text:
Minute to Win It (Indian game show)
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Minute To Win It
Genre
Game show
Created by
Endemol Shine
Presented by
Nyla Usha
Country of origin
India
No. of seasons
01
Production
Running time
55 Minutes approx.
Release
Original network
Mazhavil Manorama
Picture format
1080i HDTV
First shown in
United States
Original release
9 April 2016 (2016-04-09) – 3 February 2017
External links
Official Website
Minute To Win It is an Indian game show which premiered on Mazhavil Manorama channel and is hosted by RJ Nyla Usha.[1] The show is based on a US television game show on the same title, Minute to Win It. The show already telecast in Tamil, Kannada and Hindi across India. Mazhavil Manorama is the first Malayalam channel to adopt an International television show to its channel.[2] This game show had succeeded in more than 60 countries.[3]
Contents
1 Format
2 Celebrity contestants
3 Awards
4 References
Format[edit]
In the game show, the contestant is needed to complete a certain level with 60-seconds time period and need to complete each and every levels to reach the Top of Money Tree with Three Lives.[4] The winner of the show will be awarded Rs.1,000,000 cash prize.[5]
Celebrity contestants[edit]
Thatteem Mutteem team
Sanusha & Sanoop Santhosh
Kavi Uddheshichathu..? team
Malavika Wales & Rahul Ravi
D 4 Dance team
Awards[edit]
Best Anchor - Nyla Usha at FLOWERS TV AWARDS 2017
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Nyla to host a TV show". timesofindia.indiatimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Minute to Win It from April 9". timesofindia.indiatimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Mazhavil Manorama ropes in Endemol Shine to launch "Minute to Win It" in Malayalam". www.tvnews4u.com.
Jump up ^ "Mazhavil Manorama ropes in Endemol Shine for 'Minute to Win It'". www.indiantelevision.com.
Jump up ^ "Mazhavil Manorama to launch 'Minute to Win It' on 9th April onward". english.manoramaonline.com.
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The Future's So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"The Future's So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades"
7" U.S. single
Single by Timbuk3
from the album Greetings from Timbuk3
B-side
"I'll Do All Right"
Released
1986
Format
7"
Length
3:21
Label
I.R.S.
Songwriter(s)
Pat MacDonald
Producer(s)
Dennis Herring
Music video
"The Future's So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades" on YouTube
"The Future's So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades" is a song by Timbuk3. It is the opening track from their debut album, Greetings from Timbuk3. Released as the album's first single in 1986, it was the band's only significant mainstream hit.
Contents
1 Background
2 Chart performance
3 Rejection of commercial licensing
4 References
5 External links
Background[edit]
The inspiration for the song, and the title specifically, came when Barbara MacDonald said to her husband singer/songwriter Pat MacDonald, "The future is looking so bright, we'll have to wear sunglasses!" But, while Barbara had made the comment in earnest – it was the early '80s, the two had met and married and were starting a family, their first EP was coming, their book was filling up with gigs – Pat heard the comment as an ironic quip and wrote down instead, "The future's so bright, I gotta wear shades."[1]
From there, the lyrics to the song were born, but not the song as it ended up in the minds of popular culture. While Pat wrote a song of a young nuclear scientist and his rich future,[1] listening audiences heard a graduation theme song.
Pat revealed on VH1's 100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the 80s that the meaning of the song was widely misinterpreted as a positive perspective in regard to the near future. Pat somewhat clarified the meaning by stating that it was, contrary to popular belief, a "grim" outlook. While not saying so directly, he hinted at the idea that the bright future was in fact due to impending nuclear holocaust. The "job waiting" after graduation signified the demand for nuclear scientists to facilitate such events. Pat drew upon the multitude of past predictions which transcend several cultures that foreshadow the world ending in the 1980s, along with the nuclear tension at the height of the Cold War to compile the song.
Two verses were written more explicitly portraying the ironic intent of the song. One went:
Well I'm well aware of the world out there,
getting blown all to bits, but what do I care?
The other referred to a supporter of Ronald Reagan as "a flaming fascist". However, they were omitted from the final recording because MacDonald felt they were too heavy-handed and obvious.[2] When they performed the song on The Joan Rivers Show in 1989, the third verse they sang was similar to the former omitted verse.
Similarly, the group's EP Looks Like Dark to Me contains a slower version of the song with an additional verse, making clear the dark nature of the song's intent:
Blowin' up the lab,
Blowin' the professor,
Torn between two evils,
I always pick the lesser.
That same EP's title track also refers back to this song:
The future's been bright for so long now, it looks like dark to me
Chart performance[edit]
The song was the group's only major hit, reaching number 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 14 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart.[3] Additionally, the song reached number 21 on the UK Singles Chart.[4]
Chart (1986–1987)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[5] 18
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[6] 23
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[7] 15
Ireland (IRMA)[8] 11
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[9] 29
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[4] 21
US Billboard Album Rock Tracks[3] 14
US Billboard Hot 100[3] 19
US Cash Box[10] 21
Rejection of commercial licensing[edit]
The former members of Timbuk 3 have refused to license the song for commercials, including a $900,000 offer from AT&T and offers from Ford, the U.S. Army, and Bausch & Lomb for their Ray-Ban sunglasses.[11]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Moser, Margaret (February 23, 2007). "The Future's So Bright I Gotta Wear Shades". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved March 9, 2011. 'Oh, the future's so bright, we'll have to wear sunglasses!'" Kooyman teased. "Pat heard me say it, but he heard it with irony so he wrote down, 'The future's so bright I gotta wear shades.'
Jump up ^ Graff, Gary (May 3, 1987). "Timbuk 3's anti-nuke 'Shades' turns into misunderstood hit". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Timbuk 3 – Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 310. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 8857." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 0775." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Timbuk 3". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Timbuk 3 – The Future's So Bright I Gotta Wear Shades". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending DECEMBER 27, 1986". Cash Box. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Langer, Andy (November 24, 2000). "The Future's Still Bright". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
External links[edit]
Song Review at AllMusic
Lyrics
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Future%27s_So_Bright,_I_Gotta_Wear_Shades&oldid=855399414"
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List of Heisman Trophy winners
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Heisman Trophy
Given for
The outstanding college football player whose performance best exhibits the pursuit of excellence with integrity. Winners epitomize great ability combined with diligence, perseverance, and hard work.
Location
PlayStation Theater,
Times Square, Manhattan
Presented by
Downtown Athletic Club (1937–2001)
Yale Club (2002–2003)
The Heisman Trust (2004–current)
History
First award
December 9, 1935 to Jay Berwanger
Most recent
Lamar Jackson, University of Louisville
Website
http://www.heisman.com/
The Heisman Trophy, one of the highest individual awards in American college football, has been awarded 81 times since its creation in 1935, including 79 unique winners and one two-time winner. The trophy is given annually to the most outstanding college football player in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), and is awarded by the Heisman Trust, successors of the awards from the Downtown Athletic Club at an annual ceremony at the PlayStation Theater in Times Square, Manhattan.
In 1935, the award, then known as the DAC Trophy, was created by New York City's Downtown Athletic Club to recognize the best college football player "east of the Mississippi River".[1] In that inaugural year, the award went to Jay Berwanger from the University of Chicago. Berwanger was later drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League but declined to sign for them. He never played professional football for any team, instead choosing to pursue a career in business.[2] In 1936, the club's athletic director, football pioneer John Heisman, died and the trophy was renamed in his honor. Larry Kelley, the second winner of the award, was the first to win it as the "Heisman Trophy".[3] In addition to the name change, the award also became a nationwide achievement. With the new name, players west of the Mississippi became eligible; the first player from the western United States was selected in 1938.[1] Only one player, Ohio State's Archie Griffin, has won the award twice.[4]
On June 10, 2010, following several years of investigation, the NCAA announced that USC running back Reggie Bush, the 2005 Heisman trophy winner, received gifts from agents while still in college. The university received major sanctions,[5][6] and there were reports that the Heisman Trophy Trust would strip his award.[7] In September of that year, Bush voluntarily forfeited his title as the 2005 winner. The Heisman Trust decided to leave the award vacated with no new winner to be announced.[8]
Between 1936 and 2001, the award was given at an annual gala ceremony at the Downtown Athletic Club in New York City. The Downtown Athletic Club's facilities were damaged during the September 11, 2001 attacks. Due to financial difficulties stemming from the damage, the DAC declared bankruptcy in 2002, turning over its building to creditors. Following the club's bankruptcy and the loss of the original Downtown Athletic Club building,[9] the Yale Club of New York City assumed presenting honors in 2002 and 2003.[10] The ceremony was moved to the New York Marriott Marquis in Times Square for the 2002, 2003, and 2004 presentations, but since 2005, the event has been held at the venue now known as PlayStation Theater, also in Times Square.[11] The move to the PlayStation Theater allowed the Downtown Athletic Club (and ultimately, the award's successor, The Heisman Trust) to resume full control of the event—the most prominent example of which was the return of the official portraits of past winners—despite the loss of the original presentation hall.[12]
In terms of balloting, the fifty states of the U.S. are split into six regions (Far West, Mid Atlantic, Mid West, North East, South, South West), and six regional representatives are selected to appoint voters in their states.[13] Each region has 145 media votes, for a total of 870 votes. In addition, all previous Heisman winners may vote, and one final vote is counted through public balloting. The Heisman ballots contain a 3-2-1 point system, in which each ballot ranks the voter's top three players and awards them three points for a first-place vote, two points for a second-place vote, and one point for a third-place vote. The points are tabulated, and the player with the highest total of points across all ballots wins the Heisman Trophy.[14]
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 List of Heisman Trophy winners
3 Trophies won by school
4 References
5 External links
Key[edit]
* First overall draft pick in the NFL Draft
† Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame
‡ First overall draft pick and inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame
List of Heisman Trophy winners[edit]
Heisman Winners
Year
Image
Name
School
Position
Points
% of Points Possible[15]
Class
1935 Berwanger, JayJay Berwanger* Chicago Halfback 84 43.08% Senior
1936 Kelley, LarryLarry Kelley Yale End 219 36.41% Senior
1937 Frank, ClintClint Frank Yale Halfback 524 32.89% Senior
1938 O'Brien, DaveyDavey O'Brien TCU Quarterback 519 29.62% Senior
1939 Kinnick, NileNile Kinnick Iowa Halfback/Quarterback 651 31.00% Senior
1940 Harmon, TomTom Harmon* Michigan Halfback 1,303 54.29% Senior
1941 Smith, BruceBruce Smith Minnesota Halfback 554 49.99% Senior
1942 Sinkwich, FrankFrank Sinkwich* Georgia Halfback 1,059 56.15% Senior
1943 Bertelli, AngeloAngelo Bertelli* Notre Dame Quarterback 648 64.80% Senior
1944 Horvath, LesLes Horvath Ohio State Quarterback/Halfback 412 18.31% Senior
1945 Blanchard, DocDoc Blanchard Army Fullback 860 33.81% Junior
1946 Davis, GlennGlenn Davis Army Halfback 792 79.20% Senior
1947 Lujack, JohnnyJohnny Lujack Notre Dame Quarterback 742 74.20% Senior
1948 Walker, DoakDoak Walker† SMU Halfback 778 28.56% Junior
1949 Hart, LeonLeon Hart* Notre Dame End 995 36.53% Senior
1950 Janowicz, VicVic Janowicz Ohio State Halfback/Punter 633 22.03% Junior
1951
—
Kazmaier, DickDick Kazmaier Princeton Halfback 1,777 60.01% Senior
1952 Vessels, BillyBilly Vessels Oklahoma Halfback 525 14.32% Senior
1953 Lattner, JohnnyJohnny Lattner Notre Dame Halfback 1,850 49.14% Senior
1954 Ameche, AlanAlan Ameche Wisconsin Fullback 1,068 27.01% Senior
1955 Cassady, HowardHoward Cassady Ohio State Halfback 2,219 55.87% Senior
1956
—
Hornung, PaulPaul Hornung‡ Notre Dame Quarterback 1,066 26.96% Senior
1957 Crow, John DavidJohn David Crow Texas A&M Halfback 1,183 31.12% Senior
1958 Dawkins, PetePete Dawkins Army Halfback 1,394 39.01% Senior
1959 Cannon, BillyBilly Cannon* LSU Halfback 1,929 53.72% Senior
1960
—
Bellino, JoeJoe Bellino Navy Halfback 1,793 52.89% Senior
1961 Davis, ErnieErnie Davis* Syracuse Halfback/Linebacker/Fullback 824 25.18% Senior
1962
—
Baker, TerryTerry Baker* Oregon State Quarterback 707 21.25% Senior
1963 Staubach, RogerRoger Staubach† Navy Quarterback 1,860 55.21% Junior
1964 Huarte, JohnJohn Huarte Notre Dame Quarterback 1,026 30.98% Senior
1965 Garrett, MikeMike Garrett USC Halfback 926 26.61% Senior
1966 Spurrier, SteveSteve Spurrier Florida Quarterback 1,679 48.25% Senior
1967
—
Beban, GaryGary Beban UCLA Quarterback 1,968 63.50% Senior
1968 Simpson, O. J.O. J. Simpson‡ USC Halfback 2,853 80.64% Senior
1969
—
Owens, SteveSteve Owens Oklahoma Fullback 1,488 40.92% Senior
1970 Plunkett, JimJim Plunkett* Stanford Quarterback 2,229 58.78% Senior
1971
—
Sullivan, PatPat Sullivan Auburn Quarterback 1,597 42.25% Senior
1972
—
Rodgers, JohnnyJohnny Rodgers Nebraska Wide Receiver/Running back 1,310 38.75% Senior
1973
—
Cappelletti, JohnJohn Cappelletti Penn State Running back 1,057 32.78% Senior
1974 Griffin, ArchieArchie Griffin Ohio State Running back 1,920 59.53% Junior
1975 Griffin, ArchieArchie Griffin Ohio State Running back 1,800 57.64% Senior
1976 Dorsett, TonyTony Dorsett† Pittsburgh Running back 2,357 74.97% Senior
1977 Campbell, EarlEarl Campbell‡ Texas Running back 1,547 49.11% Senior
1978 Sims, BillyBilly Sims* Oklahoma Running back 1,896 26.25% Junior
1979
—
White, CharlesCharles White USC Running back 1,695 53.81% Senior
1980
—
Rogers, GeorgeGeorge Rogers* South Carolina Running back 1,128 35.81% Senior
1981 Allen, MarcusMarcus Allen† USC Running back 1,797 57.05% Senior
1982 Walker, HerschelHerschel Walker Georgia Running back 1,926 61.14% Junior
1983
—
Rozier, MikeMike Rozier Nebraska Running back 1,801 57.17% Senior
1984 Flutie, DougDoug Flutie Boston College Quarterback 2,240 71.11% Senior
1985 Jackson, BoBo Jackson* Auburn Running back 1,509 47.90% Senior
1986 Testaverde, VinnyVinny Testaverde* Miami Quarterback 2,213 70.25% Senior
1987 Brown, TimTim Brown† Notre Dame Wide receiver 1,442 45.78% Senior
1988 Sanders, BarryBarry Sanders† Oklahoma State Running back 1,878 68.27% Junior
1989 Ware, AndreAndre Ware Houston Quarterback 1,073 38.96% Junior
1990 Detmer, TyTy Detmer BYU Quarterback 1,482 53.87% Junior
1991 Howard, DesmondDesmond Howard Michigan Wide receiver/Punt returner 2,077 75.50% Junior
1992 Torretta, GinoGino Torretta Miami Quarterback 1,400 50.84% Senior
1993 Ward, CharlieCharlie Ward Florida State Quarterback 2,310 83.79% Senior
1994 Salaam, RashaanRashaan Salaam Colorado Running back 1,743 63.15% Junior
1995 George, EddieEddie George Ohio State Running back 1,460 52.84% Senior
1996 Wuerffel, DannyDanny Wuerffel Florida Quarterback 1,363 49.38% Senior
1997 Woodson, CharlesCharles Woodson Michigan Cornerback/Punt returner 1,815 65.69% Junior
1998 Williams, RickyRicky Williams Texas Running back 2,355 85.23% Senior
1999 Dayne, RonRon Dayne Wisconsin Running back 2,042 73.83% Senior
2000 Weinke, ChrisChris Weinke Florida State Quarterback 1,628 58.86% Senior
2001
—
Crouch, EricEric Crouch Nebraska Quarterback 770 27.75% Senior
2002 Palmer, CarsonCarson Palmer* USC Quarterback 1,328 48.01% Senior
2003 White, JasonJason White Oklahoma Quarterback 1,481 53.54% Junior
2004 Leinart, MattMatt Leinart USC Quarterback 1,325 47.85% Junior
2005
(vacated)
—
Reggie Bush USC Running Back 2,541 91.77% Junior
2006 Smith, TroyTroy Smith Ohio State Quarterback 2,540 91.63% Senior
2007 Tebow, TimTim Tebow Florida Quarterback 1,957 70.52% Sophomore
2008 Bradford, SamSam Bradford* Oklahoma Quarterback 1,726 62.13% Sophomore
2009 Ingram, Jr., MarkMark Ingram, Jr. Alabama Running back 1,304 46.99% Sophomore
2010 Newton, CamCam Newton* Auburn Quarterback 2,263 81.55% Junior
2011 Griffin III, RobertRobert Griffin III Baylor Quarterback 1,687 60.66% Junior
2012 Manziel, JohnnyJohnny Manziel Texas A&M Quarterback 2,029 72.88% Freshman
2013 Winston, JameisJameis Winston* Florida State Quarterback 2,205 79.12% Freshman
2014 Mariota, MarcusMarcus Mariota Oregon Quarterback 2,534 90.92% Junior
2015 Henry, DerrickDerrick Henry Alabama Running back 1,832 65.73% Junior
2016 Jackson, LamarLamar Jackson Louisville Quarterback 2,144 79.50% Sophomore
Trophies won by school[edit]
This is a list of the colleges and universities who have had a player win a Heisman trophy: Ohio State and Notre Dame are tied for the most trophies at 7 each (USC's 2005 award having been voluntarily forfeited). Ohio State has the distinction of the only two-time winner, Archie Griffin, leaving their total players to have won the trophy at six. In total, players from 39 different schools have won a Heisman Trophy, while 18 schools have more than one trophy.
School
Trophies
held
Notre Dame 7
Ohio State 7
USC 6†
Oklahoma 5
Army 3
Auburn 3
Florida 3
Florida State 3
Michigan 3
Nebraska 3
Alabama 2
Georgia 2
Miami 2
Navy 2
Texas 2
Texas A&M 2
Wisconsin 2
Yale 2
Baylor 1
BYU 1
Boston College 1
Colorado 1
Chicago 1
Houston 1
Iowa 1
Louisville 1
LSU 1
Minnesota 1
Oklahoma State 1
Oregon 1
Oregon State 1
Penn State 1
Pittsburgh 1
Princeton 1
South Carolina 1
SMU 1
Stanford 1
Syracuse 1
TCU 1
UCLA 1
† The 2005 title was forfeited by Reggie Bush and is not tallied here.

References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Lighten up. (Heisman Trophy) Mark Purdy, The Sporting News, encyclopedia.com. December 5, 1994. Accessed March 8, 2008. (Site defunct prior to 9/10) Archived February 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Jay Berwanger, first winner of the Heisman Trophy, 1914–2002 Julia Morse, University of Chicago News Office. Chicago, Illinois. June 27, 2002. Accessed March 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Heisman Trophy". heisman.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-03. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
Jump up ^ Archie Griffin Archived 2012-01-04 at the Wayback Machine. Heisman.com. Accessed December 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ USC punished with two-year football posteason ban. ESPN, 2010-06-11.
Jump up ^ "NCAA infraction report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-05. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
Jump up ^ "news: Heisman Trust leader denies decision to revoke Bush's trophy". NFL. September 7, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
Jump up ^ "Reggie Bush's Heisman to stay vacated". ESPN. September 16, 2010. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ New York landmark's closing leaves Heisman homeless Wayne Drehs, ESPN.com. July 22, 2004. Accessed March 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ 9-11 Forces Heisman to Move to Yale Club[dead link] Christopher Hunt, New York Daily News. June 26, 2002. Accessed March 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Downtown Athletic Club". nyc-architecture.com. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
Jump up ^ Bush runs away with Heisman Trophy Ivan Maisel, ESPN.com. December 10, 2005. Accessed March 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ Expanded Heisman Trophy Voting Results MSNBC.com. Accessed March 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Heisman Trophy Balloting". heisman.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-16. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
Jump up ^ Chisholm, Kari. "A plea to sportswriters for statistical accuracy". Stiff Arm Trophy. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
External links[edit]
Heisman Trophy official website

[show]
v
t
e
Heisman Trophy winners
1935: Berwanger
1936: Kelley
1937: Frank
1938: O'Brien
1939: Kinnick
1940: Harmon
1941: B. Smith
1942: Sinkwich
1943: Bertelli
1944: Horvath
1945: Blanchard
1946: G. Davis
1947: Lujack
1948: D. Walker
1949: Hart
1950: Janowicz
1951: Kazmaier
1952: Vessels
1953: Lattner
1954: Ameche
1955: Cassady
1956: Hornung
1957: Crow
1958: Dawkins
1959: Cannon
1960: Bellino
1961: E. Davis
1962: Baker
1963: Staubach
1964: Huarte
1965: Garrett
1966: Spurrier
1967: Beban
1968: Simpson
1969: Owens
1970: Plunkett
1971: Sullivan
1972: Rodgers
1973: Cappelletti
1974: Griffin
1975: Griffin
1976: Dorsett
1977: Campbell
1978: Sims
1979: C. White
1980: Rogers
1981: Allen
1982: H. Walker
1983: Rozier
1984: Flutie
1985: B. Jackson
1986: Testaverde
1987: Brown
1988: Sanders
1989: Ware
1990: Detmer
1991: Howard
1992: Torretta
1993: Ward
1994: Salaam
1995: George
1996: Wuerffel
1997: Woodson
1998: Williams
1999: Dayne
2000: Weinke
2001: Crouch
2002: Palmer
2003: J. White
2004: Leinart
2005: vacated *
2006: T. Smith
2007: Tebow
2008: Bradford
2009: Ingram Jr.
2010: Newton
2011: Griffin III
2012: Manziel
2013: Winston
2014: Mariota
2015: Henry
2016: L. Jackson
*Note: The 2005 Heisman Trophy was originally awarded to Reggie Bush, but Bush forfeited the award in 2010. The Heisman Trust subsequently decided to leave the 2005 award vacated.
[show]
v
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e
College football awards
Overall trophies
Heisman Memorial Trophy (winners) (Most outstanding)
Maxwell Award (Player of the year)
Walter Camp Award (Player of the year)
Archie Griffin Award (Most valuable)
Chic Harley Award (Best player)
Overall media awards
AP Player of the Year (1998)
Sporting News Player of the Year (1942)
Defunct: UPI Player of the Year
Positional awards
Bronko Nagurski Trophy (Defensive player)
Chuck Bednarik Award (Defensive player)
Rimington Trophy (Center)
Davey O'Brien Award (Quarterback)
Butkus Award (Linebacker)
Doak Walker Award (Running back)
Fred Biletnikoff Award (receiver)
Jim Thorpe Award (Defensive back)
John Mackey Award (Tight end)
Lombardi Award (Lineman/linebacker)
Lott Trophy (Defensive player)
Lou Groza Award (Placekicker)
Manning Award (Quarterback)
Outland Trophy (Interior lineman)
Ray Guy Award (Punter)
Ted Hendricks Award (Defensive end)
Jet Award (Return specialist)
Jacobs Blocking Trophy
Joe Moore Award (Offensive line)
Other national player awards
Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award (Senior quarterback)
Paul Hornung Award (Most versatile)
All-Americans
College Football All-America Team (Unanimous All-Americans)
Head coaching awards
AFCA Coach of the Year Award (1935)
Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award (1957)
Sporting News Coach of the Year (1963)
Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award (1967)
Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year (1976)
Woody Hayes Trophy (1977)
Paul "Bear" Bryant Award (1986)
George Munger Award (1989)
Home Depot Coach of the Year (1994)
AP Coach of the Year (1998)
Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year Award (2006)
Bobby Bowden Coach of the Year Award (2009)

Defunct: Joseph V. Paterno Award (2010)
Assistant coaching awards
Broyles Award (Assistant Coach of the Year)
AFCA Assistant Coach of the Year
Conference awards
ACC awards
American awards
Big 12 awards
Big Ten awards (MVP)
MAC awards
Pac-12 awards
SEC awards
Defunct: Big East awards
SWC awards
Division I FCS awards
Walter Payton Award (Div. I FCS offensive player)
Buck Buchanan Award (Div. I FCS defensive player)
Jerry Rice Award (Div. I FCS freshman)
Eddie Robinson Award (Div. I FCS coach)

Defunct:
Mickey Charles Award (Div. I FCS student-athlete)
STATS FCS Offensive Player of the Year (Div. I FCS offensive player)
STATS FCS Defensive Player of the Year (Div. I FCS defensive player)
STATS FCS Freshman Player of the Year (Div. I FCS freshman)
STATS FCS Coach of the Year (Div. I FCS coach)
Other divisions/associations
Harlon Hill Trophy (Div. II)
Gagliardi Trophy (Div. III)
Rawlings Award (NAIA)
Defunct: Melberger Award (Div. III)
Academic, inspirational,
and versatility awards
Academic All-America of the Year (Student-athlete)
Disney's Wide World of Sports Spirit Award
William V. Campbell Trophy (Student-athlete)
Wuerffel Trophy (Humanitarian-athlete)
Lowe's Senior CLASS Award (Student-athlete)
Burlsworth Trophy (Walk-on)
Rudy Award (inspirational/motivational)
Service awards
Amos Alonzo Stagg Award
Walter Camp Alumni of the Year
Walter Camp Man of the Year
National Football Foundation Distinguished American Award
National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners
Theodore Roosevelt Award
Regional awards
Champ Pickens Trophy (1923–1926; Southern Conference champion)
Conerly Trophy (Mississippi)
Dudley Award (Virginia)
Norris Cup
Porter Cup
Earl Campbell Tyler Rose Award (Texas-related offensive player)
Kent Hull Trophy (Mississippi; offensive lineman)
Nils V. "Swede" Nelson Award (New England sportsmanship)
Awards organizations
Maxwell Football Club
National Football Foundation
Touchdown Club of Columbus
Walter Camp Football Foundation
Washington D.C. Touchdown Club
Halls of fame
College Football Hall of Fame
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Heisman_Trophy_winners&oldid=804607364"
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Stand by Me (Charles Albert Tindley song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Stand by Me
by Charles Albert Tindley
Genre
Hymn
Written
1905
Meter
8.3.8.3.7.7.8.3
"Stand by Me" should not to be confused with "Stand by Me Father", by Sam Cooke and James W. Alexander.[1]
Though sometimes known as "Stand by Me Father", "Stand by Me" is a 1905 gospel song by the Rev. Charles Albert Tindley.[2] Although often thought to be a "traditional spiritual", Tindley copyrighted the song in 1905.[3][4] The song of the same name by Ben E. King draws on Tindley's song. The song has been sung in Tindley's original gospel form by various artists including Bob Dylan.[5]
Lyrics[edit]
1.
When the storms of life are raging, stand by me.
When the storms of life are raging, stand by me.
When the world is tossing me, like a ship upon the sea,
thou who rulest wind and water, stand by me.
2.
In the midst of tribulation, stand by me.
In the midst of tribulation, stand by me.
When the hosts of hell assail, and my strength begins to fail,
thou who never lost a battle, stand by me.
3.
In the midst of faults and failures, stand by me.
In the midst of faults and failures, stand by me.
When I do the best I can, and my friends misunderstand,
thou who knowest all about me, stand by me.
4.
In the midst of persecution, stand by me.
In the midst of persecution, stand by me.
When my foes in battle array, undertake to stop my way,
thou who saved Paul and Silas, stand by me.
5.
When I'm growing old and feeble, stand by me.
When I'm growing old and feeble, stand by me.
When my life becomes a burden, and I'm nearing chilly Jordan,
O thou Lily of the Valley, stand by me.
Recordings[edit]
This list of songs or music-related items is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
The song has been recorded by artists including:[6]
1928 – Pace Jubilee Singers (10" 78rpm single Victor 21551)[7]
1937 – Norfolk Jubilee Singers (Decca Records)
1941 – Sister Rosetta Tharpe (Decca)
1949 – Ernest Tubb (10" 78rpm single Decca 14506)[8]
1961 – The Staple Singers (Vee Jay)
1966 – Elvis Presley (RCA Victor)[9][better source needed]
1985 -- Canton Spirituals (J&B Records)
(Date unknown) The Pilgrim Travelers Re-issued on "The Best Of Gospel Choirs" (1995, Baur Music Production BMP 51143)[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Soul-Stirring Gospel Sounds of the Pilgrim Travelers". allmusic.com. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Robert Darden, Bob Darden People Get Ready!: A New History of Black Gospel Music 2005- Page 162 "Tindley had a rare gift for both creating Bible-based images and imminently singable choruses: "Stand by Me" (Charles Albert Tindley, originally copyrighted 1905) When the storms of life are raging, Stand by me When the storms of life are ..."
Jump up ^ "Stand By Me". hymnary.org. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Stand By Me". nethymnal.org. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Oliver Trager Keys to the rain: the definitive Bob Dylan encyclopedia 2004 - Page 584 ""Stand by Me" a "Stand by Me" (Charles Albert Tindley) aka "Oh Lord, Stand by Me' Elvis Presley,... to Mahalio Jackson (1996) Dylan only performed this gospel song (not the same tune popularized by Ben E. King and by the effective 1989 adolescent buddy flick starring the late River Phoenix)."
Jump up ^ Steve Sullivan Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings - Volume 2 -2013 Page 94 "It was inspired by the gospel standard Stand By Me (also known as Stand By Me Father), written in 1905 by Charles Albert Tindley (a Philadelphia-based African Methodist Episcopal minister), and recorded by, among others, the Pace Jubilee Singers (for Victor in 1928), the Norfolk Jubilee Singers (for Decca in 1937), Sister Rosetta Tharpe (for Decca in 1941), and the Staple Singers (for Vee Jay in January 1961 just before King's record was issued). Anthony Heilbut remarks that it “combines the fervor of a Dr. Watts hymn with a terse economy of a spiritual”: “When the storms of life are raging, stand by me, stand by me . . . In the midst of tribulation, stand by me . . .”472 The Tindley song . ...
Jump up ^ "Victor 21500–22000". 78discography.com. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Decca 14500 series Numerical Listing". 78discography.com. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "How Great Thou Art (Elvis Presley album)".
Jump up ^ "The Best Of Gospel Choirs". www.muziekweb.nl. Retrieved January 9, 2016.

This 1900s song article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Judicial independence
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Judicial independence is the concept that the judiciary needs to be kept away from the other branches of government. That is, courts should not be subject to improper influence from the other branches of government, or from private or partisan interests. Judicial Independence is vital and important to the idea of separation of powers.
Different countries deal with the idea of judicial independence through different means of judicial selection, or choosing judges. One way to promote judicial independence is by granting life tenure or long tenure for judges, which ideally frees them to decide cases and make rulings according to the rule of law and judicial discretion, even if those decisions are politically unpopular or opposed by powerful interests. This concept can be traced back to 18th century England.
In some countries, the ability of the judiciary to check the legislature is enhanced by the power of judicial review. This power can be used, for example, by mandating certain action when the judiciary perceives that a branch of government is refusing to perform a constitutional duty, or by declaring laws passed by the legislature unconstitutional.
Contents
[hide]
1 Economic basis
2 Development of the concept
2.1 National and international developments
2.2 International standards
2.3 The justice system
3 Canada
4 Hong Kong
5 United Kingdom
5.1 England and Wales
5.1.1 History
5.1.2 Contemporary usage
6 United States of America
6.1 Federal courts
6.2 State courts
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Economic basis[edit]
Constitutional economics studies issues such as the proper distribution of national wealth including government spending on the judiciary. In transitional and developing countries, spending on the judiciary may be controlled by the executive. This undermines the principle of judicial independence because it creates a financial dependence of the judiciary on the executive. It is important to distinguish between two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and privileges) being the most dangerous, and private. State corruption of the judiciary can impede the ability of businesses to optimally facilitate the growth and development of a market economy.[1]
In some countries, the constitution also prohibits the legislative branch from reducing salaries of sitting judges.
Development of the concept[edit]
National and international developments[edit]
The development of judicial independence has been argued to involve a cycle of national law having an impact on international law, and international law subsequently impacting national law.[2] This is said to occur in three phases: the first phase is characterized by the domestic development of the concept of judicial independence, the second by the spread of these concepts internationally and their implementation in international law, and the third by the implementation in national law of these newly formulated international principles of judicial independence.[2]
A notable example illustrating this cycle is the United Kingdom. The first phase occurred in England with the original conception of judicial independence in the Act of Settlement 1701.[3] The second phase was evident when England’s concepts regarding judicial independence spread internationally, and were adopted into the domestic law of other countries; for instance, England served as the model for Montesquieu’s separation of powers doctrine,[4] and the Founding Fathers of the US Constitution used England as their dominant model in formulating the Constitution’s Article III, which is the foundation of American judicial independence.[5] Other common law countries, including Canada, Australia, and India, also adopted the British model of judicial independence.[6]
In recent decades the third phase of judicial independence has been evident in the UK,[7] as it has been significantly influenced by judicial independence principles developed by international human rights constitutional documents. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has had a significant impact on the conceptual analysis of judicial independence in England and Scotland. This process began in the 1990s with the ECtHR hearing UK cases and, more significantly, in the application of the European Convention on Human Rights in British law through the Human Rights Act 1998, which came into force in the UK in 2000.[8]
Where British national law had previously impacted the international development of judicial independence, the British Constitutional Reform Act 2005[9] marked a shift, with international law now impacting British domestic law. The Constitutional Reform Act dramatically reformed government control over the administration of justice in England and Wales; importantly, it discontinued the position of the Lord Chancellor, one of the country’s oldest constitutional offices, who was entrusted with a combination of legislative, executive, and judicial capacities.[10] The Lord Chancellor served as speaker of the Upper House of Parliament, the House of Lords; as a member of the executive branch and member of the senior cabinet; and as the head of the judiciary. Historically, the appellate function had a connection with the executive branch due to the types of cases typically heard – impeachment and the hearing of felony charges against peers.[11] The Constitutional Reform Act established new lines of demarcation between the Lord Chancellor and the judiciary, transferring all the judicial functions to the judiciary and entrusting the Lord Chancellor only with what are considered administrative and executive matters. In addition, the Constitutional Reform Act replaced the Lord Chancellor by the Lord Chief Justice as head of the judiciary, separated the judicial Appellate Committee of the House of Lords from the legislative parliament, reforming it as the Supreme Court, and creating a Judicial Appointments Commission.[12] The creation of the Supreme Court was important, for it finally separated the highest court of appeal from the House of Lords.[13]
Thus, the United Kingdom, where judicial independence began over three hundred years ago, illustrates the interaction over time of national and international law and jurisprudence in the area of judicial independence. In this process, concepts and ideas have become enriched as they have been implemented in successive judicial and political systems, as each system has enhanced and deepened the concepts and ideas it actualized. In addition to the UK, similar developments of conceptual cross-fertilization can be seen internationally, for example in European Union law,[14] in civil law countries such as Austria, and in other common law jurisdictions including Canada.[15]
International standards[edit]
The International Association of Judicial Independence and World Peace produced the Mt. Scopus International Standards of Judicial Independence between 2007 and 2012. These built on the same association's New Delhi Minimum Standards on Judicial independence adopted in 1982 and their Montréal Universal Declaration on the Independence of Justice in 1983. Other influences they cite for the standards include the UN Basic Principles of Judicial Independence from 1985, the Burgh House Principles of Judicial Independence in International Law (for the international judiciary), Tokyo Law Asia Principles, Council of Europe Statements on judicial independence (particularly the Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the independence, efficiency and role of judges), the Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct 2002, and the American Bar Association's revision of its ethical standards for judges.[16]
The justice system[edit]
In recent years, the principle of judicial independence has been described as one of the core values of the justice system.[17]
Canada[edit]
Canada has a level of judicial independence entrenched in its Constitution, awarding superior court justices various guarantees to independence under sections 96 to 100 of the Constitution Act, 1867. These include rights to tenure (although the Constitution has since been amended to introduce mandatory retirement at age 75) and the right to a salary determined by the Parliament of Canada (as opposed to the executive). In 1982 a measure of judicial independence was extended to inferior courts specializing in criminal law (but not civil law) by section 11 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, although in the 1986 case Valente v. The Queen it was found these rights are limited. They do, however, involve tenure, financial security and some administrative control.
The year 1997 saw a major shift towards judicial independence, as the Supreme Court of Canada in the Provincial Judges Reference found an unwritten constitutional norm guaranteeing judicial independence to all judges, including civil law inferior court judges. The unwritten norm is said to be implied by the preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867. Consequently, judicial compensation committees such as the Judicial Compensation and Benefits Commission now recommend judicial salaries in Canada. There are two types of judicial independence: institutional independence and decisional independence. Institutional independence means the judicial branch is independent from the executive and legislative branches. Decisional independence is the idea that judges should be able to decide cases solely based on the law and facts, without letting the media, politics or other concerns sway their decisions, and without fearing penalty in their careers for their decisions.
Hong Kong[edit]
In Hong Kong, independence of the judiciary has been the tradition since the territory became a British crown colony in 1842. After the 1997 transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China pursuant to the Sino-British Joint Declaration, an international treaty registered with the United Nations, independence of the judiciary, along with continuation of English common law, has been enshrined in the territory's constitutional document, the Basic Law.[18][19] In recent years, this independence has been put into question after a number of interventions from China on several cases which swayed rulings in the Executive's favour, most notably the Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy of 2016.[20]
United Kingdom[edit]
England and Wales[edit]
Main article: Judiciary of England and Wales
History[edit]
During the middle ages, under the Norman monarchy of the Kingdom of England, the king and his Curia Regis held judicial power. Judicial independence began to emerge during the early modern period; more courts were created and a judicial profession grew. By the fifteenth century, the king's role in this feature of government became small.[21] Nevertheless, kings could still influence courts and dismiss judges. The Stuart dynasty used this power frequently in order to overpower the Parliament of England. After the Stuarts were removed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, some advocated guarding against royal manipulation of the judiciary. King William III approved the Act of Settlement 1701, which established tenure for judges unless Parliament removed them.[22][23]
Contemporary usage[edit]
Under the uncodified British Constitution, there are two important conventions which help to preserve judicial independence. The first is that the Parliament of the United Kingdom does not comment on the cases which are before the court. The second is the principle of parliamentary privilege: that Members of Parliament are protected from prosecution in certain circumstances by the courts.[citation needed]
Furthermore, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005.[24] In order to try to promote the independence of the judiciary, the selection process is designed to minimize political interference. The process focuses on senior members of the judiciary rather than on politicians. Part 2 of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 aims to increase diversity among the judiciary.[citation needed]
The pay of judges is determined by an independent pay review body. It makes recommendations to the government after taking evidence from a variety of sources. The government accepts these recommendations and will traditionally implement them fully. As long as judges hold their positions in "good order," they remain in post until they wish to retire or until they reach the mandatory retirement age of 70.[citation needed]
Until 1 January 2010, the legal profession was self-regulating; with responsibility for implementing and enforcing its own professional standards and disciplining its own members. The bodies which performed this function were the Bar Council and the Law Society. However, this self-regulation came to an end when approved regulators came under the regulation of the Legal Services Board, composed of non-lawyers, following the passage of the Legal Services Act 2007. This saw the establishment of the Solicitors Regulation Authority to regular solicitors and the Bar Standards Board to regulate barristers.[25]
United States of America[edit]
Federal courts[edit]
Article III of the United States Constitution establishes the federal courts as part of the federal government.
The Constitution provides that federal judges, including judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, are appointed by the President "by and with the advice and consent of the Senate." Once appointed, federal judges:
...both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behavior, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
Federal judges vacate office only upon death, resignation, or impeachment and removal from office by Congress; only 13 federal judges have ever been impeached. The phrase "during good behavior" predates the Declaration of Independence. John Adams equated it with quamdiu se bene gesserint in a letter to the Boston Gazette published on 11 January 1773,[26] a phrase that first appeared in section 3 of the Act of Settlement 1701 in England.
The President is free to appoint any person to the federal bench, yet typically he consults with the American Bar Association, whose Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary rates each nominee "Well Qualified," "Qualified" or "Not Qualified."
State courts[edit]
State courts deal with independence of the judiciary in many ways, and several forms of judicial selection are used for both trial courts and appellate courts (including state supreme courts), varying between states and sometimes within states. In some states, judges are elected (sometime on a partisan ballot, other times on a nonpartisan one), while in others they are appointed by the governor or state legislature.
The 2000 case of Bush v. Gore, in which a majority of the Supreme Court, including some appointees of President George H. W. Bush, overruled challenges to the election of the George W. Bush then pending in the Florida Supreme Court, whose members had all been appointed by Democratic governors, is seen by many as reinforcing the need for judicial independence, both with regard to the Florida Supreme Court and the US Supreme Court. This case has increased focus and attention on judicial outcomes as opposed to the traditional focus on judicial qualifications.
See also[edit]
Judicial reform
Judiciary in Russia
Political corruption § Judiciary corruption
Rule According to Higher Law
Rule of law
Separation of powers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Peter Barenboim, Defining the rules, The European Lawyer, Issue 90, October 2009
^ Jump up to: a b S Shetreet, ‘The Normative Cycle of Shaping Judicial Independence in Domestic and International Law: The Mutual Impact of National and International Jurisprudence and Contemporary Practical and Conceptual Challenges’ (2009) 10 Chicago Journal of International Law 275-332
Jump up ^ See generally Shimon Shetreet book, Judges on Trial.
Jump up ^ See Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (Hafner 1949) (Thomas Nugent, trans).
Jump up ^ Article III of the US Constitution provides that “the judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.”
Jump up ^ Shetreet, Judicial Independence. See also Peter H. Russell, The Judiciary in Canada: The Third Branch of Government (McGraw-Hill Ryerson 1987); John Bell, Judicial Cultures and Judicial Independence, 4 Cambridge YB Eur Legal Studies 47 (2001).
Jump up ^ UK Human Rights Act - 1998
Jump up ^ Human Rights Act (1998), ch 42 (UK), available online at < "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-09-01. Retrieved 2013-01-02. > (visited Mar 27, 2009).
Jump up ^ Constitutional Reform Act (2005), ch 4 (UK). For a detailed analysis of the history of this act, see Lord Windlesham, The Constitutional Reform Act 2005: The Politics of Constitutional Reform, 2006 Pub L 35; Lord Windlesham, The Constitutional Reform Act 2005: Ministers, Judges and Constitutional Change, 2005 Pub L 806. For accounts of the main players, see Lord Woolf, The Pursuit of Justice 161–74 (Oxford 2008); Lord Phillips, Constitutional Reform: One Year On, The Judicial Studies Board Annual Lecture (Mar 22, 2007); Lord Woolf, The Rule of Law and a Change in the Constitution, 2004 Camb L J 317; Tom Bingham, The Business of Judging: Selected Essays and Speeches 55–68 (Oxford 2000). All three authors served as lord chief justice in these formative years. Lord Woolf was active in the shaping of the legislation and Lord Phillips succeeded him
Jump up ^ Anthony Seldon, Ed., Blair's Britain, 1997-2007 (Cambridge University Press: 2007), at 294
Jump up ^ Robert Stevens, Law and Politics: The House of Lords as a Judicial Body, 1800-1976 (University of North Carolina Press, 1978), at 6
Jump up ^ Anthony Seldon, Ed., Blair's Britain, 1997-2007 (Cambridge University Press: 2007), at 294
Jump up ^ Anthony Seldon, Ed., Blair's Britain, 1997-2007 (Cambridge University Press: 2007), at 113
Jump up ^ See Treaty on European Union, art F, 1992 OJ (C 191) 1 (Jul 29, 1992). Paragraph 2 of Article F states, “The Union shall respect fundamental rights, as guaranteed by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms . . . and as they result from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, as general principles of Community law.”
Jump up ^ See, for example, Valente v The Queen, [1985] 2 SCR 673 (Canada)
Jump up ^ "Mt. Scopus Approved Revised International Standards of Judicial Independence Approved March 19, 2008". International Association of Judicial Independence and World Peace - International Project of judicial independence. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Shimon Shetreet, Fundamental Values of the Justice System, 23 THE EUROPEAN BUSINESS LAW REVIEW 61-76, (2012).
Jump up ^ "The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China"- Chapter 1, basiclaw.gov.HK, 17 March 2008. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
Jump up ^ "The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China"- Chapter 4, Section 4, basiclaw.gov.HK, 17 March 2008. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Hundreds of Hong Kong lawyers in silent march against Beijing oath ruling". South China Morning Post. 8 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Justice Gerard La Forest, Provincial Judges Reference, Supreme Court of Canada, para. 305.
Jump up ^ "Independence". Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Justice Gerard La Forest, Provincial Judges Reference, para. 306.
Jump up ^ "Constitutional reform". Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
Jump up ^ UK Parliament. Legal Services Act 2007 as amended (see also enacted form), from legislation.gov.uk.
Jump up ^ Adams, John (1851). The Works of John Adams, Vol 3. Boston: Little and Brown. p. 522.
External links[edit]
Independence of the judicial system Part I. The Independence of Judges Part II - the Prosecution Service Venice Commission, 2010
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