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List of Anglo-Saxon saints
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The following list contains saints from Anglo-Saxon England during the period of Christianization until the Norman Conquest of England (c. AD 600 to 1066). It also includes other post-biblical saints who, while not themselves English, were strongly associated with particular religious houses in Anglo-Saxon England, for example, their relics reputedly resting with such houses or British saints of the Roman and post-Roman period (3rd to 6th centuries).
The only list of saints which has survived from the Anglo-Saxon period itself is the so-called Secgan, an 11th-century compilation enumerating 89 saints and their resting-places.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Table
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
Table[edit]
Name
Century of death
Origin
Chief medieval resting place
Notes
Acca of Hexham 8th Northumbrian Ripon / Durham / Peterborough Relics translated to Durham 1032; Peterborough Abbey possessed relic in the 12th century [2]
Æbbe of Abingdon 7th West Saxon Oxford Details uncertain [2]
Æbbe "the Elder" of Coldingham 7th Northumbrian Coldingham Translated to Durham in the 11th century [2]
Æbbe "the Younger" of Coldingham 9th Northumbrian Coldingham May be a doppelganger of Æbbe the Elder [3]
Æbbe of Thanet 8th Kentish Minster-in-Thanet Also called Eormenburh, of which "Æbbe" may be a hypocoristic form [3]
Ælfgar of Selwood unknown West Saxon Selwood forest Known only from 16th century source [3]
Ælfgifu of Exeter unknown West Saxon unknown May be Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury [4]
Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury 10th West Saxon Shaftesbury May be Ælfgifu of Exter [4]
Ælfheah of Canterbury 11th West Saxon Canterbury St Augustine's His body lay in London Cathedral from 1012 to 1023, but was translated to Canterbury with the cooperation of Cnut
Ælfheah of Winchester 10th West Saxon Winchester Old Minster
Ælfflæd of Whitby 8th Northumbrian Whitby
Ælfnoth of Stowe 7th Mercian Stowe forest
Ælfthryth of Crowland 9th Mercian Crowland
Ælfwald of Northumbria 8th Northumbrian Hexham
Æthelberht of Bedford unknown Mercian Bedford May be the same as Æthelberht of East Anglia [5]
Æthelberht of East Anglia 8th East Anglian Hereford
Æthelberht of Kent 7th Kentish Ramsey
Æthelburh of Barking 7th East Saxon Barking Remaining relics in Barking were translated to Canterbury in 1030 [5]
Æthelburh of Faremoutiers 7th East Anglian Faremoutiers
Æthelburh of Hackness 8th Northumbrian Hackness
Æthelburh of Kent 7th Kentish Lyminge
Æthelflæd of Ramsey 10th East Anglian Ramsey Wife of Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia [5]
Æthelburh of Wilton 9th West Saxon Wilton Allegedly foundress of Wilton Abbey and half-sister of Ecgberht,[6] king of Wessex and Kent, her existence is unsubstantiated by reliable sources [7]
Æthelflæd of Romsey 10th West Saxon Romsey
Æthelgar of Canterbury 10th West Saxon Canterbury Christ Church Cult attested in the resting-place list of Hugh Candidus [8]
Æthelgyth of Coldingham unknown Northumbrian Coldingham
Æthelmod of Leominster 7th Mercian Leominster
Æthelnoth of Canterbury 11th West Saxon Canterbury Christ Church Although both Mabillon and the Bollandists counted him as a saint, there is no earlier evidence of a formal cult [9]
Æthelred of Kent 7th Kentish Ramsey
Æthelred of Mercia 8th Mercian Bradney
Æthelsige of Ripon unknown Northumbrian Ripon Known only as sanctus Egelsi from a list of bishops resting at Ripon [10]
Æthelstan of England 10th West Saxon Malmesbury The saints cult of the famous English warrior-king is attested in a resting-place list, but is otherwise poorly documented [8]
Æthelthryth of Ely 7th East Anglian Ely Also called "St Audrey"[10]
Æthelwold of Farne 7th Northumbrian Various
Æthelwold of Lindisfarne 8th Northumbrian Lindisfarne Bones left Lindisfarne in the 9th century with the community of St Cuthert; some bones were given to Westminster by King Edgar [11]
Æthelwine of Athelney 7th West Saxon Athelney
Æthelwine of Coln unknown Mercian Coln St Aldwyn
Æthelwine of Lindsey 7th Mercian unknown There is no evidence of an early cult, but he is listed as a saint in Wilson's Martyrologie[12]
Æthelwine of Sceldeforde unknown obscure Sceldeforde No identification of Sceldeforde is regarded as certain today [13]
Æthelwold of Winchester 10th West Saxon Winchester Old Minster
Æthelwynn of Sodbury unknown Mercian Old Sodbury
Aidan of Lindisfarne 7th Gaelic / Northumbrian Glastonbury Bones moved from Lindisfarne to Glastonbury during time of Viking invasions [14]
Alban 3rd Romano-British St Albans
Albinus of Canterbury 8th Kentish Canterbury Christ Church Evidence of cult comes from one resting-place list, but it is otherwise poorly documented [8]
Albinus of Thorney unknown Mercian? Thorney May be Hwita, bishop of Lichfield
Alchhild of Middleham unknown Northumbrian Middleham Possibly a daughter of King Oswig [15]
Alchmund of Hexham 8th Northumbrian Hexham
Alchmund of Derby 9th Northumbrian Derby
Aldatus of Oxford 6th Romano-British? Oxford / Gloucester
Aldhelm of Sherbourne 8th West Saxon Malmesbury
Alfred the Great 9th West Saxon Winchester King of Wessex and Bretwalda. Saint by popular acclaim only, never formally canonised. Relics were lost at the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
Amphibalus of St Albans 3rd Romano-British? St Albans Body at Aldeminstre in the Domesday Breviate resting-place list;[8] body 'discovered' at St Albans in 1178[16]
Arilda of Oldbury unknown Romano-British? Gloucester
Athwulf of Thorney 7th East Anglian Thorney
Augustine of Canterbury 7th Roman Canterbury St Augustine's
Avbur of Stallingborough unknown obscure Stallingborough
Balthere of Tyningham 8th Northumbrian Tyninghame / Durham
Balthild of Romsey 7th Frankish / East Anglian Romsey
Barloc of Norbury unknown British Norbury
Beda of Jarrow 8th Northumbrian Jarrow / Durham / Glastonbury
Bega of Copeland unknown Gaelic / Northumbrian St Bees
Benedict Biscop 7th Northumbrian Thorney
Benignus of Glastonbury unknown West Saxon Glastonbury Also called Beonna [17]
Beocca of Chertsey 9th West Saxon Chertsey 9th
Beonna of Breedon 9th Mercian Breedon-on-the-Hill
Beorhthelm of Stafford unknown Mercian Stafford
Beorhthelm of Shaftesbury[18] unknown West Saxon Shaftesbury Some possibility that he is a 10th-century West Saxon bishop, several bearing this name [19]
Beornstan the Archdeacon unknown Kentish Canterbury St Augustine's The saint-list "Catalogus Sanctorum in Anglia Pausantium" mentions an archdeacon called Byrnstan or Beornstan resting at St Augustine's [8]
Beornstan of Winchester 10th West Saxon Winchester Old Minster
Beornwald of Bampton 10th West Saxon Bampton
Bercthun of Beverley 8th Northumbrian Beverley
Berhtwald of Canterbury 8th Kentish Canterbury St Augustine's
Bertha of Kent 7th Frankish / Kentish Canterbury St Augustine's Mention in the resting-place list of Hugh Candidus [8]
Billfrith of Lindisfarne 8th Northumbrian Durham
Birinus of Dorchester 7th Roman Winchester Old Minster
Blaise 4th Roman Canterbury Christ Church Relics of Saint Blaise were held by Canterbury Christ Church, thought to have been brought from Rome in 908 by Archbishop Plegmund [20]
Blitha of Martham unknown East Anglian Martham Mother of St Walstan [17]
Boisil of Melrose 7th Gaelic / Northumbrian Melrose / Durham
Bosa of York 8th Northumbrian York
Botwine of Ripon 8th Northumbrian Ripon
Botwulf of Thorney 7th East Anglian Thorney
Brannoc of Braunton unknown British Braunton
Branwalator of Milton unknown British Milton Abbas
Ceadda of Lichfield 7th Northumbrian Lichfield
Ceatta of Lichfield unknown obscure Lichfield Possibly a duplication of Ceadda (above) [21]
Cedd of Lichfield 7th Northumbrian Lichfield
Centwine of Wessex 7th West Saxon Glastonbury In the list of saints entitled "Catalogus Sanctorum in Anglia Pausantium", he is listed resting at Glastonbury Abbey [8]
Ceolfrith of Monkwearmouth 8th Northumbrian Langres / Glastonbury / Monkwearmouth
Ceolwulf of Northumbria 8th Northumbrian Lindisfarne
Cett of Oundle unknown obscure Oundle
Credan of Bodmin unknown British Bodmin
Cissa of Crowland 8th East Anglian Thorney
Coenwulf of Mercia 9th Mercian Winchcombe
Congar of Congresbury unknown British Congresbury
Cotta of Breedon 8th Mercian Breedon-on-the-Hill
Credan of Evesham 8th Mercian Evesham
Cuthbald of Peterborough 8th East Anglian Peterborough
Cuthbert of Lindisfarne 7th Northumbrian Durham Bones originally at Lindisfarne, at various places including Carlisle, Norham, Crayke and Chester-le-Street, before settling at Durham in the late 10th century for the remainder of the Middle Ages [22]
Cuthburh of Wimborne 8th West Saxon Wimborne
Cuthflæd of Lyminster unknown South Saxon Lyminster
Cuthmann of Steyning unknown South Saxon Steyning
Cwenburh of Wimborne 8th West Saxon Wimborne
Cyneburh of Castor 7th Mercian Peterborough
Cyneburh of Gloucester 7th Mercian Gloucester
Cynehelm of Mercia 9th Mercian Winchcombe
Cyneswith of Peterborough 7th Mercian Peterborough
Dachuna of Bodmin unknown British Bodmin
Decuman of Watchet unknown British Watchet
Deusdedit of Canterbury 7th Kentish Canterbury St Augustine's / Leominster
Diuma of Charlbury 7th Gaelic / Mercian Charlbury
Domnanuerdh of Beckley unknown obscure Beckley
Dryhthelm of Melrose 8th Northumbrian Melrose Famous for the vision of the afterlife attributed to him by Bede;[23] evidence for cult limited, but he is mentioned in the resting-place list of Hugh Candidus [8]
Dunstan of Canterbury 10th West Saxon Canterbury St Augustine's
Eadberht of Lindisfarne 7th Northumbrian Lindisfarne According to tradition, his bones were taken from Lindisfarne in the late 9th century [24]
Eadburh of Bicester 7th Mercian Bicester
Eadburh of Pershore unknown Mercian Pershore possibly identified with Eadburh of Winchester
Eadburh of Southwell unknown Mercian Southwell
Eadburh of Thanet 8th Kentish Lyminge
Eadburh of Winchester 10th West Saxon Winchester Nunnaminster
Eadfrith of Leominster 7th Northumbrian Leominster
Eadfrith of Lindisfarne 8th Northumbrian Lindisfarne Tradition has it that his bones were taken from Lindisfarne in the late 9th century [25]
Eadgar of England 10th West Saxon Glastonbury
Eadgyth of Aylesbury unknown Mercian Aylesbury
Eadgyth of Polesworth 10th West Saxon Polesworth
Eadgyth of Wilton 10th West Saxon Wilton
Eadmund of East Anglia 9th East Anglian Bury St Edmunds
Eadmund the Confessor unknown obscure unknown Known only in the litany from Lambeth Palace MS 427, a 15th-century addition to a psalter of the 11th century [26]
Eadnoth of Ramsey 11th East Anglian Ely
Eadthryth of Grantham unknown obscure Grantham
Eadweard the Confessor 11th West Saxon Westminster
Eadweard the Martyr 10th West Saxon Shaftesbury
Eadweard of Maugersbury unknown Mercian Maugersbury / Stow-on-the-Wold
Eadwine of Northumbria 7th Northumbrian Whitby / York
Eadwold of Cerne 9th West Saxon Cerne Abbas
Ealdberht of Ripon 8th Northumbrian Ripon / Peterborough
Ealdgyth of Stortford unknown Mercian Bishops Stortford
Eanmund 8th Northumbrian unknown
Eanswith of Folkestone 7th Kentish Folkestone
Earconwald 7th Mercian London / Chertsey
Eardwulf of Northumbria 9th Northumbrian Breedon-on-the-Hill
Earmund of Stoke Fleming unknown West Saxon Stoke Fleming
Eata of Hexham 7th Northumbrian Hexham
Ecgberht of Ripon 8th Northumbrian Ripon
Ecgwine of Evesham 8th Mercian Evesham
Echa of Crayke 8th Gaelic / Northumbrian Crayke
Edor of Chertsey 9th West Saxon Chertsey
Elfin of Warrington unknown British Warrington
Eoda 7th Northumbrian unknown may be identical with St. Oda
Eormengyth of Thanet 7th Kentish Minster-in-Thanet
Eosterwine of Monkwearmouth 7th Northumbrian Monkwearmouth
Evorhilda unknown West Saxon Poppleton
Felix of Dommoc 7th Frankish Ramsey
Firmin of North Crawley unknown Roman? North Crawley / Thorney Compare Fermin, martyr and bishop of Amiens
Florentius of Peterborough unknown Roman Peterborough According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle MS E, his relics were transferred from Bonneval Abbey to Peterborough in 1013; he is perhaps Florentius of Sedun, martyred by the Vandals[27]
Freomund of Mercia 9th Mercian Dunstable
Frithestan of Winchester 10th West Saxon Winchester Old Minster
Frithuric of Breedon 7th Mercian Breedon-on-the-Hill
Frithuswith of Oxford 8th Mercian Oxford
Frithuwold of Chertsey 7th Mercian Chertsey
Fursey of Cnobheresburg 7th Gaelic / East Anglian Péronne
Grimbald of St Bertin 10th Frankish Winchester New Minster
Guthlac of Crowland 8th East Anglian Crowland
Hadrian of Canterbury 8th Roman Canterbury St Augustine's Born in the Roman exarchate of Africa, conquered by the Arabs in Hadrian's lifetime [28]
Hædde of Winchester 8th West Saxon Winchester Old Minster
Hæmma of Leominster 7th Mercian Leominster
Hereberht of Huntingdon unknown obscure unknown
Herefrith of Thorney unknown East Anglian Thorney May have been a bishop of Lindsey [28]
Hilda of Whitby 7th Northumbrian Whitby / Glastonbury
Hildeburh 7th Mercia Dee Estuary
Hildelith of Barking 8th East Saxon Barking
Hiurmine of Blythburgh 7th East Anglian Blythburgh / Bury St Edmunds
Honorius of Canterbury 7th Roman Canterbury St Augustine's
Huna of Thorney 7th East Anglian Thorney
Humbert of Stokenham unknown West Saxon Stokenham
Hwita of Whitchurch Canonicorum unknown West Saxon Whitchurch Canonicorum
Hygebald of Lindsey 7th obscure Hibaldstow
Hyglac 8th Northumbrian unknown
Indract of Glastonbury 9th Gaelic / West Saxon Glastonbury
Inicium unknown obscure Thorney Body appears to have been in Bochesuurtha, perhaps either Boxworth or Buckworth, before resting at Thorney [29]
Ivo of Ramsey unknown British Ramsey
Iwig of Wilton 7th Northumbrian Wilton
Jermin 8th East Anglian Bury St. Edmunds Killed at the Battle of Bulcamp, his body was translated from Blythburgh. Also known as Jurmin
John of Beverley 8th Northumbrian Beverley
John the Sage unknown obscure Malmesbury William of Malmesbury believed this saint to be John Scotus Erigena, while historian Michael Lapidge has suggested John the Old Saxon, scholar of Alfred the Great [30]
Judoc of Winchester 7th British Winchester New Minster
Jurmin 7th East Anglian Killed in Battle with Penda Prince of East Anglia, Son of King Anna
Justus of Canterbury 7th Roman Canterbury St Augustine's
Juthwara of Sherborne 6th Dumnonia, sub-Roman British Sherborne
Laurence of Canterbury 7th Roman Canterbury St Augustine's
Leofwynn of Bishopstone 7th South Saxon Bishopstone
Mærwynn of Romsey 10th West Saxon Romsey
Maildub of Malmesbury 7th Gaelic / West Saxon Malmesbury
Margaret of Wessex 11th West Saxon Dunfermline
Mellitus of Canterbury 7th Roman Canterbury St Augustine's
Melorius of Amesbury unknown British Amesbury
Merefin unknown Mercian unknown
Mildburh of Wenlock 8th Mercian Wenlock
Mildgyth 8th Mercian unknown
Mildrith of Thanet 8th Mercian Minster-in-Thanet / Canterbury St Augustine's
Milred of Worcester 8th Mercian Berkswell
Modwenna of Burton unknown Gaelic / Mercian Burton
Monegunda of Watton 6th Frankish Watton
Nectan of Hartland unknown British Hartland
Neot unknown British St Neots
Nothhelm of Canterbury 8th Kentish Canterbury St Augustine's
Oda of Canterbury 10th Anglo-Norse Canterbury Christ Church
Odwulf of Evesham 9th Frisian Evesham
Osana of Howden 8th? Northumbrian Howden
Osburh of Coventry unknown Mercian Coventry
Osgyth 7th East Saxon Chich / Aylesbury
Osthryth 7th Northumbrian Bardney
Oswald of Northumbria 7th Northumbrian Lindisfarne / Gloucester / various Body rested at Bardney, hands at Bamburgh and head at Lindisfarne in the time of Bede; body was translated to Gloucester in 909; the right-arm was later at Peterborough, with the head at Durham and some other bones at Glastonbury [31]
Oswald of Worcester 10th Anglo-Norse Worcester
Oswine of Northumbria 7th Northumbrian Tynemouth / Durham Despite a brief period at Durham, Oswine rested at Tynemouth Priory; Durham possessed the head [32]
Pandionia of Eltisley unknown obscure Eltisley
Patrick unknown Romano-British Glastonbury (/Armagh) Body was alleged to be buried at Glastonbury in the Anglo-Saxon period, though it was discovered by John de Courcy and translated to Armagh Cathedral in 1185[33]
Paulinus of York 7th Roman Rochester
Pega of Peakirk 8th East Anglian Peakirk
Rayne unknown obscure unknown
Regenhere of Northampton 9th East Anglian Northampton
Ruffinus of Stone 7th Mercia Stone
Rumon of Tavistock unknown British Ruan Lanihorne / Tavistock
Rumwold of Buckingham unknown Mercian Buckingham
Samson of Dol 6th British Milton Abbas
Sæbbi of London 7th East Saxon London Cult uncertain [34]
Sativola of Exeter 6th Dumnonia Sub-Roman British Exeter Venerated throughout the Middle Ages in Devon, she has been linked with the 6th Cornish anchoress Sitofolla, sister of Paul Aurelian [35]
Seaxburh of Ely 8th East Anglian Ely
Sicgred of Ripon 8th Northumbrian Ripon / Peterborough
Sigeburh of Thanet 8th Kentish Minster-in-Thanet
Sigfrith of Monkwearmouth 7th Northumbrian Monkwearmouth
Swithhun of Winchester 9th West Saxon Winchester Old Minster
Tatberht of Ripon 8th Northumbrian Ripon / Peterborough
Tancred of Thorney 9th East Anglian Thorney
Torthred of Thorney 9th East Anglian Thorney
Tova of Thorney 9th East Anglian Thorney
Theodore of Canterbury 7th Roman Canterbury St Augustine's
Tibba of Ryhall 7th Mercian Ryhall / Peterborough
Ultan the Scribe 8th Gaelic / Northumbrian unknown Gaelic scribe-priest known only from the 9th-century work of a monk named Æthelwulf, De Abbatibus [36]
Urith of Chittlehampton unknown British Chittlehampton In Latin, Hyaritha; name probably represents Welsh Iwerydd [36]
Wendreda 7th East Anglian Ely/March, Cambridgeshire
Werburh of Chester 8th Mercian Hanbury / Chester
Wærstan unknown Mercian Great Malvern
Walstan of Bawburgh unknown East Anglian Bawburgh
Wigstan of Repton 9th Mercian Repton / Evesham
Wihtberht 8th Northumbrian Ripon
Wihtburh of Ely 8th East Anglian Ely
Wihtred of Thorney unknown obscure Thorney
Wilfrith of Hexham 8th Northumbrian Ripon / Canterbury Christ Church
Wilfrith II 8th Northumbrian Ripon
Wilgils of Ripon 7th Northumbrian Ripon / Peterborough
Wilgyth of Cholsey 6th Dumnonia, sub-Roman Britain Cholsey
Wulfgar of Peterborough unknown obscure Peterborough
Wulfhad of Stone 7th obscure Stone
Wulfhild of Barking 11th Mercian Barking
Wulfram of Grantham 8th Frankish Grantham
Wulfric of Holme 10th East Anglian Holme
Wulfsige of Sherborne 11th West Saxon Sherborne
Wulfthryth 11th West Saxon Wilton
Wynthryth of March unknown obscure March / Ely
Anglo-Norse, of mixed English and Scandinavian extraction characteristic of northern and central England in the later Anglo-Saxon era
British, from the British population native to pre-Germanic England, including Welsh, Cornish, Cumbrian and Celtic Armoricans, as well as saints from regions of England Anglicized very late
East Anglian, ethnically English and either from or strong associated with the East Anglian region of early medieval England, modern Norfolk, Suffolk as well as some of Cambridgeshire or Lincolnshire
East Saxon, ethnically English and either from or strong associated with the East Saxon region of early medieval England
Frankish, from the Frankish kingdom in Gaul, including native Latin-speakers but excluding Bretons
Frisian, from the Frisian region of early medieval Europe
Gaelic, in origin a Gaelic-speaking Celt from Ireland or northern Britain
Kentish, ethnically English and either from or strong associated with the Kentish region of early medieval England
Mercian, ethnically English and either from or strong associated with the Mercian region of early medieval England
Northumbrian, ethnically English and either from or strong associated with the Northumbrian region of early medieval England
Roman, from the Roman (or 'Byzantine') Empire, excluding Britain
Romano-British, from Roman Britain and neither clearly British or clearly Latin
South Saxon, ethnically English and either from or strongly associated with the South Saxon region of early medieval England
West Saxon, ethnically English and either from or strongly associated with the West Saxon region of early medieval England
See also[edit]
Secgan
List of saints of Ireland
List of Cornish saints
List of Welsh saints
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ D. W. Rollason, "Lists of saints' resting-places in Anglo-Saxon England" in ASE 7 (1978), p. 62
^ Jump up to: a b c Blair, "Handlist", p. 502
^ Jump up to: a b c Blair, "Handlist", p. 503
^ Jump up to: a b Blair, "Handlist", p. 504
^ Jump up to: a b c Blair, "Handlist", p. 506
Jump up ^ Farmer, Oxford Dictionary of Saints, s.v. "Alburga", p. 13
Jump up ^ Yorke, Nunneries, p. 76
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Blair, "Handlist", p. 563
Jump up ^ Farmer, Oxford Dictionary of Saints, s.v. "Ethelnoth", p. 166
^ Jump up to: a b Blair, "Handlist", p. 507
Jump up ^ Blair, "Handlist", p. 508
Jump up ^ Farmer, Oxford Dictionary of Saints, s.v. "Elwin", p. 157
Jump up ^ Blair, "Handlist", pp. 508–09
Jump up ^ Blair, "Handlist", p. 510
Jump up ^ Blair, "Handlist", p. 511
Jump up ^ Farmer, Oxford Dictionary of Saints, s.v. "Amphibalus", p. 20
^ Jump up to: a b Blair, "Handlist", p. 515
Jump up ^ Known only from the Hagiography of the Secgan Manuscript. Stowe MS 944 Archived 2014-01-03 at Archive.is, British Library.
Jump up ^ Blair, "Handlist", p. 516
Jump up ^ Pfaff, "The Calendar", p. 66
Jump up ^ Blair, "Handlist", p. 520
Jump up ^ Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 79–86
Jump up ^ Farmer, Oxford Dictionary of Saints, s.v. "Drithelm", p. 136
Jump up ^ Blair, "Handlist", p. 525
Jump up ^ Blair, "Handlist", p. 527
Jump up ^ Blair, "Handlist", p. 528
Jump up ^ Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 144, n. 8
^ Jump up to: a b Blair, "Handlist", p. 537
Jump up ^ Blair, "Handlist", pp. 540–41
Jump up ^ Blair, "Handlist", p. 542
Jump up ^ Blair, "Handlist", pp. 549–50; Craig, "Oswald"
Jump up ^ Blair, "Handlist", pp. 550–51
Jump up ^ Stancliffe, "Patrick"
Jump up ^ Blair, "Handlist", p. 564
Jump up ^ Blair, "Handlist", p. 554
^ Jump up to: a b Blair, "Handlist", p. 557
References[edit]
Blair, John (2002), "A Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Saints", in Thacker, Alan; Sharpe, Richard, Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 495–565, ISBN 0-19-820394-2
Craig, D. J. (2004), "Oswald [St Oswald] (603/4–642), king of Northumbria", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, retrieved 2011-02-06
Farmer, David Hugh (1992), The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (New ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-283069-4
F. Liebermann, Die Heiligen Englands, Hanover, 1889.
Pfaff, Richard W. (1992), "The Calendar", in Gibson, Margaret T.; Heslop, T. A.; Pfaff, William, The Eadwine Psalter: Text, Image, and Monastic Culture in Twelfth-Century Canterbury, London: The Modern Humanities Research Association (in conjunction with The Pennsylvania State University Press), pp. 62–87, ISBN 0-947623-46-9
Susan J. Ridyard, The Royal Saints of Anglo-Saxon England: A Study of West Saxon and East Anglican Cults, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series, 1988.
D. W. Rollason, "Lists of saints' resting-places in Anglo-Saxon England" in ASE 7 (1978), 61-93.
Stancliffe, Clare (2004), "Patrick (fl. 5th cent.), patron saint of Ireland", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, retrieved 2011-02-07
Swanton, Michael, ed. (2000), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles (New ed.), London: Phoenix Press, ISBN 1-84212-003-4
Woolf, Alex (2007), From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5
Yorke, Barbara (2003), Nunneries and the Anglo-Saxon Royal Houses, London: Continuum, ISBN 0-8264-6040-2
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Presumption of innocence
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Criminal procedure
Criminal trials and convictions
Rights of the accused
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Presumption of innocence
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1 US courts
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The presumption of innocence, sometimes referred to by the Latin expression ei incumbit probatio qui dicit, non qui negat (the burden of proof is on the one who declares, not on one who denies), is the principle that one is considered innocent unless proven guilty.
In many states, presumption of innocence is a legal right of the accused in a criminal trial, and it is an international human right under the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 11. Under the presumption of innocence, the legal burden of proof is thus on the prosecution, which must collect and present compelling evidence to the trier of fact. The trier of fact (a judge or a jury) is thus restrained and ordered by law to consider only actual evidence and testimony presented in court. The prosecution must, in most cases prove that the accused is guilty beyond reasonable doubt. If reasonable doubt remains, the accused must be acquitted.
Under the Justinian Codes and English common law, the accused is presumed innocent in criminal proceedings, and in civil proceedings (like breach of contract) both sides must issue proof.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Roman law
1.2 Islamic law
2 Middle Ages in Europe
2.1 Common law
2.2 Civil law
3 Meaning
4 The fundamental right
5 Modern practices
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Roman law[edit]
The sixth century Digest of Justinian (22.3.2) provides, as a general rule of evidence: Ei incumbit probatio qui dicit, non qui negat[1]—"Proof lies on him who asserts, not on him who denies".[2] It is there attributed to the second and third century jurist Paul. It was introduced in Roman criminal law by emperor Antoninus Pius.[3]
Islamic law[edit]
Similar to that of Roman Law, Islamic law also holds the principle that the onus of proof is on the accuser or claimant based on a hadith documented by Imam Nawawi.[4] 'Suspicion' is also highly condemned, this also from a hadith documented by Imam Nawawi[5] as well as Imam Bukhari[6] and Imam Muslim.[7]
After the time of Muhammad, the fourth Caliph Ali ibn Abi Thalib has also been cited to say 'Avert the prescribed punishment by rejecting doubtful evidence.'[8]
Middle Ages in Europe[edit]
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe fell back on a Germanic system that presumed guilt. The accused could prove his innocence by having, for example, twelve people swear that he could not have done what he was accused of. This tended to favor the nobility over the lower classes.[9]
Common law[edit]
In sources from common law jurisdictions, the expression appears in an extended version, in its original form and then in a shortened form (and in each case the translation provided varies). As extended, it is: Ei incumbit probatio, qui dicit, non qui negat; cum per rerum naturam factum negantis probatio nulla sit—"The proof lies upon him who affirms, not upon him who denies; since, by the nature of things, he who denies a fact cannot produce any proof."[10] As found in its original form, it is (as above): Ei incumbit probatio qui dicit, non qui negat—"The proof lies upon the one who affirms, not the one who denies."[11][12] Then, shortened from the original, it is: Ei incumbit probatio qui—"the onus of proving a fact rests upon the man".[13]
Civil law[edit]
The maxim or its equivalent has been adopted by many civil law systems, including Brazil,[14] France,[15] Italy,[16][17] Philippines,[18] Poland,[19] Romania[20] and Spain.[21]
Meaning[edit]
Sir William Garrow coined the phrase "presumed innocent until proven guilty", insisting that defendants' accusers and their evidence be thoroughly tested in court
"Presumption of innocence" serves to emphasize that the prosecution has the obligation to prove each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt (or some other level of proof depending on the criminal justice system) and that the accused bears no burden of proof.[22] This is often expressed in the phrase innocent until proven guilty, coined by the English lawyer Sir William Garrow (1760–1840).[23] Garrow insisted that accusers be robustly tested in court. An objective observer in the position of the juror must reasonably conclude that the defendant almost certainly committed the crime.[24]
The presumption of innocence was originally expressed by the French cardinal and jurist Jean Lemoine in the phrase "item quilbet presumitur innocens nisi probetur nocens (a person is presumed innocent until proven guilty)", based on the legal inference that most people are not criminals.[25] However, this referred not merely to the fact that the burden of proof rests on the prosecution in a criminal case, but the protections which a defendant should be given-prior notice of the accusation being made against them, the right of confrontation, right to counsel, etc.[26] It is literally considered favorable evidence for the accused that automatically attaches at trial.[27] It requires that the trier of fact, be it a juror or judge, begin with the presumption that the state is unable to support its assertion.[25] To ensure this legal protection is maintained a set of three related rules govern the procedure of criminal trials. The presumption means:[22]
With respect to the critical facts of the case—whether the crime charged was committed and whether the defendant was the person who committed the crime—the state has the entire burden of proof.
With respect to the critical facts of the case, the defendant does not have any burden of proof whatsoever. The defendant does not have to testify, call witnesses or present any other evidence, and if the defendant elects not to testify or present evidence, this decision cannot be used against them.
The jury or judge is not to draw any negative inferences from the fact the defendant has been charged with a crime and is present in court and represented by an attorney. They must decide the case solely on evidence presented during the trial.
This duty on the prosecution was famously referred to as the “golden thread” in the criminal law by Lord Sankey LC in Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462:
“ Throughout the web of the English criminal law one golden thread is always to be seen—that it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoner's guilt subject to what I have already said as to the defence of insanity and subject also to any statutory exception... ”
The fundamental right[edit]
This right is so important in modern democracies, constitutional monarchies and republics that many have explicitly included it in their legal codes and constitutions:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 11, states: "Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.".
The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of the Council of Europe says (art. 6.2): "Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law". This convention has been adopted by treaty and is binding on all Council of Europe members. Currently (and in any foreseeable expansion of the EU) every country member of the European Union is also member to the Council of Europe, so this stands for EU members as a matter of course. Never the less, this assertion is iterated verbatim in Article 48 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.
In Canada, section 11(d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms states: "Any person charged with an offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal".
In the Colombian constitution, Title II, Chapter 1, Article 29 states that "Every person is presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law".
In France, article 9 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen 1789, which has force as constitutional law, begins: "Any man being presumed innocent until he has been declared guilty ...". The Code of Criminal Procedure states in its preliminary article that "any person suspected or prosecuted is presumed innocent for as long as their guilt has not been established"[15] and the jurors' oath repeats this assertion (article 304).[28] However, there exists a popular misconception that under French law, the accused is presumed guilty until proven innocent.[29]
In Iran, Article 37 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran states: "Innocence is to be presumed, and no one is to be held guilty of a charge unless his or her guilt has been established by a competent court".
In Italy, the second paragraph of Article 27 of the Constitution states: "A defendant shall be considered not guilty until a final sentence has been passed."[30]
In Romania, article 23 of the Constitution states that "any person shall be presumed innocent until found guilty by a final decision of the court."
The Constitution of Russia, in article 49, states that "Everyone charged with a crime shall be considered not guilty until his or her guilt has been proven in conformity with the federal law and has been established by the valid sentence of a court of law". It also states that "The defendant shall not be obliged to prove his or her innocence" and "Any reasonable doubt shall be interpreted in favor of the defendant".
In the South African Constitution, section 35(3)(h) of the Bill of Rights states: "Every accused person has a right to a fair trial, which includes the right to be presumed innocent, to remain silent, and not to testify during the proceedings."
Although the Constitution of the United States does not cite it explicitly, presumption of innocence is widely held to follow from the 5th, 6th, and 14th amendments. The case of Coffin v. United States (1895) established the presumption of innocence of persons accused of crimes. See also In re Winship.
In New Zealand, the New Zealand Bill of Rights 1990 provides inter alia at section 25 (c) "Everyone who is charged with an offence has, in relation to the determination of the charge, the following minimum rights: (c) the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law"[31]
Modern practices[edit]
This section contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (May 2014)
Article 48 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union affirms the right to the presumption of innocence
Some[which?] legal systems have employed de jure presumptions of guilt, such as at an order to show cause criminal proceeding. Otherwise, accusations of presumption of guilt generally do not imply an actual legal presumption of guilt, but rather denounce failures to ensure that suspects are treated well and are offered good defence conditions. Typical infringements could include:
Suspects held at Guantanamo Bay have been detained for long periods while inquiries proceed. Such long imprisonment constitutes, in practice, a hardship and a punishment for the suspect, even though they have not been sentenced. (See speedy trial)
Courts may prefer the testimonies of persons of certain class, status, ethnicity, sex, or economic or political standing over those of others, regardless of actual circumstances.
Until relatively recently, it was common for the justice system[which?] to have suspects tortured to extract confessions from them, since circumstantial evidence was rarely analyzed or admitted in those times. Although this practice has generally been disallowed in the more recent past, except during 20th-century fascist and Soviet governments, there have been attempts to introduce evidence obtained from suspects tortured elsewhere.
In the United Kingdom changes have been made affecting this principle. Defendants' previous convictions may in certain circumstances be revealed to juries. Although the suspect is not compelled to answer questions after formal arrest, failure to give information may now be prejudicial at trial. Statute law also exists which provides for criminal penalties for failing to decrypt data on request from the Police. If the suspect is unwilling to do so, it is an offence.[32] Citizens can therefore be convicted and imprisoned without any evidence that the encrypted material was unlawful. Furthermore, in sexual offence cases such as rape, where the sexual act has already been proved beyond reasonable doubt, there are a limited number of circumstances where the defendant has an obligation to adduce evidence that the complainant consented to the sexual act, or that the defendant reasonably believed that the complainant was consenting. These circumstances include, for example, where the complainant was unconscious, unlawfully detained, or subjected to violence.[33]
Scottish law provides for a third verdict: "not proven."
In some[which?] jurisdictions, state-funded defences may not match the quality of state-funded prosecutions. Further, where a defendant funds his or her own defence, the cost is borne solely by the individual, whereas the burden of funding a prosecution is collectively borne by the state. Individual defence resources in finances, information, equipment, expertise, research, and personnel may not match the resources of a government, especially if the defendant is imprisoned.
Guaranteeing the presumption of innocence extends beyond the judicial system. For instance, in many countries journalistic codes of ethics state that journalists should refrain from referring to suspects as though their guilt is certain. For example, they use "suspect" or "defendant" when referring to the suspect, and use "alleged" when referring to the criminal activity that the suspect is accused of. Failure to adhere to these practices may result in lawsuits in the event that the suspect is cleared of wrongdoing.
More subtly, publishing of the prosecution's case without proper defence argumentation may in practice constitute presumption of guilt. Publishing a roster of arrested suspects may constitute undeserved punishment as well, since in practice it damages the reputation of innocent suspects. Private groups fighting certain abuses may also apply similar tactics, such as publishing the real name, address, and phone number of suspects, or even contacting the suspects' employer, friends and neighbors.
Modern practices aimed at curing social ills may run against presumption of innocence. Some civil rights organizations, such as the Canadian Civil Liberties Association consider pre-employment drug testing, while legal, as violating this principle, as potential employees are presumed to be users of illegal drugs, and must prove themselves innocent through the test.[34] Similarly, critics argue that prevailing policies of zero tolerance toward sexual harassment or racial discrimination show a strong presumption of guilt. These dispositions were meant to ease the burden of proof on the victim, since in practice harassment or discrimination practices are hard to prove.[citation needed]
Civil rights activists note that the well-meaning practices so adopted may have a deleterious effect on justice being served. An example is the use of a screen in sexual assault cases, which is set up to prevent the complainant from being distressed at the sight of the accused.[citation needed] Where a victim was in fact victimized by the accused, this may be argued to serve the principles of therapeutic justice.[35]
See also[edit]
Blackstone's formulation
Due process
Habeas corpus
Null hypothesis
Rebuttable presumption
Right to a fair trial
Right to silence
Trial by media
Presumption of supply in New Zealand
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Digesta seu Pandectae 22.3.2". Grenoble: Université Pierre-Mendés-France. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
Jump up ^ Watson, Alan, ed. (1998) [1985]. "22.3.2". The Digest of Justinian. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1636-9.
Jump up ^ See Bury, p. 527
Jump up ^ Imam Nawawi. 1977. An-Nawawi’s Forty Hadith (Second Edition English Translation by Ezzedin Ibrahim). Damascus: Holy Koran Pub. House, Hadith No. 33
Jump up ^ Riyaadus Shaaliheen, Hadith No. 1573
Jump up ^ Sahih Al-Bukhari (English Version), Vol. 8, Book 73, Hadith 90
Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim (English Version), Book 32, Hadith 6214
Jump up ^ Imam ibn Hajar's Bulugh al-Maram (English Version), Book 10, Hadith 1260
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ F. Nan Wagoner (1917-06-01). "Wagoner's Legal Quotes web page". Wagonerlaw.com. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
Jump up ^ Bouvier's Maxims (1856), citing Roman law and then various treatises, q.v.
Jump up ^ "Just Quotes web site". Just-quotes.com. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
Jump up ^ "Glossary". Clickdocs.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
Jump up ^ Decree-Law 3689|date=August 2012
^ Jump up to: a b Code de procédure pénale, article préliminaire (in French)
Jump up ^ "ForoEuropo Italia". Foroeuropeo.it. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
Jump up ^ "Assomedici.It". Assomedici.It. 1993-01-29. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
Jump up ^ People vs. Masalihit, decision of the Supreme Court of The Philippines Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "National Constitutional Law Related to Article 48 – Presumption of Innocence and Right to Defence". European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of Romania, Article 23". Retrieved 2013-06-13.
Jump up ^ Valentin Anders (2010-09-08). "Latin legal maxims in Spanish". Latin.dechile.net. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
^ Jump up to: a b Mueller, Christopher B.; Laird C. Kirkpatrick (2009). Evidence; 4th ed. Aspen (Wolters Kluwer). ISBN 978-0-7355-7968-2. pp. 133–34.
Jump up ^ Moore, Christopher (1997). The Law Society of Upper Canada and Ontario's lawyers, 1797–1997. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-4127-2.
Jump up ^ Rembar, Charles (1980). The Law of the Land. New York: Simon & Schuster.
^ Jump up to: a b Words and Phrases 1914, p. 1168
Jump up ^ http://faculty.cua.edu/Pennington/Law508/InnocentGuilty.htm
Jump up ^ Coffin v. United States, 156 U.S. 432 (1895) “the presumption of innocence is evidence in favor of the accused, introduced by the law in [their] behalf”
Jump up ^ Code de procédure pénale, article 304 (in French).
Jump up ^ Davis, Michael H. (23 May 1992). "French Law Presumes Accused Innocent". New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Italian Constitution" (PDF). The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-27.
Jump up ^ http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1990/0109/latest/DLM225527.html
Jump up ^ "OPSI.gov.uk". OPSI.gov.uk. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
Jump up ^ "legislation.gov.uk". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2011-04-27.
Jump up ^ "Drug Testing: A Bad Investment" (PDF). American Civil Liberties Union. 1999. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
Jump up ^ "Law.arizona.edu". Law.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
References[edit]
"Judicial and Statutory Definitions of Words and Phrases". St. Paul: West Publishing Co. 1914.
Bury, J. B. (1893). A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius.
External links[edit]
The Presumption of Innocence in the French and Anglo-American Legal Traditions
The History of Presumed Innocence
The effects of presuming innocence
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