text:
Communist Party of China
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Communist Party of China
中国共产党
Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng
General Secretary
Xi Jinping
Standing Committee
Xi Jinping
Li Keqiang
Li Zhanshu
Wang Yang
Wang Huning
Zhao Leji
Han Zheng
Founded
23 July 1921; 96 years ago (1921-07-23)
Headquarters
Zhongnanhai, Xicheng District, Beijing
Newspaper
People's Daily
Student wing
All-China Students' Federation
All-China Youth Federation
Youth wing
Communist Youth League
Young Pioneers of China
Women's wing
All-China Women's Federation
Labors' wing
All-China Federation of Trade Unions
Popular front
United Front
Armed wing
People's Armed Police
People's Liberation Army
Membership (2017)
89.45 million[1]
Ideology
Communism
Marxism–Leninism[2]
Mao Zedong Thought
Deng Xiaoping Theory
Socialism with Chinese characteristics
Xi Jinping Thought
Chinese unification[2]
Political position
Left-wing to Far-left
International affiliation
International Communist Seminar and International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties
Comintern (historical)
Slogan
Serve the People (为人民服务)
Anthem
"The Internationale"
National People's Congress
2,119 / 2,980
Standing Committee of NPC
121 / 175
Party flag
Website
cpc.people.com.cn
Politics of People's Republic of China
Communist Party of China
"Communist Party of China" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese
中国共产党
Traditional Chinese
中國共產黨
Hanyu Pinyin
Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng
Wade–Giles
Chung1-kuo2 Kung4-ch'an3-tang3
IPA
[ʈʂʊ́ŋ.kwǒ kʊ̂ŋ.ʈʂʰàn.tàŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Jūng-gwok Gūng-cháan-dóng
IPA
[tsóŋ.kʷɔ̄ːk̚ kòŋ.tsʰǎːn.tɔ̌ːŋ]
Jyutping
Zung1-gwok3 Gung6-caan2-dong2
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng
Tibetan name
Tibetan
ཀྲུང་གོ་གུང་ཁྲན་ཏང
[show]Transcriptions
Wylie
krung go gung khran tang
Zhuang name
Zhuang
Cunghgoz Gungcanjdangj
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillic
Дундад улсын(Хятадын) Эв хамт(Kоммунист) Hам
Mongolian script
ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ
(ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ)
ᠡᠪ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ
(ᠺᠣᠮᠮᠤᠶᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲ)
ᠨᠠᠮ
[show]Transcriptions
SASM/GNC
Dumdad Ulcyn/Khyatadyn Kommunist(av khamt) Nam
Uyghur name
Uyghur
جۇڭگو كوممۇنىستىك پارتىيىسى
[show]Transcriptions
Latin Yëziqi
Junggo Kommunistik Partiyisi
Yengi Yeziⱪ
Junggo Kommunistik Partiyisi
Siril Yëziqi
Җуңго Коммунистик Партийиcи
Manchu name
Manchu script
ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ
(ᠵᡠᠨᡤᠣ ᡳ)
ᡤᡠᠩᡮᠠᠨ
ᡥᠣᡴᡳ
Romanization
Dulimbai gurun-i（Jungg'o-i） Gungcan Hoki
The Communist Party of China (CPC), often referred to as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China. The Communist Party is the sole governing party of China, permitting only eight other, subordinated parties to co-exist, those making up the United Front. It was founded in 1921, chiefly by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao. The party grew quickly and by 1949 it had driven the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) government from mainland China after the Chinese Civil War, thus leading to the establishment of the People's Republic of China. It also controls the world's largest armed forces, the People's Liberation Army.
The CPC is, officially, organized on the basis of democratic centralism, a principle conceived by Russian Marxist theoretician Vladimir Lenin which entails democratic and open discussion on policy on the condition of unity in upholding the agreed upon policies. The highest body of the CPC is the National Congress, convened every fifth year. When the National Congress is not in session, the Central Committee is the highest body, but since the body meets normally only once a year most duties and responsibilities are vested in the Politburo and its Standing Committee. The party's leader holds the offices of General Secretary (responsible for civilian party duties), Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) (responsible for military affairs) and State President (a largely ceremonial position). Through these posts the party leader is the country's paramount leader. The current paramount leader is Xi Jinping who was elected at the 19th National Congress held in October 2017.
The CPC is still committed to communism and continues to participate in the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties each year. According to the party constitution, the CPC adheres to Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, socialism with Chinese characteristics, Deng Xiaoping Theory, Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese characteristics for a New Era. The official explanation for China's economic reforms is that the country is in the primary stage of socialism, a developmental stage similar to the capitalist mode of production. The command economy established under Mao Zedong was replaced by the socialist market economy, the current economic system, on the basis that "Practice is the Sole Criterion for the Truth".
Since the collapse of Eastern European communist regimes in 1989–1990 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the CPC has emphasized its party-to-party relations with the ruling parties of the remaining socialist states. While the CPC still maintains party-to-party relations with non-ruling communist parties around the world, since the 1980s it has established relations with several non-communist parties, most notably with ruling parties of one-party states (whatever their ideology), dominant parties in democratic systems (whatever their ideology) and social democratic parties.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Founding and early history (1921–27)
1.2 Chinese Civil War and World War II (1927–49)
1.3 Single ruling party (1949–present)
2 Governance
2.1 Collective leadership
2.2 Democratic centralism
2.3 Multi-party Cooperation System
3 Organization
3.1 Central organization
3.2 Lower-level organizations
3.3 Members
3.4 Communist Youth League
4 Symbols
5 Ideology
5.1 Formal ideology
5.2 Economics
6 Party-to-party relations
6.1 Communist parties
6.1.1 Ruling parties of socialist states
6.2 Non-communist parties
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Citations
8.2 Sources
9 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of the Communist Party of China
Founding and early history (1921–27)[edit]
The CPC has its origins in the May Fourth Movement of 1919, during which radical Western ideologies like Marxism and anarchism gained traction among Chinese intellectuals.[3] Other influences stemming from the Bolshevik revolution and Marxist theory inspired the Communist Party of China.[4] Li Dazhao was the first leading Chinese intellectual who publicly supported Leninism and world revolution.[5] In contrast to Chen Duxiu, Li did not renounce participation in the affairs of the Republic of China.[6] Both of them regarded the October Revolution in Russia as groundbreaking, believing it to herald a new era for oppressed countries everywhere.[6] The CPC was modeled on Vladimir Lenin's theory of a vanguard party.[7] Study circles were, according to Cai Hesen, "the rudiments [of our party]".[8] Several study circles were established during the New Culture Movement, but "by 1920 skepticism about their suitability as vehicles for reform had become widespread."[9]
The founding National Congress of the CPC was held on 23–31 July 1921.[10] With only 50 members in the beginning of 1921, the CPC organization and authorities grew tremendously.[11] While it was originally planned to be held in the Shanghai French Concession, police officers interrupted the meeting on 30 July[12] and the congress was moved to a tourist boat on South Lake in Jiaxing, Zhejiang province.[12] Only 12 delegates attended the congress, with neither Li nor Chen being able to attend,[12] the latter sending a personal representative in his stead.[12] The resolutions of the congress called for the establishment of a communist party (as a branch of the Communist International) and elected Chen as its leader.[12]
Flag of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army
The communists dominated the left wing of the KMT, a party organized on Leninist lines, struggling for power with the party's right wing.[13] When KMT leader Sun Yat-sen died in March 1925, he was succeeded by a rightist, Chiang Kai-shek, who initiated moves to marginalize the position of the communists.[13] Fresh from the success of the Northern Expedition to overthrow the warlords, Chiang Kai-shek turned on the communists, who by now numbered in the tens of thousands across China.[14] Ignoring the orders of the Wuhan-based KMT government, he marched on Shanghai, a city controlled by communist militias. Although the communists welcomed Chiang's arrival, he turned on them, massacring 5000 with the aid of the Green Gang.[14][15][16] Chiang's army then marched on Wuhan, but was prevented from taking the city by CPC General Ye Ting and his troops.[17] Chiang's allies also attacked communists; in Beijing, 19 leading communists were killed by Zhang Zuolin, while in Changsha, He Jian's forces machine gunned hundreds of peasant militiamen.[18][19] That May, tens of thousands of communists and their sympathizers were killed by nationalists, with the CPC losing approximately 15,000 of its 25,000 members.[19]
The CPC continued supporting the Wuhan KMT government,[19] but on 15 July 1927 the Wuhan government expelled all communists from the KMT.[20] The CPC reacted by founding the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army of China, better known as the "Red Army", to battle the KMT. A battalion led by General Zhu De was ordered to take the city of Nanchang on 1 August 1927 in what became known as the Nanchang uprising; initially successful, they were forced into retreat after five days, marching south to Shantou, and from there being driven into the wilderness of Fujian.[20] Mao Zedong was appointed commander-in-chief of the Red Army, and led four regiments against Changsha in the Autumn Harvest Uprising, hoping to spark peasant uprisings across Hunan.[21] His plan was to attack the KMT-held city from three directions on 9 September, but the Fourth Regiment deserted to the KMT cause, attacking the Third Regiment. Mao's army made it to Changsha, but could not take it; by 15 September, he accepted defeat, with 1,000 survivors marching east to the Jinggang Mountains of Jiangxi.[21][22][23]
Chinese Civil War and World War II (1927–49)[edit]
Further information: Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War
The near-destruction of the CPC's urban organizational apparatus led to institutional changes within the party.[24] The party adopted democratic centralism, a way to organize revolutionary parties, and established a Politburo (to function as the standing committee of the Central Committee).[24] The result was increased centralization of power within the party .[24] At every level of the party this was duplicated, with standing committees now in effective control.[24] After Chen Duxiu's dismissal, Li Lisan was able to assume de facto control of the party organization by 1929–30.[24] Li Lisan's leadership was a failure, leaving the CPC on the brink of destruction.[24] The Comintern became involved, and by late 1930, his powers had been taken away.[24] By 1935 Mao had become the party's informal leader, with Zhou Enlai and Zhang Wentian, the formal head of the party, serving as his informal deputies.[24] The conflict with the KMT led to the reorganization of the Red Army, with power now centralized in the leadership through the creation of CPC political departments charged with supervising the army.[24]
The Second Sino-Japanese War caused a pause in the conflict between the CPC and the KMT.[25] The Second United Front was established between the CPC and the KMT to tackle the invasion.[26] While the front formally existed until 1945, all collaboration between the two parties had ended by 1940.[26] Despite their formal alliance, the CPC used the opportunity to expand and carve out independent bases of operations to prepare for the coming war with the KMT.[27] In 1939 the KMT began to restrict CPC expansion within China.[27] This led to frequent clashes between CPC and KMT forces[27] but which subsided rapidly on the realisation on both sides that civil war was not an option.[27] Yet, by 1943, the CPC was again actively expanding its territory at the expense of the KMT.[27]
Mao Zedong declared the establishment of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949
From 1945 until 1949, the war had been reduced to two parties; the CPC and the KMT.[28] This period lasted through four stages; the first was from August 1945 (when the Japanese surrendered) to June 1946 (when the peace talks between the CPC and the KMT ended).[28] By 1945, the KMT had three-times more soldiers under its command than the CPC and initially appeared to be prevailing.[28] With the cooperation of the Americans and the Japanese, the KMT was able to retake major parts of the country.[28] However, KMT rule over the reconquered territories would prove unpopular because of endemic party corruption.[28] Notwithstanding its huge numerical superiority, the KMT failed to reconquer the rural territories which made up the CPC's stronghold.[28] Around the same time, the CPC launched an invasion of Manchuria, where they were assisted by the Soviet Union.[28] The second stage, lasting from July 1946 to June 1947, saw the KMT extend its control over major cities, such as Yan'an (the CPC headquarters for much of the war).[28] The KMT's successes were hollow; the CPC had tactically withdrawn from the cities, and instead attacked KMT authorities by instigating protests amongst students and intellectuals in the cities (the KMT responded to these events with heavy-handed repression).[29] In the meantime, the KMT was struggling with factional infighting and Chiang Kai-shek's autocratic control over the party, which weakened the KMT's ability to respond to attacks.[29] The third stage, lasting from July 1947 to August 1948, saw a limited counteroffensive by the CPC.[29] The objective was to clear "Central China, strengthening North China, and recovering Northeast China."[30] This policy, coupled with desertions from the KMT military force (by the spring of 1948, the KMT military had lost an estimated 2 of its 3 million troops) and declining popularity of KMT rule.[29] The result was that the CPC was able to cut off KMT garrisons in Manchuria and retake several lost territories.[30] The last stage, lasting from September 1948 to December 1949, saw the communists take the initiative and the collapse of KMT rule in mainland China as a whole.[30] On 1 October 1949, Mao declared the establishment of the PRC, which signified the end of the Chinese Revolution (as it is officially described by the CPC).[30]
Single ruling party (1949–present)[edit]
Flag of the Communist Party of China from June 17, 1951 to July 21, 1996.
On 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong announced the 21 September 1949 establishment of the PRC before a massive crowd at Beijing Square. By the end of the year, the CPC became the major ruling party in China.[31] During the 1960s and 1970s, the CPC experienced a significant ideological separation from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[32] By that time, Mao had begun saying that the "continued revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat" stipulated that class enemies continued to exist even though the socialist revolution seemed to be complete, leading to the Cultural Revolution in which millions were persecuted and killed.[33]
Chinese communists celebrate Joseph Stalin's birthday, 1949
Following Mao's death in 1976, a power struggle between CPC general secretary Hua Guofeng and Deng Xiaoping erupted.[34] Deng won the struggle, and became the "paramount leader".[34] Deng, alongside Chen Yun and Li Xiannian, spearheaded the Reform and opening policy, and introduced the ideological concept of socialism with Chinese characteristics, opening China to the world's markets.[35] In reversing some of Mao's "leftist" policies, Deng argued that a socialist state could use the market economy without itself being capitalist.[36] While asserting the political power of the Party, the change in policy generated significant economic growth.[3] The new ideology, however, was contested on both sides of the spectrum, by Maoists as well as by those supporting political liberalization. With other social factors, the conflicts culminated in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.[37] The protests having been crushed, Deng's vision on economics prevailed, and by the early 1990s the concept of a socialist market economy had been introduced.[38] In 1997, Deng's beliefs (Deng Xiaoping Theory), were embedded in the CPC constitution.[39]
CPC general secretary Jiang Zemin succeeded Deng as "paramount leader" in the 1990s, and continued most of his policies.[40] As part of Jiang Zemin's nominal legacy, the CPC ratified the Three Represents for the 2003 revision of the party's constitution, as a "guiding ideology" to encourage the party to represent "advanced productive forces, the progressive course of China's culture, and the fundamental interests of the people."[41] The theory legitimized the entry of private business owners and bourgeois elements into the party.[41][42] Hu Jintao, Jiang Zemin's successor as paramount leader, took office in 2002.[43] Unlike Mao, Deng and Jiang Zemin, Hu laid emphasis on collective leadership and opposed one-man dominance of the political system.[43] The insistence on focusing on economic growth led to a wide range of serious social problems. To address these, Hu introduced two main ideological concepts: the Scientific Outlook on Development and Harmonious Socialist Society.[44] Hu resigned from his post as CPC general secretary and Chairman of the CMC at the 18th National Congress held in 2012, and was succeeded in both posts by Xi Jinping.[45] Since taking power Xi has initiated the most concerted anti-corruption effort in decades, while centralizing powers in the office of CPC General Secretary at the expense of the collective leadership which had led foreign commentators to liken him to Mao.[46]
Governance[edit]
China
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
China
Leadership[show]
Leadership generations
Collective leadership
Paramount leader
Leadership core
Current leadership
Xi-Li Administration
National leaders
President (list): Xi Jinping
Vice President (list): Wang Qishan
Provincial leaders
Communist Party[show]
History
Organization
National Party Congress (19th)
Central Committee (19th)
General Secretary (list)
Xi Jinping
Central Politburo (19th)
Standing Committee (list)
Central Secretariat
Top-ranked secretary: Wang Huning
Central Military Commission
Chairman: Xi Jinping
Vice Chairmen:
Xu Qiliang, Zhang Youxia
National Security Commission
Chairman: Xi Jinping
Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (19th)
Standing Committee (19th)
Secretary: Zhao Leji
Ideology[show]
Marxism–Leninism
Maoism ("Mao Zedong Thought")
Socialism with Chinese characteristics
Deng Xiaoping Theory
Primary stage of socialism
Four Cardinal Principles
Three Represents
Scientific Outlook on Development
Harmonious Socialist Society
Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era
Chinese Dream
Four Comprehensives
Constitution
Law
[show]
Constitution
Current constitution (1982)
Previous constitutions
1954
1975
1978
"People's democratic dictatorship"
Laws
Statutes
Legislative[show]
National People's Congress (13th)
Members
Presidium
Standing Committee
Chairman: Li Zhanshu
Executive[show]
State Council (Li's Government)
Premier (list): Li Keqiang
Vice Premiers (list)
Zhang Gaoli
Liu Yandong
Wang Yang
Ma Kai
State Councilors
Secretary-General
Deputy Secretary-General
United Front[show]
Political Consultative Conference
National Committee
Chairman: Wang Yang
Political parties
Military[show]
Central Military Commission
Chairman: Xi Jinping
Vice Chairmen:
Fan Changlong, Xu Qiliang
People's Liberation Army
People's Armed Police Force
State Council
National Mobilization Commission
Chairman: Li Keqiang
Ministry of National Defense
Minister: Chang Wanquan
People's Armed Police Force
National Security Commission
Chairman: Xi Jinping
Judiciary[show]
Central Politics and Law Commission
Secretary: Meng Jianzhu
Supreme People's Court
President: Zhou Qiang
Supreme People's Procuratorate
Procurator-General: Cao Jianming
Publicity[show]
Leading Group for Propaganda
Central Guidance Commission for Building Spiritual Civilization
Chairman: Liu Yunshan
Propaganda Department
Head: Liu Qibao
Foreign relations[show]
Foreign aid program
China and the United Nations
China–United States relations
Cross-Strait relations
One-China policy
Related topics[show]
Administrative divisions
Politics of Hong Kong
Politics of Macau
Elections
Human rights
Internet
Internet censorship
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
Collective leadership[edit]
Currently, in a bid to curtail the powers of the individual, collective leadership, the idea that decisions will be taken through consensus, has become the ideal in the CPC.[47] The concept has its origins back to Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Bolshevik Party.[48] At the level of the central party leadership this means that, for instance, all members of the Politburo Standing Committee are of equal standing (each member having only one vote).[47] A member of the Politburo Standing Committee often represents a sector; during Mao's reign, he controlled the People's Liberation Army, Kang Sheng, the security apparatus, and Zhou Enlai, the State Council and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[47] This counts as informal power.[47] Despite this, in a paradoxical relation, members of a body are ranked hierarchically (despite the fact that members are in theory equal to each others).[47] In spite of this, the CPC is led by an informal leader principle, each collective leadership is led by a core, that is a paramount leader; a person who holds the offices of CPC general secretary, CMC chairman and President of the PRC.[49] Before Jiang Zemin's tenure as paramount leader, the party core and collective leadership were indistinguishable.[50] In practice, the core was not responsible to the collective leadership.[50] However, by the time of Jiang, the party had begun propagating a responsibility system, referring to it in official pronouncements as the "core of the collective leadership".[50]
Democratic centralism[edit]
Further information: Democratic centralism
The CPC's organizational principle is democratic centralism, which is based on two principles: democracy (synonymous in official discourse with "socialist democracy" and "inner-party democracy") and centralism.[51] This has been the guiding organizational principle of the party since the 5th National Congress, held in 1927.[51] In the words of the party constitution, "The Party is an integral body organized under its program and constitution and on the basis of democratic centralism".[51] Mao once quipped that democratic centralism was "at once democratic and centralized, with the two seeming opposites of democracy and centralization united in a definite form." Mao claimed that the superiority of democratic centralism lay in its internal contradictions, between democracy and centralism, and freedom and discipline.[51] Currently, the CPC is claiming that "democracy is the lifeline of the Party, the lifeline of socialism".[51] But for democracy to be implemented, and functioning properly, there needs to be centralization.[51] The goal of democratic centralism was not to obliterate capitalism or its policies but instead it is the movement towards regulating capitalism while involving socialism and democracy.[52] Democracy in any form, the CPC claims, needs centralism, since without centralism there will be no order.[51] According to Mao, democratic centralism "is centralized on the basis of democracy and democratic under centralized guidance. This is the only system that can give full expression to democracy with full powers vested in the people's congresses at all levels and, at the same time, guarantee centralized administration with the governments at each level exercising centralized management of all the affairs entrusted to them by the people's congresses at the corresponding level and safeguarding whatever is essential to the democratic life of the people".[51]
Multi-party Cooperation System[edit]
The Multi-party Cooperation and Political Consultation System is led by the CPC in cooperation and consultation with the 8 parties which make up the United Front.[53] Consultation takes place under the leadership of the CPC, with mass organizations, the United Front parties, and "representatives from all walks of life".[53] These consultations contribute, at least in theory, to the formation of the country's basic policy in the fields of political, economic, cultural and social affairs.[53] The CPC's relationship with other parties is based on the principle of "long-term coexistence and mutual supervision, treating each other with full sincerity and sharing weal or woe."[53] This process is institutionalized in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).[53] All the parties in the United Front support China's road to socialism, and hold steadfast to the leadership of the CPC.[53] Despite all this, the CPPCC is a body without any real power.[54] While discussions do take place, they are all supervised by the CPC.[54]
Organization[edit]
Main article: Organization of the Communist Party of China
Central organization[edit]
The 18th National Congress, convened in November 2012
The National Congress is the party's highest body, and, since the 9th National Congress in 1969, has been convened every five years (prior to the 9th Congress they were convened on an irregular basis). According to the party's constitution, a congress may not be postponed except "under extraordinary circumstances."[55] The party constitution gives the National Congress six responsibilities:[56]
electing the Central Committee;[56]
electing the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI);[56]
examining the report of the outgoing Central Committee;[56]
examining the report of the outgoing CCDI;[56]
discussing and enacting party policies; and:[56]
revising the party's constitution.[56]
In practice, the delegates rarely discuss issues at length at the National Congresses. Most substantive discussion takes place before the congress, in the preparation period, among a group of top party leaders.[56] In between National Congresses, the Central Committee is the highest decision-making institution.[57] The CCDI is responsible for supervising party's internal anti-corruption and ethics system.[58] In between congresses the CCDI is under the authority of the Central Committee.[58]
The Central Committee, as the party's highest decision-making institution between national congresses, elects several bodies to carry out its work.[59] The 1st Plenary Session of a newly elected central committee elects the General Secretary of the Central Committee, the party's titular leader, the Central Military Commission (CMC), the Politburo, the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC), and since 2013, the Central National Security Commission (CNSC). The first plenum also endorses the composition of the Secretariat and the leadership of the CCDI.[59] According to the party constitution, the general secretary must be a member of the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC), and is responsible for convening meetings of the PSC and the Politburo, while also presiding over the work of the Secretariat.[60] The Politburo "exercises the functions and powers of the Central Committee when a plenum is not in session".[61] The PSC is the party's highest decision-making institution when the Politburo, the Central Committee and the National Congress are not in session.[62] It convenes at least once a week.[63] It was established at the 8th National Congress, in 1958, to take over the policy-making role formerly assumed by the Secretariat.[64] The Secretariat is the top implementation body of the Central Committee, and can make decisions within the policy framework established by the Politburo; it is also responsible for supervising the work of organizations that report directly into the Central Committee, for example departments, commissions, publications, and so on.[65] The CMC is the highest decision-making institution on military affairs within the party, and controls the operations of the People's Liberation Army.[66] The general secretary has, since Jiang Zemin, also served as Chairman of the CMC.[66] Unlike the collective leadership ideal of other party organs, the CMC chairman acts as commander-in-chief with full authority to appoint or dismiss top military officers at will.[66] The CNSC "co-ordinates security strategies across various departments, including intelligence, the military, foreign affairs and the police in order to cope with growing challenges to stability at home and abroad."[67] The general secretary serves as the Chairman of the CNSC.[68]
A first plenum of the Central Committee also elects heads of departments, bureaus, central leading groups and other institutions to pursue its work during a term (a "term" being the period elapsing between national congresses, usually five years).[55] The General Office is the party's "nerve centre", in charge of day-to-day administrative work, including communications, protocol, and setting agendas for meetings.[69] The CPC currently has four main central departments: the Organization Department, responsible for overseeing provincial appointments and vetting cadres for future appointments,[70] the Publicity Department (formerly "Propaganda Department"), which oversees the media and formulates the party line to the media,[71][72] the International Department, functioning as the party's "foreign affairs ministry" with other parties,[73] and the United Front Work Department, which oversees work with the country's non-communist parties and other mass organizations.[71] The CC also has direct control over the Central Policy Research Office, which is responsible for researching issues of significant interest to the party leadership,[74] the Central Party School, which provides political training and ideological indoctrination in communist thought for high-ranking and rising cadres,[75] the Party History Research Centre, which sets priorities for scholarly research in state-run universities and the Central Party School,[76] and the Compilation and Translation Bureau, which studies and translates the classical works of Marxism.[77] The party's newspaper, the People's Daily, is under the direct control of the Central Committee[78] and is published with the objectives “to tell good stories about China and the (Party)" and to promote its party leader.[79] The theoretical magazines Seeking Truth from Facts and Study Times are published by the Central Party School.[75] The various offices of the "Central Leading Groups", such as the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office, the Taiwan Affairs Office, and the Central Finance Office, also report to the central committee during a plenary session.[80]
Lower-level organizations[edit]
Party committees exist at the level of provinces; autonomous regions; municipalities directly under the central government; cities divided into districts; autonomous prefectures; counties (including banners); autonomous counties; cities not divided into districts; and municipal districts.[81] These committees are elected by party congresses (at their own level).[81] Local party congresses are supposed to be held every fifth year, but under extraordinary circumstances they may be held earlier or postponed. However that decision must be approved by the next higher level of the local party committee.[81] The number of delegates and the procedures for their election are decided by the local party committee, but must also have the approval of the next higher party committee.[81]
A local party congress has many of the same duties as the National Congress, and it is responsible for examining the report of the local Party Committee at the corresponding level; examining the report of the local Commission for Discipline Inspection at the corresponding level; discussing and adopting resolutions on major issues in the given area; and electing the local Party Committee and the local Commission for Discipline Inspection at the corresponding level.[81] Party committees of "a province, autonomous region, municipality directly under the central government, city divided into districts, or autonomous prefecture [are] elected for a term of five years", and include full and alternate members.[81] The party committees "of a county (banner), autonomous county, city not divided into districts, or municipal district [are] elected for a term of five years", but full and alternate members "must have a Party standing of three years or more."[81] If a local Party Congress is held before or after the given date, the term of the members of the Party Committee shall be correspondingly shortened or lengthened.[81]
Vacancies in a Party Committee shall be filled by an alternate members according to the order of precedence, which is decided by the number of votes an alternate member got during his or hers election.[81] A Party Committee must convene for at least two plenary meetings a year.[81] During its tenure, a Party Committee shall "carry out the directives of the next higher Party organizations and the resolutions of the Party congresses at the corresponding levels."[81] The local Standing Committee (analogous to the Central Politburo) is elected at the first plenum of the corresponding Party Committee after the local party congress.[81] A Standing Committee is responsible to the Party Committee at the corresponding level and the Party Committee at the next higher level.[81] A Standing Committee exercises the duties and responsibilities of the corresponding Party Committee when it is not in session.[81]
Members[edit]
"It is my will to join the Communist Party of China, uphold the Party's program, observe the provisions of the Party constitution, fulfill a Party member's duties, carry out the Party's decisions, strictly observe Party discipline, guard Party secrets, be loyal to the Party, work hard, fight for communism throughout my life, be ready at all times to sacrifice my all for the Party and the people, and never betray the Party."
—Communist Party admission oath.[82]
To join the party, an applicant must be approved by the communist party. In 2014, only 2 million applications were accepted out of some 22 million applicants. [83] Admitted members then spend a year as a probationary member.[82]
In contrast to the past, when emphasis was placed on the applicants' ideological criteria, the current CPC stresses technical and educational qualifications.[82] To become a probationary member, the applicant must take an admission oath before the party flag.[82] The relevant CPC organization is responsible for observing and educating probationary members.[82] Probationary members have duties similar to those of full members, with the exception that they may not vote in party elections nor stand for election.[82] Many join the CPC through the Communist Youth League.[82] Under Jiang Zemin, private entrepreneurs were allowed to become party members.[82] According to the CPC constitution, a member, in short, must follow orders, be disciplined, uphold unity, serve the Party and the people, and promote the socialist way of life.[81] Members enjoy the privilege of attending Party meetings, reading relevant Party documents, receiving Party education, participating in Party discussions through the Party's newspapers and journals, making suggestions and proposal, making "well-grounded criticism of any Party organization or member at Party meetings" (even of the central party leadership), voting and standing for election, and of opposing and criticizing Party resolutions ("provided that they resolutely carry out the resolution or policy while it is in force"); and they have the ability "to put forward any request, appeal, or complaint to higher Party organizations, even up to the Central Committee, and ask the organizations concerned for a responsible reply."[81] No party organization, including the CPC central leadership, can deprive a member of these rights.[81]
Ordinary CPC members marking the convening of the 18th National Congress.
As of 30 June 2016, individuals who identify as farmers, herdsmen and fishermen make up 26 million members; members identifying as workers totalled 7.2 million.[84] Another group, the "Managing, professional and technical staff in enterprises and public institutions", made up 12.5 million, 9 million identified as working in administrative staff and 7.4 million described themselves as party cadres.[84] 22.3 million women are CPC members.[84] The CPC currently has 89.45 million members,[1] making it the second largest political party in the world after India's Bharatiya Janata Party.[85]
Communist Youth League[edit]
Main article: Communist Youth League of China
The Communist Youth League (CYL) is the CPC's youth wing, and the largest mass organization for youth in China.[86] According to the CPC's constitution the CYL is a "mass organization of advanced young people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China; it functions as a party school where a large number of young people learn about socialism with Chinese characteristics and about communism through practice; it is the Party's assistant and reserve force."[81] To join, an applicant has to be between the ages of 14 and 28.[86] It controls and supervises Young Pioneers, a youth organization for children below the age of 14.[86] The organizational structure of CYL is an exact copy of the CPC's; the highest body is the National Congress, followed by the Central Committee, Politburo and the Politburo Standing Committee.[87] However, the Central Committee (and all central organs) of the CYL work under the guidance of the CPC central leadership.[81] Therefore, in a peculiar situation, CYL bodies are both responsible to higher bodies within CYL and the CPC, a distinct organization.[81] As of the 17th National Congress (held in 2013), CYL had 89 million members.[88]
Symbols[edit]
A temporary monument in Tiananmen Square marking the 90th anniversary of the Communist Party of China in 2011
According to the Article 53 of the CPC constitution, "the Party emblem and flag are the symbol and sign of the Communist Party of China."[81] At the beginning of its history, the CPC did not have a single official standard for the flag, but instead allowed individual party committees to copy the flag of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[89] On 28 April 1942, the Central Politburo decreed the establishment of a sole official flag. "The flag of the CPC has the length-to-width proportion of 3:2 with a hammer and sickle in the upper-left corner, and with no five-pointed star. The Political Bureau authorizes the General Office to custom-make a number of standard flags and distribute them to all major organs".[89] According to People's Daily, "The standard party flag is 120 centimeters (cm) in length and 80 cm in width. In the center of the upper-left corner (a quarter of the length and width to the border) is a yellow hammer-and-sickle 30 cm in diameter. The flag sleeve (pole hem) is in white and 6.5 cm in width. The dimension of the pole hem is not included in the measure of the flag. The red color symbolizes revolution; the hammer-and-sickle are tools of workers and peasants, meaning that the Communist Party of China represents the interests of the masses and the people; the yellow color signifies brightness."[89] In total the flag has five dimensions, the sizes are "no. 1: 388 cm in length and 192 cm in width; no. 2: 240 cm in length and 160 cm in width; no. 3: 192 cm in length and 128 cm in width; no. 4: 144 cm in length and 96 cm in width; no. 5: 96 cm in length and 64 cm in width."[89] On 21 September 1966, the CPC General Office issued "Regulations on the Production and Use of the CPC Flag and Emblem", which stated that the emblem and flag were the official symbols and signs of the party.[89]
Ideology[edit]
Main article: Ideology of the Communist Party of China
"Since 1978 China has to a certain extent shifted its political philosophical discourse. But this shift has brought us closer to classical Marxism. For example, classical Marxism expresses the relationship between economics and politics, and further, the economic base and superstructure where the latter is determined fundamentally by the former and only under certain limited conditions can the latter shape the former. Both Stalin and Mao, however, believed that politics and the superstructure could, at any moment, fundamentally determine economics, that they could determine absolutely the economic base. In a word, for whatever reason both Stalin and Mao misunderstood this vital point in Marxist theory and suffered accordingly in practice."
—Jiexiong Yi, a senior Marxist researcher at Beijing University and the Central Party School.[90]
It has been argued in recent years, mainly by foreign commentators, that the CPC does not have an ideology, and that the party organization is pragmatic and interested only in what works.[91] The party itself, however, argues otherwise. For instance, Hu Jintao stated in 2012 that the Western world is "threatening to divide us" and that "the international culture of the West is strong while we are weak ... Ideological and cultural fields are our main targets".[91] The CPC puts a great deal of effort into the party schools and into crafting its ideological message.[91] Before the "Practice Is the Sole Criterion for the Truth" campaign, the relationship between ideology and decision-making was a deductive one, meaning that policy-making was derived from ideological knowledge.[92] Under Deng this relationship was turned upside down, with decision-making justifying ideology and not the other way around.[92] Lastly, Chinese policy-makers believe that the Soviet Union's state ideology was "rigid, unimaginative, ossified, and disconnected from reality" and that this was one of the reasons for the dissolution of the Soviet Union. They therefore believe that their party ideology must be dynamic to safeguard the party's rule.[92]
Formal ideology[edit]
A monument dedicated to Marx (left) and Engels (right) in Shanghai
Marxism–Leninism was the first official ideology of the Communist Party of China.[93] According to the CCP, "Marxism–Leninism reveals the universal laws governing the development of history of human society."[93] To the CCP, Marxism–Leninism provides a "vision of the contradictions in capitalist society and of the inevitability of a future socialist and communist societies".[93] According to the People's Daily, Mao Zedong Thought "is Marxism–Leninism applied and developed in China".[93] Mao Zedong Thought was conceived not only by Mao Zedong, but by leading party officials.[94]
"I am a Marxist. The essence of Marxism is change, [...] Barack Obama beat Hillary Clinton by stressing change. The Marxist in China today is not a stubborn, dogmatic, and outdated 19th-century old man, but a dynamic, pro-change, young thinker. We have a flexible approach: if Marx's words are still applicable, we will use them; for things he did not articulate clearly, we will spell them out; for what he did not say, we will boldly come up with something new."
—Ye Xiaowen on the role of Marxist thought.[95]
While non-Chinese analysts generally agree that the CCP has rejected orthodox Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought (or at least basic thoughts within orthodox thinking), the CCP itself disagrees.[96] Certain groups argue that Jiang Zemin ended the CCP's formal commitment to Marxism with the introduction of the ideological theory, the Three Represents.[97] However, party theorist Leng Rong disagrees, claiming that "President Jiang rid the Party of the ideological obstacles to different kinds of ownership [...] He did not give up Marxism or socialism. He strengthened the Party by providing a modern understanding of Marxism and socialism—which is why we talk about a 'socialist market economy' with Chinese characteristics."[97] The attainment of true "communism" is still described as the CCP's and China's "ultimate goal".[98] While the CCP claims that China is in the primary stage of socialism, party theorists argue that the current development stage "looks a lot like capitalism".[98] Alternatively, certain party theorists argue that "capitalism is the early or first stage of communism."[98] Some have dismissed the concept of a primary stage of socialism as intellectual cynicism.[98] According to Robert Lawrence Kuhn, a China analyst, "When I first heard this rationale, I thought it more comic than clever—a wry caricature of hack propagandists leaked by intellectual cynics. But the 100-year horizon comes from serious political theorists".[98]
Deng Xiaoping Theory was added to the party constitution at the 14th National Congress.[39] The concepts of "socialism with Chinese characteristics" and "the primary stage of socialism" were credited to the theory.[39] Deng Xiaoping Theory can be defined as a belief that state socialism and state planning is not by definition communist, and that market mechanisms are class neutral.[99] In addition, the party needs to react to the changing situation dynamically; to know if a certain policy is obsolete or not, the party had to "seek truth from facts" and follow the slogan "practice is the sole criterion for the truth".[100] At the 14th National Congress, Jiang reiterated Deng's mantra that it was unnecessary to ask if something was socialist or capitalist, since the important factor was whether it worked.[101]
"Right can never be higher than the economic structure of society and its cultural development which this determines. To try to prohibit entirely, to put the lock on all development of private, non-state exchange, i.e., trade, i.e., capitalism, which is inevitable with millions of small producers ... such a policy would be foolish and suicidal for the party that tried to apply it."
—Vladimir Lenin on the Marxist rationale for keeping private property.[102]
The "Three Represents", literally a Marxism adapted to Chinese conditions, was adopted by the party at the 16th National Congress.[103] Certain segments within the CCP criticized the Three Represents as being un-Marxist and a betrayal of basic Marxist values, supporters viewed it as a further development of socialism with Chinese characteristics.[104] Jiang disagreed, and had concluded that attaining the communist mode of production, as formulated by earlier communists, was more complex than had been realized, and that it was useless to try to force a change in the mode of production, as it had to develop naturally, by following the economic laws of history.[105] The theory is most notable for allowing capitalists, officially referred to as the "new social strata", to join the party on the grounds that they engaged in "honest labor and work" and through their labour contributed "to build[ing] socialism with Chinese characteristics."[106] The 3rd Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee conceived and formulated the ideology of the Scientific Outlook on Development.[107] It is considered to be Hu Jintao's contribution to the official ideological discourse.[108] To apply the Scientific Outlook on Development to Chinese conditions, the CCP must adhere to building a Harmonious Socialist Society.[109]
Economics[edit]
Deng did not believe that the fundamental difference between the capitalist mode of production and the socialist mode of production was central planning versus free markets. He said, "A planned economy is not the definition of socialism, because there is planning under capitalism; the market economy happens under socialism, too. Planning and market forces are both ways of controlling economic activity".[36] Jiang Zemin supported Deng's thinking, and stated in a party gathering that it did not matter if a certain mechanism was capitalist or socialist, because the only thing that mattered was whether it worked.[38] It was at this gathering that Jiang Zemin introduced the term socialist market economy, which replaced Chen Yun's "planned socialist market economy".[38] In his report to the 14th National Congress Jiang Zemin told the delegates that the socialist state would "let market forces play a basic role in resource allocation."[110] At the 15th National Congress, the party line was changed to "make market forces further play their role in resource allocation"; this line continued until the 3rd Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee,[110] when it was amended to "let market forces play a decisive role in resource allocation."[110] Despite this, the 3rd Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee upheld the creed "Maintain the dominance of the public sector and strengthen the economic vitality of the State-owned economy."[110]
"[...] their theory that capitalism is the ultimate has been shaken, and socialist development has experienced a miracle. Western capitalism has suffered reversals, a financial crisis, a credit crisis, a crisis of confidence, and their self-conviction has wavered. Western countries have begun to reflect, and openly or secretively compare themselves against China's politics, economy and path."
—Xi Jinping, the CCP general secretary, on the inevitability of socialism.[111]
The CCP views the world as organized into two opposing camps; socialist and capitalist.[112] They insist that socialism, on the basis of historical materialism, will eventually triumph over capitalism.[112] In recent years, when the party has been asked to explain the capitalist globalization occurring, the party has returned to the writings of Karl Marx.[112] Despite admitting that globalization developed through the capitalist system, the party's leaders and theorist argue that globalization is not intrinsically capitalist.[113] The reason being that if globalization was purely capitalist, it would exclude an alternative socialist form of modernity.[113] Globalization, as with the market economy, therefore does not have one specific class character (neither socialist nor capitalist) according to the party.[113] The insistence that globalization is not fixed in nature comes from Deng's insistence that China can pursue socialist modernization by incorporating elements of capitalism.[113] Because of this there is considerable optimism within the CCP that despite the current capitalist dominance of globalization, globalization can be turned into a vehicle supporting socialism.[114]
Party-to-party relations[edit]
Communist parties
Africa[show]
Algeria
Benin
Burkina Faso
Egypt
Lesotho
Libya
Madagascar
Namibia
Morocco
Réunion
Senegal
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tunisia
Ivory Coast
Americas[show]
Argentina
PCA
PCCE
PCRA
Bolivia
Brazil
PCdoB
PCB
PCR
Canada
CPoC
MLPoC
Chile
PCCh
PC(AP)
Colombia
PCC
PC de C (M-L)
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
PCE
PCMLE
Mexico
PC
PPS
PPSM
PCMML
Panama
PPP
PC(ml)P
Paraguay
Peru
PCP
PCdelP–PR
Uruguay
United States
CPUSA
WWP
PSL
RCPUSA
APL
Venezuela
PCV
PCMLV
Asia[hide]
Bahrain
Bangladesh
CPB
WPB
Burma
China (PRC)
India
CPI
CPI(M)
CPI(Mst)
SUCI(C)
MCPM
Iran
CPI
Tudeh
Toufan
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
CPK
CPPK
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Nepal
CPN–UML
CPN(M-C)
CPN(M-L)
NWPP
CPN (United)
CPN-M
CPN (M)
CPN
CPN (Marxist)
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
CPP
PKP-1930
Sri Lanka
Syria
SCP (Bakdash)
SCP (Unified)
Tajikistan
Taiwan
TCP
CPRC
Vietnam
Former parties
Cambodia
KPK
KPRP
Indonesia
Korea
Malaya and Singapore
Marxist–Leninist
Revolutionary Faction
Philippines
Saudi Arabia
Sarawak
Taiwan
Thailand
Europe[show]
Albania
Armenia
Austria
KPÖ
PdA
KI
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
PvdA/PTB
KP
PC
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
KPB
SKB
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
DKP
KPiD
APK
Estonia
Finland
France
PCF
PCOF
PRCF
Georgia
Germany
KPD
DKP
MLPD
Greece
ΚΚΕ
ΚΟΕ
ΑΚΟΑ
Anasintaxi
Hungary
Ireland
CPI
WPI
Italy
PC
PRC
PMLI
CP
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Netherlands
Norway
NKP
MLGR
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
KR
CPRF
CPSJ
PDP
RCWP-CPSU
RMP
RULF
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Spain
PCE
PCC
PCPE
PCE (M-L)
Sweden
KP
SKP
Switzerland
Turkey
DHKP/C
EMEP
HTKP
KDH/L
KKP
TKP
MKP
MLKP
TDKP
TKEP
TKEP/L
TKIP
TKP/ML
Ukraine
KPU
SKU
United Kingdom
CPB
CPB-ML
CPGB-ML
CPGB-PCC
CPS
NCPB
RCG
RCPB-ML
Former parties
Albania
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Italy
PCI
PdCI
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Soviet Union
Turkey
United Kingdom
West Germany
Yugoslavia
Oceania[show]
Australia
Communist Alliance
CPA
CPA(ML)
Resistance
Socialist Alliance
New Zealand
CL
CPA
OMU
SPA
Former parties
Australia
CPA
DSP
RSP
Victorian Socialist Party
New Zealand
CPNZ
SUP
CL
Related topics[show]
Communism (history)
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic centralism
v
t
e
Communist parties[edit]
The CPC continues to have relations with non-ruling communist and workers' parties and attends international communist conferences, most notably the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties.[115] Delegates of foreign communist parties still visit China; in 2013, for instance, the General Secretary of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Jeronimo de Sousa, personally met with Liu Qibao, a member of the Central Politburo.[116] In another instance, Pierre Laurent, the National Secretary of the French Communist Party (FCP), met with Liu Yunshan, a Politburo Standing Committee member.[117] In 2014 Xi Jinping, the CPC general secretary, personally met with Gennady Zyuganov, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), to discuss party-to-party relations.[118] While the CPC retains contact with major parties such as the PCP,[116] FCP,[117] the CPRF,[119] the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia,[120] the Communist Party of Brazil,[121] the Communist Party of Nepal[122] and the Communist Party of Spain,[123] the party retains relations with minor communist and workers' parties, such as the Communist Party of Australia,[124] the Workers Party of Bangladesh, the Communist Party of Bangladesh (Marxist–Leninist) (Barua), the Communist Party of Sri Lanka, the Workers' Party of Belgium, the Hungarian Workers' Party, the Dominican Workers' Party and the Party for the Transformation of Honduras, for instance.[125] In recent years, noting the self-reform of the European social democratic movement in the 1980s and 1990s, the CPC "has noted the increased marginalization of West European communist parties."[126]
Ruling parties of socialist states[edit]
The CPC has retained close relations with the remaining socialist states still espousing communism: Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam and their respective ruling parties as well as North Korea and its ruling party, which officially abandoned communism in 2009.[127] It spends a fair amount of time analyzing the situation in the remaining socialist states, trying to reach conclusions as to why these states survived when so many did not, following the collapse of the Eastern European socialist states in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.[128] In general, the analyses of the remaining socialist states and their chances of survival have been positive, and the CPC believes that the socialist movement will be revitalized sometime in the future.[128]
The ruling party which the CPC is most interested in is the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV).[129] In general the CPV is considered a model example of socialist development in the post-Soviet era.[129] Chinese analysts on Vietnam believe that the introduction of the Doi Moi reform policy at the 6th CPV National Congress is the key reason for Vietnam's current success.[129]
While the CPC is probably the organization with most access to North Korea, writing about North Korea is tightly circumscribed.[128] The few reports accessible to the general public are those about North Korean economic reforms.[128] While Chinese analysts of North Korea tend to speak positively of North Korea in public, in official discussions they show much disdain for North Korea's economic system, the cult of personality which pervades society, the Kim family, the idea of hereditary succession in a socialist state, the security state, the use of scarce resources on the Korean People's Army and the general impoverishment of the North Korean people.[130] There are those analysts who compare the current situation of North Korea with that of China during the Cultural Revolution.[131] Over the years, the CPC has tried to persuade the Workers' Party of Korea (or WPK, North Korea's ruling party) to introduce economic reforms by showing them key economic infrastructure in China.[131] For instance, in 2006 the CPC invited the WPK general secretary Kim Jong-il to Guandong province to showcase the success economic reforms have brought China.[131] In general, the CPC considers the WPK and North Korea to be negative examples of a communist ruling party and socialist state.[131]
There is a considerable degree of interest in Cuba within the CPC.[129] Fidel Castro, the former First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC), is greatly admired, and books have been written focusing on the successes of the Cuban Revolution.[129] Communication between the CPC and the PCC has increased considerably since the 1990s, hardly a month going by without a diplomatic exchange.[132] At the 4th Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, which discussed the possibility of the CPC learning from other ruling parties, praise was heaped on the PCC.[132] When Wu Guanzheng, a Central Politburo member, met with Fidel Castro in 2007, he gave him a personal letter written by Hu Jintao: "Facts have shown that China and Cuba are trustworthy good friends, good comrades, and good brothers who treat each other with sincerity. The two countries' friendship has withstood the test of a changeable international situation, and the friendship has been further strengthened and consolidated."[133]
Non-communist parties[edit]
Since the decline and fall of communism in Eastern Europe, the CPC has begun establishing party-to-party relations with non-communist parties.[73] These relations are sought so that the CPC can learn from them.[134] For instance, the CPC has been eager to understand how the People's Action Party of Singapore (PAP) maintains its total domination over Singaporean politics through its "low-key presence, but total control."[135] According to the CPC's own analysis of Singapore, the PAP's dominance can be explained by its "well-developed social network, which controls constituencies effectively by extending its tentacles deeply into society through branches of government and party-controlled groups."[135] While the CPC accepts that Singapore is a liberal democracy, they view it as a guided democracy led by the PAP.[135] Other differences are, according to the CPC, "that it is not a political party based on the working class—instead it is a political party of the elite ... It is also a political party of the parliamentary system, not a revolutionary party."[136] Other parties which the CPC studies and maintains strong party-to-party relations with are the United Malays National Organisation, which has ruled Malaysia democratically since 1957, and the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan, which dominated Japanese politics for over five uninterrupted decades.[137]
The CPC has, since Jiang Zemin's time, made friendly overtures to its erstwhile foe, the Kuomintang. The CPC emphasizes strong party-to-party relations with the KMT so as to strengthen the probability of the reunification of Taiwan with mainland China.[138] However, several studies have been written on the KMT's loss of power in 2000, after having ruled Taiwan since 1949 (the KMT officially ruled mainland China from 1928 to 1949).[138] In general, one-party states or dominant-party states are of special interest to the party, and party-to-party relations are formed so that the CPC can study them.[138] For instance, the longevity of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party is attributed to the personalization of power in the al-Assad family, the strong presidential system, the inheritance of power, which passed from Hafez al-Assad to his son Bashar al-Assad, and the role given to the Syrian military in politics.[139]
Xi Jinping (second from left) with Enrique Peña Nieto (second from right), the current President of Mexico and a leading member of the social democratic Institutional Revolutionary Party
In recent years, the CPC has been especially interested in Latin America,[139] as shown by the increasing number of delegates sent to and received from these countries.[139] Of special fascination for the CPC is the 71-year-long rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in Mexico.[139] While the CPC attributed the PRI's long reign in power to the strong presidential system, tapping into the machismo culture of the country, its nationalist posture, its close identification with the rural populace and the implementation of nationalization alongside the marketization of the economy, [139] the CPC concluded that the PRI failed because of the lack of inner-party democracy, its pursuit of social democracy, its rigid party structures that could not be reformed, its political corruption, the pressure of globalization, and American interference in Mexican politics.[139] While the CPC was slow to recognize the pink tide in Latin America, it has strengthened party-to-party relations with several socialist and anti-American political parties over the years.[140] The CPC has occasionally expressed some irritation over Hugo Chávez's anti-capitalist and anti-American rhetoric.[140] Despite this, in 2013 the CPC reached an agreement with the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which was founded by Chávez, for the CPC to educate PSUV cadres in political and social fields.[141] By 2008, the CPC claimed to have established relations with 99 political parties in 29 Latin American countries.[140]
Social democratic movements in Europe have been of great interest to the CPC since the early 1980s.[140] With the exception of a short period in which the CPC forged party-to-party relations with far-right parties during the 1970s in an effort to halt "Soviet expansionism", the CPC's relations with European social democratic parties were its first serious efforts to establish cordial party-to-party relations with non-communist parties.[140] The CPC credits the European social democrats with creating a "capitalism with a human face".[140] Before the 1980s, the CPC had a highly negative and dismissive view of social democracy, a view dating back to the Second International and the Marxist-Leninist view on the social democratic movement.[140] By the 1980s that view had changed, and the CPC concluded that it could actually learn something from the social democratic movement.[140] CPC delegates were sent all over Europe to observe.[142] It should be noted that by the 1980s most European social democratic parties were facing electoral decline, and were in a period of self-reform.[142] The CPC followed this with great interest, laying most weight on reform efforts within the British Labour Party and the Social Democratic Party of Germany.[142] The CPC concluded that both parties were re-elected because they modernized, replacing traditional state socialist tenets with new ones supporting privatization, shedding the belief in big government, conceiving a new view of the welfare state, changing negative views of the market, and moving from their traditional support base of trade unions to entrepreneurs, younger members and students.[143]
See also[edit]
Politics of the People's Republic of China
Succession of power in the People's Republic of China
Communist Party of the Soviet Union / Communist Party of the Russian Federation
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Why the Communist Party is alive, well and flourishing in China". The Telegraph. 2017-07-31. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
^ Jump up to: a b "Full text of Constitution of Communist Party of China". 29 March 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "History of the Communist Party of China". Xinhua News Agency. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Hunt, Michael (2013). The World Transformed:1945 to the Present. Oxford University Press. p. 114.
Jump up ^ Van de Ven 1991, p. 26.
^ Jump up to: a b Van de Ven 1991, p. 27.
Jump up ^ Van de Ven 1991, pp. 34–38.
Jump up ^ Van de Ven 1991, p. 38.
Jump up ^ Van de Ven 1991, p. 44.
Jump up ^ 1st. National Congress of The Communist Party of China (CPC).
Jump up ^ Hunt, Michael (2013). The World Transformed:194 to the Present. Oxford University Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780199371020.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gao 2009, p. 119.
^ Jump up to: a b Schram 1966, pp. 84, 89.
^ Jump up to: a b Feigon 2002, p. 42.
Jump up ^ Schram 1966, p. 106.
Jump up ^ Carter 1976, pp. 61–62.
Jump up ^ Schram 1966, p. 112.
Jump up ^ Schram 1966, pp. 106–109, 112–113.
^ Jump up to: a b c Carter 1976, p. 62.
^ Jump up to: a b Carter 1976, p. 63.
^ Jump up to: a b Carter 1976, p. 64.
Jump up ^ Schram 1966, pp. 122–125.
Jump up ^ Feigon 2002, pp. 46–47.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Leung 1992, p. 72.
Jump up ^ Leung 1992, p. 370.
^ Jump up to: a b Leung 1992, p. 354.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Leung 1992, p. 355.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Leung 1992, p. 95.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Leung 1992, p. 96.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Leung 1996, p. 96.
Jump up ^ Hunt, Michael (2014). The World Transformed 1945 to the present (Second ed.). New york: Oxford University Press. p. 118.
Jump up ^ Kornberg & Faust 2005, p. 103.
Jump up ^ Wong 2005, p. 131.
^ Jump up to: a b Wong 2005, p. 47.
Jump up ^ Sullivan 2012, p. 254.
^ Jump up to: a b Deng, Xiaoping (30 June 1984). "Building a Socialism with a specifically Chinese character". People's Daily. Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Sullivan 2012, p. 25.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vogel 2011, p. 682.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vogel 2011, p. 684.
Jump up ^ Sullivan 2012, p. 100.
^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan 2012, p. 238.
Jump up ^ Hasmath, Reza (9 November 2012). "Red China's Iron Grip on Power". The Washington Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan 2012, p. 317.
Jump up ^ Sullivan 2012, p. 329.
Jump up ^ "Hu Jintao, Xi Jinping meet delegates to 18th CPC National Congress". Xinhua News Agency. 16 November 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Staff writer (20 September 2014). "The Rise and Rise of Xi Jinping: Xi who must be obeyed". The Economist. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Unger 2002, p. 22.
Jump up ^ Baylis 1989, p. 102.
Jump up ^ Unger 2002, pp. 22–24.
^ Jump up to: a b c Unger 2002, p. 158.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Chuanzi, Wang (1 October 2013). "Democratic Centralism: The Core Mechanism in China's Political System". Qiushi. Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Hunt, Michael (2013). The World Transformed:1945 to the Present. Oxford University Press. p. 121.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "IV. The System of Multi-Party Cooperation and Political Consultation". China.org.cn. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001, p. 70.
^ Jump up to: a b Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001, p. 228.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001, p. 229.
Jump up ^ Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001, p. 66.
^ Jump up to: a b Joseph 2010, p. 394.
^ Jump up to: a b Liu 2011, p. 41.
Jump up ^ Staff writer (13 November 2012). "General Secretary of CPC Central Committee". China Radio International. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001, p. 85.
Jump up ^ Miller 2011, p. 7.
Jump up ^ Joseph 2010, p. 169.
Jump up ^ Li 2009, p. 64.
Jump up ^ Fu 1993, p. 201.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001, p. 74.
Jump up ^ "China media: Third Plenum". British Broadcasting Corporation. BBC. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Page, Jeremy (24 January 2014). "Chinese power play: Xi Jinping creates a national security council". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Sullivan 2012, p. 212.
Jump up ^ McGregor, Richard (30 September 2009). "The party organiser". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b McGregor 2012, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Guo 2012, p. 123.
^ Jump up to: a b Smith & West 2012, p. 127.
Jump up ^ Finer 2003, p. 43.
^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan 2012, p. 49.
Jump up ^ Chambers 2002, p. 37.
Jump up ^ Yu 2010, p. viii.
Jump up ^ Latham 2007, p. 124.
Jump up ^ "Communist Party mouthpiece People's Daily launches English news app in soft power push". Hong Kong Free Press. 16 October 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Heath 2014, p. 141.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Constitution of the Communist Party of China". People's Daily. Communist Party of China. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Sullivan 2012, p. 183.
Jump up ^ "Membership in the Communist Party of China: Who is Being Admitted and How?".
^ Jump up to: a b c Staff writer (30 June 2015). "China's Communist Party membership tops entire population of Germany". South China Morning Post. SCMP Group. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Balachandran, Manu, and Saptarishi Dutta. “Here's How the BJP Surpassed China's Communists to Become the Largest Political Party in the World.” Quartz, Quartz, 31 Mar. 2015, qz.com/372466.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sullivan 2007, p. 582.
Jump up ^ Sullivan 2007, p. 583.
Jump up ^ Hui, Lu (17 June 2013). "Communist Youth League convenes national congress". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Flag and emblem of Communist Party of China". People's Daily. Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. 29 March 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Mahoney, Yi & Li 2009, p. 182.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brown 2012, p. 52.
^ Jump up to: a b c Shambaugh 2008, p. 105.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Ideological Foundation of the CPC". People's Daily. Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Staff writer (26 December 2013). "Mao Zedong Thought". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Kuhn 2011, p. 369.
Jump up ^ Shambaugh 2008, p. 104.
^ Jump up to: a b Kuhn 2011, p. 99.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kuhn 2011, p. 527.
Jump up ^ Vogel 2011, p. 668.
Jump up ^ Chan 2003, p. 180.
Jump up ^ Vogel 2011, p. 685.
Jump up ^ Pantsov 2015, p. 39.
Jump up ^ Chan 2003, p. 201.
Jump up ^ Kuhn 2011, pp. 108–109.
Jump up ^ Kuhn 2011, pp. 107–108.
Jump up ^ Kuhn 2011, p. 110.
Jump up ^ Izuhara 2013, p. 110.
Jump up ^ Guo & Guo 2008, p. 119.
Jump up ^ Guo & Guo 2008, p. 121.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Marketization the key to economic system reform". China Daily. Communist Party of China. 18 November 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Buckley, Chris (13 February 2014). "Xi Touts Communist Party as Defender of Confucius's Virtues". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Heazle & Knight 2007, p. 62.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Heazle & Knight 2007, p. 63.
Jump up ^ Heazle & Knight 2007, p. 64.
Jump up ^ "15 IMCWP, List of participants". International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties. Solidnet.org. 11 November 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Senior CPC official meets Portuguese Communist Party leader". People's Daily. Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. 21 February 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Senior CPC official vows to develop friendly cooperation with French Communist Party". People's Daily. Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chinese president meets Russian Communist Party delegation". China Daily. 26 September 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Senior CPC official meets Russian delegation". People's Daily. Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. 24 August 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "CPC to institutionalize talks with European parties". People's Daily. Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. 19 May 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Senior CPC leader meets chairman of Communist Party of Brazil". People's Daily. Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. 5 July 2005. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "A Leadership Delegation of The Communist Party of Nepal (unified Marxist−Leninist)". China Executive Leadership Academy, Jinggangshan. 27 June 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "CPC leader pledges exchanges with Communist Party of Spain". People's Daily. Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. 6 April 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "12th CPA Congress". Central Committee of the Communist Party of Australia. 12 September 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "More foreign party leaders congratulate CPC on National Congress". Xinhua News Agency. 16 November 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Shambaugh 2008, p. 100.
Jump up ^ Shambaugh 2008, p. 81.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Shambaugh 2008, p. 82.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Shambaugh 2008, p. 84.
Jump up ^ Shambaugh 2008, pp. 82–83.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Shambaugh 2008, p. 83.
^ Jump up to: a b Shambaugh 2008, p. 85.
Jump up ^ Shambaugh 2008, pp. 85–86.
Jump up ^ Shambaugh 2008, pp. 86–92.
^ Jump up to: a b c Shambaugh 2008, p. 93.
Jump up ^ Shambaugh 2008, p. 94.
Jump up ^ Shambaugh 2008, pp. 95–96.
^ Jump up to: a b c Shambaugh 2008, p. 96.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Shambaugh 2008, p. 97.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Shambaugh 2008, p. 98.
Jump up ^ "Chinese Communist Party to train chavista leaders". El Universal. 13 May 2013. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Shambaugh 2008, p. 99.
Jump up ^ Shambaugh 2008, pp. 99–100.
Sources[edit]
Articles & journal entries
Abrami, Regina; Malesky, Edmund; Zheng, Yu (2008). "Accountability and Inequality in Single-Party Regimes: A Comparative Analysis of Vietnam and China" (PDF). University of California Press. pp. 1–46. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Brown, Kerry (2 August 2012). "The Communist Party of China and Ideology" (PDF). China: An International Journal. 10 (2). National University of Singapore Press (NUS Press). pp. 52–68.
Chambers, David Ian (30 April 2002). "Edging in from the Cold: The Past and Present State of Chinese Intelligence Historiography". Journal of the American Intelligence Professional. 56 (3). Central Intelligence Agency. pp. 31–46.
Dynon, Nicholas (July 2008). ""Four Civilizations" and the Evolution of Post-Mao Chinese Socialist Ideology". The China Journal. 60. University of Chicago Press. pp. 83–109.
Li, Cheng (19 November 2009). "Intra-Party Democracy in China: Should We Take It Seriously?". 30 (4). China Leadership Monitor. pp. 1–14.
Mahoney, Josef Gregory; Yi, Jiexiong; Li, Xiuling (2009). "A Marxist Perspective on Chinese Reforms: Interview with Jiexiong Yi" (PDF). Science & Society. 73 (2). Guilford Press. pp. 177–192.
Köllner, Patrick (August 2013). "Informal Institutions in Autocracies: Analytical Perspectives and the Case of the Chinese Communist Party" (PDF) (232). German Institute of Global and Area Studies. pp. 1–30.
Miller, H. Lyman (19 November 2009). "Hu Jintao and the Party Politburo" (PDF). 32 (9). China Leadership Monitor. pp. 1–11.
Books
Baum, Richard (1996). Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691036373.
Baylis, Thomas (1989). Governing by Committee: Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780887069444.
Bush, Richard (2005). Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815797818.
Broodsgaard, Kjeld Erik; Yongnian, Zheng (2006). The Chinese Communist Party in Reform. Routledge. ISBN 0203099281.
Carter, Peter (1976). Mao. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192731408.
Chan, Adrian (2003). Chinese Marxism. Continuum Publishing. ISBN 0826473075.
Coase, Ronald; Wang, Ling, (2012). How China Became Capitalist. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1137019360. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Ding, X.L. (2006). The Decline of Communism in China: Legitimacy Crisis, 1977–1989. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521026237.
Feigon, Lee (2002). Mao: A Reinterpretation. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 1566635225.
Finer, Catherine Jones (2003). Social Policy Reform in China: Views from Home and Abroad. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0754631753.
Fu, Zhengyuan (1993). Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521442281.
Gao, James (2009). Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810863081.
Gregor, A. James (1999). Marxism, China & Development: Reflections on Theory and Reality. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1412828155.
Gucheng, Li (1995). A Glossary of Political Terms of the People's Republic of China. Chinese University Press. ISBN 9622016154.
Guo, Sujian (2012). Chinese Politics and Government: Power, Ideology and Organization. Routledge. ISBN 0415551382.
Guo, Sujian; Guo, Baogang (2008). China in Search of a Harmonious Society. Rowman & Littlefield|Lexington Books. ISBN 0739126245.
Heath, Timothy R. (2014). China's New Governing Party Paradigm: Political Renewal and the Pursuit of National Rejuvenation. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 1409462013.
Heazle, Michael; Knight, Nick (2007). China–Japan Relations in the Twenty-first Century: Creating a Future Past?. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 1781956235.
Izuhara, Misa (2013). Handbook on East Asian Social Policy. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 085793029X.
Keping, Yu (2010). Democracy and the Rule of Law in China. Brill Publishers. ISBN 9004182128.
Kornberg, Judith; Faust, John (2005). China in World Politics: Policies, Processes, Prospects. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 1588262480.
Kuhn, Robert Lawrence (2011). How China's Leaders Think: The Inside Story of China's Past, Current and Future Leaders. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 1118104250.
Latham, Kevin (2007). Pop Culture China!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1851095829.
Leung, Edwin Pak-wah, ed. (1992). Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary China, 1839–1976. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313264570.
Leung (1996), Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War (2nd ed.), Scarecrow Press
Li, Cheng (2009). China's Changing Political Landscape: Prospects for Democracy. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815752083.
Liu, Guoli (2011). Politics and Government in China. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0313357315.
Joseph, William (2010). Politics in China: an Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195335309.
Mackerras, Colin; McMillen, Donald; Watson, Andrew (2001). Dictionary of the Politics of the People's Republic of China. Routledge. ISBN 0415250676.
McGregor, Richard (2012). The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers (2nd ed.). Harper Perennial. ISBN 0061708763.
Musto, Marcello (2008). Karl Marx's Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy 150 Years Later. Routledge. ISBN 1134073828.
Smith, Ivian; West, Nigel (2012). Historical Dictionary of Chinese Intelligence. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810871742.
Ogden, Chris (2013). Handbook of China s Governance and Domestic Politics. Routledge. ISBN 1136579532.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005). Governance in China. OECD Publishing. ISBN 9264008446.
Pantsov, Alexander (2015). Deng Xiaoping: A Revolutionary Life (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 019939203X.
Saich, Tony; Yang, Benjamin (1995). The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 1563241552.
Schram, Stuart (1966). Mao Tse-Tung. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0140208402.
Shambaugh, David (2008). China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation. University of California Press. ISBN 0520254929.
Shambaugh, David (2013). China Goes Global: The Partial Power. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199323690.
Sullivan, Lawrence (2007). Historical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810864436.
Sullivan, Lawrence (2012). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Communist Party. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810872250.
Unger, Jonathan (2002). The Nature of Chinese Politics: From Mao to Jiang. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0765641151.
Van de Ven; Hans J. (1991). From Friend to Comrade: The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1920–1927. University of California Press. ISBN 0520910877.
Vogel, Ezra (2011). Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674055446.
Yeh, Wen-hsin (1996). Provincial Passages: Culture, Space, and the Origins of Chinese Communism. University of California Press. ISBN 0520916328.
Wang, Gunwu; Zheng, Yongian (2012). China: Development and Governance. World Scientific. ISBN 9814425834.
White, Stephen (2000). Russia's New Politics: The Management of a Postcommunist Society. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521587379.
Wong, Yiu-chung (2005). From Deng Xiaoping to Jiang Zemin: Two Decades of Political Reform in the People's Republic of China. University Press of America. ISBN 076183074X.
Zheng, Suisheng (2004). A Nation-state by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804750017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Communist Party of China (category)
Official website
People's Daily, official newspaper
[show]
v
t
e
Politics of China
Constitution
Laws
Parties
Parties
Communist Party
Central Committee
General Secretary
Politburo
Politburo Standing Committee
Central Secretariat
Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
Provincial party standing committee
State organs
National People's Congress
Standing Committee
Chairman
President
Vice President
State Council
Premier
Vice Premiers
State Councilors
Central Military Commission
Chairman
People's Liberation Army
People's Armed Police
People's Political Consultative Conference
National Committee
Chairman
Politics of
province-level
divisions
(current leaders)
Municipalities
Beijing
Chongqing
Shanghai
Tianjin
Provinces
Anhui
Fujian
Gansu
Guangdong
Guizhou
Hainan
Hebei
Heilongjiang
Henan
Hubei
Hunan
Jiangsu
Jiangxi
Jilin
Liaoning
Qinghai
Shaanxi
Shandong
Shanxi
Sichuan
Yunnan
Zhejiang
Autonomous
regions
Guangxi
Inner Mongolia
Ningxia
Xinjiang
Tibet (leaders)
SARs
Hong Kong
Macau
Claimed province
Taiwan
See also
Elections
[show]
v
t
e
Political parties in China
Major
Communist Party
Minor
KMT Revolutionary Committee
Democratic League
Democratic National Construction Association
Association for Promoting Democracy
Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party
Party for Public Interest
September 3rd Society
Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League
Portal:Politics
Political parties by country
Politics of China
[show]
Links to related articles
[show]
v
t
e
Warlord Era
1915–1922 1923–1932 Northern factions Southern factions
1915
Twenty-One Demands
1915–1916
Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
National Protection War
1916
Death of Yuan Shikai
1917
Manchu Restoration
1917–1922
Constitutional Protection Movement
1918–1920
Siberian Intervention
1919
Paris Peace Conference
May Fourth Movement
1919–1921
Occupation of Outer Mongolia
1920
Zhili–Anhui War
1920–1921
Guangdong–Guangxi War
1921
1st National CPC Congress
1922
First Zhili–Fengtian War
1923–1927
First United Front
1924
Second Zhili–Fengtian War
Beijing Coup
1925
Yunnan–Guangxi War
May Thirtieth Movement
1925–1926
Anti-Fengtian War
1926
Zhongshan Warship Incident
1926–1928
Northern Expedition
1928
Jinan Incident
Huánggūtun Incident
Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
Flag Replacement of the Northeast
1929
Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
Sino-Soviet conflict
1930
Central Plains War
1932
Han–Liu War
Beiyang Army
Yuan Shikai
Anhui
Zhili
Communications
Research
Regional
Fengtian (Zhili)
Shanxi
Guominjun
Ma
Xinjiang
Yunnan
Old Guangxi
New Guangxi
Guangdong (Chen Jitang)
Kuomintang (KMT)
Communist Party (CPC)
Sichuan
Republic of China (1912–1949)
[show]
v
t
e
Chinese Civil War
Principal belligerents and campaigns
Nationalist Party / Republic of China ( National Revolutionary Army → Republic of China Armed Forces)
Communist Party / People's Republic of China ( Red Army → 8th Route Army, N4A, etc. → People's Liberation Army)
Pre-1945 Post-1945 Current issues
1924 First United Front
1927 Shanghai massacre
Nanchang uprising
Autumn Harvest Uprising
Guangzhou Uprising
1929 Sino-Soviet conflict
1930–1934 Encirclement Campaigns
1931–1934 Chinese Soviet Republic
1933–1934 Fujian People's Government
1934–1936 Long March
1936 Xi'an Incident
1937–1946 Second United Front
1945 Chongqing Negotiations
1945 Double Tenth Agreement
1946 Jiaochangkou Incident
1945–1949 Operation Beleaguer
1946–1949 Revolution
1948 SS Kiangya Incident
1948 Liaoshen Campaign
1948–1949 Huaihai Campaign
1948–1949 Pingjin Campaign
1949 Taiping Steamer Incident
1949 Yangtze River Crossing Campaign
1950–1958 Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
1950 Hainan Island Campaign
1950 Wanshan Archipelago Campaign
1950 Battle of Chamdo
1951 Incorporation of Tibet
1955 First Taiwan Strait Crisis
1958 Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (Jinmen Crisis)
1960–1961 China–Burma border
1996 Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
2005–present Pan-Blue visits
Political status of Taiwan
Tibetan Government-in-Exile
Chinese unification
Hong Kong independence movement
Inner Mongolian independence movement
Manchurian independence movement
Taiwan independence movement
Tibetan independence movement
East Turkestan independence movement
Cross-Strait relations
[show]
v
t
e
Cold War
USA
USSR
ANZUS
NATO
Non-Aligned Movement
SEATO
Warsaw Pact
Cold War II
1940s
Morgenthau Plan
Hukbalahap Rebellion
Dekemvriana
Percentages Agreement
Yalta Conference
Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
Forest Brothers
Operation Priboi
Operation Jungle
Occupation of the Baltic states
Cursed soldiers
Operation Unthinkable
Operation Downfall
Potsdam Conference
Gouzenko Affair
Division of Korea
Operation Masterdom
Operation Beleaguer
Operation Blacklist Forty
Iran crisis of 1946
Greek Civil War
Baruch Plan
Corfu Channel incident
Turkish Straits crisis
Restatement of Policy on Germany
First Indochina War
Truman Doctrine
Asian Relations Conference
May 1947 Crises
Marshall Plan
Comecon
1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
Tito–Stalin Split
Berlin Blockade
Western betrayal
Iron Curtain
Eastern Bloc
Western Bloc
Chinese Civil War (Second round)
Malayan Emergency
Albanian Subversion
1950s
Papua conflict
Bamboo Curtain
Korean War
McCarthyism
Egyptian Revolution of 1952
1953 Iranian coup d'état
Uprising of 1953 in East Germany
Dirty War (Mexico)
Bricker Amendment
1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
Partition of Vietnam
Vietnam War
First Taiwan Strait Crisis
Geneva Summit (1955)
Bandung Conference
Poznań 1956 protests
Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Suez Crisis
"We will bury you"
Operation Gladio
Arab Cold War
Syrian Crisis of 1957
1958 Lebanon crisis
Iraqi 14 July Revolution
Sputnik crisis
Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
1959 Tibetan uprising
Cuban Revolution
Kitchen Debate
Sino-Soviet split
1960s
Congo Crisis
1960 U-2 incident
Bay of Pigs Invasion
1960 Turkish coup d'état
Soviet–Albanian split
Berlin Crisis of 1961
Berlin Wall
Portuguese Colonial War
Angolan War of Independence
Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
Mozambican War of Independence
Cuban Missile Crisis
Sino-Indian War
Communist insurgency in Sarawak
Iraqi Ramadan Revolution
Eritrean War of Independence
Sand War
North Yemen Civil War
Aden Emergency
1963 Syrian coup d'état
Vietnam War
Shifta War
Guatemalan Civil War
Colombian conflict
Nicaraguan Revolution
1964 Brazilian coup d'état
Dominican Civil War
South African Border War
Transition to the New Order
Domino theory
ASEAN Declaration
Laotian Civil War
1966 Syrian coup d'état
Argentine Revolution
Korean DMZ conflict
Greek military junta of 1967–74
Years of Lead (Italy)
USS Pueblo incident
Six-Day War
War of Attrition
Dhofar Rebellion
Al-Wadiah War
Protests of 1968
French May
Tlatelolco massacre
Cultural Revolution
Prague Spring
1968 Polish political crisis
Communist insurgency in Malaysia
Invasion of Czechoslovakia
Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution
Goulash Communism
Sino-Soviet border conflict
CPP–NPA–NDF rebellion
Corrective Move
1970s
Détente
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Black September in Jordan
Corrective Movement (Syria)
Cambodian Civil War
Koza riot
Realpolitik
Ping-pong diplomacy
Ugandan-Tanzanian War
1971 Turkish military memorandum
Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
Four Power Agreement on Berlin
Bangladesh Liberation War
1972 Nixon visit to China
North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
Yemenite War of 1972
NDF Rebellion
Eritrean Civil Wars
1973 Chilean coup d'état
Yom Kippur War
1973 oil crisis
Carnation Revolution
Spanish transition
Metapolitefsi
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
Rhodesian Bush War
Angolan Civil War
Mozambican Civil War
Oromo conflict
Ogaden War
Ethiopian Civil War
Lebanese Civil War
Sino-Albanian split
Cambodian–Vietnamese War
Sino-Vietnamese War
Operation Condor
Dirty War (Argentina)
1976 Argentine coup d'état
Korean Air Lines Flight 902
Yemenite War of 1979
Grand Mosque seizure
Iranian Revolution
Saur Revolution
New Jewel Movement
1979 Herat uprising
Seven Days to the River Rhine
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
1980s
Soviet–Afghan War
1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
1980 Turkish coup d'état
Peruvian conflict
Casamance conflict
Ugandan Bush War
Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
Eritrean Civil Wars
1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
Ndogboyosoi War
United States invasion of Grenada
Able Archer 83
Star Wars
Iran–Iraq War
Somali Rebellion
1986 Black Sea incident
1988 Black Sea bumping incident
South Yemen Civil War
Bougainville Civil War
8888 Uprising
Solidarity
Soviet reaction
Contras
Central American crisis
RYAN
Korean Air Lines Flight 007
People Power Revolution
Glasnost
Perestroika
Nagorno-Karabakh War
Afghan Civil War
United States invasion of Panama
1988 Polish strikes
Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
Revolutions of 1989
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Velvet Revolution
Romanian Revolution
Die Wende
1990s
Mongolian Revolution of 1990
German reunification
Yemeni unification
Fall of communism in Albania
Breakup of Yugoslavia
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
Frozen conflicts
Abkhazia
China-Taiwan
Korea
Nagorno-Karabakh
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Sino-Indian border dispute
North Borneo dispute
Foreign policy
Truman Doctrine
Containment
Eisenhower Doctrine
Domino theory
Hallstein Doctrine
Kennedy Doctrine
Peaceful coexistence
Ostpolitik
Johnson Doctrine
Brezhnev Doctrine
Nixon Doctrine
Ulbricht Doctrine
Carter Doctrine
Reagan Doctrine
Rollback
Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War
Ideologies
Capitalism
Chicago school
Keynesianism
Monetarism
Neoclassical economics
Reaganomics
Supply-side economics
Thatcherism
Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Castroism
Eurocommunism
Guevarism
Hoxhaism
Juche
Maoism
Trotskyism
Naxalism
Stalinism
Titoism
Other
Fascism
Islamism
Liberal democracy
Social democracy
Third-Worldism
White supremacy
Organizations
ASEAN
CIA
Comecon
EEC
KGB
MI6
Non-Aligned Movement
SAARC
Safari Club
Stasi
Propaganda
Active measures
Crusade for Freedom
Izvestia
Pravda
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Red Scare
TASS
Voice of America
Voice of Russia
Races
Arms race
Nuclear arms race
Space Race
See also
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
Soviet espionage in the United States
Soviet Union–United States relations
USSR–USA summits
Russian espionage in the United States
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
Russia–NATO relations
Brinkmanship
CIA and the Cultural Cold War
Cold War II
Category
Commons
Portal
Timeline
List of conflicts
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 132098431
LCCN: n79090028
ISNI: 0000 0001 2159 9241
GND: 4564-0
SUDOC: 027485854
BNF: cb11877851x (data)
NDL: 00307772
China portal
Politics portal
Communism portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_China&oldid=832863905"
Categories:
Communist Party of China
Communist parties in China
Ruling Communist parties
Political parties established in 1921
Political parties in the Republic of China
Chinese Civil War
Maoist organizations
Government of China
1921 establishments in China
Parties of one-party systems
Hidden categories:
Good articles
Use dmy dates from February 2017
Use British English from October 2017
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles containing Chinese-language text
Articles containing Mongolian-language text
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Български
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
贛語
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vahcuengh
Tiếng Việt
文言
Winaray
吴语
粵語
中文
72 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 March 2018, at 11:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

attrs: href title

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

attrs: class style

values:
nickname
font-size: 0.8em;

values: padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #DD0000; border-bottom:2px solid #DD0000; line-height: 1;

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan class style

attrs: scope style

values:
/wiki/Mao_Zedong_Thought
mw-redirect
Mao Zedong Thought

values: International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties

values: box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative; background-color: #DD0000; width: 71%; height: 100%;

values: Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

values: box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative; background-color: #DD0000; width: 69%; height: 100%;

values: text-align:center;line-height: 0.8em; padding-top:0.5em; padding-bottom:0;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
http://cpc.people.com.cn

values: line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #DD0000;

values: text-align:center;font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;

values: Communist Party of China (Chinese characters).svg

values:
/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin
mw-redirect
Hanyu Pinyin

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;

values: font-family: 'Qomolangma-Dunhuang', 'Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen', 'Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung', 'Qomolangma-Uchen Suring', 'Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung', 'Qomolangma-Title', 'Qomolangma-Subtitle', 'Qomolangma-Woodblock', 'DDC Uchen', 'DDC Rinzin', Kailash, Jomolhari, 'TCRC Youtso Unicode', 'Tibetan Machine Uni', Wangdi29, 'Noto Sans Tibetan', 'Microsoft Himalaya'; font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:top; word-wrap: break-word;

values:
/wiki/Zhuang_language
mw-redirect
Zhuang language

values: font-family: Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif;

values:
/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic_script
mw-redirect
Mongolian Cyrillic script

values: display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-family:'Menk Hawang Tig', 'Menk Qagan Tig', 'Menk Garqag Tig', 'Menk Har_a Tig', 'Menk Scnin Tig', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT', 'Mongolian Baiti', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Mongol Usug', 'Mongolian White', 'MongolianScript', 'Code2000', 'Menksoft Qagan'; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1em; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; vertical-align:text-top;

values: font-family:'UKIJ Tuz','UKIJ Nasq','UKIJ Basma','UKIJ_Mac Basma','UKIJ Zilwa','UKIJ Esliye','UKIJ Tuz Basma','UKIJ Tuz Kitab','UKIJ Tuz Gezit','UKIJ Tuz Qara','UKIJ Tuz Qara','UKIJ Tuz Tor','UKIJ Kesme','UKIJ Kesme Tuz','UKIJ Qara','UKIJ Basma Aq','UKIJ Basma Qara','UKIJ Basma Tuz','UKIJ Putuk','UKIJ Tuz Xet','UKIJ Tom Xet','UKIJ Tuz Jurnal','UKIJ Arabic','UKIJ CJK','UKIJ Ekran','UKIJ_Mac Ekran','UKIJ Teng','UKIJ Tor','UKIJ Tuz Tom','UKIJ Mono Keng','UKIJ Mono Tar','UKIJ Nokia','UKIJ SimSun','UKIJ Yanfon','UKIJ Qolyazma','UKIJ Saet','UKIJ Nasq Zilwa','UKIJ Sulus','UKIJ Sulus Tom','UKIJ 3D','UKIJ Diwani','UKIJ Diwani Yantu','UKIJ Diwani Tom','UKIJ Esliye Tom','UKIJ Esliye Qara','UKIJ Jelliy','UKIJ Kufi','UKIJ Kufi Tar','UKIJ Kufi Uz','UKIJ Kufi Yay','UKIJ Merdane','UKIJ Ruqi','UKIJ Mejnuntal','UKIJ Junun','UKIJ Moy Qelem','UKIJ Chiwer Kesme','UKIJ Orxun-Yensey','UKIJ Elipbe','UKIJ Qolyazma Tez','UKIJ Qolyazma Tuz','UKIJ Qolyazma Yantu','UKIJ Ruqi Tuz',FZWWBBOT_Unicode,FZWWHQHTOT_Unicode,Scheherazade,Lateef,LateefGR,'Microsoft Uighur'; font-size:125%; font-feature-settings:'cv50' 1;-webkit-font-feature-settings:'cv50' 1;

values: display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-family:'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT', 'Mongolian Baiti', 'Noto Sans Mongolian'; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1em; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; vertical-align:text-top;

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
People's Republic of China

values: List of political parties in the People's Republic of China

values: National Congress of the Communist Party of China

values: Central Committee of the Communist Party of China

values: Politburo of the Communist Party of China

values: Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China

values: List of leaders of the Communist Party of China

values: General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

values: Chairman of the Central Military Commission

values: President of the People's Republic of China

values: 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China

values: Constitution of the Communist Party of China

values:
/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up
mw-redirect
Reform and opening up

values: Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)

values:
/wiki/Command_economy
mw-redirect
Command economy

values:
/wiki/Communist_parties
mw-redirect
Communist parties

values:
/wiki/Democratic_system
mw-redirect
Democratic system

values: Edit section: Founding and early history (1921–27)

values:
/wiki/Vanguard_party
mw-redirect
Vanguard party

values: 1st National Congress of the Communist Party of China

values:
/wiki/Shanghai_massacre_of_1927
mw-redirect
Shanghai massacre of 1927

values: Edit section: Chinese Civil War and World War II (1927–49)

values: Edit section: Single ruling party (1949–present)

values:
/wiki/Reform_and_opening
mw-redirect
Reform and opening

values:
/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests
mw-redirect
1989 Tiananmen Square protests

values: Social issues in the People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/Harmonious_Socialist_Society
mw-redirect
Harmonious Socialist Society

values: 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China

values: National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg

values: Leadership of the People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/Xi-Li_Administration
mw-redirect
Xi-Li Administration

values: List of leaders of the People's Republic of China

values: List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China

values: Vice President of the People's Republic of China

values: List of Vice Presidents of the People's Republic of China

values: List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China

values: Organization of the Communist Party of China

values: 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China

values: List of general secretaries and chairmen of the Communist Party of China

values: 19th Politburo of the Communist Party of China

values: List of historical makeup of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China

values: Secretariat of the Communist Party of China

values: Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission

values: National Security Commission of the Communist Party of China

values: Chairman of the National Security Commission of the Communist Party of China

values: Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

values: 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

values: 19th Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)

values: Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

values: Ideology of the Communist Party of China

values: Constitution of the People's Republic of China

values: 1982 Constitution of the People's Republic of China

values: Constitutional history of the People's Republic of China

values: 1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China

values: 1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China

values: 1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China

values: List of members of the National People's Congress

values: Presidium of the National People's Congress

values: Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

values: State Council of the People's Republic of China

values: Premier of the People's Republic of China

values: List of premiers of the People's Republic of China

values: Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China

values: List of vice premiers of the People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/State_Councilor
mw-redirect
State Councilor

values: Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council

values: Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

values: Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

values: National Defense Mobilization Commission

values: Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China

values: Central Politics and Law Commission of the Communist Party of China

values: Propaganda in the People's Republic of China

values: Central Leading Group for Propaganda and Ideological Work

values: Central Guidance Commission for Building Spiritual Civilization of the Communist Party of China

values: Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China

values:
/wiki/China_foreign_aid
mw-redirect
China foreign aid

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none; text-align:center

values: Elections in the People's Republic of China

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/State_Council_of_China
mw-redirect
State Council of China

values: 5th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Multi-party Cooperation System

values: Multi-party Cooperation and Political Consultation System (page does not exist)

values: United Front (People's Republic of China)

values: 9th National Congress of the Communist Party of China

values:
/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee
mw-redirect
Politburo Standing Committee

values: General Office of the Communist Party of China

values: Organization Department of the Communist Party of China

values: Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China

values: International Department of the Communist Party of China

values: Central Policy Research Office of the Communist Party of China (page does not exist)

values: Central Party School of the Communist Party of China

values: Party History Research Centre (page does not exist)

values: Study Times (China) (page does not exist)

values: Direct-controlled municipalities of China

values: Autonomous prefectures of the People's Republic of China

values: Counties of the People's Republic of China

values: Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China

values: float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:25em; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: ivory;

values: National Congress of the Communist Youth League of China (page does not exist)

values: Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China (page does not exist)

values: Politburo of the Communist Youth League of China (page does not exist)

values: Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Youth League of China (page does not exist)

values: 17th National Congress of the Communist Youth League (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Beijing_University
mw-redirect
Beijing University

values: float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:30em; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: ivory;

values: Practice Is the Sole Criterion for the Truth (page does not exist)

values: 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China

values:
/wiki/Central_planning
mw-redirect
Central planning

values: Third plenum of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (page does not exist)

values: 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China

values:
/wiki/State-owned_enterprises
mw-redirect
State-owned enterprises

values: padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;padding:0.6em 0 0.8em;

values:
NavToggle
NavToggle13
#
color: rgb(255, 215, 0);

values: Algerian Party for Democracy and Socialism

values: Congress Party for the Independence of Madagascar

values:
/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Namibia_(2009)
mw-redirect
Communist Party of Namibia (2009)

values: Revolutionary Communist Party of Côte d'Ivoire

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values:
NavToggle
NavToggle14
#
color: rgb(255, 215, 0);

values: Communist Party of Argentina (Extraordinary Congress)

values: Revolutionary Communist Party of Argentina

values: Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)

values: Chilean Communist Party (Proletarian Action)

values: Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist-Leninist)

values:
/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Labor
mw-redirect
Communist Party of Labor

values: Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador

values: Communist Party of Mexico (Marxist–Leninist)

values: Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) of Panama

values: Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland

values: Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Venezuela

values:
NavToggle
NavToggle15
#
color: rgb(255, 215, 0);

values:
/wiki/Communism_in_India
mw-redirect
Communism in India

values: Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)

values: Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)

values: Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist-Centre)

values: Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (2002)

values: Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) (2006)

values: Communist Party of the Republic of China

values: Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist–Leninist

values: Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction

values:
NavToggle
NavToggle16
#
color: rgb(255, 215, 0);

values: Workers' Communist Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
/wiki/United_Communist_Party_of_Georgia
mw-redirect
United Communist Party of Georgia

values: Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918-1955

values: Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova

values: Communist Party of the Russian Federation

values: Party of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat

values: Russian Communist Workers' Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

values: Communist Party of Spain (Marxist-Leninist)

values: Revolutionary People's Liberation Party–Front

values: Communist Revolution Movement/Leninist (Turkey)

values: Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey/Northern Kurdistan)

values: Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist

values: Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist

values: Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)

values: Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)

values: Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee)

values: Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)

values:
NavToggle
NavToggle17
#
color: rgb(255, 215, 0);

values: Communist Party of Australia (Marxist–Leninist)

values: Resistance (socialist youth organisation)

values: Organisation for Marxist Unity – New Zealand

values: Revolutionary Socialist Party (Australia)

values:
NavToggle
NavToggle18
#
color: rgb(255, 215, 0);

values:
/wiki/Jeronimo_de_Sousa
mw-redirect
Jeronimo de Sousa

values:
/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Portugal
mw-redirect
Communist Party of Portugal

values: Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist−Leninist)

values: Communist Party of Bangladesh (Marxist–Leninist) (Barua)

values: Party for the Transformation of Honduras

values: Edit section: Ruling parties of socialist states

values: 6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam

values:
/wiki/China-North_Korea_relations
mw-redirect
China-North Korea relations

values: North Korean economic reform (page does not exist)

values: First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea

values: First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba

values:
/wiki/China-Cuba_relations
mw-redirect
China-Cuba relations

values:
/wiki/Japanese_politics
mw-redirect
Japanese politics

values: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region

values:
/wiki/Syrian_military
mw-redirect
Syrian military

values: Inner-party democracy (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Mexican_politics
mw-redirect
Mexican politics

values:
/wiki/Social_democrat
mw-redirect
Social democrat

values:
/wiki/Soviet_imperialism
mw-redirect
Soviet imperialism

values: Succession of power in the People's Republic of China

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235

values:
/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation
mw-redirect
British Broadcasting Corporation

values: China Executive Leadership Academy, Jinggangshan (page does not exist)

values: -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values: commons:Special:Search/Category:Communist Party of China

values:
nofollow
http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn

values:
/wiki/Constitution_of_China
mw-redirect
Constitution of China

values: National emblem of the People's Republic of China

values: width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;

values: Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

values: List of current Chinese provincial leaders

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;font-weight: normal;

values:
/wiki/Politics_of_Gansu
mw-redirect
Politics of Gansu

values:
/wiki/Politics_of_Heilongjiang
mw-redirect
Politics of Heilongjiang

values:
/wiki/Politics_of_Hubei
mw-redirect
Politics of Hubei

values:
/wiki/Politics_of_Yunnan
mw-redirect
Politics of Yunnan

values:
/wiki/Politics_of_Guangxi
mw-redirect
Politics of Guangxi

values:
/wiki/Politics_of_Xinjiang
mw-redirect
Politics of Xinjiang

values:
/wiki/Politics_of_Tibet
mw-redirect
Politics of Tibet

values: List of modern political leaders of Tibet

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang

values: China Democratic National Construction Association

values: China Association for Promoting Democracy

values: Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party

values: Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: List of warlords and military cliques in the Warlord Era

values: width:6.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;

values: width:22em;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none

values:
/wiki/Jinan_Incident
mw-redirect
Jinan Incident

values:
/wiki/Huanggutun_Incident
mw-redirect
Huanggutun Incident

values: Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong

values:
/wiki/Research_Clique
mw-redirect
Research Clique

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: 中國工農紅軍軍旗.svg

values: People's Liberation Army Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg

values:
navbox-abovebelow hlist
2
background: none;

values: Incorporation of Tibet into the People's Republic of China

values: Campaign at the China–Burma border (1960–61)

values: border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: left;;;;width:10em;

values:
/wiki/Tibetan_Government-in-Exile
mw-redirect
Tibetan Government-in-Exile

values: border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: left;;;text-align: left;;width:10em;

values: nowraplinks plainlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Percentages_Agreement
mw-redirect
Percentages Agreement

values:
/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)
mw-redirect
Geneva Conference (1954)

values:
/wiki/Omani_Civil_War_(1963-76)
mw-redirect
Omani Civil War (1963-76)

values: Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–89)

values: Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

values:
/wiki/Ugandan-Tanzanian_War
mw-redirect
Ugandan-Tanzanian War

values:
/wiki/1972_Nixon_visit_to_China
mw-redirect
1972 Nixon visit to China

values: Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

values: Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–81

values: Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War

values: South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

values: Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

values: List of Soviet Union–United States summits

values: American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

values:
/wiki/Brinkmanship_(Cold_War)
mw-redirect
Brinkmanship (Cold War)

values: List of conflicts related to the Cold War

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/132098431

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000121599241

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4564-0

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/027485854

values: Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Political parties established in 1921

values: Category:Political parties in the Republic of China

values: Category:Use dmy dates from February 2017

values: Category:Use British English from October 2017

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Mongolian-language text

values: Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: Kommunistiese Party van China – Afrikaans

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: الحزب الشيوعي الصيني – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: চীনের কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán Tóng – Chinese (Min Nan)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Камуністычная партыя Кітая – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Китайска комунистическа партия – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα της Κίνας – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: حزب کمونیست چین – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gan
display: none;

values: Chûng-koet Khiung-sán-tóng – Hakka Chinese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values: 중국공산당 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: चीनी साम्यवादी दल – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: המפלגה הקומוניסטית של סין – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ჩინეთის კომუნისტური პარტია – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Қытай коммунистік партиясы – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Кытай Коммунистик Партиясы – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Комунистичка партија на Кина – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: चीनचा कम्युनिस्ट पक्ष – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values: Dṳ̆ng-guók Gê̤ṳng-sāng-dōng – Min Dong Chinese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values: Хятадын эв хамт нам – Mongolian

values: တရုတ်ကွန်မြူနစ်ပါတီ – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: चिन कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Det kinesiske kommunistiske parti – Norwegian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Kinas kommunistiske parti – Norwegian Nynorsk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: ਚੀਨ ਦੀ ਕਮਿਊਨਿਸਟ ਪਾਰਟੀ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values: چین دی کمیونسٹ پارٹی – Western Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Коммунистическая партия Китая – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values: Communist Party of China – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Komunistična partija Kitajske – Slovenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: حیزبی کۆمۆنیستی چین – Central Kurdish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Комунистичка партија Кине – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: Komunistička partija Kine – Serbo-Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: சீனப் பொதுவுடமைக் கட்சி – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: พรรคคอมมิวนิสต์แห่งประเทศจีน – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Комуністична партія Китаю – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: جۇڭگو كوممۇنىستىك پارتىيىسى – Uyghur

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-za
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Communist_Party_of_China rootpage-Communist_Party_of_China skin-vector action-view