⲱⲙⲥ,[11] Arabic: يوحنا المعمدان[12][13][14]) was a Jewish itinerant preacher[15] in the early first century AD. John is revered as a major religious figure[16] in Christianity, Islam, the Bahá'í Faith,[17] and Mandaeism. He is called a prophet by all of these traditions, and is honored as a saint in many Christian traditions. Other titles for John include John the Forerunner in Eastern Christianity and "the prophet John" (Yaḥyā) in Islam. To clarify the meaning of "Baptist", he is sometimes alternatively called John the Baptizer.[18][19][20]
John used baptism as the central symbol or sacrament[21] of his messianic movement. Most scholars agree that John baptized Jesus.[22][23] Some scholars believe Jesus was a follower or disciple of John.[24][25][26] This idea is strongly controverted, however, by John the Baptist's own words in scripture, although several New Testament accounts report that some of Jesus' early followers had previously been followers of John.[27] John the Baptist is also mentioned by the Jewish historian Josephus.[28] Some scholars maintain that John was influenced by the semi-ascetic Essenes, who expected an apocalypse and practiced rituals corresponding strongly with baptism,[29] although no direct evidence substantiates this.[30]
According to the New Testament, John anticipated a messianic figure greater than himself.[31] Christians commonly refer to John as the precursor or forerunner of Jesus,[32] since John announces Jesus' coming. John is also identified as the spiritual successor of the prophet Elijah.[33]
Contents
1 Gospel narratives
1.1 In Mark
1.2 In Matthew
1.3 In Luke and Acts
1.4 In the Gospel of John
1.5 Comparative analysis
2 In Josephus's Antiquities of the Jews
3 Relics
4 Religious views
4.1 Christianity
4.1.1 Influence on Paul
4.1.2 Catholic Church
4.1.3 Eastern Christianity
4.1.4 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
4.2 Gnosticism
4.2.1 Syrian-Egyptian Gnosticism
4.2.2 Mandaeans
4.3 Islam
4.3.1 Quran
4.3.2 Name
4.4 Bahá'í view
4.5 Unification Church
5 In art
5.1 In poetry
5.2 In music
5.3 In film and television
6 Commemoration
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Notes
8.2 Citations
8.3 Sources
9 External links
Gospel narratives[edit]
See also: Baptism of Jesus and Beheading of Saint John the Baptist
John the Baptist is mentioned in all four canonical Gospels and the non-canonical Gospel of the Nazarenes. The Synoptic Gospels (Mark, Matthew, and Luke) describe John baptising Jesus; in the Gospel of John it is implied in John 1:32–1:34.
In Mark[edit]
The Preaching of St. John the Baptist by Pieter Bruegel the Elder
The Gospel of Mark introduces John as a fulfilment of a prophecy from the Book of Isaiah (in fact, a conflation of texts from Isaiah, Malachi and Exodus)[34] about a messenger being sent ahead, and a voice crying out in the wilderness. John is described as wearing clothes of camel's hair, living on locusts and wild honey. John proclaims baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sin, and says another will come after him who will not baptize with water, but with the Holy Spirit.
Jesus comes to John, and is baptized by him in the river Jordan. The account describes how; as he emerges from the water, the heavens open and the Holy Spirit descends on him 'like a dove'. A voice from heaven then says, "You are my Son, the Beloved; with you I am well pleased." (Mark 1:1–8)
Later in the gospel there is an account of John's death. It is introduced by an incident where the Tetrarch Herod Antipas, hearing stories about Jesus, imagines that this is John the Baptist raised from the dead. It then explains that John had rebuked Herod for marrying Herodias, the ex-wife of his brother (named here as Philip). Herodias demands his execution, but Herod, who 'liked to listen' to John, is reluctant to do so because he fears him, knowing he is a 'righteous and holy man'.
The account then describes how Herod's daughter Herodias (NRSV; other translations refer to the girl as the daughter of Herodias) dances before Herod, who is pleased and offers her anything she asks for in return. When the girl asks her mother what she should request, she is told to demand the head of John the Baptist. Reluctantly, Herod orders the beheading of John, and his head is delivered to her, at her request, on a plate. John's disciples take the body away and bury it in a tomb.(Mark 6:17–29)
There are a number of difficulties with this passage. The Gospel wrongly identifies Antipas as 'King'[35] and the ex-husband of Herodias is named as Philip, but he is known to have been called Herod.[36] Although the wording clearly implies the girl was the daughter of Herodias, many texts describe her as "Herod's daughter, Herodias". Since these texts are early and significant and the reading is 'difficult', many scholars see this as the original version, corrected in later versions and in Matthew and Luke.[36][37][38] Josephus says that Herodias had a daughter by the name of Salome.
Scholars have speculated about the origins of the story. Since it shows signs of having been composed in Aramaic, which Mark apparently did not speak, he is likely to have got it from a Palestinian source.[39] There are a variety of opinions about how much actual historical material it contains, especially given the alleged factual errors.[40] Many scholars have seen the story of John arrested, executed, and buried in a tomb as a conscious foreshadowing of the fate of Jesus.[41]
show
John the Baptist in The Gospel of Mark
John and his baptism of Jesus (Mark 1)
As it is written in Isaiah the prophet, "Behold, I send my messenger before your face, who will prepare your way, the voice of one crying in the wilderness: 'Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight,'"
John appeared, baptizing in the wilderness and proclaiming a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. And all the country of Judea and all Jerusalem were going out to him and were being baptized by him in the river Jordan, confessing their sins. Now John was clothed with camel's hair and wore a leather belt around his waist and ate locusts and wild honey. And he preached, saying, "After me comes he who is mightier than I, the strap of whose sandals I am not worthy to stoop down and untie. I have baptized you with water, but he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit."
In those days Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan. And when he came up out of the water, immediately he saw the heavens being torn open and the Spirit descending on him like a dove. And a voice came from heaven, "You are my beloved Son, with you I am well pleased."
Death of John (Mark 6)
King Herod heard of it, for Jesus' name had become known. Some said, "John the Baptist has been raised from the dead. That is why these miraculous powers are at work in him." But others said, "He is Elijah." And others said, "He is a prophet, like one of the prophets of old." But when Herod heard of it, he said, "John, whom I beheaded, has been raised." For it was Herod who had sent and seized John and bound him in prison for the sake of Herodias, his brother Philip's wife, because he had married her. For John had been saying to Herod, "It is not lawful for you to have your brother's wife." And Herodias had a grudge against him and wanted to put him to death. But she could not, for Herod feared John, knowing that he was a righteous and holy man, and he kept him safe. When he heard him, he was greatly perplexed, and yet he heard him gladly.
But an opportunity came when Herod on his birthday gave a banquet for his nobles and military commanders and the leading men of Galilee. For when Herodias's daughter came in and danced, she pleased Herod and his guests. And the king said to the girl, "Ask me for whatever you wish, and I will give it to you." And he vowed to her, "Whatever you ask me, I will give you, up to half of my kingdom." And she went out and said to her mother, "For what should I ask?" And she said, "The head of John the Baptist." And she came in immediately with haste to the king and asked, saying, "I want you to give me at once the head of John the Baptist on a platter." And the king was exceedingly sorry, but because of his oaths and his guests he did not want to break his word to her. And immediately the king sent an executioner with orders to bring John's head. He went and beheaded him in the prison and brought his head on a platter and gave it to the girl, and the girl gave it to her mother. When his disciples heard of it, they came and took his body and laid it in a tomb.
(English Standard Version)
In Matthew[edit]
St. John the Baptist Preaching, c. 1665, by Mattia Preti
The Gospel of Matthew account begins with the same modified quotation from Isaiah,[42] moving the Malachi and Exodus material to later in the text, where it is quoted by Jesus.[43] The description of John is taken directly from Mark ("clothing of camel's hair with a leather belt around his waist, and his food was locusts and wild honey"), along with the proclamation that one was coming who would baptise with the Holy Spirit "and fire".(Matthew 3:1–12)
Unlike Mark, Matthew describes John as critical of Pharisees and Sadducees and as preaching "the kingdom of heaven is at hand" and a "coming judgment".
Matthew shortens the account of the beheading of John, and adds two elements: that Herod Antipas wants John dead, and that the death is reported to Jesus by his disciples.[44] Matthew's approach is to shift the focus away from Herod and onto John as a prototype of Jesus. Where Mark has Herod killing John reluctantly and at Herodias' insistence, Matthew describes him as wanting John dead.[45]
show
John the Baptist in the Gospel of Matthew
John and his baptism of Jesus (Matthew 3)
In those days John the Baptist came preaching in the wilderness of Judea, "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand." For this is he who was spoken of by the prophet Isaiah when he said,
"The voice of one crying in the wilderness: 'Prepare the way of the Lord; make his paths straight.'"
Now John wore a garment of camel's hair and a leather belt around his waist, and his food was locusts and wild honey. Then Jerusalem and all Judea and all the region about the Jordan were going out to him, and they were baptized by him in the river Jordan, confessing their sins.
But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to his baptism, he said to them, "You brood of vipers! Who warned you to flee from the wrath to come? Bear fruit in keeping with repentance. And do not presume to say to yourselves, 'We have Abraham as our father,' for I tell you, God is able from these stones to raise up children for Abraham. Even now the axe is laid to the root of the trees. Every tree therefore that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire.
"I baptize you with water for repentance, but he who is coming after me is mightier than I, whose sandals I am not worthy to carry. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire. His winnowing fork is in his hand, and he will clear his threshing floor and gather his wheat into the barn, but the chaff he will burn with unquenchable fire."
Then Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan to John, to be baptized by him. John would have prevented him, saying, "I need to be baptized by you, and do you come to me?" But Jesus answered him, "Let it be so now, for thus it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness." Then he consented. And when Jesus was baptized, immediately he went up from the water, and behold, the heavens were opened to him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and coming to rest on him; and behold, a voice from heaven said, "This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased."
John questions Jesus (Matthew 11)
Now when John heard in prison about the deeds of the Christ, he sent word by his disciples and said to him, "Are you the one who is to come, or shall we look for another?" And Jesus answered them, "Go and tell John what you hear and see: the blind receive their sight and the lame walk, lepers are cleansed and the deaf hear, and the dead are raised up, and the poor have good news preached to them. And blessed is the one who is not offended by me."
As they went away, Jesus began to speak to the crowds concerning John: "What did you go out into the wilderness to see? A reed shaken by the wind? What then did you go out to see? A man dressed in soft clothing? Behold, those who wear soft clothing are in kings' houses. What then did you go out to see? A prophet? Yes, I tell you, and more than a prophet. This is he of whom it is written,
"'Behold, I send my messenger before your face, who will prepare your way before you.'
Truly, I say to you, among those born of women there has arisen no one greater than John the Baptist. Yet the one who is least in the kingdom of heaven is greater than he. From the days of John the Baptist until now the kingdom of heaven has suffered violence, and the violent take it by force. For all the Prophets and the Law prophesied until John, and if you are willing to accept it, he is Elijah who is to come. He who has ears to hear, let him hear.
"But to what shall I compare this generation? It is like children sitting in the marketplaces and calling to their playmates,
"'We played the flute for you, and you did not dance; we sang a dirge, and you did not mourn.'
For John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say, 'He has a demon.' The Son of Man came eating and drinking, and they say, 'Look at him! A glutton and a drunkard, a friend of tax collectors and sinners!' Yet wisdom is justified by her deeds."
Death of John (Matthew 14)
At that time Herod the tetrarch heard about the fame of Jesus, and he said to his servants, "This is John the Baptist. He has been raised from the dead; that is why these miraculous powers are at work in him." For Herod had seized John and bound him and put him in prison for the sake of Herodias, his brother Philip's wife, because John had been saying to him, "It is not lawful for you to have her." And though he wanted to put him to death, he feared the people, because they held him to be a prophet. But when Herod's birthday came, the daughter of Herodias danced before the company and pleased Herod, so that he promised with an oath to give her whatever she might ask. Prompted by her mother, she said, "Give me the head of John the Baptist here on a platter." And the king was sorry, but because of his oaths and his guests he commanded it to be given. He sent and had John beheaded in the prison, and his head was brought on a platter and given to the girl, and she brought it to her mother. And his disciples came and took the body and buried it, and they went and told Jesus.
(English Standard Version)
In Luke and Acts[edit]
Main article: Nativity of Saint John the Baptist
John the Baptist (right) with child Jesus, in the painting The Holy Children with a Shell by Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo
The Gospel of Luke adds an account of John's infancy, introducing him as the miraculous son of Zechariah, an old man, and his wife Elizabeth, who was past the menopause and therefore unable to have children.[46][47] According to this account, the birth of John was foretold by the angel Gabriel to Zechariah, while he was performing his functions as a priest in the temple of Jerusalem. Since he is described as a priest of the course of Abijah and Elizabeth as one of the daughters of Aaron,[48] this would make John a descendant of Aaron on both his father's and mother's side.[49] On the basis of this account, the Catholic as well as the Anglican and Lutheran liturgical calendars placed the feast of the Nativity of John the Baptist on June 24, six months before Christmas.[50]
Elizabeth is described as a "relative" of Mary, the mother of Jesus in Luke 1:36. There is no mention of a family relationship between John and Jesus in the other Gospels, and Raymond E. Brown has described it as "of dubious historicity".[51] Géza Vermes has called it "artificial and undoubtedly Luke's creation".[52] The many similarities between the Gospel of Luke story of the birth of John and the Old Testament account of the birth of Samuel suggest that Luke's account of the annunciation and birth of Jesus are modeled on that of Samuel.[53]
Post-nativity
Unique to the Gospel of Luke, John the Baptist explicitly teaches charity, baptizes tax-collectors, and advises soldiers.
The text briefly mentions that John is imprisoned and later beheaded by Herod, but the Gospel of Luke lacks the story of a step-daughter dancing for Herod and requesting John's head.
The Book of Acts portrays some disciples of John becoming followers of Jesus Acts 18:24–19:6 a development not reported by the gospels except for the early case of Andrew, Simon Peter's brother John 1:35–42
show
John the Baptist in the Gospel of Luke and Acts
Nativity of John (Luke 1)
In the reign of Herod, king of Judea, there was a priest named Zechariah, who belonged to the division called after Abijah. His wife, whose name was Elizabeth, was also a descendant of Aaron. They were both righteous people, who lived blameless lives, guiding their steps by all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord. But they had no child, Elizabeth being barren; and both of them were advanced in years.
One day, when Zechariah was officiating as priest before God, during the turn of his division, it fell to him by lot, in accordance with the practice among the priests, to go into the Temple of the Lord and burn incense; and, as it was the Hour of Incense, the people were all praying outside. And an angel of the Lord appeared to him, standing on the right of the Altar of Incense. Zechariah was startled at the sight and was awe-struck. But the angel said to him: "Do not be afraid, Zechariah; your prayer has been heard, and your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son, whom you will call by the name John. He will be to you a joy and a delight; and many will rejoice over his birth. For he will be great in the sight of the Lord; he will not drink any wine or strong drink, and he will be filled with the Holy Spirit from the very hour of his birth, and will reconcile many of the Israelites to the Lord their God. He will go before him in the spirit and with the power of Elijah, 'to reconcile fathers to their children' and the disobedient to the wisdom of the righteous, and so make ready for the Lord a people prepared for him."
"How can I be sure of this?" Zechariah asked the angel. "For I am an old man and my wife is advanced in years."
"I am Gabriel," the angel answered, "who stand in the presence of God, and I have been sent to speak to you and to bring you this good news. And now you will be silent and unable to speak until the day when this takes place, because you did not believe what I said, though my words will be fulfilled in due course."
Meanwhile, the people were watching for Zechariah, wondering at his remaining so long in the Temple. When he came out, he was unable to speak to them, and they perceived that he had seen a vision there. But Zechariah kept making signs to them, and remained dumb. And, as soon as his term of service was finished, he returned home. After this his wife, Elizabeth, became pregnant and lived in seclusion for five months. "The Lord has done this for me," she said, "he has shown me kindness and taken away the public disgrace of childlessness under which I have been living."
Six months later the angel Gabriel was sent from God to a town in Galilee called Nazareth, to a maiden there who was engaged to a man named Joseph, a descendant of David. Her name was Mary. Gabriel came into her presence and greeted her, saying: "You have been shown great favor – the Lord is with you."
Mary was much disturbed at his words, and was wondering to herself what such a greeting could mean, when the angel spoke again: "Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God. And now, you will conceive and give birth to a son, and you will give him the name Jesus. The child will be great and will be called 'Son of the Most High,' and the Lord God will give him the throne of his ancestor David, and he will reign over the descendants of Jacob for ever; And to his kingdom there will be no end."
"How can this be?" Mary asked the angel. "For I have no husband."
"The Holy Spirit will descend on you," answered the angel, "and the Power of the Most High will overshadow you; and therefore the child will be called 'holy,' and 'Son of God.' And Elizabeth, your cousin, is herself also expecting a son in her old age; and it is now the sixth month with her, though she is called barren; for no promise from God will fail to be fulfilled."
"I am the servant of the Lord," exclaimed Mary; "let it be with me as you have said." Then the angel left her.
Soon after this Mary set out, and made her way quickly into the hill-country, to a town in Judah; and there she went into Zechariah's house and greeted Elizabeth. When Elizabeth heard Mary's greeting, the child moved within her, and Elizabeth herself was filled with the Holy Spirit, and cried aloud: "Blessed are you among women, and blessed is your unborn child! But how have I this honor, that the mother of my Lord should come to me? For, as soon as your greeting reached my ears, the child moved within me with delight! Happy indeed is she who believed that the promise which she received from the Lord would be fulfilled."
And Mary said:
"My soul exalts the Lord, my spirit delights in God my Savior; for he has remembered his humble servant girl; And from this hour all ages will count me happy!
Great things has the Almighty done for me; And holy is his name. From age to age his mercy rests On those who honor him.
Mighty are the deeds of his arm; He scatters the proud with their own devices, he casts down princes from their thrones, and the humble he uplifts, the hungry he loads with gifts, and the rich he sends empty away.
He has stretched out his hand to his servant Israel, Ever mindful of his mercy (As he promised to our forefathers) For Abraham and his race for ever."
Mary stayed with Elizabeth about three months, and then returned to her home. When Elizabeth's time came, she gave birth to a son; and her neighbors and relations, hearing of the great goodness of the Lord to her, came to share her joy. A week later they met to circumcise the child, and were about to call him 'Zechariah' after his father, when his mother spoke up: "No, he is to be called John."
"You have no relation of that name!" they exclaimed; and they made signs to the child's father, to find out what he wished the child to be called. Asking for a writing-tablet, he wrote the words – 'His name is John.' Everyone was surprised; and immediately Zechariah recovered his voice and the use of his tongue, and began to bless God. All their neighbors were awe-struck at this; and throughout the hill-country of Judea the whole story was much talked about; and all who heard it kept it in mind, asking one another – "What can this child be destined to become?" For the Power of the Lord was with him.
Then his father Zechariah was filled with the Holy Spirit, and, speaking under inspiration, said:
"Blessed is the Lord, the God of Israel, Who has visited his people and wrought their deliverance, and has raised up for us the Strength of our salvation In the house of his servant David –
As he promised by the lips of his holy prophets of old – salvation from our enemies and from the hands of all who hate us, showing mercy to our forefathers, And mindful of his sacred covenant.
This was the oath which he swore to our forefather Abraham – That we should be rescued from the hands of our enemies, and should serve him without fear in holiness and righteousness, In his presence all our days.
And you, child, will be called prophet of the Most High, For you will go before the Lord to make ready his way, to give his people the knowledge of salvation In the forgiveness of their sins,
through the tender mercy of our God, Whereby the Dawn will break on us from heaven, to give light to those who live in darkness and the shadow of death, And guide our feet into the way of peace."
The child grew and became strong in spirit; and he lived in the Wilds until the time came for his appearance before Israel.
John and his baptism of Jesus, Imprisonment of John (Luke 3)
In the fifteenth year of the reign of the Emperor Tiberius, when Pontius Pilate was Governor of Judea, Herod Ruler of Galilee, his brother Philip Ruler of the territory comprising Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias Ruler of Abilene, and when Annas and Caiaphas were high priests, a command from God came to John, the son of Zechariah, while he was in the wilderness. And John went through the whole district of the Jordan, proclaiming baptism on repentance, for the forgiveness of sins. This was in fulfillment of what is said in the writings of the prophet Isaiah –
'The voice of one crying aloud in the wilderness: "Make ready the way of the Lord, Make his paths straight. Every chasm will be filled, Every mountain and hill will be leveled, The winding ways will be straightened, The rough roads made smooth, and everyone will see the salvation of God."'
And John said to the crowds that went to be baptized by him: "You children of snakes! Who has prompted you to seek refuge from the coming judgment? Let your lives, then, prove your repentance; and do not begin to say among yourselves 'Abraham is our ancestor,' for I tell you that out of these stones God is able to raise descendants for Abraham! Already, indeed, the axe is lying at the root of the trees. Therefore, every tree that fails to bear good fruit will be cut down and thrown into the fire."
"What are we to do then?" the people asked. "Let anyone who has two coats," answered John, "share with the person who has none; and anyone who has food do the same."
Even tax-gatherers came to be baptized, and said to John: "Teacher, what are we to do?"
"Do not collect more than you have authority to demand," John answered. And when some soldiers on active service asked "And we – what are we to do?" he said: "Never use violence, or exact anything by false accusation; and be content with your pay."
Then, while the people were in suspense, and were all debating with themselves whether John could be the Christ, John, addressing them all, said: "I, indeed, baptize you with water; but there is coming one more powerful than I, and I am not fit even to unfasten his sandals. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with fire. His winnowing-fan is in his hand so that he may clear his threshing-floor, and store the grain in his barn, but the chaff he will burn with a fire that cannot be put out."
And so with many different appeals John told his good news to the people. But Prince Herod, being rebuked by John respecting Herodias, the wife of Herod's brother, and for all the evil things that he had done, crowned them all by shutting John up in prison. Now after the baptism of all the people, and when Jesus had been baptized and was still praying, the heavens opened, and the Holy Spirit came down on him in the form of a dove, and from the heavens came a voice – "You are my dearly loved son; you bring me great joy."
John's disciples and fast (Luke 5
33)
"John's disciples," they said to Jesus, "Often fast and say prayers, and so do the disciples of the Pharisees, while yours are eating and drinking!"
John questions Jesus (Luke 7)
All these events were reported to John by his disciples. So he summoned two of them, and sent them to the Master to ask – "Are you 'the coming one,' or are we to look for some one else?"
When these men found Jesus, they said: "John the Baptist has sent us to you to ask – 'Are you 'the coming one,' or are we to look for somebody else?'" At that very time Jesus had cured many people of diseases, afflictions, and wicked spirits, and had given many blind people their sight. So his answer to the question was: "Go and report to John what you have witnessed and heard – the blind recover their sight, the lame walk, the lepers are made clean, and the deaf hear, the dead are raised to life, the good news is told to the poor. And blessed is the person who finds no hindrance in me."
When John's messengers had left, Jesus, speaking to the crowds, began to say with reference to John: "What did you go out into the wilderness to look at? A reed waving in the wind? If not, what did you go out to see? A man dressed in rich clothing? Why, those who are accustomed to fine clothes and luxury live in royal palaces. What then did you go to see? A prophet? Yes, I tell you, and far more than a prophet. This is the man of whom scripture says –
'I am sending my messenger ahead of you, and he will prepare your way before you.'
There is, I tell you, no one born of a woman who is greater than John; and yet the least in the kingdom of God is greater than he."
(All the people, when they heard this, and even the tax-gatherers, having accepted John's baptism, acknowledged the justice of God. But the Pharisees and the students of the law, having rejected John's baptism, frustrated God's purpose in regard to them.)
In the Gospel of John[edit]
The fourth gospel describes John the Baptist as "a man sent from God" who "was not the light", but "came as a witness, to bear witness to the light, so that through him everyone might believe".[54] John clearly denies being the Christ or Elijah or 'the prophet', instead describing himself as the "voice of one crying in the wilderness".[55]
Upon literary analysis, it is clear that John is the "testifier and confessor par excellence", particularly when compared to figures like Nicodemus.[56]
Matthias Grünewald, detail of the Isenheim Altarpiece
Jesus's baptism is implied but not depicted. Unlike the other gospels, it is John himself who testifies to seeing "the Spirit come down from heaven like a dove and rest on him". John explicitly announces that Jesus is the one "who baptizes with the Holy Spirit" and John even professes a "belief that he is the Son of God" and "the Lamb of God".
The Gospel of John reports that Jesus' disciples were baptizing and that a debate broke out between some of the disciples of John and another Jew about purification.[57] In this debate John argued that Jesus "must become greater," while he (John) "must become less"[58] (Latin Vulgate: illum oportet crescere me autem minui).
The Gospel of John then points out that Jesus' disciples were baptizing more people than John.[59] Later, the Gospel relates that Jesus regarded John as "a burning and shining lamp, and you were willing to rejoice for a while in his light".[60]
show
John the Baptist in the Gospel of John
John 1
There appeared a man sent from God, whose name was John; he came as a witness – to bear witness to the light so that through him everyone might believe. He was not the light, but he came to bear witness to the light.
When the religious authorities in Jerusalem sent some Priests and Levites to ask John – "Who are you?", he told them clearly and simply: "I am not the Christ."
"What then?" they asked. "Are you Elijah?" "No," he said, "I am not." "Are you 'the prophet'?" He answered, "No." "Who then are you?" they continued; "tell us so that we have an answer to give to those who have sent us. What do you say about yourself?" "I," he answered, "am – 'The voice of one crying aloud in the wilderness – "make a straight road for the Lord"', as the prophet Isaiah said." These men had been sent from the Pharisees; and their next question was: "Why then do you baptize, if you are not the Christ or Elijah or 'the prophet'?" John's answer was – "I baptize with water, but among you stands one whom you do not know; he is coming after me, yet I am not worthy even to unfasten his sandal." This happened at Bethany, across the Jordan, where John was baptizing.
The next day John saw Jesus coming towards him, and exclaimed: "Here is the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world! I was taking about him when I said 'After me there is coming a man who ranks ahead of me, because before I was born he already was.' I did not know who he was, but I have come baptizing with water to make him known to Israel."
John also said: "I saw the Spirit come down from heaven like a dove and rest on him. I myself did not know him, but he who sent me to baptize with water, he said to me 'He on whom you see the Spirit descending, and remaining on him – he it is who baptizes with the Holy Spirit.' This I have seen myself, and I have declared my belief that he is the Son of God." The next day, when John was standing with two of his disciples, he looked at Jesus as he passed and exclaimed: "There is the Lamb of God!" The two disciples heard him say this, and followed Jesus.
John 3
John, also, was baptizing at Aenon near Salim, because there were many streams there; and people were constantly coming and being baptized. (For John had not yet been imprisoned). Now a discussion arose between some of John's disciples and a fellow Jew on the subject of 'purification;' and the disciples came to John and said: "Rabbi, the man who was with you on the other side of the Jordan, and to whom you have yourself borne testimony – he, also, is baptizing, and everybody is going to him." John's answer was – "A person can gain nothing but what is given them from heaven. You are yourselves witnesses that I said 'I am not the Christ,' but 'I have been sent before him as a messenger.' It is the groom who has the bride; but the groom's friend, who stands by and listens to him, is filled with joy when he hears the groom's voice. This joy I have felt to the full. He must become greater, and I less."
He who comes from above is above all others; but a child of earth is earthly, and his teaching is earthly, too. He who comes from heaven is above all others. He states what he has seen and what he heard, and yet no one accepts his statement. They who did accept his statement confirm the fact that God is true. For he whom God sent as his messenger gives us God's own teaching, for God does not limit the gift of the Spirit. The Father loves his Son, and has put everything in his hands. The person who believes in the Son has eternal life, while a person who rejects the Son will not even see that life, but remains under 'God's displeasure.'
Comparative analysis[edit]
Simon J. Joseph has argued that the Gospel demotes the historical John by painting him only as a prophetic forerunner to Jesus whereas his ministry actually complemented Jesus'.[61]
The prophecy of Isaiah
Although Mark's Gospel implies that the arrival of John the Baptist is the fulfilment of a prophecy from the Book of Isaiah, the words quoted ("I will send my messenger ahead of you, who will prepare your way – a voice of one calling in the wilderness, 'Prepare the way for the Lord, make straight paths for him.'") are actually a composite of texts from Isaiah, Malachi and the Book of Exodus. (Matthew and Luke drop the first part of the reference.)[34]
Baptism of Jesus
The gospels differ on the details of the Baptism. In Mark and Luke, Jesus himself sees the heavens open and hears a voice address him personally, saying, "You are my dearly loved son; you bring me great joy". They do not clarify whether others saw and heard these things. Although other incidents where the "voice came out of heaven" are recorded in which, for the sake of the crowds, it was heard audibly, John did say in his witness that he did see the spirit coming down "out of heaven". John 12:28–30, John 1:32
In Matthew, the voice from heaven does not address Jesus personally, saying instead "This is my beloved son, in whom I am well pleased."
In the Gospel of John, John the Baptist himself sees the spirit descend as a dove, testifying about the experience as evidence of Jesus's status.
John's knowledge of Jesus
John's knowledge of Jesus varies across gospels. In the Gospel of Mark, John preaches of a coming leader, but shows no signs of recognizing that Jesus is this leader. In Matthew, however, John immediately recognizes Jesus and John questions his own worthiness to baptize Jesus. In both Matthew and Luke, John later dispatches disciples to question Jesus about his status, asking "Are you he who is to come, or shall we look for another?" In Luke, John is a familial relative of Jesus whose birth was foretold by Gabriel. In the Gospel of John, John the Baptist himself sees the spirit descend like a dove and he explicitly preaches that Jesus is the Son of God.
John and Elijah
See also: Matthew 3:4
The Gospels vary in their depiction of John's relationship to Elijah. Matthew and Mark describe John's attire in a way reminiscent of the description of Elijah in 2 Kings 1:8, who also wore a garment of hair and a leather belt. In Matthew, Jesus explicitly teaches that John is "Elijah who was to come" (Matt. 11:14 – see also Matt. 17:11–13); many Christian theologians have taken this to mean that John was Elijah's successor. In the Gospel of John, John the Baptist explicitly denies being Elijah.[62] In the annunciation narrative in Luke, an angel appears to Zechariah, John's father, and tells him that John "will turn many of the sons of Israel to the Lord their God," and that he will go forth "in the spirit and power of Elijah (Luke 1:16–17)."
In Josephus's Antiquities of the Jews[edit]
An account of John the Baptist is found in all extant manuscripts of the Antiquities of the Jews (book 18, chapter 5, 2) by Flavius Josephus (37–100):[63]
Now some of the Jews thought that the destruction of Herod's [Antipas's] army came from God, and that very justly, as a punishment of what he did against John, that was called the Baptist: for Herod slew him, who was a good man, and commanded the Jews to exercise virtue, both as to righteousness towards one another, and piety towards God, and so to come to baptism; for that the washing [with water] would be acceptable to him, if they made use of it, not in order to the putting away [or the remission] of some sins [only], but for the purification of the body; supposing still that the soul was thoroughly purified beforehand by righteousness. Now when [many] others came in crowds about him, for they were very greatly moved [or pleased] by hearing his words, Herod, who feared lest the great influence John had over the people might put it into his power and inclination to raise a rebellion, (for they seemed ready to do any thing he should advise,) thought it best, by putting him to death, to prevent any mischief he might cause, and not bring himself into difficulties, by sparing a man who might make him repent of it when it would be too late. Accordingly he was sent a prisoner, out of Herod's suspicious temper, to Macherus, the castle I before mentioned, and was there put to death. Now the Jews had an opinion that the destruction of this army was sent as a punishment upon Herod, and a mark of God's displeasure to him.[64]
According to this passage, the execution of John was blamed for the defeat Herod suffered. Some have claimed that this passage indicates that John died near the time of the destruction of Herod's army in 36 AD. However, in a different passage, Josephus states that the end of Herod's marriage with Aretas' daughter (after which John was killed) was only the beginning of hostilities between Herod and Aretas, which later escalated into the battle.[65]
Divergences between the passage's presentation and the biblical accounts of John include baptism for those whose souls have already been "purified beforehand by righteousness" is for purification of the body, not general repentance of sin (Mark 1:4).[66] Biblical scholar John Dominic Crossan differentiates between Josephus's account of John and Jesus, saying, "John had a monopoly, but Jesus had a franchise." To get baptized, Crossan writes, you went only to John; to stop the movement one only needed to stop John (therefore his movement ended with his death). Jesus invited all to come and see how he and his companions had already accepted the government of God, entered it and were living it. Such a communal praxis was not just for himself, but could survive without him, unlike John's movement.[67]
Relics[edit]
See also: Beheading of Saint John the Baptist § Relics
Nabi Yahya Mosque, the traditional burial site in Sebastia, near Nablus, the West Bank, the Levant.
Matthew 14:12 records that "his disciples came and took away [John's] body and buried it". Theologian Joseph Benson refers to a belief that "it seems that [the body] had been thrown over the prison walls, without burial, probably by order of Herodias.[68]
The burial-place of John the Baptist was traditionally said to be at the Nabi Yahya Mosque (Saint John the Baptiste Mosque) in Sebastia in current Palestinian territories, and mention is made of his relics being honored there around the middle of the 4th century. The historians Rufinus and Theodoretus record that the shrine was desecrated under Julian the Apostate around 362, the bones being partly burned. A portion of the rescued relics were carried to Jerusalem, then to Alexandria, where on 27 May 395, they were laid in the basilica newly dedicated to the Forerunner on the former site of the temple of Serapis. The tomb at Sebaste continued, nevertheless, to be visited by pious pilgrims, and Saint Jerome bears witness to miracles being worked there.
What became of the head of John the Baptist is difficult to determine. Nicephorus[69] and Symeon Metaphrastes say that Herodias had it buried in the fortress of Machaerus (in accordance with Josephus). Other writers say that it was interred in Herod's palace at Jerusalem; there it was found during the reign of Constantine I, and thence secretly taken to Emesa where it was concealed, the place remaining unknown for years, until it was manifested by revelation in 453. However, the decapitation cloth of Saint John is kept at the Aachen Cathedral. The Coptic Christian Orthodox Church also claim to hold the relics of Saint John the Baptist. These are to be found in a monastery in Lower Egypt between Cairo and Alexandria. It is possible, with permission from the monks, to see the original tomb where the remains were found.
Shrine of John the Baptist in the Umayyad Mosque.
Several different locations claim to possess the severed head of John the Baptist. The current official place for the Catholic Church is the Shrine of Saint John the Baptiste (Nabi Yahya in Arabic) inside the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus.[70] The place was visited by Pope John Paul II in 2001 who "paused for a minute's silent meditation at the tomb of St John the Baptist".[71] Previous to that the catholic Church used to believe that it was kept in the San Silvestro in Capite in Rome;[72] and then that it was held by the Knights Templar at Amiens Cathedral in France (brought home by Wallon de Sarton from the Fourth Crusade in Constantinople), at Antioch in Turkey (fate uncertain). Other traditions assume that it was in Residenz Museum in Munich, Germany (official residence of the Wittelsbach rulers of Bavaria from 1385 to 1918).[72] or even the parish church at Tenterden in Kent, where it was preserved up until the Reformation.
A Calcutta Armenian kisses the hand of a priest of Saint John the Baptist, Chinsurah
The saint's right hand, with which he baptised Jesus, is claimed to be in the Serbian Orthodox Cetinje monastery in Montenegro; Topkapi Palace in Istanbul;[72] and also in the Romanian skete of the Forerunner on Mount Athos. The saint's left hand is allegedly preserved in the Armenian Apostolic Church of St. John at Chinsurah, West Bengal, where each year on "Chinsurah Day" in January it blesses the Armenian Christians of Calcutta.[73] A crypt and relics said to be John's and mentioned in 11th- and 16th-century manuscripts, were discovered in 1969 during restoration of the Church of St. Macarius at the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great in Scetes, Egypt;[74] Additional relics are claimed to reside in Gandzasar Monastery's Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, in Nagorno Karabakh.
Another obscure claim relates to the town of Halifax in West Yorkshire, United Kingdom, where, as patron saint of the town, the Baptist's head appears on the official coat-of-arms.[75] One legend (among others) bases the etymology of the town's place-name on "halig" (holy) and "fax" (face), claiming that a relic of the head, or face, of John the Baptist once existed in the town.[76]
Also, in 2010, bones were discovered in the ruins of a Bulgarian church in the St. John the Forerunner Monastery (4th–17th centuries) on the Black Sea island of St. Ivan and two years later, after DNA and radio carbon testing proved the bones belonged to a Middle Eastern man who lived in the 1st century AD, scientists said that the remains could conceivably have belonged to John the Baptist.[77][78] The remains, found in a reliquarium are presently kept in the Sts. Cyril and Methodius Cathedral in Sozopol.[77][79]
Religious views[edit]
Christianity[edit]
John the Baptist, by Juan de Juanes (es), c. 1560
John the Baptist, Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, Rome
Christians believe that John the Baptist had a specific role ordained by God as forerunner or precursor of Jesus, who was the foretold Messiah. The New Testament Gospels speak of this role. In Luke 1:17 the role of John is referred to as being "to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the disobedient to the wisdom of the just; to make ready a people prepared for the Lord." In Luke 1:76 as "...thou shalt go before the face of the Lord to prepare his ways" and in Luke 1:77 as being "To give knowledge of salvation unto his people by the remission of their sins."
There are several passages within the Old Testament which are interpreted by Christians as being prophetic of John the Baptist in this role. These include a passage in the Book of Malachi (Malachi 3:1) that refers to a prophet who would prepare the way of the Lord:
Behold, I will send my messenger, and he shall prepare the way before me: and the Lord, whom ye seek, shall suddenly come to his temple, even the messenger of the covenant, whom ye delight in: behold, he shall come, saith the LORD of hosts.
—  Malachi 3:1[80]
and also at the end of the next chapter in Malachi 4:5–6 where it says,
Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the LORD: And he shall turn the heart of the fathers to the children, and the heart of the children to their fathers, lest I come and smite the earth with a curse.
The Jews of Jesus' day expected Elijah to come before the Messiah; indeed, some present day Jews continue to await Elijah's coming as well, as in the Cup of Elijah the Prophet in the Passover Seder. This is why the disciples ask Jesus in Matthew 17:10, 'Why then say the scribes that Elias must first come?' The disciples are then told by Jesus that Elijah came in the person of John the Baptist,
Jesus replied, "To be sure, Elijah comes and will restore all things. But I tell you, Elijah has already come, and they did not recognize him, but have done to him everything they wished. In the same way the Son of Man is going to suffer at their hands." Then the disciples understood that he was talking to them about John the Baptist.
—  Matthew 17:11–13
(see also 11:14: "...if you are willing to accept it, he is Elijah who was to come.")
These passages are applied to John in the Synoptic Gospels.[81][82][83] But where Matthew specifically identifies John the Baptist as Elijah's spiritual successor (Matthew 11.14, 17.13), the gospels of Mark and Luke are silent on the matter. The Gospel of John states that John the Baptist denied that he was Elijah.
Now this was John's testimony when the Jews of Jerusalem sent priests and Levites to ask him who he was. He did not deny, but confessed freely, "I am not the Christ." They asked him, "Then who are you? Are you Elijah?" He said, "I am not." "Are you the Prophet?" He answered, "No."
—  John 1:19–21
Influence on Paul[edit]
Many scholars believe there was contact between the early church in the Apostolic Age and what is called the "Qumran-Essene community".[84] The Dead Sea Scrolls were found at Qumran, which the majority of historians and archaeologists identify as an Essene settlement.[85] John the Baptist is thought to have been either an Essene or "associated" with the community at Khirbet Qumran. According to the Book of Acts, Paul met some "disciples of John" in Ephesus.[86]
Due to influence of Qumranic terminology and ideas in Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians, some scholars believe that the "disciples" mentioned in Acts 19:1–7 were disciples of John the Baptist.[dubious – discuss] This view, which assumes that John was an Essene[dubious – discuss], is debated by scholars. While John the Baptist practiced baptism, the Essenes used ritual washing, also called ablution, as a form of spiritual purification.[84]
Catholic Church[edit]
A 'Head of St John', in Rome
Tomb of Saint John the Baptist at a Coptic monastery in Lower Egypt. The bones of Saint John the Baptist were said to have been found here.
The Catholic Church commemorates Saint John the Baptist on two feast days:
24 June – Nativity of Saint John the Baptist
29 August – Beheading of Saint John the Baptist
Some Catholics have held to a belief that John the Baptist never sinned,[citation needed] although this has never been a point of doctrine[citation needed] and is not binding in belief upon any adherent as is the sinlessness of Mary.[citation needed] In her Treatise of Prayer, Saint Catherine of Siena includes a brief altercation with the Devil regarding her fight due to the Devil attempting to lure her with vanity and flattery. Speaking in the first person, Catherine responds to the Devil with the following words:
... humiliation of yourself, and you answered the Devil with these words: 'Wretch that I am! John the Baptist never sinned and was sanctified in his mother's womb. And I have committed so many sins ...
—  Catherine of Siena, A Treatise of Prayer, 1370.[87][88]
Eastern Christianity[edit]
Eastern Orthodox icon John the Baptist – the Angel of the Desert (Stroganov School, 1620s) Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow.
The Eastern Catholic Churches and Eastern Orthodox faithful believe that John was the last of the Old Testament prophets, thus serving as a bridge between that period of revelation and the New Covenant. They also teach that, following his death, John descended into Hades and there once more preached that Jesus the Messiah was coming, so he was the Forerunner of Christ in death as he had been in life. Eastern Catholic and Orthodox churches will often have an icon of Saint John the Baptist in a place of honor on the iconostasis, and he is frequently mentioned during the Divine Services. Every Tuesday throughout the year is dedicated to his memory.
The Eastern Orthodox Church remembers Saint John the Forerunner on six separate feast days, listed here in order in which they occur during the church year (which begins on September 1):
23 September – Conception of Saint John the Forerunner[89]
7 January – The Synaxis of Saint John the Forerunner. This is his main ml day, immediately after Theophany on January 6 (January 7 also commemorates the transfer of the relic of the right hand of John the Baptist from Antioch to Constantinople in 956)
24 February – First and Second Finding of the Head of Saint John the Forerunner
25 May – Third Finding of the Head of Saint John the Forerunner
24 June – Nativity of Saint John the Forerunner
29 August – The Beheading of Saint John the Forerunner, a day of strict fast and abstinence from meat and dairy products and foods containing meat or dairy products
In addition to the above, 5 September is the commemoration of Zechariah and Elizabeth, Saint John's parents. The Russian Orthodox Church observes 12 October as the Transfer of the Right Hand of the Forerunner from Malta to Gatchina (1799).
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[edit]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teaches that modern revelation confirms the biblical account of John and also makes known additional events in his ministry. According to this belief, John was "ordained by the angel of God" when he was eight days old "to overthrow the kingdom of the Jews" and to prepare a people for the Lord. Mormons also believe that "he was baptized while yet in his childhood."[90]
Joseph Smith said: "Let us come into New Testament times – so many are ever praising the Lord and His apostles. We will commence with John the Baptist. When Herod's edict went forth to destroy the young children, John was about six months older than Jesus, and came under this hellish edict, and Zecharias caused his mother to take him into the mountains, where he was raised on locusts and wild honey. When his father refused to disclose his hiding place, and being the officiating high priest at the Temple that year, was slain by Herod's order, between the porch and the altar, as Jesus said."[91][92]
The LDS Church teaches that John the Baptist appeared on the banks of the Susquehanna River near Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania as a resurrected being to Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery on May 15, 1829, and ordained them to the Aaronic Priesthood.[93][94] According to LDS doctrine, John's ministry has operated in three dispensations: he was the last of the prophets under the law of Moses; he was the first of the New Testament prophets; and he was sent to confirm the Aaronic Priesthood in our day (the dispensation of the fulness of times). Mormons believe John's ministry was foretold by two prophets whose teachings are included in the Book of Mormon: Lehi[95] and his son Nephi.[96][97]
Gnosticism[edit]
In Gnosticism, John the Baptist was a "personification" of the Old Testament prophet Elijah. Elijah did not know the True God (as opposed to the Abrahamic God), and thus had to be reincarnated in Gnostic theology. As predicted by the Old Testament prophet Malachi, Elijah must "come first" to herald the coming of Jesus Christ. Modern anthroposophy concurs with the idea that the Baptist was a reincarnation of Elijah, (cf. Mark 9:11–13),[98] Matthew 11:13–14,[99] Luke 7:27[100] although the Gospel of John explicitly denies this (John 1:21).[101][102]
Syrian-Egyptian Gnosticism[edit]
Among the early Judeo-Christian Gnostics the Ebionites held that John, along with Jesus and James the Just – all of whom they revered – were vegetarians.[103][104][105][106][107][108] Epiphanius of Salamis records that this group had amended their Gospel of Matthew, known today as the Gospel of the Ebionites, to change where John eats "locusts" to read "honey cakes" or "manna".[109][110]
Mandaeans[edit]
John the Baptist is considered the chief prophet of the Mandaeans, and plays a large part in some of their writings,[111] including the Ginza Rba and the Draša D-Iahia (The Mandaean Book of John). They view John as the only true Messiah, and are opposed to Jesus.[112] The Mandaean scriptures state: "If the carpenter [Jesus] has joined together the god, who then has joined together the carpenter?"[113]
Islam[edit]
hide Part of a series on Islam
Islamic prophets
Prophets in the Quran[hide]
Listed by Islamic name and Biblical name.
ʾĀdam (Adam)
ʾIdrīs (Enoch)
Nūḥ (Noah)
Hūd (Eber)
Ṣāliḥ (Salah)
ʾIbrāhīm (Abraham)
Lūṭ (Lot)
ʾIsmāʿīl (Ishmael)
ʾIsḥāq (Isaac)
Yaʿqūb (Jacob)
Yūsuf (Joseph)
Ayūb (Job)
Dhul-Kifl (Ezekiel)
Shuʿayb (Jethro)
Mūsā (Moses)
Hārūn (Aaron)
Dāūd (David)
Sulaymān (Solomon)
Yūnus (Jonah)
ʾIlyās (Elijah)
Alyasaʿ (Elisha)
Zakarīya (Zechariah)
Yaḥyā (John)
ʿĪsā (Jesus)
Muḥammad (Muhammad)
Main events[show]
Stories of the Prophets
The Three Messengers
Views[show]
Jews, Christians and Muslims prophets
Abrahamic prophets
Islam portal
v
t
e
John is also honored as a Nabi (Arabic: نَـبِي, Prophet) as (Arabic: يحيى بن زكرياYaḥyā ibn Zakarīyā) (Arabic: يحيى, translit. Yaḥyā[114]), or "John, son of Zechariah". He is believed by Muslims to have been a witness to the word of God, and a prophet who would herald the coming of Jesus.[115] His father Zechariah was also an Islamic prophet. Islamic tradition maintains that John was one of the prophets whom Muhammad met on the night of the Mi'raj,[116] his ascension through the Seven Heavens. It is said that he met John and Jesus in the second heaven, where Muhammad greeted his two brothers before ascending with archangel Gabriel to the third heaven. John's story was also told to the Abyssinian king during the Muslim refugees' Migration to Abyssinia.[117] According to the Qur'an, John was one on whom God sent peace on the day that he was born and the day that he died.[118]
Quran[edit]
In the Quran, God frequently mentions Zechariah's continuous praying for the birth of a son. Zechariah's wife, mentioned in the New Testament as Elizabeth, was barren and therefore the birth of a child seemed impossible.[119] As a gift from God, Zechariah (or Zakaria) was given a son by the name of "Yaḥya", a name specially chosen for this child alone. In accordance with Zechariah's prayer, God made John and Jesus, who according to exegesis was born six months later,[120] renew the message of God, which had been corrupted and lost by the Israelites. As the Quran says:
(His prayer was answered): "O Zakariya! We give thee good news of a son: His name shall be Yahya: on none by that name have We conferred distinction before."
He said: "O my Lord! How shall I have a son, when my wife is barren and I have grown quite decrepit from old age?"
He said: "So (it will be) thy Lord saith, 'that is easy for Me: I did indeed create thee before, when thou hadst been nothing!'"
(Zakarya) said: "O my Lord! give me a Sign." "Thy Sign," was the answer, "Shall be that thou shalt speak to no man for three nights."
—  Quran, sura 19 (Maryam), verse 7[121]
John was exhorted to hold fast to the Scripture and was given wisdom by God while still a child.[122] He was pure and devout, and walked well in the presence of God. He was dutiful towards his parents and he was not arrogant or rebellious. John's reading and understanding of the scriptures, when only a child, surpassed even that of the greatest scholars of the time.[119] Muslim exegesis narrates that Jesus sent John out with twelve disciples,[123] who preached the message before Jesus called his own disciples.[120] The Quran says:
"O Yaḥya! take hold of the Book with might": and We gave him Wisdom even as a youth,
—  Quran, sura 19 (Maryam), ayah 12[122]
John was a classical prophet,[124] who was exalted high by God, for his bold denouncing of all things sinful. Furthermore, the Qur'an speaks of John's gentle pity and love and his humble attitude towards life, for which he was granted the Purity of Life:
And piety as from Us, and purity: He was devout,
And kind to his parents, and he was not overbearing or rebellious.
So Peace on him the day he was born, the day that he dies, and the day that he will be raised up to life (again)!
—  Quran, sura 19 (Maryam), ayah 13–15[118]
John is also honored highly in Sufism as well as Islamic mysticism, primarily because of the Quran's description of John's chastity and kindness.[125] Sufis have frequently applied commentaries on the passages on John in the Quran, primarily concerning the God-given gift of "Wisdom" which he acquired in youth as well as his parallels with Jesus. Although several phrases used to describe John and Jesus are virtually identical in the Quran, the manner in which they are expressed is different.[126]
Name[edit]
It has been claimed that the Quran is mistaken in saying that John the Baptist was the first to receive this name (Quran 19:7–10), since the name Yoḥanan occurs many times before John the Baptist.[127] However, according to Islamic scholars, "Yaḥyā" is not the same name as "Yoḥanan".[128] Despite this, "Yaḥyā" is etymologically the same name as the Biblical figure Yᵉchîyâh (English rendering: "Jehiah") of the Books of the Chronicles.[129] Therefore, the Qur'an in Surah 19:7 is likely not claiming that "no one was ever given the name Yahya before this child". Rather, this Qur'an verse is a clear reference to the Biblical account of the miraculous naming of John, which accounted that he was almost named "Zacharias"[130][131] (Greek: Ζαχαρίας)[132] after his father's name, as no one in the lineage of his father Zacharias (also known as Zechariah) had been named "John" ("Yohanan"/"Yoannes") before him.[133]
The exegetes frequently connected the name with the meaning of "to quicken" or "to make alive" in reference to John's mother's barrenness, which was cured by God, as well as John's preaching, which, as Muslims believe, "made alive" the faith of Israel.[134] This is the same meaning as the Hebrew name Yᵉchîyâh (יְחִיָּה; "Jehiah") (lit.: "YHWH lives").[129] Yᵉchîyâh was also the name of one of the doorkeepers for the Ark of the Covenant during the reign of King David in the Bible.[135] Because of this, it is supposed that this name "Yaḥyā" was commonly used in the 6th–7th centuries CE by Arab Christians as an allegorical honorific of John the Baptist (Arabic: يُوحَنَّا الْمَعْمَدَانُ, Yūḥanna al-Mamadan), who considered him to be a "doorkeeper" for the "Ark of the New Covenant", Jesus Christ (Arabic: يَسُوعَ الْمَسِيحِ, Yasū'u l-Masīḥ).[136]
The Quran also mentions a root used in the Hebrew name, 'Yohanan' יוֹחָנָן (Yahweh is gracious). Sura Maryam: 12–13 describes the virtues of Yahya: وَآتَيْنَاهُ الْحُكْمَ صَبِيًّا – وَحَنَانًا مِّن لَّدُنَّا وَزَكَاةً (And We gave him judgement, while yet a boy – And affection from Us, and purity.) Here 'Ḥanān' (حنان, Affection) is an Arabic word corresponding to the same root used in the Hebrew/Aramaic 'Yohanan'.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]
Bahá'í view[edit]
Bahá'ís consider John to have been a prophet of God who like all other prophets was sent to instill the knowledge of God, promote unity among the people of the world, and to show people the correct way to live.[137] There are numerous quotations in the writings of Bahá'u'lláh, Founder of the Bahá'í Faith mentioning John the Baptist. He is regarded by Bahá'ís as a lesser Prophet.[17] Bahá'u'lláh claimed that his Forerunner, the Báb, was the spiritual return of John the Baptist. In his letter to Pope Pius IX, Bahá'u'lláh wrote:
O followers of the Son! We have once again sent John unto you, and He, verily, hath cried out in the wilderness of the Bayán: O peoples of the world! Cleanse your eyes! The Day whereon ye can behold the Promised One and attain unto Him hath drawn nigh! O followers of the Gospel! Prepare the way! The Day of the advent of the Glorious Lord is at hand! Make ready to enter the Kingdom. Thus hath it been ordained by God, He Who causeth the dawn to break.[138]
John is believed to have had the specific role of foretelling and preparing the way for Jesus. In condemning those who had 'turned aside' from him, Bahá'u'lláh, compared them to the followers of John the Baptist, who, he said, 'protested against Him Who was the Spirit (Jesus) saying: "The dispensation of John hath not yet ended; wherefore hast thou come?" Bahá'u'lláh believed that the Báb played the same role as John in preparing the people for his own coming. As such Bahá'u'lláh refers to the Báb as 'My Forerunner', the Forerunner being a title that Christians reserve for John the Baptist.[139] However, Bahá'ís consider the Báb to be a greater Prophet (Manifestation of God) and thus possessed of a far greater station than John the Baptist.
Unification Church[edit]
The Unification Church teaches that God intended John to help Jesus during his public ministry in Judea. In particular, John should have done everything in his power to persuade the Jewish people that Jesus was the Messiah. He was to become Jesus' main disciple and John's disciples were to become Jesus' disciples. Unfortunately John didn't follow Jesus and continued his own way of baptizing people. John's failure to follow Jesus became the chief obstacle to the fulfillment of Jesus' mission.[140]
In art[edit]
Puvis de Chavannes, The Beheading of St John the Baptist, c. 1869
Christ in the House of His Parents by John Everett Millais, 1849–50
Wood Sculpture of John The Baptist's Head by Santiago Martinez Delgado.
Cristofano Allori's John the Baptist in the desert
The beheading of Saint John the Baptist is a standard theme in Christian art,[10] in which John's head is often depicted on a platter, which represents the request of Herod's stepdaughter, Salome.[141] He is also depicted as an ascetic wearing camel hair, with a staff and scroll inscribed Ecce Agnus Dei, or bearing a book or dish with a lamb on it.[15] In Orthodox icons, he often has angel's wings, since Mark 1:2 describes him as a messenger.[142]
The Baptism of Christ was one of the earliest scenes from the Life of Christ to be frequently depicted in Early Christian art, and John's tall, thin, even gaunt, and bearded figure is already established by the 5th century. Only he and Jesus are consistently shown with long hair from Early Christian times, when the apostles generally have trim classical cuts; in fact John is more consistently depicted in this way than Jesus. In Byzantine art the composition of the Deesis came to be included in every Eastern Orthodox church, as remains the case to this day. Here John and the Theotokos (Mary) flank a Christ Pantocrator and intercede for humanity; in many ways this is the equivalent of Western Crucifixions on roods and elsewhere, where John the Evangelist takes the place of John the Baptist (except in the idiosyncratic Isenheim Altarpiece). John the Baptist is very often shown on altarpieces designed for churches dedicated to him, or where the donor patron was named for him or there was some other connection of patronage – John was the patron saint of Florence, among many other cities, which means he features among the supporting saints in many important works.
A number of narrative scenes from his life were often shown on the predella of altarpieces dedicated to John, and other settings, notably the large series in grisaille fresco in the Chiostro dello Scalzo (it), which was Andrea del Sarto's largest work, and the frescoed Life by Domenico Ghirlandaio in the Tornabuoni Chapel, both in Florence. There is another important fresco cycle by Filippo Lippi in Prato Cathedral. These include the typical scenes:[143] the Annunciation to Zechariah, John's birth, his naming by his father, the Visitation, John's departure for the desert, his preaching in the desert, the Baptism of Christ, John before Herod, the dance of Salome, and his beheading.
St John the Baptist, from a medieval book of hours
St. John the Baptist (c. 1513–16), Leonardo da Vinci
His birth, which unlike the Nativity of Jesus allowed a relatively wealthy domestic interior to be shown, became increasingly popular as a subject in the late Middle Ages, with depictions by Jan van Eyck in the Turin-Milan Hours and Ghirlandaio in the Tornabuoni Chapel being among the best known. His execution, a church feast-day, was often shown, and by the 15th-century scenes such as the dance of Salome became popular, sometimes, as in an engraving by Israhel van Meckenem, the interest of the artist is clearly in showing the life of Herod's court, given contemporary dress, as much as the martyrdom of the saint.[144] Salome bearing John's head on a platter equally became a subject for the Northern Renaissance taste for images of glamorous but dangerous women (Delilah, Judith and others),[145] and was often painted by Lucas Cranach the Elder and engraved by the Little Masters. These images remained popular into the Baroque, with Carlo Dolci painting at least three versions. John preaching, in a landscape setting, was a popular subject in Dutch art from Pieter Brueghel the Elder and his successors.
As a child (of varying age), he is sometimes shown from the 15th century in family scenes from the life of Christ such as the Presentation of Christ, the Marriage of the Virgin and the Holy Kinship. Leonardo da Vinci's versions of the Virgin of the Rocks were influential in establishing a Renaissance fashion for variations on the Madonna and Child that included John, probably intended to depict the relative's reunion in Egypt, when after Jesus' Flight to Egypt John was believed to have been carried to join him by an angel.[citation needed] Raphael in particular painted many compositions of the subject, such as the Alba Madonna, La belle jardinière, Aldobrandini Madonna, Madonna della seggiola, Madonna dell'Impannata, which were among his best-known works. John was also often shown by himself as an older child or adolescent, usually already wearing his distinctive dress and carrying a long thin wooden cross – another theme influenced by Leonardo, whose equivocal composition, reintroducing the camel-skin dress, was developed by Raphael Titian and Guido Reni among many others. Often he is accompanied by a lamb, especially in the many Early Netherlandish paintings which needed this attribute as he wore normal clothes. Caravaggio painted an especially large number of works including John, from at least five largely nude youths attributed to him, to three late works on his death – the great Execution in Malta, and two sombre Salomes with his head, one in Madrid, and one in London.
Statue of St John carved out of a blackberry tree by Pietro Paolo Azzopardi – 1845. Xewkija
Amiens cathedral, which holds one of the alleged heads of the Baptist, has a biographical sequence in polychrome relief, dating from the 16th century. This stresses the execution and the disposal of the saint's remains.
A remarkable Pre-Raphaelite portrayal is Christ in the House of His Parents by John Everett Millais. Here the Baptist is shown as a child, wearing a loin covering of animal skins, hurrying into Joseph's carpenter shop with a bowl of water to join Mary, Joseph, and Mary's mother Anne in soothing the injured hand of Jesus. Artistic interest enjoyed a considerable revival at the end of the 19th century with Symbolist painters such as Gustave Moreau and Puvis de Chavannes (National Gallery, London). Oscar Wilde's play Salome was illustrated by Aubrey Beardsley, giving rise to some of his most memorable images.
In poetry[edit]
The Italian Renaissance poet Lucrezia Tornabuoni chose John the Baptist as one of biblical figures on which she wrote poetry.[146]
In music[edit]
Guido D'Arezzo (991/992 – after 1033) an Italian Benedictine monk founded the standard music stave based on a hymn to Saint John the Baptist. The hymn that begins with Ut Queant Laxis uses the first syllable for each line – Ut (later changed to Do), Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si. The teaching is also known as the solmization syllable.
This Is the Record of John, by English Tudor composer Orlando Gibbons is a well-known part-setting of the Gospel of John for solo voice, choir and organ or viol accompaniment.
The reformer Martin Luther wrote a hymn based on biblical accounts about the Baptist, "Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam" (1541), base for a cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach for the feast day on 24 June, Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam, BWV 7 (1724).
S. Giovanni Battista (scores) (St. John the Baptist) is a 1676 oratorio by Alessandro Stradella.
The well-known Advent hymn On Jordan's Bank the Baptist's cry was written by Charles Coffin.[147]
John the Baptist (Jokanaan), Baritone, is a character in the opera Salome by Richard Strauss, premiered 1905 in Dresden. The text is from Oscar Wilde's French poem, translated into German by Hedwig Lachmann.[148]
In popular music, Bob Dylan dedicates four lines to John the Baptist in "Tombstone Blues", the second track of his 1965 album Highway 61 Revisited. He sings: "John the Baptist after torturing a thief / Looks up at his hero the Commander-in-Chief / Saying, "Tell me great hero, but please make it brief / Is there a hole for me to get sick in?"".[149]
The song "John the Baptist (Holy John)" by Al Kooper on his 1971 album New York City (You're a Woman) is about John the Baptist. In the same year the song was also recorded by Blood, Sweat & Tears for their album Blood, Sweat & Tears 4.
In his song "Everyman Needs a Companion," the closing track to his album Fear Fun, Father John Misty sings about the friendship between John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth: "John the Baptist took Jesus Christ / Down to the river on a Friday night / They talked about Mary like a couple of boys / With nothing to lose / Too scared to try." [150]
In film and television[edit]
John the Baptist has appeared in a number of screen adaptations of the life of Jesus. Actors who have played John include Robert Ryan in King of Kings (1961),[151] Mario Socrate in The Gospel According to St. Matthew (1964),[152] Charlton Heston in The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965),[153] David Haskell in Godspell (1973),[154] Michael York in Jesus of Nazareth (1977),[155] and Andre Gregory in The Last Temptation of Christ (1988).[156]
Commemoration[edit]
See also: Nativity of St. John the Baptist, St. John's Eve, Fête St-Jean-Baptiste, Festival of San Juan, Saint Jonas Day, St John's Day (Estonia), Ivan Kupala Day, and Golowan
According to Armenian tradition, the remains of John the Baptist were laid to rest by Gregory the Illuminator at the Saint Karapet Monastery.[157][158]
The Catholic Church in Ein Kerem on the site where John the Baptist is said to have been born
Saint John the Baptist is the patron saint of Jordan: his beheading is said to have taken place in Machaerus in central Jordan.
Saint John the Baptist is the patron saint of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and its capital city, San Juan. In 1521, the island was given its formal name, "San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico", following the custom of christening a town with its formal name and the name which Christopher Columbus had originally given the island. The names "San Juan Bautista" and "Puerto Rico" were eventually used in reference to both city and island, leading to a reversal in terminology by most inhabitants largely due to a cartographic error. By 1746, the city's name ("Puerto Rico") had become that of the entire island, while the name for the island ("San Juan Bautista") had become that of the city. The official motto of Puerto Rico also references the saint: Joannes Est Nomen Eius (Latin for "his name is John", from Luke 1:63).
He is also a patron saint of French Canada, and Newfoundland. The Canadian cities of St. John's, Newfoundland (1497) and Saint John, New Brunswick (1604) were both named in his honor. In the United Kingdom, Saint John is the patron of Penzance, Cornwall. His feast day of June 24, celebrated officially in Quebec as the Fête Nationale du Québec, and in Newfoundland as Discovery Day.
In Scotland, he is the patron saint of Perth, which used to be known as St. John's Toun of Perth. The main church in the city is still the medieval Kirk of St. John the Baptist and the city's professional football club is called St Johnstone F.C.
Also, on the night of June 23 on to the 24th, Saint John is celebrated as the patron saint of Porto, the second largest city in Portugal. An article from June 2004 in The Guardian remarked that "Porto's Festa de São João is one of Europe's liveliest street festivals, yet it is relatively unknown outside the country".[159]
He is also patron of the Knights Hospitaller of Jerusalem, Malta, Florence, and Genoa, Italy. John is patron saint of Xewkija, Gozo, Malta, which remember him with a great feast on the Sunday nearest to June 24.
Calamba City, Laguna, Calumpit, Bulacan, Balayan and Lian in Batangas, and San Juan, Metro Manila are among several places in the Philippines that venerate John as the town or city patron. A common practise of many Filipino fiestas in his honour is bathing and the dousing of people in memory of John's iconic act. The custom is similar in form to Songkran and Holi, and serves as a playful respite from the intense tropical heat. While famed for the Black Nazarene it enshrines, Quiapo Church in Manila is actually dedicated to Saint John.
He is also patron of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston, which covers the whole of South Carolina in the United States.
The Baptistines are the name given to a number of religious orders dedicated to the memory of John the Baptist.
Along with John the Evangelist, John the Baptist is claimed as a patron saint by the fraternal society of Free and Accepted Masons (better known as the Freemasons).[160]
In many Mediterranean countries, the summer solstice is dedicated to St. John. The associated ritual is very similar to Midsummer celebrations in the Anglo-Saxon tradition.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Christianity portal
Saints portal
Basilica of St. John the Baptist, Berlin
Biblical and Quranic narratives
Chronology of Jesus
Historical background of the New Testament
Legends and the Quran
Messengers from John the Baptist
Saint John the Baptist Church (disambiguation)
St. John Baptist Church (disambiguation)
Statue of John the Baptist, Charles Bridge
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Luke 1:36 indicates that John was born about six months before Jesus, whose birth cannot be dated later than early in 4 BC, L. Morris, "John The Baptist", ed. Geoffrey W Bromiley, The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Revised (Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1938–1958), 1108.
Jump up ^ Metzger, Bruce Manning (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 283. ISBN 9780199743919. Herod beheaded John at Machaerus in 31 or 32 CE.
Jump up ^ Metzger (2004). The Oxford Guide to People & Places of the Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780195176100. Herod beheaded John at Machaerus in 31 or 32 CE.
Jump up ^ Kokkinos, The Herodian Dynasty, pp. 268, 277.
^ Jump up to: a b Lang, Bernhard (2009) International Review of Biblical Studies Brill Academic Pub ISBN 9004172548 p. 380 – "33/34 CE Herod Antipas's marriage to Herodias (and beginning of the ministry of Jesus in a sabbatical year); 35 CE – death of John the Baptist"
Jump up ^ "born 1st decade BCE, Judaea, Palestine, near Jerusalem—died 28–36 CE; feast day June 24"- St. John the Baptist Encyclopædia Britannica online
Jump up ^ "Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής :: Άγιος Ιωάννης Πρόδρομος και Βαπτιστής (Σύλληψη)". Saint.gr. September 23, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "H ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ : Επιτροπές της Ιεράς Συνόδου – Συνοδική Επιτροπή επί της Εκκλησιαστικής Τέχνης και Μουσικής". Ecclesia.gr. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ παπα Γιώργης Δορμπαράκης (January 26, 2012). "ΑΚΟΛΟΥΘΕΙΝ: Η ΣΥΝΑΞΙΣ ΤΟΥ ΑΓΙΟΥ ΕΝΔΟΞΟΥ ΠΡΟΦΗΤΟΥ, ΠΡΟΔΡΟΜΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΒΑΠΤΙΣΤΟΥ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ (7 ΙΑΝΟΥΑΡΙΟΥ)". Pgdorbas.blogspot.com. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Wetterau, Bruce. World history. New York: Henry Holt and company. 1994.
Jump up ^ https://st-takla.org/Full-Free-Coptic-Books/FreeCopticBooks-002-Holy-Arabic-Bible-Dictionary/28_E/E_291.html
Jump up ^ https://st-takla.org/Full-Free-Coptic-Books/FreeCopticBooks-002-Holy-Arabic-Bible-Dictionary/28_E/E_291.html
Jump up ^ https://www.antiochpatriarchate.org/ar/page/947/
Jump up ^ https://www.thegrace.com/shakhsya/johnbapt.htm
^ Jump up to: a b Cross, F. L. (ed.) (2005) Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3, article "John the Baptist, St"
Jump up ^ Funk, Robert W. & the Jesus Seminar (1998). The Acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. San Francisco: Harper; "John the Baptist" cameo, p. 268
^ Jump up to: a b Compilations (1983). Hornby, Helen, ed. Lights of Guidance: A Bahá'í Reference File. Bahá'í Publishing Trust, New Delhi, India. p. 475. ISBN 81-85091-46-3.
Jump up ^ Webb, Robert L. (2006-10-01) [1991]. John the Baptizer and Prophet: A Socio-historic Study. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers (published 29 September 2006). ISBN 9781597529860.
Jump up ^ Sykes, Robert Henry (1982). Friend of the Bridegroom: Meditations in the Life of John the Baptizer. Everyday Publications, Inc. ISBN 9780888730527. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Mead, G.R.S. Gnostic John the Baptizer: Selections from the Mandaean John-Book. Forgotten Books. ISBN 9781605062105. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Edward Oliver James, Sacrament in Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 20, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/515366/sacrament
Jump up ^ Charles M. Sennott, The body and the blood, Public Affairs Pub, 2003. p 234 Google Link
Jump up ^ Jesus as a figure in history: how modern historians view the man from Galilee. Mark Allan Powell, published by Westminster John Knox Press, p. 47 "Few would doubt the basic fact...Jesus was baptized by John"
Jump up ^ Sanders, E.P. (1985) Jesus and Judaism. Philadelphia: Fortress Press; p. 91
Jump up ^ James D. G. Dunn, Jesus Remembered (Eerdmans, 2003) p. 350.
Jump up ^ Robert L. Webb, 'John the Baptist and his relationship to Jesus', in Bruce David Chilton, Craig Alan Evans, Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research (BRILL, 1998) p. 219.
Jump up ^ Harris, Stephen L. (1985) Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield John 1:36–40
Jump up ^ Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 18.5.2
Jump up ^ Harris, Stephen L. (1985) Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield; p. 382
Jump up ^ Marshall, I. H.; Millard, A. R.; Packer, J. I. (eds.). "John the Baptist". New Bible Dictionary (Third ed.). IVP reference collection. ISBN 0-85110-636-6.
Jump up ^ Funk, Robert W. & the Jesus Seminar (1998). The Acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus.San Francisco: Harper; "Mark," pp. 51–161.
Jump up ^ Meier, John (1994). Mentor, Message, and Miracles (A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Vol. 2). 2. Anchor Bible. ISBN 0-385-46992-6.
Jump up ^ Stephen L. Harris, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. ISBN 1-55934-655-8 Matthew 17:12–13
^ Jump up to: a b Carl R. Kazmierski, John the Baptist: Prophet and Evangelist (Liturgical Press, 1996) p. 31.
Jump up ^ John R. Donahue, Daniel J. Harrington, The Gospel of Mark (Liturgical Press, 2005) p. 195.
^ Jump up to: a b Florence Morgan Gillman (2003). Herodias: At Home in that Fox's Den. Liturgical Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-0-8146-5108-7.
Jump up ^ Geoff R. Webb, Mark at the Threshold: Applying Bakhtinian Categories to Markan Characterisation, (BRILL, 2008) pp 110–11.
Jump up ^ John R. Donahue, Daniel J. Harrington, The Gospel of Mark (Liturgical Press, 2005) p. 198.
Jump up ^ Florence Morgan Gillman, Herodias: At Home in that Fox's Den (Liturgical Press, 2003) p. 80.
Jump up ^ Florence Morgan Gillman, Herodias: At Home in that Fox's Den (Liturgical Press, 2003) pp. 81–83.
Jump up ^ Geoff R. Webb, Mark at the Threshold: Applying Bakhtinian Categories to Markan Characterisation, (Brill, 2008) p. 107.
Jump up ^ "Isaiah 40.3 NRSV – A voice cries out: "In the wilderness". Bible Gateway.
Jump up ^ Steve Moyise (September 1, 2011). Jesus and Scripture: Studying the New Testament Use of the Old Testament. Baker Books. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4412-3749-1.
Jump up ^ Walter Wink (November 2006). John the Baptist in the Gospel Tradition. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-521-03130-1.
Jump up ^ Robert Horton Gundry, Matthew: A Commentary on His Handbook for a Mixed Church Under Persecution (Eerdmans, 1994) p. 286.
Jump up ^ Libby Ahluwalia, Understanding Philosophy of Religion (Folens, 2008), p. 180.
Jump up ^ Just, Arthur A.; Oden, Thomas C. (2003), Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture – Luke: New Testament III, InterVarsity Press; p. 10. ISBN 978-0830814886 Luke 1:7
Jump up ^ Luke 1:5
Jump up ^ 'Aaron', In: Mills, Watson E. (ed.) (1998) Mercer Dictionary of the Bible, Vol. 5, Macon GA: Mercer University Press, ISBN 0-86554-299-6; p. 1
Jump up ^ Englebert, Omer (1951). The Lives of the Saints. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 529. ISBN 978-1-56619-516-4.
Jump up ^ Brown, Raymond Edward (1973), The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus, Paulist Press, p. 54
Jump up ^ Vermes, Geza. The Nativity, p. 143.
Jump up ^ Freed, Edwin D. (2001), The Stories of Jesus' Birth: a Critical Introduction Continuum International, pp. 87–90.
Jump up ^ John 1:6-8
Jump up ^ John 1:23, compare Isaiah 40:3
Jump up ^ Vande Vrede, Keith (December 2014), Kostenberger, Andreas, ed., "A Contrast Between Nicodemus and John the Baptist in the Gospel of John", Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, Louisville: Evangelical Theological Society, 57 (4): 715–26, ISSN 0360-8808
Jump up ^ John 3:22–36
Jump up ^ John 3:30
Jump up ^ John 4:2
Jump up ^ John 5:35
Jump up ^ Simon J. Joseph (2012). Jesus, Q, and the Dead Sea Scrolls: A Judaic Approach to Q. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-3-16-152120-1.
Jump up ^ "Was John the Baptist really Elijah? | Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry". Carm.org. March 15, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Josephus, Flavius." In: Cross, F. L. (ed.) (2005) The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press
Jump up ^ Flavius Josephus, Jewish Antiqities 18. 5. 2. (Translation by William Whiston). Original Greek.
Jump up ^ Hoehner, Harold W. (2010-08-10). Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ. p. 101. ISBN 9780310877103.
Jump up ^ Mark 1:4
Jump up ^ Crossan, John Dominic (2007), God and Empire, London: HarperCollins, p. 117 ff
Jump up ^ Benson's Commentary on Matthew 14, accessed 17 Jauuary 2017
Jump up ^ Nicephorus, Ecclesiastical History I, ix. See Patrologia Graeca, cxlv.–cxlvii.
Jump up ^ Lost Worlds: Knights Templar, July 10, 2006 video documentary on The History Channel, directed and written by Stuart Elliott
Jump up ^ "BBC ON THIS DAY - 7 - 2001: Thousands greet Pope in Syrian visit".
^ Jump up to: a b c Hooper, Simon (August 30, 2010). "Are these the bones of John the Baptist?". Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hetq Online " Pilgrimage to the oldest Armenian Apostolic Church in India". Hetq.am. January 10, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Monastery of St. Macarius the Great". Stmacariusmonastery.org. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Heraldry of the World; Civic heraldry of the United Kingdom; Halifax (Yorkshire)". Ralf Hartemink. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Kai (19 June 2010). "The Holy Face of Halifax". Omnia Exeunt In Mysterium. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ker Than (June 19, 2012). "John the Baptist's Bones Found?". National Geographic.
Jump up ^ Moss, Candida. National Geographic: Search for the Head of John the Baptist. 19 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Old Town Sozopol – Bulgaria's 'Rescued' Miracle and Its Modern Day Saviors. Sofia News Agency, October 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Malachi 3:1
Jump up ^ Mat 3:3 For this is he that was spoken of by the prophet Esaias, saying, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight.
Jump up ^ Mar 1:2 As it is written in the prophets, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee. Mar 1:3 The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight.
Jump up ^ Luk 1:16–17 And many of the children of Israel shall he turn to the Lord their God. And he shall go before him in the spirit and power of Elijah, to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the disobedient to the wisdom of the just; to make ready a people prepared for the Lord.
^ Jump up to: a b "Paul, Letters of". Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Oxford University Press. 2008. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195084504.001.0001/acref-9780195084504-e-383 (inactive 2017-12-11). ISBN 978-0-19-508450-4. Retrieved 2017-05-29. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Essenes". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. Oxford University Press. 2011. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195065121.001.0001/acref-9780195065121-e-354 (inactive 2017-12-11). ISBN 978-0-19-506512-1. Retrieved 2017-05-29. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Acts 19:1–7
Jump up ^ Treatise of Prayer. Retrieved 1-15-2012.
Jump up ^ The Dialogue of Saint Catherine of Siena. Retrieved 1-15-2012
Jump up ^ In late antiquity this feast in some churches marked the beginning of the Ecclesiastical Year; see Archbishop Peter (L'Huiller) of New York and New Jersey, "Liturgical Matters: "The Lukan Jump"", in: Newspaper of the Diocese of New York and New Jersey, Fall 1992.
Jump up ^ "Doctrine and Covenants 84:27–28". Scriptures.lds.org. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Section Five: 1842–1843". Retrieved May 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Teaching of The Prophet Joseph Smith Section Five 1842–43, p. 261
Jump up ^ [D&C 13]; D&C 27:7–8
Jump up ^ Joseph Smith History 1:68–72
Jump up ^ "1 Nephi 10:7–10". Archived from the original on June 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ 1 Nephi 11:27
Jump up ^ 2 Nephi 31:4-18
Jump up ^ Mark 9:11–13
Jump up ^ Matthew 11:13–14
Jump up ^ Luke 7:27
Jump up ^ John 1:21
Jump up ^ Sergei Prokofieff, The Mystery of John the Baptist and John the Evangelist Turning Point of Time: An Esoteric Study, Temple Lodge Publishing 2005, ISBN 1-902636-67-8
Jump up ^ J Verheyden, Epiphanius on the Ebionites, in The image of the Judaeo-Christians in ancient Jewish and Christian literature, eds Peter J. Tomson, Doris Lambers-Petry, ISBN 3-16-148094-5, p. 188 "The vegetarianism of John the Baptist and of Jesus is an important issue too in the Ebionite interpretation of the Christian life. "
Jump up ^ Robert Eisenman (1997), James the Brother of Jesus, p. 240 – "John (unlike Jesus) was both a 'Rechabite' or 'Nazarite' and vegetarian", p. 264 – "One suggestion is that John ate 'carobs'; there have been others. Epiphanius, in preserving what he calls 'the Ebionite Gospel', rails against the passage there claiming that John ate 'wild honey' and 'manna-like vegetarian cakes dipped in oil. ... John would have been one of those wilderness-dwelling, vegetable-eating persons", p. 326 – "They [the Nazerini] ate nothing but wild fruit milk and honey – probably the same food that John the Baptist also ate.", p. 367 – "We have already seen how in some traditions 'carobs' were said to have been the true composition of John's food.", p. 403 – "his [John's] diet was stems, roots and fruits. Like James and the other Nazirites/Rechabites, he is presented as a vegetarian ..".
Jump up ^ James Tabor, The Jesus Dynasty p. 134 and footnotes p. 335, p. 134 – "The Greek New Testament gospels says John's diet consisted of "locusts and wild honey" but an ancient Hebrew version of Matthew insists that "locusts" is a mistake in Greek for a related Hebrew word that means a cake of some type, made from a desert plant, similar to the "manna" that the ancient Israelites ate in the desert on the days of Moses.(ref 9) Jesus describes John as "neither eating nor drinking," or "neither eating bread nor drinking wine." Such phrases indicate the lifestyle of one who is strictly vegetarian, avoids even bread since it has to be processed from grain, and shuns all alcohol.(ref 10) The idea is that one would eat only what grows naturally.(ref 11) It was a way of avoiding all refinements of civilization."
Jump up ^ Bart D. Ehrman (2003). Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford University Press. pp. 102, 103. ISBN 0-19-514183-0. p. 102 – "Probably the most interesting of the changes from the familiar New Testament accounts of Jesus comes in the Gospel of the Ebionites description of John the Baptist, who, evidently, like his successor Jesus, maintained a strictly vegetarian cuisine."
Jump up ^ James A. Kelhoffer, The Diet of John the Baptist, ISBN 978-3-16-148460-5, pp. 19–21
Jump up ^ G.R.S. Mead (2007). Gnostic John the Baptizer: Selections from the Mandæan John-Book. Forgotten Books. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-60506-210-5. p. 104 – "And when he had been brought to Archelaus and the doctors of the Law had assembled, they asked him who he is and where he has been until then. And to this he made answer and spake: I am pure; [for] the Spirit of God hath led me on, and [I live on] cane and roots and tree-food."
Jump up ^ Tabor (2006) Jesus Dynasty p. 334 (note 9) – "The Gospel of the Ebionites as quoted by the 4th-century writer Epiphanius. The Greek word for locusts (akris) is very similar to the Greek word for "honey cake" (ekris) that is used for the "manna" that the Israelites ate in the desert in the days of Moses (Exodus 16:32)" & p. 335 (note 11) – "There is an old Russian (Slavic) version of Josephus's Antiquities that describes John the Baptizer as living on 'roots and fruits of the tree' and insists that he never touches bread, even at Passover."
Jump up ^ Bart D. Ehrman (2003). Lost Scriptures: Books that Did Not Make It into the New Testament. Oxford University Press. p. 13. ISBN 0-19-514182-2. p. 13 – Referring to Epiphanius' quotation from the Gospel of the Ebionites in Panarion 30.13, "And his food, it says, was wild honey whose taste was of manna, as cake in oil".
Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article Mandaeans
Jump up ^ Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition Shambhala Publications 2009 ISBN 978-0-834-82414-0 page 550
Jump up ^ "Baptisms of Yeshu in ancient Mandaic scrolls – The Order of Nazorean Essenes". Essenes.net. Archived from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Prophet John".
Jump up ^ "Yahya", Encyclopedia of Islam
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, Mi'raj
Jump up ^ Muhammad, Martin Lings, Abysinnia. etc.
^ Jump up to: a b Quran 19:13–15
^ Jump up to: a b Lives of the Prophets, Leila Azzam, John and Zechariah
^ Jump up to: a b A–Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, B. M. Wheeler, John the Baptist
Jump up ^ Quran 19:7–10
^ Jump up to: a b Quran 19:12
Jump up ^ Tabari, i, 712
Jump up ^ Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary, Note. 905: "The third group consists not of men of action, but Preachers of Truth, who led solitary lives. Their epithet is: "the Righteous." They form a connected group round Jesus. Zachariah was the father of John the Baptist, who is referenced as "Elias, which was for to come" (Matt 11:14); and Elias is said to have been present and talked to Jesus at the Transfiguration on the Mount (Matt. 17:3)."
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Yahya ibn Zakkariya, Online web.
Jump up ^ Whereas the Quran itself gives blessings of peace to John (Quran 19:15), Jesus, in contrast, gives himself the blessings of peace. (Quran 19: 16–33)
Jump up ^ A. Geiger, Judaism And Islam (English translation of Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen?), 1970, Ktav Publishing House Inc.: New York, p. 19.
Jump up ^ "And No One Had The Name Yahya (= John?) Before: A Linguistic & Exegetical Enquiry Into Qur'an 19:7". Islamic-awareness.org. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b http://biblehub.com/topical/j/jehiah.htm
Jump up ^ Young's Literal Translation of the Bible. Luke 1:59, 1:5, et al. http://www.biblestudytools.com/ylt/luke/1.html
Jump up ^ King James Bible. Luke 1:59, 1:5, et al. https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Luke-Chapter-1/
Jump up ^ Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη (1894 Scrivener NT). Luke 1:59, 1:5, et al. https://biblia.com/books/tr1894mr/Lk1?embeddedPreview=False
Jump up ^ Luke 1:59–63
Jump up ^ A. Jeffrey, Foreign Vocab. of the Qur'an, Baroda 1938, 290–1
Jump up ^ I Chronicles 15:24
Jump up ^ cf. I Chronicles 15:24 with Matthew 3:3
Jump up ^ Effendi, Shoghi (1988). Epistle to the Son of the Wolf. Wilmette, Illinois: Baha'i Publishing Trust. p. 12. ISBN 9780877430483.
Jump up ^ Bahá'u'lláh (2002). The Summons of the Lord of Hosts. Haifa, Israel: Bahá'í World Centre. p. 63. ISBN 0-85398-976-1.
Jump up ^ Effendi, Shoghi (1988). Epistle to the Son of the Wolf. Wilmette, Illinois: Baha'i Publish Trust. pp. 157–158. ISBN 9780877430483.
Jump up ^ "Exposition of the Divine Principle, 1996 Translation, Chapter 4". unification.net. Retrieved July 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ The story appears in Matthew 14:8 and Mark 6:25, without the name Salome
Jump up ^ "John the Baptist, St." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
Jump up ^ See Tornabuoni Chapel for further information on these scenes
Jump up ^ "Engraving by Israhel van Meckenem". Artsmia.org. Archived from the original on January 11, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ On this see Chapter V, "The Power of Women", in H Diane Russell;Eva/Ave; Women in Renaissance and Baroque Prints; National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1990; ISBN 1-55861-039-1
Jump up ^ Robin, Larsen and Levin, p. 368
Jump up ^ Julian, John. Dictionary of Hymnology (1907)
Jump up ^ The Victor Book of the Opera, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1968.
Jump up ^ "Tombstone Blues | The Official Bob Dylan Site" Check |url= value (help). bobdylan.com. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Father John Misty - Everyman Needs A Companion". Retrieved 2018-03-08.
Jump up ^ King of Kings, cast and crew
Jump up ^ The Gospel According to St. Matthew, cast and crew
Jump up ^ The Greatest Story Ever Told, cast and crew
Jump up ^ Godspell, cast and crew
Jump up ^ Jesus of Nazareth, cast and crew
Jump up ^ The Last Temptation of Christ, cast and crew
Jump up ^ Kharatyan, Lusine; Keskin, Ismail; Keshishyan, Avetis; Ozturk, S. Aykut; Khachatryan, Nane; Albayrak, Nihal; Hakobyan, Karen (2013). Moush, sweet Moush: Mapping Memories from Armenia and Turkey (PDF). The Institute for International Cooperation Of the German Adult Education Association (dvv international). p. 69. ISBN 978-3-942755-12-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 3, 2015. The Saint Karapet Monastery is one of the oldest Armenian monasteries in Moush Valley, dating back to the 4th century when Gregory the Illuminator, founder of the Armenian Apostolic Church, is believed to have buried the relics of Saint John the Baptist (Karapet) here.
Jump up ^ Avetisyan, Kamsar (1979). "Տարոնի պատմական հուշարձանները [Historical monuments of Taron]". Հայրենագիտական էտյուդներ [Armenian studies sketches] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Sovetakan Grogh. p. 204. ...ըստ ավանդության, Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչը ամփոփել է ս. Կարապետի և Աթանագինե եպիսկոպոսի նշխարները։
Jump up ^ Matthew Hancock (June 12, 2004). "There's only one São João". The Guardian. London. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry". Freemasons-freemasonry.com. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
Sources[edit]
Books on John the Baptist
Brooks Hansen (2009) John the Baptizer: A Novel. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-06947-1
Murphy, Catherine M. (2003) John the Baptist: Prophet of Purity for a New Age. Collegeville: Liturgical Press. ISBN 0-8146-5933-0
Taylor, Joan E. (1997) The Immerser: John the Baptist within Second Temple Judaism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-4236-4
W. Barnes Tatum (1994) John the Baptist and Jesus: A Report of the Jesus Seminar, Sonoma, California: Polebridge Press, 1994, ISBN 0-944344-42-9
Webb, Robert L. (1991) John the Baptizer and Prophet: a Socio-Historical Study. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59752-986-0 (first published Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1991)
Islamic view
Rippin, A. "Yahya b. Zakariya". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
J.C.L Gibson, John the Baptist in Muslim writings, in MW, xlv (1955), 334–345
Passages in the Quran
Appraisals for Yahya: 6:85, 19:7, 19:12, 19:13, 19:14, 19:15
Yahya's prophecy: 3:39, 6:85, 19:12
External links[edit]
Find more aboutJohn the Baptistat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Data from Wikidata
Jewish Encyclopedia: John the Baptist
Prophet John (Yahya)
Mandaean Book of John translation project
Saint John the Baptist at the Christian Iconography website
Caxton's translation of the Golden Legend chapters on The Decollation of John the Baptist and The Nativity of Saint John Baptist
show
v
t
e
New Testament people
Jesus Christ
In Christianity
Historical
Life in the New Testament
Gospels
Individuals
Alphaeus
Anna the Prophetess
Annas
Barabbas
Bartimaeus
Blind man (Bethsaida)
Caiaphas
Man born blind ("Celidonius")
Cleopas
Clopas
Devil
Penitent thief ("Dismas")
Elizabeth
Gabriel
Impenitent thief ("Gestas")
Jairus' daughter
Joanna
John the Baptist
Joseph
Joseph of Arimathea
Joses
Jude
Lazarus
Legion
Luke
Lysanias
Malchus
Martha
Mary, mother of Jesus
Mary Magdalene
Mary, mother of James
Mary of Bethany
Mary of Clopas
Naked fugitive
Son of Nain's widow
Nathanael
Nicodemus (Nicodemus ben Gurion)
Salome
Samaritan woman
Satan
Simeon
Simon, brother of Jesus
Simon of Cyrene
Simon the Leper
Simon the Pharisee
Susanna
Syrophoenician woman
Theophilus
Zacchaeus
Zebedee
Zechariah
Groups
Angels
Jesus's brothers
Demons
Disciples
Evangelists
Female disciples of Jesus
God-fearers
Herodians
Magi
Myrrhbearers
Nameless
Pharisees
Proselytes
Sadducees
Samaritans
Sanhedrin
Scribes
Seventy disciples
Shepherds
Zealots
Apostles
Andrew
Bartholomew
James of Alphaeus (James the Less)
James of Zebedee
John
Evangelist
Patmos
"Disciple whom Jesus loved"
Judas Iscariot
Jude Thaddeus
Matthew
Philip
Simon Peter
Simon the Zealot
Thomas
Acts
Aeneas
Agabus
Ananias (Damascus)
Ananias (Judaea)
Ananias son of Nedebeus
Apollos
Aquila
Aristarchus
Barnabas
Blastus
Cornelius
Demetrius
Dionysius
Dorcas
Elymas
Egyptian
Ethiopian eunuch
Eutychus
Gamaliel
James, brother of Jesus
Jason
Joseph Barsabbas
Judas Barsabbas
Judas of Galilee
Lucius
Luke
Lydia
Manaen
(John) Mark
Evangelist
cousin of Barnabas
Mary, mother of (John) Mark
Matthias
Mnason
Nicanor
Nicholas
Parmenas
Paul
Philip
Priscilla
Prochorus
Publius
Rhoda
Sapphira
Sceva
Seven Deacons
Silas / Silvanus
Simeon Niger
Simon Magus
Sopater
Sosthenes
Stephen
Theudas
Timothy
Titus
Trophimus
Tychicus
Zenas
Romans
Herod's family
Gospels
Antipas
Archelaus
Herod the Great
Herodias
Longinus
Philip
Pilate
Pilate's wife
Quirinius
Salome
Tiberius
Acts
Agrippa
Agrippa II
Berenice
Cornelius
Drusilla
Felix
Festus
Gallio
Lysias
Paullus
Epistles
Achaicus
Alexander
Andronicus
Archippus
Aretas IV
Carpus
Claudia
Crescens
Demas
Diotrephes
Epaphras
Epaphroditus
Erastus
Eunice
Euodia and Syntyche
Herodion
Hymenaeus
Jesus Justus
John the Presbyter
Junia
Lois
Mary
Michael
Nymphas
Olympas
Onesimus
Onesiphorus
Pudens
Philemon
Philetus
Phoebe
Quartus
Sosipater
Tertius
Revelation
Antipas
Four Horsemen
Apollyon
Two witnesses
Woman
Beast
Three Angels
Whore of Babylon
show
v
t
e
Saints of the Catholic Church
Virgin Mary
Mother of God (Theotokos)
Immaculate Conception
Perpetual virginity
Assumption
Marian apparition
Guadalupe
Laus
Miraculous Medal
Lourdes
Fatima
Titles of Mary
Apostles
Andrew
Barnabas
Bartholomew
James of Alphaeus
James the Greater
John
Jude
Matthew
Matthias
Paul
Peter
Philip
Simon
Thomas
Archangels
Gabriel
Michael
Raphael
Confessors
Anatolius
Chariton the Confessor
Edward the Confessor
Maximus the Confessor
Michael of Synnada
Paphnutius the Confessor
Paul I of Constantinople
Salonius
Theophanes the Confessor
Disciples
Apollos
Mary Magdalene
Priscilla and Aquila
Silvanus
Stephen
Timothy
Titus
Seventy disciples
Doctors
Gregory the Great
Ambrose
Augustine of Hippo
Jerome
John Chrysostom
Basil of Caesarea
Gregory of Nazianzus
Athanasius of Alexandria
Cyril of Alexandria
Cyril of Jerusalem
John of Damascus
Bede the Venerable
Ephrem the Syrian
Thomas Aquinas
Bonaventure
Anselm of Canterbury
Isidore of Seville
Peter Chrysologus
Leo the Great
Peter Damian
Bernard of Clairvaux
Hilary of Poitiers
Alphonsus Liguori
Francis de Sales
Peter Canisius
John of the Cross
Robert Bellarmine
Albertus Magnus
Anthony of Padua
Lawrence of Brindisi
Teresa of Ávila
Catherine of Siena
Thérèse of Lisieux
John of Ávila
Hildegard of Bingen
Gregory of Narek
Evangelists
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Church
Fathers
Alexander of Alexandria
Alexander of Jerusalem
Ambrose of Milan
Anatolius
Athanasius of Alexandria
Augustine of Hippo
Caesarius of Arles
Caius
Cappadocian Fathers
Clement of Alexandria
Clement of Rome
Cyprian of Carthage
Cyril of Alexandria
Cyril of Jerusalem
Damasus I
Desert Fathers
Desert Mothers
Dionysius of Alexandria
Dionysius of Corinth
Dionysius
Ephrem the Syrian
Epiphanius of Salamis
Fulgentius of Ruspe
Gregory the Great
Gregory of Nazianzus
Gregory of Nyssa
Hilary of Poitiers
Hippolytus of Rome
Ignatius of Antioch
Irenaeus of Lyons
Isidore of Seville
Jerome of Stridonium
John Chrysostom
John of Damascus
Maximus the Confessor
Melito of Sardis
Quadratus of Athens
Papias of Hierapolis
Peter Chrysologus
Polycarp of Smyrna
Theophilus of Antioch
Victorinus of Pettau
Vincent of Lérins
Zephyrinus
Martyrs
Canadian Martyrs
Carthusian Martyrs
Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
Four Crowned Martyrs
Great Martyr
The Holy Innocents
Irish Martyrs
Joan of Arc
Lübeck martyrs
Korean Martyrs
Martyrology
Martyrs of Albania
Martyrs of China
Martyrs of Japan
Martyrs of Laos
Martyrs of Natal
Martyrs of Otranto
Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
Maximilian Kolbe
Perpetua and Felicity
Saints of the Cristero War
Stephen
Three Martyrs of Chimbote
Uganda Martyrs
Vietnamese Martyrs
Patriarchs
Adam
Abel
Abraham
Isaac
Jacob
Joseph
Joseph (father of Jesus)
David
Noah
Solomon
Matriarchs
Popes
Adeodatus I
Adeodatus II
Adrian III
Agapetus I
Agatho
Alexander I
Anacletus
Anastasius I
Anicetus
Anterus
Benedict II
Boniface I
Boniface IV
Caius
Callixtus I
Celestine I
Celestine V
Clement I
Cornelius
Damasus I
Dionysius
Eleuterus
Eugene I
Eusebius
Eutychian
Evaristus
Fabian
Felix I
Felix III
Felix IV
Gelasius I
Gregory I
Gregory II
Gregory III
Gregory VII
Hilarius
Hormisdas
Hyginus
Innocent I
John I
John XXIII
John Paul II
Julius I
Leo I
Leo II
Leo III
Leo IV
Leo IX
Linus
Lucius I
Marcellinus
Marcellus I
Mark
Martin I
Miltiades
Nicholas I
Paschal I
Paul I
Peter
Pius I
Pius V
Pius X
Pontian
Sergius I
Silverius
Simplicius
Siricius
Sixtus I
Sixtus II
Sixtus III
Soter
Stephen I
Stephen IV
Sylvester I
Symmachus
Telesphorus
Urban I
Victor I
Vitalian
Zachary
Zephyrinus
Zosimus
Prophets
Agabus
Amos
Anna
Baruch ben Neriah
David
Dalua
Elijah
Ezekiel
Habakkuk
Haggai
Hosea
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Job
Joel
John the Baptist
Jonah
Judas Barsabbas
Malachi
Melchizedek
Micah
Moses
Nahum
Obadiah
Samuel
Seven Maccabees and their mother
Simeon
Zechariah (prophet)
Zechariah (NT)
Zephaniah
Virgins
Agatha of Sicily
Agnes of Rome
Bernadette Soubirous
Brigid of Kildare
Cecilia
Clare of Assisi
Eulalia of Mérida
Euphemia
Genevieve
Kateri Tekakwitha
Lucy of Syracuse
Maria Goretti
Mother Teresa
Narcisa de Jesús
Rose of Lima
See also
Military saints
Virtuous pagan
Catholicism portal
Saints portal
show
v
t
e
Coptic Orthodox Saints
Patriarchs
Abraham
Isaac
Jacob
Joseph
Prophets
Moses
Job
Samuel
David
Hosea
Amos
Micah
Joel
Obadiah
Jonah
Nahum
Noah
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Baruch
Ezekiel
Daniel
John the Baptist
Theotokos
Mary, Our Lady of
Assiut
Warraq
Zeitoun
Seven Archangels
Michael
Gabriel
Raphael
Suriel
Zedekiel
Sarathiel
Aniel
Apostles
Andrew
Bartholomew
James, son of Alphaeus
James, son of Zebedee
John
Jude
Matthew
Matthias
Paul
Peter
Philip
Simon
Thomas
Disciples
Apollos
Barnabas
Mary Magdalene
Philemon
Priscilla and Aquila
Silvanus
Stephen
Timothy
Titus
Seventy disciples
Evangelists
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Martyrs
21 martyrs in Libya
Abāmūn
Abāmūn
Abanoub
Abaskhiron
Alexandrian Martyrs
Apollonia
Barbara
Bashnouna
Basilides
Catherine
Chiaffredo
Chrysanthus
Colluthus
Cyprian
Cyrus
Sarah
Damian
Daria
Dasya
George
Demiana
Dorothea
Epimachus
Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius
Felix and Regula
Gallicanus
George El Mozahem
Gereon
Theban Legion
Varus
Theodora and Didymus
Theodore Stratelates
Hor, Besoy, and Daydara
Otimus
Memnon
Rais
Imbaba Martyrs
John
Moura
John of Senhout
Elias and four companions
Justina
Kosheh Martyrs
Saint Marina the Martyr
Malati
Maspero Martyrs
Maurice
Menas
Mohrael
Nag Hammadi
Philotheos
Potamiana
Regula
Sidhom Bishay
Thecla
Theoclia
Veronica
Wanas
Wadamoun
Popes
Mark I
Anianus
Avilius
Kedron
Justus
Eumenes
Markianos
Celadion
Agrippinus
Julian
Demetrius I
Heraclas
Dionysius
Theonas
Peter I
Alexander I
Athanasius I
Peter II
Timothy I
Theophilus I
Cyril I
Dioscorus I
Timothy II
Peter III
Dioscorus II
Timothy III
Theodosius I
Peter IV
Damian
Anastasius
Andronicus
Benjamin I
Agathon
Simeon I
Alexander II
Theodore I
Michael I
John IV
Mark II
James
Simeon II
Joseph I
Michael II
Cosmas II
Michael III
Gabriel I
Cosmas III
Abraham
Zacharias
Cyril II
Macarius II
Matthew I
Gabriel VII
John XIV
Cyril V
Macarius III
Cyril VI
Bishops
Abadiu of Antinoe
Abraam of Faiyum
Alexander of Jerusalem
Amun of Scetes
Athanasius of Beni Suef
Basil of Caesarea
Cyril of Jerusalem
Epiphanius of Cyprus
Eusebius of Caesarea
Gregory of Nyssa
Gregory of Neocaesarea
Ignatius of Antioch
Jacob of Nisibis
James of Jerusalem
John of Nikiu
John of Jerusalem
Karas of California
Mikhaeil of Asyut
Narcissus of Jerusalem
Nicholas of Myra
Paphnutius of Scetes
Paphnutius of Thebes
Polycarp of Smyrna
Porphyry of Gaza
Psote of Ebsay
Serapion of Thmuis
Severian of Gabala
Yousab el-Abah of Girga
Monks
Ababius
Abdel Messih El-Makari
Abib and Apollo
Abraham of Farshut
Abraham of Scetes
Amun
Anthony the Great
Awgin
Bashnouna
Clement of Alexandria
Hilarion
Isaac of Nineveh
Isidore of Pelusium
John Climacus
John the Dwarf
Macarius of Alexandria
Macarius of Egypt
Marina the Monk
Moses the Black
Mother Irini
Hospitius
Nilus of Sinai
Pachomius the Great
Pambo
Parsoma
Paul of Thebes
Paul of Tammah
Paul the Simple
Patapios of Thebes
Pishoy
Poemen
Samuel the Confessor
Saint Patapios of Thebes
Tekle Haymanot
Sisoes the Great
Theodorus of Tabennese
Theodora of Alexandria
Anchorites
Karas
Mary
Misael
Onuphrius
Paphnutius
Paul
Pijimi
Shenouda
Thomas
Zosimas
Other Saints
Ambrose
Didymus the Blind
Euphrosyne
Habib Girgis
Candidus
Simon the Tanner
Verena
Oriental Orthodoxy portal
show
v
t
e
Prophets in the New Testament
Canonical gospels
Anna
Elizabeth
Jesus
John the Baptist
Joseph
Mary
Simeon
Zechariah
Acts of the Apostles
Agabus
Ananias of Damascus
Barnabas
Judas Barsabbas
Lucius of Cyrene
Manahen
Paul
Philip the Evangelist
Silas
Simeon Niger
Epistles and Revelation
John of Patmos
The Two Witnesses
Note: Italics denote that the status as a prophet is not universally accepted.
show
v
t
e
Prophets in the Quran
آدم إدريس نوح هود صالح إبراهيم لوط إسماعيل
Adam
Adam
Idris
Enoch (?)
Nuh
Noah
Hud
Eber (?)
Saleh
Salah (?)
Ibrahim
Abraham
Lut
Lot
Ismail
Ishmael
إسحاق يعقوب يوسف أيوب شُعيب موسى هارون ذو الكفل داود
Is'haq
Isaac
Yaqub
Jacob
Yusuf
Joseph
Ayyub
Job
Shuayb
Jethro (?)
Musa
Moses
Harun
Aaron
Dhul-Kifl
Ezekiel (?)
Daud
David
سليمان إلياس إليسع يونس زكريا يحيى عيسى مُحمد
Sulaiman
Solomon
Ilyas
Elijah
Al-Yasa
Elisha
Yunus
Jonah
Zakaria
Zechariah
Yahya
John
Isa
Jesus
Muhammad
Muhammad
Note: Muslims believe that there were many prophets sent by God to mankind. The Islamic prophets above are only the ones mentioned by name in the Quran.
show
v
t
e
People and things in the Quran
hide
Characters
Non-humans
Allāh ("The God")
Names of Allah found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous)
Beings in Paradise
Ghilmān or Wildān
Ḥūr
Animals
Related
The baqarah (cow) of Israelites
The dhi’b (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph
The fīl (elephant) of the Abyssinians)
Ḥimār (Domesticated donkey)
The hud-hud (hoopoe) of Solomon
The kalb (dog) of the sleepers of the cave
The namlah (female ant) of Solomon
The nūn (fish or whale) of Jonah
The nāqat (she-camel) of Saleh
Non-related
Dābbat al-Arḍ (Beast of the Earth)
Ḥimār (Wild ass)
Qaswarah ("Lion", "beast of prey" or "hunter")
Angels
Angels of Hell
Mālik
Zabāniyah
Angel of the Trumpet (Isrāfīl or Raphael)
Jibrīl (Gabriel)
Mīkāl (Michael)
‘Izrā’īl Malakul-Mawt (Azrael, Angel of Death)
Riḍwān
Munkar
Nakir
Harut and Marut
Kirāman Kātibīn (Honourable Scribes)
Raqib
Atid
Jinn
‘Ifrīt
Jann
Mārid ("Rebellious one")
Shayāṭīn (Demons)
Iblīs the (Chief) Shayṭān (Devil)
Qarīn
Prophets
Mentioned
Ādam (Adam)
Al-Yasa‘ (Elisha)
Ayyūb (Job)
Dāwūd (David)
Dhūl-Kifl (Ezekiel?)
Hārūn (Aaron)
Hūd (Eber?)
Idrīs (Enoch?)
Ilyās (Elijah)
‘Imrān (Joachim the father of Maryam)
Isḥāq (Isaac)
Ismā‘īl (Ishmael)
Dhabih Ullah
Isma'il Ṣādiq al-Wa‘d (Fulfiller of the Promise)
Lūṭ (Lot)
Ṣāliḥ
Shu‘ayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab?)
Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd (Solomon son of David)
‘Uzair (Ezra?)
Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā (John the Baptist the son of Zechariah)
Ya‘qūb (Jacob)
Isrā’īl (Israel)
Yūnus (Jonah)
Dhūn-Nūn ("He of the Fish (or Whale)" or "Owner of the Fish (or Whale)")
Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ("Companion of the Whale")
Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb (Joseph son of Jacob)
Zakariyyā (Zechariah)
Ulu-l-‘Azm
Muḥammad
Aḥmad
Other names and titles of Muhammad
ʿĪsā (Jesus)
Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah)
Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary)
Mūsā Kalīmullāh (Moses He who spoke to God)
Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh (Abraham Friend of God)
Nūḥ (Noah)
Debatable ones
Dhūl-Qarnain (Cyrus the Great?)
Luqmān
Maryam (Mary)
Ṭālūt (Saul or Gideon?)
Implied
Irmiyā (Jeremiah)
Ṣamū’īl (Samuel)
Yūsha‘ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)
People of Prophets
Evil ones
Āzar (possibly Terah)
Fir‘awn (Pharaoh of Moses' time)
Hāmān
Jālūt (Goliath)
Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses)
As-Sāmirī
Abī Lahab
Slayers of Saleh's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)
Good ones
Adam's immediate relatives
Martyred son
Wife
Believer of Ya-Sin
Family of Noah
Father Lamech
Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos
Luqman's son
People of Aaron and Moses
Believer of Fir'aun Family (Hizbil/Hizqil ibn Sabura)
Imra’at Fir‘awn (Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim or Bithiah)
Khidr
Magicians of the Pharaoh
Moses' wife
Moses' sister-in-law
Mother
Sister
People of Abraham
Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo
Ishmael's mother
Isaac's mother
People of Jesus
Disciples (including Peter)
Mary's mother
Zechariah's wife
People of Joseph
Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon)
Egyptians
‘Azīz (Potiphar, Qatafir or Qittin)
Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))
Wife of ‘Azīz (Zulaykhah)
Mother
People of Solomon
Mother
Queen of Sheba
Vizier
Zayd
Implied or not specified
Abrahah
Bal'am/Balaam
Barsisa
Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua
Luqman's son
Nebuchadnezzar II
Nimrod
Rahmah the wife of Ayyub
Shaddad
Groups
Mentioned
Aṣḥāb al-Jannah
People of Paradise
People of the Burnt Garden
Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath)
Christian apostles
Ḥawāriyyūn (Disciples of Jesus)
Companions of Noah's Ark
Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm (Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim?
Companions of the Elephant
People of al-Ukhdūd
People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin
People of Yathrib or Medina
Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)
Nation of Noah
Tribes, ethnicities or families
A‘rāb (Arabs or Bedouins)
ʿĀd (people of Hud)
Companions of the Rass
Qawm Tubba‘ (People of Tubba)
People of Saba’ or Sheba
Quraysh
Thamūd (people of Saleh)
Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ("Companions of the Stoneland")
‘Ajam
Ar-Rūm (literally "The Romans")
Banī Isrā’īl (Children of Israel)
Mu’tafikāt (The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah)
People of Ibrahim
People of Ilyas
People of Nuh
People of Shuaib
Ahl Madyan People of Madyan)
Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ("Companions of the Wood")
Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah)
Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog
Ahl al-Bayt ("People of the Household")
Household of Abraham
Brothers of Yūsuf
Daughters of Abraham's nephew Lot (Ritha, Za'ura, et al.)
Progeny of Imran
Household of Moses
Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim
Daughters of Muhammad
Wives of Muhammad
Household of Salih
People of Fir'aun
Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)
Aṣḥāb Muḥammad (Companions of Muhammad)
Anṣār (Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers, literally 'Helpers')
Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)
People of Mecca
Umm Jamil (wife of Abu Lahab)
Children of Ayyub
Dead son of Sulaiman
Qabil/Cain (son of Adam)
Wali'ah or Wa'ilah/Waala (wife of Nuh)
Walihah or Wahilah (wife of Lut)
Ya’jūj wa Ma’jūj (Gog and Magog)
Yam or Kan'an (son of Nuh)
Implicitly
mentioned
Amalek
Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah)
Banu Nadir
Banu Qaynuqa
Banu Qurayza
Iranian people
Umayyad Dynasty
Aus & Khazraj
People of Quba
Religious groups
Ahl al-dhimmah (Dhimmi)
Kāfirūn (Infidels)
Zoroastrians
Munāfiqūn (Hypocrites)
Muslims
People of the Book (Ahl al-Kitāb)
Naṣārā (Christian(s) or People of the Injil)
Ruhban (Christian monks)
Qissis (Christian priest)
Yahūd (Jews)
Ahbār (Jewish scholars)
Rabbani/Rabbi
Sabians
Polytheists
Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad
Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot
Locations
Mentioned
Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ("The Holy Land")
'Blessed' Land
In the Arabian Peninsula (excluding Madyan)
Al-Aḥqāf ("The Sandy Plains," or "the Wind-curved Sand-hills")
Iram dhāt al-‘Imād (Iram of the Pillars)
Al-Madīnah (formerly Yathrib)
‘Arafāt
Al-Ḥijr (Hegra)
Badr
Ḥunayn
Makkah (Mecca)
Bakkah
Ḥaraman Āminan ("Sanctuary (which is) Secure")
Ka‘bah (Kaaba)
Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham)
Safa and Marwah
Saba’ (Sheba)
‘Arim Saba’ (Dam of Sheba)
Rass
Al-Jannah (Paradise, literally "The Garden")
Jahannam (Hell)
In Mesopotamia:
Al-Jūdiyy
Munzalanm-Mubārakan ("Place-of-Landing Blessed")
Bābil (Babylon)
Qaryat Yūnus ("Township of Jonah," that is Nineveh)
Door of Hittah
Madyan (Midian)
Majma‘ al-Baḥrayn
Miṣr (Mainland Egypt)
Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)
Sinai Region or Tīh Desert
Al-Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa)
Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai)
Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor
Religious locations
Bay'a (Church)
Miḥrāb
Monastery
Masjid (Mosque, literally "Place of Prostration")
Al-Mash‘ar Al-Ḥarām ("The Sacred Grove")
Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (Al-Aqsa Mosque, literally "The Farthest Place-of-Prostration")
Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca)
Masjid al-Dirar
A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly:
Masjid Qubā’ (Quba Mosque)
The Prophet's Mosque
Salat (Synagogue)
Implied
Antioch
Antakya
Arabia
Ayla
Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn
Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha
Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia)
Canaan
Cave of Seven Sleepers
Dār an-Nadwa
Al-Ḥijāz (literally "The Barrier")
Black Stone (Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il
Cave of Hira & Ghar al-Thawr (Cave of the Bull)
Ta'if
Hudaybiyyah
Jordan River
Nile River
Palestine River
Paradise of Shaddad
Plant matter
Baṣal (Onion)
Fūm (Garlic or wheat)
Shaṭ’ (Shoot)
Sūq (Plant stem)
Zar‘ (Seed)
Fruits
‘Adas (Lentil)
Baql (Herb)
Ḥabb dhul-‘aṣf (Corn of the husk)
Qith-thā’ (Cucumber)
Rummān (Pomegranate)
Tīn (Fig)
Ukul khamṭ (Bitter fruit or food of Sheba)
Zaytūn (Olive)
In Paradise
Forbidden fruit of Adam
Bushes, trees or plants
Plants of Sheba
Athl (Tamarisk)
Sidr (Lote-tree)
Līnah (Tender Palm tree)
Nakhl (Date palm)
Rayḥān (Scented plant)
Sidrat al-Muntahā
Zaqqūm
Islamic holy books
Al-Injīl (The Gospel of Jesus)
Al-Qur’ān (The Book of Muhammad)
Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm (Scroll(s) of Abraham)
At-Tawrāt (The Torah)
Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā (Scroll(s) of Moses)
Tablets of Stone
Az-Zabūr (The Psalms of David)
Umm al-Kitāb ("Mother of the Book(s)")
Objects of people or beings
Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles
Noah's Ark
Staff of Musa
Tābūt as-Sakīnah (Casket of Shekhinah)
Throne of Bilqis
Trumpet of Israfil
Mentioned idols
(cult images)
'Ansāb
Idols of Israelites:
Baal
The ‘ijl (golden calf statue) of Israelites
Idols of Noah's people:
Nasr
Suwā‘
Wadd
Yaghūth
Ya‘ūq
Idols of Quraysh:
Al-Lāt
Al-‘Uzzá
Manāt
Jibt and Ṭāghūt
Celestial bodies
Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'):
Al-Qamar (The Moon)
Kawākib (Planets)
Al-Arḍ (The Earth)
Nujūm (Stars)
Ash-Shams (The Sun)
Liquids
Mā’ (Water or fluid)
Nahr (River)
Yamm (River or sea)
Sharāb (Drink)
Events, incidents, occasions or times
Incident of Ifk
Laylat al-Qadr
Mubahalah
Sayl al-‘Arim (Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba)
The Farewell Pilgrimage
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
Battles or military expeditions
Battle of al-Aḥzāb ("the Confederates")
Battle of Badr
Battle of Hunayn
Battle of Khaybar
Battle of Tabouk
Battle of Uhud
Conquest of Mecca
Days
Al-Jumu‘ah (The Friday)
As-Sabt (The Sabbath or Saturday)
Days of battles
Days of Hajj
Doomsday
Months of the Islamic calendar
Four holy months
Ramaḍān
Pilgrimages
Al-Ḥajj (literally "The Pilgrimmage", the Greater Pilgrimage)
Al-‘Umrah (The Lesser Pilgrimage)
Times for Prayer or Remembrance
Times for Duʿāʾ ('Invocation'), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ('Remembrance', including Taḥmīd ('Praising'), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ):
Al-‘Ashiyy (The Afternoon or the Night)
Al-Ghuduww ("The Mornings")
Al-Bukrah ("The Morning")
Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ("The Morning")
Al-Layl ("The Night")
Al-‘Ishā’ ("The Late-Night")
Aẓ-Ẓuhr ("The Noon")
Dulūk ash-Shams ("Decline of the Sun")
Al-Masā’ ("The Evening")
Qabl al-Ghurūb ("Before the Setting (of the Sun)")
Al-Aṣīl ("The Afternoon")
Al-Aṣr ("The Afternoon")
Qabl ṭulū‘ ash-Shams ("Before the rising of the Sun")
Al-Fajr ("The Dawn")
Implied
Event of Ghadir Khumm
Laylat al-Mabit
The first pilgrimage
Note: The names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)
show
v
t
e
Precursors in religion
Precursors
Asita
Báb
Bahira (Sergius)
John the Baptist
Sayyid Kazim Rashti
Shaykh Ahmad
show
v
t
e
Jesus
Historicity
Chronology of Jesus
Genealogy of Jesus
Historical Jesus
Quest for the historical Jesus
portraits
sources
Josephus on Jesus
Tacitus mention
Mara bar Serapion letter
Historicity
Gospels
race and appearance
Life events
Birth
Nativity
Mary
Joseph
Flight into Egypt
Childhood
Unknown years
Baptism
Temptation
Apostles
selecting
Great Commission
Ministry
Sermon on the Mount
Plain
Prayers
Lord's Prayer
Parables
Miracles
Transfiguration
Homelessness
Last Supper
Passion
arrest
trial
Crucifixion
sayings on the cross
Tomb
Resurrection
Ascension
New Testament
Gospels
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Gospel harmony
Oral gospel traditions
Life of Jesus in the New Testament
Historical background of the New Testament
New Testament places associated with Jesus
Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament
Culture
Language of Jesus
Bibliography
Films
Christianity
Christ
Christianity
Christology
Depictions of Jesus
art
Jesus in Christianity
pre-existence
incarnation
Relics associated with Jesus
Scholastic Lutheran Christology
Second Coming
Session of Christ
Other views
Brothers of Jesus
Holy Family
Jesuism
Jesus in comparative mythology
Christ myth theory
Jesus in Islam
Ahmadiyya
Jesus in Scientology
Judaism's view of Jesus
in the Talmud
Master Jesus
Religious perspectives on Jesus
Criticism
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 118557858
ISNI: 0000 0000 8705 0000
NKC: jn20010525028
VIAF: 27863229
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_the_Baptist&oldid=854072168"
Categories:
John the Baptist
0s BC births
30s deaths
1st-century Jews
1st-century Romans
Apocalypticists
Baptism
Biblical people in Islam
Christian martyrs executed by decapitation
Christian saints from the New Testament
Elijah
Family of Jesus
Mandaeism
People executed by decapitation
People in the canonical gospels
Precursors in religion
Prophets of Islam
Prophets of the New Testament
Roman-era Jews
Saints from the Holy Land
Hidden categories:
Pages with numeric Bible version references
Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Pages with URL errors
CS1 Armenian-language sources (hy)
Articles containing Hebrew-language text
Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text
Articles containing Coptic-language text
Articles containing Arabic-language text
Interlanguage link template link number
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from January 2018
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015
Articles with disputed statements from April 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008
Articles containing German-language text
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wikisource
Languages
Afrikaans
አማርኛ
العربية
Aragonés
ܐܪܡܝܐ
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Davvisámegiella
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
ગુજરાતી
한국어
Հայերեն
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Ирон
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kurdî
Лакку
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Ligure
Limburgs
Lingála
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
Malti
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
پښتو
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Sardu
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vèneto
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
粵語
Zazaki
中文
88 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 August 2018, at 19:37 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Perea_(region)
mw-redirect
Perea (region)

values: Church of Saint John the Baptist, Ein Karem, Jerusalem

values:
/wiki/Nativity_of_St._John_the_Baptist
mw-redirect
Nativity of St. John the Baptist

values:
/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church
mw-redirect
Coptic Orthodox Church

values:
/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language
mw-redirect
Ancient Greek language

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: text-align: left; display: none; background: transparent;

values:
/wiki/Child_Jesus
mw-redirect
Child Jesus

values:
/wiki/Elizabeth_(Biblical_person)
mw-redirect
Elizabeth (Biblical person)

values:
/wiki/Daughters_of_Aaron
mw-redirect
Daughters of Aaron

values:
/wiki/Geza_Vermes
mw-redirect
Geza Vermes

values:
/wiki/Samuel_(Biblical_figure)#Family
mw-redirect
Samuel (Biblical figure)

values:
/wiki/Book_of_Acts
mw-redirect
Book of Acts

values:
/wiki/Saint_Andrew
mw-redirect
Saint Andrew

values:
/wiki/Second_Isaiah
mw-redirect
Second Isaiah

values:
/wiki/2_Kings_1:8
mw-redirect
2 Kings 1:8

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.usccb.org/bible/Luke.1:16

values: Edit section: In Josephus's Antiquities of the Jews

values:
/wiki/Flavius_Josephus
mw-redirect
Flavius Josephus

values:
/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate
mw-redirect
Julian the Apostate

values:
/wiki/Saint_Jerome
mw-redirect
Saint Jerome

values:
/wiki/Nicephorus_Callistus_Xanthopoulos
mw-redirect
Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos

values:
/wiki/Symeon_Metaphrastes
mw-redirect
Symeon Metaphrastes

values:
/wiki/Constantine_I
mw-redirect
Constantine I

values:
/wiki/Munich_Residence
mw-redirect
Munich Residence

values:
/wiki/Cetinje_monastery
mw-redirect
Cetinje monastery

values:
/wiki/Topkapi_Palace
mw-redirect
Topkapi Palace

values:
/wiki/Gandzasar_Monastery
mw-redirect
Gandzasar Monastery

values:
/wiki/Nagorno_Karabakh
mw-redirect
Nagorno Karabakh

values:
/wiki/Juan_de_Juanes
mw-redirect
Juan de Juanes

values:
noprint
font-size:85%; font-style: normal;

values: The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2018)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churches
mw-redirect
Eastern Orthodox Churches

values:
/wiki/Divine_Services
mw-redirect
Divine Services

values:
/wiki/Epiphany_(feast)
mw-redirect
Epiphany (feast)

values: Nativity of Saint John the Forerunner (page does not exist)

values: Beheading of Saint John the Forerunner (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

values: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

values: Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania

values:
/wiki/Aaronic_priesthood_(LDS_Church)
mw-redirect
Aaronic priesthood (LDS Church)

values:
/wiki/Lehi_(Book_of_Mormon)
mw-redirect
Lehi (Book of Mormon)

values:
/wiki/Abrahamic_God
mw-redirect
Abrahamic God

values: Edit section: Syrian-Egyptian Gnosticism

values:
/wiki/James_the_Just
mw-redirect
James the Just

values:
/wiki/Dra%C5%A1a_D-Iahia
mw-redirect
Draša D-Iahia

values:
/wiki/File:Basmala.svg
image
Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size:88%; line-height:200%;

values:
/wiki/Joseph_(patriarch)
mw-redirect
Joseph (patriarch)

values:
/wiki/Jethro_(Bible)
mw-redirect
Jethro (Bible)

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: Template talk:Islamic prophets (page does not exist)

values: vertical-navbox nowraplinks collapsible mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Zechariah
mw-redirect
Islamic view of Zechariah

values:
/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Islam)
mw-redirect
Holy Spirit (Islam)

values:
/wiki/Aksumite_Empire
mw-redirect
Aksumite Empire

values:
/wiki/Maryam_(sura)
mw-redirect
Maryam (sura)

values:
/wiki/Books_of_the_Chronicles
mw-redirect
Books of the Chronicles

values:
/wiki/Jesus_Christ
mw-redirect
Jesus Christ

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)

values: The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2015)

values:
/wiki/Unification_Church
mw-redirect
Unification Church

values:
/wiki/Puvis_de_Chavannes
mw-redirect
Puvis de Chavannes

values:
/wiki/Santiago_Martinez_Delgado
mw-redirect
Santiago Martinez Delgado

values:
/wiki/Orthodox_Christianity
mw-redirect
Orthodox Christianity

values:
/wiki/Religious_icon
mw-redirect
Religious icon

values:
/wiki/Early_Christian_art
mw-redirect
Early Christian art

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox
mw-redirect
Eastern Orthodox

values: Chiostro dello Scalzo (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder
mw-redirect
Pieter Brueghel the Elder

values:
/wiki/Presentation_of_Christ
mw-redirect
Presentation of Christ

values:
/wiki/Madonna_and_Child
mw-redirect
Madonna and Child

values:
/wiki/Flight_to_Egypt
mw-redirect
Flight to Egypt

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)

values: The Beheading of Saint John the Baptist (Caravaggio)

values: Salome with the Head of John the Baptist (Madrid) (Caravaggio)

values: Salome with the Head of John the Baptist (Caravaggio, London)

values: Pietro Paolo Azzopardi (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Jesus
mw-redirect
Mary, Mother of Jesus

values:
/wiki/National_Gallery,_London
mw-redirect
National Gallery, London

values:
/wiki/Guido_D%27Arezzo
mw-redirect
Guido D'Arezzo

values:
/wiki/Ut_Queant_Laxis
mw-redirect
Ut Queant Laxis

values:
/wiki/Tudor_Period
mw-redirect
Tudor Period

values:
/wiki/Nativity_of_St_John_the_Baptist
mw-redirect
Nativity of St John the Baptist

values: S. Giovanni Battista (page does not exist)

values: scores:S. Giovanni Battista, G.3.3 (Stradella, Alessandro)

values: The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)

values:
/wiki/Michael_York_(actor)
mw-redirect
Michael York (actor)

values:
/wiki/St._John%27s_Eve
mw-redirect
St. John's Eve

values:
/wiki/F%C3%AAte_St-Jean-Baptiste
mw-redirect
Fête St-Jean-Baptiste

values:
/wiki/Festival_of_San_Juan
mw-redirect
Festival of San Juan

values:
/wiki/Saint_Jonas_Day
mw-redirect
Saint Jonas Day

values:
/wiki/Ivan_Kupala_Day
mw-redirect
Ivan Kupala Day

values:
/wiki/Saint_Karapet_Monastery
mw-redirect
Saint Karapet Monastery

values:
/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico
mw-redirect
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

values:
/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mottos
mw-redirect
List of U.S. state mottos

values:
/wiki/Latin_language
mw-redirect
Latin language

values:
/wiki/French_Canada
mw-redirect
French Canada

values:
/wiki/Football_club
mw-redirect
Football club

values:
/wiki/Festa_de_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o
mw-redirect
Festa de São João

values:
/wiki/Calamba_City,_Laguna
mw-redirect
Calamba City, Laguna

values:
/wiki/Batangas_(province)
mw-redirect
Batangas (province)

values:
/wiki/Baptistines_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Baptistines (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Religious_orders
mw-redirect
Religious orders

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: Basilica of St. John the Baptist, Berlin

values: Historical background of the New Testament

values:
/wiki/Legends_and_the_Quran
mw-redirect
Legends and the Quran

values: Saint John the Baptist Church (disambiguation)

values: St. John Baptist Church (disambiguation)

values: Statue of John the Baptist, Charles Bridge

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.saint.gr/2329/saint.aspx

values:
/wiki/E.P._Sanders
mw-redirect
E.P. Sanders

values:
/wiki/James_D._G._Dunn
mw-redirect
James D. G. Dunn

values:
/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris
mw-redirect
Stephen L Harris

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0360-8808

values:
/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)
mw-redirect
History (U.S. TV channel)

values:
nofollow
http://hetq.am/en/diaspora/pilgrimage/
external text

values:
/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Year
mw-redirect
Ecclesiastical Year

values:
nofollow
external text
http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dc/84

values: s:Teaching of The Prophet Joseph Smith Section Five 1842–43, p. 261

values: The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary

values:
nofollow
external text
https://hymnary.org/person/Coffin_C

values: hy:Կամսար Ավետիսյան

values:
/wiki/W._W._Norton
mw-redirect
W. W. Norton

values:
/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam_Online
mw-redirect
Encyclopaedia of Islam Online

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3912

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
nofollow
http://mandaeanbookofjohn.blogspot.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.christianiconography.info

values: Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter

values:
/wiki/Female_disciples_of_Jesus
mw-redirect
Female disciples of Jesus

values:
/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)
mw-redirect
Zealots (Judea)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
col
navbox-title
3
background-color: gold

values: Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church

values:
row
navbox-group
background-color: gold;width:1%

values: Stained glass of the Four Evangelists in Bockweiler, Germany

values: Stained glass of the Four Evangelists in Böckweiler, Germany

values:
navbox-image
14
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Passion of Saint Perpetua, Saint Felicitas, and their Companions

values:
navbox-abovebelow
3
background-color: gold

values:
/wiki/File:Coptic_cross.svg
image
Coptic cross

values:
navbox-image
13
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Apostle_(Christian)
mw-redirect
Apostle (Christian)

values:
/wiki/Philemon_(New_Testament_person)
mw-redirect
Philemon (New Testament person)

values: 2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya

values:
/wiki/Saint_Bashnouna
mw-redirect
Saint Bashnouna

values:
/wiki/Saints_Chrysanthus_and_Daria
mw-redirect
Saints Chrysanthus and Daria

values: Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius of Alexandria

values:
/wiki/Kosheh_Massacres
mw-redirect
Kosheh Massacres

values:
/wiki/Saint_Mohrael
mw-redirect
Saint Mohrael

values:
/wiki/Pope_Theodosius_II_of_Alexandria
mw-redirect
Pope Theodosius II of Alexandria

values:
/wiki/John_of_Nikiu
mw-redirect
John of Nikiu

values:
/wiki/Saint_Paphnutius_the_Bishop
mw-redirect
Saint Paphnutius the Bishop

values:
/wiki/Polycarp_of_Smyrna
mw-redirect
Polycarp of Smyrna

values:
/wiki/Saint_Patapios
mw-redirect
Saint Patapios

values:
/wiki/Canonical_gospels
mw-redirect
Canonical gospels

values:
/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)
mw-redirect
Mary (mother of Jesus)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8.333%;font-weight:normal;padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;

values:
/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Aaron
mw-redirect
Islamic view of Aaron

values: border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;width:8%;font-weight:normal;padding:0.75em 0.1em 0.5em;

values:
/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Elisha
mw-redirect
Islamic view of Elisha

values:
/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Zakariyya
mw-redirect
Yahya ibn Zakariyya

values: nowraplinks plainlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Template:Characters and names in the Quran

values: Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran

values: List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran

values:
/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels
mw-redirect
Islamic view of angels

values:
/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam
mw-redirect
Prophets in Islam

values:
/wiki/Pharaoh_of_the_Exodus
mw-redirect
Pharaoh of the Exodus

values:
/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam
mw-redirect
Benjamin in Islam

values:
/wiki/Simeon_(Hebrew_Bible)
mw-redirect
Simeon (Hebrew Bible)

values:
/wiki/Rachel_in_Islam
mw-redirect
Rachel in Islam

values:
/wiki/Daughters_of_Lot
mw-redirect
Daughters of Lot

values:
/wiki/Wives_of_Muhammad
mw-redirect
Wives of Muhammad

values:
/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_polytheism
mw-redirect
Ancient Mesopotamian polytheism

values:
/wiki/Al-Ar%E1%B8%8D_Al-Muqaddasah
mw-redirect
Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah

values:
/wiki/Safa_and_Marwah
mw-redirect
Safa and Marwah

values:
/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak
mw-redirect
Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak

values:
/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam
mw-redirect
Jonah in Islam

values:
/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam
mw-redirect
Sinai Peninsula in Islam

values:
/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa
mw-redirect
Valley of Tuwa

values:
/wiki/Prophet%27s_Mosque
mw-redirect
Prophet's Mosque

values:
/wiki/Ayla_(city)
mw-redirect
Ayla (city)

values:
/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas
mw-redirect
Bayt al-Muqaddas

values:
/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran
mw-redirect
Mesopotamia in the Quran

values:
/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael
mw-redirect
Al-Hijr of Ishmael

values:
/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham_(Islam)
mw-redirect
Scrolls of Abraham (Islam)

values:
/wiki/Nasr_(idol)
mw-redirect
Nasr (idol)

values:
/wiki/Sayl_al-%E2%80%98Arim
mw-redirect
Sayl al-‘Arim

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Tabouk
mw-redirect
Battle of Tabouk

values:
/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm
mw-redirect
Event of Ghadir Khumm

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Template talk:Precursors in religion (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Sayyid_Kazim_Rashti
mw-redirect
Sayyid Kazim Rashti

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: New Testament places associated with Jesus

values: Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/118557858

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000087050000

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/27863229

values: Category:Christian martyrs executed by decapitation

values: Category:Christian saints from the New Testament

values: Category:People executed by decapitation

values: Category:People in the canonical gospels

values: Category:Pages with numeric Bible version references

values: Category:Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Category:CS1 Armenian-language sources (hy)

values: Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Coptic-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text

values: Category:Interlanguage link template link number

values: Category:Articles with disputed statements from January 2018

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015

values: Category:Articles with disputed statements from April 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008

values: Category:Articles containing German-language text

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/John_the_Baptist
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: መጥምቁ ዮሐንስ – Amharic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values: يوحنا المعمدان – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values: ܝܘܚܢܢ ܡܥܡܕܢܐ – Aramaic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: ইয়াহিয়া – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Іаан Прадцеча – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Ян Хрысьціцель – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Йоан Кръстител – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-se
display: none;

values: ޔަޙްޔާގެފާނު – Divehi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ιωάννης ο Βαπτιστής – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values: 세례자 요한 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Հովհաննես Մկրտիչ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values: Иоанн Аргъауæг – Ossetic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: יוחנן המטביל – Hebrew

values: იოანე ნათლისმცემელი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Йахйа пайғамбар – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: ЯхӀя идавс – Lak

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Свети Јован Крстител – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mt
display: none;

values: يوحنا المعمدان – Egyptian Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Иоанн Креститель – Russian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Јован Крститељ – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: திருமுழுக்கு யோவான் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: ยอห์นผู้ให้บัพติศมา – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya
Yahya – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Іван Хреститель – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: یوحنا اصطباغی – Urdu

values: يەھيا ئەلەيھىسسالام – Uyghur

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya
Yahya – Zazaki
diq
diq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-John_the_Baptist rootpage-John_the_Baptist skin-vector action-view