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Jennifer Morrison
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Jennifer Morrison
Morrison at the 2014 Comic-Con International
Born
Jennifer Marie Morrison
(1979-04-12) April 12, 1979 (age 38)
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Occupation
Actress
producer
director
Years active
1994–present
Jennifer Marie Morrison (born April 12, 1979) is an American actress, producer, director, and former child model. She is known for her roles as Dr. Allison Cameron in the medical-drama series House (2004–2012) and Emma Swan in the ABC adventure-fantasy series Once Upon a Time (2011–2017). She also has portrayed Zoey Pierson, one of Ted Mosby's love interests on the comedy series How I Met Your Mother; Winona Kirk, mother of James T. Kirk in the 2009 science-fiction film Star Trek; and Tess Conlon in the 2011 sports drama film Warrior.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 1990s
2.2 2000s
2.3 2010s
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 Theatre
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Morrison was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up in Arlington Heights, Illinois. She is the oldest of three children; her sister, Julia, is a singer-songwriter and music therapist, and her brother, Daniel, is a high school band director.[1] Her father, David L. Morrison, is a retired music teacher and high school band director who was named Teacher of the Year by the Illinois State Board of Education in 2003.[2]
Morrison attended South Middle School, and then graduated from Prospect High School (where her parents worked) in 1997. She was friends with writer Ian Brennan. She was an All-State clarinet player in the school's marching band, sang in the choir, and was a cheerleader in the school pep squad.[3] She attended Loyola University Chicago where she majored in Theatre and minored in English, graduating in 2000. She studied at the Steppenwolf Theatre Company before moving to Los Angeles, California to pursue a career in acting.[citation needed]
Career[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
1990s[edit]
Morrison started her career as a child model, appearing in print advertisements for JCPenney and Montgomery Ward, and commercials for Rice Krispies and Mondo. She was featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated for Kids with basketball star, Michael Jordan, in May 1992.[4] Morrison made her feature film debut at the age of 14 in the 1994 film Intersection, and later appeared as Samantha in Stir of Echoes (1999).
2000s[edit]
Morrison's first leading role came in the 2000 film Urban Legends: Final Cut, and she has since gone on to appear in films including Grind (2003), Surviving Christmas (2004), and Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005).
Morrison at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival
In 2004, Morrison won the role of immunologist Dr. Allison Cameron on House. She played this role for the first six seasons of the show, from 2004 to 2009. Morrison's character left in 2009 in an episode called "Teamwork",[5] but returned in the 2010 episode "Lockdown". Cameron's story concluded at this point. Morrison returned in Season 8 for the series finale "Everybody Dies" in 2012.
In 2006, Morrison starred in and produced the independent film Flourish.[citation needed] She is also one of the producers that found Glee during its early draft and brought it to attention of writer Ryan Murphy, who adapted it into a television series. Morrison did not stay involved creatively, but is credited as an associated producer on the first season for her involvement in finding it and helping it get into the right hands.[6]
In 2007, Morrison appeared as Kirce James in the computer game Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars, a character who frequently interacts with the player during the course of the GDI campaign.[citation needed] Her film projects that year included Big Stan and The Murder of Princess Diana, a television film based on the book of the same name by Noel Botham. Produced by Lifetime and Working Title Television, Morrison portrays an American journalist, Rachel, who witnesses the car crash which took the life of Diana, Princess of Wales.
In 2009, Morrison returned to the big screen, appearing in the opening scene of J. J. Abrams' Star Trek reboot as James T. Kirk's mother, Winona. After her contract on House was not renewed, it was announced in December 2009[7] that Morrison had won the role of Kate Keller, Helen Keller's mother, in the Broadway-bound revival of The Miracle Worker.[8]
2010s[edit]
Morrison at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival
In the fall of 2010 Morrison appeared as a guest-star in the fourth episode of NBC's Chase. She played the role of Faith, a single mother-turned-fugitive, who embarks on a bloody killing spree across Texas with her little daughter.[9] She then joined the cast of CBS's How I Met Your Mother as recurring character Zoey Pierson, a mischievous architecture nerd and love interest of main character Ted Mosby, and "the biggest female character we've maybe ever added to the show in Ted's life", according to executive producer Craig Thomas.[10][11][12]
In 2011, Morrison appeared in Warrior, a film about two estranged brothers who enter a mixed martial arts tournament and are forced to confront their struggling relationship with each other and with their father. Morrison plays the wife of Joel Edgerton's character, struggling to keep her family together.[6] Since October 2011, Morrison had a starring role in ABC's Once Upon a Time. She played the role of Emma Swan, a bail bonds collector who turns out to be the missing daughter of Snow White and Prince Charming.
In April 2016 Morrison launched her own film production company, Apartment 3C Productions,[13] named after the apartment she shared with her friends during her time at Loyola University Chicago.[14] She directed her first feature film, Sun Dogs, under this label during the summer of 2016.[13]
In March 2017, it was announced that Morrison was cast as Stephanie in an off-Broadway revival of the play The End of Longing.[15] The performance lasted from May 18 to July 1, 2017.[16]
On May 8, 2017, Morrison announced via social media that she will not be returning to Once Upon a Time as a series regular for season seven, while also noting that she has agreed to return as a guest for one episode.[17][18][19]
Personal life[edit]
Morrison began dating her House co-star, Jesse Spencer, in 2004.[20] Spencer proposed to Morrison at the Eiffel Tower on December 23, 2006 but in August 2007 they called off their engagement.[21]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1994 Intersection Meaghan Eastman
1994 Miracle on 34th Street Denice
1999 Stir of Echoes Samantha Kozac
2000 Urban Legends: Final Cut Amy Mayfield
2001 Zeros, TheThe Zeros Joyce
2002 Design Sonya Mallow
2002 Big Shot: Confessions of a Campus Bookie Callie
2002 Nantucket Alicia
2002 100 Women Annie
2003 Grind Jamie
2004 Mall Cop Chris
2004 Sure Hand of God, TheThe Sure Hand of God Lily Bowser
2004 Surviving Christmas Missy Vanglider
2004 Lift Sarah Short film
2005 Mr. & Mrs. Smith Jade
2006 The Script Christie Short film
2006 Flourish Gabrielle Winters Producer
2007 The Murder of Princess Diana Rachel Visco
2007 Big Stan Mindy
2009 Star Trek Winona Kirk
2009 Table for Three Leslie Green
2011 Bringing Ashley Home Ashley Phillips
2011 Warrior Tess Conlon
2012 Stars in Shorts Agent Rachel Mintz Segment: "Prodigal"
2012 Knife Fight Angela
2013 Some Girl(s) Sam
2013 Alpha Alert Lt. White
2014 The List Katherine Stern
2015 To Dust Return Sharon Reynolds Short film
2015 Mattresside Angelica Short film
2015 Warning Labels Short film; director
2016 The Darkness Joy Carter
2016 Albion: The Enchanted Stallion The Abbess
2017 Amityville: The Awakening Candice
2017 Sun Dogs Marie Director, producer
2017 All Creatures Here Below Penny
2017 Assassination Nation Margie Duncan
2017 Back Roads Callie Mercer
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001 The Chronicle Gwen Episode: "Let Sleeping Dogs Fry"
2001 Touched by an Angel Melissa Episode: "Most Likely to Succeed"
2001/02 Dawson's Creek Melanie Shay Thompson 2 episodes
2002 Any Day Now Mandy Singer Episode: "In Too Deep"
2002 The Random Years Megan Episode: "Pilot"
2004–12 House Dr. Allison Cameron 108 episodes
2009 Super Hero Squad Show, TheThe Super Hero Squad Show Wasp 3 episodes; voice role
2010 Chase Faith Maples Episode: "Paranoia"
2010–14 How I Met Your Mother Zoey Pierson 13 episodes
2011 Five Sheila Segment: "Charlotte"
2011–17 Once Upon a Time Emma Swan Leading role (Season 1-6); Guest (Season 7)
Theatre[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Venue
2010 The Miracle Worker Kate Keller Circle in the Square Theatre
2017 The End of Longing Stephanie Lucille Lortel Theatre
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Work
Result
Ref.
2009 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series House Nominated [22]
2014 People's Choice Awards Favorite On-Screen Chemistry (with Colin O'Donoghue) Once Upon a Time Nominated [23]
2015 Favorite Fantasy/Sci-Fi TV Actress Nominated [24]
Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress Fantasy/Sci-Fi Nominated [25]
Choice TV: Liplock (with Colin O'Donoghue) Nominated [25]
Kids' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Nominated [26]
2016 Favorite TV Actress Nominated [26]
People's Choice Awards Favorite Fantasy/Sci-Fi TV Actress Nominated [27]
Teen Choice Awards Choice TV: Liplock Won [28]
2017 People's Choice Awards Favorite Fantasy/Sci-Fi TV Actress Nominated [29]
Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress Fantasy/Sci-Fi Nominated [30]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sequins & Suspenders". Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Band Teacher Marches on As 2003 Teacher of the Year". Illinois State Board of Education. March 22, 2003. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Spencer, Amy (September 10, 2014). "Jennifer Morrison rules the red carpet". New York Post. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vintage Michael Jordan". SI Kids. May 1992. Archived from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (November 16, 2009). "'House' exclusive: Jennifer Morrison speaks out about departure". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jennifer Morrison：Answers to Twitter questions...". April 10, 2010. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (December 13, 2009). "'House' alum news: Jennifer Morrison heads to Broadway!". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ The Broadway League. "The official source for Broadway Information". IBDB. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Keck, William (August 20, 2010). "House's Morrison To Co-Star With Real-Life Love on NBC's Chase". TVGuide.com. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (September 9, 2010). "Done deal: Jennifer Morrison hits the 'Mother' lode". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (September 9, 2010). "'House' Alumna Jennifer Morrison Joins CBS Comedy 'How I Met Your Mother'". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Keck, William (September 26, 2010). "Keck's Exclusives: Is Jennifer Morrison HIMYM's Mother?". TVGuide.com. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Lincoln, Ross (April 22, 2016). "Jennifer Morrison Launches Apartment 3C Productions; Directorial Debut ‘Sun Dogs’ Is First Project". Deadline. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Taras, Rebecca (June 13, 2014). "Jennifer Morrison: Life Outside The Once Upon A Time Fairy Tale". Refinery29. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Millward, Tom (March 23, 2017). "MCC Theater announces full cast of End of Longing". New York Theatre Guide. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Clement, Olivia (May 25, 2017). "Matthew Perry’s The End of Longing Extends". Playbill. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "‘Once Upon A Time’: Jennifer Morrison Exits, Others Near Deals For Season 7". deadline.com. deadline.com.
Jump up ^ "'Once Upon a Time' Shocker: Star Jennifer Morrison to Exit".
Jump up ^ "Jennifer Morrison". www.facebook.com.
Jump up ^ "Engaged House Stars Prepare to Tie the Knot". People. July 6, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Julie (August 15, 2007). "House Costars Call Off Engagement". Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The 15th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards | Screen Actors Guild Awards". www.sagawards.org. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
Jump up ^ Staff, E. W. "People's Choice Awards 2014: The winners list | EW.com". Retrieved 2016-11-15.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards 2015: The winner's list". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "Check out 2015 Wave 1 Nominees! | Teen Choice on FOX". Teen Choice on FOX. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards: The Winners". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards: Fan Favorites in Movies, Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com". www.peopleschoice.com. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
Jump up ^ "Teen Choice Awards 2016: Second Wave Nominations Announced". E! Online. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
Jump up ^ "People’s Choice Awards 2017: Full List Of Nominees". People's Choice. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Ceron, Ella. "The Pretty Little Liars Were ALL Nominated for the Same EXACT Award". Teen Vogue. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jennifer Morrison.
Jennifer Morrison on IMDb
Jennifer Morrison at the TCM Movie Database
Jennifer Morrison at AllMovie
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LCCN: no2007018773
ISNI: 0000 0003 6633 5615
BNF: cb14208925t (data)
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Baroreceptor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Baroreceptors (or archaically, pressoreceptors) are sensors located in the blood vessels of all vertebrate animals. They sense the blood pressure and relay the information to the brain, so that a proper blood pressure can be maintained.
Baroreceptors are a type of mechanoreceptor sensory neuron that are excited by a stretch of the blood vessel. Thus, increases in the pressure of blood vessel triggers increased action potential generation rates and provides information to the central nervous system. This sensory information is used primarily in autonomic reflexes that in turn influence the heart cardiac output and vascular smooth muscle to influence total peripheral resistance.[1] Baroreceptors act immediately as part of a negative feedback system called the baroreflex,[2] as soon as there is a change from the usual mean arterial blood pressure, returning the pressure toward a normal level. These reflexes help regulate short-term blood pressure. The solitary nucleus in the medulla oblongata of the brain recognizes changes in the firing rate of action potentials from the baroreceptors, and influences cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance.
Baroreceptors can be divided into two categories based on the type of blood vessel in which they are located: high-pressure arterial baroreceptors and low-pressure baroreceptors (also known as cardiopulmonary[3] or volume receptors[4]).
Contents
1 Arterial baroreceptors
2 Low-pressure baroreceptors
3 Baroreceptor dysfunction
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Arterial baroreceptors[edit]
Arterial baroreceptors are stretch receptors that are stimulated by distortion of the arterial wall when pressure changes. The baroreceptors can identify the changes in both the average blood pressure or the rate of change in pressure with each arterial pulse. Action potentials triggered in the baroreceptor ending are then directly conducted to the brainstem where central terminations (synapses) transmit this information to neurons within the solitary nucleus. Reflex responses from such baroreceptor activity can trigger increases or decreases in the heart rate. Arterial baroreceptor sensory endings are simple, splayed nerve endings that lie in the tunica adventitia of the artery. An increase in the mean arterial pressure increases depolarization of these sensory endings, which results in action potentials. These action potentials are conducted to the solitary nucleus in the central nervous system by axons and have a reflex effect on the cardiovascular system through autonomic neurons.[5] Hormone secretions that target the heart and blood vessels are affected by the stimulation of baroreceptors.
At normal resting blood pressures, baroreceptors discharge with each heart beat. If blood pressure falls, such as on orthostatic hypotension or in hypovolaemic shock, baroreceptor firing rate decreases and baroreceptor reflexes act to help restore blood pressure by increasing heart rate. Signals from the carotid baroreceptors are sent via the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX). Signals from the aortic baroreceptors travel through the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X).[6] Arterial baroreceptors inform reflexes about arterial blood pressure but other stretch receptors in the large veins and right atrium convey information about the low pressure parts of the circulatory system.
Baroreceptors respond very quickly to maintain a stable blood pressure, but their responses diminish with time and thus are most effective for conveying short term changes in blood pressure. In people with essential hypertension the baroreceptors and their reflexes change and function to maintain the elevated blood pressure as if normal. The receptors then become less sensitive to change.[7]
Electrical stimulation of baroreceptors has been found to activate the baroreflex, reducing sympathetic tone throughout the body and thereby reducing blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension.[8]
Low-pressure baroreceptors[edit]
The low-pressure baroreceptors, are found in large systemic veins, in pulmonary vessels, and in the walls of the right atrium and ventricles of the heart (the atrial volume receptors).[4] The low-pressure baroreceptors are involved with the regulation of blood volume. The blood volume determines the mean pressure throughout the system, in particular in the venous side where most of the blood is held.
The low-pressure baroreceptors have both circulatory and renal effects; they produce changes in hormone secretion, resulting in profound effects on the retention of salt and water; they also influence intake of salt and water. The renal effects allow the receptors to change the mean pressure in the system in the long term.
Denervating these receptors 'fools' the body into thinking that it has too low blood volume and initiates mechanisms that retain fluid and so push up the blood pressure to a higher level than it would otherwise have.[citation needed]
Baroreceptor dysfunction[edit]
Baroreceptors are integral to the body’s function: Pressure changes in the blood vessels would not be detected as quickly in the absence of baroreceptors. When baroreceptors are not working, blood pressure continues to increase, but, within an hour, the blood pressure returns to normal as other blood pressure regulatory systems take over.[9]
Baroreceptors can also become oversensitive in some people (usually the carotid baroreceptors in older males). This can lead to bradycardia, dizziness and fainting (syncope) from touching the neck (often whilst shaving). This is an important cause to exclude in men having pre-syncope or syncope symptoms.
See also[edit]
Atrial volume receptors
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Heesch, C. M. (December 1999). "Reflexes that control cardiovascular function". The American Journal of Physiology. 277 (6 Pt 2): S234–243. doi:10.1152/advances.1999.277.6.S234. ISSN 0002-9513. PMID 10644250.
Jump up ^ Stanfield, CL; Germann, WJ. (2008) Principles of Human Physiology, Pearson Benjamin Cummings. 3rd edition, pp.427.
Jump up ^ Levy, MN; Pappano, AJ. (2007) Cardiovascular Physiology, Mosby Elsevier. 9th edition, pp.172.
^ Jump up to: a b Stanfield, CL; Germann, WJ. (2008) Principles of Human Physiology, Pearson Benjamin Cummings. 3rd edition, pp.430-431.
Jump up ^ Stanfield, CL; Germann, WJ. (2008) Principles of Human Physiology, Pearson Benjamin Cummings. 3rd edition, pp.424-425.
Jump up ^ Bray, JJ; Cragg, PA; Macknight, ADC; Mills, RG. (1999) Lecture Notes on Human Physiology, Blackwell Publishing. 4th edition, pp.379.
Jump up ^ Levy, MN; Pappano, AJ. (2007) Cardiovascular Physiology, Mosby Elsevier. 9th edition, pp.171.
Jump up ^ Wallbach, M; Koziolek, MJ (9 November 2017). "Baroreceptors in the carotid and hypertension-systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of baroreflex activation therapy on blood pressure". Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfx279. PMID 29136223.
Jump up ^ Guyton, Arthur C. (1991). "Blood Pressure Control-Special Role of the Kidneys and Body Fluids". Science. 252 (5014): 1813–1816. doi:10.1126/science.2063193. JSTOR 2875873.
External links[edit]
Baroreceptors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
hide
v
t
e
Sensory receptors
Touch
Mechanoreceptor
Vibration
Lamellar corpuscle
Light touch
Tactile corpuscle
Pressure
Merkel nerve ending
Stretch
Bulbous corpuscle
Pain
Free nerve ending
Nociceptors
Temperature
Thermoreceptors
Proprioception
Golgi organ
Muscle spindle
Intrafusal muscle fiber
Nuclear chain fiber
Nuclear bag fiber
Other
Hair cells
Baroreceptor
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Rainbow in the Dark
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Rainbow in the Dark"
Single by Dio
from the album Holy Diver
B-side
"Stand Up and Shout (live), Straight Through the Heart (live)"
Released
October 21, 1983
Format
7", 12"
Recorded
1983, Sound City Studios, Los Angeles, California
Genre
Heavy metal
Length
4:15
Label
Vertigo (Europe), Warner Bros. Records (US/Canada)
Songwriter(s)
Ronnie James Dio, Vinny Appice, Jimmy Bain, Vivian Campbell
Producer(s)
Ronnie James Dio
Dio singles chronology
"Holy Diver"
(1983) "Rainbow in the Dark"
(1983) "The Last in Line"
(1984)
"Holy Diver"
(1983) "Rainbow in the Dark"
(1983) "The Last in Line"
(1984)
"Rainbow in the Dark" was the second single released by Heavy Metal band Dio, taken from their Platinum-selling 1983 debut album, Holy Diver. Assisted by a popular MTV music video, it reached #12 on Billboard's Album Rock Tracks.
It was numbered 13 on VH1's "Top 40 Greatest Metal Songs".[1]
The song was covered by Corey Taylor, with support from Roy Mayorga, Satchel, Christian Martucci & Jason Christopher for the Ronnie James Dio: This Is Your Life - Tribute.
Contents
1 Music video
2 Chart positions
3 References
4 External links
Music video[edit]
The music video was filmed close to the time of the original studio recording of the song. The video's location takes place in central London, with scenes alternating between shots of a man following a woman through a street lined with pornographic cinemas, and Ronnie James Dio singing from a rooftop. The implied malicious intent of the man is made evident during the guitar solo, when guitarist Vivian Campbell (and later bassist Jimmy Bain) appear and effectively "scare" him away after he follows the woman into a moviehouse, with the woman kissing Campbell on the cheek in apparent gratitude. The video includes shots of tourist attractions such as Nelson's Column, Westminster Bridge, Piccadilly Circus, and Soho.[2]
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (1983)
Peak
position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[3] 46
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "VH1 40 Greatest Metal Songs", 1–4 May 2006, VH1 Channel; reported by VH1.com; last accessed September 10, 2006.
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video/dio/518092/rainbow-in-the-dark.jhtml
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
hide
v
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Dio
Ronnie James Dio
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Jimmy Bain
Jake E. Lee
Vivian Campbell
Claude Schnell
Craig Goldy
Simon Wright
Rowan Robertson
Teddy Cook
Jens Johansson
Scott Warren
Tracy G
Jeff Pilson
Larry Dennison
Doug Aldrich
Rudy Sarzo
Studio albums
Holy Diver
The Last in Line
Sacred Heart
Dream Evil
Lock Up the Wolves
Strange Highways
Angry Machines
Magica
Killing the Dragon
Master of the Moon
EPs
The Dio E.P.
Live albums
Intermission
Inferno: Last in Live
Evil or Divine: Live in New York City
Holy Diver: Live
Dio at Donington UK: Live 1983 & 1987
Live in London, Hammersmith Apollo 1993
Compilations
Diamonds: The Best of Dio
The Very Beast of Dio
The Very Beast of Dio Vol. 2
Singles
"Holy Diver"
"Rainbow in the Dark"
"The Last in Line"
"Rock 'n' Roll Children"
"Hungry for Heaven"
"Dio Live"
"King of Rock and Roll"
"I Could Have Been a Dreamer"
"All the Fools Sailed Away"
"Electra"
Videos
A Special from the Spectrum
Sacred Heart "The Video"
Time Machine
Evil or Divine: Live in New York City
We Rock
Holy Diver: Live
Live in London, Hammersmith Apollo 1993
Related bands
Black Sabbath
Elf
Hear 'n Aid
Heaven & Hell
Last in Line
Rainbow
Tribute albums
Holy Dio: Tribute to Ronnie James Dio
Magic: A Tribute to Ronnie James Dio
Dio (Jorn album)
Ronnie James Dio: This Is Your Life
Discography
Members
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_in_the_Dark&oldid=862247595"
Categories:
1983 singles
Dio (band) songs
Songs written by Vivian Campbell
Songs written by Ronnie James Dio
1983 songs
Songs written by Jimmy Bain
Vertigo Records singles
Warner Bros. Records singles
Songs written by Vinny Appice
Hard rock songs
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text:
Provincial governments of South Africa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
South Africa
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
South Africa
Constitution[show]
Bill of Rights
Executive[show]
President
Cyril Ramaphosa
Deputy President
David Mabuza
Cabinet
Shadow Cabinet
Legislative[show]
National Council of Provinces
Chairperson
Thandi Modise
National Assembly
Speaker
Baleka Mbete
Leader of the Opposition
Mmusi Maimane
Judiciary[show]
Chief Justice
Mogoeng Mogoeng
Deputy Chief Justice
Ray Zondo
Courts
Constitutional Court
Supreme Court of Appeal
President: Mandisa Maya
High Court
Magistrate's courts
Electoral Court
Elections[show]
General
1910 1915 1920 1921 1924 1929 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953 1958 1961 1966 1970 1974 1977 1981 1984 1987 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019
Municipal
2000 2006 2011 2016
Referendums
1960 1983 1992
Political parties
Administrative divisions[show]
Provinces
Districts
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District municipality
Municipalities (list)
Foreign relations[show]
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v
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The nine provinces of South Africa are governed by provincial governments which form the second layer of government, between the national government and the municipalities. The provincial governments are established, and their structure defined, by Chapter Six of the Constitution of South Africa.
The provincial governments are structured according to a parliamentary system in which the executive is dependent on and accountable to the legislature. In each province the provincial legislature is directly elected by proportional representation, and the legislature in turn elects one of its members as Premier to head the executive. The Premier appoints an Executive Council (a cabinet), consisting of members of the legislature, to administer the various departments of the provincial administration.
The powers of the provincial governments are circumscribed by the national constitution, which limits them to certain listed "functional areas". In some areas the provincial governments' powers are concurrent with those of the national government, while in other areas the provincial governments have exclusive powers. The constitution prescribes a principle of "co-operative government" whereby the various layers of government must co-ordinate their actions and legislation; it also lays down a series of rules for resolving conflicts between national and provincial legislation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Legislature
2 Executive
3 Judiciary
4 Provincial constitutions
5 External links
Legislature[edit]
Johannesburg City Hall, now the seat of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature
Main article: Provincial legislature (South Africa)
Each province has a unicameral provincial legislature, varying in size from 30 to 80 members depending on the population of the province. The members of the provincial legislature are elected by party-list proportional representation for a usual term of five years, although under certain circumstances the legislature may be dissolved before its term expires. By convention elections to the provincial legislatures are held on the same day as elections to the National Assembly; the most recent such election was held on 7 May 2014. At that election the African National Congress (ANC) won a majority in eight of the provinces, while the Democratic Alliance (DA) won a majority in the Western Cape.
Legislature
Seats
ANC
DA
EFF
IFP
Others
Total
Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature 45 10 2 0 6 63
Free State Legislature 22 5 2 0 1 30
Gauteng Provincial Legislature 40 23 8 1 1 73
KwaZulu-Natal Legislature 52 10 2 9 7 80
Limpopo Legislature 39 3 6 0 1 49
Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature 24 3 2 0 1 30
North West Provincial Legislature 23 4 5 0 1 33
Northern Cape Provincial Legislature 20 7 2 0 1 30
Western Cape Provincial Parliament 14 26 1 0 1 42
Executive[edit]
7 Wale Street, the seat of the Western Cape provincial government
Main articles: Premier (South Africa) and Executive Council (South Africa)
The head of the provincial executive is the Premier, who is elected by the provincial legislature from amongst its members; frequently the Premier will be the provincial leader of the majority party. The term of office of the Premier is the same as that of the legislature (normally five years) with a term limit of two terms. The legislature can force the resignation of the Premier by a motion of no confidence. If the Premiership is vacant and the legislature fails to elect a new Premier within 30 days, the legislature is dissolved and an election is called.
As of May 2014[update] the nine Premiers are:
Premier of the Eastern Cape: Phumulo Masualle (ANC)
Premier of the Free State: Ace Magashule (ANC)
Premier of Gauteng: David Makhura (ANC)
Premier of KwaZulu-Natal: Senzo Mchunu (ANC)
Premier of Limpopo: Stanley Mathabatha (ANC)
Premier of Mpumalanga: David Mabuza (ANC)
Premier of North West: Supra Mahumapelo (ANC)
Premier of the Northern Cape: Sylvia Lucas (ANC)
Premier of the Western Cape: Helen Zille (DA)
The Premier appoints an Executive Council (a cabinet) of five to ten members of the provincial legislature. The Members of the Executive Council (or MECs) are responsible for the various departments of the provincial administration. Because the responsibilities of the provincial governments are limited to those listed in the constitution, the portfolios are quite similar across the provinces. Common MEC portfolios and departmental responsibilities include:
agriculture
arts and culture
economic development
education
environmental affairs
finance
health
human settlements
local government
police or public safety
public works
roads and transport
social development
sport and recreation
tourism
Several of these areas may be combined in one department and the portfolio of one MEC.
Judiciary[edit]
See also: High Courts of South Africa
South Africa has a single national court system, and the administration of justice is the responsibility of the national government. At present the jurisdictional boundaries of the High Courts do not correspond entirely with the provincial boundaries; the Superior Courts Bill currently before Parliament will rationalise the courts so that there is a single High Court division in each province.
The provincial executive does play a role in the selection of High Court judges, as the Premier of a province is ex officio a member of the Judicial Service Commission when it deals with matters relating to a High Court that sits in that province.
Provincial constitutions[edit]
A provincial legislature can, by a two-thirds majority vote, adopt a constitution for the province; it is not necessary to do so, as the national constitution provides a complete structure for provincial government. A provincial constitution must be consistent with the national constitution except that it can provide for different structures and procedures for the executive and the legislature.
The only province that has adopted a constitution is the Western Cape; in doing so it chose to rename its legislature the Provincial Parliament. It also calls its Executive Council the Provincial Cabinet, and the MECs are called Provincial Ministers.
External links[edit]
South African Government Online: Provincial government and departments
Provincial Government Handbook of South Africa
Eastern Cape provincial government
Free State provincial government
Gauteng provincial government
KwaZulu-Natal provincial government
Limpopo provincial government
Mpumalanga provincial government
Northern Cape provincial government
North West provincial government
Western Cape provincial government
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provincial_governments_of_South_Africa&oldid=812203076"
Categories:
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Racing flags
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The flagman displaying the chequered flag with a complete set of stockcar racing flags
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Racing flags[1] are traditionally used in auto racing and similar motorsports to indicate track condition and to communicate important messages to drivers. Typically, the starter, sometimes the grand marshal of a race, waves the flags atop a flag stand near the start/finish line. Track marshals are also stationed at observation posts along the race track in order to communicate both local and course-wide conditions to drivers. Alternatively, some race tracks employ lights to supplement the primary flag at the start/finish line.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Status flags
2.1 Green flag
2.2 Yellow flag
2.2.1 Safety concerns and the beneficiary in NASCAR
2.3 Red and yellow striped flag
2.4 Red flag
2.5 White flag
3 Instruction flags
3.1 Black flag
3.2 Black flag with orange circle
3.3 Per-bend black/white flag
3.4 Black flag with white cross
3.5 Blue flag
4 The chequered flag
4.1 Design of the chequered flag
4.2 Origins of the chequered flag
4.3 Celebrating a win with the chequered flag
4.4 Use outside auto racing
5 Flags in other motorsports
5.1 Flags in karting
5.2 Flags in motorcycle racing
6 Practicality of racing flags
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Summary[edit]
While there is no universal system of racing flags across all of motorsports, most series have standardized them, with some flags carrying over between series. For example, the chequered flag is commonly used across all of motorsport to signify the end of a session (practice, qualifying, or race), while the penalty flags differ from series to series. FIA-sanctioned championship flags are the most commonly used internationally (outside of North America) as they cover championships such as Formula 1, the FIA World Endurance Championship and WTCC, and are adopted (and sometimes adapted) by many more motorsport governing bodies across the world such as, for example, the MSA.
Uses of flags in major racing leagues
Flag
FIA-sanctioned championships [2]
NASCAR [3]
IndyCar [4]
Other
Start of race / restart / end of hazard / safe racing conditions / pit lane open
Local caution
full-course caution (if displayed with "SC" sign) Caution
road course local caution (single)
road course full-course caution (twin)
Debris, fluid, or oil on track
Not used Pit lane closed
Race stopped / delay Session stopped
Slow vehicle on track Final lap Final lap
emergency vehicle on track
Final lap
(pickup truck and SCSA oval races only) Not used Ambulance
on course
Return to pits
(i.e., disqualification) Return to the pits for a penalty
or to service a mechanical problem Indicated car number on flag
Return to the pits
to service a mechanical problem Not used
Unsportsmanlike conduct Not used
Not used Ignoring a black flag and no longer being scored
Faster car approaching—during races
lapped cars should give way to faster cars Course partially blocked
or stopped cars on course
(road course only) Not used
Not used Faster car approaching
Race finished / winner Session finished / winner
Status flags[edit]
Status flags are used to inform all drivers of the general status of the course during a race. In addition, the green, yellow, and red flags described below may be augmented or replaced by lights at various points around the circuit.
Green flag[edit]
The green flag signals a clear track to race on.
The solid green flag is usually displayed by the starter to indicate the start of a race. During a race, it is displayed at the end of a caution period or a temporary delay to indicate that the race is restarting. The waving of a green flag is almost universally supplemented with the illumination of green lights (resembling traffic lights) at various intervals around the course, particularly on ovals.
If the race is not under caution or delayed, it is said to be under green-flag conditions. However, the flag itself is typically not continuously waved by the starter. No flag displayed at the starter's stand implies safe, green-flag conditions. At all times, however, the green lights remain lit.
When shown at a marshalling post, a green flag may indicate the end of a local yellow-flag zone.[2]
A separate green flag displayed at the entrance to the pit area indicate that the pits are open.[2]
In NASCAR, a green and yellow flag waved at the same time indicates that the race is being started or restarted under caution and laps are being counted. This is sometimes called a "running yellow" and usually occurs when a track is drying after a rain delay. The officials will utilize the cars in the field to facilitate the final drying of the course, but in order to not waste fuel (affecting fuel strategy, etc.), and delay the race further, the laps are counted towards the advertised race distance.[3]
In 1980, USAC flagman Duane Sweeney started a tradition at the Indianapolis 500 of waving twin green flags for added visual effect at the start of the race. Green flags waved at restarts were single.[5]
Since roughly the 1990s, some races on occasion invite celebrity guests to wave the green flag at the start of the race.
Before the use of starting lights in Formula One and most other FIA sanctioned or associated events, the national flag of the country in which a race is occurring, instead of a green flag, was used to signal its start, and still does on occasion in the event of equipment failure.
Yellow flag[edit]
The yellow flag means caution.
The solid yellow flag, or caution flag, universally requires drivers to slow down due to a hazard on the track, typically an accident, a stopped car, debris or light rain. However, the procedures for displaying the yellow flag vary for different racing styles and sanctioning bodies.
In Formula One racing, a yellow flag displayed at the starter's stand or a marshal station indicates that there is a hazard "downstream" of the station. The manner of display depends on the location of the hazard:
A single waved flag denotes a hazard on the racing surface itself
Two flags waved simultaneously denotes a hazard that wholly or partly blocks the racing surface. This informs the driver that there may be marshals on the track and to prepare to stop, if necessary.[2]
When shown at a station, drivers are prohibited from overtaking until either the hazard or the next flag station displaying a green flag (signifying the end of a cautionary section) is passed. This flag is shown at the discretion of the marshals manning the station.[2]
A yellow flag with SC (safety car) sign is shown during the 2005 United States Grand Prix.
When the safety car is on the circuit, all flag points will display a 'safety car board' (a large white board with "SC" in large black lettering). When flag points are under radio control, this will happen immediately, otherwise, the board is displayed when the safety car comes round for the first time. This is accompanied by a waved yellow flag. Standard yellow flag conditions apply to the whole circuit; notably, overtaking is prohibited. When the safety car comes in and the race resumes, a green flag is displayed at the start line, and subsequently at all flag points around the circuit for one lap. Overtaking is not permitted until the cars have passed the start/finish line, or in F1, the safety car line at pit entry.[2]
In both NASCAR and IndyCar, a single yellow flag waved from the starter's stand places the race under caution. At this time, a pace car will enter the course and lead the field at a safe, predetermined, reduced speed. On oval tracks, yellow lights universally supplement the primary flag at the start/finish line. These lights usually operate in a flashing manner, in order to quickly gain the attention of the drivers. The field is locked into place at the onset of caution periods and no one is allowed to pass another car without mutual consent (excluding crashed and immobile cars). In some races, though, cars may pass one another on pit road during a caution period. When the starter shows a furled yellow flag, it indicates one lap to green.[3][4]
On road course races in IndyCar, a single yellow flag at a marshaling station indicates a "local" yellow, similar to the aforementioned rules in Formula One. In these cases, the pace car does not enter the track, and the caution period is limited only to that particular segment of the track. Green flag racing prevails around the remainder of the course. Twin yellow flags displayed at the starter's stand indicates a "full-course caution", in which the pace car would enter the track and the entire course would be under caution. This might occur for a serious crash or other major hazards. NASCAR has also experimented with "local yellows" on their road course events.[4]
In the case of snowmobile racing, the yellow flag is displayed at or before the point of the hazard. When a snowmobile racer crosses the yellow flag, the race will continue, however, the skis and track of the snowmobile must remain on the ground.
In snowmobile water cross (racing on open water), the caution flag simply warns the racers that one or more racers have sunk and are in the water, however the race will continue as normal.
In horse racing, the yellow flag means that there is a serious incident ahead, the horses must be pulled up and the race must be declared void. Most yellow flags are seen when a horse has suffered a serious injury.
Safety concerns and the beneficiary in NASCAR[edit]
The point at which the caution period starts is a topic of controversy in oval racing. Traditionally, the cars were locked into their positions when they crossed the start/finish line, but technological advancements have made it possible to lock them in at the instant that the caution is declared. This has effectively put an end to the "race back to the caution", in which drivers speed up during yellow flag periods to beat the leader to the flag. This practice, while giving lapped drivers a better chance to make their lap back, was at times highly dangerous in that it encouraged drivers to engage in pitched battles with major safety hazards on track. Safety workers were not able to respond to accidents until the cars were under control of the pace car, which markedly slowed their response times to potentially injured drivers. To compensate for the elimination of the race back to the caution, NASCAR and some other motorsports series, both road racing and short oval, have implemented the beneficiary rule, which allows the highest-placed car that is a full lap or more behind the race leader to complete an extra lap during the caution period in order to make up a lap.
In some series (Indy Racing League, Champ Car, beginning in 2007, Formula One, and beginning in mid-2009, NASCAR) lapped cars between the pace car and the leader are allowed to move to the rear of the next lap when the signal is given two laps before a restart.
In Formula One, all lapped cars between the leaders are permitted to advance one lap.
The rule, as enforced in the three open-wheel series, is designed to prevent lapped cars from blocking on ensuing restarts, as to prevent unsportsmanlike blocking when a lapped teammate or friend of one driver attempts to help that driver through impeding the progress of an opponent on the restart.
Red and yellow striped flag[edit]
The red-striped yellow flag, also known as the "surface flag", indicates a potential traction hazard.
The yellow flag with vertical red stripes is displayed stationary at local flag stations to indicate that track conditions have changed due to substances on the track which could reduce grip or cause a car to lose control. Generally oil, coolant, small pieces of debris or sand are the hazards. It can also be "rocked" back and forth (but not waved) to indicate a small animal on the racing surface. Many organizations will display this flag for only two laps, after which the changed surface is considered to merely be "part of the track".
Red flag[edit]
The red flag means the race is stopped.
The solid red flag is displayed when conditions are too dangerous to continue the session. Depending on the series and the circumstances, the cars are typically directed to proceed immediately to pit road, or to stop at a specific spot on the track. In some severe cases the cars might be required to stop immediately where they are. During red flag conditions, repair work in the pits or garage area is typically prohibited, except in non-points paying races.
There are numerous hazards that might cause a need to halt or prematurely end a session. Many hazards, such as rain, darkness, a blocked course (due to debris, water, or safety vehicles), a car on fire, or a multi-car crash (especially one that results in serious injuries or one that results in damage to walls, fences or the surface itself which require repairs) might prompt series officials to call for the red flag.
Some series use a red flag when a severe accident has occurred or to temporarily stop a race nearing the end of a race. This is usually done when a collision requiring cleanup would otherwise extend the caution period to take longer than the amount of race laps available to finish the race, when a fuel spill occurs on the circuit, or to maximize safety team work. During such a red-flag period, cars are directed to stop in line at a specific point on the track, usually directly opposite to the incident.
The red flag may be used to indicate a pre-determined pause in the race, such as in NASCAR's Budweiser Shootout or the Sprint All Star Race. In these cases, the cars are directed to the pit area where some may be worked on to the extent the race rules allow.
Also, a red flag or board, sometimes with a yellow saltire, at the entrance to the pits can indicate that the pits are closed. Such a flag is used in both IndyCar and NASCAR. In NASCAR, a red flag and a black flag signal the end of a practice session.
In the event of a bad start, the yellow and red flags may be displayed together, or a unique diagonally divided red and yellow flag can be displayed, to indicate a restart. Drivers will go back to their starting positions and line up for another start. This is rarely used where computer scoring is involved, and can create much confusion as the drivers attempt to get back in order.
White flag[edit]
The white flag either signals that an official car is on track, or that the final lap is in progress.
In Formula One, the white flag is waved on the last corner and the pit straight at the end of free practice sessions on Friday and Saturday, indicating to drivers that there are drivers doing practice starts on the pit straight. Drivers are permitted to do one practice start at the end of each free practice session.
In all championships which use the FIA International Sporting Code, as well as North American road racing, the white flag indicates the presence of an official car or a competitor moving at below normal speed in the section of track covered by the flag station.
In NASCAR, IndyCar, North American motorcycle road racing,[6] and most American forms of motorsports, a waved white flag displayed at the starter's stand indicates the start of the final lap of the race.
In MotoGP, a white flag is used to warn riders of rain.
In some series, a white flag is shown from all flag stations on the first lap of a practice or qualifying session so competitors will know which stations are manned.
Instruction flags[edit]
Instruction flags are usually used to communicate with one driver at a time.
Black flag[edit]
The black flag orders a particular driver into the pit area.
The solid black flag is used to summon a driver to the pits. It is usually associated with a penalty imposed on the driver for disobeying the rules, but may also be used when a car is suffering a mechanical failure, leaking fluid, exhibiting damage such as loose bodywork, loose hood, dragging bumper, or any other damage that could potentially become a hazard to the driver or other competitors. In some cases, the black flag may be used to call a driver to the pits when their radio is not working.
In FIA International-permitted series, the black flag means an immediate disqualification for the driver involved. The car number of the summoned driver is displayed on the finish line. Some sanctioning bodies wave the black flag at all observation posts simultaneously to order all drivers to clear the track after the starter waves the red flag, often in the case of a serious accident.
When the black flag is used for disciplinary reasons in most races in North America, a driver is required to return to pit lane for at minimum a drive-through penalty. A driver may be black-flagged for failing to maintain a reasonable minimum speed, even if no apparent damage or mechanical failure is present. In almost all cases, the team is given a chance to make repairs to the car and get it up to an acceptable condition. If the driver still cannot maintain minimum speed in relation to the leaders after repairs, the driver may be required to park for the remainder of the race. For example, NASCAR requires that a driver run at or above 115 percent of the fastest lap time by any driver in the final practice. (This can be converted to an average speed-limit based on the length of the course, which for oval tracks will be close to the actual speed limit at any given time.) IndyCar has a 105 percent rule, most notably used when officials parked Jean Alesi and Simona de Silvestro during the 2012 Indianapolis 500.
In the case of snowmobile racing, the black flag comes in three stages to disqualification; the first flag is a warning to a racer, the second flag is a one-lap penalty, and the third is disqualification. In order for a snowmobile racer to receive a black flag, the racer must make contact with intent to inconvenience another racer.
During the Coke Zero Suzuka 8 Hours (FIM World Endurance Championship), a black flag waved from the starter's stand designates the start of the race. This race flag, which is black, carries the race sponsor's name on it.
In NASCAR, a practice session or a qualifying session is ended not with the chequered flag but with both the solid black flag and a red flag being waved together.
Black flag with orange circle[edit]
This flag indicates an internal hazard in a participant's vehicle.
A Mechanical black flag is a black flag with an orange disc in its center indicates that a vehicle is being summoned to the pits due to serious mechanical problems or loose bodywork that presents a risk to other competitors.
Per-bend black/white flag[edit]
This flag indicates a penalty for bad conduct.
A diagonally divided black-and-white flag is displayed with a car number to indicate a penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct. This flag can be displayed if a car tries to intentionally drive another car off the course, or if a driver gets out of his or her car and initiates an altercation with another driver.
Some administrators (NASCAR and IndyCar) do not distinguish mechanical problems or unsportsmanlike conduct from rules violations and simply use the solid black flag for all violations.
Black flag with white cross[edit]
This flag signals a car is no longer being scored.
Some leagues use a black flag with a white saltire. This is displayed with a car number if a driver ignores the other black flags for an extended period and also it indicates that that car is no longer being scored. In both NASCAR and IndyCar, the car is not scored again until it pays attention to the black flag by pitting once this flag is displayed.
Ignoring the black flag or the black-white cross flag intentionally may result in post-race disciplinary action in addition to disqualification from the race. Fines, probation, suspensions, and other penalties (e.g., points being docked from championship standings) may result, depending upon the severity of the situation.
Blue flag[edit]
This flag encourages a driver to move aside to allow faster traffic to pass.
A light blue flag, sometimes with a diagonal yellow, orange, or red stripe, informs a driver that a faster car is approaching and that the driver should move aside to allow one or more faster cars to pass. During a race, this would only be usually shown to a driver who is getting lapped but during practice or qualifying sessions, it could be shown to any driver. In most series, the blue flag is not mandatory—drivers obey it only as a courtesy to their fellow racers. As such, it is often referred to as the "courtesy flag". In other series, drivers get severely penalized for not yielding or for interfering with the leaders, including getting sent to the pits for the rest of the race. In Formula One, if the driver about to be lapped ignores three waved blue flags in a row, he is required to make a drive-through penalty. The blue flag may also be used to warn a driver that another car on the same lap is going to attempt to overtake them.
The chequered flag[edit]
"Chequered flag" and "Checkered flag" redirect to this section. For other uses, see Checkered Flag (disambiguation)
A typical chequered flag design
The chequered flag is displayed at the start/finish line to indicate that the race is officially finished. At some circuits, the first flag point will display a repeat chequered flag (usually on the opposite side of the circuit). The flag is commonly associated with the winner of a race, as they are the first driver to "take" (in other words, drive past) the chequered flag.
Upon seeing the chequered flag and crossing the finish line, drivers are required to slow to a safe speed, and return to their garage, parc ferme, or the paddock, depending on the applicable regulations of the series.
Design of the chequered flag[edit]
There is no standard design for the chequered flag. Although it nearly always consists of alternating black and white squares or rectangles arranged in a chequerboard pattern, the number, size, and length-width proportions of the rectangles vary from one flag to another. Also, the chequered flag typically has a black rectangle at the corner of the flag closest to the top of the flagpole. There have been instances of the black and white squares being painted onto a wooden board and simply held up for drivers to observe at the finish line. In events where Sunoco is the series fuel sponsor, the chequered flag often also has their logo emblazoned in the center of the flag, a practice that was used in NASCAR originally with Union 76, but is also used in IndyCar, since Sunoco's fuel sponsorship began. In NASCAR and F1 events, a single chequered flag is waved to signal the completion of a race. In IndyCar, two chequered flags are waved together, a tradition dating to the 1980 Indianapolis 500, but only if the race is under green conditions. (The starter will wave both a chequered and yellow flag if safety car conditions occur at the end of the race, in a yellow-chequer finish.)
NASCAR green and white checkered flag for stages
NASCAR traditionally has a special version of the chequered flag sewn for Victory Lane that has the name and date of the race on it, a practice that Sunoco has spread to IndyCar since taking over its fuel sponsorship. That flag is used for the team in the winner's photographs taken after the race, and is a prize awarded to the team along with the race trophy. Teams often hang such flags at their headquarters in a similar fashion to other sports teams hanging championship banners from the rafters at stadiums.
Beginning in the 2017 season, NASCAR has utilized a white-and-green variant of the chequered flag to indicate the end of a stage of a race. After the flag is waved, the race temporarily goes into caution to allow drivers who have had placed in the top 10 position following a stage to go into the pit road in a timely manner.
Origins of the chequered flag[edit]
A chequered flag being used at the end of the 1906 Vanderbilt Cup
The chequered flag originated in at the Glidden Tours, a type of road rally, in 1906.[7] Sidney Walden divided up the course into sections and the people who checked the time at the sections were called "checkers." [7] These checkers used chequered flags to identify themselves. [7]
There are folktales claiming that the flag originates in horse racing. However, there is no basis for the horse racing myth[8] Another folktale claims that the chequered flag's earliest known use was for 19th century bicycle races in France.[9]
The earliest known photographic record of a chequered flag being used to end a race was from the 1906 Vanderbilt Cup race held in Long Island, New York.[10]
In 1980, USAC starter Duane Sweeney started a tradition at the Indianapolis 500 by waving twin chequered flags at the end of the race. Previous starters had only used a single flag. Sweeney also marked the first use of twin green flags at the start of the race.[11][12]
Celebrating a win with the chequered flag[edit]
Late model stock car driver celebrates with a chequered flag
In snowmobile water cross the chequered flag is attached to the racer's life vest, and the racer is rewarded with a victory lap.
In many short tracks, the flagman gives the chequered flag to the winner of the race, but a variety of other celebratory traditions, such as the burnout, the Polish victory lap and the victory lane or victory circle celebration, sometimes overshadow the chequered flag tradition.
Use outside auto racing[edit]
The chequered flag has become so well recognized that it is often used to indicate the conclusion of many things unrelated to auto racing. For example, some software installation programs display a chequered flag to indicate that a computer program has been installed successfully.[citation needed]
Chequered flags were also posted at each corner of the end zones in the original Yankee Stadium when the facility was used by the New York Giants of the National Football League from 1956 through 1973.
The chequered flag is not only used for auto racing, but also for a representation of the automotive industry itself.
Flags in other motorsports[edit]
Flags in karting[edit]
The chequered, red, black, yellow, white, and green flags are used identically to how they are used in auto racing, as is the yellow and red striped flag. Other flags used include:
A blue flag with a red saltire (diagonal cross), to indicate that a lapped driver must pull in to the pits.[13]
A green flag with a yellow chevron, to indicate that there has been a false start.
A black-and-yellow quartered flag, to indicate that a caution has been declared and the first participant across the start-finish line will set the pace for all other participants during the caution period.
A black flag with a red disc, to indicate a mechanical problem.
A white over black diagonally flag, (rather than the Formula One black over white) to denote unsportsmanlike behavior.
Flags in motorcycle racing[edit]
Flag indicating an emergency vehicle in motorcycle racing
The chequered, red, yellow, white, and green flags are used identically to how they are used in auto racing. The yellow and red striped flag is used to indicate debris on the track. Other flags used include:
A white flag with couped red cross, to indicate medical attention is required near the marshalling post. Can also mean an ambulance is on the course (generally a red cross is followed by the race being "red flagged")
A black flag with white border, indicating that a rider must leave the course.
A dark, rather than light blue flag, indicating that a faster motorcycle is approaching.
A white flag with a black "V", to indicate poor visibility ahead. Used at the Isle of Man TT festival.
Practicality of racing flags[edit]
Historically, the only means for race officials to communicate to drivers was through the usage of flags. With the advent of two-way or full-duplex radios, this is not necessarily the case. Most drivers racing on paved short track oval courses do not rely on flags; rather, they are informed of track conditions by their crew chiefs and spotters or by yellow / red flashing lights found on most oval tracks. Occasionally, though, some drivers must rely on the use of flags for information when they experience radio malfunctions. Flags are still used to tell the crowd of spectators what is happening. Dirt track and lower level racers are less likely to have radios than their paved track counterparts.
In contrast to smaller circuits, road racing drivers rely heavily on the use of flags. As it is impractical to have spotters covering all segments of a winding race track, the first indication to drivers of local hazards almost always comes from marshals stationed at various flag stations around the course. Missing or disregarding a flag can have critical consequences, as Mario and Michael Andretti discovered during a 1991 CART race in Detroit, Michigan. Michael came around a blind corner at high speed, without heeding the yellow flag being displayed—and plowed into the back of a CART safety truck tending to another disabled car. Fifteen seconds later, his father Mario disregarded the same madly waving yellows and crashed into the car the safety vehicle was trying to assist.[citation needed]
Modern F1 cars and other high-end formula racing cars have information displays on their steering wheels which can flash up the word flag to warn drivers when they are entering a sector with a local yellow. Most new circuits and older ones used for F1 employ trackside flashing lights at regular intervals, as a clearer way to signal yellow, green, red, blue or SC flag status to drivers than relying on them to spot a marshal waving a flag, especially so on modern circuits where there are large run-off areas which put the marshals well away from the actual track.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Flags, The Key to Your Safety: Hooked On Driving". YouTube. 2010-04-15. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Flags". formula1.com. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "NASCAR RACING FLAGS". NASCAR. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Fan Info - INDYCAR 101 - Understanding The Sport - Flags". Indycar.com. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Aspiring Flagman Lives His Dream At IMS, Raises Autism Awareness". 13 May 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ http://amaproracing.cdn.racersites.com/assets/AMAPro-RR-2013-Rulebook.pdf p.22
^ Jump up to: a b c Marshall, Tim (2017). A flag worth dying for : the power and politics of national symbols (First Scribner hardcover edition ed.). New York: Scribner. p. 262. ISBN 9781501168338. OCLC 962006347. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
Jump up ^ Marshal, Tim (2017). A flag worth dying for : the power and politics of national symbols (First Scribner hardcover edition ed.). New York: Scribner. p. 260. ISBN 9781501168338. OCLC 962006347. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
Jump up ^ Davidson, Donald (1999-05-29). "Checkered flag at the finish line predated automobiles". The Indianapolis Star/News. Archived from the original on March 6, 2000. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
Jump up ^ "The 1906 Finish". Vanderbilt Cup Races. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
Jump up ^ 1980 Indianapolis 500 Telecast, ABC-TV
Jump up ^ 1980 Indianapolis 500 Radio Broadcast, IMS Radio Network
Jump up ^ Australian Karting Association. "2016 Australian Karting Manual" (PDF). karting.net.au. p. 92. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Martin, Mark & Tuschak, Beth (2005). NASCAR For Dummies (2nd ed.). Hoboken: Wiley Publishing. ISBN 0-7645-7681-X.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Racing flags.
Appendix H of the FIA International Sporting Code
Racing Flags at Flags of the World
Flags used in Formula 1 racing
Flags in the NASCAR series
Definitions of flags used in most forms of motor racing
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racing_flags&oldid=804007229"
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