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Friday (Rebecca Black song)
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"Friday"
Single by Rebecca Black
Released
March 14, 2011[1]
Format
Digital download
Recorded
December 18, 2010 in Los Angeles, California[2]
Genre
Teen pop
Length
3:30 (single release)
3:44 (music video version with rap)
Label
ARK Music Factory
Songwriter(s)
Clarence Jey, Patrice Wilson
Producer(s)
Clarence Jey, Patrice Wilson
Rebecca Black singles chronology
"Friday"
(2011) "My Moment"
(2011)
"Friday"
(2011) "My Moment"
(2011)
Music video
"Rebecca Black - Friday" on YouTube
"Friday" is a song by American singer Rebecca Black, written and produced by Los Angeles record producers Clarence Jey and Patrice Wilson. It was released by ARK Music Factory as Black's debut single on March 14, 2011.[3] The song features a rap verse from Wilson, which was uncredited on the single. Its music video caught a sudden surge of hits after Mystery Science Theater 3000 and Rifftrax comedian Michael J. Nelson called it "the worst video ever made" on Twitter and the song was featured on the Tosh.0 blog.[4][5][6] The song's reception was highly negative.
The original video was removed from YouTube on June 16, 2011, due to legal disputes between ARK Music and Black herself. By then, it had already amassed more than 166 million views.[7] and 3.2 million "dislikes" (88% of total ratings) from YouTube users.[8] The video was uploaded to YouTube again on September 16, 2011 and currently has more than 2.7 million "dislikes" as of July 2017 (79% of total ratings), making it the fifth most disliked video on YouTube. Since the growth in popularity of the song and video, there have been numerous parody videos and remixes.[9] Forbes stated that the notoriety of the song is another sign of the power of social media—specifically Twitter, Facebook, and Tumblr, in this instance—in the ability to create "overnight sensations."[10][11]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and production
2 Composition
3 Critical reception
4 Chart performance
5 Music video
5.1 Development and summary
5.2 Reception
5.3 Controversy
6 Cover versions and popular culture
6.1 Glee Cast cover
6.2 Other versions and performances
7 Charts
8 References
9 External links
Background and production[edit]
"Friday" co-writer Patrice Wilson, a worker at Ark Music Factory, explained that he wrote the lyrics "on a Thursday night going into a Friday. I was writing different songs all night and was like, 'Wow, I've been up a long time and it's Friday.' And I was like, wow, it is Friday!"[12][13]
An Ark Music Factory client told Black's mother about the company's production services in late 2010; Black was 13 at the time, and living in Anaheim Hills, California.[14][15] Black's mother, Georgina Kelly, paid Ark Music $4,000 for a song and accompanying video that included a choice of two pre-written songs. According to Kelly, the payment covered one half or less of the production costs of the music video, and Black's family could have paid nothing in exchange for giving up all rights to the song.[14][16] Black chose "Friday", as "the other song was about adult love – I haven't experienced that yet. I felt like it was my personality in that song."[17][18] Ark Music extensively used the pitch-correcting software Auto-Tune.[19] Although Kelly had some doubts over the quality of the lyrics, Black assured her that "I sang it as they wrote it, Mom."[15]
Composition[edit]
"Friday"
A 22-second sample of "Friday" featuring the chorus where Black sings, "Friday, Friday, gotta get down on Friday".
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Friday" uses the 50s progression, an I-VI-IV-V chord progression that many popular songs have used such as "Heart and Soul" and "Unchained Melody". It is performed in the key of B major at a tempo of 112 beats per minute. According to Randy Lewis of Los Angeles Times, the familiar structure contributes to the song's catchiness, making it what others have called an earworm.[20] The song also sees Black on a harmony track.[21] In a review for Rolling Stone, writer Matthew Perpetua described the vocals as having "a peculiar tonality that inadvertently highlights the absurdity of boilerplate pop lyrics," adding that the tone in the refrain "sounds unlike anything else in pop music." He noted the sound as being not entirely agreeable to listen to, but stated that Black ultimately ends up "sounding like a distinct singer with an alluring sort of anti-charisma."[11] The lyrics of the song speak about "hanging out with friends and having fun."[22] Paul Asay of Plugged In noted that lyrics reflect the happenings of a day, in the life of a teenager like Black, like eating breakfast and going to school.[23] "She's excited 'cause it's Friday. Which means a weekend full of possibility awaits," he concluded.[23]
Critical reception[edit]
Wikinews has related news: 'Worst song of all time' becomes YouTube sensation
The song has received almost universally negative reviews from music critics, for its songwriting, instrumentation, Black's singing voice, and the video choreography. Lyndsey Parker of Yahoo! Music asked if it could be "the worst song ever."[24] On March 29, 2011, it surpassed Justin Bieber's "Baby" as the most disliked YouTube video, with 1.17 million dislikes,[25][26] and once had over 3 million "dislikes", accounting for 88% of the total ratings of the video.[8] The video was later removed, although it has since been officially re-uploaded.[27] The co-writer and producer of "Friday", Clarence Jey, said about the song that "the concept we feel seems to have crossed a lot of boundaries, for the better or worse."[15] Observers have called it "bizarre," "inept," and "hilariously dreadful."[28][29][30] The song and Black herself were "savaged" on social networks across the Internet,[31] while being seen as a "YouTube laughing stock."[32] On YouTube, the video was met with negative comments and video responses, including comments interpreted as "violent".[33] Kevin Rutherford, a columnist for Billboard magazine, wrote, "Black's video for 'Friday' is one of those rare occurrences where even the most seasoned critics of Internet culture don't know where to begin. From the singing straight out of Auto-Tuned hell to lyrics such as 'Tomorrow is Saturday / And Sunday comes afterwards / I don't want this weekend to end' and a hilariously bad rap about passing school buses, 'Friday' is something that simply must be seen and heard to be fully appreciated."[34] Many other reviewers also singled out the lyrics in particular for criticism,[35][36] which were described as "overly simple and repetitive" by TNT Magazine.[37] Jim Edwards of BNET and Doug Gross of CNN both noted that the rap break from the considerably older rapper was "creepy."[38][39] Time ranked it number two on a list of "Top 10 Songs with Silly Lyrics."[40][41]
Despite the overwhelmingly negative reviews, a few reviewers had positive things to say about the song and video. Entertainment Weekly writer Joseph Lynch noted that there was "something sickeningly catchy about this tune that keeps you coming back for more."[29] Rolling Stone's Perpetua stated, "When you see this video, you immediately notice everything that it does 'wrong', but it actually gets a lot of things about pop music right, if just by accident."[11] OK! Magazine also noted that "some are calling the 13-year-old signed singer the next Justin Bieber."[42] After watching the video, singer Chris Brown said: "Honest opinion? It was great. I'll be jammin' to it on Friday, Friday."[43][44] Fellow teenage singer Miley Cyrus denied that she had criticized Black, saying "I am a fan" and that she sang "Friday" while driving.[45] Simon Cowell praised Black, saying "I love her [and] the fact that she's gotten so much publicity. People are so upset about the song, but I think it's hysterical. [...] Anyone who can create this much controversy within a week, I want to meet. I love people like that."[46] He observed that "any song to do with the weekend annoys you. It reminds me of 'Saturday Night'... It's what we call a 'hair-dryer song,' a song girls sing into their hair dryers as they're getting ready to go out. But the fact that it's making people so angry is brilliant."[47] Cowell advised Black not to "listen to anyone over the age of 18. I'm being deadly serious. Whatever she's done has worked. Whether you like her or not, she's the most talked-about artist in America right now. Nobody over the age of 18 should understand her or like her. So she should just do it her way."[48]
On May 6, 2012, Patrice Wilson released his sequel to the song "Friday", titled "Happy", focusing on Saturdays.[49][50] In December 2013, Rebecca Black released her own sequel, entitled "Saturday".[51][52]
Chart performance[edit]
By March 21, 2011, the "Friday" music video had been viewed more than 30 million times on YouTube.[53] Forbes estimated that as of that date, Black and ARK Music had earned $20,000 from YouTube's revenue-sharing program,[54] and Billboard estimated iTunes sales of approximately 43,000 copies, roughly equivalent to $26,700 in royalties.[55] Within a week after being released on iTunes, it had jumped to 19 on their sales chart, on March 19, 2011.[56][57][58] "Friday" debuted on the US Hot Digital Songs chart at number 57[59] and went on to peak at number 38.[60] "Friday" debuted on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 33 on March 21, 2011.[61] The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 72 and rose to 58 the next week.[62] It sold 87,000 copies in the United States over its first two weeks[62] and has gone on to sell 442,000 copies, as of December 2013.[63] The song also received airplay in Sweden.[64] In the United States, it was played 12 times from March 16 to 22, considered low for a Hot 100 song.[65] Despite the song's strong performance elsewhere, Georgina Kelly claimed in late March 2011 that her daughter had not received any money from the song's sales to that point in time, saying "We haven't received a dime from anywhere."[12]
Music video[edit]
Development and summary[edit]
The concept for the music video is based on the lyrics and presented as a typical Friday for Black.[66] She wakes up and goes to school, meeting her friends on the way. In the evening, after debating whether to sit in the front or back of a convertible, Black and her friends[67] ride the car to a party at 7:45 pm.[68] Patrice Wilson appears near the end of the song to deliver a short rap.[69][70] The video was shot on January 6, 2011[2] at Black's father's house with friends and family as extras, and requiring multiple takes over 12 hours.[14] Some of those extras became stars in their own right; her friends Benni Cinkle, Amanda Cooper and Hayley Grodt.[citation needed] Ark Music, according to Black's parents, cautioned them and her that they should not expect her to become famous. Black hoped that her friends and family would enjoy watching the video on YouTube and that it would perhaps help her to later begin a singing career.[14]
Reception[edit]
The video was posted on February 10, 2011 and received 4,000 views, enough to please Black,[14] before comedian Michael J. Nelson's Twitter account and a Tosh.0 blog post, "Songwriting Isn’t for Everyone", drew attention to it on March 11, 2011, turning the video into a viral hit.[6] Criticism of the song's lyrics, the use of Auto-Tune on Black's vocals, as well as the content of the video also caused it to become viral.[24] On May 9, 2011, comments became subject to prior approval for posting. Two days later, commenting was disabled altogether and archives removed. By June 15, 2011, the video had more than 166 million views, and 3.2 million "dislikes" from YouTube users against just 454,000 "likes".[8] It also peaked in the top 20 most watched YouTube videos of all time. After Ark Music attempted to begin charging $2.99 to watch the video a limited number of times on YouTube in June, Black asked YouTube to take the video down.[71]
After reading the harsh reviews of "Friday", Black said that "those hurtful comments really shocked me." Ark Music offered to take the video down from YouTube, but Black refused the offer, saying that she did not wish "to give the haters the satisfaction that they got me so bad I gave up."[72] Black's father has accompanied her in public to guard against potential accosters.[16] In response to criticism over the song's significant use of Auto-Tune, Black performed an acoustic version during an interview with ABC News, which earned over 180,000 dislikes on YouTube (84% of total ratings) by November 2011.[73] Later in the interview Black's mother, Kelly, stated that she was "angry and upset" after Black was brought to tears by comments, such as "I hope you go cut yourself and die" and "'I hope you cut yourself and get an eating disorder so you'll look pretty."[74][75][76] Black said, however, that soon she was able to ignore such comments,[77] and asked Justin Bieber, her idol, to perform a duet with her.[78] Although Bieber has not released an official announcement regarding the offer, he posted on Twitter "sunday comes after saturday? weird."[79] Bieber later sang part of the chorus at one of his concerts.[16] Rolling Stone's Perpetua again praised Black after the interview and said, "She is actually a pretty decent singer. [...] She is a total sweetheart. [...] Black comes off as a well-adjusted, happy and grateful kid."[80] He also pointed out Black's intention to donate part of the profits from the song to school arts programs and relief efforts in Japan following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[80] Benni Cinkle, who became known as "that girl in pink" and appears during the second verse of the video, released her own song entitled "Can You See Me Now" and created an anti-bullying organization (That Girl In Pink Foundation) due to the negative response she got from "Friday".[81][82][83]
The video for "Friday" was later placed at number one in the NME list of "50 Worst Music Videos".[84]
Controversy[edit]
Not long after the "Friday" video went viral on YouTube, Black and her mother, Georgina Kelly, got into legal issues with Ark Music over rights to the song. In a March 29, 2011 letter from Kelly's lawyer to Ark Music, it was alleged that Ark Music failed to fulfill the terms of their November 2010 agreement by not giving her the song and video's master recordings, by claiming Black as exclusively signed to the label, and by exploiting the song without permission – for example, selling a "Friday" ringtone. While Wilson stated that Kelly "will get the masters and the song ... [t]hey can have it all", and agreed that Black was not exclusive to Ark, his attorney claimed that Ark owns the copyright for the song and the November agreement is invalid.[85] In June 2011, Ark Music Factory started charging $2.99 to watch the music video on YouTube.[86] Black's initial response was through a message through her Twitter account saying: "Thanks for all the messages regarding the $2.99 fee added to Friday video, I have nothing to do with this!!"
On June 16, 2011, YouTube took down the official video for "Friday". Instead a message in place of the video read: "This video is no longer available due to a copyright claim by Rebecca Black. Sorry about that."[86] A spokesman for Rebecca Black said her legal team had asked YouTube to take the video down because of an ongoing legal dispute with the song's producers Ark Music Factory. Ark Music Factory responded by saying it was disappointed that Black decided to have the video pulled from YouTube despite the two parties being in "good faith negotiations". It added: "There's been an ongoing, open dialogue with our company. So we were blindsided to get a 'Take Down Notice' alleging copyright infringement instead of a call or e-mail from Rebecca's representatives. Our use of the video has fully been authorized (as evidenced by four uninterrupted months and 160 million-plus viewings without objection) by both Ms. Black and the copyright holder. Regardless, we are going to continue to take the high road and work out the complaint as soon as possible, so that the million-plus people who watch Friday for free each day can continue to enjoy the video."[87] On September 16, 2011, the video was restored to YouTube, on Black's official channel.[27]
Cover versions and popular culture[edit]
Glee Cast cover[edit]
"Friday"
Single by Glee cast
from the album Glee: The Music - The Complete Season Two
Released
May 10, 2011
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2011
Songwriter(s)
Clarence Jey, Patrice Wilson
Producer(s)
Clarence Jey, Patrice Wilson
A cover version was released by the cast of season two of the television series Glee.[88] The cast performed it on the show as well. The official release features cast members Puck (Mark Salling), Artie (Kevin McHale) and Sam (Chord Overstreet) on vocals, as part of the prom festivities on the "Prom Queen" episode that aired on May 10, 2011. Series co-creator Ryan Murphy explained to The Hollywood Reporter the use of the viral hit as a tribute to popular culture. He said: "There’s a rule for it that's explained in the show. The Glee Club is hired to perform songs for the prom and they were told by the principal to please do popular songs that the kids know." Murphy noted that Glee's "Friday" cover offers a different take since it's sung by males for other 17-year-olds. The show pays tribute to pop culture and, love it or hate it, that song is pop culture."[89]
Charts
Chart (2011)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[90] 74
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[91] 33
Ireland (IRMA)[92] 46
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[93] 46
US Billboard Hot 100[94] 34
Other versions and performances[edit]
Mark Salling of Glee
Justin Bieber
Katy Perry
There have been multiple covers of the song, including on the television series Glee, in concert by Justin Bieber, Odd Future and Katy Perry, separately
On April 1, 2011, "Friday" was performed by Stephen Colbert, Jimmy Fallon, Taylor Hicks and The Roots on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. The New York Knicks City Dancers joined in.[95][96] Jimmy Fallon released "Friday" as part of his 2012 Warner Records album, Blow Your Pants Off, which featured high-profile acts such as Paul McCartney and Bruce Springsteen. The album won Best Comedy Album at the 2013 Grammy Awards.[97]
The song has also been covered in a recording by Richard Cheese,[98] and live in concerts by Todd Rundgren,[99] Odd Future,[100] Nick Jonas,[101] and Justin Bieber.[102] Singer Katy Perry performed the song on selected dates during her California Dreams Tour, including at the Rod Laver Arena,[103] Newcastle Entertainment Centre, TD Garden,[104] Air Canada Centre[105] and the 1stBank Center.[106] During the August 5 concert at the Nokia Theatre L.A. Live, Rebecca Black joined Perry onstage, performing the song as a duet.[107]
Numerous parodies of "Friday" have been uploaded to YouTube and become viral in their own right.[108][109] Conan O'Brien and Andy Richter also made a joint parody entitled "Thursday" on the Conan show on TBS.[110] The YouTube phenomenon Bad Lip Reading was launched when an anonymous music and video producer replaced the audio to the "Friday" video with new music and lyrics about gang fighting.[111] "Gang Fight", released in March 2011, earned Bad Lip Reading a million hits and thousands of subscribers, with many spoofs soon following.[111]
Black appears as herself in the music video of Katy Perry's single "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)". She appears as the host of a party in the house next door to that of "Kathy Beth Terry". At the end of the video, "Terry" attempts to blame the excesses of the party (which had subsequently moved to her own house) on Black, only for her parents (Corey Feldman and Debbie Gibson) to disbelieve her.[112]
ARK Music Factory launched its "Ark's TGI Friday Covers" project, showcasing cover versions of "Friday" by well-known artists alongside other user-submitted tributes, re-works, and parodies of the song/video and inviting users to submit their versions for relaying through Ark Music Factory's site.[113] In November 2012, multiple outlets suggested that Nicole Westbrook was "the new Rebecca Black", on release of Patrice Wilson's "It's Thanksgiving".[114][115][116] Kohl's Department Stores used a modified version of the song as its 2011 Black Friday advertising jingle. The hook "It's Friday, Friday, gotta get down on Friday" was changed to "It's Black Friday, Black Friday, Gotta go to Kohl's on Black Friday".[117]
Black made her national television debut by performing a mash-up of the song along with her second single, "My Moment", during America's Got Talent's result night for the YouTube Special round on August 10, 2011. The round featured various acts who have auditioned via YouTube.[118] Rebecca Black sang an acoustic version of the song on Good Morning America.[119] Rebecca performed Friday along with "My Moment", live in Suncorp Place, Sydney as a part of Telstra's 4G LTE network launch.[120] She also sang "Friday" live on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.[121]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2011)
Peak
position
Australian Digital Tracks (ARIA)[122] 40
Brasil Hot 100 Airplay (Billboard Brasil)[123] 66
Brazil Pop Songs (Billboard Brasil)[124] 79
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[125] 61
Ireland (IRMA)[126] 46
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[61] 33
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[127] 60
US Billboard Hot 100[62] 58
US Billboard Heatseekers Songs[128] 1
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Jump up ^ Hawks, Asa (April 22, 2011). "Spokane vortex goes viral with 'Friday' song". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane WA. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Rebecca Black's Friday removed from YouTube". BBC. June 20, 2011. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lee, Ann (March 18, 2011). "Rebecca Black lashes out at Friday 'haters' and refuses to quit as singer". Metro. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Rebecca Black Sings 'Friday' Acoustic on YouTube
Jump up ^ Andrea Canning. Rebecca Black: 'Don't Think I'm the Worst Singer' (Television broadcast). New York NY: Good Morning America. Event occurs at 2:25. Archived from the original (Streaming) on March 18, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "'I cried over all the nasty comments': How did an innocent wannabe like Rebecca Black become America's most reviled teenager?". Daily Mail. London. March 18, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Alison (March 18, 2011). "Rebecca Black Cried Over All the Nasty Comments". People. Time Inc. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Serpe, Gina (March 18, 2011). "Rebecca Black Defends "Friday" Lameness, Drags Justin Bieber Into It". eonline.com. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Carbone, Nick (March 18, 2011). "It's Friiiiday: Let the Rebecca Black Media Blitz Begin". TIME. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Moses, Asher (March 21, 2011). "'Cut and die': the web loves to hate Rebecca Black". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on March 24, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Perpetua, Matthew (March 18, 2011). "What You Need to Know About Teen Viral Phenom Rebecca Black". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hawgood, Alex (July 15, 2011). "No Stardom Until After Homework". The New York Times. New York NY. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Reilly, John (July 19, 2011). "A face in the crowd of cyberbully victims". The Patriot Ledger. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hensel, Amanda (September 2, 2011). "Benni Cinkle Addresses Teen Issues In "Can You See Me Now" Video". Pop Crush. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ 50 Worst Music Videos Ever Retrieved 27th January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Rebecca Black Fighting Ark Music Factory Over 'Friday'". Rolling Stone. April 1, 2011. Retrieved April 1, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rebecca Black's "Friday" removed from YouTube". BBC. June 20, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Rebecca Black's 'Friday' controversy: Video production company says it was 'blindsided' by YouTube removal". Entertainment Weekly. June 20, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Glee covers Rebecca Black's "Friday" - Listen to it here, hen hate yourself for it". Entertainment Weekly. May 6, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Halperin, Shirley; Goldberg, Lesley (May 9, 2011). "Ryan Murphy Explains 'Glee's' Use of Rebecca Black's 'Friday' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chartifacts - Week Commencing: 6th June 2011". Australian Recording Industry Association. June 6, 2011. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nielsen Music: Canadian Update (May 13, 2011)" (PDF). Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 20, 2011". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "GLEE CAST". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Grein, Paul (May 18, 2011). "Week Ending May 15, 2011. Songs: Idol Boosts Tyler". Chart Watch. Yahoo! Music. Archived from the original on May 28, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cherette, Matt (April 1, 2011). "Watch Stephen Colbert and Jimmy Fallon Perform Rebecca Black's 'Friday' on Late Night". Gawker. Archived from the original on April 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Franich, Darren (April 2, 2011). "Stephen Colbert and Jimmy Fallon sing Rebecca Black's 'Friday'". Entertainment Weekly.
Jump up ^ "2013 Grammy Awards Winners: The Complete List". E!. February 10, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Richard Cheese - Discography". Richard Cheese. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Todd Rundgren - Friday (encore) (Cleveland Agora 10-12-12)". Youtube. October 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Peck, Jamie (May 13, 2011). "Odd Future Dances To Rebecca Black's 'Friday,' Internet Explodes - MTV'". MTV. Viacom. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Glazer, Eliot (March 21, 2011). "Nick Jonas Covers Rebecca Black's 'Friday'". MTV. Viacom. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Justin Bieber Sings Rebecca Black's 'Friday,' Britney Spears' 'Baby One More Time' (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. March 31, 2011. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gregory, Jason (May 3, 2011). "Katy Perry Covers Rebecca Black's 'Friday'". Gigwise. Giant Digital. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Reed, James (June 20, 2011). "Katy Perry's sparkly dreams come to life at Garden". The Boston Globe. Boston MA. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Stevenson, Jane (June 30, 2011). "Toronto has a sweet tooth for Katy Perry". Toronto Sun. Canoe Network. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Davies, Bree (July 27, 2011). "Review: Katy Perry at 1STBANK Center, 7/26/11". Denver Westword. Denver CO: Denver Westword, LLC. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Halperin, Shirley (August 7, 2011). "Katy Perry Joined Onstage by Rebecca Black on LA Show's Opening Night". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Talarico, Brittany (March 16, 2011). "Rebecca Black's "Friday": Best YouTube Cover Videos (And No, Bob Dylan Didn't Write It)". OK!. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Talarico, Brittany (March 21, 2011). "Rebecca Black "Friday" Covers Abound: Singer Gets "Censored" in Latest Parody Round-Up". OK!. Archived from the original on March 30, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Glazer, Elliot (March 22, 2011). "The worst pop song of all time? - 10 million YouTube hits for Rebecca Black's 'Friday'". MTV. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Dickinson, Tim (October 7, 2011). "Exclusive: The Bad Lip Reader Speaks". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on October 13, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Kyle. "Katy Perry's 'Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)' video welcomes Rebecca Black, Corey Feldman, Hanson to the party of the year: Watch it here". Entertainment Weekly. Atlanta GA: Entertainment Weekly Inc. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ark Master (June 10, 2011). "Ark's TGI Friday Covers". ARK Music Factory. ARK Music Factory. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (9 November 2012). "Is Nicole Westbrook the New Rebecca Black? Listen to "It's Thanksgiving"". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Seattle WA. TV Guide. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Judkis, Maura (9 November 2012). ""It's Thanksgiving" dance song sings praises of mashed potatoes". Washington Post. Washington DC. Retrieved 11 November 2012. Calling Westbrook the new Rebecca Black isn’t that much of a stretch — it seems to be what she’s aiming for.
Jump up ^ Capotorto, Alexandra (9 November 2012). "Nicole Westbrook's 'It's Thanksgiving' is the new Rebecca Black 'Friday'". PopCrush. New York NY. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Goldwert, Lindsay (November 21, 2011). "Black Friday 2011: Rebecca Black song 'Friday' used in Kohl's holiday shopping commercial". New York Daily News. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "No auto-tune! Rebecca Black tries to prove her critics wrong by performing LIVE on America's Got Talent". Daily Mail UK. London. August 11, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rebecca Black 'Friday' Acoustic Version". Youtube. March 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Rebecca Black Friday live, and My Moment". Youtube. September 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Rebecca Black - Interview & Friday (LIVE)". Youtube. July 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 28 March 2011" (PDF). Pandora Archive. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Brasil Hot 100 Airplay". Billboard Brasil (Brasil: bpp) (2): 96. March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Brasil Hot Pop & Popular Songs". Billboard Brasil (Brasil: bpp) (2): 97. March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nielsen Canadian Charts Update" (PDF). Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 4, 2010. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 13, 2011". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved April 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "REBECCA BLACK". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Rebecca Black -Friday". Billboard. Chart Watch. April 9, 2011.
External links[edit]
Music portal
"Friday" on YouTube
Eriq Gardner, "Rebecca Black's 'Friday' Taken Off YouTube (Analysis)", Hollywood Reporter, June 17, 2011. A legal explanation for takedown.
Originating tweet by @michaeljnelson, March 11, 2011
[hide]
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Luxury tax (sports)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Luxury tax rules by sport
League
Payroll rules
Major League Baseball Luxury tax
National Basketball Association Soft salary cap + luxury tax
National Football League Hard salary cap
National Hockey League Hard salary cap
Major League Soccer Hard salary cap
A luxury tax in professional sports is a surcharge put on the aggregate payroll of a team to the extent to which it exceeds a predetermined guideline level set by the league. The ostensible purpose of this "tax" is to prevent teams in major markets with high incomes from signing almost all of the more talented players and hence destroying the competitive balance necessary for a sport to maintain fan interest. The money derived from the "tax" is either divided among the teams that play in the smaller markets, presumably to allow them to have more revenue to devote toward the contracts of high-quality players,[1] or in the case of Major League Baseball, used by the league for other pre-defined purposes.
In North America, Major League Baseball has implemented the luxury tax system. The National Basketball Association also has a luxury tax provision; its utility is somewhat limited by the fact that the league also has a salary cap provision. The "hard" salary cap of the National Football League and the National Hockey League has prevented any need for a luxury tax arrangement.[2]
Contents
1 Methods for limiting payroll
1.1 Hard salary cap
1.2 Soft salary cap
1.3 Luxury tax
2 Luxury tax rules by league
2.1 Major League Baseball (MLB)
2.2 National Basketball Association (NBA)
2.2.1 Current tax levels
2.3 Canadian Football League
2.4 Other leagues
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Methods for limiting payroll[edit]
In the Big 4 North American sports leagues (Major League Baseball (MLB), National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL), and National Hockey League (NHL)), there are three different methods employed to limit individual teams payroll: hard salary cap, soft salary cap with luxury tax, and luxury tax.
Hard salary cap[edit]
A hard salary cap is where the league sets a maximum amount of money allowed for player salaries, and no team can exceed that limit.
Soft salary cap[edit]
A soft salary cap has a set limit to player salaries, but there are several major exceptions that allow teams to exceed the salary cap. For example, in the case of the NBA, teams can exceed the salary cap when keeping players that are already on the team.
Luxury tax[edit]
A luxury tax system does not have a limit to how much money can be spent on player salaries. However, there is a tax levied on money spent above a threshold set by the Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) between the players union and the owners. For every dollar a team spends above the tax threshold, they must also pay some fraction to the league. This system is used to discourage teams from greatly exceeding the tax threshold, with the goal of ensuring parity between large and small market teams.
Luxury tax rules by league[edit]
Former Owner George Steinbrenner's New York Yankees have paid over $297 million in luxury tax since 2003 (as of December 2016).
Major League Baseball (MLB)[edit]
Main article: Major League Baseball Luxury Tax
As explained by Fangraphs: "Technically called the 'Competitive Balance Tax', the Luxury Tax is the punishment that large market teams get for spending too much money. While MLB does not have a set salary cap, the luxury tax charges teams with high payrolls a considerable amount of money, giving teams ample reason to want to keep their payrolls below that level."[3]
The threshold level for the luxury tax will be $189MM in 2014 (up from $178MM from 2011-2013) and will remain at $189MM through 2016. From 2012 through 2016, teams who exceed the threshold for the first time must pay 17.5% of the amount they are over, 30% for the second consecutive year over, 40% for the third consecutive year over, and 50% for four or more consecutive years over the cap.[4]
Only seven teams have ever exceeded the luxury tax threshold: the San Francisco Giants, the Boston Red Sox, the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, the Detroit Tigers, the Los Angeles Dodgers, the New York Yankees and the Chicago Cubs for the very first time in 2016. Only the Red Sox, Dodgers and Yankees have exceeded it more than once. The LA Dodgers have exceed it four times. Boston has exceeded it six times. New York has exceeded it fourteen times, or, every year since it has been in enforcement. In aggregate, the Yankees have paid out some $325.00 MM, 73.78%, of the total fines assessed since the luxury tax began.
In 2016 a record six teams were issued the luxury tax by the MLB. The Los Angeles Dodgers ($31.8 million), The New York Yankees ($27.4 million), The Boston Red Sox ($4.5 million), The Detroit Tigers ($4 million), The San Francisco Giants ($3.4 million) and the Chicago Cubs ($2.96 million).[5]
The luxury tax is separate from revenue sharing, which is a system to balance out the income distribution between large and small market teams by dividing money from merchandise sales and media contracts. The money generated from the luxury tax is not distributed to the rest of the league, as is the case with the NBA, but rather is used for other purposes. The first $2,375,400 and 50% of the remaining total are used to fund player benefits, 25% goes to the Industry Growth Fund, and the remaining 25% is used to defray teams' funding obligations from player benefits.[6]
Luxury tax paid per year by team (in millions of $)[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
Team
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Total
Luxury tax threshold
117 120.5 128 136.5 148 155 162 170 178 178 178 189 189 -
Yankees
11.80 25.96 34.05 26.01 23.88 26.86 25.69 18.03 13.90 18.92 28.11 18.33 26.1 297.64
Dodgers
- - - - - - - - - - 11.42 26.62 43.6 81.64
Red Sox
- 3.15 4.15 0.50 6.06 - - 1.49 3.43 - - - 1.8 20.58
Tigers
- - - - - 1.31 - - - - - - - 1.31
Giants
- - - - - - - - - - - - 1.3 1.3
Angels
- 0.93 - - - - - - - - - - - 0.93
National Basketball Association (NBA)[edit]
Main article: NBA salary cap
The NBA utilizes a soft salary cap, meaning there is a salary cap but there are a variety of exceptions that allow teams to exceed that cap. For example, teams can re-sign players already on the team to an amount up to the maximum salary allowed by the league for up to five years regardless of where their payroll is relative to the cap. This provision is known as the "Larry Bird" exception, named after the former Boston Celtics great who was retained by that team until his retirement under the provisions of this rule. The result is that the majority of teams are over the cap at any given time.
In addition to the soft cap, the NBA utilizes a luxury tax system that is applied if the team payroll exceeds a separate threshold higher than the salary cap. These teams pay a penalty for each dollar their team salary exceeds the tax level. From 2002 to 2013, if a team exceeded the luxury tax threshold, they must pay one dollar to the league for every dollar that they are over the limit. For the 2013-14 season and onward, teams paid an incremental rate based on their team salary. They also have to pay a repeat offender rate, which is an additional dollar for every dollar over. For 2014-15 teams pay the repeater rate if they also were taxpayers in all of the previous three seasons. For 2015-16 and all subsequent seasons, teams pay the repeater rate if they were taxpayers in at least three of the four previous seasons. The table of rates is shown below.
Current tax levels[edit]
Amount over tax threshold
Standard tax per excess dollar
Repeat offender tax per excess dollar
$4,999,999 or less $1.50 $2.50
$5 million to $9,999,999 $1.75 $2.75
$10 million to $14,999,999 $2.50 $3.50
$15 million to $19,999,999 $3.25 $4.25
Over $20 million $3.75 + $0.50 per $5 million $4.75 + $0.50 per $5 million
The resulting total is then distributed to the remaining teams that are under the tax threshold.
There was no luxury tax implemented in the 2004-2005 season due to insufficient basketball-related income.
Although exceeding the luxury tax threshold costs a team twice as much money, it does not seem to limit teams' willingness to spend big money on players.[citation needed]
Luxury tax paid per year by team (in millions of $)[16] (NBA Champ)
Team
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16[17]
Total Paid
Luxury Tax Threshold
52.88 54.56 N/A 61.7 65.42 67.86 71.15 69.92 70.31 70.31 70.31 71.75 76.83 84.74 N/A
Knicks
24.37 39.87 - 37.25 45.14 19.72 23.74 5.20 - - 9.96 36.35 6.95 - 248.54
Mavericks
19.5 25.03 - 17.33 7.20 19.61 23.61 17.58 18.92 2.74 - - - - 150.53
Nets
5.73 9.39 - - - - - - - - 12.88 90.57 19.78 - 138.55
Lakers
9.75 6.44 - - - 5.13 7.19 21.43 19.92 12.56 29.26 8.96 - - 122.64
Trail Blazers
51.97 28.85 - - - - 5.899 - - - - - - - 89.05
Heat
5.18 - - - - 8.32 - 3.04 - 6.13 13.35 14.43 - - 50.44
Cavaliers
- - - - - 14.01 13.71 15.41 - - - - 6.96 54 104.09
Celtics
- 1.60 - - - 8.22 8.29 14.93 5.69 7.37 1.18 - - - 47.28
Magic
- - - 7.76 - - - 11.05 20.18 - - - - - 38.95
Kings
17.38 13.14 - - - - - - - - - - - - 30.52
Timberwolves
6.03 17.63 - - 1.00 - - - - - - - - - 24.66
Nuggets
- - - - 2.02 13.57 - 5.56 - - - - - - 21.16
Sixers
12.76 5.10 - - - - - - - - - - - - 17.86
Suns
1.89 - - - - 3.87 4.92 4.96 - - - - - - 15.63
Spurs
0.19 - - 0.90 0.20 - - 8.81 - 2.52 - - - 4.9 17.5
Grizzlies
7.55 - - 3.74 - - - - - - - - - - 11.30
Pacers
0.89 3.32 - 4.67 - - - - - - - - - - 8.89
Jazz
- - - - - - - 3.11 5.00 - - - - - 8.10
Raptors
2.68 4.09 - - - - - - - - - - - - 6.77
Clippers
- - - - - - - - - - - 1.33 4.80 19.9 26.03
Bucks
4.73 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4.73
Hawks
3.72 - - - - - - - - 0.67 - - - - 4.38
Bulls
- - - - - - - - - - 3.93 - - 4.2 8.13
Thunder
- - - - - - - - - - - - 2.79 14.5 17.29
Rockets
- - - - - - - - 0.76 - - - - 4.5 5.26
Pistons
- 0.76 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.76
Warriors
- - - - - - - - - - - - - 14.8 14.8
Hornets
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0
Pelicans
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0
Wizards
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0
Canadian Football League[edit]
The Canadian Football League has a luxury tax. Penalties for teams that breach the salary cap regulations are:
Amount involved in breach
Penalty for each $1
Draft picks forfeited
First $100,000 $1 None
$100,000 to $300,000 $2 First Round
More than $300,000 $3 First and Second Round
[18]
Other leagues[edit]
The National Football League (NFL) and the National Hockey League (NHL) both have hard salary caps, making it unnecessary to utilize the luxury tax.
Several other leagues in the United States and abroad use salary caps, but the luxury tax is uncommon.
See also[edit]
Sports portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dietl, H., Lang, M. and Werner, S. (2010): "The Effect of Luxury Taxes on Competitive Balance, Club Profits, and Social Welfare in Sports Leagues", forthcoming in International Journal of Sport Finance.
Jump up ^ Andreff, Wladimir; Stefan Szymański (2006). Handbook on the economics of sport. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 656. ISBN 978-1-84376-608-7.
Jump up ^ http://www.fangraphs.com/library/business/luxury-tax/
Jump up ^ Luxury Tax" Fangraphs
Jump up ^ "Record 6 MLB teams to pay luxury tax". Metroland News. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "MLB CBA" (PDF). pp. 132–133. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
Jump up ^ CHART OF THE DAY: The MLB Luxury Tax Should Really Be Called "The Yankees Tax"." Business Insiders April 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Yankees Assessed Luxury Tax." mlb.com 12/29/2009.
Jump up ^ MLB players, owners announce 5-year deal." ESPN.com October 25, 2006.
Jump up ^ New York Yankees cut the amount they spend on Major League Baseball luxury tax by over $7 million." NY Daily News December 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Breaking Down MLB's Luxury Tax: 2003-2007." The Biz of Baseball December 25, 2007 Archived June 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Baseball Luxury Tax." Juliettes Interiors.
Jump up ^ Report: Yanks hit with luxury tax:" ESPN December 14, 2012
Jump up ^ Yankees, Dodgers hit with luxury tax penalties" sbnation.com September 11, 2013
Jump up ^ Dodgers lead MLB with record $43.6 million paid in luxury tax" ESPN December 18 2015
Jump up ^ http://www.shamsports.com/2015/07/complete-history-of-nba-luxury-tax.html
Jump up ^ "NBA luxury tax payments by team 2012-2016 | Statistic". Statista. Retrieved 2017-06-14.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2014-12-27.
External links[edit]
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