text:
Renewable resource
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A renewable resource is a natural resource which replenishes to overcome resource depletion caused by usage and consumption, either through biological reproduction or other naturally recurring processes in a finite amount of time in a human time scale. Renewable resources are a part of Earth's natural environment and the largest components of its ecosphere. A positive life cycle assessment is a key indicator of a resource's sustainability.[1]
Definitions of renewable resources may also include agricultural production, as in sustainable agriculture and to an extent water resources.[2] In 1962, Paul Alfred Weiss defined Renewable Resources as: "The total range of living organisms providing man with food, fibres, etc...".[3] Another type of renewable resources is renewable energy resources. Common sources of renewable energy include solar, geothermal and wind power, which are all categorised as renewable resources.
Global vegetation
oceans and seas often act as renewable resources
Sawmill near Fügen, Zillertal, Austria
Contents
[hide]
1 Air, food and water
1.1 Water resources
1.2 Non agricultural food
1.3 Sustainable agriculture
1.4 Air
2 Non-food resources
2.1 Historical role
2.2 Challenges
2.3 Renewables used for self sufficiency
3 Legal situation and subsidies
4 Examples of industrial use
4.1 Biorenewable chemicals
4.2 Bioplastics
4.3 Bioasphalt
4.4 Renewable energy
4.5 Biomass
4.6 Biofuel
4.7 Biogas
4.8 Natural fibre
5 Threats to renewable resources
5.1 Overfishing
5.2 Deforestation
5.3 Endangered species
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Air, food and water[edit]
Water resources[edit]
Main article: Water resources
Water can be considered a renewable material when carefully controlled usage, treatment, and release are followed. If not, it would become a non-renewable resource at that location. For example, groundwater is usually removed from an aquifer at a rate much greater than its very slow natural recharge, and so groundwater is considered non-renewable. Removal of water from the pore spaces may cause permanent compaction (subsidence) that cannot be renewed. 97.5% of the water on the Earth is salt water, and 3% is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps.[4] The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction (0.008%) present above ground or in the air.[5]
Water pollution is one of the main concerns regarding water resources. It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry.[6] Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants (which use water for cooling), ore and oil refineries (which use water in chemical processes) and manufacturing plants (which use water as a solvent).
Desalination of seawater is considered a renewable source of water, although reducing its dependence on fossil fuel energy is needed for it to be fully renewable.[7]
Panorama of a natural wetland (Sinclair Wetlands, New Zealand)
Non agricultural food[edit]
Alaska wild "berries" from the Innoko National Wildlife Refuge - Renewable Resources
Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body.[8] Most food has its origin in renewable resources. Food is obtained directly from plants and animals.
Hunting may not be the first source of meat in the modernised world, but it is still an important and essential source for many rural and remote groups. It is also the sole source of feeding for wild carnivores.[9]
Sustainable agriculture[edit]
Main article: Sustainable agriculture
The phrase sustainable agriculture was coined by Australian agricultural scientist Gordon McClymont.[10] It has been defined as "an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will last over the long term".[11] Expansion of agricultural land reduces biodiversity and contributes to deforestation. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations estimates that in coming decades, cropland will continue to be lost to industrial and urban development, along with reclamation of wetlands, and conversion of forest to cultivation, resulting in the loss of biodiversity and increased soil erosion.[12]
Polyculture practices in Andhra Pradesh
Although air and sunlight are available everywhere on Earth, crops also depend on soil nutrients and the availability of water. Monoculture is a method of growing only one crop at a time in a given field, which can damage land and cause it to become either unusable or suffer from reduced yields. Monoculture can also cause the build-up of pathogens and pests that target one specific species. The Great Irish Famine (1845–1849) is a well-known example of the dangers of monoculture.
Crop rotation and long-term crop rotations confer the replenishment of nitrogen through the use of green manure in sequence with cereals and other crops, and can improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants. Other methods to combat lost soil nutrients are returning to natural cycles that annually flood cultivated lands (returning lost nutrients indefinitely) such as the Flooding of the Nile, the long-term use of biochar, and use of crop and livestock landraces that are adapted to less than ideal conditions such as pests, drought, or lack of nutrients.
Agricultural practices are the single greatest contributor to the global increase in soil erosion rates.[13] It is estimated that "more than a thousand million tonnes of southern Africa's soil are eroded every year. Experts predict that crop yields will be halved within thirty to fifty years if erosion continues at present rates."[14] The Dust Bowl phenomenon in the 1930s was caused by severe drought combined with farming methods that did not include crop rotation, fallow fields, cover crops, soil terracing and wind-breaking trees to prevent wind erosion.[15]
The tillage of agricultural lands is one of the primary contributing factors to erosion, due to mechanised agricultural equipment that allows for deep plowing, which severely increases the amount of soil that is available for transport by water erosion.[16][17] The phenomenon called Peak Soil describes how large-scale factory farming techniques are jeopardizing humanity's ability to grow food in the present and in the future.[18] Without efforts to improve soil management practices, the availability of arable soil will become increasingly problematic.[19]
Methods to combat erosion include no-till farming, using a keyline design, growing wind breaks to hold the soil, and widespread use of compost. Chemical fertiliser and pesticides can also have an effect of soil erosion, which can contribute to soil salinity and prevent other species from growing. Phosphate is a primary component in the chemical fertiliser applied most commonly in modern agricultural production. However, scientists estimate that rock phosphate reserves will be depleted in 50–100 years and that Peak Phosphate will occur in about 2030.[20]
Industrial processing and logistics also have an effect on agriculture's sustainability. The way and locations crops are sold requires energy for transportation, as well as the energy cost for materials, labour, and transport. Food sold at a local location, such a farmers' market, have reduced energy overheads.
Illegal slash and burn practice in Madagascar, 2010
Air[edit]
Air is a renewable resource. All living organisms need oxygen, nitrogen (directly or indirectly), carbon (directly or indirectly) and many other gases in small quantities for their survival.
Non-food resources[edit]
Douglas fir forest created in 1850, Meymac (Corrèze), France
Main articles: Energy crop and Non-food crop
An important renewable resource is wood provided by means of forestry, which has been used for construction, housing and firewood since ancient times. [21][22][23] Plants provide the main sources for renewable resources, the main distinction is made between energy crops and non-food crops. A large variety of lubricants, industrially used vegetable oils, textiles and fibre made e.g. of cotton, copra or hemp, paper derived from wood, rags or grasses, bioplastic are based on plant renewable resources. A large variety of chemical based products like latex, ethanol, resin, sugar and starch can be provided with plant renewables. Animal based renewables include fur, leather, technical fat and lubricants and further derived products, as e.g. animal glue, tendons, casings or in historical times ambra and baleen provided by whaling.
With regard to pharmacy ingredients and legal and illegal drugs, plants are important sources, however e.g. venom of snakes, frogs and insects has been a valuable renewable source of pharmacological ingredients. Before GMO production set in, insulin and important hormones were based on animal sources. Feathers, an important byproduct of poultry farming for food, is still being used as filler and as base for keratin in general. Same applies for the chitin produced in farming Crustaceans which may be used as base of chitosan. The most important part of the human body used for non-medical purposes is human hair as for artificial hair integrations, which is being traded worldwide.
Historical role[edit]
An adult and sub-adult Minke whale are dragged aboard the Nisshin Maru, a Japanese whaling vessel
Hemp insulation, a renewable resource used as building material
Historically, renewable resources like firewood, latex, guano, charcoal, wood ash, plant colors as indigo, and whale products have been crucial for human needs but failed to supply demand in the beginning of the industrial era.[24] Early modern times faced large problems with overuse of renewable resources as in deforestation, overgrazing or overfishing.[24]
Besides fresh meat and milk, which is as a food item not topic of this section, livestock farmers and artisans used further animal ingredients as tendons, horn, bones, bladders. Complex technical constructions as the composite bow were based on combination of animal and plant based materials. The current distribution conflict between biofuel and food production is being described as Food vs. fuel. Conflicts between food needs and usage, as supposed by fief obligations were in so far common in historical times as well.[25] However, a significant percentage of (middle European) farmers yields went into livestock, which provides as well organic fertiliser.[26] Oxen and horses were important for transportation purposes, drove engines as e.g. in treadmills.
Other regions solved the transportation problem with terracing, urban and garden agriculture.[24] Further conflicts as between forestry and herding, or (sheep) herders and cattle farmers led to various solutions. Some confined wool production and sheep to large state and nobility domains or outsourced to professional shepherds with larger wandering herds.[27]
The British Agricultural Revolution was mainly based on a new system of crop rotation, the four-field rotation. British agriculturist Charles Townshend recognised the invention in Dutch Waasland and popularised it in the 18th century UK, George Washington Carver in the USA. The system used wheat, turnips and barley and introduced as well clover. Clover is able to fix nitrogen from air, a practically non exhaustive renewable resource, into fertilizing compounds to the soil and allowed to increase yields by large. Farmers opened up a fodder crop and grazing crop. Thus livestock could to be bred year-round and winter culling was avoided. The amount of manure rose and allowed more crops but to refrain from wood pasture.[24]
Early modern times and the 19th century saw the previous resource base partially replaced respectively supplemented by large scale chemical synthesis and by the use of fossil and mineral resources respectively.[28] Besides the still central role of wood, there is a sort of renaissance of renewable products based on modern agriculture, genetic research and extraction technology. Besides fears about an upcoming global shortage of fossil fuels, local shortages due to boycotts, war and blockades or just transportation problems in remote regions have contributed to different methods of replacing or substituting fossil resources based on renewables.
Challenges[edit]
The use of certain basically renewable products as in TCM endangers various species. Just the black market in rhinoceros horn reduced the world's rhino population by more than 90 percent over the past 40 years.[29][30]
Renewables used for self sufficiency[edit]
In vitro-culture of Vitis (grapevine), Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute
The success of the German chemical industry till World War I was based on the replacement of colonial products. The predecessors of IG Farben dominated the world market for synthetic dyes at the beginning of the 20th century[31] and had an important role in artificial pharmaceuticals, photographic film, agricultural chemicals and electrochemicals.[28]
However the former Plant breeding research institutes took a different approach. After the loss of the German colonial empire, important players in the field as Erwin Baur and Konrad Meyer switched to using local crops as base for economic autarky.[32][33] Meyer as a key agricultural scientist and spatial planner of the Nazi era managed and lead Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft resources and focused about a third of the complete research grants in Nazi Germany on agricultural and genetic research and especially on resources needed in case of a further German war effort.[32] A wide array of agrarian research institutes still existing today and having importance in the field was founded or enlarged in the time.
There were some major failures as trying to e.g. grow frost resistant olive species, but some success in the case of hemp, flax, rapeseed, which are still of current importance.[32] During World War 2, German scientists tried to use Russian Taraxacum (dandelion) species to manufacture natural rubber.[32] Rubber dandelions are still of interest, as scientists in the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) announced 2013 to have developed a cultivar that is suitable for commercial production of natural rubber.[34]
Legal situation and subsidies[edit]
Several legal and economic means have been used to enhance the market share of renewables. The UK uses Non-Fossil Fuel Obligations (NFFO), a collection of orders requiring the electricity Distribution Network Operators in England and Wales to purchase electricity from the nuclear power and renewable energy sectors. Similar mechanisms operate in Scotland (the Scottish Renewable Orders under the Scottish Renewables Obligation) and Northern Ireland (the Northern Ireland Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation). In the USA, Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), use a similar approach. German Energiewende is using fed-in tariffs. An unexpected outcome of the subsidies was the quick increase of pellet byfiring in conventional fossil fuel plants (compare Tilbury power stations) and cement works, making wood respectively biomass accounting for about half of Europe’s renewable-energy consumption.[23]
Examples of industrial use[edit]
Biorenewable chemicals[edit]
Biorenewable chemicals are chemicals created by biological organisms that provide feedstocks for the chemical industry.[35] Biorenewable chemicals can provide solar-energy-powered substitutes for the petroleum-based carbon feedstocks that currently supply the chemical industry. The tremendous diversity of enzymes in biological organisms, and the potential for synthetic biology to alter these enzymes to create yet new chemical functionalities, can drive the chemical industry. A major platform for creation of new chemicals is the polyketide biosynthetic pathway, which generates chemicals containing repeated alkyl chain units with potential for a wide variety of functional groups at the different carbon atoms.[35][36][37]
Bioplastics[edit]
Main article: Bioplastics
A packaging blister made from cellulose acetate, a bioplastic
Bioplastics are a form of plastics derived from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, lignin, corn starch, pea starch[38] or microbiota.[39] The most common form of bioplastic is thermoplastic starch. Other forms include Cellulose bioplastics, biopolyester, Polylactic acid, and bio-derived polyethylene.
The production and use of bioplastics is generally regarded as a more sustainable activity when compared to plastic production from petroleum (petroplastic); however, manufacturing of bioplastic materials is often still reliant upon petroleum as an energy and materials source. Because of the fragmentation in the market and ambiguous definitions it is difficult to describe the total market size for bioplastics, but the global production capacity is estimated at 327,000 tonnes.[40] In contrast, global consumption of all flexible packaging is estimated at around 12.3 million tonnes.[41]
Bioasphalt[edit]
Main article: Bioasphalt
Bioasphalt is an asphalt alternative made from non-petroleum based renewable resources. Manufacturing sources of bioasphalt include sugar, molasses and rice, corn and potato starches, and vegetable oil based waste. Asphalt made with vegetable oil based binders was patented by Colas SA in France in 2004.[42][43]
Renewable energy[edit]
Main article: Renewable energy
Renewable energy refers to the provision of energy via renewable resources which are naturally replenished fast enough as being used. It includes e.g. sunlight, wind, biomass, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.[44] Renewable energy may replace or enhance fossil energy supply various distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.[45]
Biomass[edit]
Main article: Biomass
A sugarcane plantation in Brazil (State of São Paulo). Cane is used for biomass energy.
Biomass is referring to biological material from living, or recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials.
Sustainable harvesting and use of renewable resources (i.e., maintaining a positive renewal rate) can reduce air pollution, soil contamination, habitat destruction and land degradation.[46] Biomass energy is derived from six distinct energy sources: garbage, wood, plants, waste, landfill gases, and alcohol fuels. Historically, humans have harnessed biomass-derived energy since the advent of burning wood to make fire, and wood remains the largest biomass energy source today.[47][48]
However, low tech use of biomass, which still amounts for more than 10% of world energy needs may induce indoor air pollution in developing nations[49] and results in between 1.5 million and 2 million deaths in 2000.[50]
The biomass used for electricity generation varies by region.[51] Forest by-products, such as wood residues, are common in the United States.[51] Agricultural waste is common in Mauritius (sugar cane residue) and Southeast Asia (rice husks).[51] Animal husbandry residues, such as poultry litter, are common in the UK.[51] The biomass power generating industry in the United States, which consists of approximately 11,000 MW of summer operating capacity actively supplying power to the grid, produces about 1.4 percent of the U.S. electricity supply.[52]
Biofuel[edit]
Main article: Biofuels
Brazil has bioethanol made from sugarcane available throughout the country. Shown a typical Petrobras gas station at São Paulo with dual fuel service, marked A for alcohol (ethanol) and G for gasoline.
A biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological carbon fixation. Biofuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion, as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases.[53]
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn, sugarcane or switchgrass.
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe.
Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic digestion of organic material by anaerobes.,[54] etc. is also a renewable source of energy.
Biogas[edit]
Biogas typically refers to a mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic bacteria or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops.[55] It is primarily methane (CH
4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H
2S), moisture and siloxanes.
Natural fibre[edit]
Main article: Natural fiber
Natural fibres are a class of hair-like materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to pieces of thread. They can be used as a component of composite materials. They can also be matted into sheets to make products such as paper or felt. Fibres are of two types: natural fibre which consists of animal and plant fibres, and man made fibre which consists of synthetic fibres and regenerated fibres.
Threats to renewable resources[edit]
Renewable resources are endangered by non-regulated industrial developments and growth.[56] They must be carefully managed to avoid exceeding the natural world's capacity to replenish them.[1] A life cycle assessment provides a systematic means of evaluating renewability. This is a matter of sustainability in the natural environment.[57]
Overfishing[edit]
Atlantic cod stocks severely overfished leading to abrupt collapse
Main article: Overfishing
National Geographic has described ocean over fishing as "simply the taking of wildlife from the sea at rates too high for fished species to replace themselves."[58]
Tuna meat is driving overfishing as to endanger some species like the bluefin tuna. The European Community and other organisations are trying to regulate fishery as to protect species and to prevent their extinctions.[59] The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty deals with aspects of overfishing in articles 61, 62, and 65.[60]
Examples of overfishing exist in areas such as the North Sea of Europe, the Grand Banks of North America and the East China Sea of Asia.[61]
The decline of penguin population is caused in part by overfishing, caused by human competition over the same renewable resources[62]
Deforestation[edit]
Main article: Deforestation
Deforestation in Brazil 1996
Besides their role as a resource for fuel and building material, trees protect the environment by absorbing carbon dioxide and by creating oxygen.[63] The destruction of rain forests is one of the critical causes of climate change. Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to linger in the atmosphere. As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces a layer in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun. The radiation converts to heat which causes global warming, which is better known as the greenhouse effect.[64]
Deforestation also affects the water cycle. It reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture.[65] Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that erosion, flooding and landslides ensue.[66][67]
Rain forests house many species and organisms providing people with food and other commodities. In this way biofuels may well be unsustainable if their production contributes to deforestation.[68]
Endangered species[edit]
Over-hunting of American Bison.
Main article: Endangered species
Some renewable resources, species and organisms are facing a very high risk of extinction caused by growing human population and over-consumption. It has been estimated that over 40% of all living species on Earth are at risk of going extinct.[69] Many nations have laws to protect hunted species and to restrict the practice of hunting. Other conservation methods include restricting land development or creating preserves. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best-known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system.[70] Internationally, 199 countries have signed an accord agreeing to create Biodiversity Action Plans to protect endangered and other threatened species.
See also[edit]
Renewable energy portal
Environment portal
Ecology portal
Earth sciences portal
Sustainable development portal
Energy portal
Exploitation of natural resources
Habitat conservation
List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom
Natural capital
Natural resource
Non-renewable resource
Recycling
Resource
Seed tree
Stewardship
Sustainable development
Scarcity
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Jump up ^ Lu Hui, ed. (16 August 2006). "Pollution, overfishing destroy East China Sea fishery". Xinhua on GOV.cn. Retrieved 2012-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Most Penguin Populations Continue to Decline, Biologists Warn". Science News. Science Daily. Sep 9, 2010. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
Jump up ^ How Much Oxygen Does One Tree Produce? By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., About.com Guide
Jump up ^ Mumoki, Fiona. “The Effects of Deforestation on our Environment Today.” Panorama. TakingITGlobal. 18 July 2006. Web. 24 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Underlying Causes of Deforestation". UN Secretary-General’s Report. Archived from the original on 2001-04-11.
Jump up ^ Daniel Rogge. "Deforestation and Landslides in Southwestern Washington". University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire.
Jump up ^ "China's floods: Is deforestation to blame?". BBC News. August 6, 1999. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
Jump up ^ Assessing biofuels: towards sustainable production and use of resources, International Resource Panel, United Nations Environment Programme, 2009, retrieved 2013-01-05
Jump up ^ "Threatened Species". Conservation and Wildlife. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Red List Overview". IUCN. February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Krzeminska, Joanna, Are Support Schemes for Renewable Energies Compatible with Competition Objectives? An Assessment of National and Community Rules, Yearbook of European Environmental Law (Oxford University Press), Volume VII, Nov. 2007, p. 125
Masters, G. M. (2004). Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems. Hoboken, NJ:John Wiley & Sons.
Panwar, N. L., Kaushik, S. C., & Kothari, S. (2011, April). Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(3), 1513-1524.
Sawin, Janet. "Charting a New Energy Future." State of the World 2003. By Lester R. Brown. Boston & Company, Incorporated, 2003.
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A Time to Kill (1996 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A Time to Kill
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Joel Schumacher
Produced by
Arnon Milchan
John Grisham
Michael Nathanson
Hunt Lowry
Screenplay by
Akiva Goldsman
Based on
A Time to Kill
by John Grisham
Starring
Sandra Bullock
Samuel L. Jackson
Matthew McConaughey
Kevin Spacey
Brenda Fricker
Oliver Platt
Charles S. Dutton
Ashley Judd
Patrick McGoohan
Donald Sutherland
Music by
Elliot Goldenthal
Cinematography
Peter Menzies Jr.
Edited by
William Steinkamp
Production
company
Regency Enterprises
Distributed by
Warner Bros.
Release date
July 24, 1996 (1996-07-24)
Running time
149 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$40 million[1]
Box office
$152 million[1]
A Time to Kill is a 1996 American crime drama film based on John Grisham's 1989 novel A Time to Kill, directed by Joel Schumacher. Sandra Bullock, Samuel L. Jackson, Matthew McConaughey, and Kevin Spacey star, with Oliver Platt, Ashley Judd, Kiefer and Donald Sutherland, and Patrick McGoohan appearing in supporting roles. Set in Mississippi, the film involves the rape of a young girl, the arrest of the rapists, their subsequent murder by the girl's father, and the father's trial for murder. The film was a critical and commercial success, making $152 million at the worldwide box office.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Reception
3.1 Box office performance
3.2 Critical reception
3.2.1 Reaction in France
3.3 Accolades
4 Soundtrack
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In the fictional town of Clanton, Mississippi, ten-year old African American Tonya Hailey is abducted, raped, and beaten by two white supremacists, Billy Ray Cobb and Pete Willard. The duo dump her in a nearby river after a failed attempt to hang her. Tonya survives, and the two men are arrested by Sheriff Ozzie Walls.
Tonya's father, Carl Lee Hailey, contacts Jake Brigance, a white lawyer who previously defended his brother. Brigance admits the possibility that the rapists will walk free. Carl Lee goes to the county courthouse and opens fire with an automatic rifle, killing both rapists and unintentionally injuring Deputy Dwayne Looney with a ricochet, whose leg is later amputated. Carl Lee is arrested and Brigance agrees to defend him.
The rape and subsequent revenge killing gain national media attention. The district attorney, Rufus Buckley, decides to seek the death penalty, and presiding Judge Omar Noose denies Brigance a change of venue to a more ethnically diverse county, meaning that Carl Lee will have an all-white jury. Brigance seeks help from his defense team: law student Ellen Roark, close friend Harry Rex Vonner, and former mentor and longtime activist Lucien Wilbanks, a once-great civil rights lawyer.
Meanwhile, Freddie Lee Cobb plans to avenge his brother Billy Ray's death by enlisting the help of the Mississippi branch of the Ku Klux Klan and its Grand Dragon, Stump Sisson. On the first day of the trial, the Klan rallies only to be outnumbered by counter-protesters consisting of the area's black and multiracial residents as well as some whites who support Carl Lee. The protest erupts into a riot that results in dozens of injuries and the death of Stump Sisson. The Klan also begins to target Brigance, assaulting his elderly secretary and her husband (who ends up dying of a fatal heart attack brought on by the assault), burning a cross on his lawn and threatening his wife and daughter. When Brigance refuses to back down, Cobb kidnaps and assaults Roark. The Klan increases their attacks, including burning Brigance's house.
Dispirited, Brigance tells Carl Lee that there is little hope for an acquittal. Carl Lee replies that he had chosen him as an attorney because even a racist jury would listen to a white man; as "one of the bad guys", he has an influence that a black man will never have.
During closing arguments, a deeply shaken Brigance tells the jury to close their eyes and listen to a story. He describes, in slow and painful detail, the rape of a 10-year-old girl, recalling the story of Tonya's rape. He then asks the jury, in his final comment, to "now imagine she's white."
After deliberation, a black child runs out of the courthouse and screams, "He's innocent!" Jubilation ensues amongst the supporters outside. The Klan, enraged, begins yelling in anger. Meanwhile, Sheriff Walls arrests Freddie Lee for his crimes, as well as a corrupted deputy that was by Freddie's side.
Brigance brings his wife and daughter to a family cookout at Carl Lee's house to celebrate his freedom.
Cast[edit]
Samuel L. Jackson as Carl Lee Hailey
Matthew McConaughey as Jake Brigance
Kevin Spacey as Rufus Buckley
Sandra Bullock as Ellen Roark
Brenda Fricker as Ethel Twitty
Oliver Platt as Harry Rex Vonner
Charles S. Dutton as Ozzie Walls
Ashley Judd as Carla Brigance
Patrick McGoohan as Judge Omar Noose
Kiefer Sutherland as Freddie Lee Cobb
Donald Sutherland as Lucien Wilbanks
John Diehl as Tim Nunley
Doug Hutchison as James Louis "Pete" Willard
Nicky Katt as Billy Ray Cobb
Chris Cooper as Dwayne Looney
Anthony Heald as Dr. Wilbert Rodeheaver
Kurtwood Smith as Stump Sisson
Tonea Stewart as Gwen Hailey
Rae'Ven Larrymore Kelly as Tonya Hailey
M. Emmet Walsh as Dr. Willard Tyrell Bass
David U. Hodges as Bailiff
Reception[edit]
Box office performance[edit]
According to Boxofficemojo.com, the movie performed well, earning over $108 million domestically.
Critical reception[edit]
The film received mostly positive reviews from critics, earning a 67% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 51 reviews,[3] a critical consensus reading: "Overlong and superficial, A Time to Kill nonetheless succeeds on the strength of its skillful craftsmanship and top-notch performances". It has a score of 54 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 21 reviews.[4]
Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four, saying: "I was absorbed by A Time to Kill, and found the performances strong and convincing," and added that "this is the best of the film versions of Grisham novels, I think, and it has been directed with skill by Joel Schumacher."[5]
The film was not without its detractors, however. Anthony Puccinelli gave the film one star, calling it "worthless" and remarking: "A Time to Kill argues for vigilantism but disguises its message by making the vigilante black, allowing viewers to think their blood lust and thirst for revenge is actually empathy for the oppressed."[6] Peter Travers felt that "they [Schumacher and screenwriter Akiva Goldsman] cram[med] in too much," adding, "This distracts from the heart of the picture, which is in the bond between Carl Lee (the brilliant [Samuel L.] Jackson is quietly devastating) and Jake, a husband and father who knows he, too, would have shot anyone who raped his little girl."[7] Gene Siskel remarked it was "An overwrought, contrived courtroom thriller", "cornball" and concluded "This story has been recycled out of countless better movies."
Grisham enjoyed the film, remarking: "When all was said and done I was happy with it, happy we were able to find a kid like Matthew McConaughey. It wasn't a great movie, but it was a good one."[8]
Reaction in France[edit]
In France, the film has been the subject of much controversy. Critics have accused the movie of making an apology for the death penalty and right of self-defense. A question mark was added at the end of the title ("Le Droit de tuer ?"/"The Right to Kill ?"[9][10]) so as not to shock the audience. Amnesty International France uses the word "disturbing" when referring to the film in one of its documents.[11] Les Inrockuptibles described the film as "nauseating", "stinking", almost "fascist", with a script "ultra-populist" that makes you want to "vomit".[12] Libération criticized the script, calling it "extremely dirty": the movie, says the newspaper, "militates in favour of the black cause only to legitimize, after many plot buckles (resurrection of the Ku Klux Klan, the deceits of court, threats of [m]any kinds) the mentally ill gesture of the avenging father". According to Libération, the movie "justifies the indefensible" with a "dripping sentimentalism".[13]
Accolades[edit]
Golden Globe – Best Supporting Actor – Samuel L. Jackson – Nominated
NAACP Image Award – Outstanding Motion Picture – Won
NAACP Image Award – Best Supporting Actor in a film – Samuel L. Jackson – Nominated
Blockbuster Entertainment Award – Favorite Actress – Suspense – Sandra Bullock – Won
MTV Movie Awards – Best Female Performance – Sandra Bullock – Nominated
MTV Movie Awards – Best Breakthrough Performance – Matthew McConaughey – Won
Razzie Award – Worst Written Film Grossing Over $100 Million – Akiva Goldsman – Nominated
Stinkers Bad Movie Awards – Worst Supporting Actress – Brenda Fricker – Nominated
Soundtrack[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A Time to Kill
Soundtrack album by Elliot Goldenthal
Released
August 20, 1996
Genre
Classical, avant-garde, modernist
Length
35:02
Label
Atlantic
82959-2
Producer
Matthias Gohl
Elliot Goldenthal chronology
Michael Collins
(1996) A Time to Kill
(1996) The Butcher Boy
(1998)
Elliot Goldenthal scored the film. AllMusic gave the soundtrack two and a half stars out of five, commenting that it "doesn't work particularly well when it's separated from the film itself."[14]
"Defile and Lament" – 2:33
"Consolation" – 2:23
"Justice Wheel" – 0:46
"Pavane for Solace" – 2:29
"Abduction" – 2:58
"An Asurrendering" – 1:35
"Pavane for Loss" – 1:07
"Take My Hand, Precious Lord" / "Retribution" by The Jones Sisters – 6:50
"Torch and Hood" – 2:02
"Pressing Judgement" – 1:29
"White Sheet" – 2:38
"Pavane for Solace" (piano solo) – 2:06
"Verdict Fanfare" (For Aaron) – 4:03
"Take My Hand, Precious Lord" by Cissy Houston – 4:03
Credits
Music composed by Elliot Goldenthal (except 8 and 14)
Music produced by Matthias Gohl
Orchestrated by Robert Elhai and Elliot Goldenthal
Conducted by Jonathan Sheffer
Recorded and mixed by Joel Iwataki
Electronic music produced by Richard Martinez
Additional orchestrations by Deniz Hughes
See also[edit]
Jury nullification
Vigilante film
Trial movies
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "A Time to Kill – Box Office Data". The Numbers. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "A Time to Kill (1996) - Box Office Mojo". boxofficemojo.com.
Jump up ^ "A Time to Kill".
Jump up ^ "A Time to Kill".
Jump up ^ "A Time To Kill". Chicago Sun-Times.
Jump up ^ "Chicago Reader". Chicago Reader.
Jump up ^ "Movie Reviews and Ratings from Peter Travers | Rolling Stone Movies". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2013-12-12.
Jump up ^ "John Grisham issues judgment on ALL his novels".
Jump up ^ "Le Droit de tuer ?".
Jump up ^ A time to kill – Cinémathèque française Archived July 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-06-16. Retrieved 2010-04-06. [not in citation given]
Jump up ^ Les Inrocks : Le Droit de tuer ? Archived 2010-07-04 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "CINEMA. Sur fond de conflit racial et d'autodéfense, un extrêmement scabreux. Joel Schumacher filme l'injustifiable. Le droit de tuer? de Joel Schumacher avec Matthew McConaughey, Sandra Bullock, Samuel L. Jackson, Kevin Spacey".
Jump up ^ A Time to Kill at AllMusic
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: A Time to Kill (1996 film)
A Time to Kill on IMDb
A Time to Kill at AllMovie
A Time to Kill at the TCM Movie Database
A Time to Kill at Box Office Mojo
A Time to Kill at Rotten Tomatoes
A Time to Kill at Metacritic
[show]
v
t
e
Works by John Grisham
Novels
A Time to Kill (1988)
The Firm (1991)
The Pelican Brief (1992)
The Client (1993)
The Chamber (1994)
The Rainmaker (1995)
The Runaway Jury (1996)
The Partner (1997)
The Street Lawyer (1998)
The Testament (1999)
The Brethren (2000)
A Painted House (2001)
Skipping Christmas (2001)
The Summons (2002)
The King of Torts (2003)
Bleachers (2003)
The Last Juror (2004)
The Broker (2005)
Playing for Pizza (2007)
The Appeal (2008)
The Associate (2009)
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1996 films
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