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Westminster Shorter Catechism
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Facsimile of the title page of the first printing of the Shorter Catechism on 25 November 1647 without Scripture citations printed for distribution in Parliament
The Westminster Shorter Catechism is a catechism written in 1646 and 1647 by the Westminster Assembly, a synod of English and Scottish theologians and laymen intended to bring the Church of England into greater conformity with the Church of Scotland. The assembly also produced the Westminster Confession of Faith and the Westminster Larger Catechism. A version without Scripture citations was completed on 25 November 1647 and presented to the Long Parliament, and Scripture citations were added on 14 April 1649.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Composition
3 Form and content
4 Legacy
5 References
6 Bibliography
Background[edit]
Catechesis is a practice of teaching the Christian faith. New converts to Christianity were taught through lectures during the first four centuries of the Church's existence, but this practice was largely abandoned with the rise of Christendom. Christian humanists and Protestant Reformers sought to revive the practice, including the Reformed. John Calvin's Genevan Catechism was especially influential among the British Reformed. The most popular British catechisms included works by John Craig, James Ussher, Herbert Palmer, John Ball, and Anthony Tuckney.[1]
On John Knox's return to Scotland after long exile because he was deemed by the authorities a heretic, the First Book of Discipline (1560) was drafted. It required that a Sabbath afternoon session be set aside for examination of young children in catechism, and this practice eventually was adopted in the Kirk. Catechizing became a part of life in the Scottish Churches with itinerant catechists being employed to instruct the people — a practice that continued into the 19th century.[citation needed]
In 1643, the Westminster Assembly, which was designed to bring the two national churches into greater conformity, was convened at the height of the English Civil War to reform the Church of England. When the Solemn League and Covenant was as a result signed between the English and Scots the Assembly's work also became the framing of "four points or parts of uniformity": a Confession of Faith, Form of Church Government, Directory for Worship, and Catechizing.[2]
Composition[edit]
Although the church in Scotland (the Kirk) had produced The New Catechisme according to the Forme of the Kirk of Scotland in 1644, it was aimed particularly at children and youth, and was not adopted by the Westminster Assembly of Divines.[citation needed] Twelve or fourteen of the members of the Westminster Assembly had produced catechisms themselves prior to the Assembly. Herbert Palmer was one of the most respected catechists in the country, and it was expected that his catechism, first published in 1640, would be the basis for the Assembly's. It appears that this idea was abandoned by the committee assigned to the catechism after some work in 1645, followed by another failed attempt at a single catechism from the Summer of 1646 to 14 January 1647. At this point, the committee decided that it would need to produce two catechisms rather than one, as the needs of ministers and children were very different. The committee also decided to wait until the completion of the Confession of Faith, and to base the catechisms off this document rather than the Apostles' Creed. The Larger Catechism was completed and forwarded to Parliament on 22 October 1647, and another committee was set up for the Shorter Catechism composed of Herbert Palmer as chairman, Charles Herle, Thomas Temple, John Lightfoot, John Greene, Philip Delme, Edmund Calamy the Elder, and Stanley Gower. When Palmer died soon after the constitution of this committee, another committee was formed with only Anthony Tuckney, Stephen Marshall, and John Ward, along with Samuel Rutherford (one of the Scottish commissioners, who could not vote).[3]
Anthony Tuckney
Anthony Tuckney is believed to be the most influential of the committee members on the Catechism. The previously published catechisms of James Ussher and John Ball, as well as the theology of William Perkins were also relied upon,[4] however many of the similarities between the Assembly's Shorter Catechism and earlier ones may be explained by the common theological vocabulary of the time.[5] The Shorter Catechism was largely based on the Larger Catechism, though the Shorter may have incorporated more of the earlier abandoned catechism than the Larger. It was sent to Parliament on 25 November 1647, a little over a month after the Larger Catechism. Scripture citations were added on 14 April 1648.[6] It was passed Parliament 22–25 September[7] and ordered to be printed with the title The Grounds and Principles of Religion Contained in a Shorter Catechism.[8] The Church of Scotland approved it in July 1648, and it passed the Scottish Parliament in February of the next year.[6]
Form and content[edit]
The purpose of the Shorter Catechism is to educate children and others "of weaker capacity" (according to a preface written by the Church of Scotland) in the Reformed faith. It is based on the Larger Catechism, which was intended for use by ministers as they taught the faith to their congregations in preaching.[6] The Catechism is in a question and answer format, which had been popularized by Martin Luther as a way to help children learn the meaning of the material, rather than simply memorizing the Lord's Prayer, Ten Commandments, and Apostles' Creed as had been the practice prior to the Reformation.[9]
The catechism is composed of 107 questions and answers. The first 12 questions concern God as Creator. Questions 13-20 deal with original sin and the fallen state of man's nature. Questions 21-38 concern Christ the Redeemer and the benefits that flow from redemption. The next set of questions, 39-84, discuss the Ten Commandments. Questions 85-97 teach concerning the Sacraments of Baptism and Holy Communion. The final set of questions, 98-107, teach and explain the Lord's prayer. This organization mimics the earlier Heidelberg Catechism used by many Continental Reformed churches.
The most famous of the questions (known to a great many Presbyterian children) is the first:
Q. What is the chief end of man?
A. Man's chief end is to glorify God, and to enjoy him forever.
Legacy[edit]
The Church of Scotland approved the Westminster Shorter Catechism in 1648, and thereafter it was the manual for instruction. However, because a significant portion of the Scottish Highland population spoke only Gaelic, the Synod of Argyll in 1649 instructed seven of its ministers to translate the Westminster Shorter Catechism into that language. The result was published that same year, and the Gaelic Shorter Catechism continued to play a part in church life for decades after it had ceased to be used in the English speaking churches.[citation needed] The Free Church of Scotland still presents a Bible to a child who can answer all 107 questions accurately at one sitting.
In 1675, the Presbyterian Thomas Vincent in London published a popular exposition called The Shorter Catechism Explained. Later, Reformed catechisms such as the 1693 Baptist Keach's Catechism mimic the Westminster catechism on most points except infant baptism.
The Westminster Catechism is mentioned in Nathaniel Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Letter", chapter eight, in reference to Pearl's ability to bear a fair examination by this catechism.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kelly 1994, pp. 104–106.
Jump up ^ Kelly 1994, p. 107.
Jump up ^ Kelly 1994, pp. 109–110.
Jump up ^ Kelly 1994, pp. 110–111.
Jump up ^ Leith 1973, p. 37.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kelly 1994, p. 111.
Jump up ^ Paul 1985, p. 519.
Jump up ^ Carruthers, William (1897). The Shorter Catechism of the Westminster Assembly of Divines. p. 33.
Jump up ^ Green 1996, p. 17.
Bibliography[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Westminster Shorter Catechism
Green, Ian (1996). The Christian's ABC: Catechisms and Catechizing in England c.1530-1740. Oxford: Clarendon Press – via Questia (subscription required).
Kelly, Douglas F. (1994). "The Westminster Shorter Catechism". In Carlson, John L.; Hall, David W. To Glorify and Enjoy God: A Commemoration of the 350th Anniversary of the Westminster Assembly. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust. ISBN 0-85151-668-8.
Leith, John H. (1973). Assembly at Westminster: Reformed Theology in the Making. Richmond, VA: John Knox Press. ISBN 0-8042-0885-9.
Paul, Robert S. (1985). The Assembly of the Lord: Politics and Religion in the Westminster Assembly and the 'Grand Debate'. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. ISBN 0-567-09341-7.
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Timekeeping on Mars
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Martian season lengths and time as compared to seasons on the Earth.
Various schemes have been used or proposed for timekeeping on the planet Mars independently of Earth time and calendars.
Mars has an axial tilt and a rotation period similar to those of Earth. Thus it experiences seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter much like Earth, and its day is about the same length. Its year is almost twice as long as Earth's, and its orbital eccentricity is considerably larger, which means among other things that the lengths of various Martian seasons differ considerably, and sundial time can diverge from clock time more than on Earth.
Contents
[hide]
1 Time of day
1.1 Coordinated Mars Time (MTC)
1.2 Time zones
1.2.1 Pathfinder
1.2.2 Spirit and Opportunity
1.2.3 Phoenix
1.2.4 Curiosity
1.2.5 Other
2 Sols
3 Martian year
4 Martian calendars in science
5 Martian time in fiction
6 Formulas to compute MSD and MTC
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Time of day[edit]
The average length of a Martian sidereal day is 24 h 37 m 22.663 s (88,642.66300 seconds based on SI units), and the length of its solar day (often called a sol) is 24 h 39 m 35.244147 s (88,775.244147 seconds). The corresponding values for Earth are 23 h 56 m 4.0916 s and 24h 00 m 00.002 s, respectively. This yields a conversion factor of 1.02749125170 days/sol. Thus Mars' solar day is only about 2.7% longer than Earth's.
A convention used by spacecraft lander projects to date has been to keep track of local solar time using a 24-hour "Mars clock" on which the hours, minutes and seconds are 2.7% longer than their standard (Earth) durations. For the Mars Pathfinder, Mars Exploration Rover (MER), Phoenix, and Mars Science Laboratory missions, the operations team has worked on "Mars time", with a work schedule synchronized to the local time at the landing site on Mars, rather than the Earth day. This results in the crew's schedule sliding approximately 40 minutes later in Earth time each day. Wristwatches calibrated in Martian time, rather than Earth time, were used by many of the MER team members.[1][2]
Local solar time has a significant impact on planning the daily activities of Mars landers. Daylight is needed for the solar panels of landed spacecraft. Its temperature rises and falls rapidly at sunrise and sunset because Mars does not have the Earth's thick atmosphere and oceans that buffer such fluctuations.
Alternative clocks for Mars have been proposed, but no mission has chosen to use them. These include a metric time schema, with "millidays" and "centidays", and an extended day which uses standard units but which counts to 24 h 39 m 35 s before ticking over to the next day.
The analemma for Mars
As on Earth, on Mars there is also an equation of time that represents the difference between sundial time and uniform (clock) time. The equation of time is illustrated by an analemma. Because of orbital eccentricity, the length of the solar day is not quite constant. Because its orbital eccentricity is greater than that of Earth, the length of day varies from the average by a greater amount than that of Earth, and hence its equation of time shows greater variation than that of Earth: on Mars, the Sun can run 50 minutes slower or 40 minutes faster than a Martian clock (on Earth, the corresponding figures are 14m 22s slower and 16m 23s faster).
Mars has a prime meridian, defined as passing through the small crater Airy-0. However, Mars does not have time zones defined at regular intervals from the prime meridian, as on Earth. Each lander so far has used an approximation of local solar time as its frame of reference, as cities did on Earth before the introduction of standard time in the 19th century. (The two Mars Exploration Rovers happen to be approximately 12 hours and one minute apart.)
Note that the modern standard for measuring longitude on Mars is "planetocentric longitude", which is measured from 0°–360° East and measures angles from the center of Mars. The older "planetographic longitude" was measured from 0°–360° West and used coordinates mapped onto the surface.[3]
Coordinated Mars Time (MTC)[edit]
MTC is a proposed Mars analog to Universal Time (UT1) on Earth. It is defined as the mean solar time at Mars's prime meridian. The prime meridian was first proposed by German astronomers Wilhelm Beer and Johann Heinrich Mädler in 1830 as marked by the fork in the albedo feature later named Sinus Meridiani by Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli. This convention was readily adopted by the astronomical community, the result being that Mars had a universally accepted prime meridian half a century before the International Meridian Conference of 1884 established one for Earth. The definition of the Martian prime meridian has since been refined on the basis of spacecraft imagery as the center of the crater Airy-0 in Terra Meridiani. The name "MTC" is intended to parallel the Terran Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), but this is somewhat misleading: what distinguishes UTC from other forms of UT is its leap seconds, but MTC does not use any such scheme. MTC is more closely analogous to UT1.
Use of the term "MTC" as the name of a planetary standard time for Mars first appeared in the Mars24[4] sunclock coded by the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. It replaced Mars24's previous use of the term "Airy Mean Time" (AMT), which was a direct parallel of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). In an astronomical context, "GMT" is a deprecated name for Universal Time, or sometimes more specifically for UT1.
AMT has not yet been employed in official mission timekeeping. This is partially attributable to uncertainty regarding the position of Airy-0 (relative to other longitudes), which meant that AMT couldn't be realized as accurately as local time at points being studied. At the start of the Mars Exploration Rover missions, the positional uncertainty of Airy-0 corresponded to roughly a 20-second uncertainty in realizing AMT.
Time zones[edit]
Each lander mission so far has used its own time zone, corresponding to average local solar time at the landing location. Of the six successful Mars landers to date, five employed offsets from local mean solar time (LMST) for the lander site while the sixth (Mars Pathfinder) used local true solar time (LTST).[5][6]
Pathfinder[edit]
Mars Pathfinder used the local apparent solar time at its location of landing. Its time zone was AAT-02:13:01, where "AAT" is Airy Apparent Time, meaning apparent solar time at Airy-0.
Spirit and Opportunity[edit]
The two Mars Exploration Rovers do not use precisely the LMST of the landing points. For mission operations purposes, they defined a time scale that would match the clock used for the mission to the apparent solar time about halfway through the nominal 90-sol prime mission. This is referred to in mission planning as "Hybrid Local Solar Time" (HLST). The time scales are uniform in the sense of mean solar time (they are actually mean time of some longitude), and are not adjusted as the rovers travel. (The rovers have traveled distances that make a few seconds difference to local solar time.) The HLST of Spirit is AMT+11:00:04 whereas the LMST at its landing site is AMT+11:41:55. The HLST of Opportunity is AMT-01:01:06 whereas the LMST at its landing site is AMT-00:22:06. Neither rover is likely to ever reach the longitude at which its mission time scale matches local mean time. For science purposes, Local True Solar Time is used.
Phoenix[edit]
The Mars Phoenix project specified timekeeping that matched Local Mean Solar Time at its the planned landing longitude of -126.65°E (the actual landing site was about 0.7° east of that). This corresponds to a mission clock of AMT-08:26:36.
Curiosity[edit]
The MSL Curiosity Rover project opted for the use of Local Mean Solar Time at its originally planned landing longitude of 137.42°E (the actual landing site was about 0.2° east of that). This corresponds to a mission clock of AMT+09:09:40.8.
Other[edit]
With the location of Airy-0 now known much more precisely than when these missions landed, it is technically feasible for future missions to use a convenient offset from Airy Mean Time, rather than completely non-standard time zones. Although there are currently no official timezone system for Mars other than AMT/MTC, Ares Astronautics has also put forward a solution to this problem based upon the USGS Martian Quadrangles officially known as the Arean Time Zone System.[7][importance?]
Sols [edit]
The term sol is used by planetary astronomers to refer to the duration of a solar day on Mars.[8] A mean Martian solar day, or "sol", is 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35.244 seconds.[6]
When a spacecraft lander begins operations on Mars, the passing Martian days (sols) are tracked using a simple numerical count. The two Viking missions, Mars Phoenix and the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity count the sol on which each lander touched down as "Sol 0", as will the InSight mission. Mars Pathfinder and the two Mars Exploration Rovers instead defined touchdown as "Sol 1".[9]
Although lander missions have twice occurred in pairs, no effort was made to synchronize the sol counts of the two landers within each pair. Thus, for example, although Spirit and Opportunity were sent to operate simultaneously on Mars, each counted its landing date as "Sol 1", putting their calendars approximately 21 sols out of sync. Spirit and Opportunity differ in longitude by 179 degrees, so when it is daylight for one it is night for the other, and they carried out activities independently while both were operational.
On Earth, astronomers often use Julian Dates—a simple sequential count of days—for timekeeping purposes. "For historical utility with respect to the Earth-based atmospheric, visual mapping, and polar-cap observations of Mars…, a sequential count of sol-numbers" the Mars Sol Date (MSD) was proposed starting "prior to the 1877 perihelic opposition."[5] This Mars Sol Date (MSD), is a running count of sols since December 29, 1873 (the birth date of astronomer Carl Otto Lampland). Another proposal suggests a start date (or epoch) in the year 1608 (invention of the telescope).[citation needed] Either choice is intended to ensure that all historically recorded events related to Mars occur after it. The Mars Sol Date is defined mathematically as MSD = (Julian Date using International Atomic Time - 2451549.5 + k)/1.02749125 + 44796.0, where k is a small correction of approximately 0.00014 d (or 12 s) due to uncertainty in the exact geographical position of the prime meridian at Airy-0 crater.
The word "yestersol" was coined by the NASA Mars operations team early during the MER mission to refer to the previous sol (the Mars version of "yesterday"), and came into fairly wide use within that organization during the Mars Exploration Rover Mission of 2003.[10] It was eventually picked up and used by the press.[citation needed] Other neologisms include "tosol" (for "today" on Mars), as well as one of three Mars versions of "tomorrow": "nextersol", "morrowsol", or "solmorrow".[11] NASA planners coined the term "soliday" at least as far back as 2012 to refer to days off due to time phasing or the synching of planetary schedules.[12]
Martian year [edit]
The length of time for Mars to complete one orbit around the Sun is its sidereal year, and is about 686.98 Earth solar days, or 668.5991 sols. Because of the eccentricity of Mars' orbit, the seasons are not of equal length. Assuming that seasons run from equinox to solstice or vice versa, the season Ls 0 to Ls 90 (northern-hemisphere spring / southern-hemisphere autumn) is the longest season lasting 194 Martian sols, and Ls 180 to Ls 270 (northern hemisphere autumn / southern-hemisphere spring) is the shortest season, lasting only 142 Martian sols.[13] One commonly used system in the scientific literature denotes year number relative to Mars Year 1 (MY1) beginning with the northern Spring equinox of April 11, 1955.[14]
As on Earth, the sidereal year is not the quantity that is needed for calendar purposes. Rather, the tropical year would be likely to be used because it gives the best match to the progression of the seasons. It is slightly shorter than the sidereal year due to the precession of Mars' rotational axis. The precession cycle is 93,000 Martian years (175,000 Earth years), much longer than on Earth. Its length in tropical years can be computed by dividing the difference between the sidereal year and tropical year by the length of the tropical year.
Tropical year length depends on the starting point of measurement, due to the effects of Kepler's second law of planetary motion. It can be measured in relation to an equinox or solstice, or can be the mean of various possible years including the March (northward) equinox year, June (northern) solstice year, the September (southward) equinox year, the December (southern) solstice year, and other such years. The Gregorian calendar uses the March equinox year.
On Earth, the variation in the lengths of the tropical years is small, but on Mars it is much larger. The northward equinox year is 668.5907 sols, the northern solstice year is 668.5880 sols, the southward equinox year is 668.5940 sols, and the southern solstice year is 668.5958 sols. Averaging over an entire orbital period gives a tropical year of 668.5921 sols. (Since, like Earth, the northern and southern hemispheres of Mars have opposite seasons, equinoxes and solstices must be labelled by hemisphere to remove ambiguity.)
Martian calendars in science[edit]
Long before mission control teams on Earth began scheduling work shifts according to the Martian sol while operating spacecraft on the surface of Mars, it was recognized that humans probably could adapt to this slightly longer diurnal period. This suggested that a calendar based on the sol and the Martian year might be a useful timekeeping system for astronomers in the short term and for explorers in the future. For most day-to-day activities on Earth, people do not use Julian days, as astronomers do, but the Gregorian calendar, which despite its various complications is quite useful. It allows for easy determination of whether one date is an anniversary of another, whether a date is in winter or spring, and what is the number of years between two dates. This is much less practical with Julian days count. For similar reasons, if it is ever necessary to schedule and co-ordinate activities on a large scale across the surface of Mars it would be necessary to agree on a calendar.
American astronomer Percival Lowell expressed the time of year on Mars in terms of Mars dates that were analogous to Gregorian dates, with 20 March, 21 June, 22 September, and 21 December marking the southward equinox, southern solstice, northward equinox, and northern solstice, respectively; Lowell's focus was on the southern hemisphere of Mars because it is the hemisphere that is more easily observed from Earth during favorable oppositions. Lowell's system was not a true calendar, since a Mars date could span nearly two entire sols; rather it was a convenient device for expressing the time of year in the southern hemisphere in lieu of heliocentric longitude, which would have been less comprehensible to a general readership.[15]
Italian astronomer Mentore Maggini's 1939 book describes a calendar developed years earlier by American astronomers Andrew Ellicott Douglass and William H. Pickering, in which the first nine months contain 56 sols and the last three months contain 55 sols. Their calendar year begins with the northward equinox on 1 March, thus imitating the original Roman calendar. Other dates of astronomical significance are: northern solstice, 27 June; southward equinox, 36 September; southern solstice, 12 December; perihelion, 31 November; and aphelion, 31 May. Pickering's inclusion of Mars dates in a 1916 report of his observations may have been the first use of a Martian calendar in an astronomical publication.[16] Maggini states: "These dates of the Martian calendar are frequently used by observatories...."[17] Despite his claim, this system eventually fell into disuse, and in its place new systems were proposed periodically which likewise did not gain sufficient acceptance to take permanent hold.
In 1936, when the calendar reform movement was at its height, American astronomer Robert G. Aitken published an article outlining a Martian calendar. In each quarter there are three months of 42 sols and a fourth month of 41 sols. The pattern of seven-day weeks repeats over a two-year cycle, i.e., the calendar year always begins on a Sunday in odd-numbered years, thus effecting a perpetual calendar for Mars.[18]
Whereas previous proposals for a Martian calendar had not included an epoch, American astronomer I. M. Levitt developed a more complete system in 1954. In fact, Ralph Mentzer, an acquaintance of Levitt's who was a watchmaker for the Hamilton Watch Company, built several clocks designed by Levitt to keep time on both Earth and Mars. They could also be set to display the date on both planets according to Levitt's calendar and epoch (the Julian day epoch of 4713 BCE).[19][20]
Charles F. Capen included references to Mars dates in a 1966 Jet Propulsion Laboratory technical report associated with the Mariner 4 flyby of Mars. This system stretches the Gregorian calendar to fit the longer Martian year, much as Lowell had done in 1895, the difference being that 20 March, 21 June, 22 September, and 21 December marks the northward equinox, northern solstice, southward equinox, southern solstice, respectively.[21] Similarly, Conway B. Leovy et al. also expressed time in terms of Mars dates in a 1973 paper describing results from the Mariner 9 Mars orbiter.[22]
British astronomer Sir Patrick Moore described a Martian calendar of his own design in 1977. His idea was to divide up a Martian year into 18 months. Months 6, 12 and 18, have 38 sols, while the rest of the months contain 37 sols.[23]
American aerospace engineer and political scientist Thomas Gangale first published regarding the Darian calendar in 1986, with additional details published in 1998 and 2006. It has 24 months to accommodate the longer Martian year while keeping the notion of a "month" that is reasonably similar to the length of an Earth month. On Mars, a "month" would have no relation to the orbital period of any moon of Mars, since Phobos and Deimos orbit in about 7 hours and 30 hours respectively. However, Earth and Moon would generally be visible to the naked eye when they were above the horizon at night, and the time it takes for the Moon to move from maximum separation in one direction to the other and back as seen from Mars is close to a Lunar month.[24][25][26]
Czech astronomer Josef Šurán offered a Martian calendar design in 1997, in which a common year has 672 Martian days distributed into 24 months of 28 days (or 4 weeks of 7 days each); in skip years an entire week at the end of the twelfth month is omitted.[27]
Martian time in fiction[edit]
Allusions to timekeeping on Mars in fiction tend to be cursory, meant only as part as the exotic ambience of another world.
The first known reference to time on Mars appears in Percy Greg's 1880 novel Across the Zodiac. The primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary divisions of the sol are based on the number 12. Sols are numbered 0 through the end of the year, with no additional structure to the calendar. The epoch is "the union of all races and nations in a single State, a union which was formally established 13,218 years ago".[28]
Edgar Rice Burroughs described the divisions of the sol into zodes, xats, and tals;[29] he may have been the first to make the mistake of describing the Martian year as lasting 687 Martian days, but he was far from the last.[30]
In Robert A. Heinlein's 1949 novel Red Planet, humans living on Mars use a 24-month calendar, alternating between familiar Earth months and newly created months such as Ceres and Zeus. For example, Ceres comes after March and before April, while Zeus comes after October and before November.[31]
Arthur C. Clarke's 1951 novel The Sands of Mars mentions in passing that "Monday followed Sunday in the usual way" and "the months also had the same names, but were fifty to sixty days in length".[32]
In H. Beam Piper's 1957 short story "Omnilingual", the Martian calendar and the periodic table are the keys to archaeologists' deciphering of the records left by the long dead Martian civilization.[33]
Kurt Vonnegut's 1959 novel The Sirens of Titan describes a Martian calendar divided into twenty-one months: "twelve with thirty sols, and nine with thirty-one sols", for a total of only 639 sols.[34]
D. G. Compton states in his 1966 novel Farewell, Earth's Bliss, during the prison ship's journey to Mars, "Nobody on board had any real idea how the people in the settlement would have organised their six-hundred-and-eighty-seven-day year".[35]
In Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars Trilogy, clocks retain Earth-standard seconds, minutes, and hours, but freeze at midnight for 39.5 minutes. As the fictional colonization of Mars progresses, this "timeslip" becomes a sort of witching hour, a time when inhibitions can be shed, and the emerging identity of Mars as a separate entity from Earth is celebrated. (It is not said explicitly whether this occurs simultaneously all over Mars, or at local midnight in each longitude.) Also in the Mars Trilogy, the calendar year is divided into twenty-four months. The names of the months are the same as the Gregorian calendar, except for a "1" or "2" in front to indicate the first or second occurrence of that month (for example, 1 January, 2 January, 1 February, 2 February).
In the manga and anime series Aria by Kozue Amano, set on a terraformed Mars, the calendar year is also divided into twenty-four months. Following the modern Japanese calendar, the months are not named but numbered sequentially, running from 1st Month to 24th Month.[36]
The Darian calendar is mentioned in several works of fiction set on Mars:
Star Trek: Department of Temporal Investigations: Watching the Clock by Christopher L. Bennett, Pocket Books/Star Trek (April 26, 2011)
The Quantum Thief by Hannu Rajaniemi, Tor Books; Reprint edition (May 10, 2011)
In Andy Weir's 2011 novel The Martian and its 2015 feature film adaptation, sols are counted and referenced frequently with onscreen title cards, in order to emphasize the amount of time the main character spends on Mars.
In Ian McDonald's Desolation Road, set on a terraformed Mars (referred to by the book's characters as "Ares"), characters follow an implied 24-month calendar whose months are portmanteaus of Gregorian months, such as "Julaugust," "Augtember" and "Novodecember."
Formulas to compute MSD and MTC[edit]
MSD can be computed from the Julian date referred to Terrestrial Time (TT), as[37]
MSD = (JDTT − 2405522.0028779) / 1.0274912517
Terrestrial time, however, is not as easily available as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). TT can be computed from UTC by first adding the difference TAI−UTC, which is a positive integer number of seconds occasionally updated by the introduction of leap seconds (see current number of leap seconds), then adding the constant difference TT−TAI = 32.184 s. This leads to the following formula giving MSD from the UTC-referred Julian date:
MSD = (JDUTC + (TAI−UTC)/86400 − 2405522.0025054) / 1.0274912517
where the difference TAI−UTC is in seconds. JDUTC can in turn be computed from any epoch-based time stamp, by adding the Julian date of the epoch to the time stamp in days. For example, if t is a Unix timestamp in seconds, then
JDUTC = t / 86400 + 2440587.5
It follows, by a simple substitution:
MSD = (t + (TAI−UTC)) / 88775.244147 + 34127.2954262
MTC is simply the fractional part of MSD, in hours, minutes and seconds:[6]
MTC = (MSD mod 1) × 24 h
For example, at the time this page was last generated (28 May 2018, 02:25:57 UTC):
JDTT = 2458266.60215
MSD = 51333.3804
MTC = 09:07:46
See also[edit]
Astronomy on Mars
Universal Time
Coordinated Universal Time
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Watchmaker With Time to Lose". JPL Mars Exploration Rovers. 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Redd, Nola Taylor (18 March 2013). "After Finding Mars Was Habitable, Curiosity Keeps Roving". space.com. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mars Express – Where is zero degrees longitude on Mars?". European Space Agency. 19 August 2004. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mars24 Sunclock – Time on Mars". NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. 5 August 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Allison, Michael; McEwen, Megan (2000). "A post-Pathfinder evaluation of areocentric solar coordinates with improved timing recipes for Mars seasonal/diurnal climate studies". Planetary and Space Science. 48 (2–3): 215–235. Bibcode:2000P&SS...48..215A. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00092-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Allison, Michael (5 August 2008). "Technical Notes on Mars Solar Time". NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Little, Dean. "Arean Time Zone System". Ares Astronautics. [self-published source]
Jump up ^ "Opportunity's View, Sol 959 (Vertical)". NASA. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Phoenix Mars Mission - Mission - Mission Phases - On Mars". Phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu. 29 February 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Rusch, Elizabeth (2012). The Mighty Mars Rovers: The Incredible Adventures of Spirit and Opportunity. ISBN 978–0547822808 Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help).
Jump up ^ Martínez-Frías, Jesús (28 September 2002). "Marte: 'yestersol', 'tosol' y 'solmorrow'" [Mars: 'yestersol', 'tosol', and 'solmorrow']. El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Unidad Editorial S.A. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "MSL abbreviations and acronyms". an.rsl.wustl.edu. 31 October 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
Jump up ^ J. Appelbaum and G. A. Landis, Solar Radiation on Mars – Update 1991, NASA Technical Memorandum TM-105216, September 1991 (also published in Solar Energy, Vol. 50 No. 1 (1993)).
Jump up ^ Clancy, R. T.; Sandor, B. J.; Wolff, M. J.; Christensen, P. R.; Smith, M. D.; Pearl, J. C.; Conrath, B. J.; Wilson, R. J., (2000) An intercomparison of ground-based millimeter, MGS TES, and Viking atmospheric temperature measurements: Seasonal and interannual variability of temperatures and dust loading in the global Mars atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, 105 (E4).
Jump up ^ Lowell, Percival. (1895-01-01). Mars. Houghton, Mifflin.
Jump up ^ Pickering, William H. (1916-01-01). "Report on Mars, No. 17." Popular Astronomy, Vol. 24, p.639.
Jump up ^ Maggini, Mentore. (1939-01-01). Il pianeta Marte. Scuola Tip. Figli Della Provvidenza.
Jump up ^ Aitken, Robert G. (1936-12-01). "Time Measures on Mars." Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, No. 95.
Jump up ^ Levitt, I. M. (1954-05-01). "Mars Clock and Calendar." Sky and Telescope, May, 1954, pp. 216–217.
Jump up ^ Levitt, I. M. (1956-01-01). A Space Traveller's Guide to Mars. Henry Holt.
Jump up ^ Capen, Charles F. (1966-01-01). "The Mars 1964–1965 Apparition." Technical Report 32-990. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology..
Jump up ^ Leovy, C. B., G. A. Briggs, B. A. Smith. (1973-07-10). "Mars atmosphere during the Mariner 9 extended mission: Television results." Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 78, Issue 20.
Jump up ^ Moore, Patrick. (1977-01-01). Guide to Mars. Lutterworth Press.
Jump up ^ Gangale, Thomas. (1986-06-01). "Martian Standard Time". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. Vol. 39, No. 6, p. 282–288.
Jump up ^ Gangale, Thomas. (1998-08-01). "The Darian Calendar". Mars Society. MAR 98-095. Proceedings of the Founding Convention of the Mars Society. Volume III. Ed. Robert M. Zubrin, Maggie Zubrin. San Diego, California. Univelt, Incorporated. 13-Aug-1998.
Jump up ^ Gangale, Thomas. (2006-07-01). "The Architecture of Time, Part 2: The Darian System for Mars." Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2006-01-2249.
Jump up ^ Šurán, Josef. (1997-06-01). "A Calendar for Mars." Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 45, No. 6. pp. 705–708.
Jump up ^ Greg, Percy. (1880-01-01). Across the Zodiac: The Story of a Wrecked Record. Trübner.
Jump up ^ Burroughs, Edgar Rice. (1913-01-01). The Gods of Mars. All-Story. January–May.
Jump up ^ Burroughs, Edgar Rice. (1913-12-01). The Warlord of Mars. All-Story Magazine, December, 1913 – March, 1914.
Jump up ^ "Heinlein Concordance "Red Planet"". Heinlein Society. 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Arthur C. (1951-01-01). The Sands of Mars. Sidgwick & Jackson.
Jump up ^ Piper, H. Beam. (1957-02-01). "Omnilingual." Astounding Science Fiction, February.
Jump up ^ Vonnegut, Kurt. (1959-01-01). The Sirens of Titan. Delacorte.
Jump up ^ Compton. D. G. (1966-01-01). Farewell, Earth's Bliss. Hodder & Stoughton .
Jump up ^ Amano, Kozue (February 2008). "Navigation 06: My First Customer". Aqua volume 2. Tokyopop. p. 7. ISBN 978-1427803139.
Jump up ^ This is a trivial simplification of the formula (JDTT − 2451549.5) / 1.0274912517 + 44796.0 − 0.0009626 given in Mars24 Algorithm and Worked Examples.
External links[edit]
Martian Time
MARS24 Application
NASA Algorithms
NASA Mars Clock (Curiosity Rover)
mclock - Command Line Mars Clock
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Gun laws in New Jersey
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Location of New Jersey in the United States
Gun laws in New Jersey regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of New Jersey.[1][2] New Jersey's firearms laws are among the most restrictive in the country; some of which are being challenged in state and federal courts.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary table
2 Constitutional provisions
3 Limits and restrictions
4 Permits to purchase and own
4.1 Forms required by municipalities
4.2 Fees
5 Permits to carry and transport
5.1 Permit to carry a handgun
5.2 Carry to exempted locations
5.3 Interstate transportation of unloaded firearms
6 Assault firearms and magazine capacity
6.1 Assault firearm feature criteria
6.2 Banned manufacturers, models, and types
6.3 Magazine capacity
6.4 Bump stock
7 New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law
8 See also
9 References
Summary table[edit]
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant statutes
Notes
State permit to purchase? Yes Yes A lifetime purchaser identification card is required for purchase of rifles and shotguns, as well as for purchases of handgun ammunition. A permit to purchase a handgun, valid for 90 days is required for each handgun purchase. Only one handgun can be purchased within a 30-day period. According to state law, purchase permits/identification cards are supposed to be granted on a Shall-Issue basis, but in practice many issuing authorities require the applicant to justify the need for a firearm before granting approval for the permit/ID card. Some issuing authorities have been known to arbitrarily deny purchase permits and ID cards.
Firearm registration? No Yes The NJ State Police Firearms Investigation Unit (NJSP FIU) maintains a record of all handgun transfers, except for inherited firearms willed to the transferee, or firearms brought to the state by new residents moving to the state. Firearm registration is voluntary, but since handgun purchase permits are also a form of register, there is de facto mandatory handgun registration for handguns purchased in-state. Purchases by NJ residents must either be from a licensed dealer in NJ or a private individual who is a resident of NJ. In both dealer purchases and private sales, a copy of the purchase permit is sent to the NJSP FIU. A NICS background check at the point of sale is only required for purchases from dealers.
Owner license required? No No No license is required to own any firearm in New Jersey, except an assault firearm or NFA regulated firearms
Carry permits required? Yes Yes N.J. Admin. Code § 13:54 No-Issue for ordinary citizens. New Jersey calls its permit a "permit to carry a handgun" and is a "may-issue" by law for firearm carry, either openly or concealed, but permits are rarely or never granted to the general populace. Permit applicants must "specify in detail the urgent necessity for self-protection, as evidenced by specific threats or previous attacks which demonstrate a special danger to the applicant's life that cannot be avoided by means other than by issuance of a permit to carry a handgun." Then it must be approved by both the township's police chief and a NJ judge, whereas the applicant will not know who denied the $200 application to carry. As a result of this tough standard, New Jersey is effectively a "no issue" state unless one is a retired law enforcement officer or an individual with political connections. Armed security officers and armored car drivers typically get restricted permits limited to carry while on duty only. A letter of need from the security company is required.
Open carry? Yes Yes Open carry is allowed only with a permit to carry a handgun and is generally not practiced except by security officers and others who carry firearms on duty. While it is technically legal to carry long guns with a valid Firearm Purchaser ID card, it is generally frowned upon by law enforcement, except when hunting. One can expect to be detained and questioned in most places if carrying in this manner.
State preemption of local restrictions? No No There is limited state preemption for some firearm laws.
Assault weapon law? Yes Yes N.J.S.A 2C:39-1[3] New Jersey prohibits the possession of certain named firearms or "substantially identical" firearms deemed to be assault firearms, including possession of parts from which an assault firearm may be readily assembled. Firearms classed as assault firearms but acquired before May 1, 1990 and registered with the state are legal to possess. Police officers may possess assault weapons for duty purposes and may possess personal assault weapons with recommendation by their agency.
Magazine capacity restriction? Yes Yes N.J.S.A 2C:39-1(y)[4] Magazines are limited to 15 rounds for semi-automatic firearms and 6 rounds for semi-automatic shotguns.[5] Police officers may possess "standard capacity magazines" for duty purposes and may possess personal "standard capacity magazines" with recommendation by their agency.
NFA weapons restricted? Yes Yes N.J.S.A 2C:39-3(a-c)[6]; N.J.S.A 2C:58-5[7] Possession of short barreled rifles, short barreled shotguns, destructive devices, and suppressors are prohibited to the average citizen. Law is silent on AOWs. Possession of a machine gun requires a state license, which is granted on a may issue basis by a county superior court judge. Machine gun licenses are extremely difficult to obtain.
Background checks required for private sales? No Yes N.J.S.A 2C:58-3[8] A person acquiring a handgun must have a permit to purchase a handgun. A person acquiring a long gun must have a firearms purchaser identification card. Private sale of a long gun does not require a background check.
Constitutional provisions[edit]
The Constitution of New Jersey has no provision explicitly guaranteeing the right of citizens to keep and bear arms.
Limits and restrictions[edit]
Hollow-point ammunition is available for unrestricted purchase from most retailers wherever firearms are sold, and may be transported by purchasers without special licensing. However, hollow-point bullets may not be carried outside of a place of target practice, dwelling, premises or land possessed by a person, even if one has a valid permit to carry a handgun, except when being transported directly to and from these places. LEOSA (HR 218) qualified and retired or separated LEOs carrying anywhere in the USA are exempt from state laws and may legally carry hollow points ammo or any ammo that is not prohibited under the Gun Control Act of 1968 or the National Firearm Act. [9] Additionally the NJ Superior Court in State v Brian Aitken have ruled that there is no exception for moving between residences with hollow-point bullets.[10]
Permits to purchase and own[edit]
In New Jersey, anyone seeking to purchase firearms (one does not need to obtain a Firearm Purchaser Identification card to own, possess in the home, transport firearms to and from authorized target range, to a gunsmith for purposes of repair, or to the woods or fields of the state for purposes of hunting ) is required to obtain a lifetime Firearm Purchaser Identification card, commonly referred to as FID, for the purchase of rifles and shotguns. To purchase a handgun, a separate permit is needed from the Chief of Police of their municipality, or the Superintendent of State Police if the municipality does not have a local police department. A permit is required for each handgun to be purchased and expires after 90 days but may be extended for an additional 90 days at the discretion of the Chief of Police or Superintendent of State Police. These, like the initial Firearms Purchaser Identification Card (FID), are provided to applicants on a shall-issue basis. They require in-depth application questioning, multiple references and background checks via the State Bureau of Identification and New Jersey State Police; however, authorities do not have discretion and must issue permits to applicants who satisfy the criteria described in the statutes. Reasons for denial include being convicted of a crime (equivalent to a felony) or disorderly persons offense (equivalent to a misdemeanor) in the case of domestic violence. As of August 2013 anyone on the terror watchlist is also disqualified.
NJ law states that Firearms Identification approval and/or handgun purchase permit(s) must be issued within 30 days. However, this is not always adhered to with some applicants waiting months to receive their permits. Applicants are able to appeal the denial of permits. The Firearm Purchaser ID card is also required to purchase handgun ammunition at dealers in the state. "Handgun ammunition" is interpreted as any caliber that can be used in a handgun, therefore some calibers that are typically used in rifles and shotguns require one to show a FPIC to purchase.
Forms required by municipalities[edit]
N.J.S.A 2C:58-3(f)[11]:
There shall be no conditions or requirements added to the form or content of the application, or required by the licensing authority for the issuance of a permit or identification card, other than those that are specifically set forth in this chapter.
Only two forms are required to obtain a FPIC or permit to purchase a handgun: the "Application for Firearms Purchaser Identification Card and/or Handgun Purchase Permit", STS-33, and "Consent For Mental Health Records Search", SP-66. Additionally, the Chief of Police for the Municipality or the Superintendent of State Police may require an applicant to be fingerprinted or complete a "Request for Criminal History Record Information", form SBI 212A. Fingerprinting is usually done at private facilities such as Morpho (Safran) and the SBI 212A form can be submitted online or on paper. The method of submission is determined by the local police department. Many police departments and the NJSP are moving toward online submission and phasing out the paper SBI 212A.
Some municipalities have required additional forms, photographs and other requirements such as notarization. These forms are not required for approval per NJSA 2C:58-3a. This has been affirmed by the Appellate Court in two cases, one against the City of Paterson by resident Jeremy Perez, and another against Jersey City by resident Michael McGovern where the court ruled against the cities in violation.[12][13][14]
Fees[edit]
Each FPIC application fee is $5 and each permit to purchase a handgun is $2. Fingerprinting is charged a fee by the private facility contracted by the state, approximately $50 to $60. The SBI 212A "Request for Criminal History Record Information" application fee is $18 if submitted on paper or $20 if submitted online. Each police department has its own policy with regard to which method they choose for background checks. Some may require fingerprinting for each application, but most only require it for the initial FPIC.
Capacities of semiautomatic handguns and rifles (total in magazine excluding chamber) are limited to 15 rounds.[15] Furthermore, beginning January 1, 2010, New Jersey limits handgun purchases to one per 30-day period. Upon completing a New Jersey State police form, an FID card holder may be granted permission to purchase more than one handgun a month by declaring good reason. Reasons may include: recreational shooting; the purposes of collectors; when it is required for certain employment; and when obtaining firearms as the beneficiary of a will.[16] The State application required for this increase, Form SP-015, specifically requires the make, model and serial number of each firearm to be transferred prior to the exemption, keeping the spirit of the purchasing limit safe from circumvention.[17]
Permits to carry and transport[edit]
Permit to carry a handgun[edit]
New Jersey "may issue" a Permit to Carry a Handgun to both residents and non-residents. One must submit an application to the chief law enforcement officer of one's municipality, or the Superintendent of State Police in areas where there is no local police department. Armored car employees are required to apply to the Superintendent of State Police. Non-residents may apply to the Superintendent of State Police. By statute, New Jersey is a "may-issue" permit system, in which authorities are allowed discretion in the approval and denial of applications. Additionally, training and range qualification is required, non politically connected or retired LEO will not be issued a permit. After a background check and review by the law enforcement agency, permit applications are forwarded to the Superior Court where they are approved or denied.[18]
Every applicant not applying as a law enforcement officer must demonstrate justifiable need in order to obtain a permit, by means of a letter detailing specific need attached to the application; this requirement applies to active and retired judges, prosecutors, public defenders, military personnel, and elected officials in addition to the general populace.[19] Justifiable need has been defined as, "urgent necessity for self-protection, as evidenced by specific threats or previous attacks which demonstrate a special danger to the applicant's life that cannot be avoided by means other than by issuance of a permit to carry a handgun."[20] This standard gives Superior Court judges wide discretion in approving or denying permits. Many applicants have reported difficulty in obtaining New Jersey Permits to Carry, especially non-residents. Most people do not even bother to apply since denial is almost a certainty and any denial must be disclosed on subsequent applications for permits to purchase a firearm. Registered and licensed private security officers and private investigators encounter less difficulty, however their permits are usually heavily scrutinized and restricted to carry while on duty only. [21]
Retired law enforcement officers are eligible to obtain a permit to carry a handgun without specific justifiable need, pursuant to N.J.S.A 2C:39-6(l)[22]. These permits are administered by the Superintendent of State Police and not subject to judicial review unless the officer was denied and is appealing a denial.[23] Additionally, qualified retired law enforcement officers may carry under LEOSA, which allows retired and current law enforcement officers who qualify and meet certain criteria to carry concealed firearms. There is no requirement for qualified retired or separated officers to apply for the state permit when carrying under LEOSA (H.R. 218) since the federal law trumps state law. As of the end of 2013, there were 1,212 active Handgun Carry Permits in New Jersey, out of a population of nearly 9 million residents.[24]
Carry to exempted locations[edit]
There are a few exempted locations where one may carry and possess firearms. These locations are your home, place of business, premises or land possessed, or to a gunsmith for purposes of repair. Members of rifle or pistol clubs that submit their names to the state police annually are allowed to possess and transport their firearms to "a place of target practice." Those who are not members of a rifle or pistol club can carry their firearms to "an authorized target range." One may also carry firearms to the woods or fields or waters of the state for purposes of hunting or fishing. One must have a valid hunting or fishing license and the firearms must be appropriate for hunting or fishing to be covered under this exemption.
Interstate transportation of unloaded firearms[edit]
Interstate transportation is covered under the Safe Passage provision of the Firearm Owners Protection Act (FOPA), 18 USC § 926A, which states:
Notwithstanding any other provision of any law or any rule or regulation of a State or any political subdivision thereof, any person who is not otherwise prohibited by this chapter from transporting, shipping, or receiving a firearm shall be entitled to transport a firearm for any lawful purpose from any place where he may lawfully possess and carry such firearm to any other place where he may lawfully possess and carry such firearm if, during such transportation the firearm is unloaded, and neither the firearm nor any ammunition being transported is readily accessible or is directly accessible from the passenger compartment of such transporting vehicle: Provided, That in the case of a vehicle without a compartment separate from the driver’s compartment the firearm or ammunition shall be contained in a locked container other than the glove compartment or console.
However, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals in Association of New Jersey Rifle and Pistol Clubs v. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey has found that this provision only applies to transporting a firearm in a vehicle, and that carrying a firearm in a locked container in checked luggage in an airport terminal to declare it to the airline constitutes unlawful possession and is not protected under the law. This decision was a direct result of a 2005 incident where Gregg C. Revell, a Utah Resident with a valid Utah Concealed Firearm Permit was traveling through Newark Airport en route to Allentown, Pennsylvania. Because of a missed flight, he was given his luggage, which included a properly checked firearm, and was forced to spend the night in a hotel in New Jersey. When he returned to the airport the following day to check his handgun for the last portion of the trip, he was arrested for illegal possession of a firearm. Revell lost his lawsuit after The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held in Gregg C. Revell v. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, [222] held that "Section 926A does not apply to Revell because his firearm and ammunition were readily accessible to him during his stay in New Jersey." This opinion will apply to NJ airports. If you miss a flight or for any other reason your flight is interrupted and the airline tries to return you luggage that includes a checked firearm, you cannot take possession of the firearm if you are taking a later flight. The Association of New Jersey Rifle and Pistol Clubs (ANJRPC) later also sued the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which resulted in a similar decision.
Assault firearms and magazine capacity[edit]
Firearms classed as "assault firearms" but acquired before May 1, 1990 and registered with the state are legal to possess. Police officers may possess assault weapons for duty purposes and may possess personal assault weapons with recommendation by their agency. FFLs are also allowed to possess "assault firearms."
Assault firearm feature criteria[edit]
Under New Jersey law, a firearm is classified as an "assault firearm" if it meets the following criteria:[25]
Semi-automatic rifles able to accept detachable magazines and at least two of the following:
Folding or telescoping stock
Pistol grip
Bayonet mount
Flash suppressor, or threaded barrel designed to accommodate one
Grenade launcher mount
Semi-automatic pistols with detachable magazines and at least two of the following:
Magazine that attaches outside the pistol grip
Threaded barrel to attach barrel extender, flash suppressor, handgrip, or suppressor
Barrel shroud safety feature that prevents burns to the operator
Unloaded weight of 50 oz (1.4 kg) or more
A semi-automatic version of a fully automatic firearm.
Semi-automatic shotguns with at least two of the following:
Folding or telescoping stock
Pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon
A magazine capacity exceeding six rounds
An ability to accept a detachable magazine
Banned manufacturers, models, and types[edit]
The following manufacturers, models, and types are namingly banned:[26]
Armalite AR-180 type
Australian Automatic Arms SAR
Avtomat Kalashnikov type semi-automatic firearms
Beretta AR-70 and BM59 semi-automatic firearms
Bushmaster Assault Rifle
Calico M-900 Assault carbine and M-900
CETME G3
Chartered Industries of Singapore SR-88 type
Colt AR-15 and CAR-15 series (Colt Match Target Rifle are allowed)
Daewoo K-1, K-2, Max 1 and Max 2, AR 100 types
Demro TAC-1 carbine type
Encom MP-9 and MP-45 carbine types
FAMAS MAS223 types
FN-FAL, FN-LAR, or FN-FNC type semi-automatic firearms
Franchi SPAS 12 and LAW 12 shotguns
G3SA type
Galil type Heckler and Koch HK91, HK93, HK94, MP5, PSG-1
Intratec TEC 9 and 22 semi-automatic firearms
M1 carbine type
M14S type (M1a's are allowed)
MAC 10, MAC 11, MAC 11-9mm carbine type firearms
PJK M-68 carbine type
Plainfield Machine Company Carbine
Ruger K-Mini-14/5F and Mini-14/5RF
SIG AMT, SIG 550SP, SIG 551SP, SIG PE-57 types
SKS with detachable magazine type
Spectre Auto carbine type
Springfield Armory BM59 and SAR-48 type
Sterling MK-6, MK-7 and SAR types
Steyr A.U.G. semi-automatic firearms
USAS 12 semi-automatic type shotgun
Uzi type semi-automatic firearms
Valmet M62, M71S, M76, or M78 type semi-automatic firearms
Weaver Arm Nighthawk
Magazine capacity[edit]
In New Jersey, it is illegal to possess any magazine that is capable of accepting more than 15 rounds for semi-automatic rifles/pistols and 6 rounds for semi-automatic shotguns. Police officers may possess these magazines for both personal and official purposes. FFLs may also possess these magazines (N.J.S.A 2C:39-1(y)[27]).
Bump stock[edit]
In his final day in office in January 2018, Governor of New Jersey Chris Christie signed legislation making the gun accessory bump stock illegal.[28]
New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law[edit]
The New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law is a 2002 state law that requires that all handguns sold in the state be smart guns once such guns are available.[29]
Main article: New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law
See also[edit]
Law of New Jersey
New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "State Gun Laws: New Jersey", National Rifle Association – Institute for Legislative Action. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "New Jersey State Law Summary", Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly. "N.J.S.A. 2C:39-1". Statutes of New Jersey. New Jersey.
Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly. "N.J.S.A. 2C:39-1(y)". Statutes of New Jersey. New Jersey.
Jump up ^ "Title 13. Law and Public Safety – Chapter 54. Firearms and Weapons", New Jersey State Police. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly. "N.J.S.A. 2C:39-3(a-c)". Statutes of New Jersey. New Jersey.
Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly. "N.J.S.A. 2C:58-5". Statutes of New Jersey. New Jersey.
Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly. "N.J.S.A. 2C:58-3". Statutes of New Jersey. New Jersey.
Jump up ^ "TITLE 13. LAW AND PUBLIC SAFETY CHAPTER 54. FIREARMS AND WEAPONS" "Transportation and Use of Hollow Point Ammunition by Sportsmen", New Jersey State Police. Retrieved March 16. 2013
Jump up ^ "State v Brian Aitken". Rutgers law school. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly. "N.J.S.A. 2C:58-3(f)". Statutes of New Jersey. New Jersey.
Jump up ^ http://law.justia.com/cases/new-jersey/appellate-division-unpublished/2014/a1282-12.html
Jump up ^ http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2014/12/jersey_city_man_gets_gun_permit_after_three-year_legal_war.html
Jump up ^ http://law.justia.com/cases/new-jersey/appellate-division-unpublished/2014/a0498-12.html
Jump up ^ "Large Capacity Ammunition Magazines in New Jersey", Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Graber, Trish G. "Gov. Corzine Signs New Law Limiting N.J. Gun Purchases", The Star-Ledger, August 6, 2009
Jump up ^ Form SP-015: Application for Multiple Handgun Purchase Exemption, New Jersey State Police. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Gun Permits", New Jersey Courts. Retrieved March 16. 2013.
Jump up ^ "Application for permit to carry a handgun" New Jersey State Police. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "IN RE: the Application for a New Jersey Permit to Carry a Handgun" Superior Court of New Jersey,Appellate Division. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Roma, James. "Registered and licensed private". Retrieved 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly. "N.J.S.A. 2C:39-6(l)". Statutes of New Jersey. New Jersey.
Jump up ^ "Retired Officers Right to Carry" New Jersey State Police. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ [Concealed Carry Permit Holders Across the United States, Crime Prevention Research Center, July 9, 2014]
Jump up ^ 5.N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:39-1w(5)
Jump up ^ 1.N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:39-5f
Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly. "N.J.S.A. 2C:39-1(y)". Statutes of New Jersey. New Jersey.
Jump up ^ http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2018/01/nj_bans_gun_device_used_in_las_vegas_shooting_afte.html
Jump up ^ Joseph Steinberg (January 11, 2016). "Smartguns: What You Need to Know". Inc. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
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