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Judiciary of Australia
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The judiciary of Australia comprises judges who sit in federal courts and courts of the States and Territories of Australia. The High Court of Australia sits at the apex of the Australian court hierarchy as the ultimate court of appeal on matters of both federal and State law.
The large number of courts in Australia have different procedural powers and characteristics, different jurisdictional limits, different remedial powers and different cost structures.
Under the Australian Constitution, federal judicial power is vested in the High Court of Australia and such other federal courts as may be created by the federal Parliament. These courts include the Federal Court of Australia, the Federal Circuit Court of Australia, and the Family Court of Australia. Federal jurisdiction can also be vested in State courts.
The Supreme Courts of the states and territories are superior courts of record with general and unlimited jurisdiction within their own state or territory. They can try any justiciable dispute, whether it be for money or not, and whether it be for $1 or $1 billion.
Like the Supreme Courts, the Family Court and Federal Court are superior courts of record, which means that they have certain inherent procedural and contempt powers. But unlike their Supreme Court counterparts, their subject matter jurisdiction must be granted by statute. Under the doctrine of "accrued jurisdiction", the Federal Court can, however, rule on issues outside its explicit jurisdiction, provided that they are part of a larger matter that the court does have jurisdiction over.[1]
The High Court has limited trial powers, but very rarely exercises them. It has ample power to transfer cases started there to another, more appropriate court, so that the High Court can conserve its energies for its appellate functions.
Common law and equity are administered by the same courts, in a manner similar to that of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 (United Kingdom). Legal and equitable remedies may be pursued in the one action in the one court.
Contents
[hide]
1 Judges
2 Australian court hierarchy
3 Superior and inferior courts
4 Federal courts
4.1 High Court of Australia
4.2 Federal Court of Australia
4.3 Family Court of Australia
4.4 Federal Circuit Court of Australia
5 State and territory courts and tribunals
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Judges[edit]
Judges are appointed by the executive government, without intervention by the existing judiciary.[2] Once appointed, judges have tenure and there are restrictions on their removal from office. For example, a federal judge may not be removed from office except by the Governor-General upon an address of both Houses of Parliament for proved misbehavior.[3] Judges in Australia are appointed by the Executive government of the relevant jurisdiction, and most judges have previously practised as a barrister. Federal judges may only serve until age 70.[3] There is no constitutional limit on the length of service of State court judges, but State laws usually fix a retirement age. For example, in New South Wales, judges must retire at age 72,[4] though they can remain as "acting judges" until age 76.[5]
Australian court hierarchy[edit]
General federal law
Family law
Employment law
General state/territory law
Apex court High Court of Australia
Superior courts (appellate jurisdiction) Full Court of the Federal Court of Australia Full Court of the Family Court of Australia Federal
Fair Work Division of the Full Court of the Federal Court of Australia
State/territory
Various All matters
Court of Appeal (ACT - Qld - Vic - WA); Full Court of the Federal Court of Australia (NI)
Civil matters
Court of Appeal (NSW - NT); Full Court (SA - Tas)
Criminal matters
Court of Criminal Appeal (NSW - NT - SA - Tas)
Superior courts (trial jurisdiction) Federal Court of Australia Family Court (WA - Rest of Australia) Federal/Victoria/Territories
Fair Work Division of the Federal Court of Australia
Other states
Various Supreme Court (ACT - NI - NSW - NT - Qld - SA - Tas - Vic - WA)
Intermediate courts Federal Circuit Court of Australia (does not hear WA family law matters) Federal/Victoria/Territories
Fair Work Division of the Federal Circuit Court of Australia
Other states
Industrial Court (Qld); Employment Court (SA) Supreme Court (NSW) District Court (NSW - Qld - SA - WA); County Court (Vic)
No intermediate court (ACT - NI - NT - Tas)
Inferior courts Magistrates' Court (ACT - Qld - SA - Tas - Vic - WA);
Local Court (NSW); Court of Petty Sessions (NI)
Various courts depending on jurisdiction (NT)
Quasi-judicial tribunals for e.g. small claims and/or administrative review Administrative review Administrative Appeals Tribunal
Other tribunals Child support
Social Services and Child Support Division of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal Federal/Victoria/Territories
Fair Work Commission
Other states
Industrial Relations Commission (NSW - Qld - WA); Employment Tribunal (SA) Administrative review and/or small claims ACAT (ACT) - NCAT (NSW) - NTCAT (NT) - QCAT (Qld) - VCAT (Vic) - SACAT (SA) - Various (Tas) - SAT (WA)
Minor claims division in Magistrates Court (SA - Tas - WA)
Other tribunals (ACT - NSW - NT - Qld - SA - Tas - Vic - WA)
Australian court hierarchy
Federal Law Courts
High Court of Australia
Federal Court of Australia
Family Court of Australia
Federal Circuit Court of Australia
Commonwealth courts and tribunals
Courts of Australian states and territories
New South Wales courts
Victorian courts
Queensland courts
Western Australian courts
South Australian courts
Tasmanian courts
Australian Capital Territory courts
Northern Territory courts
Norfolk Island courts
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The hierarchy consists of a variety of courts and tribunals at both the federal and state and territory levels, with the High Court being the highest court in the Australian judicial system.[6] A single body[7] of Australian common law is applied in the various Australian courts, and ultimately determined by the High Court now that appeals to the (British) Judicial Committee of the Privy Council have been abolished.[8][9][10]
Superior and inferior courts[edit]
The High Court has described the concept of a superior court (and associated 'notions derived from the position of pre-Judicature common law courts') as having 'no ready application in Australia to federal courts.'[11] Despite this, Australian courts are frequently characterised as either 'superior' or 'inferior.' The Federal Court[12] and the Supreme Courts of each State and Territory are generally considered to be superior courts.
There is no single definition of the term 'superior court' (or 'superior court of record'). In many respects Australian superior courts are similar to the Senior Courts of England and Wales. In Australia, superior courts generally:
have unlimited jurisdiction in law and equity,[13] or at least are not subject to jurisdictional limits as to the remedies they may grant;
determine appeals, at least as part of their jurisdiction;
are composed of judges whose individual decisions are not subject to judicial review[14] or appeal to a single judge;
are composed of judges entitled to the style and title The Honourable Justice; and
regularly publish their decisions in written form.
Inferior courts are those beneath superior courts in the appellate hierarchy, and are generally seen to include the Magistrates and District (or County) Court of each State as well as the Federal Circuit Court. Inferior courts are typically characterised by:
jurisdiction conferred by statute and limited as to subject matter or the quantum of relief; and
amenability to judicial review by a single judge of a superior court where a right of appeal is not available.
Federal courts[edit]
These courts among them have jurisdiction over Commonwealth law, that is, law made by the Federal parliament of Australia.
High Court of Australia[edit]
Main article: High Court of Australia
Courtroom 1 in the High Court in Canberra.
The High Court is the highest court in Australia. It was created by section 71 of the Constitution.[15] It has appellate jurisdiction over all other courts. It also has some original jurisdiction, and has the power of constitutional review. The High Court of Australia is the superior court to all federal courts, and is also the final route of appeal from all state superior courts.[16]
Appeals to the High Court are by special leave only, which is rarely granted. Therefore, for most cases, the appellate divisions of the Supreme Courts of each state and territory and the Federal Court are the ultimate appellate courts. The Full Court of the High Court is the ultimate appeal court for Australia.
Appeals from Australian courts to the Privy Council were initially possible, however the Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act 1968 closed off all appeals to the Privy Council in matters involving federal legislation,[8] and the Privy Council (Appeals from the High Court) Act 1975 closed almost all routes of appeal from the High Court.[9] The Australia Act 1986 eliminated appeals from state Supreme Courts to the Privy Council.[17] Appeals from the High Court to the Privy Council are now only theoretically possible in inter se matters with leave of the High Court under section 74 of the Constitution; however, the High Court has indicated it will not grant such leave in the future.[10]
Federal Court of Australia[edit]
Main article: Federal Court of Australia
In Melbourne, the Federal Courts are housed in the Commonwealth Law Courts Building on the corner of La Trobe Street and William Street.
The Federal Court primarily hears matters relating to corporations, trade practices, industrial relations, bankruptcy, customs, immigration and other areas of federal law.[1] The court has original jurisdiction in these areas, and also has the power to hear appeals from a number of tribunals and other bodies (and, in cases not involving family law, from the Federal Circuit Court of Australia.)[18]
The court is a superior court of limited jurisdiction, but below the High Court of Australia in the hierarchy of federal courts, and was created by the Federal Court of Australia Act in 1976.[19]
Decisions of the High Court are binding on the Federal Court. There is an appeal level of the Federal Court (the "Full Court" of the Federal Court), which consists of several judges, usually three but occasionally five in very significant cases.[20]
Family Court of Australia[edit]
Main article: Family Court of Australia
The Family Court has jurisdiction over family law matters. It is a superior court of limited jurisdiction and was established in 1975 by the Family Law Act 1975 by the federal parliament. The Commonwealth has power over marriage and divorce under the Constitution. In the 1990s the states referred many of their powers over children of non-married couples to the Commonwealth, which added this power to the Family Court.
Uniquely among the states, Western Australia took up the option of establishing its own Family Court in 1975, and in that state all jurisdiction under the Family Law Act 1975 is exercised by the Family Court of Western Australia and not the Family Court of Australia.
The Family Court is a specialist family law court, involving parental disputes, matrimonial property, child support and other family-related laws. The principles of stare decisis (binding law from higher courts) are the same as for the Federal Court. Appeals from the Family Court are heard by the "Full Court" of the Family Court (three to five judges). Appeals from the Full Court lie to the High Court of Australia, though special leave is required. A single judge of the Family Court may hear appeals in family law matters from the Federal Circuit Court of Australia. Appeals from the Federal Circuit Court must go to either of these courts (Federal Court or Family Court), dependent on the area of law.
Decisions of the Full Court of the Federal and Family Courts are binding on Federal Circuit Court judges, as are decisions of these courts on appeal from a Federal Circuit Court judge. In other circumstances, decisions of a single Federal or Family Court judge are not strictly binding; however, these will usually be followed by sentencing.
Federal Circuit Court of Australia[edit]
Main article: Federal Circuit Court of Australia
The Federal Circuit Court of Australia (formerly known as the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia)[21] is an Australian court with jurisdiction over matters broadly relating to family law and child support, administrative law, admiralty law, bankruptcy, copyright, human rights, industrial law, migration, privacy and trade practices.There has been a shift recently towards having most cases held in this court, thereby freeing up workload so the Federal Court of Australia and the Family Court of Australia can hear more complicated cases. This court also hears appeals from various federal tribunals.
State and territory courts and tribunals[edit]
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Each state and territory has a court hierarchy of its own, with the jurisdictions of each court varying from state to state and territory to territory. However, all states and territories have a Supreme Court, which is a superior court of record and is the highest court within that state or territory. These courts also have appeal divisions, known as the Full Court or Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court (in civil matters), or the Court of Criminal Appeal (in criminal matters.)
Decisions of the High Court are binding on all Australian courts, including state and territory Supreme Courts.
The state and territory courts can sometimes exercise federal jurisdiction (i.e. rule on matters subject to federal legislation.) However, an attempt by the states and the Commonwealth to pass legislation that would cross-vest state judicial powers in the Federal courts was struck down by the High Court in Re Wakim; Ex parte McNally,[22] as being unconstitutional. Notwithstanding this failure, however, both state and federal courts can exercise an "accrued jurisdiction," which enables them to hear all legal issues arising from a single set of facts. This enables all courts to deal with virtually all issues arising from the facts of a case, provided that the particular court has jurisdiction to hear the principal cause of action.
Most of the states have two further levels of courts, which are comparable across the country. The district court (or county court in Victoria) handles most criminal trials for less serious indictable offences, and most civil matters below a threshold (usually around $1 million). The magistrates court (or local court) handles summary matters and smaller civil matters. In jurisdictions without district or county courts, most of those matters are dealt with by the supreme courts. In Tasmania and the two mainland territories, however, there is only a Magistrates Court below the Supreme Court.
In the three external territories (that is, territories not directly forming part of the Commonwealth of Australia but administered by the Commonwealth) there is a supreme court and a magistrates court or court of petty sessions. The supreme courts are staffed by judges of other courts, usually the Federal Court. Appeals from those courts lie to the full Federal Court. As these territories have very small populations, the courts only sit from time to time as needed. The three external territories are Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
The remaining external territories (including Antarctica) do not have permanent courts. In the event of a case arising from these territories, the courts of the ACT have jurisdiction.
All the States and Territories, with the exception of Tasmania, have a Civil and Administrative Tribunal. These hear cases relating to lesser State or Territory administrative disputes (involving some individual, business or government body). These commonly involve actions by persons bound to act pursuant to some form of devolved legislation; such as Environmental Regulations or Rental Tenancy Regulations.
A table of the Court hierarchy and Civil and Administrative Tribunals of the Australian States and Territories follows here:

New South Wales
Victoria
Queensland
Supreme Court of New South Wales
Land and Environment Court of New South Wales
District Court of New South Wales
Local Court of New South Wales
New South Wales Civil and Administrative Tribunal (NCAT)
Supreme Court of Victoria
County Court of Victoria
Magistrates' Court of Victoria
Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (VCAT)
Supreme Court of Queensland
District Court of Queensland
Magistrates Court of Queensland
Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal (QCAT)

South Australia
Western Australia
Tasmania
Supreme Court of South Australia
District Court of South Australia
Magistrates Court of South Australia
South Australian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (SACAT)
Supreme Court of Western Australia
Family Court of Western Australia
District Court of Western Australia
Magistrates Court of Western Australia
State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia (SAT)
Supreme Court of Tasmania
Magistrates Court of Tasmania

Northern Territory
Australian Capital Territory
Norfolk Island
Supreme Court of the Northern Territory
Northern Territory Local Court and specialist courts (colloq. "magistrates court")
Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory
Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal (ACAT)
Supreme Court of Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island Court of Petty Sessions
See also[edit]
Australia portal
Law portal
Drug courts in Australia
Law enforcement in Australia
List of Commonwealth courts and tribunals
Victoria Bar Association
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Justice James Allsop. "An Introduction to the Jurisdiction of the Federal Court of Australia". [2007] Federal Judicial Scholarship 15.
Jump up ^ Attorney-General (NSW) v Quin [1990] HCA 21, (1990) 170 CLR 1 at 33.
^ Jump up to: a b Constitution (Cth) s 72.
Jump up ^ Judicial Officers Act 1986 (NSW) s 44.
Jump up ^ Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW) s 37.
Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2012, Courts.
Jump up ^ Kirk v Industrial Court of NSW [2010] HCA 1, (2010) 239 CLR 531 at [99].
^ Jump up to: a b Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act 1968 (Cth).
^ Jump up to: a b Privy Council (Appeals from the High Court) Act 1975 (Cth).
^ Jump up to: a b Although Gibbs CJ, Mason, Wilson and Dawson JJ referred to the 'theoretical possibility' of an appeal to the Privy Council under the Constitution (Cth) s 74 in Attorney-General v Finch [1984] HCA 40, (1984) 155 CLR 107, the following year Court described the grant of a s 74 certificate as 'impossible' in Kirmani v Captain Cook Cruises Pty Ltd (No 2) [1985] HCA 27, (1985) 159 CLR 461.
Jump up ^ Re McJannet; Ex Parte Minister for Employment Training & Industrial Relations (Qld) [1995] HCA 31, (1995) 184 CLR 620 at p. 653 (Toohey, McHugh and Gummow JJ).
Jump up ^ Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) s 5.
Jump up ^ See for example Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW) s 23; Constitution of Queensland 2001 (Qld) s 58; Supreme Court Act 1935 (SA) s 17; Constitution Act 1975 (Vic) s 85; Supreme Court Act 1935 (WA) s 16.
Jump up ^ Although designation as a 'superior court of record' does not necessarily exclude the possibility of judicial review: Kirk v Industrial Court of NSW [2010] HCA 1, (2010) 239 CLR 531 at [107].
Jump up ^ Constitution (Cth) s 71.
Jump up ^ Constitution (Cth) s 73.
Jump up ^ Australia Act 1986 (Imp) and Australia Act 1986 (Cth).
Jump up ^ Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) s 24.
Jump up ^ Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth).
Jump up ^ Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) s 14.
Jump up ^ Federal Circuit Court of Australia Act (Cth) s 8.
Jump up ^ Re Wakim; Ex parte McNally [1999] HCA 27, (1999) 27 CLR 511.
Further reading[edit]
Library resources about
Australian court hierarchy
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Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance
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Kingdom Hearts 3D:
Dream Drop Distance
European boxart featuring from left to right: King Mickey, Sora and Riku
Developer(s)
Square Enix 1st Production Department
Publisher(s)
Square Enix
Director(s)
Tetsuya Nomura
Tai Yasue
Producer(s)
Rie Nishi
Artist(s)
Gen Kobayashi
Takeshi Fujimoto
Writer(s)
Tetsuya Nomura
Masaru Oka
Composer(s)
Yoko Shimomura
Takeharu Ishimoto
Tsuyoshi Sekito
Series
Kingdom Hearts
Platform(s)
Nintendo 3DS
Release
JP: March 29, 2012
EU: July 20, 2012
AU: July 26, 2012
NA: July 31, 2012
Genre(s)
Action role-playing, hack and slash
Mode(s)
Single-player, multiplayer
Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance (Japanese: キングダム ハーツ 3D [ドリーム ドロップ ディスタンス], Hepburn: Kingudamu Hātsu Dorīmu Doroppu Disutansu, stylized as Kingdom Hearts 3D [Dream Drop Distance]) is an action role-playing game developed and published by Square Enix for the Nintendo 3DS, revealed at E3 2010. The game is the seventh installment in the Kingdom Hearts series and was released in Japan on March 29, 2012. It was released outside Japan on July 20, 2012 in Europe, July 26, 2012 in Australasia and July 31, 2012 in North America.
Taking place after the events of Kingdom Hearts Re:coded, the game focuses on Sora and Riku's Mark of Mastery exam in which they have to protect parallel worlds in preparation for the return of Master Xehanort. Besides controlling the two playable characters across a single scenario, the player is able to recruit creatures known as Dream Eaters that are able to assist in fights.
The Square Enix staff decided to develop Dream Drop Distance after being impressed by the quality of the Nintendo 3DS. Taking advantage of the console's functions, they increased the action elements from the series based on the system previously seen in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep. Additionally, both the gameplay and the plot are meant to give a glimpse about what the following title in the series, Kingdom Hearts III, will be like. The game has been well received in Japan and in the US, selling over 250,000 and 180,000 units on its debuts respectively.
A HD remaster of the game titled Kingdom Hearts Dream Drop Distance HD was released for the PlayStation 4 in 2017 as part of the Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue collection.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
2 Plot
2.1 Setting
2.2 Characters
2.3 Story
3 Development
3.1 Promotion and release
3.2 Music
4 Reception
5 HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue
6 References
7 External links
Gameplay[edit]
See also: Gameplay in the Kingdom Hearts series
The game, which largely follows the action RPG and hack and slash gameplay of previous games in the series, sees players alternate between the roles of Sora and Riku. Alternating between characters is done via the 'Drop' system. During gameplay, a Drop Gauge gradually depletes over time, though it can be replenished with items. When the gauge completely empties, control will switch to the other character, though players may also opt to drop manually at any time. Drop Points, which are earned by defeating enemies and completing optional objectives, can be spent on bonuses that can be used until the next time the character drops, such as a slower Drop Gauge or increased attack or defense.[1] The game reuses the Command Deck system from Birth by Sleep, in which players can customize a deck filled with various actions, spells, and items that can be quickly selected. There are also several new elements added to the gameplay. Flowmotion allows players to move quickly about by performing actions such as bouncing off walls, grinding on rails and spinning around poles.[2] Reality Shift is a system the player can use on certain objects or weakened opponents involving a touch-screen activated minigame unique to each world. These include dragging the screen to fling a target like a catapult, touching hidden words to take control of enemies, and playing a small rhythm-based game to cause fireworks to appear.[3][4]
A battle in the game, featuring the Command Deck commands on the left side of the screen, and the two selected Spirits and the Drop meter on the right side. Sora is the character in use, with his health meter and character portrait at the bottom right.
One of the key elements of Dream Drop Distance is the inclusion of the Dream Eaters. Whilst they generally serve as the main enemies of the game, up to three good Dream Eaters, known as Spirits, can be recruited per character to assist them in battle. Spirits can be created by combining Dream Fragments together with an item or spell, either via experimenting with combinations or using recipes found throughout the game. Characters can also link with Spirits to perform unique attacks. Along the way, the player can care for these Spirits by petting them, feeding them items, or playing mini-games with them, which can unlock new abilities for the Spirits.[5]
The game takes place across multiple worlds based on Pinocchio, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Tron: Legacy, Fantasia and The Three Musketeers, each having two different plots from the perspectives of Sora and Riku. These worlds need to be completed by both Sora and Riku in order to unlock new worlds and progress through the game. Upon visiting each world for the first time, each character must go through a Dive section, in which characters freefall down a tube and must clear a certain objective, such as obtaining a certain amount of points, defeating a certain amount of enemies in a time limit, or defeating a boss character. In this mode, Sora and Riku can attack opponents, slow down their descent, or dodge attacks. They can also pick up magic spells which give them a limited supply of magical attacks to use against enemies.[6]
Outside of the main game, players can play an additional mode called Flick Rush, which can be played alone or with another player via wireless multiplayer. In this mode, players battle with a team of three Spirits and pit them against each other. Players fight against their opponent by flicking up cards from the touchscreen. Each card has a number value determining its attack strength, with multiple cards combining to increase the overall value. The player whose attack value is greater than their opponent's gets to attack with their Spirit. A slowly replenishing meter determines how many cards the player can send out at a time, and each Spirit has a limited amount of cards that can be replenished by swapping them out with another Spirit. The first player to eliminate all of their opponent's Spirits wins the game.
Plot[edit]
Kingdom Hearts
chronology
Back Cover
(Unchained / Union) χ
Birth by Sleep
A Fragmentary Passage
Kingdom Hearts
Chain of Memories
358/2 Days
II
Coded
Dream Drop Distance
III
v
t
e
Setting[edit]
Further information: Universe of Kingdom Hearts
Dream Drop Distance features a total of seven playable worlds, most of them set in a "world submerged in sleep",[7] with all the Disney-based worlds introduced being entirely new, (with the exception of Riku's version of Pinocchio's world, a.k.a. Monstro) including: La Cité des Cloches from The Hunchback of Notre Dame; The Grid from Tron: Legacy; Prankster's Paradise from Pinocchio; Country of the Musketeers from Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers; and Symphony of Sorcery from Fantasia. The other two playable worlds are Traverse Town and The World That Never Was, while the worlds Twilight Town, Radiant Garden, Disney Castle, Mysterious Tower, Destiny Islands, and Castle Oblivion appear in cutscenes.
Characters[edit]
Further information: Characters of Kingdom Hearts
The game features Sora and Riku as the two main characters of the game, taking part in a test to improve their skills with their weapon, the Keyblade. The two are depicted during gameplay as their younger selves shown in the original game while also being given new clothes; their older selves from Kingdom Hearts II also appear during cutscenes, and Sora in this incarnation is briefly playable during the end credits. A younger incarnation of Xehanort, first introduced as the optional "Mysterious Figure" boss from the North American and European releases of Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, returns and serves as the game's primary antagonist together with his two revived alter-egos, "Ansem" and Xemnas. Several former members of Xemnas' Organization XIII, including Lea and some of Ansem the Wise's apprentices, return after being restored to their human forms.
Like previous games, Dream Drop Distance features various Disney characters, including Mickey Mouse, who is seen in the game in three different incarnations—his original characterization in the Kingdom Hearts series as the king of Disney Castle; a musketeer as featured in Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers; and the young apprentice of Yen Sid shown in Fantasia. Donald Duck and Goofy make similar appearances as well. Characters hailing from their respective worlds remain in their worlds and play a small role in the main story, while Maleficent and Pete reprise their roles as antagonists, and Yen Sid as a supporting character. Unlike the other major installments, which feature an extensive cast of Final Fantasy characters, only a single Moogle appears from the franchise. Dream Drop Distance features appearances of Neku Sakuraba, Joshua, Shiki, Beat and Rhyme from The World Ends with You, another game owned by Square Enix with characters designed by Tetsuya Nomura, marking the first time that non-Disney, non-Final Fantasy characters have appeared in the series.[8]
The game introduces a new type of creature called Dream Eaters, which come in two varieties—"Nightmares", which eat good dreams and create nightmares, and serve as enemies similar to the Heartless, Nobodies, and Unversed from previous games; and "Spirits", which eat nightmares and create good dreams, and also act as Sora and Riku's party members.[9]
Story[edit]
Anticipating Master Xehanort's return following the defeat of his Heartless Ansem and Nobody Xemnas, Yen Sid puts Sora and Riku through a Mark of Mastery exam to deem them Keyblade Masters and counter Xehanort. For the exam, they are sent to worlds that were restored at the end of Kingdom Hearts, albeit in a "sleeping" state disconnecting them from other worlds. These worlds are inhabited by Dream Eaters, creatures born from darkness that seek out the Keyholes of Sleep found there. Sora and Riku's task is to reawaken the sleeping worlds by unlocking the seven Keyholes of Sleep, and then return to the realm of light; they are advised to create benevolent "Spirit" Dream Eaters to guide them and battle the malevolent "Nightmare" Dream Eaters. Sora and Riku are separated at the start of the exam, and find themselves each in a separate version of the first sleeping world, Traverse Town. Throughout the exam, Sora and Riku periodically encounter a gray-haired young man who is accompanied by Xemnas and Ansem, respectively.
Upon completing the exam, Sora arrives in the World That Never Was instead of the realm of light. Sora re-encounters the youth, who is revealed to be a version of Xehanort from the past sent to gather different versions of himself throughout time to serve as vessels for the original Master Xehanort's fragmented heart. Although Sora defeats Xemnas, his heart is swallowed by darkness; Ventus' armor encases Sora's heart for protection. Elsewhere, Ansem reveals that Riku has spent the entire exam traveling through Sora's dreams as a Dream Eater. Riku defeats Ansem and enters the Castle That Never Was, where he defeats the young Xehanort. Afterward, Master Xehanort appears alongside eleven other incarnations of himself in a new Organization XIII and attempts to turn Sora into his final vessel, intending to pit his thirteen "seekers of darkness" against seven "guardians of light" in order to recreate the χ-blade. He is foiled when Sora is rescued by Lea, the revived human form of Axel from the original Organization. Xehanort and his incarnations vanish, assuring that they will inevitably clash.
Sora's body is brought back to Yen Sid's tower, where Riku enters Sora's dreams and releases his heart from Ventus' armor, which has been possessed by a Nightmare. Riku then arrives at a digital version of the Destiny Islands, where he meets a virtual copy of Ansem the Wise. Ansem assures that Sora is now awake, and gives Riku his research data he had left in Sora's heart to help Sora save those connected to his heart. Upon returning to the realm of light, Riku is declared a Keyblade Master by Yen Sid for braving the realm of sleep a second time to reawaken Sora; Lea also reveals himself to have become a Keyblade wielder, and intends to become a Master as well. Sora is undaunted by his failure and returns to the sleeping worlds, where he thanks his Spirit Dream Eater companions.
In the game's secret ending, Yen Sid and Mickey discuss Xehanort's plan. Yen Sid reveals his intent to gather seven Keyblade wielders strong enough to combat the new Organization XIII in order to prevent Xehanort from using the Princesses of Heart to forge the χ-blade. To this end, he has Riku bring Kairi to be trained as a Keyblade wielder.
Development[edit]
The game was created by the same development team that worked on Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep,[10] then part of Square Enix's 1st Production Department.[11] Since it contained members who worked for The World Ends with You, the group decided to use characters from said game in replacement of Final Fantasy characters. The decision to make a Kingdom Hearts game for the Nintendo 3DS was due to the positive impression the Square Enix staff had when viewing the console's quality.[12] The console inspired Nomura to make the Dive Mode function where the character moves to different worlds without the use of a vehicle, while the Flowmotion was thought prior to deciding which console use.[13] The game's title was used to reference its various themes, with "Dream" referencing the storyline, "Drop" for the gameplay style, and "Distance" referring to the main characters' interaction, and, while unintentionally, the system's autostereoscopic 3D effect. Although Tetsuya Nomura admitted the English used was not grammatically correct, the team still decided to use it based on the way it sounded.[1] Development was notably shorter than the ones from previous Kingdom Hearts games.[14] However, co-director Tai Yasue emphasized how the finished product resembled Kingdom Hearts II and Birth by Sleep but improved.[15]
The team wished for the game to have more action than the previous games. Nomura noted the similarities with Final Fantasy Versus XIII as a result of their similar styles. The new maneuvers employed in Dream Drop Distance are also meant to give a glimpse about how the next game in the series, Kingdom Hearts III, would look like. New worlds were included in the game as a result of multiple requests by fans.[1] The switches between player characters Sora and Riku across the game are meant to contrast the style from Kingdom Hearts Birth By Sleep, which allowed the player to use three characters in their own campaigns, as well as explain the word "Distance" in the title because the two characters never interact across their stories.[16] The Free Flow system was made using data from Birth by Sleep, which took nearly two weeks to obtain a form similar to the one from the game.[17] The game originally intended to use returning Heartless and Nobodies as generic enemies. However, the setting gave the staff the idea of introducing new creatures, Dream Eaters, who would also join the player in fights.[12] They were also inspired in part by Nintendogs + Cats—Nomura wished that his virtual dog could battle with other pets met through Streetpass and created the Dream Eaters based on this concept.[18] They are used in the mini-game Flick Rush which originally intended to allow players to use a picture. Nomura did not approve of this idea.[17]
With Kingdom Hearts Re:coded, the staff revealed that Dream Drop Distance would revolve around Sora's and Riku's "Mark of Mastery" exam, but were worried about how to set it. The idea of Sora going through a dream was inspired by the subtitle of Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep and served as a basis for the game.[19] Sora and Riku were chosen as the playable characters in anticipation for the franchise's ending of the "Xehanort arc" as well as to represent the theme of "the light and the dark sides of hearts" which the two characters represent.[12] The former's inclusion was also done due to the character's popularity in Japan.[13] Nomura has stated that the themes of the game are trust and friendship, and that like Birth by Sleep, the story is on par with that of a numbered title. As a result of the game's plot, both Sora and Riku appear in their younger forms from the first Kingdom Hearts game. However, to avoid misconceptions that Dream Drop Distance was a remake of the original game, Nomura decided to change Sora's and Riku's outfits for most of the game.[20] Despite using two protagonists, the game primarily focuses on Riku's growth across the series. When starting production, the staff had decided to make the story as complex as possible, leading to the inclusion of several cutscenes which can be viewed by the player anytime they want. In order to make it more accessible, scenario writer Masaru Oka was in charge of the Chronicles feature, which explains events from previous games.[13] The game's story is also meant to connect directly with Kingdom Hearts III,[21] although its original ending was not approved by the staff and was scrapped. Like previous titles, Dream Drop Distance has a secret ending that connects to Kingdom Hearts III although the staff found it unconventional in comparison to previous ones.[22]
Promotion and release[edit]
The game was announced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2010 as "Kingdom Hearts 3D Demo" for the Nintendo 3DS.[23] It was formally unveiled though at the Square Enix 1st Production Department Premier event at the Toho Cinemas in Tokyo, Japan on January 18, 2011 with its first trailer along with its official name.[24] During the game's development, Nomura emphasized the mystery element of the story and confirmed that the theme of the game is trust.[23] In July 2011, a Famitsu article included an interview with Nomura in which he revealed that the game would have an unlockable secret movie. A playable demo released the same month also first featured the Dream Eaters as the player characters' partners and the game's generic enemy.[25] A Dengeki issue featured another interview with Nomura, where he confirmed that he would be considering what he called an "HD Technical Test" in order to commemorate the series' tenth anniversary and to entice new players to the series.[26] This occurred on March 3, 2012 in the form of a premiere event where footage from the game, including its full CGI introduction sequence, was showcased to celebrate the game's release.[27]
The game was first released in Japan on March 29, 2012, and in North America and Europe on July 31, 2012 and July 20, 2012, respectively.[28][29] In Australasia, it was released on July 26, 2012.[30] A limited edition titled "Mark of Mastery" was also released in North America featuring twelve art cards, AR cards able to unlock new Dream Eaters, and a protector case for the 3DS console.[31] While this has been noted to be the shortest gaps between the Japanese and English releases in the Kingdom Hearts, the latter version does not include new features not seen in the former. However, the Mark of Mastery limited edition was made so that English gamers would be able to obtain bonus material that can only be obtained in Japan.[7] The game was also included within the "Kingdom Hearts 10th Anniversary Box" package made in commemoration of the franchise's 10th anniversary. The box also included the Nintendo DS games Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days and Kingdom Hearts Re:coded.[32] Unlike Kingdom Hearts, Kingdom Hearts II and Birth by Sleep, there would not be an updated version of the game according to Tetsuya Nomura.[33]
A guidebook, Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance Ultimania (キングダム ハーツ 3D [ドリーム ドロップ ディスタンス] アルティマニア), was published in Japan on May 1, 2012.[34] Square Enix also published a light novel by Tomoko Kanemaki based on the game on June 28, 2012 under the title of "Side Sora".[35] The second volume, titled "Side Riku", was released in Japan on September 27, 2012.[36]
A HD remaster of the game for the PlayStation 4, titled Kingdom Hearts Dream Drop Distance HD, was announced in September 2015 at Tokyo Game Show to be part of the Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue collection, which was released in January 2017.
Music[edit]
Further information: Music of Kingdom Hearts
Unlike the previous games, the music for Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance was a collaboration by Yoko Shimomura, Takeharu Ishimoto, and Tsuyoshi Sekito, containing musical compositions from all three. Among the songs included are tracks from The World Ends with You, originally composed by Ishimoto, who remixed them for Dream Drop Distance.[37] Orchestral arrangements were provided by Kaoru Wada. The Kingdom Hearts Dream Drop Distance Original Soundtrack was released in Japan on April 18, 2012.[38]
Reception[edit]
Reception
Aggregate scores
Aggregator
Score
GameRankings 78.70%[39]
Metacritic 75/100[40]
Review scores
Publication
Score
1UP.com C+[41]
Famitsu 38/40[42]
G4 4.5/5[43]
Game Informer 8.25/10[44]
GameSpot 7.0/10[45]
GameTrailers 8.2/10[46]
IGN 8.5/10[47]
Nintendo Power 8.0/10[48]
The Tokyo Game Show featured a playable demo which earned the game top honors as "Best 3DS RPG" in RPG Land's Tokyo Game Show Awards,[49] following a hands-on report that praised the boss fights.[50] RPG Site also praised the game upon its first impression, calling the demo "refreshing".[51] Reception to the game's released trailers, demos and general information was generally positive, and the game ranked among Famitsu's 25 "most wanted" list in October 2011.[52] The Official Nintendo Magazine listed it eighth in their "Games of 2012" feature.[53] In an IGN poll, it ranked as the most expected Nintendo 3DS game for 2012's summer.[54] It also won the "Most Valuable Game Award" from the Nintendo Power magazine.[55]
In its first review, Famitsu gave Dream Drop Distance a rating of 10/9/10/9, or a total of 38/40, in their March 22, 2012 issue, which made Dream Drop Distance the second highest rated game in the series for them, after Kingdom Hearts II.[42] The game debuted at the top of Media Create's sales charts, selling 213,579 copies during its first week. The release was also noted to have helped boost the sales of the Nintendo 3DS console.[56] Although the amount of pre-orders surpassed that of Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days for the Nintendo DS, the first week's sales were lower. Nevertheless, Media Create noted that this was due to the comparison between the amount of units sold between the Nintendo DS and the Nintendo 3DS during the time the games were released, with the former having sold more copies than the latter.[57] The game continued to appear in Media Create's polls for the next several weeks, selling a total of 311,688 units as of May 2012.[58][59] In North America, the game sold 200,000 units during August 2012, with 180,000 regular editions and 20,000 Mark of Mastery editions.[60]
English publications have given Kingdom Hearts 3D moderately positive reviews, with lower scores than Japanese review outlets, generally praising the gameplay while criticizing the plot. It received an aggregated score of 78.70% on GameRankings[39] and 75/100 on Metacritic.[40] Game Informer writer Bryan Vore praised the new gameplay elements and, unlike other reviewers, how well the story handles the franchise's plot, especially as it was set after that of Kingdom Hearts II, unlike many of the other newer titles in the series.[44] Audrey Drake from IGN echoed similar comments about the gameplay, but felt that the story was sometimes not very interesting.[47] Mark Walton from GameSpot praised the combat systems and environment design, though he wished that the game didn't force the player through the levels linearly and dismissed the plot as "labyrinth-like" with poor dialogue and confusing motivations.[45] Bob Mackey of 1UP.com was harsher on the game than other reviewers; while he too found the plot incomprehensible, he also felt that the numerous game mechanics combined together to form a confusing and frustrating system.[41] The reviewer for GameTrailers had a different take, finding the combination of mechanics to form "the best battle system in the series to date" and was not as dismissive of the plot, though they did note that it required a lot of knowledge of previous games in the series to follow.[46] Leah Jackson of G4 had one of the highest reviews for the game out of the major English review outlets; though she had similar praises and criticisms as other reviewers, she felt that the gameplay and graphics more than made up for the sometimes confusing plot.[43]
HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue[edit]
Main article: Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue
In the credits of Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix, clips of Dream Drop Distance were shown as well as the inclusion of a secret ending related to the game, hinting at a possible additional collection.[61] In September 2015, Square Enix announced Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue. The collection features an HD remaster of Dream Drop Distance as well as Kingdom Hearts χ Back Cover, a cinematic retelling of Kingdom Hearts χ that reveals new parts of the series' history, and Kingdom Hearts 0.2: Birth by Sleep – A Fragmentary Passage, a new game taking place after the events of the original Birth by Sleep, told from the perspective of Aqua.[62] It was released on January 12, 2017 in Japan and January 24, 2017 for other countries.[63]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Gantayat, Anoop (January 26, 2011). "Tetsuya Nomura Discusses Kingdom Hearts 3DS". Andriasang. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Yip, Spencer (September 19, 2011). "The Biggest Game Changer In Kingdom Hearts 3D Is The Y Button". Siliconera. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Sahdev, Ishaan (July 31, 2011). "Kingdom Hearts: Dream Drop Distance To Have Controllable Event Scenes, Too". Siliconera. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ashcraft, Brian (September 13, 2011). "Metal Gear Solid, Resident Evil and Kingdom Hearts for 3DS Also Use Nintendo's New Slide Pad Expansion". Kotaku. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ashcraft, Brian (September 20, 2011). "Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance Sure Looks Dreamy". Kotaku. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sahdev, Ishaan (April 4, 2012). "Kingdom Hearts 3D Starts In Traverse Town". Siliconera. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Behind the Game Interview". Game Trailers. May 22, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
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Jump up ^ Alice Liang (June 16, 2010). "E3 2010: Kingdom Hearts 3 is Not in Development...Yet". 1UP.com. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "「Final Fantasy XIII-2」が2011年発売予定，「Agito」は「Final Fantasy 零式」と名称変更して2011年夏発売。「Square Enix 1st Production Department Premiere」をTwitterで実況". 4Gamer.net (in Japanese). Aetas, Inc. January 18, 2011. Archived from the original on January 19, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Kingdom Builder". Nintendo Power. Nintendo of America (276): 40–41. March 2012. ISSN 1041-9551.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance Ultimania. Square Enix. May 2012. pp. 426–430. ISBN 978-4757536159.
Jump up ^ "Iwata asks". Nintendo. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Drake, Audrey (July 3, 2012). "The Making of Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance". IGN. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b Gantayat, Anoop (May 14, 2011). "Who Came Up With Kingdom Hearts 3D's Drop System?". Andriasang. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Iwata Asks". iwataasks.nintendo.com. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nomura Explains Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance's Title". Siliconera. March 23, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gantayat, Anoop (January 30, 2011). "Kingdom Hearts 3D: Sora and Riku to See Clothing Changes". Andriasang. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Anoop Gantayat (November 17, 2010). "Tetsuya Nomura Talks Kingdom Hearts 3DS". IGN. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gantayat, Anoop (January 18, 2012). "Tetsuya Nomura on Versus XIII, Final Fantasy X HD and Kingdom Hearts 3D's Secret Ending". Andriasang. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Gantayat, Anoop (June 18, 2010). "Tetsuya Nomura on Kingdom Hearts 3D". Andriasang. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Anoop Gantayat (January 18, 2011). "Square Enix Opens Teaser Sites for New Games". Andriasang. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gantayat, Anoop (July 13, 2011). "Kingdom Hearts 3D, Final Fantasy XI, Dissidia and More in Famitsu". Andriasang. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Kingdom Hearts: Dream Drop Distance - release date revealed". GoNintendo. December 11, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Kingdom Hearts 3D Game's Premiere Light Show Streamed". Anime News Network. March 23, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Long, Neil (April 21, 2012). "Kingdom Hearts: Dream Drop Distance release date set". Official Nintendo Magazine. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Kingdom Hearts 3D, Theatrhythm Slated for July in N. America". Anime News Network. April 5, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
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Jump up ^ "キングダム ハーツ 3D [ドリーム ドロップ ディスタンス] アルティマニア" (in Japanese). Square Enix. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "キングダム ハーツ 3D [ドリーム ドロップ ディスタンス]　Side Sora" (in Japanese). Square Enix. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
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Jump up ^ "KINGDOM HEARTS Dream Drop Distance オリジナル・サウンドトラック" (in Japanese). Amazon.com. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance". GameRankings. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b Mackey, Bob (August 1, 2012). "Kingdom Hearts 3D Review for Nintendo 3DS from 1UP.com". 1UP.com. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kingdom Hearts, Baseball with Normal Sized Heads Get 10s in Famitsu". Adriasang. March 21, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b Mark Walton (July 27, 2012). "Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance Review". GameSpot. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance Review". GameTrailers. July 25, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Drake, Audrey (July 17, 2012). "Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance Review". IGN. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
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Jump up ^ Donaldson, Alex (September 13, 2016). "Kingdom Hearts 2.8 to miss December, now out January 24th". VG247. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
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