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Pleurisy
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This article is about the disease. For the plant known as "pleurisy root", see Butterfly weed.
Pleurisy
Synonyms
Pleuritis, pleuritic chest pain[1]
Figure A shows normal anatomy. Figure B shows lungs with pleurisy in the right lung and a pneumothorax of the left lung.
Specialty
Pulmonology
Symptoms
Sharp chest pain[1]
Causes
Viral infection, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism[2]
Diagnostic method
Chest X-ray, electrocardiogram (ECG), blood tests[3]
Similar conditions
Pericarditis, heart attack, cholecystitis[3]
Treatment
Based on the underlying cause[3]
Medication
Paracetamol (acetaminophen), ibuprofen[4]
Frequency
1 million cases per year (United States)[5]
[edit on Wikidata]
Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is inflammation of the membranes (pleurae) that surround the lungs and line the chest cavity.[1] This can result in a sharp chest pain with breathing.[1] Occasionally the pain may be a constant dull ache.[6] Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, cough, fever, or weight loss depending on the underlying cause.[6]
The most common cause is a viral infection.[2] Other causes include pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, autoimmune disorders, lung cancer, following heart surgery, pancreatitis, chest trauma, and asbestosis.[2] Occasionally the cause remains unknown.[2] The underlying mechanism involves the rubbing together of the pleurae instead of smooth gliding.[1] Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include pericarditis, heart attack, cholecystitis, and pneumothorax.[3] Diagnosis may include a chest X-ray, electrocardiogram (ECG), and blood tests.[3][7]
Treatment depends on the underlying cause.[3] Paracetamol and ibuprofen may be used to help with the pain.[4] Incentive spirometry may be recommended to encourage larger breaths.[5] About one million people are affected in the United States each year.[5] Descriptions of the condition date from at least as early as 400 BC by Hippocrates.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Causes
3 Diagnosis
3.1 Physical examination
3.2 Diagnostic tests
3.2.1 Chest x-ray
3.2.2 Blood test
3.2.3 ECG
3.2.4 Ultrasound
3.2.5 Computed tomography (CT) scan
3.2.6 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
3.2.7 Arterial blood gas
3.2.8 Thoracentesis
3.2.9 Biopsy
4 Treatment
4.1 Procedures
4.2 Medications
4.3 Lifestyle changes
4.4 Treating the cause
4.5 Alternative treatments
5 Related problems
5.1 Pleural effusion
5.2 Pneumothorax
5.3 Hemothorax
6 Prognosis
7 Notable cases
8 References
9 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
The defining symptom of pleurisy is a sudden sharp, stabbing, burning or dull pain in the right or left side of the chest during breathing, especially when one inhales and exhales.[9] It feels worse with deep breathing, coughing, sneezing, or laughing. The pain may stay in one place, or it may spread to the shoulder or back.[10] Sometimes, it becomes a fairly constant dull ache.[11]
Depending on its cause, pleuritic chest pain may be accompanied by other symptoms:[12]
Dry cough
Fever and chills
Rapid, shallow breathing
Shortness of breath
Tachycardia
Sore throat followed by pain and swelling in the joints
Causes[edit]
Pleurisy
Pleural linings and space (marked in blue)
The pleural space can be invaded by fluid, air, and particles from different parts of the body which fairly complicates the diagnosis.[12][13] Viral infection (coxsackie B virus, HRSV, CMV, adenovirus, EBV, parainfluenza, influenza) is the most common cause of pleurisy. However, many other different conditions can cause pleuritic chest pain:[11]
Aortic dissections
Autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (or drug-induced lupus erythematosus), Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and rheumatoid arthritis
Bacterial infections associated with pneumonia and tuberculosis
Chest injuries (blunt or penetrating)
Familial Mediterranean fever, an inherited condition that often causes fever and swelling in the abdomen or the lungs
Fungal or parasitic infections
Heart surgery, especially coronary-artery bypass grafting
Cardiac problems (ischemia, pericarditis)
Inflammatory bowel disease
Lung cancer and lymphoma
Other lung diseases like cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis, asbestosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and mesothelioma
Pneumothorax
Pulmonary embolisms, which are blood clots that enter the lungs
When the space between the pleurae starts to fill with fluid, as in pleural effusion, the chest pain can be eased but a shortness of breath can result, since the lungs need room to expand during breathing. Some cases of pleuritic chest pain are idiopathic, which means that the exact cause cannot be determined.
Diagnosis[edit]
A diagnosis of pleurisy or another pleural condition is based on a medical history, physical examinations, and diagnostic tests.[12] The goals are to rule out other sources of the symptoms and to find the cause of the pleurisy so that the underlying disorder can be treated.
Physical examination[edit]
A doctor uses a stethoscope to listen to the breathing. This method detects any unusual sounds in the lungs. A person with pleurisy may have inflamed layers of the pleurae that make a rough, scratchy sound as they rub against each other during breathing. This is called pleural friction rub.
Diagnostic tests[edit]
Depending on the results of the physical examination, diagnostic tests are sometimes performed.
Chest x-ray[edit]
A chest x-ray takes a picture of the heart and lungs. It may show air or fluid in the pleural space. It also may show the cause (e.g., pneumonia, a fractured rib, or a lung tumor) of the pleurisy.
Sometimes an x-ray is taken while lying on the painful side. This may show fluid, as well as changes in fluid position, that did not appear in the vertical x-ray.
Blood test[edit]
Blood tests can detect bacterial or viral infections, pneumonia, rheumatic fever, a pulmonary embolism, or lupus.
ECG[edit]
Electrocardiography test can determine if a heart condition contributes to the symptoms.
Ultrasound[edit]
Ultrasonography uses sound waves to create an image. It may show where fluid is located in the chest. It also can show some tumors. Although ultrasound may detect fluid around the lungs, also known as a pleural effusion, sound waves are scattered by air. Therefore, an actual picture of the lungs cannot be obtained with ultrasonography.
Computed tomography (CT) scan[edit]
A CT scan provides a computer-generated picture of the lungs that can show pockets of fluid. It also may show signs of pneumonia, a lung abscess, or a tumor.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)[edit]
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), also called nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) scanning, uses powerful magnets to show pleural effusions and tumors.
Arterial blood gas[edit]
In arterial blood-gas sampling, a small amount of blood is taken from an artery, usually in the wrist. The blood is then checked for oxygen and carbon-dioxide levels. This test shows how well the lungs are taking in oxygen.
Thoracentesis[edit]
The illustration shows a person undergoing thoracentesis. The person sits upright and leans on a table. Excess fluid from the pleural space is drained into a bag.
Once the presence of an excess fluid in the pleural cavity, or pleural effusion, is suspected and location of fluid is confirmed, a sample of fluid can be removed for testing.[14] The procedure to remove fluid in the chest is called a diagnostic thoracentesis.[15] The doctor inserts a small needle or a thin, hollow, plastic tube in the chest wall and withdraws fluid.[16]
Thoracentesis can be done in the doctor's office or at the hospital. Ultrasound is used to guide the needle to the fluid that is trapped in small pockets around the lungs.
Thoracentesis usually does not cause serious complications. Generally, a chest x-ray is done after the procedure to evaluate the lungs. Possible complications of thoracentesis include the following:
Bleeding and bruising where the needle went in. In rare cases, bleeding may occur in or around the lung. The doctor can use a chest tube to drain the blood. In some cases, surgery is needed.
Infection where the needle went in
Injury to the liver or spleen (in rare cases)
Pain.
Pneumothorax, or buildup of air in the pleural space, with a collapsed or partially collapsed lung. Sometimes air comes in through the needle or the needle makes a hole in the lung. Usually, a hole will seal itself. But sometimes air can build up around the lung and make it collapse. A chest tube can remove the air and let the lung expand again.
The lung fluid is examined under a microscope and is evaluated for the presence of chemicals and for its color and texture. The degree of clarity is an indicator of infection, cancer, or other conditions that may be causing the buildup of fluid or blood in the pleural space.
Biopsy[edit]
If tuberculosis or cancer is suspected, a small piece of the pleura may be examined under a microscope to make a definitive diagnosis. This is called a biopsy.
Several approaches to taking tissue samples are available
Insertion of a needle through the skin on the chest to remove a small sample of the outer layer of the pleura.
Insertion of a small tube with a light on the end (endoscope) into tiny cuts in the chest wall in order to visualize the pleura. Small pieces of tissue can be biopsied though the endoscope.
Removal of a sample of the pleura through a small cut in the chest wall. This is called an open pleural biopsy. It is usually done if the sample from the needle biopsy is too small for an accurate diagnosis.
Treatment[edit]
Treatment has several goals:[12]
Relief of symptoms
Removal of the fluid, air, or blood from the pleural space
Treatment of the underlying condition
Procedures[edit]
If large amounts of fluid, air, or blood are not removed from the pleural space, they may cause the lung to collapse.
The surgical procedures used to drain fluid, air, or blood from the pleural space are as follows:
During thoracentesis, a needle or a thin, hollow, plastic tube is inserted through the ribs in the back of the chest into the chest wall. A syringe is attached to draw fluid out of the chest. This procedure can remove more than 6 cups (1.5 litres) of fluid at a time.
When larger amounts of fluid must be removed, a chest tube may be inserted through the chest wall. The doctor injects a local painkiller into the area of the chest wall outside where the fluid is. A plastic tube is then inserted into the chest between two ribs. The tube is connected to a box that suctions the fluid out. A chest x-ray is taken to check the tube's position.
A chest tube is also used to drain blood and air from the pleural space. This can take several days. The tube is left in place, and the patient usually stays in the hospital during this time.
Sometimes the fluid contains thick pus or blood clots, or it may have formed a hard skin or peel. This makes it harder to drain the fluid. To help break up the pus or blood clots, the doctor may use the chest tube to put certain medicines into the pleural space. These medicines are called fibrinolytics. If the pus or blood clots still do not drain out, surgery may be necessary.
Medications[edit]
A couple of medications are used to relieve pleurisy symptoms:
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or anti-inflammatory agents to control pain and decrease inflammation. Only indomethacin (brand name Indocin) has been studied with respect to relief of pleurisy.[17]
Codeine-based cough syrups to control the cough
There may be a role for the use of corticosteroids (for tuberculous pleurisy), tacrolimus (Prograf) and methotrexate (Trexall, Rheumatrex) in the treatment of pleurisy. Further studies are needed.
Lifestyle changes[edit]
The following may be helpful in the management of pleurisy:
Lying on the painful side may be more comfortable
Breathing deeply and coughing to clear mucus as the pain eases. Otherwise, pneumonia may develop.
Getting rest
Treating the cause[edit]
Ideally, the treatment of pleurisy is aimed at eliminating the underlying cause of the disease.
If the pleural fluid is infected, treatment involves antibiotics and draining the fluid. If the infection is tuberculosis or from a fungus, treatment involves long-term use of antibiotics or antifungal medicines.
If the fluid is caused by tumors of the pleura, it may build up again quickly after it is drained. Sometimes anti-tumor medicines will prevent further fluid buildup. If they don't, the doctor may seal the pleural space. This is called pleurodesis. Pleurodesis involves the drainage of all the fluid out of the chest through a chest tube. A substance is inserted through the chest tube into the pleural space. This substance irritates the surface of the pleura. This causes the two layers of the pleurae to squeeze shut so there is no room for more fluid to build up.
Chemotherapy or radiation treatment also may be used to reduce the size of the tumors.
If congestive heart failure is causing the fluid buildup, treatment usually includes diuretics and other medicines.
The treatment for pleurisy depends on its origin and is prescribed by a physician on a base of an individual assessment.[18] Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and amoxicillin, or other antibiotics in case of bacterial infections, are common remedies dispensed by doctors to relieve the initial symptoms and pain in the chest, while viral infections are self-limited. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), preferably indometacin, are usually employed as pain control agents.[12]
Alternative treatments[edit]
A number of alternative or complementary medicines are being investigated for their anti-inflammatory properties, and their use in pleurisy. At this time, clinical trials of these compounds have not been performed.
Extracts from the Brazilian folk remedy Wilbrandia ebracteata ("Taiuia") have been shown to reduce inflammation in the pleural cavity of mice.[19][20] The extract is thought to inhibit the same enzyme, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.[20]
Related problems[edit]
Pleurisy is often associated with complications that affect the pleural space.
Pleural effusion[edit]
In some cases of pleurisy, excess fluid builds up in the pleural space. This is called a pleural effusion. The buildup of fluid usually forces the two layers of the pleura apart so they don't rub against each other when breathing. This can relieve the pain of pleurisy. A large amount of extra fluid can push the pleura against the lung until the lung, or a part of it, collapses. This can make it hard to breathe.
In some cases of pleural effusion, the extra fluid gets infected and turns into an abscess. This is called an empyema.
Pleural effusion involving fibrinous exudates in the fluid may be called fibrinous pleurisy. It sometimes occurs as a later stage of pleurisy.
A person can develop a pleural effusion in the absence of pleurisy. For example, pneumonia, heart failure, cancer, or a pulmonary embolism can lead to a pleural effusion.
Pneumothorax[edit]
Air or gas also can build up in the pleural space. This is called a pneumothorax. It can result from acute lung injury or a lung disease like emphysema. Lung procedures, like surgery, drainage of fluid with a needle, examination of the lung from the inside with a light and a camera, or mechanical ventilation, also can cause a pneumothorax.
The most common symptom is sudden pain in one side of the lung and shortness of breath. A pneumothorax also can put pressure on the lung and cause it to collapse.
If the pneumothorax is small, it may go away on its own. If large, a chest tube is placed through the skin and chest wall into the pleural space to remove the air.
Hemothorax[edit]
Blood also can collect in the pleural space. This is called hemothorax. The most common cause is injury to the chest from blunt force or surgery on the heart or chest. Hemothorax also can occur in people with lung or pleural cancer.
Hemothorax can put pressure on the lung and force it to collapse. It also can cause shock, a state of hypoperfusion in which an insufficient amount of blood is able to reach the organs.
Prognosis[edit]
Pleurisy and other disorders of the pleurae can be serious, depending on what caused them. Generally, pleurisy treatment has an excellent prognosis, but if left untreated it can cause severe complications. For example, a resulting pulmonary heart disease cor pulmonale, which manifests itself with an inflammation of the arms and legs, can lead to heart failure. If the conditions that caused the pleurisy or other pleural disorders were adequately diagnosed and treated early, one can expect a full recovery. Help of a pulmonologist (respiratory physician in the U.K. and Australia) may be enlisted to address the underlying cause and chart post-illness rehabilitation.
Notable cases[edit]
Gaius Marius, a Roman general and statesman, according to Plutarch died of the disease in 86 BC.[21]
Flavius Constantius III, a co-emperor of the Western Roman Empire, died of pleurisy according to Sidonius Apollinaris on 2 September 421 AD.[22]
Charlemagne, known as the father of Europe for reuniting much of the Roman Empire, died in 814 of pleurisy.[23]
Catherine de' Medici, sometimes described as a "wife of one King and mother of three others", died from pleurisy in January 1589 at age 69.[24]
Benjamin Franklin developed fever and chest pain in 1790 at the age of 84. He spent ten days in bed having severe cough and difficulty breathing. He died after an abscess in his lungs burst from what is believed to be a case of pleurisy.[25]
Juan O'Donojú, last viceroy of the Spanish colony of New Spain (Mexico), died of pleurisy on 8 October 1821.[26]
Francis Scott Key died in 1843 at the home of his daughter Elizabeth Howard in Baltimore from pleurisy.[27]
William Wordsworth, the English poet, died of pleurisy aged 80 on 23 April 1850.[28]
Dominic Savio, Italian Saint, became ill and died in March 1857 at the age of 14 possibly from pleurisy.[29]
Tad Lincoln, the fourth and youngest son of Abraham Lincoln, had difficulty breathing when lying down and had to sleep sitting in a chair, and probably died of pleuristic attack, which was believed to be tubercular in origin, in Chicago in 1871 at age 18.[30]
Devil Anse Hatfield, a leader of the Hatfield clan and the driving force of the infamous Hatfield–McCoy feud, had a bout of pleurisy in the 1890s (probably 1897).[31]
Frank C. Stanley, former Peerless Quartet member, died of pleurisy at the age of 41 on 12 December 1910 at his home in Orange.[32]
Mahatma Gandhi suffered from pleurisy during the First World War, while he was in London.[33]
Enrico Caruso was struggling with pleurisy in the winter of 1920–1921, which contributed to his premature death.[34][35]
Eli Bowen, a circus performer known as "The Legless Wonder", or "The Legless Acrobat", died on 2 May 1924 in Coney Island of pleurisy days before a scheduled performance for The Dreamland Circus at age 79.[36]
Erik Satie, French composer, died from pleurisy at l'Hôpital St. Joseph on 1 July 1925.[37]
Rudolph Valentino, an international movie star, died in August 1926 from pleurisy at age 31.[38]
Alvin Kraenzlein was the first athlete to win four Olympic titles in a single event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. He suffered from bouts of pleurisy at the end of 1927 and died from a related complication early 1928 at the age of 51.[39]
Thomas Hardy, English novelist and poet, became ill with pleurisy and died of related causes in 1928 at age 87.[40]
Anna Pavlova, one of the world's most famous ballerinas, died unexpectedly of pleurisy at age 49 at the Hotel des Indes in The Hague in January 1931,[41]
Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr., a Broadway impresario, who was credited with staging several hit musicals including Show Boat (1927), died on 22 July 1932 of pleurisy after a lung infection at age 65.[42]
Kenji Miyazawa, a Japanese poet and writer, suffered from chronic pleurisy and died of pneumonia in September 1933 at age 37.[43]
Nino Manfredi, prominent actor in the commedia all'italiana genre, was given three months to live for his bilateral pleurisy in 1937. He eventually survived and died at age 83 in 2004.[44]
Sir Robert Chesebrough, inventor of Vaseline, suffered pleurisy in his 50s and is said to have treated it by rubbing his whole body with petroleum jelly.[45]
Carson McCullers, author of The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, was diagnosed with influenza and pleurisy in 1944.[46]
Ringo Starr, former Beatles drummer and solo artist, had chronic-pleurisy at age 13 in 1953.[47]
LeBron James, an American professional basketball player, was diagnosed with pleurisy after being admitted to the Cleveland Clinic in October 2005 with complaints about chest pain during practice.[48]
Ken Griffey Jr., an American professional baseball player, complained of soreness in the chest and, after a chest x-ray, was diagnosed with pleurisy in April, 2007.[49]
Edmund Husserl, a German philosopher who established the school of phenomenology died of a form of pleurisy on 27 April 1938.[50]
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Classification
V · T · D
ICD-10: J90, R09.1
ICD-9-CM: 511
MeSH: D010998
DiseasesDB: 29361
External resources
MedlinePlus: 001371

Tim Kenny; Colin Tidy (2002–2013). "Pleurisy and Pleuritic Pain". www.patient.info. Retrieved 2013-06-30.
The Lung Association of Canada explanation of Pleurisy (also available in French)
Pleurisy by the American Academy of Family Physicians
[show]
v
t
e
Symptoms and signs relating to the respiratory system (R04–R07, 786)
Medical examination and history taking
Auscultation
Stethoscope
Respiratory sounds
Stridor
Wheeze
Crackles
Rhonchi
Stertor
Squawk
Pleural friction rub
Fremitus
Bronchophony
Terminal secretions
Elicited findings
Percussion
Pectoriloquy
Whispered pectoriloquy
Egophony
Breathing
Rate
Apnea
Prematurity
Dyspnea
Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation
Hyperpnea
Tachypnea
Hypopnea
Bradypnea
Pattern
Agonal respiration
Biot's respiration
Cheyne–Stokes respiration
Kussmaul breathing
Ataxic respiration
Other
Respiratory distress
Respiratory arrest
Orthopnea/Platypnea
Trepopnea
Aerophagia
Asphyxia
Breath holding
Mouth breathing
Snoring
Other
Chest pain
In children
Precordial catch syndrome
Pleurisy
Clubbing/Hippocratic fingers (Schamroth's window test)
Cyanosis
Cough
Sputum
Hemoptysis
Epistaxis
Silhouette sign
Post-nasal drip
Hiccup
COPD
Hoover's sign
asthma
Curschmann's spirals
Charcot–Leyden crystals
chronic bronchitis
Reid index
sarcoidosis
Kveim test
pulmonary embolism
Hampton hump
Westermark sign
pulmonary edema
Kerley lines
Hamman's sign
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The Monkey's Paw
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the short story by W. W. Jacobs. For other uses, see The Monkey's Paw (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"The Monkey's Paw"
Author
W. W. Jacobs
Country
England
Language
English
Genre(s)
Horror, short story
Publication date
September 1902
"The Monkey's Paw" is a supernatural short story by author W. W. Jacobs first published in England in 1902.
In the story, three wishes are granted to the owner of the monkey's hand, but the wishes come with an enormous price for interfering with fate.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Versions in other media
3 Variations and parodies
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Illustration for "The Monkey's Paw" from Jacobs' short story collection The Lady of the Barge (1902).
The short story involves Mr. and Mrs. White and their adult son, Herbert. Sergeant-Major Morris, a friend who served with the British Army in India, introduces them to a mummified monkey's paw. An old fakir placed a spell on the paw, that it would grant three wishes. The wishes are granted but always with hellish consequences as punishment for tampering with fate. Morris, having had a horrific experience using the paw, throws the monkey's paw into the fire but Mr. White retrieves it. Before leaving, Morris warns Mr. White that if he does use the paw, then it will be on his own head.
At Herbert's suggestion, Mr. White flippantly wishes for £200, which will enable him to make the final mortgage payment for his house, even though he believes he has everything he wants. The next day his son Herbert leaves for work at a local factory. Later that day, word comes to the White home that Herbert has been killed in a terrible machinery accident. Although the employer denies responsibility for the incident, the firm has decided to make a goodwill payment to the family of the deceased. The payment, of £200, exactly matches the amount Herbert suggested his father should wish for.
Ten days after their son's death and a week after the funeral, Mrs. White, almost mad with grief, asks her husband to use the paw to wish Herbert back to life. Reluctantly, he does so. Shortly afterward there is a knock at the door. As Mrs. White fumbles at the locks in an attempt to open the door, Mr. White, who had to identify his son's mutilated body, and who knows the corpse has been buried for more than a week, realizes that the thing outside is not the son he knew and loved, and makes his third wish.
The knocking suddenly stops. Mrs. White opens the door to find no one is there.
Versions in other media[edit]
Nina Quatero in a publicity still from the 1933 film version.
The story has been adapted into other media many times, including:
On 6 October 1903, a one-act play opened at London's Haymarket Theatre, starring Cyril Maude as Mr. White and Lena Ashwell as Mrs. White.[1]
A 1910 stage adaptation by Louis N. Parker.[2]
A 1915 film version, directed by Sidney Northcote and starring John Lawson.[3]
A 1923 film version, directed by Manning Haynes and starring Moore Marriott, Marie Ault, and Charles Ashton.[3]
A 17 July 1928 UK radio adaptation based on the 1910 play.[2]
A 1933 film version, screenplay by Graham John, directed by Wesley Ruggles (his last film with RKO), and starring C. Aubrey Smith, Ivan Simpson and Louise Carter. The film is now lost. [4]
A 28 May 1946 episode of the BBC Radio series Appointment with Fear.[2]
A 1948 film version, screenplay by Norman Lee and Barbara Toy.[5]
A 16 December 1958 episode of the UK radio series Thirty-Minute Theatre, starring Carleton Hobbes and Gladys Young.[2]
A 1961 film version called Espiritismo (released as Spiritism in the US), directed by Benito Alazraki and starring Nora Veyran, Jose Luis Jiminez, and Jorge Mondragon.[3]
"The Monkey's Paw – A Retelling", aired on TV on 19 April 1965 in season 3, episode 26 of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, starring Leif Erickson, Jane Wyatt, and Lee Majors.
A 11 July 1980 episode of the CBC Radio series Nightfall.[2]
A 17 January 1988 BBC Radio adaptation by Patrick Galvin, presented as part of Fear on Four. It was rebroadcast individually as a Halloween special on 31 October 1993.[2]
A one-act opera of the story was adapted by composer Stephen J. Grieco in 1996 and premiered at the Alice E. Bartlett Theatre.[6]
A 2004 adaptation as a radio play narrated by Christopher Lee in 2004 as part of the BBC radio drama series Christopher Lee's Fireside Tales.[7]
An operatic version of the story was adapted by composer Jonathan N. Kupper in 2009. Excerpts of the piece were showcased as part of Opera Vista's new opera competition in Houston, Texas in 2010; and a full production was premiered by The Microscopic Opera Company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 2011.[8]
A 2011 Australian radio adaptation on The Drama Pod.[2]
An opera adaptation composed by Brooke deRosa was premiered in October 2017 [9]
Variations and parodies[edit]
Main article: List of adaptations of The Monkey's Paw
A great number of novels, stories, movies, plays and comics are variations or adaptations of the story, featuring similar plots built around wishes that go awry in macabre ways, occasionally with references to monkey's paws or to the story itself.
The story is frequently parodied on television shows and in comic books.
See also[edit]
Novels portal
Unintended consequences
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jacobs, W. W.; Parker, Louis N. (1910). The Monkey's Paw: A Story in Three Scenes. London: Samuel French, Ltd. p. 5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Richard J. Hand (5 June 2014). Listen in Terror: British Horror Radio from the Advent of Broadcasting to the Digital Age. Oxford University Press. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-7190-8148-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c Alan Goble (1 January 1999). The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter. p. 241. ISBN 978-3-11-095194-3.
Jump up ^ Jewell, Richard B.; Harbin, Vernon (1982). The RKO Story. New York: Arlington House. p. 57. ISBN 0-517-546566.
Jump up ^ Soister, John T. (2004). Up from the Vault: Rare thrillers of the 1920s and 1930s. McPharland. p. 133.
Jump up ^ "Alice E. Bartlett, SUNY Fredonia".
Jump up ^ "BBC Radio 4 Extra - Christopher Lee's Fireside Tales, The Monkey's Paw". BBC.
Jump up ^ "microscopic-opera". microscopic-opera.
Jump up ^ http://www.marina-harris.com/news/2017/6/21/world-premiere-of-the-monkeys-paw-with-pacific-opera-project-and-composer-brooke-derosa. Missing or empty |title= (help)
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Monkey's Paw
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Monkey's Paw.
The Monkey's Paw public domain audiobook at LibriVox
"The Monkey's Paw"; Full Short Story Text
Gaslight edition of the story
Monkey's Paw Radio Play
Podcast of "The Monkey's Paw" as read by John Lithgow
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Monkey%27s_Paw&oldid=809342816"
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British short stories
Horror short stories
Short stories adapted into films
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I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"I Love to Love"
Single by Tina Charles
from the album I Love to Love
B-side
"Disco Fever"
Released
1976, 1986 (remix)
Format
7" single
Recorded
1975
Genre
Disco, pop
Length
3:02
Label
CBS
Songwriter(s)
Jack Robinson, James Bolden
Producer(s)
Biddu
Tina Charles singles chronology
"You Set My Heart on Fire"
(1975) "I Love to Love"
(1976) "Love Me Like a Lover"
(1976)
"You Set My Heart on Fire"
(1975) "I Love to Love"
(1976) "Love Me Like a Lover"
(1976)
Tina Charles singles chronology
"Boogie 'Round the Clock" String Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found "I Love to Love"
(1986) I Love to Love1986 "Dance Little Lady"
(1987) Dance Little Lady1987
"I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)" was a popular single by Tina Charles, from her debut album, I Love to Love; the song was composed by Jack Robinson and James Bolden. The track was an international success both upon its original 1976 release and also when - remixed by The DMC (Disco Mix Club) - it was reissued ten years later (the DMC version features the instrumental "Sunburn" by the Biddu Orchestra as its B-side).
Contents
1 Background
2 Track listings
3 Other versions
4 Charts and sales
4.1 Peak positions
4.2 Year-end charts
4.3 Certifications
5 See also
6 References
Background[edit]
Charles had already been recording for seven years and had sung lead on the international hit "I'm on Fire" by 5000 Volts (1975), but her contribution was unacknowledged, with Luan Peters cited as vocalist in promotion for the group. It was through a mutual friend, singer Lee Vanderbilt, that Charles met record producer Biddu who encouraged her to record "I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)", utilizing Manchester musicians Richie Close (keyboard), Clive Allen (guitar), Des Browne (bass) and Tom Daley (percussion) to create a signature hit sound for Charles. Reaching number 1 on the UK Singles Chart in March 1976 and topping the chart for three weeks, "I Love to Love..." was followed by seven more chart records for Charles; only her Top Ten entries "Dance Little Lady Dance" and "Doctor Love" reached the Top 20.
"I Love to Love..." afforded Charles an international hit, reaching #1 in Ireland, #2 in France, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and Sweden while in Austria, Germany and Spain the single peaked at respectively #20, #6 and #3. The track was also a hit in Australia (#6) and New Zealand (#7). In Canada "I Love to Love..." won the Juno for bestselling international single for the year 1976 having sold over 200,000 copies in the province of Quebec:[1] due to receiving virtually no radio airplay in the rest of Canada "I Love to Love" rose no higher than #17 on the national chart.
The track reached #2 on the U.S. Disco Singles Chart.
The British television series River used this song at the start of the first episode and at the end of the last episode.
Track listings[edit]
7" single
"I Love to Love" — 3:02
"Disco Fever" — 4:12
Other versions[edit]
International renderings of "I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)" include:
"Jag gillar dans" (Swedish) by Siw Malmkvist/ Explosiw album (1976)[2]
"Saisinpa vain" (Finnish) by Vicky/ single release - parent album 1-2-3-4-Tulta! (1976)
"Mun beibi ei haluu" (Finnish) by CatCat/ CatCat album (1992)
Edson Cordeiro. Album Disco Clubbing ao Vivo (1998)
"Mám ráda tvůj smích" (Czech) by Jana Kratochvílová[3]
Charts and sales[edit]
Peak positions[edit]
Chart (1976)
Peak
position
Austrian Singles Chart[4] 20
Canadian Singles Chart[5] 14
West German Singles Chart[6] 6
Irish Singles Chart[7] 1
Norwegian Singles Chart[8] 2
South African Singles Chart 4
Swedish Singles Chart[9] 2
UK Singles Chart[10] 1
U.S. Billboard Disco Singles[11] 2
Chart (1986) 1
Peak
position
UK Singles Chart[12] 67
Chart (1987) 1
Peak
position
French Singles Chart[13] 2
West German Singles Chart[6] 5
UK Singles Chart[14] 87
1 Remix
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1987)
Position
Dutch Top 40[15] 45
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
France (SNEP)[16]
Silver 200,000
United Kingdom (BPI)[17]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1970s
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Quebec scene reflects reach diversity. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 2 October 1976. pp. 64–. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ "Explosiw" (in Swedish). Svensk mediedatabas. 1976. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Database and Marketplace for Music on Vinyl, CD, Cassette and More". Discogs. Archived from the original on 2012-04-21. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
Jump up ^ "I Love to Love", Austrian Singles Chart austriancharts.com (Retrieved June 16, 2008)
Jump up ^ Lwin, Nanda. Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide. Mississauga, Ontario: Music Data Canada, 2000. ISBN 1-896594-13-1
^ Jump up to: a b West German Singles Chart Charts-surfer.de Archived 2009-01-08 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved June 16, 2008)
Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 2009-06-03 at WebCite (Retrieved June 16, 2008)
Jump up ^ "I Love to Love", Norwegian Singles Chart Norwegiancharts.com (Retrieved June 16, 2008)
Jump up ^ "I Love to Love", Swedish Singles Chart Swedishcharts.com[permanent dead link] (Retrieved June 16, 2008)
Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com (Retrieved June 16, 2008)
Jump up ^ Billboard allmusic.com (Retrieved June 16, 2008)
Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart (1986) Chartstats.com (Retrieved June 16, 2008)
Jump up ^ "I Love to Love", French Singles Chart Lescharts.com[permanent dead link] (Retrieved June 16, 2008)
Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart (1987) Chartstats.com (Retrieved June 16, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Single top 100 over 1987" (PDF) (in Dutch). Top40. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Les certifications depuis 1973, database" (in French). Infodisc. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Tina Charles – I Love to Love". British Phonographic Industry. December 1, 1995. Retrieved June 27, 2012. Select singles in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Type I Love to Love in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Love_to_Love_(But_My_Baby_Loves_to_Dance)&oldid=847617889"
Categories:
1976 singles
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Promised Land
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the biblical promise of land to the descendants of Abraham. For other uses, see Promised Land (disambiguation).
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Map showing the borders of the Promised Land, based on Bible. (Genesis 15).
Map showing one interpretation of the borders of the Promised Land, based on God's promise to Abraham (Genesis 15).
The Promised Land (Hebrew: הארץ המובטחת, translit.: Ha'Aretz HaMuvtahat; Arabic: أرض الميعاد, translit.: Ard Al-Mi'ad; also known as "The Land of Milk and Honey") is the land which, according to the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible), was promised and subsequently given by God to Abraham and his descendants, and in modern contexts an image and idea related both to the restored Homeland for the Jewish people and to salvation and liberation is more generally understood.
The promise was first made to Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21), then confirmed to his son Isaac (Genesis 26:3), and then to Isaac's son Jacob (Genesis 28:13), Abraham's grandson. The promised land was described in terms of the territory from the River of Egypt to the Euphrates river (Exodus 23:31). A smaller area of former Canaanite land and land east of the Jordan River was conquered and occupied by their descendants, the Israelites, after Moses led the Exodus out of Egypt (Numbers 34:1-12), and this occupation was interpreted as God's fulfilment of the promise (Deuteronomy 1:8). Moses anticipated that God might subsequently give the Israelites land reflecting the boundaries of God's original promise, if they were obedient to the covenant (Deuteronomy 19:8-9).
The concept of the Promised Land is the central tenet of Zionism, whose discourse suggests that modern Jews descend from the Israelites and Maccabees through whom they inherit the right to re-establish their "national homeland". Palestinians also claim partial descent from the Israelites and Maccabees, as well as all the other peoples who have lived in the region.[1]
The imagery of the "Promised Land" was invoked in Negro spirituals as heaven or paradise and as an escape from slavery, often which can only be reached by death. The imagery and term have also been used in popular culture (see Promised Land (disambiguation)), sermons and in speeches, such as the "I've Been to the Mountaintop" (1968) speech by Martin Luther King Jr.:
"I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the Promised Land. So I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord."
Contents
[hide]
1 Divine promise
2 Descendants of Abraham
3 Christian interpretation
4 Boundaries from the Book of Numbers
5 See also
6 References
Divine promise[edit]
The promise that is the basis of the term is contained in several verses of Genesis in the Torah. In Genesis 12:1 it is said:
The LORD had said to Abram, "Leave your country, your people and your father's household and go to the land I will show you."
and in Genesis 12:7:
The LORD appeared to Abram and said, "To your offspring [or seed] I will give this land."
Commentators have noted several problems with this promise and related ones:
It is to Abram's descendants that the land will (in the future tense) be given, not to Abram directly nor there and then. However, in Genesis 15:7 it is said: He also said to him, "I am the LORD, who brought you out from Ur of the Chaldeans to give you this land to take possession of it." However, how this verse relates to the promises is a matter of controversy.
There is nothing in the promise to indicate God intended it be applied to Abraham’s physical descendants unconditionally, exclusively (to nobody but these descendants), exhaustively (to all of them) or in perpetuity.[2]
Jewish commentators drawing on Rashi's comments to the first verse in the Bible, assert that no human collective ever has any a priori claim to any piece of land on the planet, and that only God decides which group inhabits which land in any point in time. This interpretation has no contradictions since the idea that the Jewish people have a claim to ownership rights on the physical land is based on the idea of God deciding to give the land to the Jewish people and commanding them to occupy it as referred to in Biblical texts previously mentioned.
In Genesis 15:18-21 the boundary of the promised land is clarified in terms of the territory of various ancient peoples, as follows:
On that day the LORD made a covenant with Abram and said, "To your descendants I give this land, from the river of Egypt to the great river, the Euphrates - the land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaite, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites and Jebusites."
The verse is said to describe what are known as "borders of the Land" (Gevulot Ha-aretz).[3] In Jewish tradition, these borders define the maximum extent of the land promised to the descendants of Abraham through his son Isaac and grandson Jacob.[4]
The promise was confirmed to Jacob at Genesis 28:13, though the borders are still vague and is in terms of "the land on which you are lying". Other geographical borders are given in Exodus 23:31 which describes borders as marked by the Red Sea, the "Sea of the Philistines" i.e. the Mediterranean, and the "River," (the Euphrates).
The promise is fulfilled at the end of the Exodus from Egypt. Deuteronomy 1:8 says:
See, I have given you this land. Go in and take possession of the land that the LORD swore he would give to your fathers—to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob—and to their descendants after them.
It took a long time before the Israelites could subdue the Canaanite inhabitants of the land. The furthest extent of the Land of Israel was achieved during the time of the united Kingdom of Israel under David.[5][6] The actual land controlled by the Israelites has fluctuated considerably over time, and at times the land has been under the control of various empires. However, under Jewish tradition, even when it is not in Jewish occupation, the land has not lost its status as the Promised Land.
Descendants of Abraham[edit]
The concept is central to Zionism. In 1896, Herzl exhorted Jews to take up the movement, writing "for these have never lost the faith in the Promised Land".
Traditional Jewish interpretation, and that of most Christian commentators, define Abraham's descendants as Abraham's seed only through his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob, to the exclusion of Ishmael and Esau.[4][7][8][9] [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] This may however reflect an eisegesis or reconstruction of primary verses based on the later biblical emphasis of Jacob's descendants. The promises given to Abraham happened prior to the birth of Isaac and were given to all his offspring signified through the rite of circumcision. Johann Friedrich Karl Keil is less clear, as he states that the covenant is through Isaac, but notes that Ishmael's descendants have held much of that land through time.[17]
Mainstream Jewish tradition regards the promise made to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob as having been given to all Jews, including proselytes and in turn their descendants,[18] with the traditional view being that a convert becomes a child of Abraham, as in the term "ben Avraham".[citation needed]
Christian interpretation[edit]
In the New Testament, the descent and promise is reinterpreted along religious lines.[19] In the Epistle to the Galatians, Paul the Apostle draws attention to the formulation of the promise, avoiding the term "seeds" in plural (meaning many people), choosing instead "seed," meaning one person, who, he understands to be Jesus (and those united with him). For example, in Galatians 3:16 he notes:
"The promises were spoken to Abraham and to his seed. Scripture does not say “and to seeds,” meaning many people, but “and to your seed,” meaning one person, who is Christ."
In Galatians 3:28-29 Paul goes further, noting that the expansion of the promise from singular to the plural is not based on genetic/physical association, but a spiritual/religious one:
"There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, neither male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. If you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to the promise."[2]
In Romans 4:13 it is written:
"It was not through the law that Abraham and his offspring received the promise that he would be heir of the world, but through the righteousness that comes by faith."
Boundaries from the Book of Numbers[edit]
Boundaries of the 'Promised Land' given in the Book of Numbers (chapter 34)
The South border. —(v. 3) "Then your south quarter shall be from the wilderness of Zin along by the coast of Edom, and your south border shall be the outmost coast of the salt sea eastward : (v. 4) And your border shall turn from the south to the ascent of Akrabbim, and pass on to Zin : and the going forth thereof shall be from the south to Kadesh-barnea, and shall go on to Hazar-addar, and pass on to Azmon : (v. 5) And the border shall fetch a compass from Azmon unto the river of Egypt, and the goings out of it shall be at the sea."
The Western border. —(v. 6) "And as for the western border, ye shall even have the great sea for a border : this shall be your west border."
The North border. —(v. 7) "And this shall be your north border : from the great sea ye shall point out for you mount Hor : (v. 8) From mount Hor ye shall point out your border unto the entrance of Hamath ; and the goings forth of the border shall be to Zedad : (v 9) And the border shall go on to Ziphron, and the goings out of it shall be at Hazar-enan : this shall be your north border."
The East border. —(v. 10) "And ye shall point out your east border from Hazar-enan to Shepham : (v. 11) And the coast shall go down from Shepham to Riblah, on the east side of Ain ; and the border shall descend, and shall reach unto the side of the sea of Chinnereth eastward : (v. 12) And the border shall go down to Jordan, and the goings out of it shall be at the salt sea : this shall be your land with the coasts thereof round about."[20]
Boundaries of the 'Promised Land' given by Jerome c.400
You may delineate the Promised Land of Moses from the Book of Numbers (ch. 34): as bounded on the south by the desert tract called Sina, between the Dead Sea and the city of Kadesh-barnea, [which is located with the Arabah to the east] and continues to the west, as far as the river of Egypt, that discharges into the open sea near the city of Rhinocolara; as bounded on the west by the sea along the coasts of Palestine, Phoenicia, Coele‑Syria, and Cilicia; as bounded on the north by the circle formed by the Taurus Mountains[21] and Zephyrium and extending to Hamath, called Epiphany‑Syria; as bounded on the east by the city of Antioch Hippos and Lake Kinneret, now called Tiberias, and then the Jordan River which discharges into the salt sea, now called the Dead Sea.[22][23]
1845: Salomon Munk, Palestine, Description Géographique, Historique et Archéologique," in "L'Univers Pittoresque ;
Under the name Palestine, we comprehend the small country formerly inhabited by the Israelites, and which is today part of Acre and Damascus pachalics. It stretched between 31 and 33° N. latitude and between 32 and 35° degrees E. longitude, an area of about 1300 French: lieues carrées. Some zealous writers, to give the land of the Hebrews some political importance, have exaggerated the extent of Palestine; but we have an authority for us that one can not reject. St. Jerome, who had long traveled in this country, said in his letter to Dardanus (ep. 129) that the northern boundary to that of the southern, was a distance of 160 Roman miles, which is about 55 French: lieues. He paid homage to the truth despite his fears, as he said himself, of availing the Promised Land to pagan mockery, "Pudet dicere latitudinem terrae repromissionis, ne ethnicis occasionem blasphemandi dedisse uideamur".[24][25]
See also[edit]
Battle of Refidim
Conquest of Canaan
Abrahamic Covenant
Greater Israel
Land of Israel
Southern Levant
Who is a Jew?
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "(With reference to Palestinians in Ottoman times) Although proud of their Arab heritage and ancestry, the Palestinians considered themselves to be descended not only from Arab conquerors of the seventh century but also from indigenous peoples who had lived in the country since time immemorial, including the ancient Hebrews and the Canaanites before them. Acutely aware of the distinctiveness of Palestinian history, the Palestinians saw themselves as the heirs of its rich associations." Walid Khalidi, 1984, Before Their Diaspora: A Photographic History of the Palestinians, 1876–1948. Institute for Palestine Studies
^ Jump up to: a b Sizer, Stephen (2007). Zion's Christian Soldiers? The Bible, Israel and the Church.
Jump up ^ Kol Torah, vol. 13, no. 9, Torah Academy of Bergen County, Nov 8, 2003
^ Jump up to: a b See 6th and 7th portion commentaries by Rashi
Jump up ^ Stuart, Douglas K., Exodus, B&H Publishing Group, 2006, p. 549
Jump up ^ Tyndale Bible Dictionary, Walter A. Elwell, Philip Wesley Comfort, Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 2001, p. 984
Jump up ^ "Edersheim Bible History - Bk. 1, Ch. 10". Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Edersheim Bible History - Bk. 1, Ch. 13". Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Albert Barnes Notes on the Bible - Genesis 15". Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Genesis 15 Commentary - John Gill's Exposition on the Whole Bible". StudyLight.org. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Parshah In-Depth - Lech-Lecha
Jump up ^ Doe, John. "Where the World Comes to Study the Bible". Bible.org. Archived from the original on 2009-04-13. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
Jump up ^ "Methodists and Roman Catholics". Third Millennium Ministries. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Promises to Isaac and Ishmael". Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "GOD CALLS ABRAM ABRAHAM". Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nigeriaworld Feature Article - The Abrahamic Covenant: Its scope and significance - A commentary on Dr. Malcolm Fabiyis essay". Nigeria World. Retrieved 13 March 2016. C1 control character in |title= at position 121 (help)
Jump up ^ Biblical commentary on the Old Testament, Volume 1, Carl Friedrich Keil, Franz Delitzsch, p. 224
Jump up ^ "Conversion to Judaism Resource Center". Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Burge, Gary M (2014). "The New Testament and the land". In Paul S Rowe, John H.A. Dyck, Jens Zimmermann. Christians and the Middle East Conflict. Routledge. ISBN 9781317801115. Thus if you were a child of Abraham by race you inevitably were heir to the great land promises in the Holy Land ... Paul challenges the exclusivity of racial descent from Abraham. Children of Abraham consist of people - Jews and Gentiles - who share Abraham's faith. And the promise of God, he notes, comes to Abraham and his seed (singular) and this seed is Christ (Gal. 3:16). Thus Christ is the true heir of Abraham and his promises. And if we belong to Christ, we too are attached to Abraham and the promises given to him. Again, for the non-Jewish Christian, it is hard to imagine the impact of this theological subversion. Paul has upended one of the chief arguments for exclusive Jewish privilege in the Holy Land ... If you want a glimpse of just how striking Paul's rethinking of this could be, just look at Romans 4:13. Here Paul refers directly to the inheritance of Abraham. This was the gift of Canaan, the Holy Land and Israel! And yet look at what Paul actually says: the promise to Abraham was that he would inherit the entire world. How can that be? This is not in Genesis. But it can be true in only one way: the family of Abraham now includes the Gentiles - Gentiles living throughout the world: Romans, Greeks, Cappadocians, Arabs - and they now, inasmuch as they belong to Christ, also belong to Abraham. God's new claim is not for the restoration of Judaea. It is not for a political rebuilding of the Holy Land. God's new claim is for the entire world; His people in Christ will be instruments of that claim. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Henry P. Linton (1884). Notes on the book of Numbers. pp. 169–170. Image of p. 170 at Google Books
Jump up ^ Bechard, Dean Philip (1 January 2000). Paul Outside the Walls: A Study of Luke's Socio-geographical Universalism in Acts 14:8-20. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. pp. 203–205. ISBN 978-88-7653-143-9. In the Second Temple period, when Jewish authors were seeking to establish with greater precision the geographical definition of the Land, it became customary to construe “Mount Hor” of Num 34:7 as a reference to the Amanus range of the Taurus Mountains, which marked the northern limit of the Syrian plain (Bechard 2000, p. 205, note 98.)
Jump up ^ Sainte Bible expliquée et commentée, contenant le texte de la Vulgate. Bibl. Ecclésiastique. 1837. p. 41. Quod si objeceris terram repromissionis dici, quae in Numerorum volumine continetur (Cap. 34), a meridie maris Salinarum per Sina et Cades-Barne, usque ad torrentem Aegypti, qui juxta Rhinocoruram mari magno influit; et ab occidente ipsum mare, quod Palaestinae, Phoenici, Syriae Coeles, Ciliciaeque pertenditur; ab aquilone Taurum montem et Zephyrium usque Emath, quae appellatur Epiphania Syriae; ad orientem vero per Antiochiam et lacum Cenereth, quae nunc Tiberias appellatur, et Jordanem, qui mari influit Salinarum, quod nunc Mortuum dicitur; (Image of p. 41 at Google Books)
Jump up ^ Hieronymus (1910). "Epistola CXXIX Ad Dardanum de Terra promissionis (al. 129; scripta circa annum 414ce)". Epistularum Pars III —Epistulae 121-154, p. 171 (The fifty-sixth volume of Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum also known as the Vienna Corpus: Letters Part 3, Containing letters 121-154 of St. Jerome.) Image of p. 171 at Archive.org
Jump up ^ Munk, Salomon (1845). Palestine: Description géographique, historique et archéologique (in French). F. Didot. pp. 2–3. Sous le nom de Palestine, nous comprenons le petit pays habité autrefois par les Israélites, et qui aujourd'hui fait partie des pachalics d'Acre et de Damas. Il s'étendait entre le 31 et 33° degré latitude N. et entre le 32 et 35° degré longitude E., sur une superficie d'environ 1300 lieues carrées. Quelques écrivains jaloux de donner au pays des Hébreux une certaine importance politique, ont exagéré l'étendue de la Palestine; mais nous avons pour nous une autorité que l'on ne saurait récuser. Saint Jérôme, qui avait longtemps voyagé dans cette contrée, dit dans sa lettre à Dardanus (ep. 129) que de la limite du nord jusqu'à celle du midi il n'y avait qu'une distance de 160 milles romains, ce qui fait environ 55 lieues. Il rend cet hommage à la vérité bien qu'il craigne, comme il le dit lui-même de livrer par la terre promise aux sarcasmes païens. (Pudet dicere latitudinem terrae repromissionis, ne ethnicis occasionem blasphemandi dedisse uideamur)
Jump up ^ Munk, Salomon; Levy, Moritz A. (1871). Palästina: geographische, historische und archäologische Beschreibung dieses Landes und kurze Geschichte seiner hebräischen und jüdischen Bewohner (in German). Leiner. p. 1. Image of p. 1 at Google Books
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