text:
Iraq War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the war that started in 2003 and ended in 2011. For the initial invasion, see 2003 invasion of Iraq. For the current war in Iraq, see Iraqi Civil War (2014–present). For the entire conflict from 2003 to the present, see Iraq conflict (2003–present). For previous wars in Iraq, see Iraq War (disambiguation).
Iraq War
Part of the Iraqi conflict and the War on Terror

Clockwise from top: U.S. troops at Uday and Qusay Hussein's hideout; insurgents in northern Iraq; an Iraqi insurgent firing a MANPADS; the toppling of the Saddam Hussein statue in Firdos Square.
Date
20 March 2003 – 18 December 2011 (2011-12-18)
(8 years, 8 months and 28 days)
Location
Iraq
Result
Invasion and occupation of Iraq
Overthrow of Ba'ath Party government and execution of Saddam Hussein
Emergence of significant insurgency, rise of al-Qaeda in Iraq, severe sectarian violence
Subsequent reduction in violence and depletion of al-Qaeda in Iraq[8][9]
Establishment of democratic elections and formation of new Shia led government
Withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq in 2011
Stronger Iranian influence in Iraq[10][11][12]
Escalation of sectarian insurgency after U.S. withdrawal leading to the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the successor of al-Qaeda in Iraq[13][14]
Iraqi Civil War (2014–present)
Return of U.S. forces to Iraq in 2014
Subsequent end of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Iraq in 2017
Belligerents
Invasion phase (2003)
United States
United Kingdom
Australia
Poland
Peshmerga
Supported by:
Italy[1]
Canada[2]
Netherlands[3] Invasion phase (2003)
Ba'athist Iraq
Post-invasion
(2003–11)
United States
United Kingdom
MNF–I
(2003–09)[show]
United States (2003–09)
United Kingdom (2003–09)
Australia (2003–-09)
Romania (2003–09)
Azerbaijan (2003–08)
Kuwait (2003–08)
Estonia (2003–09)
El Salvador (2003–09)
Bulgaria (2003–08)
Moldova (2003–08)
Albania (2003–08)
Ukraine (2003–08)
Denmark (2003–08)
Czech Republic (2003–08)
South Korea (2003–08)
Singapore (2003–08)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (2003–08)
Macedonia (2003–08)
Latvia (2003–08)
Poland (2003–08)
Kazakhstan (2003–08)
Mongolia (2003–08)
Georgia (2003–08)
Tonga (2004–08)
Japan (2004–08)
Armenia (2005–08)
Slovakia (2003–07)
Lithuania (2003–07)
Italy (2003–06)
Norway (2003–06)
Hungary (2003–05)
Netherlands (2003–05)
Portugal (2003–05)
New Zealand (2003–04)
Thailand (2003–04)
Philippines (2003–04)
Honduras (2003–04)
Dominican Republic (2003–04)
Spain (2003–04)
Nicaragua (2003–04)
Iceland (2003–unknown)
New Iraqi government
Iraqi Armed Forces
Awakening Council
Supported by:
Iran[4][5]
Iraqi Kurdistan
Peshmerga
Post-invasion (2003–11)
Ba'ath loyalists
Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
Sunni insurgents
Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–06)
Islamic State of Iraq[6] (from 2006)
Islamic Army of Iraq
Ansar al-Sunnah (2003–07)
Shia insurgents
Mahdi Army
Special Groups
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
Others
supported by:
Iran
Quds Force[7]
For fighting between insurgent groups, see Sectarian violence in Iraq (2006–07).
Commanders and leaders
Ayad Allawi
Ibrahim al-Jaafari
Nouri al-Maliki
Ricardo Sanchez
George W. Casey, Jr.
David Petraeus
Raymond T. Odierno
Lloyd Austin
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Tommy Franks
Donald Rumsfeld
Robert Gates
Tony Blair
Gordon Brown
David Cameron
John Howard
Kevin Rudd
Traian Băsescu
Silvio Berlusconi
Walter Natynczyk
José María Aznar
Anders Fogh Rasmussen
Aleksander Kwaśniewski
Ba'ath Party
Saddam Hussein (POW)
Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri

Qusay Hussein †
Uday Hussein †
Abid Hamid Mahmud (POW)
Ali Hassan al-Majid (POW)
Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti (POW)
Taha Yassin Ramadan (POW)
Tariq Aziz (POW)
Sunni insurgency
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi †
Abu Ayyub al-Masri †
Abu Omar al-Baghdadi †
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Ishmael Jubouri
Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i (POW)
Shia insurgency
Muqtada al-Sadr
Abu Deraa
Qais al-Khazali
Akram al-Kabi
Qasem Soleimani[15]
Strength
Invasion forces (2003)
309,000
United States: 192,000[16]
United Kingdom: 45,000
Australia: 2,000
Poland: 194
Peshmerga: 70,000
Coalition forces (2004–09)
176,000 at peak
United States Forces – Iraq (2010–11)
112,000 at activation
Security contractors 6,000–7,000 (estimate)[17]
Iraqi security forces
805,269 (military and paramilitary: 578,269,[18] police: 227,000)
Awakening militias
≈103,000 (2008)[19]
Iraqi Kurdistan
≈400,000 (Kurdish Border Guard: 30,000,[20] Peshmerga 375,000)
Iraqi Armed Forces: 375,000 (disbanded in 2003)
Special Iraqi Republican Guard: 12,000
Iraqi Republican Guard: 70,000–75,000
Fedayeen Saddam: 30,000
Sunni Insurgents
≈70,000 (2007)[21]
al-Qaeda
≈1,300 (2006)[22]
Islamic State of Iraq
≈1,000 (2008)
Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
≈500–1,000 (2007)
Casualties and losses
Iraqi Security Forces (post-Saddam)
Killed: 17,690[23]
Wounded: 40,000+[24]
Coalition forces
Killed: 4,815[25][26] (4,497 U.S.,[27] 179 UK,[28] 139 other)[25]
Missing/captured (U.S.): 17 (8 rescued, 9 died in captivity)[29]
Wounded: 32,776+ (32,249 U.S.,[30] 315 UK, 212+ other[31])[32][33][34][35] Injured/diseases/other medical*: 51,139 (47,541 U.S.,[36] 3,598 UK)[32][34][35]
Contractors
Killed: 1,554[37][38]
Wounded & injured: 43,880[37][38]
Awakening Councils
Killed: 1,002+[39]
Wounded: 500+ (2007),[40] 828 (2008)[41]
Total dead: 25,285 (+12,000 policemen killed 2003–2005)""
Total wounded: 117,961
Iraqi combatant dead (invasion period): 7,600–10,800[42][43]
Insurgents (post-Saddam)
Killed: 26,544 (2003–11)[44]
Detainees: 12,000 (Iraqi-held)[45]
Total dead: 34,144–37,344
Estimated deaths:
Lancet survey** (March 2003 – July 2006): 654,965 (95% CI: 392,979–942,636)[46][47]
Iraq Family Health Survey*** (March 2003 – July 2006): 151,000 (95% CI: 104,000–223,000)[48]
PLOS Medicine Study**: (March 2003 – June 2011): 405,000 (95% CI: 48,000–751,000), in addition to 55,000 deaths missed due to emigration.[49]

Documented deaths from violence:
Iraq Body Count (2003 – 14 December 2011): 103,160–113,728 civilian deaths recorded,[50] and 12,438 new deaths added from the Iraq War Logs[51]
Associated Press (March 2003 – April 2009): 110,600[52]
For more information see: Casualties of the Iraq War
* "injured, diseased, or other medical": required medical air transport. UK number includes "aeromed evacuations"
** Total excess deaths include all additional deaths due to increased lawlessness, degraded infrastructure, poorer healthcare, etc.
*** Violent deaths only – does not include excess deaths due to increased lawlessness, poorer healthcare, etc.
show
v
t
e
Iraq War
Timeline
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Invasion (2003)
Umm Qasr
Al Faw
1st Basra
Nasiriyah
Raid on Karbala
Haditha Dam
1st Najaf
Airborne Dragon
Northern Delay
Viking Hammer
Samawah
1st Karbala
Al Kut
Hillah
Green Line
Karbala Gap
Baghdad
Debecka Pass
Kani Domlan Ridge
Post-invasion insurgency (2003–06)
Al Anbar
1st Ramadan
Red Dawn
Spring 2004
Al Kut
1st Fallujah
Sadr City
1st Ramadi
Husaybah
Danny Boy
2nd Najaf
CIMIC-House
Samarra
2nd Fallujah
Mosul
Lake Tharthar
Al Qaim
Hit
Haditha
Steel Curtain
Tal Afar
2nd Ramadi
Together Forward
Diwaniya
Sectarian violence (2006–08)
2nd Ramadan
Sinbad
Amarah
Turki
Diyala
Haifa Street
Karbala Raid
3rd Najaf
Imposing Law
U.K. bases
Black Eagle
Baghdad belts
Baqubah
Donkey Island
Shurta Nasir
Phantom Strike
2nd Karbala
Phantom Phoenix
Insurgency (2008–11)
2008 Day of Ashura
Ninawa
Spring 2008
2nd Basra
2008 Al-Qaeda Offensive
Augurs of Prosperity
Abu Kamal
Camp Ashraf
Palm Grove
US withdrawal violence
show
v
t
e
Insurgent attacks of the Iraq War
‡ indicates attacks resulting in over 100 deaths
§ indicates the deadliest attack in the Iraq War
This list only includes major attacks.
2003
1st Baghdad
2nd Baghdad
Najaf
3rd Baghdad
1st Nasiriyah
1st Karbala
2004
‡ 1st Erbil
‡ Ashoura
1st Basra
Mosul (2004)
4th Baghdad
5th Baghdad
Karbala-Najaf
1st Baqubah
Kufa
FOB Marez
2005
Suwaira bombing
‡ 1st Al Hillah
2nd Erbil
‡ Musayyib
6th Baghdad
‡ 7th Baghdad
1st Balad
Khanaqin
2006
‡ Karbala-Ramadi
1st Samarra
8th Baghdad
9th Baghdad
‡ 10th Baghdad
2007
11th Baghdad
12th Baghdad
‡ 13th Baghdad
14th Baghdad
15th Baghdad
2nd Al Hillah
‡ 1st Tal Afar
16th Baghdad
17th Baghdad
2nd & 3rd Karbala
Mosul (2007)
‡ 18th Baghdad
Makhmour
Abu Sayda
2nd Samarra
19th Baghdad
‡ Amirli
1st Kirkuk
20th Baghdad
21st Baghdad
§ Qahtaniya
Amarah
2008
22nd Baghdad
2nd Balad
23rd Baghdad
4th Karbala
24th Baghdad
Karmah
2nd Baqubah
Dujail
Balad Ruz
2009
25th Baghdad
26th Baghdad
Baghdad-Muqdadiyah
Taza
27th Baghdad
2nd Kirkuk
2nd Tal Afar
‡ 28th Baghdad
‡ 29th Baghdad
‡ 30th Baghdad
2010
31st Baghdad
32nd Baghdad
3rd Baqubah
33rd Baghdad
34th Baghdad
35th Baghdad
‡ 1st Pan-Iraq
36th Baghdad
37th Baghdad
2nd Pan-Iraq
38th Baghdad
39th Baghdad
‡ 40th Baghdad
2011
41st Baghdad
‡ 3rd Pan-Iraq
Karbala-Baghdad
42nd Baghdad
Tikrit
3rd Al Hillah
3rd Samarra
Al Diwaniyah
Taji
4th Pan-Iraq
43rd Baghdad
4th Karbala
44th Baghdad
2nd Basra
45th Baghdad
show
v
t
e
Persian Gulf Wars
Iranian Revolution (1978–79)
Iran–Iraq War (1980–88)
Invasion of Kuwait (1990)
Gulf War (1990–91)
Iraqi Kurdish/Shi'a uprisings (1991)
Iraq no-fly zones conflict (1991–2003)
Iraq missile strikes (1993)
Iraq missile strikes (1996)
Iraq bombing (1998)
1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
Iraq conflict (2003–present)
Iraq War (2003–11)
Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)
Iraqi Civil War (2014–present)
The Iraq War[nb 1] was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government.[53] An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3–4 years of conflict. The U.S. became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition; the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion occurred as part of a declared war against international terrorism and its sponsors under the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush following the September 11 terrorist attacks.
The invasion began on 20 March 2003,[54] with the U.S., joined by the United Kingdom and several coalition allies, launching a "shock and awe" bombing campaign. Iraqi forces were quickly overwhelmed as U.S. forces swept through the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the Ba'athist government; Saddam was captured during Operation Red Dawn in December of that same year and executed by a military court three years later. However, the power vacuum following Saddam's demise and the mismanagement of the occupation led to widespread sectarian violence between Shias and Sunnis, as well as a lengthy insurgency against U.S. and coalition forces. Many violent insurgent groups were supported by Iran and al-Qaeda in Iraq. The United States responded with a troop surge in 2007. The winding down of U.S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President Barack Obama. The U.S. formally withdrew all combat troops from Iraq by December 2011.[55]
The Bush administration based its rationale for the war principally on the assertion that Iraq, which had been viewed by the U.S. as a rogue state since the Persian Gulf War, possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and that the Iraqi government posed an immediate threat to the United States and its coalition allies.[56][57] Select U.S. officials accused Saddam of harbouring and supporting al-Qaeda,[58] while others cited the desire to end a repressive dictatorship and bring democracy to the people of Iraq.[59][60] After the invasion, no substantial evidence was found to verify the initial claims about WMDs, while claims of Iraqi officials collaborating with al-Qaeda were proven false. The rationale and misrepresentation of U.S. prewar intelligence faced heavy criticism both domestically and internationally, with President Bush declining from his record-high approval ratings following 9/11 to become one of the most unpopular presidents in U.S. history.[61]
In the aftermath of the invasion, Iraq held multi-party elections in 2005. Nouri al-Maliki became Prime Minister in 2006 and remained in office until 2014. The al-Maliki government enacted policies that were widely seen as having the effect of alienating the country's Sunni minority and worsening sectarian tensions. In the summer of 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) launched a military offensive in Northern Iraq and declared a worldwide Islamic caliphate, eliciting another military response from the United States and its allies. The Iraq War caused over a hundred thousand civilian deaths and tens of thousands of military deaths (see estimates below). The majority of deaths occurred as a result of the insurgency and civil conflicts between 2004 and 2007.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Pre-war events
2.1 Opposition to invasion
3 2003: Invasion
4 2003–11: Post-invasion phase
4.1 2003: Beginnings of insurgency
4.1.1 Coalition Provisional Authority and the Iraq Survey Group
4.1.2 Capturing former government leaders
4.2 2004: Insurgency expands
4.3 2005: Elections and transitional government
4.4 2006: Sectarian Violence and permanent Iraqi government
4.4.1 Iraq Study Group report and Saddam's execution
4.5 2007: U.S. troops surge
4.5.1 Planned troop reduction
4.5.2 Effects of the surge on security
4.5.3 Political developments
4.5.4 Tensions with Iran
4.5.5 Tensions with Turkey
4.5.6 Blackwater private security controversy
4.6 2008: Civil war continues
4.6.1 Spring offensives on Shiite militias
4.6.2 Congressional testimony
4.6.3 Iraqi security forces rearm
4.6.4 Status of forces agreement
4.7 2009: Coalition redeployment
4.7.1 Transfer of Green Zone
4.7.2 Provincial elections
4.7.3 Exit strategy announcement
4.7.4 Sixth anniversary protests
4.7.5 Coalition forces withdraw
4.7.6 Iraq awards oil contracts
4.8 2010: U.S. drawdown and Operation New Dawn
4.8.1 Iraqi arms purchases
4.8.2 UN lifts restrictions on Iraq
4.9 2011: U.S. withdrawal
5 Aftermath – post U.S. withdrawal
6 Casualty estimates
7 Criticism and cost
7.1 Financial cost
8 Humanitarian crises
9 Human rights abuses
9.1 Iraqi government
9.2 Coalition forces and private contractors
9.3 Insurgent groups
10 Public opinion on the war
10.1 International opinion
10.2 Iraqi opinion
11 Relation to the Global War on Terrorism
12 Foreign involvement
12.1 Role of Saudi Arabia and non-Iraqis
12.2 Role of China and Russia
12.3 Iranian involvement
13 See also
14 Footnotes
15 References
16 Further reading
17 External links
Background[edit]
Main articles: Lead-up to the Iraq War and Rationale for the Iraq War
See also: Iraq and weapons of mass destruction and Iraq disarmament crisis
A UN weapons inspector in Iraq, 2002.
Strong international opposition to the Saddam Hussein regime began after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990. The international community condemned the invasion,[62] and in 1991 a military coalition led by the United States launched the Gulf War to expel Iraq from Kuwait. Following the Gulf War, the US and its allies tried to keep Saddam in check with a policy of containment. This policy involved numerous economic sanctions by the UN Security Council; the enforcement of Iraqi no-fly zones declared by the US and the UK to protect the Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan and Shias in the south from aerial attacks by the Iraqi government; and ongoing inspections to ensure Iraq's compliance with United Nations resolutions concerning Iraqi weapons of mass destruction.
The inspections were carried out by the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM). UNSCOM, in cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency, worked to ensure that Iraq destroyed its chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons and facilities.[63] In the decade following the Gulf War, the United Nations passed 16 Security Council resolutions calling for the complete elimination of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. Member states communicated their frustration over the years that Iraq was impeding the work of the special commission and failing to take seriously its disarmament obligations. Iraqi officials harassed the inspectors and obstructed their work,[63] and in August 1998 the Iraqi government suspended cooperation with the inspectors completely, alleging that the inspectors were spying for the US.[64] The spying allegations were later substantiated.[65]
In October 1998, removing the Iraqi government became official U.S. foreign policy with enactment of the Iraq Liberation Act. The act provided $97 million for Iraqi "democratic opposition organizations" to "establish a program to support a transition to democracy in Iraq."[66] This legislation contrasted with the terms set out in United Nations Security Council Resolution 687, which focused on weapons and weapons programs and made no mention of regime change.[67] One month after the passage of the Iraq Liberation Act, the US and UK launched a bombardment campaign of Iraq called Operation Desert Fox. The campaign's express rationale was to hamper Saddam Hussein's government's ability to produce chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, but U.S. intelligence personnel also hoped it would help weaken Saddam's grip on power.[68]
With the election of George W. Bush as president in 2000, the US moved towards a more aggressive Iraq policy. The Republican Party's campaign platform in the 2000 election called for "full implementation" of the Iraq Liberation Act as "a starting point" in a plan to "remove" Saddam.[69] However, little formal movement towards an invasion occurred until the 11 September attacks.[70]
Pre-war events[edit]
Main articles: Preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq and Failed Iraqi peace initiatives
Excerpt from Donald Rumsfeld memo dated 27 November 2001[71]
After 9/11, the Bush Administration national security team actively debated an invasion of Iraq. On the day of the attacks, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld asked his aides for: "best info fast. Judge whether good enough hit Saddam Hussein at same time. Not only Osama bin Laden."[72] President Bush spoke with Rumsfeld on 21 November and instructed him to conduct a confidential review of OPLAN 1003, the war plan for invading Iraq.[73] Rumsfeld met with General Tommy Franks, the commander of U.S. Central Command, on 27 November to go over the plans. A record of the meeting includes the question "How start?", listing multiple possible justifications for a U.S.–Iraq War.[71][74] The rationale for invading Iraq as a response to 9/11 has been widely questioned, as there was no cooperation between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda.[75]
Bush began formally making his case to the international community for an invasion of Iraq in his 12 September 2002 address to the UN Security Council.[76] Key U.S. allies in NATO, such as the United Kingdom, agreed with the US actions, while France and Germany were critical of plans to invade Iraq, arguing instead for continued diplomacy and weapons inspections. After considerable debate, the UN Security Council adopted a compromise resolution, UN Security Council Resolution 1441, which authorized the resumption of weapons inspections and promised "serious consequences" for non-compliance. Security Council members France and Russia made clear that they did not consider these consequences to include the use of force to overthrow the Iraqi government.[77] The US and UK ambassadors to the UN publicly confirmed this reading of the resolution.[78]
Resolution 1441 set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency. Saddam accepted the resolution on 13 November and inspectors returned to Iraq under the direction of UNMOVIC chairman Hans Blix and IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei. As of February 2003, the IAEA "found no evidence or plausible indication of the revival of a nuclear weapons program in Iraq"; the IAEA concluded that certain items which could have been used in nuclear enrichment centrifuges, such as aluminum tubes, were in fact intended for other uses.[79] In March 2003, Blix said progress had been made in inspections, and no evidence of WMD had been found.[80]
In October 2002, the US Congress passed the "Iraq Resolution". The resolution authorized the President to "use any means necessary" against Iraq. Americans polled in January 2003 widely favored further diplomacy over an invasion. Later that year, however, Americans began to agree with Bush's plan (see popular opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq). The US government engaged in an elaborate domestic public relations campaign to market the war to its citizens. Americans overwhelmingly believed Saddam did have weapons of mass destruction: 85% said so, even though the inspectors had not uncovered those weapons. By February 2003, 64% of Americans supported taking military action to remove Saddam from power.[81]
United States Secretary of State Colin Powell holding a model vial of anthrax while giving a presentation to the United Nations Security Council
On 5 February 2003, Secretary of State Colin Powell appeared before the UN to present evidence that Iraq was hiding unconventional weapons. However, Powell's presentation included information based on the claims of Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi, codenamed "Curveball", an Iraqi emigrant living in Germany who later admitted that his claims had been false.[82] Powell also presented evidence alleging Iraq had ties to al-Qaeda. As a follow-up to Powell's presentation, the United States, United Kingdom, Poland, Italy, Australia, Denmark, Japan, and Spain proposed a resolution authorizing the use of force in Iraq, but NATO members like Canada, France, and Germany, together with Russia, strongly urged continued diplomacy. Facing a losing vote as well as a likely veto from France and Russia, the US, UK, Poland, Spain, Denmark, Italy, Japan, and Australia eventually withdrew their resolution.[83][84]
From the left: French President Jacques Chirac, U.S. President George W. Bush, UK Prime Minister Tony Blair and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. Chirac was against the invasion, the other three leaders were in favor.
In March 2003, the United States, United Kingdom, Poland, Australia, Spain, Denmark, and Italy began preparing for the invasion of Iraq with a host of public relations and military moves. In an address to the nation on 17 March 2003, Bush demanded that Saddam and his two sons, Uday and Qusay, surrender and leave Iraq, giving them a 48-hour deadline.[85]
The UK House of Commons held a debate on going to war on 18 March 2003 where the government motion was approved 412 to 149.[86] The vote was a key moment in the history of the Blair administration, as the number of government MPs who rebelled against the vote was the greatest since the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. Three government ministers resigned in protest at the war, John Denham, Lord Hunt of Kings Heath, and the then Leader of the House of Commons Robin Cook.
Opposition to invasion[edit]
Further information: criticism of the Iraq War, legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, legality of the Iraq War, and Protests against the Iraq War
In October 2002, former U.S. President Bill Clinton warned about possible dangers of pre-emptive military action against Iraq. Speaking in the UK at a Labour Party conference he said: "As a preemptive action today, however well-justified, may come back with unwelcome consequences in the future.... I don't care how precise your bombs and your weapons are, when you set them off, innocent people will die."[87][88] The majority of Democrats in Congress voted against the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002, although a majority of Democrats in the Senate voted in favor of it. Sen. Jim Webb wrote shortly before the vote "Those who are pushing for a unilateral war in Iraq know full well that there is no exit strategy if we invade."[89]
In the same period, Pope John Paul II publicly condemned the military intervention. During a private meeting, he also said directly to George W. Bush: "Mr President, you know my opinion about the war in Iraq. Lets talk about something else. Every violence, against one or a million, is a blasphemy addressed to the image and likeness of God."[90]
Anti-War protest in London, September 2002. Organised by the British Stop the War Coalition, up to 400,000 took part in the protest.[91]
On 20 January 2003, French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin declared "we believe that military intervention would be the worst solution".[92] Meanwhile, anti-war groups across the world organised public protests. According to French academic Dominique Reynié, between 3 January and 12 April 2003, 36 million people across the globe took part in almost 3,000 protests against war in Iraq, with demonstrations on 15 February 2003 being the largest.[93] Nelson Mandela voiced his opposition in late January, stating "All that (Mr. Bush) wants is Iraqi oil," and questioning if Bush deliberately undermined the U.N. "because the secretary-general of the United Nations [was] a black man".[94]
In February 2003, the US Army's top general, Eric Shinseki, told the Senate Armed Services Committee that it would take "several hundred thousand soldiers" to secure Iraq.[95] Two days later, U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said the post-war troop commitment would be less than the number of troops required to win the war, and that "the idea that it would take several hundred thousand U.S. forces is far from the mark." Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz said Shinseki's estimate was "way off the mark," because other countries would take part in an occupying force.[96]
Germany's Foreign Secretary Joschka Fischer, although having been in favour of stationing German troops in Afghanistan, advised Federal Chancellor Schröder not to join the war in Iraq. Fischer famously confronted United States Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld at the 39th Munich Security Conference in 2003 on the secretary's purported evidence for Iraq's possession of weapons of mass destruction: "Excuse me, I am not convinced!"[97]
There were serious legal questions surrounding the launching of the war against Iraq and the Bush Doctrine of preemptive war in general. On 16 September 2004, Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of the United Nations, said of the invasion, "I have indicated it was not in conformity with the UN Charter. From our point of view, from the Charter point of view, it was illegal."[98]
In November 2008 Lord Bingham, the former British Law Lord, described the war as a serious violation of international law, and accused Britain and the United States of acting like a "world vigilante". He also criticized the post-invasion record of Britain as "an occupying power in Iraq". Regarding the treatment of Iraqi detainees in Abu Ghraib, Bingham said: "Particularly disturbing to proponents of the rule of law is the cynical lack of concern for international legality among some top officials in the Bush administration."[99] In July 2010, Deputy Prime Minister of the UK Nick Clegg, in an official PMQs session in Parliament, condemned the invasion of Iraq as illegal.[100]
2003: Invasion[edit]
Main articles: 2003 invasion of Iraq, 2003 in Iraq, Timeline of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and List of people associated with the 2003 invasion of Iraq
See also: Coalition military operations of the Iraq War and Iraq War order of battle
Destroyed remains of Iraqi tanks near Al Qadisiyah
US Marines escort captured enemy prisoners to a holding area in the desert of Iraq on 21 March 2003.
U.S. soldiers at the Hands of Victory monument in Baghdad
The first Central Intelligence Agency team entered Iraq on 10 July 2002.[101] This team was composed of members of the CIA's Special Activities Division and was later joined by members of the US military's elite Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC).[102] Together, they prepared for the invasion of conventional forces. These efforts consisted of persuading the commanders of several Iraqi military divisions to surrender rather than oppose the invasion, and identifying all the initial leadership targets during very high risk reconnaissance missions.[102]
Most importantly, their efforts organized the Kurdish Peshmerga to become the northern front of the invasion. Together this force defeated Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan before the invasion and then defeated the Iraqi army in the north.[102][103] The battle against Ansar al-Islam, known as Operation Viking Hammer, led to the death of a substantial number of militants and the uncovering of a chemical weapons facility at Sargat.[101][104]
At 5:34 a.m. Baghdad time on 20 March 2003 (9:34 pm, 19 March EST) the surprise[105] military invasion of Iraq began.[106] There was no declaration of war.[107] The 2003 invasion of Iraq, led by U.S. Army General Tommy Franks, under the code-name "Operation Iraqi Freedom",[108] the UK code-name Operation Telic, and the Australian code-name Operation Falconer. Coalition forces also cooperated with Kurdish Peshmerga forces in the north. Approximately forty other governments, the "Coalition of the Willing," participated by providing troops, equipment, services, security, and special forces, with 248,000 soldiers from the United States, 45,000 British soldiers, 2,000 Australian soldiers and 194 Polish soldiers from Special Forces unit GROM sent to Kuwait for the invasion.[109] The invasion force was also supported by Iraqi Kurdish militia troops, estimated to number upwards of 70,000.[110]
Iraqi tank on Highway 27 destroyed in April 2003
According to General Tommy Franks, there were eight objectives of the invasion, "First, ending the regime of Saddam Hussein. Second, to identify, isolate, and eliminate Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. Third, to search for, to capture, and to drive out terrorists from that country. Fourth, to collect such intelligence as we can relate to terrorist networks. Fifth, to collect such intelligence as we can relate to the global network of illicit weapons of mass destruction. Sixth, to end sanctions and to immediately deliver humanitarian support to the displaced and to many needy Iraqi citizens. Seventh, to secure Iraq's oil fields and resources, which belong to the Iraqi people. And last, to help the Iraqi people create conditions for a transition to a representative self-government."[111]
Map of the invasion routes and major operations/battles of the Iraq War through 2007
The invasion was a quick and decisive operation encountering major resistance, though not what the U.S., British and other forces expected. The Iraqi regime had prepared to fight both a conventional and irregular war at the same time, conceding territory when faced with superior conventional forces, largely armored, but launching smaller scale attacks in the rear using fighters dressed in civilian and paramilitary clothes.
Coalition troops launched air and amphibious assault on the Al-Faw peninsula to secure the oil fields there and the important ports, supported by warships of the Royal Navy, Polish Navy, and Royal Australian Navy. The United States Marine Corps' 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, attached to 3 Commando Brigade and the Polish Special Forces unit GROM attacked the port of Umm Qasr, while the British Army's 16 Air Assault Brigade secured the oil fields in southern Iraq.[112][113]
U.S. Marines from 1st Battalion 7th Marines enter a palace during the Fall of Baghdad.
The heavy armor of the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division moved westward and then northward through the western desert toward Baghdad, while the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force moved more easterly along Highway 1 through the center of the country, and 1 (UK) Armoured Division moved northward through the eastern marshland.[114] The U.S. 1st Marine Division fought through Nasiriyah in a battle to seize the major road junction.[115] The United States Army 3rd Infantry Division defeated Iraqi forces entrenched in and around Talil Airfield.[116]
With the Nasiriyah and Talil Airfields secured in its rear, the 3rd Infantry Division supported by the 101st Airborne Division continued its attack north toward Najaf and Karbala, but a severe sand storm slowed the coalition advance and there was a halt to consolidate and make sure the supply lines were secure.[117] When they started again they secured the Karbala Gap, a key approach to Baghdad, then secured the bridges over the Euphrates River, and U.S. forces poured through the gap on to Baghdad. In the middle of Iraq, the 1st Marine Division fought its way to the eastern side of Baghdad, and prepared for the attack into Baghdad to seize it.[118]
On 9 April, Baghdad fell, ending Saddam's 24‑year rule. U.S. forces seized the deserted Ba'ath Party ministries and, according to some reports later disputed by the Marines on the ground, stage-managed[119] the tearing down of a huge iron statue of Saddam, photos and video of which became symbolic of the event, although later controversial. Allegedly, though not seen in the photos or heard on the videos, shot with a zoom lens, was the chant of the inflamed crowd for Muqtada al-Sadr, the radical Shiite cleric.[120] The abrupt fall of Baghdad was accompanied by a widespread outpouring of gratitude toward the invaders, but also massive civil disorder, including the looting of public and government buildings and drastically increased crime.[121][122]
According to the Pentagon, 250,000 short tons (230,000 t) (of 650,000 short tons (590,000 t) total) of ordnance was looted, providing a significant source of ammunition for the Iraqi insurgency. The invasion phase concluded when Tikrit, Saddam's home town, fell with little resistance to the U.S. Marines of Task Force Tripoli.
In the invasion phase of the war (19 March – 30 April), an estimated 9,200 Iraqi combatants were killed by coalition forces along with an estimated 3,750 non-combatants, i.e. civilians who did not take up arms.[123] Coalition forces reported the death in combat of 139 U.S. military personnel[124] and 33 UK military personnel.[125]
2003–11: Post-invasion phase[edit]
Main article: History of Iraq (2003–11)
Further information: Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)
2003: Beginnings of insurgency[edit]
A Marine Corps M1 Abrams tank patrols a Baghdad street after its fall in 2003 during Operation Iraqi Freedom.
The humvee Staff Sgt. Michael F. Barrett, military policeman, Marine Wing Support Squadron 373, was riding when it was struck by an improvised explosive device attack in Iraq 29 September 2004. Barrett was severely injured in the attack and is still recovering from his wounds.
Polish GROM forces in sea operations during Operation Iraqi Freedom
Marines from D Company, 3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion guard detainees prior to loading them into their vehicle.
On 1 May 2003, President Bush visited the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln operating a few miles west of San Diego, California. At sunset, he held his nationally televised "Mission Accomplished" speech", delivered before the sailors and airmen on the flight deck: Bush declared victory due to the defeat of Iraq's conventional forces.
Nevertheless, Saddam Hussein remained at large and significant pockets of resistance remained. After Bush's speech, coalition forces noticed a flurry of attacks on its troops began to gradually increase in various regions, such as the "Sunni Triangle".[126] The initial Iraqi insurgents were supplied by hundreds of weapons caches created before the invasion by the Iraqi army and Republican Guard.
Initially, Iraqi resistance (described by the coalition as "Anti-Iraqi Forces") largely stemmed from fedayeen and Saddam/Ba'ath Party loyalists, but soon religious radicals and Iraqis angered by the occupation contributed to the insurgency. The three provinces with the highest number of attacks were Baghdad, Al Anbar, and Salah Ad Din. Those three provinces account for 35% of the population, but by December 2006 they were responsible for 73% of U.S. military deaths and an even higher percentage of recent U.S. military deaths (about 80%.)[127]
Insurgents used various guerrilla tactics, including mortars, missiles, suicide attacks, snipers, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), car bombs, small arms fire (usually with assault rifles), and RPGs (rocket propelled grenades), as well as sabotage against the petroleum, water, and electrical infrastructure.
Coalition efforts to establish post-invasion Iraq commenced after the fall of Saddam's regime. The coalition nations, together with the United Nations, began to work to establish a stable, compliant democratic state capable of defending itself from non-coalition forces, as well as overcoming internal divisions.[128][129]
Meanwhile, coalition military forces launched several operations around the Tigris River peninsula and in the Sunni Triangle. A series of similar operations were launched throughout the summer in the Sunni Triangle. Toward late-2003, the intensity and pace of insurgent attacks began to increase. A sharp surge in guerrilla attacks ushered in an insurgent effort that was termed the "Ramadan Offensive", as it coincided with the beginning of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan.
To counter this offensive, coalition forces began to use air power and artillery again for the first time since the end of the invasion by striking suspected ambush sites and mortar launching positions. Surveillance of major routes, patrols, and raids on suspected insurgents were stepped up. In addition, two villages, including Saddam's birthplace of al-Auja and the small town of Abu Hishma were surrounded by barbed wire and carefully monitored.
Coalition Provisional Authority and the Iraq Survey Group[edit]
See also: Iraqi Governing Council, International Advisory and Monitoring Board, CPA Program Review Board, Development Fund for Iraq, and Reconstruction of Iraq
Occupation zones in Iraq as of September 2003
Shortly after the invasion, the multinational coalition created the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA; Arabic: سلطة الائتلاف الموحدة), based in the Green Zone, as a transitional government of Iraq until the establishment of a democratic government. Citing United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483 (22 May 2003) and the laws of war, the CPA vested itself with executive, legislative, and judicial authority over the Iraqi government from the period of the CPA's inception on 21 April 2003 until its dissolution on 28 June 2004.
The CPA was originally headed by Jay Garner, a former U.S. military officer, but his appointment lasted only until 11 May 2003, when President Bush appointed L. Paul Bremer. On 16 May 2003, his first day on the job, Paul Bremer issued Coalition Provisional Authority Order 1 to exclude from the new Iraqi government and administration members of the Baathist party. This policy, known as De-Ba'athification, eventually led to the removal of 85,000 to 100,000 Iraqi people from their job,[130] including 40,000 school teachers who had joined the Baath Party simply to keep their jobs. U.S. army general Sanchez called the decision a "catastrophic failure".[131] Bremer served until the CPA's dissolution in June 2004.
Another group created by the multinational force in Iraq post-invasion was the 1,400-member international Iraq Survey Group, who conducted a fact-finding mission to find Iraq weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programmes. In 2004, the ISG's Duelfer Report stated that Iraq did not have a viable WMD program.[132]
Capturing former government leaders[edit]
See also: Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal and Trial of Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein being pulled from his hideaway in Operation Red Dawn, 13 December 2003.
Two insurgents in Iraq with SA-7b and SA-14 MANPADS
In summer 2003, the multinational forces focused on capturing the remaining leaders of the former government. On 22 July, a raid by the U.S. 101st Airborne Division and soldiers from Task Force 20 killed Saddam's sons (Uday and Qusay) along with one of his grandsons. In all, over 300 top leaders of the former government were killed or captured, as well as numerous lesser functionaries and military personnel.
Most significantly, Saddam Hussein himself was captured on 13 December 2003, on a farm near Tikrit in Operation Red Dawn.[133] The operation was conducted by the United States Army's 4th Infantry Division and members of Task Force 121. Intelligence on Saddam's whereabouts came from his family members and former bodyguards.[134]
With the capture of Saddam and a drop in the number of insurgent attacks, some concluded the multinational forces were prevailing in the fight against the insurgency. The provisional government began training the new Iraqi security forces intended to police the country, and the United States promised over $20 billion in reconstruction money in the form of credit against Iraq's future oil revenues. Oil revenue was also used for rebuilding schools and for work on the electrical and refining infrastructure.
Shortly after the capture of Saddam, elements left out of the Coalition Provisional Authority began to agitate for elections and the formation of an Iraqi Interim Government. Most prominent among these was the Shia cleric Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani. The Coalition Provisional Authority opposed allowing democratic elections at this time.[135] The insurgents stepped up their activities. The two most turbulent centers were the area around Fallujah and the poor Shia sections of cities from Baghdad (Sadr City) to Basra in the south.
2004: Insurgency expands[edit]
Main article: 2004 in Iraq
See also: Military operations of the Iraq War for a list of all Coalition operations for this period, 2004 in Iraq, Iraqi coalition counter-insurgency operations, Iraqi insurgency (2003–11), United States occupation of Fallujah, Iraq Spring Fighting of 2004
Play media
Footage from the gun camera of a U.S. Apache helicopter killing suspected Iraqi insurgents[136]
Coalition Provisional Authority director L. Paul Bremer signs over sovereignty to the appointed Iraqi Interim Government, 28 June 2004.
The start of 2004 was marked by a relative lull in violence. Insurgent forces reorganised during this time, studying the multinational forces' tactics and planning a renewed offensive. However, violence did increase during the Iraq Spring Fighting of 2004 with foreign fighters from around the Middle East as well as al-Qaeda in Iraq (an affiliated al-Qaeda group), led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi helping to drive the insurgency.[citation needed]
U.S. troops fire mortars
As the insurgency grew there was a distinct change in targeting from the coalition forces towards the new Iraqi Security Forces, as hundreds of Iraqi civilians and police were killed over the next few months in a series of massive bombings. An organized Sunni insurgency, with deep roots and both nationalist and Islamist motivations, was becoming more powerful throughout Iraq. The Shia Mahdi Army also began launching attacks on coalition targets in an attempt to seize control from Iraqi security forces. The southern and central portions of Iraq were beginning to erupt in urban guerrilla combat as multinational forces attempted to keep control and prepared for a counteroffensive.
A USMC M198 artillery piece firing outside Fallujah in October 2004.
The most serious fighting of the war so far began on 31 March 2004, when Iraqi insurgents in Fallujah ambushed a Blackwater USA convoy led by four U.S. private military contractors who were providing security for food caterers Eurest Support Services.[137] The four armed contractors, Scott Helvenston, Jerko Zovko, Wesley Batalona, and Michael Teague, were killed with grenades and small arms fire. Subsequently, their bodies were dragged from their vehicles by local people, beaten, set ablaze, and their burned corpses hung over a bridge crossing the Euphrates.[138] Photos of the event were released to news agencies worldwide, causing a great deal of indignation and moral outrage in the United States, and prompting an unsuccessful "pacification" of the city: the First Battle of Fallujah in April 2004.
The offensive was resumed in November 2004 in the bloodiest battle of the war: the Second Battle of Fallujah, described by the U.S. military as "the heaviest urban combat (that they had been involved in) since the battle of Hue City in Vietnam."[139] During the assault, U.S. forces used white phosphorus as an incendiary weapon against insurgent personnel, attracting controversy. The 46‑day battle resulted in a victory for the coalition, with 95 U.S. soldiers killed along with approximately 1,350 insurgents. Fallujah was totally devastated during the fighting, though civilian casualties were low, as they had mostly fled before the battle.[140]
Another major event of that year was the revelation of widespread prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib, which received international media attention in April 2004. First reports of the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse, as well as graphic pictures showing U.S. military personnel taunting and abusing Iraqi prisoners, came to public attention from a 60 Minutes II news report (28 April) and a Seymour M. Hersh article in The New Yorker (posted online on 30 April.)[141] Military correspondent Thomas Ricks claimed that these revelations dealt a blow to the moral justifications for the occupation in the eyes of many people, especially Iraqis, and was a turning point in the war.[142]
2004 also marked the beginning of Military Transition Teams in Iraq, which were teams of U.S. military advisors assigned directly to New Iraqi Army units.
2005: Elections and transitional government[edit]
Further information: 2005 in Iraq and Military transition team
Convention center for Council of Representatives of Iraq
On 31 January, Iraqis elected the Iraqi Transitional Government in order to draft a permanent constitution. Although some violence and a widespread Sunni boycott marred the event, most of the eligible Kurd and Shia populace participated. On 4 February, Paul Wolfowitz announced that 15,000 U.S. troops whose tours of duty had been extended in order to provide election security would be pulled out of Iraq by the next month.[143] February to April proved to be relatively peaceful months compared to the carnage of November and January, with insurgent attacks averaging 30 a day from the prior average of 70.
The Battle of Abu Ghraib on 2 April 2005 was an attack on United States forces at Abu Ghraib prison, which consisted of heavy mortar and rocket fire, under which an estimated 80–120 armed insurgents attacked with grenades, small arms, and two vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIED). The U.S. force's munitions ran so low that orders to fix bayonets were given in preparation for hand-to-hand fighting. It was considered to be the largest coordinated assault on a U.S. base since the Vietnam War.[144]
Hopes for a quick end to the insurgency and a withdrawal of U.S. troops were dashed in May, Iraq's bloodiest month since the invasion. Suicide bombers, believed to be mainly disheartened Iraqi Sunni Arabs, Syrians and Saudis, tore through Iraq. Their targets were often Shia gatherings or civilian concentrations of Shias. As a result, over 700 Iraqi civilians died in that month, as well as 79 U.S. soldiers.
The summer of 2005 saw fighting around Baghdad and at Tall Afar in northwestern Iraq as U.S. forces tried to seal off the Syrian border. This led to fighting in the autumn in the small towns of the Euphrates valley between the capital and that border.[145]
A referendum was held on 15 October in which the new Iraqi constitution was ratified. An Iraqi National Assembly was elected in December, with participation from the Sunnis as well as the Kurds and Shia.[145]
Insurgent attacks increased in 2005 with 34,131 recorded incidents, compared to a total 26,496 for the previous year.[146]
2006: Sectarian Violence and permanent Iraqi government[edit]
Further information: Sectarian violence in Iraq (2006–08) and Sectarian violence in Iraq
Further information: Operation Together Forward and Provincial Reconstruction Team
U.S. Marines from 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines clear a house in Al Anbar Governorate.
The beginning of 2006 was marked by government creation talks, growing sectarian violence, and continuous anti-coalition attacks. Sectarian violence expanded to a new level of intensity following the al-Askari Mosque bombing in the Iraqi city of Samarra, on 22 February 2006. The explosion at the mosque, one of the holiest sites in Shi'a Islam, is believed to have been caused by a bomb planted by al-Qaeda.
Although no injuries occurred in the blast, the mosque was severely damaged and the bombing resulted in violence over the following days. Over 100 dead bodies with bullet holes were found on 23 February, and at least 165 people are thought to have been killed. In the aftermath of this attack the U.S. military calculated that the average homicide rate in Baghdad tripled from 11 to 33 deaths per day. In 2006 the UN described the environment in Iraq as a "civil war-like situation".[147]
On 12 March, five United States Army soldiers of the 502nd Infantry Regiment raped the 14-year-old Iraqi girl Abeer Qassim Hamza al-Janabi, and then murdered her, her father, her mother Fakhriya Taha Muhasen and her six-year-old sister Hadeel Qassim Hamza al-Janabi. The soldiers then set fire to the girl's body to conceal evidence of the crime.[148] Four of the soldiers were convicted of rape and murder and the fifth was convicted of lesser crimes for their involvement in the events, which became known as the Mahmudiyah rape and killings.[149][150]
Nouri al-Maliki meets with George W. Bush, June 2006
On 6 June 2006, the United States was successful in tracking Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq who was killed in a targeted killing, while attending a meeting in an isolated safehouse approximately 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Baqubah. Having been tracked by a British UAV, radio contact was made between the controller and two United States Air Force F-16C jets, which identified the house and at 14:15 GMT, the lead jet dropped two 500‑pound (230 kg) guided bombs, a laser-guided GBU‑12 and GPS-guided GBU‑38 on the building where he was located. Six others—three male and three female individuals—were also reported killed. Among those killed were one of his wives and their child.
The government of Iraq took office on 20 May 2006, following approval by the members of the Iraqi National Assembly. This followed the general election in December 2005. The government succeeded the Iraqi Transitional Government, which had continued in office in a caretaker capacity until the formation of the permanent government.
Iraq Study Group report and Saddam's execution[edit]
Main articles: Iraq Study Group and Execution of Saddam Hussein
The Iraq Study Group Report was released on 6 December 2006. The Iraq Study Group, made up of people from both of the major U.S. parties, was led by co-chairs James Baker, a former Secretary of State (Republican), and Lee H. Hamilton, a former U.S. Representative (Democrat). It concluded that "the situation in Iraq is grave and deteriorating" and "U.S. forces seem to be caught in a mission that has no foreseeable end." The report's 79 recommendations include increasing diplomatic measures with Iran and Syria and intensifying efforts to train Iraqi troops. On 18 December, a Pentagon report found that insurgent attacks were averaging about 960 attacks per week, the highest since the reports had begun in 2005.[151]
Coalition forces formally transferred control of a province to the Iraqi government, the first since the war. Military prosecutors charged eight U.S. Marines with the murders of 24 Iraqi civilians in Haditha in November 2005, 10 of them women and children. Four officers were also charged with dereliction of duty in relation to the event.[152]
Saddam Hussein was hanged on 30 December 2006, after being found guilty of crimes against humanity by an Iraqi court after a year-long trial.[153]
2007: U.S. troops surge[edit]
President George W. Bush announces the new strategy on Iraq from the White House Library, 10 January 2007.
Further information: 2007 in Iraq, Iraq War troop surge of 2007, Timeline of the Iraq War troop surge of 2007, and Strategic reset
In a 10 January 2007, televised address to the U.S. public, Bush proposed 21,500 more troops for Iraq, a job program for Iraqis, more reconstruction proposals, and $1.2 billion for these programs.[154] On 23 January 2007, in the 2007 State of the Union Address, Bush announced "deploying reinforcements of more than 20,000 additional soldiers and Marines to Iraq".
On 10 February 2007, David Petraeus was made commander of Multi-National Force – Iraq (MNF-I), the four-star post that oversees all coalition forces in country, replacing General George Casey. In his new position, Petraeus oversaw all coalition forces in Iraq and employed them in the new "Surge" strategy outlined by the Bush administration.[155][156]
On 10 May 2007, 144 Iraqi Parliamentary lawmakers signed onto a legislative petition calling on the United States to set a timetable for withdrawal.[157] On 3 June 2007, the Iraqi Parliament voted 85 to 59 to require the Iraqi government to consult with Parliament before requesting additional extensions of the UN Security Council Mandate for Coalition operations in Iraq.[158] Despite this, the mandate was renewed on 18 December 2007, without the approval of the Iraqi parliament.[159]
Pressures on U.S. troops were compounded by the continuing withdrawal of coalition forces.[citation needed] In early 2007, British Prime Minister Blair announced that following Operation Sinbad British troops would begin to withdraw from Basra Governorate, handing security over to the Iraqis.[160] In July Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen also announced the withdrawal of 441 Danish troops from Iraq, leaving only a unit of nine soldiers manning four observational helicopters.[161]
Planned troop reduction[edit]
In a speech made to Congress on 10 September 2007, Petraeus "envisioned the withdrawal of roughly 30,000 U.S. troops by next summer, beginning with a Marine contingent [in September]."[162] On 13 September, Bush backed a limited withdrawal of troops from Iraq.[163] Bush said 5,700 personnel would be home by Christmas 2007, and expected thousands more to return by July 2008. The plan would take troop numbers back to their level before the surge at the beginning of 2007.
Effects of the surge on security[edit]
U.S. soldiers take cover during a firefight with insurgents in the Al Doura section of Baghdad 7 March 2007.
By March 2008, violence in Iraq was reported curtailed by 40–80%, according to a Pentagon report.[164] Independent reports[165][166] raised questions about those assessments. An Iraqi military spokesman claimed that civilian deaths since the start of the troop surge plan were 265 in Baghdad, down from 1,440 in the four previous weeks. The New York Times counted more than 450 Iraqi civilians killed during the same 28‑day period, based on initial daily reports from Iraqi Interior Ministry and hospital officials.
Historically, the daily counts tallied by The New York Times have underestimated the total death toll by 50% or more when compared to studies by the United Nations, which rely upon figures from the Iraqi Health Ministry and morgue figures.[167]
The rate of U.S. combat deaths in Baghdad nearly doubled to 3.14 per day in the first seven weeks of the "surge" in security activity, compared to previous period. Across the rest of Iraq it decreased slightly.[168][169]
On 14 August 2007, the deadliest single attack of the whole war occurred. Nearly 800 civilians were killed by a series of coordinated suicide bomb attacks on the northern Iraqi settlement of Kahtaniya. More than 100 homes and shops were destroyed in the blasts. U.S. officials blamed al‑Qaeda. The targeted villagers belonged to the non-Muslim Yazidi ethnic minority. The attack may have represented the latest in a feud that erupted earlier that year when members of the Yazidi community stoned to death a teenage girl called Du'a Khalil Aswad accused of dating a Sunni Arab man and converting to Islam. The killing of the girl was recorded on camera-mobiles and the video was uploaded onto the internet.[170][171][172][173]
On 13 September 2007, Abdul Sattar Abu Risha was killed in a bomb attack in the city of Ramadi.[174] He was an important U.S. ally because he led the "Anbar Awakening", an alliance of Sunni Arab tribes that opposed al-Qaeda. The latter organisation claimed responsibility for the attack.[175] A statement posted on the Internet by the shadowy Islamic State of Iraq called Abu Risha "one of the dogs of Bush" and described Thursday's killing as a "heroic operation that took over a month to prepare".[176]
A graph of U.S. troop fatalities in Iraq March 2003 – July 2010, the orange and blue months are the period of the troop surge and its aftermath.
There was a reported trend of decreasing U.S. troop deaths after May 2007,[177] and violence against coalition troops had fallen to the "lowest levels since the first year of the American invasion".[178] These, and several other positive developments, were attributed to the surge by many analysts.[179]
Data from the Pentagon and other U.S. agencies such as the Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that daily attacks against civilians in Iraq remained "about the same" since February. The GAO also stated that there was no discernible trend in sectarian violence.[180] However, this report ran counter to reports to Congress, which showed a general downward trend in civilian deaths and ethno-sectarian violence since December 2006.[181] By late 2007, as the U.S. troop surge began to wind down, violence in Iraq had begun to decrease from its 2006 highs.[182]
Entire neighborhoods in Baghdad were ethnically cleansed by Shia and Sunni militias and sectarian violence has broken out in every Iraqi city where there is a mixed population.[183][184][185] Investigative reporter Bob Woodward cites U.S. government sources according to which the U.S. "surge" was not the primary reason for the drop in violence in 2007–08. Instead, according to that view, the reduction of violence was due to newer covert techniques by U.S. military and intelligence officials to find, target and kill insurgents, including working closely with former insurgents.[186]
In the Shia region near Basra, British forces turned over security for the region to Iraqi Security Forces. Basra is the ninth province of Iraq's 18 provinces to be returned to local security forces' control since the beginning of the occupation.[187]
Political developments[edit]
Official Iraq-benchmark of the Congress, 2007
More than half of the members of Iraq's parliament rejected the continuing occupation of their country for the first time. 144 of the 275 lawmakers signed onto a legislative petition that would require the Iraqi government to seek approval from Parliament before it requests an extension of the UN mandate for foreign forces to be in Iraq, which expires at the end of 2008. It also calls for a timetable for troop withdrawal and a freeze on the size of foreign forces. The UN Security Council mandate for U.S.‑led forces in Iraq will terminate "if requested by the government of Iraq."[188] Under Iraqi law, the speaker must present a resolution called for by a majority of lawmakers.[189] 59% of those polled in the U.S. support a timetable for withdrawal.[190]
In mid-2007, the Coalition began a controversial program to recruit Iraqi Sunnis (often former insurgents) for the formation of "Guardian" militias. These Guardian militias are intended to support and secure various Sunni neighborhoods against the Islamists.[191]
Tensions with Iran[edit]
Further information: United States-Iran relations and Karbala provincial headquarters raid
In 2007, tensions increased greatly between Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan due to the latter's giving sanctuary to the militant Kurdish secessionist group Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan (PEJAK.) According to reports, Iran had been shelling PEJAK positions in Iraqi Kurdistan since 16 August. These tensions further increased with an alleged border incursion on 23 August by Iranian troops who attacked several Kurdish villages killing an unknown number of civilians and militants.[192]
Coalition forces also began to target alleged Iranian Quds force operatives in Iraq, either arresting or killing suspected members. The Bush administration and coalition leaders began to publicly state that Iran was supplying weapons, particularly EFP devices, to Iraqi insurgents and militias although to date have failed to provide any proof for these allegations. Further sanctions on Iranian organizations were also announced by the Bush administration in the autumn of 2007. On 21 November 2007, Lieutenant General James Dubik, who is in charge of training Iraqi security forces, praised Iran for its "contribution to the reduction of violence" in Iraq by upholding its pledge to stop the flow of weapons, explosives and training of extremists in Iraq.[193]
Tensions with Turkey[edit]
Further information: 2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
Border incursions by PKK militants based in Northern Iraq have continued to harass Turkish forces, with casualties on both sides. In the fall of 2007, the Turkish military stated their right to cross the Iraqi Kurdistan border in "hot pursuit" of PKK militants and began shelling Kurdish areas in Iraq and attacking PKK bases in the Mount Cudi region with aircraft.[194][195] The Turkish parliament approved a resolution permitting the military to pursue the PKK in Iraqi Kurdistan.[196] In November, Turkish gunships attacked parts of northern Iraq in the first such attack by Turkish aircraft since the border tensions escalated.[197] Another series of attacks in mid-December hit PKK targets in the Qandil, Zap, Avashin and Hakurk regions. The latest series of attacks involved at least 50 aircraft and artillery and Kurdish officials reported one civilian killed and two wounded.[198]
Additionally, weapons that were given to Iraqi security forces by the U.S. military were being recovered by authorities in Turkey after being used by PKK in that state.[199]
Blackwater private security controversy[edit]
Main article: Blackwater Baghdad shootings
On 17 September 2007, the Iraqi government announced that it was revoking the license of the U.S. security firm Blackwater USA over the firm's involvement in the killing of eight civilians, including a woman and an infant,[200] in a firefight that followed a car bomb explosion near a State Department motorcade.
2008: Civil war continues[edit]
Further information: 2008 in Iraq
Soldiers of the 3rd Brigade, 14th Iraqi Army division graduate from basic training.
Throughout 2008, U.S. officials and independent think tanks began to point to improvements in the security situation, as measured by key statistics. According to the U.S. Defense Department, in December 2008 the "overall level of violence" in the country had dropped 80% since before the surge began in January 2007, and the country's murder rate had dropped to prewar levels. They also pointed out that the casualty figure for U.S. forces in 2008 was 314 against a figure of 904 in 2007.[201]
According to the Brookings Institution, Iraqi civilian fatalities numbered 490 in November 2008 as against 3,500 in January 2007, whereas attacks against the coalition numbered somewhere between 200 and 300 per week in the latter half of 2008, as opposed to a peak of nearly 1,600 in summer 2007. The number of Iraqi security forces killed was under 100 per month in the second half of 2008, from a high of 200 to 300 in summer 2007.[202]
Meanwhile, the proficiency of the Iraqi military increased as it launched a spring offensive against Shia militias, which Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki had previously been criticized for allowing to operate. This began with a March operation against the Mehdi Army in Basra, which led to fighting in Shia areas up and down the country, especially in the Sadr City district of Baghdad. By October, the British officer in charge of Basra said that since the operation the town had become "secure" and had a murder rate comparable to Manchester in England.[203] The U.S. military also said there had been a decrease of about a quarter in the quantity of Iranian-made explosives found in Iraq in 2008, possibly indicating a change in Iranian policy.[204]
Progress in Sunni areas continued after members of the Awakening movement were transferred from U.S. military to Iraqi control.[205] In May, the Iraqi army – backed by coalition support – launched an offensive in Mosul, the last major Iraqi stronghold of al-Qaeda. Despite detaining thousands of individuals, the offensive failed to lead to major long-term security improvements in Mosul. At the end of the year, the city remained a major flashpoint.[206][207]
3D map of southern Turkey and northern Iraq
In the regional dimension, the ongoing conflict between Turkey and PKK[208][209][210] intensified on 21 February, when Turkey launched a ground attack into the Quandeel Mountains of Northern Iraq. In the nine-day-long operation, around 10,000 Turkish troops advanced up to 25 km into Northern Iraq. This was the first substantial ground incursion by Turkish forces since 1995.[211][212]
Shortly after the incursion began, both the Iraqi cabinet and the Kurdistan regional government condemned Turkey's actions and called for the immediate withdrawal of Turkish troops from the region.[213] Turkish troops withdrew on 29 February.[214] The fate of the Kurds and the future of the ethnically diverse city of Kirkuk remained a contentious issue in Iraqi politics.
U.S. military officials met these trends with cautious optimism as they approached what they described as the "transition" embodied in the U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement, which was negotiated throughout 2008.[201] The commander of the coalition, U.S. General Raymond T. Odierno, noted that "in military terms, transitions are the most dangerous time" in December 2008.[201]
Spring offensives on Shiite militias[edit]
Further information: Iraq Spring Fighting of 2008, Siege of Sadr City, and Battle of Basra (2008)
An Iraqi soldier and vehicles from the 42nd Brigade, 11th Iraqi Army Division during a firefight with armed militiamen in the Sadr City district of Baghdad 17 April 2008.
At the end of March, the Iraqi Army, with Coalition air support, launched an offensive, dubbed "Charge of the Knights", in Basra to secure the area from militias. This was the first major operation where the Iraqi Army did not have direct combat support from conventional coalition ground troops. The offensive was opposed by the Mahdi Army, one of the militias, which controlled much of the region.[215][216] Fighting quickly spread to other parts of Iraq: including Sadr City, Al Kut, Al Hillah and others. During the fighting Iraqi forces met stiff resistance from militiamen in Basra to the point that the Iraqi military offensive slowed to a crawl, with the high attrition rates finally forcing the Sadrists to the negotiating table.
Following talks with Brig. Gen. Qassem Suleimani, commander of the Qods brigades of Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps, and the intercession of the Iranian government, on 31 March 2008, al‑Sadr ordered his followers to ceasefire.[217] The militiamen kept their weapons.
By 12 May 2008, Basra "residents overwhelmingly reported a substantial improvement in their everyday lives" according to The New York Times. "Government forces have now taken over Islamic militants' headquarters and halted the death squads and 'vice enforcers' who attacked women, Christians, musicians, alcohol sellers and anyone suspected of collaborating with Westerners", according to the report; however, when asked how long it would take for lawlessness to resume if the Iraqi army left, one resident replied, "one day".[216]
In late April roadside bombings continued to rise from a low in January—from 114 bombings to more than 250, surpassing the May 2007 high.
Congressional testimony[edit]
General David Petraeus in testimony before Congress on 8 April 2008
Speaking before the Congress on 8 April 2008, General David Petraeus urged delaying troop withdrawals, saying, "I've repeatedly noted that we haven't turned any corners, we haven't seen any lights at the end of the tunnel," referencing the comments of then President Bush and former Vietnam-era General William Westmoreland.[218] When asked by the Senate if reasonable people could disagree on the way forward, Petraeus said, "We fight for the right of people to have other opinions."[219]
Upon questioning by then Senate committee chair Joe Biden, Ambassador Crocker admitted that Al‑Qaeda in Iraq was less important than the Al Qaeda organization led by Osama bin Laden along the Afghan-Pakistani border.[220] Lawmakers from both parties complained that U.S. taxpayers are carrying Iraq's burden as it earns billions of dollars in oil revenues.
Iraqi security forces rearm[edit]
An Iraqi Army unit prepares to board a Task Force Baghdad UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter for a counterinsurgency mission in Baghdad in 2007.
Iraq became one of the top purchasers of U.S. military equipment with their army trading its AK‑47 assault rifles for the U.S. M‑16 and M‑4 rifles, among other equipment.[221] In 2008 alone, Iraq accounted for more than $12.5 billion of the $34 billion U.S. weapon sales to foreign countries (not including the potential F-16 fighter planes.).[222]
Iraq sought 36 F‑16s, the most sophisticated weapons system Iraq has attempted to purchase. The Pentagon notified Congress that it had approved the sale of 24 American attack helicopters to Iraq, valued at as much as $2.4 billion. Including the helicopters, Iraq announced plans to purchase at least $10 billion in U.S. tanks and armored vehicles, transport planes and other battlefield equipment and services. Over the summer, the Defense Department announced that the Iraqi government wanted to order more than 400 armored vehicles and other equipment worth up to $3 billion, and six C-130J transport planes, worth up to $1.5 billion.[223][224] From 2005 to 2008, the United States had completed approximately $20 billion in arms sales agreements with Iraq.[225]
Status of forces agreement[edit]
Main article: U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement
The U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement was approved by the Iraqi government on 4 December 2008.[226] It established that U.S. combat forces would withdraw from Iraqi cities by 30 June 2009, and that all U.S. forces would be completely out of Iraq by 31 December 2011. The pact was subject to possible negotiations which could have delayed withdrawal and a referendum scheduled for mid-2009 in Iraq, which might have required all U.S. forces to completely leave by the middle of 2010.[227][228] The pact required criminal charges for holding prisoners over 24 hours, and required a warrant for searches of homes and buildings that are not related to combat.[229]
U.S. contractors working for U.S. forces will be subject to Iraqi criminal law, while contractors working for the State Department and other U.S. agencies may retain their immunity. If U.S. forces commit still undecided "major premeditated felonies" while off-duty and off-base, they will be subject to the still undecided procedures laid out by a joint U.S.‑Iraq committee if the United States certifies the forces were off-duty.[230][231][232][233]
Some Americans have discussed "loopholes"[234] and some Iraqis have said they believe parts of the pact remain a "mystery".[235] U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates has predicted that after 2011 he would expect to see "perhaps several tens of thousands of American troops" as part of a residual force in Iraq.[236]
Several groups of Iraqis protested the passing of the SOFA accord[237][238][239] as prolonging and legitimizing the occupation. Tens of thousands of Iraqis burned an effigy of George W. Bush in a central Baghdad square where U.S. troops five years previously organized a tearing down of a statue of Saddam Hussein.[119][235][240] Some Iraqis expressed skeptical optimism that the U.S. would completely end its presence by 2011.[241] On 4 December 2008, Iraq's presidential council approved the security pact.[226]
A representative of Grand Ayatollah Ali Husseini al‑Sistani expressed concern with the ratified version of the pact and noted that the government of Iraq has no authority to control the transfer of occupier forces into and out of Iraq, no control of shipments, and that the pact grants the occupiers immunity from prosecution in Iraqi courts. He said that Iraqi rule in the country is not complete while the occupiers are present, but that ultimately the Iraqi people would judge the pact in a referendum.[240] Thousands of Iraqis have gathered weekly after Friday prayers and shouted anti‑U.S. and anti-Israeli slogans protesting the security pact between Baghdad and Washington. A protester said that despite the approval of the Interim Security pact, the Iraqi people would break it in a referendum next year.[242]
2009: Coalition redeployment[edit]
Further information: 2009 in Iraq
Transfer of Green Zone[edit]
Aerial view of the Green Zone, Baghdad International Airport, and the contiguous Victory Base Complex in Baghdad
On 1 January 2009, the United States handed control of the Green Zone and Saddam Hussein's presidential palace to the Iraqi government in a ceremonial move described by the country's prime minister as a restoration of Iraq's sovereignty. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki said he would propose 1 January be declared national "Sovereignty Day". "This palace is the symbol of Iraqi sovereignty and by restoring it, a real message is directed to all Iraqi people that Iraqi sovereignty has returned to its natural status", al‑Maliki said.
The U.S. military attributed a decline in reported civilian deaths to several factors including the U.S.‑led "troop surge", the growth of U.S.-funded Awakening Councils, and Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr's call for his militia to abide by a cease fire.[243]
Provincial elections[edit]
Main article: Iraqi governorate elections, 2009
Election map. Shows what was the largest list in every governorate.
On 31 January, Iraq held provincial elections.[244] Provincial candidates and those close to them faced some political assassinations and attempted assassinations, and there was also some other violence related to the election.[245][246][247][248]
Iraqi voter turnout failed to meet the original expectations which were set and was the lowest on record in Iraq,[249] but U.S. Ambassador Ryan Crocker characterized the turnout as "large".[250] Of those who turned out to vote, some groups complained of disenfranchisement and fraud.[249][251][252] After the post-election curfew was lifted, some groups made threats about what would happen if they were unhappy with the results.[253]
Play media
U.S. President Barack Obama delivering a speech at Camp Lejeune on 27 February 2009.
Exit strategy announcement[edit]
On 27 February, United States President Barack Obama gave a speech at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in the U.S. state of North Carolina announcing that the U.S. combat mission in Iraq would end by 31 August 2010. A "transitional force" of up to 50,000 troops tasked with training the Iraqi Security Forces, conducting counterterrorism operations, and providing general support may remain until the end of 2011, the president added. However, the insurgency in 2011 and the rise of ISIS in 2014 caused the war to continue[254]
The day before Obama's speech, Prime Minister of Iraq Nuri al‑Maliki said at a press conference that the government of Iraq had "no worries" over the impending departure of U.S. forces and expressed confidence in the ability of the Iraqi Security Forces and police to maintain order without U.S. military support.[255]
Sixth anniversary protests[edit]
On 9 April, the 6th anniversary of Baghdad's fall to coalition forces, tens of thousands of Iraqis thronged Baghdad to mark the anniversary and demand the immediate departure of coalition forces. The crowds of Iraqis stretched from the Sadr City slum in northeast Baghdad to the square around 5 km (3.1 mi) away, where protesters burned an effigy featuring the face of U.S. President George W. Bush.[256] There were also Sunni Muslims in the crowd. Police said many Sunnis, including prominent leaders such as a founding sheikh from the Sons of Iraq, took part.[257]
Coalition forces withdraw[edit]
On 30 April, the United Kingdom formally ended combat operations. Prime Minister Gordon Brown characterized the operation in Iraq as a "success story" because of UK troops' efforts. Britain handed control of Basra to the United States Armed Forces.[258]
On 28 July, Australia withdrew its combat forces as the Australian military presence in Iraq ended, per an agreement with the Iraqi government.
The withdrawal of U.S. forces began at the end of June, with 38 bases to be handed over to Iraqi forces. On 29 June 2009, U.S. forces withdrew from Baghdad. On 30 November 2009, Iraqi Interior Ministry officials reported that the civilian death toll in Iraq fell to its lowest level in November since the 2003 invasion.[259]
Iraq awards oil contracts[edit]
U.S. Navy and Coast Guard personnel stand guard aboard the Al Basrah Oil Terminal in July 2009.
On 30 June and 11 December 2009, the Iraqi ministry of oil awarded contracts to international oil companies for some of Iraq's many oil fields. The winning oil companies enter joint ventures with the Iraqi ministry of oil, and the terms of the awarded contracts include extraction of oil for a fixed fee of approximately $1.40 per barrel.[260][261][262] The fees will only be paid once a production threshold set by the Iraqi ministry of oil is reached.
2010: U.S. drawdown and Operation New Dawn [edit]
Further information: 2010 in Iraq and Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq
On 17 February 2010, U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced that as of 1 September, the name "Operation Iraqi Freedom" would be replaced by "Operation New Dawn".[263]
On 18 April, U.S. and Iraqi forces killed Abu Ayyub al-Masri the leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq in a joint American and Iraqi operation near Tikrit, Iraq.[264] The coalition forces believed al-Masri to be wearing a suicide vest and proceeded cautiously. After the lengthy exchange of fire and bombing of the house, the Iraqi troops stormed inside and found two women still alive, one of whom was al-Masri's wife, and four dead men, identified as al-Masri, Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi, an assistant to al-Masri, and al-Baghdadi's son. A suicide vest was indeed found on al-Masri's corpse, as the Iraqi Army subsequently stated.[265] Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki announced the killings of Abu Omar al-Baghdadi and Abu Ayyub al-Masri at a news conference in Baghdad and showed reporters photographs of their bloody corpses. "The attack was carried out by ground forces which surrounded the house, and also through the use of missiles," Mr Maliki said. "During the operation computers were seized with e-mails and messages to the two biggest terrorists, Osama bin Laden and [his deputy] Ayman al-Zawahiri", Maliki added. U.S. forces commander Gen. Raymond Odierno praised the operation. "The death of these terrorists is potentially the most significant blow to al‑Qaeda in Iraq since the beginning of the insurgency", he said. "There is still work to do but this is a significant step forward in ridding Iraq of terrorists."
U.S. Vice President Joe Biden stated that the deaths of the top two al‑Qaeda figures in Iraq are "potentially devastating" blows to the terror network there and proof that Iraqi security forces are gaining ground.[266]
On 20 June, Iraq's Central Bank was bombed in an attack that left 15 people dead and brought much of downtown Baghdad to a standstill. The attack was claimed to have been carried out by the Islamic State of Iraq. This attack was followed by another attack on Iraq's Bank of Trade building that killed 26 and wounded 52 people.[267]
Iraqi commandos training under the supervision of soldiers from the U.S. 82nd Airborne in December 2010.
In late August 2010, insurgents conducted a major attack with at least 12 car bombs simultaneously detonating from Mosul to Basra and killing at least 51. These attacks coincided with the U.S. plans for a withdrawal of combat troops.[268]
From the end of August 2010, the United States attempted to dramatically cut its combat role in Iraq, with the withdrawal of all U.S. ground forces designated for active combat operations. The last U.S. combat brigades departed Iraq in the early morning of 19 August. Convoys of U.S. troops had been moving out of Iraq to Kuwait for several days, and NBC News broadcast live from Iraq as the last convoy crossed the border. While all combat brigades left the country, an additional 50,000 personnel (including Advise and Assist Brigades) remained in the country to provide support for the Iraqi military.[269][270] These troops are required to leave Iraq by 31 December 2011 under an agreement between the U.S. and Iraqi governments.[271]
The desire to step back from an active counter-insurgency role did not however mean that the Advise and Assist Brigades and other remaining U.S. forces would not be caught up in combat. A standards memo from the Associated Press reiterated "combat in Iraq is not over, and we should not uncritically repeat suggestions that it is, even if they come from senior officials".[272]
State Department spokesman P. J. Crowley stated "... we are not ending our work in Iraq, We have a long-term commitment to Iraq."[273] On 31 August, Obama announced the end of Operation Iraqi Freedom from the Oval Office. In his address, he covered the role of the United States' soft power, the effect the war had on the United States economy, and the legacy of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars.[274]
On the same day in Iraq, at a ceremony at one of Saddam Hussein's former residences at Al Faw Palace in Baghdad, a number of U.S. dignitaries spoke in a ceremony for television cameras, avoiding overtones of the triumphalism present in U.S. announcements made earlier in the war. Vice President Joe Biden expressed concerns regarding the ongoing lack of progress in forming a new Iraqi government, saying of the Iraqi people that "they expect a government that reflects the results of the votes they cast". Gen. Ray Odierno stated that the new era "in no way signals the end of our commitment to the people of Iraq". Speaking in Ramadi earlier in the day, Gates said that U.S. forces "have accomplished something really quite extraordinary here, [but] how it all weighs in the balance over time I think remains to be seen". When asked by reporters if the seven-year war was worth doing, Gates commented that "It really requires a historian's perspective in terms of what happens here in the long run". He noted the Iraq War "will always be clouded by how it began" regarding Saddam Hussein's supposed weapons of mass destruction, which were never confirmed to have existed. Gates continued, "This is one of the reasons that this war remains so controversial at home".[275] On the same day Gen. Ray Odierno was replaced by Lloyd Austin as Commander of U.S. forces in Iraq.
Alabama Army National Guard MP, MSG Schur, during a joint community policing patrol in Basra, 3 April 2010
On 7 September, two U.S. troops were killed and nine wounded in an incident at an Iraqi military base. The incident is under investigation by Iraqi and U.S. forces, but it is believed that an Iraqi soldier opened fire on U.S. forces.[276]
On 8 September, the U.S. Army announced the arrival in Iraq of the first specifically-designated Advise and Assist Brigade, the 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment. It was announced that the unit would assume responsibilities in five southern provinces.[277] From 10–13 September, Second Advise and Assist Brigade, 25th Infantry Division fought Iraqi insurgents near Diyala.
According to reports from Iraq, hundreds of members of the Sunni Awakening Councils may have switched allegiance back to the Iraqi insurgency or al Qaeda.[278]
In October, WikiLeaks disclosed 391,832 classified U.S. military documents on the Iraq War.[279][280][281] Approximately, 58 people were killed with another 40 wounded in an attack on the Sayidat al‑Nejat church, a Chaldean Catholic church in Baghdad. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by the Islamic State in Iraq organization.[282]
Coordinated attacks in primarily Shia areas struck throughout Baghdad on 2 November, killing approximately 113 and wounding 250 with around 17 bombs.[283]
Iraqi arms purchases[edit]
As U.S. forces departed the country, the Iraq Defense Ministry solidified plans to purchase advanced military equipment from the United States. Plans in 2010 called for $13 billion of purchases, to include 140 M1 Abrams main battle tanks.[284] In addition to the $13 billion purchase, the Iraqis also requested 18 F-16 Fighting Falcons as part of a $4.2 billion program that also included aircraft training and maintenance, AIM‑9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, laser-guided bombs and reconnaissance equipment.[285] All Abrams tanks were delivered by the end of 2011,[286] but the first F-16s did not arrive in Iraq until 2015, due to concerns that the Islamic State might overrun Balad Air Base.[287]
The Iraqi navy also purchased 12 U.S.‑built Swift-class patrol boats, at a cost of $20 million each. Delivery was completed in 2013.[288] The vessels are used to protect the oil terminals at Basra and Khor al-Amiya.[285] Two U.S.‑built offshore support vessels, each costing $70 million, were delivered in 2011.[289]
M1 Abrams tanks in Iraqi service, January 2011
UN lifts restrictions on Iraq[edit]
In a move to legitimize the existing Iraqi government, the United Nations lifted the Saddam Hussein-era UN restrictions on Iraq. These included allowing Iraq to have a civilian nuclear program, permitting the participation of Iraq in international nuclear and chemical weapons treaties, as well as returning control of Iraq's oil and gas revenue to the government and ending the Oil-for-Food Programme.[290]
2011: U.S. withdrawal[edit]
Main article: Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq
Further information: 2011 in Iraq
Muqtada al-Sadr returned to Iraq in the holy city of Najaf to lead the Sadrist movement after being in exile since 2007.[291]
On 15 January 2011, three U.S. troops were killed in Iraq. One of the troops was killed on a military operation in central Iraq, while the other two troops were deliberately shot by one or two Iraqi soldiers during a training exercise.[292]
On 6 June, five U.S. troops were killed in an apparent rocket attack on JSS Loyalty.[293] A sixth soldier, who was wounded in the attack, died 10 days later of his wounds.[294]
On 13 June 2011, two U.S. troops were killed in an IED attack located in Wasit Province.[295]
On 26 June 2011, a U.S. troop was killed.[296] Sergeant Brent McBride was sentenced to four years, two months for the death.[297]
On 29 June, three U.S. troops were killed in a rocket attack on a U.S. base located near the border with Iran. It was speculated that the militant group responsible for the attack was the same one which attacked JSS Loyalty just over three weeks before.[298] With the three deaths, June 2011, became the bloodiest month in Iraq for the U.S. military since June 2009, with 15 U.S. soldiers killed, only one of them outside combat.[299]
In September, Iraq signed a contract to buy 18 Lockheed Martin F-16 warplanes, becoming the 26th nation to operate the F-16. Because of windfall profits from oil, the Iraqi government is planning to double this originally planned 18, to 36 F-16s. Iraq is relying on the U.S. military for air support as it rebuilds its forces and battles a stubborn Islamist insurgency.[300]
With the collapse of the discussions about extending the stay of any U.S. troops beyond 2011, where they would not be granted any immunity from the Iraqi government, on 21 October 2011, President Obama announced at a White House press conference that all remaining U.S. troops and trainers would leave Iraq by the end of the year as previously scheduled, bringing the U.S. mission in Iraq to an end.[301] The last American soldier to die in Iraq before the withdrawal was killed by a roadside bomb in Baghdad on 14 November.[302]
In November 2011, the U.S. Senate voted down a resolution to formally end the war by bringing its authorization by Congress to an end.[303]
U.S. and Kuwaiti troops closing the gate between Kuwait and Iraq on 18 December 2011.
The last U.S. troops withdrew from Iraq on 18 December, although the U.S. embassy and consulates continue to maintain a staff of more than 20,000 including U.S. Marine Embassy Guards and between 4,000 and 5,000 private military contractors.[304][305] The next day, Iraqi officials issued an arrest warrant for the Sunni Vice-President Tariq al-Hashimi. He has been accused of involvement in assassinations and fled to the Kurdish part of Iraq.[306]
Aftermath – post U.S. withdrawal[edit]
Main article: Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)
See also: Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014) and Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)
See also: Iraqi Civil War (2014–present)
See also: American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
000000002018-04-13-0000April 13, 2018 military situation:
Controlled by Iraqi government
Controlled by the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS)
Controlled by Iraqi Kurds
Controlled by Syrian government
Controlled by Syrian rebels
Controlled by Syrian Kurds
The invasion and occupation led to sectarian violence which caused widespread displacement among Iraqi civilians. The Iraqi Red Crescent organization estimated the total internal displacement was around 2.3 million in 2008, with as many as 2 million Iraqis having left the country. Poverty led many Iraqi women to turn to prostitution to support themselves and their families, attracting sex tourists from regional lands. The invasion led to a constitution which supported democracy as long as laws did not violate traditional Islamic principles, and a parliamentary election was held in 2005. In addition the invasion preserved the autonomy of the Kurdish region, and stability brought new economic prosperity. Because the Kurdish region is historically the most democratic area of Iraq, many Iraqi refugees from other territories fled into the Kurdish land.[307]
Iraqi insurgency surged in the aftermath of the U.S. withdrawal as insurgent groups, primarily radical Sunni, fought against the central government. Some 1,000 people were killed across Iraq within the first two months after U.S. withdrawal.
Sectarian violence continued in the first half of 2013. At least 56 people died in April when a Sunni protest in Hawija was interrupted by a government-supported helicopter raid and a series of violent incidents occurred in May. On 20 May 2013, at least 95 people died in a wave of car bomb attacks that was preceded by a car bombing on 15 May that led to 33 deaths; also, on 18 May, 76 people were killed in the Sunni areas of Baghdad. Some experts have stated that Iraq could return to the brutal sectarian conflict of 2006.[308][309]
On 22 July 2013, at least five hundred convicts, most of whom were senior members of al-Qaida who had received death sentences, broke out of Iraq's Abu Ghraib jail when comrades launched a military-style assault to free them. The attack began when a suicide bomber drove a car packed with explosives into prison gates.[310] James F. Jeffrey, the United States ambassador in Baghdad when the last American troops exited, said the assault and resulting escape "will provide seasoned leadership and a morale boost to Al Qaeda and its allies in both Iraq and Syria ... it is likely to have an electrifying impact on the Sunni population in Iraq, which has been sitting on the fence."[311]
By mid-2014 the country was in chaos with a new government yet to be formed following national elections, and the insurgency reaching new heights. In early June 2014 the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) took over the cities of Mosul and Tikrit and said it was ready to march on Baghdad, while Iraqi Kurdish forces took control of key military installations in the major oil city of Kirkuk. Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki asked his parliament to declare a state of emergency that would give him increased powers, but the lawmakers refused.[312]
In the summer of 2014 President Obama announced the return of U.S. forces to Iraq, but only in the form of aerial support, in an effort to halt the advance of ISIS forces, render humanitarian aid to stranded refugees and stabilize the political situation.[313] On 14 August 2014, Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki succumbed to pressure at home and abroad to step down. This paved the way for Haidar al-Abadi to take over on 19 August 2014. In what was claimed to be revenge for the aerial bombing ordered by President Obama, ISIS, which by this time had changed their name to the Islamic State, beheaded an American journalist, James Foley, who had been kidnapped two years previously. Despite U.S. bombings and breakthroughs on the political front, Iraq remained in chaos with the Islamic State consolidating its gains, and sectarian violence continuing unabated. On 22 August 2014, suspected Shia militants opened fire on a Sunni mosque during Friday prayers, killing 70 worshippers. Separately, Iraqi forces in helicopters killed 30 Sunni fighters in the town of Dhuluiya.[314] A day later, apparently in retaliation for the attack on the mosque, three bombings across Iraq killed 35 people.[315]
Casualty estimates[edit]
Main article: Casualties of the Iraq War
See also: Foreign hostages in Iraq and List of bombings during the Iraq War
Wounded U.S. personnel flown from Iraq to Ramstein, Germany, for medical treatment (February 2007)
Marines unload a wounded comrade from an Army UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter for medical treatment at Al Qaim.
For coalition death totals see the infobox at the top right. See also Casualties of the Iraq War, which has casualty numbers for coalition nations, contractors, non-Iraqi civilians, journalists, media helpers, aid workers, and the wounded. Casualty figures, especially Iraqi ones, are highly disputed.
There have been several attempts by the media, coalition governments and others to estimate the Iraqi casualties. The table below summarizes some of these estimates and methods.
Source
Iraqi casualties
March 2003 to ...
Iraq Family Health Survey 151,000 violent deaths. June 2006
Lancet survey 601,027 violent deaths out of 654,965 excess deaths. June 2006
PLOS Medicine Study 460,000 excess deaths including 132,000 violent deaths from conflict violent deaths from the conflict.[49] June 2011
Opinion Research Business survey 1,033,000 violent deaths from the conflict. August 2007
Iraqi Health Ministry 87,215 violent deaths per death certificates issued.
Deaths prior to January 2005 unrecorded.
Ministry estimates up to 20% more deaths are undocumented. January 2005 to
February 2009
Associated Press 110,600 violent deaths.
Health Ministry death certificates plus AP estimate of casualties for 2003–04. April 2009
Iraq Body Count 105,052–114,731 violent civilian deaths.
compiled from commercial news media, NGO and official reports.
Over 162,000 civilian and combatant deaths January 2012
WikiLeaks. Classified Iraq War Logs 109,032 violent deaths including 66,081 civilian deaths. January 2004 to
December 2009
Criticism and cost[edit]
Further information: Criticism of the Iraq War, Opposition to the Iraq War, Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Legality of the Iraq War, Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Protests against the Iraq War, American popular opinion on invasion of Iraq, Governmental positions on the Iraq War prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Media coverage of the Iraq War, and Public relations preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq
See also: Iraq War misappropriations, Habbush letter, and The Way of the World (book)
A city street in Ramadi heavily damaged by the fighting in 2006
A memorial in North Carolina in December 2007; U.S. casualty count can be seen in the background[316]
The Bush Administration's rationale for the Iraq War has faced heavy criticism from an array of popular and official sources both inside and outside the United States, with many U.S. citizens finding many parallels with the Vietnam War.[317] For example, a former CIA officer described the Office of Special Plans as a group of ideologues who were dangerous to U.S. national security and a threat to world peace, and stated that the group lied and manipulated intelligence to further its agenda of removing Saddam.[318] The Center for Public Integrity alleges that the Bush administration made a total of 935 false statements between 2001 and 2003 about Iraq's alleged threat to the United States.[319]
Both proponents and opponents of the invasion have also criticized the prosecution of the war effort along a number of other lines. Most significantly, critics have assailed the United States and its allies for not devoting enough troops to the mission, not adequately planning for post-invasion Iraq, and for permitting and perpetrating human rights abuses. As the war has progressed, critics have also railed against the high human and financial costs. In 2016, the United Kingdom published the Iraq Inquiry, a public inquiry which was broadly critical of the actions of the British government and military in making the case for the war, in tactics and in planning for the aftermath of the war.[320][321][322]
Iraq
States participating in the invasion of Iraq
States in support of an invasion
States in opposition to an invasion
States with an uncertain or no official standpoint
Criticisms include:
Legality of the invasion[323][324]
Human casualties
Human rights violations such as the Iraq prison abuse scandals
Insufficient post-invasion plans, in particular inadequate troop levels (a RAND Corporation study stated that 500,000 troops would be required for success)[325]
Financial costs with approximately $612 billion spent as of 4/09 the CBO has estimated the total cost of the war in Iraq to the United States will be around $1.9 trillion.[326]
Adverse effect on U.S.-led global "war on terror"[327][328]
Damage to U.S.' traditional alliances and influence in the region, especially Israel[329] and Saudi Arabia.[330]
Endangerment and ethnic cleansing of religious and ethnic minorities by insurgents[184][331][332][333][334]
Disruption of Iraqi oil production and related energy security concerns (the price of oil has quadrupled since 2002)[335][336]
After President Barack Obama was inaugurated in 2009, some anti-war groups decided to stop protesting even though the war was still going on. Some of them decided to stop because they felt they should give the new President time to establish his administration, and others stopped because they believed that Obama would end the war.[337]
Financial cost[edit]
In March 2013, the total cost of the Iraq War to date was estimated at $1.7 trillion by the Watson Institute of International Studies at Brown University.[338] Some argue that the total cost of the war to the U.S. economy will range from $3 trillion[339] to $6 trillion,[340] including interest rates, by 2053, as described in the Watson Institute's report. The upper ranges of these estimates include long-term veterans costs and economic impacts. For example, Harvard's public finance expert Linda J. Bilmes has estimated that the long-term cost of providing disability compensation and medical care to U.S. troops injured in the Iraq conflict will reach nearly $1 trillion over the next 40 years,[341] and that the war in Iraq diverted resources from the war in Afghanistan, led to rising oil prices, increased the federal debt, and contributed to a global financial crisis.[342]
A CNN report noted that the United States-led interim government, the Coalition Provisional Authority lasting until 2004 in Iraq had lost $8.8 billion in the Development Fund for Iraq. In June 2011, it was reported by CBS News that $6 billion in neatly packaged blocks of $100 bills was air-lifted into Iraq by the George W. Bush administration, which flew it into Baghdad aboard C‑130 military cargo planes. In total, the Times says $12 billion in cash was flown into Iraq in 21 separate flights by May 2004, all of which has disappeared. An inspector general's report mentioned that "'Severe inefficiencies and poor management' by the Coalition Provisional Authority would leave no guarantee that the money was properly used", said Stuart W. Bowen, Jr., director of the Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction. "The CPA did not establish or implement sufficient managerial, financial and contractual controls to ensure that funds were used in a transparent manner."[343] Bowen told the Times the missing money may represent "the largest theft of funds in national history."[344]
Humanitarian crises[edit]
Main articles: Humanitarian crises of the Iraq War and Refugees of Iraq
Child killed by a car bomb in Kirkuk, July 2011
The child malnutrition rate rose to 28%.[345] Some 60–70% of Iraqi children were reported to be suffering from psychological problems in 2007.[346] Most Iraqis had no access to safe drinking water. A cholera outbreak in northern Iraq was thought to be the result of poor water quality.[347] As many as half of Iraqi doctors left the country between 2003 and 2006.[348] The use of depleted uranium and white phosphorus by the U.S. military has been blamed for birth defects and cancers in the Iraqi city of Fallujah.[349][350][351]
By the end of 2015, according to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 4.4 million Iraqis had been internally displaced.[352] The population of Iraqi Christians dropped dramatically during the war, from 1.5 million in 2003 to 500,000 in 2015,[353] and perhaps only 275,000 in 2016.
The Foreign Policy Association reported that "Perhaps the most perplexing component of the Iraq refugee crisis ... has been the inability for the United States to absorb more Iraqis following the 2003 invasion of the country. To date, the United States has granted around 84,000 Iraqis refugee status, of the more than two million global Iraqi refugees. By contrast, the United States granted asylum to more than 100,000 Vietnamese refugees during the Vietnam War."[354][355][356]
Human rights abuses[edit]
Main article: Human rights in post-invasion Iraq
This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (July 2013)
Play media
Gun camera footage of the airstrike of 12 July 2007 in Baghdad, showing the slaying of Namir Noor-Eldeen and a dozen other civilians by a U.S. helicopter.
Throughout the entire Iraq war, there have been human rights abuses on all sides of the conflict.
Iraqi government[edit]
The use of torture by Iraqi security forces.[357]
Iraqi police from the Interior Ministry accused of forming Death Squads and committing numerous massacres and tortures of Sunni Arabs[358] and the police collusion with militias in Iraq have compounded the problems.
Coalition forces and private contractors[edit]
Main article: Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
This photograph from Abu Ghraib released in 2006 shows a pyramid of naked Iraqi prisoners.
Deaths of civilians as a result of bombing and missile strikes that fail to take all feasible precautions with regards to civilians casualties.[359]
Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse by U.S. Army personnel.[360]
Haditha killings of 24 civilians (ongoing with some charges dropped)
White phosphorus use in Iraq
Mahmudiyah rape and killings and murder of an Iraqi girl, and murder of her family.[361]
The torture and killing of prisoner of war, Iraqi Air Force commander, Abed Hamed Mowhoush
The killing of Baha Mousa
Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre[362] where 42 civilians were allegedly killed by coalition forces.
Planting weapons on noncombatant, unarmed Iraqis by three U.S. Marines after killing them.[363][364] According to a report by The Nation, other similar acts have been witnessed by U.S. soldiers.[365] Members of Iraq Veterans Against the War tell similar stories.[dubious – discuss][366]
Blackwater Baghdad shootings
Allegations of beatings, electrocution, mock executions, and sexual assault by British troops were presented to the International Criminal Court (ICC) by Public Interest Lawyers (PIL) and the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR) on 12 January 2014.[367]
Insurgent groups[edit]
Main article: Iraq War insurgent attacks
Further information: Suicide bombings in Iraq since 2003 and Tactics of the Iraqi insurgency
Car bombings are a frequently used tactic by insurgents in Iraq.
Killing over 12,000 Iraqis from January 2005 to June 2006, according to Iraqi Interior Minister Bayan Jabr, giving the first official count for the victims of bombings, ambushes and other deadly attacks.[368] The insurgents have also conducted numerous suicide attacks on the Iraqi civilian population, mostly targeting the majority Shia community.[369][370] An October 2005 report from Human Rights Watch examines the range of civilian attacks and their purported justification.[371]
Attacks against civilians including children through bombing of market places and other locations reachable by suicide bombers.
Attacks against civilians by sectarian death squads primarily during the Iraqi Civil war. Iraq Body Count project data shows that 33% of civilian deaths during the Iraq War resulted from execution after abduction or capture. These were overwhelmingly carried out by unknown actors including insurgents, sectarian militias and criminals.[372]
Attacks on diplomats and diplomatic facilities including; the bombing of the UN headquarters in Baghdad in August 2003 killing the top UN representative in Iraq and 21 other UN staff members;[373] beheading several diplomats: two Algerian diplomatic envoys Ali Belaroussi and Azzedine Belkadi,[374] Egyptian diplomatic envoy al-Sherif,[375] and four Russian diplomats.[376]
The February 2006 bombing of the al-Askari Mosque, destroying one of the holiest Shiite shrines, killing over 165 worshipers and igniting sectarian strife and reprisal killings.[377]
The publicised killing of several contractors; Eugene Armstrong, Jack Hensley, Kenneth Bigley, Ivaylo Kepov and Georgi Lazov (Bulgarian truck drivers.)[378] Other non-military personnel murdered include: translator Kim Sun-il, Shosei Koda, Fabrizio Quattrocchi (Italian), charity worker Margaret Hassan, reconstruction engineer Nick Berg, photographer Salvatore Santoro (Italian)[379] and supply worker Seif Adnan Kanaan (Iraqi.) Four private armed contractors, Scott Helvenston, Jerko Zovko, Wesley Batalona and Michael Teague, were killed with grenades and small arms fire, their bodies dragged from their vehicles, beaten and set ablaze. Their burned corpses were then dragged through the streets before being hung over a bridge crossing the Euphrates.[380]
Torture or killing of members of the New Iraqi Army,[381] and assassination of civilians associated with the Coalition Provisional Authority, such as Fern Holland, or the Iraqi Governing Council, such as Aqila al-Hashimi and Ezzedine Salim, or other foreign civilians, such as those from Kenya.[382]
Public opinion on the war[edit]
Main article: Public opinion on the Iraq War
International opinion[edit]
Protesters on 19 March 2005, in London, where over 150,000 marched
According to a January 2007 BBC World Service poll of more than 26,000 people in 25 countries, 73% of the global population disapproved of U.S. handling of the Iraq War.[383] A September 2007 poll conducted by the BBC found that two-thirds of the world's population believed the U.S. should withdraw its forces from Iraq.[384]
In 2006 it was found that majorities in the UK and Canada believed that the war in Iraq was "unjustified" and – in the UK – were critical of their government's support of U.S. policies in Iraq.[385]
According to polls conducted by the Arab American Institute, four years after the invasion of Iraq, 83% of Egyptians had a negative view of the U.S. role in Iraq; 68% of Saudi Arabians had a negative view; 96% of the Jordanian population had a negative view; 70% of the population of the United Arab Emirates and 76% of the Lebanese population also described their view as negative.[386] The Pew Global Attitudes Project reports that in 2006 majorities in the Netherlands, (Germany), Jordan, France, Lebanon, Russia, China, Canada, Poland, Pakistan, Spain, Indonesia, Turkey, and Morocco believed the world was safer before the Iraq War and the toppling of Saddam, while pluralities in the United States and India believe the world is safer without Saddam Hussein.[387]
Iraqi opinion[edit]
A woman pleads with an Iraqi army soldier from 2nd Company, 5th Brigade, 2nd Iraqi Army Division to let a suspected insurgent free during a raid near Tafaria, Iraq
Directly after the invasion, polling suggested that a slight majority supported the U.S. invasion.[388] Polls conducted between 2005 and 2007 showed 31–37% of Iraqi's wanted U.S. and other Coalition forces to withdraw once security was restored and that 26–35% wanted immediate withdrawal instead.[389][390][391] Despite a majority having previously been opposed to the U.S. presence, 60% of Iraqis opposed American troops leaving directly prior to withdrawal, with 51% saying withdrawal would have a negative effect.[392][393] In 2006, a poll conducted on the Iraqi public revealed that 52% of the ones polled said Iraq was going in the right direction and 61% claimed it was worth ousting Saddam Hussein.[389]
Relation to the Global War on Terrorism[edit]
Main article: Iraq War and U.S. Global War on Terror
Further information: Criticism of the War on Terrorism, Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda, and Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda timeline
Though explicitly stating that Iraq had "nothing" to do with 9/11,[394] erstwhile President George W. Bush consistently referred to the Iraq war as "the central front in the War on Terror", and argued that if the United States pulled out of Iraq, "terrorists will follow us here".[395][396][397] While other proponents of the war regularly echoed this assertion, as the conflict dragged on, members of the U.S. Congress, the U.S. public, and even U.S. troops questioned the connection between Iraq and the fight against anti-U.S. terrorism. In particular, a consensus developed among intelligence experts that the Iraq war actually increased terrorism. Counterterrorism expert Rohan Gunaratna frequently referred to the invasion of Iraq as a "fatal mistake".[398]
London's International Institute for Strategic Studies concluded in 2004 that the occupation of Iraq had become "a potent global recruitment pretext" for Mujahideen and that the invasion "galvanised" al-Qaeda and "perversely inspired insurgent violence" there.[399] The U.S. National Intelligence Council concluded in a January 2005 report that the war in Iraq had become a breeding ground for a new generation of terrorists; David Low, the national intelligence officer for transnational threats, indicated that the report concluded that the war in Iraq provided terrorists with "a training ground, a recruitment ground, the opportunity for enhancing technical skills ... There is even, under the best scenario, over time, the likelihood that some of the jihadists who are not killed there will, in a sense, go home, wherever home is, and will therefore disperse to various other countries." The Council's chairman Robert Hutchings said, "At the moment, Iraq is a magnet for international terrorist activity."[400] And the 2006 National Intelligence Estimate, which outlined the considered judgment of all 16 U.S. intelligence agencies, held that "The Iraq conflict has become the 'cause célèbre' for jihadists, breeding a deep resentment of U.S. involvement in the Muslim world and cultivating supporters for the global jihadist movement."[401]
Foreign involvement[edit]
Role of Saudi Arabia and non-Iraqis[edit]
See also: Saudi Arabia and terrorism
Origins of suicide bombers in Iraq 2003–2007
Nationality
Saudi Arabia
53
Iraq
18
Italy
8
Syria
8
Kuwait
7
Jordan
4
*Other
26
*Three each from Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Turkey, Yemen; two each from Belgium, France, Spain; one each from Britain, Lebanon, Morocco, Sudan[402]
According to studies, most of the suicide bombers in Iraq are foreigners, especially Saudis.[402][403][404]
Role of China and Russia[edit]
As an ally of Iraq, Russia was opposed to the invasion of Iraq. The foreign ministers of Russia, France and Germany made a joint declaration that they will "not allow" passage of a UN Security Council resolution authorising war against Iraq. Russia gave information to Saddam's government about the Bush administration's plans. The information included troop deployments, equipment, and their locations.[405]
Though the Chinese and Russian governments opposed the Iraq War, both China and Russia have benefited from the Iraq War while suffering none of the losses incurred by the countries that invaded. Two of the biggest Iraqi oil contracts went to China and Russia,[406] while the war itself allowed China to present itself as an alternative source of investment to the United States.[407]
Iranian involvement[edit]
Although some military intelligence analysts have concluded there is no concrete evidence, U.S. Major General Rick Lynch has claimed that Iran has provided training, weapons, money, and intelligence to Shiite insurgents in Iraq and that up to 150 Iranian intelligence agents, plus members of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard are believed to be active in Iraq at any given time.[408][409] Lynch thinks that members of the IRGC's Quds Force have trained members of the Qazali terror network in explosives technology and also provided the network with arms, munitions, and military advisors. Many explosive devices, including improvised explosives (IEDs) and explosively-formed projectiles (EFPs), used by insurgents are claimed by Lynch to be Iranian-made or designed.
According to two unnamed U.S. officials, the Pentagon is examining the possibility that the Karbala provincial headquarters raid, in which insurgents managed to infiltrate an American base, kill five U.S. soldiers, wound three, and destroy three humvees before fleeing, was supported by Iranians. In a speech on 31 January 2007, Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki stated that Iran was supporting attacks against Coalition forces in Iraq[410] and some Iraqis suspect that the raid may have been perpetrated by the Quds Force in retaliation for the detention of five Iranian officials by U.S. forces in the northern Iraqi city of Irbil on 11 January.[411][412]
In 2011, U.S. ambassador James Franklin Jeffrey stated "that Iranian proxies accounted for roughly a quarter of US combat casualties in Iraq—around 1,100 deaths and many thousands more injuries."[413]
See also[edit]
Iraq portal
Military of the United States portal
War portal
2000s portal
2010s portal
12 July 2007 Baghdad airstrike (associated with WikiLeaks in 2010)
Iraq–United States relations
National Network to End the War Against Iraq
Overseas interventions of the United States
Protests against the Iraq War
United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War
United States military casualties of war
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ The conflict is also known as the War in Iraq, the Occupation of Iraq, the Second Gulf War, and Gulf War II. The period of the war lasting from 2003 to 2010 was referred to as Operation Iraqi Freedom by the United States military.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Leaders’ statement on Iraq
Jump up ^ Greg Weston (16 May 2011). "Canada offered to aid Iraq invasion: WikiLeaks". CBC News.
Jump up ^ Regering. "Rapport Commissie-Davids". rijksoverheid.nl. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Elaheh Rostami-Povey, Iran's Influence: A Religious-Political State and Society in its Region, p130-154, Zed Books Ltd 2010.
Jump up ^ http://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Felter_Iranian_Strategy_in_Iraq.pdf
Jump up ^ President Barack Obama Speaks With VICE News. YouTube. 16 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Operations By Iran's Military Mastermind – Business Insider". Business Insider. 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Michael Petrou (9 September 2011). "The decline of al-Qaeda". Maclean's. George W. Bush gambled on surging thousands more troops to the embattled country. It paid off. Al-Qaeda in Iraq is now a diminished force without territory.
Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker. U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror. ISBN 1440838798. Al Qaeda in Iraq was decimated by the end of the Iraq War in 2011
Jump up ^ Galbraith, Peter W. (2007). The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War Without End. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0743294249. [page needed]
Jump up ^ "Iran expands regional 'empire' ahead of nuclear deal". Reuters.
Jump up ^ "How to Stop Iran's Growing Hegemony – National Review Online". National Review Online.
Jump up ^ "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Ctc.usma.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests". U.S. Department of State. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Operations By Iran's Military Mastermind – Business Insider". Business Insider. 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "A Timeline of Iraq War, Troop Levels". The Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ "Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Programs Charlene Lamb's Remarks on Private Contractors in Iraq". U.S. Department of State. 17 July 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies; Hackett, James (ed.) (3 February 2010). The Military Balance 2010. London: Routledge. ISBN 1-85743-557-5. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) [page needed]
Jump up ^ Rubin, Alissa J.; Nordland, Rod (29 March 2009). "Troops Arrest an Awakening Council Leader in Iraq, Setting Off Fighting". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Kurdish peshmerga forces will not be integrated into the Iraqi army: Mahmoud Sangawi — Interview". Ekurd.net. 22 January 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ The Brookings Institution Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq Archived 2 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. 1 October 2007
Jump up ^ Pincus, Walter. "Violence in Iraq Called Increasingly Complex". The Washington Post, 17 November 2006.
Jump up ^ 260 killed in 2003,[1] 15,196 killed from 2004 through 2009 (with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009),[2] 67 killed in March 2009,[3] 1,100 killed in 2010,[4] Archived 16 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. and 1,067 killed in 2011,[5] thus giving a total of 17,690 dead
Jump up ^ "Iraq War" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Operation Iraqi Freedom". iCasualties. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Home and Away: Iraq and Afghanistan War Casualties". CNN. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Casualty" (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fact Sheets | Operations Factsheets | Operations in Iraq: British Fatalities". Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "POW and MIA in Iraq and Afghanistan Fast Facts". CNN. Retrieved 5 June 2014. ; As of July 2012, seven American private contractors remain unaccounted for. Their names are: Jeffrey Ake, Aban Elias, Abbas Kareem Naama, Neenus Khoshaba, Bob Hamze, Dean Sadek and Hussain al-Zurufi. Healy, Jack, "With Withdrawal Looming, Trails Grow Cold For Americans Missing In Iraq", The New York Times, 22 May 2011, p. 6.
Jump up ^ "Casualty" (PDF). U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
Jump up ^ 33 Ukrainians [6], 31+ Italians [7] [8], 30 Bulgarians [9] [10], 20 Salvadorans [11], 19 Georgians [12], 18 Estonians [13], 16+ Poles [14] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2011. [15] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011. [16], 15 Spaniards [17] [18] [19] [20], 10 Romanians [21], 6 Australians "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011. , 5 Albanians, 4 Kazakhs "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2011. , 3 Filipinos "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011. and 2 Thais [22] [23] for a total of 212+
^ Jump up to: a b Many official U.S. tables at "Military Casualty Information" Archived 3 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. See latest totals for injury, disease/other medical Archived 2 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Casualties in Iraq".
^ Jump up to: a b iCasualties.org (was lunaville.org). Benicia, California. Patricia Kneisler, et al., "Iraq Coalition Casualties" Archived 21 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "Defence Internet Fact Sheets Operations in Iraq: British Casualties" Archived 14 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine.. UK Ministry of Defense. Latest combined casualty and fatality tables Archived 4 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP) – Defense Base Act Case Summary by Nation". U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b T. Christian Miller (23 September 2009). "U.S. Government Private Contract Worker Deaths and Injuries". Projects.propublica.org. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ 185 in Diyala from June 2007 to December 2007,[24] 4 in assassination of Abu Risha, 25 on 12 November 2007,[25] 528 in 2008,[26] 27 on 2 January 2009,[27] 53 From 6 to 12 April 2009,[28] 13 on 16 November 2009, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011. 15 in December 2009,[29] 100+ from April to June 2010,[30] [31] 52 on 18 July 2010,[32] [33] total of 1,002+ dead Archived 18 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Moore, Solomon; Oppel, Richard A. (24 January 2008). "Attacks Imperil U.S.-Backed Militias in Iraq". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Greg Bruno. "Finding a Place for the 'Sons of Iraq'". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Press release (28 October 2003). "New Study Finds: 11,000 to 15,000 Killed in Iraq War; 30 Percent are Non-Combatants; Death Toll Hurts Postwar Stability Efforts, Damages US Image Abroad". Project on Defense Alternatives (via Common Dreams NewsCenter). Retrieved 2 September 2010. Archived 17 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Conetta, Carl (23 October 2003). "The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict — Project on Defense Alternative Research Monograph #8". Project on Defense Alternatives (via Commonwealth Institute). Retrieved 2 September 2010.
Jump up ^ 597 killed in 2003,[34], 23,984 killed from 2004 through 2009 (with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009),[35] 652 killed in May 2004,[36] 45 killed in March 2009,[37] 676 killed in 2010,[38] and 590 killed in 2011,[39] thus giving a total of 26,544 dead
Jump up ^ "Amnesty: Iraq holds up to 30,000 detainees without trial". CNN. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 23 October 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
Jump up ^ ""Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2015. (242 KB). By Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, and Les Roberts. The Lancet, 11 October 2006
Jump up ^ ""The Human Cost of the War in Iraq: A Mortality Study, 2002–2006"" (PDF). (603 KB). By Gilbert Burnham, Shannon Doocy, Elizabeth Dzeng, Riyadh Lafta, and Les Roberts. A supplement to the October 2006 Lancet study. It is also found here: "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 2012-05-09. [40]
Jump up ^ "Iraq Family Health Survey" New England Journal of Medicine 31 January 2008
^ Jump up to: a b Hagopian, Amy; Flaxman, Abraham D.; Takaro, Tim K.; Esa Al Shatari, Sahar A.; Rajaratnam, Julie; Becker, Stan; Levin-Rector, Alison; Galway, Lindsay; Hadi Al-Yasseri, Berq J.; Weiss, William M.; Murray, Christopher J.; Burnham, Gilbert; Mills, Edward J. (15 October 2013). "Mortality in Iraq Associated with the 2003–2011 War and Occupation: Findings from a National Cluster Sample Survey by the University Collaborative Iraq Mortality Study". PLoS Medicine. 10 (10): e1001533. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001533. PMC 3797136  . PMID 24143140. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
Jump up ^ "Iraq Body Count". Retrieved 27 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Iraq War Logs: What the numbers reveal". Iraq Body Count. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Kim Gamel (23 April 2009). "AP Impact: Secret tally has 87,215 Iraqis dead". Fox News. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Iraq War". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Iraq War | 2003–2011". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
Jump up ^ Feller, Ben (27 February 2009). "Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Center for American Progress (29 January 2004) "In Their Own Words: Iraq's 'Imminent' Threat" Archived 15 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. americanprogress.org
Jump up ^ Senator Bill Nelson (28 January 2004) "New Information on Iraq's Possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction", Archived 20 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Congressional Record
Jump up ^ "Saddam's al Qaeda Connection". The Weekly Standard.
Jump up ^ "President Discusses the Future of Iraq" Archived 1 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The White House, 26 February 2003
Jump up ^ "Bush Sought 'Way' To Invade Iraq?" Archived 8 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. 60 Minutes
Jump up ^ Jervis, Robert (February 2006). "Reports, Politics, and Intelligence Failures: The Case of Iraq" (PDF). Journal of Strategic Studies. 29 (1): 3–52. doi:10.1080/01402390600566282. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "World Acts Against Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait." Archived 21 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. GlobalSecurity.org.
^ Jump up to: a b Zilinskas, Raymond A., "UNSCOM and the UNSCOM Experience in Iraq", Politics and the Life Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Aug. 1995), 230.
Jump up ^ Robert Fisk (18 December 2007). The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42871-4. Digital copy, does not include page numbers.
Jump up ^ Barton Gellman (2 March 1999). "U.S. Spied on Iraq Via U.N." Washington Post. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 (Enrolled as Agreed to or Passed by Both House and Senate)". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 11 July 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "Resolution 687 (1991)". 8 April 1991. Archived from the original on 23 May 2006. Retrieved 25 May 2006.
Jump up ^ William, Arkin (17 January 1999). "The Difference Was in the Details". The Washington Post. p. B1. Archived from the original on 9 September 2006. Retrieved 23 April 2007.
Jump up ^ "Republican Platform 2000". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 April 2006. Retrieved 25 May 2006.
Jump up ^ Bob Woodward (21 April 2004). Plan of Attack. Simon and Schuster. pp. 9–23. ISBN 978-0-7432-6287-3.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Building momentum for regime change': Rumsfeld's secret memos". MSNBC. 23 June 2001. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Plans For Iraq Attack Began on 9/11". CBS News. 4 September 2002. Archived from the original on 25 May 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2006.
Jump up ^ Woodward 2004, 1–3.
Jump up ^ Michael Isikoff (16 March 2013). "'Building momentum for regime change': Rumsfeld's secret memos". MSNBC. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Smith, Jeffrey R. "Hussein's Prewar Ties To Al-Qaeda Discounted". The Washington Post, Friday, 6 April 2007; Page A01. Retrieved on 23 April 2007.
Jump up ^ George W. Bush, "President's Remarks at the United Nations General Assembly: Remarks by the President in Address to the United Nations General Assembly, New York City", official transcript, press release, The White House, 12 September 2002. Retrieved 24 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "France threatens rival UN Iraq draft". BBC News, 26 October 2002. Retrieved on 23 April 2007
Jump up ^ "U.S. Wants Peaceful Disarmament of Iraq, Says Negroponte". Embassy of the United States in Manila. 8 November 2002. Archived from the original on 3 January 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "Statements of the Director General". IAEA. Archived from the original on 3 September 2006. Retrieved 7 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Blix, H. (7 March 2003) "Transcript of Blix's U.N. presentation" Archived 9 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine. CNN
Jump up ^ "Poll: Talk First, Fight Later". CBS.com, 24 January 2003. Retrieved on 23 April 2007.
Jump up ^ Ferran, Lee (15 February 2011). "Iraqi Defector 'Curveball' Admits WMD Lies, Is Proud of Tricking U.S." ABC News.
Jump up ^ "US, Britain and Spain Abandon Resolution". Associated Press. 17 March 2003. Retrieved 6 August 2006.
Jump up ^ "Bush: Iraq is playing 'willful charade'". CNN. 7 March 2003. Retrieved 6 August 2006.
Jump up ^ "President Says Saddam Hussein Must Leave Iraq Within 48 Hours" (Press release). White House Office of the Press Secretary. 17 March 2003. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Division No. 117 (Iraq)". Hansard. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 401 (365). 18 March 2003. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "CNN Inside Politics". CNN. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Grice, Andrew (3 October 2002). "Clinton urges caution over Iraq as Bush is granted war powers". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Knight, Danielle. "Winning Over the Senate With Frank Words and a Keen Mind". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ LaRepubblica, [41] (it]
Jump up ^ "Anti-war protests under way". BBC News. 31 October 2002. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Press conference of Foreign Affairs Minister Dominique de Villepin (excerpts)". Embassy of France in the U.S. 20 January 2003. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 13 February 2007.
Jump up ^ Anti-war protests do make a difference Archived 21 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine., Alex Callinicos, Socialist Worker, 19 March 2005.
Jump up ^ Jarrett Murphy (30 January 2003). "Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq". CBS News. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Army chief: Force to occupy Iraq massive". USA Today. 25 February 2003. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Administration fends off demands for war estimates – Mar. 3, 2003". CNN. 26 February 2003. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Connolly, Kate (10 February 2003). "I am not convinced, Fischer tells Rumsfeld". ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2017-11-10.
Jump up ^ "Iraq war illegal, says Annan". BBC News. 16 September 2004. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Top judge: US and UK acted as 'vigilantes' in Iraq invasion Archived 1 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine., The Guardian, 18 November 2008
Jump up ^ Clegg brands Iraq War illegal in his first PMQs – with the backing of No10, Daily Mail, 21 July 2010
^ Jump up to: a b Operation Hotel California, The Clandestine War inside Iraq, Mike Tucker and Charles Faddis, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bob Woodward (2004). Plan of Attack: The Definitive Account of the Decision to Invade Iraq. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0743255486. [page needed]
Jump up ^ A Nation at War: Second Front; Allied Troops Are Flown In To Airfields In North Iraq, By C. J. Chivers, 24 March 2003
Jump up ^ A Nation at War: in the Field the Northern Front; Militants Gone, Caves in North Lie Abandoned By C. J. Chivers, 30 March 2003
Jump up ^ "Keeping 4th ID in the Mediterranean created element of surprise. Iraq did not expect attack to begin until 4th ID arrived in Kuwait." Rumsfeld, D., Franks, T.: Summary of Lessons Learned Archived 31 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. Prepared testimony for the Senate Armed Services Committee, 9 July 2003.
Jump up ^ "Operation Iraqi Freedom". Target Iraq. GlobalSecurity.org. 27 April 2005.
Jump up ^ Friedman, G.: What Happened To The American Declaration Of War? Archived 23 January 2013 at Archive.is, Forbes, 30 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Patrick E. Tyler (21 March 2003). "A nation at war: The attack; U.S. and British troops push into Iraq as missiles strike Baghdad compound". The New York Times. p. B8.
Jump up ^ Australian Department of Defence (2004). The War in Iraq. ADF Operations in the Middle East in 2003 Archived 9 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. Page 11.
Jump up ^ MAJ Isaac J. Peltier. "Surrogate Warfare: The Role of U.S. Army Special Forces". U.S. Army. p. 29. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Sale, Michelle; Khan, Javid. "Missions Accomplished?". Retrieved 25 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Keegan, John (2005). The Iraq War. Vintage Books. p. 169. ISBN 1-4000-7920-9.
Jump up ^ Carney, Stephen A. (2011). Allied Participation in Operation Iraqi Freedom (PDF). United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 10, 98.
Jump up ^ Keegan, 145.
Jump up ^ Keegan, 148-53.
Jump up ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Trainor, Bernard E. (2006). Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq. Pantheon. p. 205. ISBN 0-375-42262-5.
Jump up ^ Keegan, 154-5.
Jump up ^ West, Bing; General Ray L. Smith (September 2003). The March Up: Taking Baghdad with the 1st Marine Division. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-80376-X. [page needed]
^ Jump up to: a b Zucchino, David (3 July 2004). "Army Stage-Managed Fall of Saddam Statue". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ The Rachel Maddow Show. 18 August 2010, MSNBC
Jump up ^ Collier, R. (9 April 2003) "Baghdad closer to collapse" Archived 16 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. San Francisco Chronicle
Jump up ^ "Stuff Happens". Defenselink.mil. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Conetta, C. (20 October 2003) "The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict," Archived 31 August 2009[Date mismatch] at the Wayback Machine. Research Monograph no. 8 Project on Defense Alternatives
Jump up ^ Reuters (25 October 2005). "A Look at U.S. Deaths in the Iraq War". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Operation Iraqi Freedom | Iraq | Fatalities By Nationality". iCasualties. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 2014-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Operation Iraqi Freedom Maps". GlobalSecurity.Org.
Jump up ^ "iCasualties: Iraq Coalition Casualty Count — Deaths by Province Year/Month". Icasualties.org. Archived from the original on 8 July 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "Poll: Iraqis out of patience". USA Today. 30 April 2004. Archived from the original on 16 January 2005.
Jump up ^ Karouny, Mariam (23 July 2006). "Gloom descends on Iraqi leaders as civil war looms". Turkish Daily News. Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
Jump up ^ " US Blunders in Iraq" Archived 29 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine. "Intelligence and National Security Vol. 25, No. 1, 76–85, February 2010"
Jump up ^ Sanchez, Wiser in Battle, p.185.
Jump up ^ "Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD – Central Intelligence Agency".
Jump up ^ "Pentagon: Saddam is POW". CNN. 10 January 2004.
Jump up ^ "Saddam 'caught like a rat' in a hole". CNN. 15 December 2003.
Jump up ^ "Why the U.S. is Running Scared of Elections in Iraq". The Guardian. London. 19 January 2004. Retrieved 21 November 2006.
Jump up ^ "Tape Shows Apache Pilots Firing on Iraqis". ABC. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "frontline: private warriors: contractors: the high-risk contracting business". PBS. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Flower, Kevin; Gray, Melissa; Kroll, Sue; Paulsen, Vivian; Sadik, Auday (31 March 2004). "U.S. expects more attacks in Iraq: Residents hang slain Americans' bodies from bridge". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 April 2004. Retrieved 6 April 2004.
Jump up ^ ScanEagle Proves Worth in Fallujah Fight Archived 15 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine., DefenseLINK News
Jump up ^ Thomas Ricks (2006) Fiasco: 398–405
Jump up ^ Hersh, S. (10 May 2004) "Torture at Abu Ghraib" Archived 1 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The New Yorker
Jump up ^ Thomas E. Ricks (2006) Fiasco, The American Military Adventure in Iraq. Penguin
Jump up ^ "U.S. to pull out 15,000 from Iraq". BBC News. 4 February 2005. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Insurgents attack Abu Ghraib prison". CNN. 3 April 2005. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas Ricks (2006) Fiasco: 413
Jump up ^ Thomas Ricks (2006) Fiasco: 414
Jump up ^ "Decrying violence in Iraq, UN envoy urges national dialogue, international support". UN News Centre. 25 November 2006.
Jump up ^ A Soldier's Shame Archived 23 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine. 9 July 2006
Jump up ^ Killings shattered dreams of rural Iraqi families Archived 26 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. MSNBC
Jump up ^ Barrouquere, Brett (29 May 2009). "Iraqi family's relatives confront killer". The Sydney Morning Herald.
Jump up ^ "Attacks in Iraq at All-Time High, Pentagon Report Says". PBS. 19 December 2006.
Jump up ^ Watkins, Thomas (22 December 2006). "Marine Officers Charged in Haditha Case". Washington Post.
Jump up ^ "Saddam Hussein executed in Iraq". BBC News. 30 December 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "President's Address to the Nation". The White House. 10 January 2007.
Jump up ^ Holusha, John (23 January 2007). "Petraeus Calls Iraq Situation Dire". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Gordon, Michael (5 January 2007). "Bush to Name a New General to Oversee Iraq". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Iraq Bill Demands U.S. Troop Withdraw Archived 14 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Associated Press, Fox News, 10 May 2007
Jump up ^ "Iraqi parliament wants say in extension of US-led forces". The Jerusalem Post. 5 June 2007. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Raed Jarrar; Joshua Holland (20 December 2007). "Bush, Maliki Break Iraqi Law to Renew U.N. Mandate for Occupation". AlterNet. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
Jump up ^ BBC News 21 February 2007, Blair announces Iraq troops cut Archived 5 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Al-Jazeera English, 21 February 2007, Blair announces Iraq troop pullout Archived 5 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Flaherty, A. (10 September 2007) "Petraeus Talks of Troop Withdrawal" Associated Press
Jump up ^ "Bush pledges Iraq troop reduction". BBC News. 14 September 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Pentagon: Violence down in Iraq since 'surge'". CNN. 23 June 2008.
Jump up ^ U.S. surge has failed – Iraqi poll Archived 12 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. BBC 10 September 2007
Jump up ^ Few See Security Gains Archived 15 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. ABC 10 September 2007
Jump up ^ Damien Cave (15 March 2007). "Baghdad violence decrease debatable". Telegram & Gazette. Worcester, Mass. The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Alissa J.; Wong, Edward (9 April 2007). "Patterns of War Shift in Iraq Amid U.S. Buildup". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "icasualties.org". Archived from the original on 10 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Search goes on as Iraq death toll tops 250" The Guardian 15 August.
Jump up ^ Auer, Doug (17 August 2007). "Iraq toll could hit 500". Herald Sun. Melbourne. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "They won't stop until we are all wiped out" The Guardian 18 August 2007
Jump up ^ Cave, Damien; Glanz, James (22 August 2007). "Toll in Iraq Bombings Is Raised to More Than 500". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Iraqi insurgents kill key U.S. ally". BBC News. 13 September 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Compton, Ann; Terry McCarthy; Martha Raddatz (13 September 2007). "Top Sunni Sheik Killed in IED Attack". ABC News.
Jump up ^ Rising, David (14 September 2007). "Mourners Vow Revenge at Sheik's Funeral". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
Jump up ^ U.S. Casualties in Iraq Archived 28 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. GlobalSecurity.org
Jump up ^ U.S. General Says Iraq Violence Down Archived 19 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The Associated Press 17 December 2007
Jump up ^ Iraq – the best story of the year Archived 19 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. The Times 17 December 2007
Jump up ^ Surge hasn't curbed violence in Iraq Archived 1 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine. The Australian 5 September 2007
Jump up ^ "Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq" Archived 26 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. December 2007 Report to Congress, sec. 1.3-Security Environment, p. 18-Overall trends in violence
Jump up ^ Nancy A. Youssef (18 December 2007). "Despite drop in violence, Pentagon finds little long-term progress in Iraq". McClatchy. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Peter Beaumont (4 March 2007). "Sects slice up Iraq as U.S. troops 'surge' misfires". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Cockburn, Patrick (20 May 2006). "Iraq is disintegrating as ethnic cleansing takes hold". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "There is ethnic cleansing". Al-Ahram Weekly Online. 8 March 2006. Archived from the original on 12 October 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ BBC News, 5 September 2008, "U.S. 'Spying' on Iraqi Leadership" Archived 13 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. citing the book The War Within: A Secret White House History, 2006–2008 by Bob Woodward
Jump up ^ "AFP: Iraq takes control of Basra from British army". AFP via Google. 15 December 2007. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Abdul-Zahra, Q. (10 May 2007) "Iraqi Bill on Troop Pullout Discussed" Archived 15 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The Washington Post, Retrieved 10 May 2007
Jump up ^ Jarrar, R. and Holland, J. (9 May 2007) "Majority of Iraqi Lawmakers Now Reject Occupation" Archived 13 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine., AlterNet.org Retrieved 10 May 2007
Jump up ^ Saad, L. (9 May 2007) "Americans Favor Iraq Timetable, Don't Foresee Increased Terrorism" Archived 17 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. USA Today/Gallup poll Retrieved 10 May 2007
Jump up ^ "US uses Sunnis to patrol streets". The New York Times. Melbourne. 20 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Collins, Chris; Yaseen Taha (23 August 2007). "Iranians attack Kurdish rebels in Iraq". McClatchy Washington Bureau. Archived from the original on 3 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "US general says Iran helping stop Iraq bloodshed". Agence France-Presse. 21 November 2007. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013.
Jump up ^ HACAOGLU, SELCAN (10 October 2007). "Turkey Bombs Suspected Kurdish Rebels" – via washingtonpost.com.
Jump up ^ Robertson, Nic; Ingrid Formanek; Talia Kayali (14 October 2007). "Attacks cross Iraq-Turkey border". CNN.
Jump up ^ Meixler, Louis (23 October 2007). "Turkey May Attack Kurds Using Airstrikes, Troops". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Barazanji, Yahya (13 November 2007). "Turkish Helicopters Strike Inside Iraq". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Tavernise, Sabrina (16 December 2007). "Turkey Bombs Kurdish Militant Targets in Iraq". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Cloud, David S.; Eric Schmitt (30 August 2007). "U.S. Weapons, Given to Iraqis, Move to Turkey". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Glanz, James; Sabrina Tavernise (28 September 2007). "Blackwater Shooting Scene Was Chaotic". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c "U.S. Deaths in Iraq Decrease in 2008". Defenselink.mil. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction and Security in Post-Saddam Iraq" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine., Brookings Institution
Jump up ^ "DoD News Briefing with Maj. Gen. Salmon from Iraq" Archived 30 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine., U.S. Department of Defense news transcript
Jump up ^ Tran, Mark (12 December 2008). "U.S. credits Iran for drop in Iraq roadside bombs". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Sykes, Hugh (1 October 2008). "Awakening fears for Iraq's future". BBC News.
Jump up ^ Steele, Jonathan (15 September 2008). "Iraq: Al-Qaida intensifies its stranglehold in the world's most dangerous city". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Operation Mother of Two Springs", Institute for the Study of War commentary
Jump up ^ "EU terror list" (PDF). Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ U.S. terror list Archived 20 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "NATO chief declares PKK terrorist group". Xinhua News Agency. 20 December 2005.
Jump up ^ Bentley, Mark (22 February 2008). "Turkish Army Begins Ground Assault on PKK in Iraq". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Gov't gives no timetable for return". Turkish Daily News. 26 February 2008. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Kamber, Michael (27 February 2008). "Iraq Cabinet Demands Turks Leave Kurdish Area in North". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Torchia, Christopher (29 February 2008). "Turkish Troops Withdraw from Iraq". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Dagher, Sam (26 March 2008). "Across Iraq, battles erupt with Mahdi Army". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 2.
^ Jump up to: a b Stephen Farrell and Ahmar Karim (12 May 2008). "Drive in Basra by Iraqi Army Makes Gains". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 May 2008.
Jump up ^ Fadel, Leila (30 March 2008). "After Iranian mediation, firebrand Iraqi cleric orders halt to attacks". McClatchy Newspapers. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Zremski, J. (4/09/08) "Petraeus urges withdrawal delay" Buffalo News Archived 15 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Smith, S.A. (9 April 2008) "Senators grill Petraeus," Indiana Journal-Gazette Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Ambinder, M. (9 April 2002) "Biden's Audition?" Archived 12 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine. The Atlantic
Jump up ^ Michaels, Jim (22 May 2008). "Iraqi forces load up on U.S. arms". USA Today. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Business as usual for U.S. arms sales". Asia Times. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Iraq Seeks F-16 Fighters (Wall St. Journal) Archived 13 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Re-Arming Iraq Archived 9 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine. (Center for American Progress)
Jump up ^ "Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation: U.S. Surges $11 Billion in Arms Sales to Iraq". Armscontrolcenter.org. 6 August 2008. Archived from the original on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Iraq presidential council endorses U.S. security pact". Zawya.com. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ BBC News (27 November 2008) "Iraqi parliament backs U.S. pullout" Archived 6 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ White House: Iraq Status of Forces Agreement Archived 27 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Status of Forces Agreement". McClatchyDC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "On the other hand, Iraq has primary legal jurisdiction over off-duty soldiers and civilians who commit "major and premeditated crimes" outside of U.S. installations. These major crimes will need to be defined by a joint committee and the United States retains the right to determine whether or not its personnel were on- or off-duty. Iraq also maintains primary legal jurisdiction over contractors (and their employees) that have contracts with the United States. Arms Control Center: How Comfortable is the U.S.-Iraq SOFA? Archived 28 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Committees assigned to deal with U.S.-led combat operations and jurisdiction over U.S. military personnel are among those that have not met even as Iraq moves toward sovereignty, U.S. Army Gen. Ray Odierno told reporters." Los Angeles Times: In Iraq, transfer-of-power committees have yet to take shape Archived 23 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Status of Forces Agreement (Unofficial Translation)". McClatchyDC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Rubin, A. (27 November 2008) "Iraqi Parliament approves security pact" International Herald Tribune[dead link]
Jump up ^ "U.S. staying silent on its view of Iraq pact until after vote". McClatchyDC. 25 November 2008. Archived from the original on 31 December 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Raghavan, Sudarsan; Sarhan, Saad (29 November 2008). "Top Shiite Cleric in Iraq Raises Concerns About Security Pact". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (22 December 2008). "Trying to Redefine Role of U.S. Military in Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Iraq: Cleric al-Sadr calls for peaceful protests" (Associated Press) Archived 1 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "SOFA not sitting well in Iraq". Asia Times. 2 December 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Iraqi refugees in Syria protest against military pact with U.S". Daily Star. 3 December 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Iraqi people will judge on U.S. pact". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 October 2010. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Robertson, Campbell (28 October 2008). "Feelings are mixed as Iraqis ponder U.S. security agreement". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 28 November 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Iraqis hold anti‑U.S. rally in Baghdad". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 October 2010. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Iraqi civilian deaths down in January". CNN. 31 January 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Steven Lee Myers (8 February 2009). "America's Scorecard in Iraq". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Dagher, Sam (21 January 2009). "A Top Sunni Survives an Attack in Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Gunmen kill Iraqi soldier south of Baghdad". News.trend.az. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Sarhan, Saad (17 January 2009). "Province Candidate Killed in Iraq". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Dagher, Sam (12 February 2009). "Violence Across Iraq Kills 13, Including a Sunni Politician". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Centre Daily: Low turnout in Iraq's election reflects a disillusioned nation Archived 12 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Morin, Monte (2 February 2009). "Iraq vote turnout fails to meet expectations". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Nabil Al-jurani (4 February 2009). "Iraq: Sunni tribal leader says he can prove fraud". MSNBC. Associated Press. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Iraq's Sadrists complain of vote fraud". Middle-east-online.com. 7 February 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Lee, Steven (10 February 2009). "Election results spur threats and infighting in Iraq". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Obama's Speech at Camp Lejeune, N.C." The New York Times. 27 February 2009.
Jump up ^ Bel Aiba, Ines (26 February 2009). "Iraq not fazed by pending U.S. pullout: Maliki". AFP. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Six years on, huge protest marks Baghdad's fall". The Star. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Miami Herald: Tens of thousands of Iraqis rally against U.S.[dead link]
Jump up ^ "UK combat operations end in Iraq". BBC News. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Christie, Michael (30 November 2009). "Iraqi civilian deaths drop to lowest level of war". Reuters. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Oil firms awarded Iraq contracts". Al Jazeera. 11 December 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "BP group wins Iraq oil contract". Al Jazeera. 30 June 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "US report: Iraq of leading oil producers 2040". 18 February 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: War in Iraq to Be Given New Name". ABC News. 18 February 2010. Archived from the original on 20 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "2 Most Wanted Al Qaeda Leaders in Iraq Killed by U.S., Iraqi Forces" Archived 1 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Fox News, 19 April 2010
Jump up ^ "US : Al-Qaida in Iraq warlord slain" Archived 13 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine. MSNBC, 20 April 2010
Jump up ^ "Iraqi al-Qaeda leaders 'killed'". BBC News. 19 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Ali, Khalid D.; Williams, Timothy (20 June 2010). "Car Bombs Hit Crowds Outside Bank in Baghdad". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Shadid, Anthony (25 August 2010). "Insurgents Assert Their Strength With Wave of Bombings Across Iraq". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "U.S. ending combat operations in Iraq". MSNBC. 18 August 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "U.S. ends combat operations in Iraq". Al Jazeera English. 18 August 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Londoño, Ernesto (18 August 2010). "Final U.S. combat brigade pulls out of Iraq". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Linkins, Jason (3 September 2010). "AP Issues Standards Memo: 'Combat In Iraq Is Not Over'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Last U.S. combat brigade exits Iraq". BBC News. 19 August 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "President Obama's Address on Iraq". The New York Times. 31 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Gordon, Michael (1 September 2010). "U.S. Formally Begins a New Era in Iraq". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "G.I. Deaths Are First for U.S. After Combat Mission's End". The New York Times. 7 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "First U.S. Advise and Assist Brigade arrives under New Dawn". U.S. Army. 8 September 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Williams, Timothy; Adnan, Duraid (16 October 2010). "Sunnis in Iraq Allied With U.S. Rejoin Rebels". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "The WikiLeaks Iraq War Logs: Greatest Data Leak in U.S. Military History". Der Spiegel. 22 October 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Davies, Nick; Steele, Jonathan; Leigh, David (22 October 2010). "Iraq war logs: secret files show how U.S. ignored torture". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Carlstrom, Gregg (22 October 2010). "WikiLeaks releases secret Iraq file". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Martin Chulov in Baghdad (1 November 2010). "Baghdad church siege survivors speak of taunts, killings and explosions | World news". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Parker, Ned; Zeki, Jaber (3 November 2010). "Iraq bombings: 113 killed in bombings in Baghdad". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Michaels, Jim (1 September 2010). "Iraq to spend $13B on U.S. arms, equipment". USA Today.
^ Jump up to: a b "U.S. plans $4.2 billion arms sale to Iraq". UPI. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Iraqi Army receives last shipment of Abrams tanks" Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. Army.mil, 6 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Martin Matishak (13 July 2015). "US delivers first F-16 fighters to Iraq". The Hill. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "US Navy Delivers Final Coastal Patrol Boat to Iraq". U.S. Navy. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
Jump up ^ Anthony H. Cordesman; Sam Khazai (4 June 2014). Iraq in Crisis. Center for Strategic & International Studies. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-4422-2856-6.
Jump up ^ "UN Security Council Lifts Some Restrictions on Iraq". Voice of America. 15 December 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Shadid, Anthony; Leland, John (5 January 2011). "Moktada al-Sadr Returns to Iraq". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Lara Jakes. "3 American Soldiers Killed in Iraq". Aolnews.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Five US troops killed in Iraq attack". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "DOD Identifies Army Casualty". U.S. Department of Defense. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Two U.S. soldiers die in IED attack". KUT. 16 June 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Falmouth soldier killed in Iraq". Falmouth Patch. 1 July 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Soldiers to serve prison time for role in Matthew Gallagher's death". The Enterprise. 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Three U.S. soldiers killed in southern Iraq". BBC News. 30 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "June bloodiest month for U.S. in Iraq in 2 years". CBS News. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Iraq to buy US warplanes worth around $3 billion". MSNBC.
Jump up ^ "Barack Obama: All U.S. troops to leave Iraq in 2011". BBC News. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Craig (16 December 2011). "N.C. soldier reportedly last to die in Iraq war". CNN. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Antle, W. James. "Senate Tackles Iraq War Powers, Indefinite Detention". The Spectacle Blog. The American Spectator. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Denselow, James (25 October 2011). "The US departure from Iraq is an illusion". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Jaffe, Greg (18 December 2011). "Last U.S. troops cross Iraqi border into Kuwait". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Arrest warrant for Iraq Vice-President Tariq al-Hashemi". BBC News. 12 January 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
Jump up ^ DeFronzo, James (2012). "Impacts of the Iraq War". In Karl Yambert. The Contemporary Middle East (Third ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. 210–211. ISBN 978-0813348391.
Jump up ^ Keith Wagstaff (27 May 2013). "Is Iraq heading toward civil war?". The Week. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Sinan Salaheddin (20 May 2013). "Attacks Kill 95 in Iraq, Hint of Syrian Spillover". Associated Press. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Iraq: hundreds escape from Abu Ghraib jail". The Guardian. London. Associated Press. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Michael R. Gordon; Duraid Adnan (24 July 2013). "Brazen Attacks at Prisons Raise Worries of Al Qaeda's Strength in Iraq". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Iraq crisis: Isis gains strength near Baghdad as Kurdish forces seize Kirkuk". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Obama Authorizes Air Strikes in Iraq". The New York Times. 8 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Attack on Sunni Mosque in Iraq kills dozens". Al Jazeera. 22 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "UN calls for immediate action to prevent new ISIS massacre in Iraq". Reuters. 23 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Iraq". Forces: U.S. & Coalition/Casualties. CNN. May 2008. Archived from the original on 1 July 2008.
Jump up ^ Vietnam war-eyewitness booksW.; Iraq and Vietnam: Differences, Similarities and Insights, (2004: Strategic Studies Institute)
Jump up ^ "Revealed: The Secret Cabal Which Spun for Blair," Sunday Herald, Neil Mackay, 8 June 2003
Jump up ^ "Group: 'Orchestrated Deception' by Bush on Iraq". NPR. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Luke Harding (6 July 2016). "Chilcot delivers crushing verdict on Blair and the Iraq war". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Leon Watson (6 July 2016). "Chilcot report: 2003 Iraq war was 'unnecessary', invasion was not 'last resort' and Saddam Hussein was 'no imminent threat'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chilcot report: Findings at a glance". BBC News. 6 July 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
Jump up ^ War critics astonished as U.S. hawk admits invasion was illegal, The Guardian, 20 November 2003
Jump up ^ Top judge: U.S. and UK acted as 'vigilantes' in Iraq invasion, The Guardian, 18 November 2008
Jump up ^ "RAND Review | Summer 2003 – Burden of Victory". Rand.org. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "U.S. CBO estimates $2.4 trillion long-term war costs". Reuters. 24 October 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Iraq war was terrorism 'recruiting sergeant', The Guardian, 28 September 2006
Jump up ^ Spy Agencies Say Iraq War Hurting U.S. Terror Fight, The Washington Post, 23 September 2006
Jump up ^ Israel warns of Iraq war 'earthquake', BBC News, 7 February 2003
Jump up ^ Saudis warn U.S. over Iraq war, BBC News, 17 February 2003
Jump up ^ Crawford, Angus (4 March 2007). "Iraq's Mandaeans 'face extinction'". BBC News. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Iraq's Yazidis fear annihilation". MSNBC. 16 August 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Sabah, Zaid (23 March 2007). "Christians, targeted and suffering, flee Iraq". USA Today. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Assyrians Face Escalating Abuses in "New Iraq"". IPS News. 3 May 2006. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Light Crude Oil (CL, NYMEX): Monthly Price Chart". Futures.tradingcharts.com. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Iraq to revive oil deal with China". International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ After six years, peace vigil ends, Times-Herald, 20 March 2009
Jump up ^ The Wall Street Journal 15 March 2013
Jump up ^ Trotta, Daniel (2 March 2008). "Iraq war hits U.S. economy: Nobel winner". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2017-10-12. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
Jump up ^ Trotta, Daniel (14 March 2013). "Iraq war costs US more than $2 trillion: study". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2017-09-19. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
Jump up ^ Bilmes, Linda (26 March 2013). "The Financial Legacy of Iraq and Afghanistan: How Wartime Spending Decisions Will Constrain Future National Security Budgets". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2281275. SSRN 2281275  . . HKS Working Paper No. RWP13-006.
Jump up ^ Stiglitz, Joseph E.; Bilmes, Linda J. (5 September 2010). "The true cost of the Iraq war: $3 trillion and beyond". Washington Post. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Audit: U.S. lost track of $9 billion in Iraq funds Monday, 31 January 2005. CNN
Jump up ^ "Report: $6B missing in Iraq may have been stolen". CBS News. 14 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hunger, disease spread in Iraq – Oxfam report". Reuters. 30 July 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Iraq: Traumatised Iraqi children suffer psychological damage". Alertnet.org. 16 July 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Cockburn, Patrick (31 August 2007). "Cholera spreads in Iraq as health services collapse". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Laurance, Jeremy (20 October 2006). "Medics beg for help as Iraqis die needlessly". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Ten Years Later, U.S. Has Left Iraq with Mass Displacement & Epidemic of Birth Defects, Cancers. Democracy Now! 20 March 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Ross Caputi (25 October 2012). The victims of Fallujah's health crisis are stifled by western silence. The Guardian. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Depleted uranium used by US forces blamed for birth defects and cancer in Iraq. RT. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
Jump up ^ UNHCR. "Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015". Retrieved 18 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Griswold, Eliza (22 July 2015). "Is This the End of Christianity in the Middle East?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
Jump up ^ "Global Views: Iraq's refugees", by R. Nolan, Foreign Policy Association Features, Resource Library, 12 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Flight From Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Iraqi Refugee Processing Fact Sheet". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Iraq: Torture Continues at Hands of New Government". Human Rights News. 25 January 2005.
Jump up ^ Dexter Filkins (29 November 2005). "Sunnis Accuse Iraqi Military of Kidnappings and Slayings". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 April 2006.
Jump up ^ "Off Target: The Conduct of the War and Civilian Casualties in Iraq". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Hersh, Seymour M. (17 May 2004). "Chain of Command". The New Yorker. Retrieved 13 September 2011. NBC News later quoted U.S. military officials as saying that the unreleased photographs showed American soldiers "severely beating an Iraqi prisoner nearly to death, having sex with a female Iraqi prisoner, and 'acting inappropriately with a dead body.' The officials said there also was a videotape, apparently shot by U.S. personnel, showing Iraqi guards raping young boys."
Jump up ^ "Iraq rape soldier jailed for life". BBC News. 16 November 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Neil Mackay (14 March 2004). "Iraq: The Wedding Party Massacre". Sunday Herald. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "2 GI's charged with murder of Iraqis – International Herald Tribune". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Multi-National Force – Iraq – Additional Soldier charged with murder". Mnf-iraq.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Chris Hedges. "The Other War: Iraq Vets Bear Witness". The Nation. Retrieved 10 September 2008. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "The Raw Story | Anti-war veterans' group: War crimes are 'encouraged'". Rawstory.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Owen, Jonathan (12 January 2014). "Exclusive: Devastating dossier on 'abuse' by UK forces in Iraq goes to International Criminal Court". The Independent. London.
Jump up ^ Ellen Knickmeyer (3 June 2005). "Iraq Puts Civilian Toll at 12,000". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Paul McGeough (2 February 2005). "Handicapped boy who was made into a bomb". The Sydney Morning Herald.
Jump up ^ Iraq bombing toll rises. The Age 2 July 2006
Jump up ^ A Face and a Name. Civilian Victims of Insurgent Groups in Iraq. Human Rights Watch October 2005.
Jump up ^ The Weapons That Kill Civilians — Deaths of Children and Noncombatants in Iraq, 2003–2008 by Madelyn Hsiao-Rei Hicks, M.D., M.R.C.Psych., Hamit Dardagan, Gabriela Guerrero Serdán, M.A., Peter M. Bagnall, M.Res., John A. Sloboda, PhD, F.B.A., and Michael Spagat, PhD, The New England Journal of Medicine.
Jump up ^ "Who are the Iraq Insurgents?". NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. PBS. 12 June 2006. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006.
Jump up ^ "Kidnappers Kill Algerian Diplomats". Free Internet Press. 27 July 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Captors kill Egypt envoy to Iraq". BBC News. 8 July 2005. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Russian diplomat deaths confirmed". BBC News. 26 June 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Alex Rodriguez, Iraqi shrine blast suspect caught (paid archive), The Chicago Tribune 29 June 2006.
Jump up ^ "Insurgents kill Bulgarian hostage: Al-Jazeera". CBC News. 14 July 2004.
Jump up ^ "Foreign hostages in Iraq". CBC News. 22 June 2006. Archived from the original on 7 August 2006.
Jump up ^ "4 Contractors murdered by al Qaeda". The Washington Post. 31 March 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Sabrina Tavernise (19 June 2005). "Iraqis Found in Torture House Tell of Brutality of Insurgents". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Iraq kidnappings stun Kenya press". BBC News. 23 July 2004. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "World View of U.S. Role Goes from Bad to Worse" (PDF). BBC World Service. 23 January 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "Most people 'want Iraq pull-out'". BBC News. 7 September 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Guardian July Poll" (PDF). ICM Research. July 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2008.
Jump up ^ Zogby, James (March 2007). "Four Years Later: Arab Opinion Troubled by Consequences of Iraq War" (PDF). Arab American Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "India: Pro-America, Pro-Bush". Pew Global Attitudes Project. Pew Research Center. 28 February 2006.
Jump up ^ Most Iraqis in Baghdad welcome US: NDTV poll The Indian Express
^ Jump up to: a b "The Iraqi Public on the U.S. Presence and the Future of Iraq" (PDF). World Public Opinion. 27 September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Iraq Poll conducted by D3 Systems for the BBC, ABC News, ARD German TV and USA Today. More than 2,000 people were questioned in more than 450 neighbourhoods and villages across all 18 provinces of Iraq between 25 February and 5 March 2007. The margin of error is + or – 2.5%.
Jump up ^ Iraqis Oppose Oil Development Plans, Poll Finds (6 August 2007) (Oil Change International, Institute for Policy Studies, War on Want, PLATFORM and Global Policy Forum)
Jump up ^ Most Iraqis in Baghdad welcome US: NDTV poll The Indian Express Archived 22 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ US under 50,000 – Iraqis 'down' on drawdown Arab Times Archived 21 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Office of the Federal Register; et al. (2010). Administration of George W. Bush, 2006: Book II, July 1 to December 31, 2006. Public Papers of the Presidents. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. p. 1542.
Jump up ^ Bush, President George W. (9 September 2003). "A Central Front in the War on Terror". The White House.
Jump up ^ Garamone, Jim (19 September 2002). "Iraq Part of Global War on Terrorism, Rumsfeld Says". American Forces Press Service. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Bush, President George W. (21 August 2006). "Press Conference by the President". Peace in the Middle East. The White House.
Jump up ^ Gunaratna, Rohan (Summer 2004). "The Post-Madrid Face of Al Qaeda". Washington Quarterly. 27 (3): 98. doi:10.1162/016366004323090278. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Sengupta, Kim (26 May 2004). "Occupation Made World Less Safe, Pro-War Institute Says". The Independent. Archived from the original on 20 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Priest, Dana (14 January 2005). "Iraq New Terror Breeding Ground". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ "Declassified Key Judgments of the National Intelligence Estimate "Trends in Global Terrorism: Implications for the United States"" (PDF) (Press release). Office of the Director of National Intelligence. April 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Bernstein-Wax, Jessica (8 August 2007). "Studies: Suicide bombers in Iraq are mostly foreigners". McClatchy Newspapers.
Jump up ^ Glasser, Susan B. (15 May 2005). "'Martyrs' In Iraq Mostly Saudis". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ See also: Hafez, Mohammed M. Suicide Bomber in Iraq. United States Institute of Peace Press. ISBN 1601270046.
Jump up ^ "Russia provided Iraq with details of the US's planned invasion in 2003". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
Jump up ^ Walt, Vivienne (19 December 2009). "U.S. Companies Shut Out as Iraq Auctions Its Oil Fields". Retrieved 26 February 2017 – via content.time.com.
Jump up ^ "TEN YEARS LATER: WHO WON THE IRAQ WAR, THE US OR CHINA?". www.rubincenter.org. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
Jump up ^ Linzer, Dafna (26 January 2007). "Troops Authorized to Kill Iranian Operatives in Iraq". The Washington Post. p. A.1.
Jump up ^ Greenwell, Megan (20 August 2007). "Iran Trains Militiamen Inside Iraq, U.S. Says". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Al-Maliki: Iraq won't be battleground for U.S., Iran". CNN. 31 January 2007. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2007.
Jump up ^ "Iran involvement suspected in Karbala compound attack". CNN. 31 January 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2007.
Jump up ^ Baer, Robert (30 January 2007). "Are the Iranians Out for Revenge?". Time. Retrieved 31 January 2007.
Jump up ^ Chulov, Martin (28 July 2011). "Qassem Suleimani: the Iranian general 'secretly running' Iraq". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
Further reading[edit]
Bellavia, David (2007). House to House: An Epic Memoir of War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1416574712.
Dexter Filkins (17 December 2012). "General Principles: How good was David Petraeus?". The New Yorker. pp. 76–81.
Gates, Robert M. (2014). Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780307959478. 318 pages
Gordon, Michael R. (2006). Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq. Pantheon. ISBN 978-1557782328.
Larson, Luke S. (2008). Senator's Son: An Iraq War Novel. Phoenix, Arizona: Key Edition Incorporated. ISBN 978-1449969868.
North, Richard (2009). Ministry of Defeat: The British War in Iraq 2003–2009. Continuum Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1441169976.
Bruce R. Pirnie; Edward O'Connell (2008). Counterinsurgency in Iraq (2003–2006). Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-4297-2.
Thomas E. Ricks (2006). Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq. Penguin. ISBN 9781594201035.
A Bitter Legacy: Lessons of Debaathification in Iraq (Report). International Center for Transitional Justice.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iraq War.
Wikinews has news related to:
Iraq War
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Iraq War
International Center for Transitional Justice, Iraq
Dollar cost of war: total U.S. cost of the Iraq War
"Bleak Pentagon study admits 'civil war' in Iraq", by Rupert Cornwell, The Independent, March 2007
High resolution maps of Iraq, GulfWarrior.org
Presidential address by George W. Bush on the evening of 19 March 2003, announcing war against Iraq.
Bibliography: The Second U.S. – Iraq War (2003– )
"1st Major Survey of Iraq". Zogby International, 10 September 2003.
Iraq at Polling Report.com. Chronological polls of Americans 18 and older
Just War in Iraq 2003 pdf Legal dissertation by Thomas Dyhr from University of Copenhagen.
Iraq war stories, a Guardian and Observer archive in words and pictures documenting the human and political cost, The Guardian, April 2009.
Iraq: The War Card. Center for Public Integrity.
Jargin SV. Health care in Iraq: 2013 vs. 2003. CMAJ September 17, 2013
show
v
t
e
Iraq War (2003–2011)
Background
Lead-up
Disarmament crisis
Yellowcake uranium
WMD claims
Rationale
US popular opinion
Hussein interview
Biological weapons
Invasion
Failed Iraqi peace initiatives
Preparations
Multi-National Force
Timeline
Battle of Nasiriyah
Invasion of Baghdad
Debecka Pass
Firdos Square statue
Mission Accomplished speech
Post-war WMD conjecture
Coalition Provisional Authority
Key events
Invasion (2003)
Execution of Saddam Hussein (2006)
Anbar Province (2003–11)
Insurgency (2003–11)
Post-invasion insurgency (2003–06)
Sectarian violence (2006–08)
U.S. withdrawal (2007–11)
Aftermath
Post-withdrawal insurgency (2011–13)
Military intervention against ISIL (2014–present)
American-led intervention in Iraq
Iraqi Civil War (2014–present)
Reactions
Views on the invasion
Legitimacy of the invasion
Opposition
Protests
Criticism
United Nations
Governmental positions
Controversies
Journalist deaths by U.S. fire (2003)
Baghdad Museum looting (2003)
Fallujah killings (2003)
Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse (2004)
Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre (2004)
Haditha massacre (2005)
Mahmudiyah rape and killings (2006)
Ishaqi incident (2006)
Baghdad airstrike (2007)
Nisour Square massacre (2007)
Iraq War documents leak (2010)
Impact
Refugees
Duelfer Report
Damage to Baghdad
Archaeological looting
Iraq Interim Governing Council
Aid and Investment
Economic reform
Financial cost
Casualties
Chilcot Inquiry
Human rights
Memorials
London
Lists
Coalition military operations
Bombings
Aviation shootdowns and accidents
Associated people
Timeline
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Category
Wikinews
Multimedia
show
v
t
e
War on Terror
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
War in North-West Pakistan
Symbolism of terrorism
Participants
Operational
ISAF
Operation Enduring Freedom participants
Afghanistan
Northern Alliance
Iraq (Iraqi Armed Forces)
NATO
Pakistan
United Kingdom
United States
European Union
Philippines
Ethiopia
Targets
al-Qaeda
Osama bin Laden
al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
Abu Sayyaf
Anwar al-Awlaki
Al-Shabaab
Boko Haram
Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
Hizbul Mujahideen
Islamic Courts Union
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Jaish-e-Mohammed
Jemaah Islamiyah
Lashkar-e-Taiba
Taliban
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
Conflicts
Operation
Enduring Freedom
War in Afghanistan
OEF – Philippines
Georgia Train and Equip Program
Georgia Sustainment and Stability
OEF – Horn of Africa
OEF – Trans Sahara
Drone strikes in Pakistan
Other
Operation Active Endeavour
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
Insurgency in the North Caucasus
Moro conflict in the Philippines
Iraq War
Iraqi insurgency
Operation Linda Nchi
Terrorism in Saudi Arabia
War in North-West Pakistan
War in Somalia (2006–09)
2007 Lebanon conflict
al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
Korean conflict
See also
Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
Axis of evil
Black sites
Bush Doctrine
Clash of Civilizations
Cold War
Combatant Status Review Tribunal
Criticism of the War on Terror
Death of Osama bin Laden
Enhanced interrogation techniques
Torture Memos
Extrajudicial prisoners
Extraordinary rendition
Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Iranian Revolution
Islamic terrorism
Islamism
Military Commissions Act of 2006
North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
Terrorist Surveillance Program
Operation Noble Eagle
Operation Eagle Assist
Pakistan's role
Patriot Act
President's Surveillance Program
Protect America Act of 2007
September 11 attacks
State Sponsors of Terrorism
Targeted killing
Targeted Killing in International Law
Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World
Unitary executive theory
Unlawful combatant
Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan
CAGE
Terrorism portal
War portal
show
v
t
e
Armed groups in the Iraq conflict (2003–present)
Iraqi government
Iraqi Armed Forces
Iraqi Army
Iraqi Air Force
Iraqi Police
Iraqi Police Service
National Police
Supporting Forces
Facilities Protection Service
Ba'athists
Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
Fedayeen Saddam
General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
Al-Awda
General Command of the Armed Forces, Resistance and Liberation in Iraq
Popular Army
New Return
Patriotic Front
Political Media Organ of the Ba'ath Party
Popular Resistance for the Liberation of Iraq
Al-Abud Network
Militias
and others
Shia Islamic militias
Mahdi Army
Abu Deraa's Mahdi Army faction
Badr Organization
Sheibani Network
Soldiers of Heaven
Free Iraqi Forces
Special Groups (Iraq)
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
Promised Day Brigade
Kata'ib Hezbollah
Sunni Islamic militias
Awakening groups
1920 Revolution Brigade
Jaish al-Rashideen
Islamic Army in Iraq
Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance
Hamas of Iraq
White Flags
Kurdish militias
Peshmerga
Kurdistan Workers' Party
Kurdistan Freedom Hawks
Kurdistan Free Life Party
Turkmen militias
Iraqi Turkmen Front
16Brigade
52nd Brigade
92nd Brigade
Brigade of Imam Hussein
Sayyid al-Shuhada
Bashir Regiment
Assyrian militias
Qaraqosh Protection Committee
Nineveh Plain Forces
Nineveh Plain Protection Units
Dwekh Nawsha
Syriac Military Council
Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam
Yazidi militias
Asayîşa Êzîdxanê
Êzîdxan Protection Force
Sinjar Alliance
Sinjar Resistance Units
Êzîdxan Women's Units
Insurgents
Nationalist Salafis
Mujahideen Army
Mujahideen Battalions of the Salafi Group of Iraq
Islamic Salafist Boy Scout Battalions
Mohammad's Army
Salafi Jihadists
Ansar al-Islam
Black Banner Organization
Abu Theeb's group
Jaish Abi Baker's group
Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Mujahideen Shura Council
Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
Wakefulness and Holy War
show
v
t
e
List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
1910s
World War I
Middle Eastern theatre
Arab Revolt
Armenian Genocide
Assyrian genocide
Unification of Saudi Arabia
Simko Shikak revolt
Egyptian revolution of 1919
Turkish War of Independence
Greco-Turkish War
Turkish–Armenian War
Franco-Turkish War
Revolts
Mahmud Barzanji revolts
1920s
Franco-Syrian War
Iraqi revolt against the British
Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine
Adwan Rebellion
Arab separatism in Khuzestan
Great Syrian Revolt
Sheikh Said rebellion
1921 Persian coup d'état
1930s
Ararat rebellion
Ahmed Barzani revolt
Simele massacre
Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)
Goharshad Mosque rebellion
1935–36 Iraqi Shia revolts
1935 Yazidi revolt
Dersim rebellion
1940s
World War II
Italian bombing of Palestine
Anglo-Iraqi War
Syria–Lebanon Campaign
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
1943 Barzani revolt
Alwaziri coup
Al-Wathbah uprising
Kurdish separatism in Iran
Iran crisis of 1946
Arab–Israeli conflict
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
1950s
Egyptian revolution of 1952
1953 Iranian coup d'état
Jebel Akhdar War
Cypriot ethnic crisis
Yemeni–Adenese clan violence
1958 Lebanon crisis
1958 Iraqi revolution
1959 Mosul uprising
1960s
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
First Iraqi–Kurdish War
Dhofar Rebellion
North Yemen Civil War
Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup
8th March Syrian Revolution
Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup
Aden Emergency
1964 Hama riot
1966 Syrian coup d'état
1970s
Black September in Jordan
1972 North Yemen–South Yemen war
Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Lebanese Civil War
Political violence in Turkey (1976–80)
Libyan–Egyptian War
Islamist uprising in Syria
NDF Rebellion
Iranian Revolution
Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
1979 Qatif Uprising
Grand Mosque seizure
1980s
Sadr uprising (1980)
Iran–Iraq War
1980 Turkish coup d'état
Kurdish separatism in Turkey
Turkey-PKK conflict
South Yemen Civil War
1986 Egyptian conscripts riot
1986 Damascus bombings
Mecca massacre
Abu Nidal's executions
1990s
Gulf War (1990–1991)
1991 uprisings in Iraq
Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)
Yemeni Civil War (1994)
Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)
Operation Desert Fox
al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
2000s
Iraq War
Balochi insurgency in Iran
2004 al-Qamishli riots
Houthi insurgency in Yemen
Iran–Israel proxy conflict
2006 Lebanon War
Fatah–Hamas conflict
Nahr al-Bared fighting
2008 conflict in Lebanon
South Yemen insurgency
2009–10 Iranian election protests
2010s
Bahraini uprising of 2011
Egyptian Crisis
Sinai insurgency
Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)
Syrian Civil War
Syrian War spillover in Lebanon
Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)
Iraqi Civil War (2014–present)
Yemeni Crisis
Turkish involvement in Syria
This list includes post-Ottoman conflicts (after 1918) of at least 100 fatalities each
Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic and conflict with +100,000 killed with bold.
show
v
t
e
Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces
listed chronologically
Domestic
Shays' Rebellion
Whiskey Rebellion
John Fries Rebellion
German Coast Uprising
Mormon War
Dorr Rebellion
Bleeding Kansas
Utah War
Civil War
Brooks–Baxter War
Range War
Lincoln County War
Johnson County War
Coal Creek War
Homestead strike
Battle of Blair Mountain
Bonus Army
Battle of Athens
Foreign
Revolutionary War
Cherokee War of 1776
Northwest Indian War
Cherokee War of 1786
Coldwater Indian War
Cherokee-Franklin War of 1788
Southwest Territory Indian War
Quasi-War
First Barbary War
Tecumseh's War
War of 1812
Creek War
Second Barbary War
First Seminole War
First Sumatran expedition
Second Seminole War
Second Sumatran expedition
Ivory Coast Expedition
Mexican–American War
Jicarilla War
Battle of the Diablo Mountains
First Fiji Expedition
Third Seminole War
Second Opium War
Antelope Hills expedition
Battle of Little Robe Creek
Second Fiji Expedition
Battle of Pease River
First Battle of Adobe Walls
Formosa Expedition
Korean Expedition
Spanish–American War
Philippine–American War
Boxer Rebellion
Santo Domingo Affair
Mexican Revolution
United States occupation of Nicaragua
First United States occupation of Nicaragua
United States occupation of Haiti
United States occupation of the Dominican Republic
World War I
Russian Civil War
Posey War
Second United States occupation of Nicaragua
World War II
Korean War
Vietnam War
1958 Lebanon crisis
Laotian Civil War
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Communist insurgency in Thailand
Korean DMZ Conflict
Dominican Civil War
Insurgency in Bolivia
Cambodian Civil War
Shaba II
Operation Eagle Claw
Gulf of Sidra incident
Lebanese Civil War
Operation Urgent Fury
Action in the Gulf of Sidra
Operation El Dorado Canyon
Tanker War
1989 air battle near Tobruk
Operation Just Cause
Gulf War
Iraqi no-fly zones
Somali Civil War
Bosnian War
Operation Uphold Democracy
Kosovo War
Operation Infinite Reach
USS Cole bombing
Afghanistan War
Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
Iraq War
Second Liberian Civil War
United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti
War in North-West Pakistan
Insurgency in the Maghreb
Libyan Civil War
Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines
Intervention against ISIL
Iraq
Syria
Cameroon
Libya
Yemeni Civil War
Related articles
List of conflicts in the U.S.
List of wars involving the U.S.
Timeline of U.S. military operations
Length of U.S. participation in major wars
Overseas expansion
Military history
Covert regime-change actions
Casualties of war
Peace movement
List of anti-war organizations
Conscientious objector
War on Terror
show
v
t
e
Iraq articles
History
Ancient
Sumer
Akkadian Empire
Babylonia
Assyria
Neo-Assyrian Empire
Neo-Babylonian Empire
Achaemenid Assyria
Seleucid Babylonia
Parthian Babylonia
Sassanid Asorestan
638–1958
Muslim conquest of Persia
Abbasid Caliphate
Buyid dynasty
Kara Koyunlu
Ak Koyunlu
Safavids
Ottoman Iraq (Mamluk dynasty)
Mandatory Iraq
Kingdom of Iraq
Arab Federation
Republic
1958–68
1968–2003
2003–11
2011–present
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region (National Command)
Saddam Hussein
Iran–Iraq War
Invasion of Kuwait
Gulf War
Sanctions
Iraq War
U.S. invasion
Iraqi insurgency
U.S. troop withdrawal
Insurgency (2011–2013)
Civil War (2014–present)
Mosul liberation
Geography
Al-Faw Peninsula
Al-Jazira
Euphrates
Hamrin Mountains
Persian Gulf
Islands
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamian Marshes
Places
Lakes
Shatt al-Arab
Syrian Desert
Tigris
Umm Qasr
Zagros Mountains
Politics
Administrative divisions
Constitution
Council of Representatives (legislative)
Elections
Foreign aid
Foreign relations
Government
Council of Ministers
Presidency Council
President
Prime Minister
Human rights
in pre-Saddam Iraq
in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
in post-invasion Iraq
in ISIL-controlled territory
LGBT
Freedom of religion
Women
Law
Military
Police
Political parties
Judiciary
Wars and conflicts
Economy
Central Bank
Dinar (currency)
Infrastructure
Oil Industry
Oil reserves
Reconstruction
Stock Exchange
Telecommunications
Transportation
Society
Cuisine
Culture
Education
Health
Media
Music
Smoking
Sports
Demographics
Iraqis
diaspora
refugees
Languages
Arabic
Aramaic
Kurdish
Persian
Iraqi Turkmen dialect
Minorities
Armenians
Assyrians
Circassians
Kurds
Mandaeans
Marsh Arabs
Persians
Solluba
Turkmen/Turcoman
Jews
Religion
Islam
Christianity
Mandaeism
Yazidis
Outline
Index
Category
Portal
show
v
t
e
United States articles
History
By event
Timeline of U.S. history
Pre-Columbian era
Colonial era
Thirteen Colonies
military history
Continental Congress
American Revolution
War
American frontier
Confederation Period
Drafting and ratification of Constitution
Federalist Era
War of 1812
Territorial acquisitions
Territorial evolution
Mexican–American War
Civil War
Reconstruction Era
Indian Wars
Gilded Age
Progressive Era
African-American civil rights movement 1865–1896 / 1896–1954 / 1954–1968
Spanish–American War
Imperialism
World War I
Roaring Twenties
Great Depression
World War II
home front
Nazism in the United States
American Century
Cold War
Korean War
Space Race
Feminist Movement
Vietnam War
Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
War on Terror
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Recent events (2008–present)
By topic
Outline of U.S. history
Demographic
Discoveries
Economic
debt ceiling
Inventions
before 1890
1890–1945
1946–91
after 1991
Military
Postal
Technological and industrial
Geography
Territory
counties
federal district
federal enclaves
Indian reservations
insular zones
minor outlying islands
populated places
states
Earthquakes
Extreme points
Islands
Mountains
peaks
ranges
Appalachian
Rocky
National Park Service
National Parks
Regions
East Coast
West Coast
Great Plains
Gulf
Mid-Atlantic
Midwestern
New England
Pacific
Central
Eastern
Northern
Northeastern
Northwestern
Southern
Southeastern
Southwestern
Western
Longest rivers
Arkansas
Colorado
Columbia
Mississippi
Missouri
Red (South)
Rio Grande
Yukon
Time
Water supply and sanitation
Politics
Federal
Executive
Cabinet
Civil service
Executive departments
Executive Office
Independent agencies
Law enforcement
President of the United States
Public policy
Legislative
House of Representatives
current members
Speaker
Senate
current members
President pro tempore
Vice President
Judicial
Courts of appeals
District courts
Supreme Court
Law
Bill of Rights
civil liberties
Code of Federal Regulations
Constitution
federalism
preemption
separation of powers
Federal Reporter
United States Code
United States Reports
Intelligence
Central Intelligence Agency
Defense Intelligence Agency
Federal Bureau of Investigation
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
National Reconnaissance Office
National Security Agency
Office of the Director of National Intelligence
Uniformed
Armed Forces
Army
Marine Corps
Navy
Air Force
Coast Guard
National Guard
NOAA Corps
Public Health Service Corps
51st state
political status of Puerto Rico
District of Columbia statehood movement
Elections
Electoral College
Foreign relations
Foreign policy
Hawaiian sovereignty movement
Ideologies
anti-Americanism
exceptionalism
nationalism
Local government
Parties
Democratic
Republican
Third parties
Red states and blue states
Purple America
Scandals
State government
governor
state legislature
state court
Uncle Sam
Economy
By sector
Agriculture
Banking
Communications
Energy
Insurance
Manufacturing
Mining
Tourism
Trade
Transportation
Companies
by state
Currency
Exports
Federal budget
Federal Reserve System
Financial position
Labor unions
Public debt
Social welfare programs
Taxation
Unemployment
Wall Street
Society
Culture
Americana
Architecture
Cinema
Cuisine
Dance
Demography
Education
Family structure
Fashion
Flag
Folklore
Languages
American English
Indigenous languages
ASL
Black American Sign Language
HSL
Plains Sign Talk
Arabic
Chinese
French
German
Italian
Russian
Spanish
Literature
Media
Journalism
Internet
Newspapers
Radio
Television
Music
Names
People
Philosophy
Public holidays
Religion
Sexuality
Sports
Theater
Visual art
Social class
Affluence
American Dream
Educational attainment
Homelessness
Home-ownership
Household income
Income inequality
Middle class
Personal income
Poverty
Professional and working class conflict
Standard of living
Wealth
Issues
Ages of consent
Capital punishment
Crime
incarceration
Criticism of government
Discrimination
affirmative action
antisemitism
intersex rights
Islamophobia
LGBT rights
racism
same-sex marriage
Drug policy
Energy policy
Environmental movement
Gun politics
Health care
abortion
health insurance
hunger
obesity
smoking
Human rights
Immigration
illegal
International rankings
National security
Mass surveillance
Terrorism
Separation of church and state
Outline
Index
Book
Category
Portal
show
v
t
e
History of the United States
Timeline
Prehistory
Pre-Columbian
Colonial
1776–89
1789–1849
1849–65
1865–1918
1918–45
1945–64
1964–80
1980–91
1991–2008
2008–present
Topics
American Century
Cities
Constitution
Demographic
Diplomatic
Economic
Education
Immigration
Medical
Merchant Marine
Military
Musical
Religious
Slavery
Southern
Technological and industrial
Territorial acquisitions
Territorial evolution
Voting rights
Women
Category
Portal
show
v
t
e
Post–Cold War conflicts in Asia
South Asia
Nepalese conflicts
Civil War (1996–2006)
Royal massacre (2001)
Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)
Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)
India–Pakistan military confrontation (2016–present)
Kargil War (1999)
Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)
Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes
Afghan Wars
1989–92
1992–96
1996–2001
2001–present
War in North-West Pakistan (2004–present)
Balochistan conflict (2004–present)
Rohingya conflict (1947–present)
East Asia
Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
Korean dispute
Maritime border incidents (1967–present)
2013 crisis
2017 crisis
Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)
Southeast
Asia
Cambodian–Vietnamese War
Insurgency in Laos
East Timorese conflicts
Indonesian occupation (1975–99)
1999 crisis
2006 crisis
Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–11)
Other Indonesian conflicts
Papua conflict (1969–present)
Aceh insurgency (1976–2005)
Myanmar internal conflict (1948–present)
Karen conflict
Kachin (2011–present)
Civil conflict in the Philippines
CPP–NPA–NDF
Moro
Al-Ma'unah (2000-2001)
Kampung Medan riots (2001)
South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)
Central Asia
Tajikistani Civil War (1992–97)
Kyrgyz Revolution (2010)
South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes (2010)
Tajikistan Insurgency (2010–12)
Western Asia
(excluding
South Caucasus)
Iraqi conflicts
Iraqi–Kurdish (1918–2003)
Civil War (1994–97)
Kurdistan Islamist conflict (2001–03)
War (2003–11)
Post-War insurgency (2011–13)
Civil War (2014–present)
Conflicts with Israel
Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
Intifada (2000–05)
Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
Israeli–Lebanese (1948–present)
South Lebanon (1985–2000)
Lebanon War (2006)
Yemeni conflicts
Yemeni Civil War (1994)
al-Qaeda (1998–2015)
Houthi (2004–15)
South Yemen (2009–15)
Yemeni Crisis (2011–present)
Coup d'état (2014–15)
Civil War (2015–present)
Civil conflict in Turkey
Political violence (1976–80)
Maoist insurgency
DHKP/C insurgency
PKK conflict
Turkey–ISIL conflict
Others
Kurdish separatism in Iran
KDPI insurgency (1989–96)
Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–present)
Sinai insurgency (2011–present)
Bahraini uprising (2011)
Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
Regional spillover
Related topics
War on Terror (2001–13)
Operation Inherent Resolve (2014-present)
Arab Spring (2010–11)
Arab Winter
Colour revolutions
European conflicts
African conflicts
Conflicts in the Americas
show
v
t
e
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Names of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Leadership
Current
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Abu Ahmad al-Alwani
Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi
Abu Muhammad al-Shimali
† Former
Haji Bakr
Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi
Abu Mohannad al-Sweidawi
Abdul Rauf Aliza
Abu Sayyaf
Ali Awni al-Harzi
Abu Umar al-Tunisi
Abu Khattab al-Tunisi
Abu Muslim al-Turkmani
Mohammed Emwazi
Abu Nabil al-Anbari
Abu Ali al-Anbari
Abu Waheeb
Abu Omar al-Shishani
Abu Mohammad al-Adnani
Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti
Ahmad Abousamra
Turki al-Binali
History
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999–2004)
Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (2004–2006)
Mujahideen Shura Council (2006)
Islamic State of Iraq (2006–2013)
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–2014)
Islamic State (2014–present)
Timeline of events
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
International
branches
Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan)
Libyan Provinces (Libya)
Caucasus Province (North Caucasus)
Sinai Province (Sinai)
Algeria Province (Algeria)
Yemen Province (Yemen)
Abnaa ul-Calipha (Somalia)
Abu Sayyaf (Philippines)
Boko Haram (West Africa)
Wars
War on Terror
Iraq War
Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)
Sectarian violence (2006–07)
Iraqi insurgency (2011–14)
Iraqi Civil War (2014–present)
Syrian Civil War
Spillover
Spillover in Lebanon
Inter-rebel conflict
Sinai insurgency
Libyan Civil War (2014–present)
War in North-West Pakistan
War in Afghanistan (2015–present)
Moro conflict (Philippines)
al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)
Boko Haram insurgency
Military intervention against ISIL
American-led intervention in Iraq
American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War
Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War
Turkish military intervention in Syria
Battles
2013
Akashat ambush
Hawija clashes
Raqqa campaign (2012–13)
Operation al-Shabah
Battle of Ras al-Ayn
Battle of Tell Abyad
Latakia offensive
Siege of Menagh Air Base
Battle of Sadad
Battle of Qalamoun
Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)
Anbar campaign (2013–14)
2014
Fall of Fallujah
Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)
Battle of Markada
Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)
Fall of Mosul
Salahuddin campaign
First Battle of Tikrit
Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)
Siege of Kobanî
Sinjar massacre
Derna campaign (2014–16)
Battle of Baiji
Battle of Ramadi (2014–15)
Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)
Battle of Baiji (2014–15)
Sinjar offensive (December 2014)
Battle of Zumar
Siege of Amirli
2015
Fall of Nofaliya
West African offensive
February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya
Bosso and Diffa raid
Eastern al-Hasakah offensive
Second Battle of Tikrit
Battle of Sirte
Hama and Homs offensive (March–April 2015)
Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)
Battle of Yarmouk Camp
Anbar offensive (2015)
Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)
Palmyra offensive (May 2015)
Western al-Hasakah offensive
Al-Hasakah city offensive (May–June 2015)
Tell Abyad offensive (May–July 2015)
Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)
Battle of al-Hasakah
Kobanî massacre
Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)
Battle of Ramadi (2015–16)
Battle of Al-Qaryatayn (August 2015)
Al-Hawl offensive
Homs offensive (November–December 2015)
Sinjar offensive (November 2015)
East Aleppo offensive (2015–16)
Nineveh Plains offensive
Tishrin Dam offensive
2016
Deir ez-Zor offensive (January 2016)
Siege of Fallujah (2016)
Nangarhar Offensive
Battle of Ben Guerdane
Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)
Al-Shaddadi offensive
2016 Khanasir offensive
Battle of al-Qaryatayn (March–April 2016)
Palmyra offensive (March 2016)
Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)
Hīt offensive
Battle of Basilan
Battle of Sirte
Ar-Rutbah offensive
Northern Raqqa offensive (May 2016)
Battle of Fallujah
Manbij offensive
Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)
Abu Kamal offensive
Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)
Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)
Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)
2016 Dabiq offensive
Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)
Battle of al-Bab
Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)
Palmyra offensive (December 2016)
2017
Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)
Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)
Palmyra offensive (2017)
Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)
East Aleppo offensive (January–April 2017)
Eastern Homs offensive (2017)
Hama offensive (2017)
Western Nineveh offensive (2017)
Battle of Tabqa (2017)
Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)
Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)
Maskanah Plains offensive
Battle of Marawi
Battle of Raqqa (2017)
Southern Raqqa offensive (June 2017)
Central Syria campaign (2017)
Battle of Tal Afar (2017)
Hawija offensive (2017)
Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)
2017 Abu Kamal offensive
2017 Western Iraq campaign
Attacks
2014
Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack
2015
Porte de Vincennes siege
Beheading of Copts in Libya
Corinthia Hotel attack
Al Qubbah bombings
Bardo National Museum attack
Sana'a mosque bombings
Jalalabad suicide bombing
Curtis Culwell Center attack
Qatif and Dammam mosque bombings
26 June 2015 Islamist attacks
Kobanî massacre
Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack
Kuwait mosque bombing
Sousse attacks
Khan Bani Saad bombing
Suruç bombing
Baghdad bombing (August)
Ankara bombings
Metrojet Flight 9268
Beirut bombings
Paris attacks (November)
Tunis bombing
Qamishli bombings
2016
Zliten truck bombing
Hurghada attack
Istanbul bombing (January)
Jakarta attacks
Ramadi bombing
Mahasin mosque attack
Sayyidah Zaynab attack (January)
Mosul massacre
Homs bombings (February)
Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (February)
Baghdad bombings (February)
Istanbul bombing (March)
Brussels bombings
Aden car bombing
Iskandariya suicide bombing
Baghdad bombing (April)
Samawa bombing
Gaziantep bombing (May)
Baghdad bombings (11 May)
Real Madrid fan club massacres
Baghdad gas plant attack
Yemen police bombings (15 May)
Baghdad bombings (17 May)
Jableh and Tartous bombings (May)
Yemen bombings (23 May)
Aktobe shootings
Magnanville stabbing
Mukalla attacks (June)
Movida Bar grenade attack
Atatürk Airport attack
Dhaka attack (July)
Karrada bombing
Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum attack
Würzburg train attack
Kabul bombing (July)
Ansbach bombing
Normandy church attack
Qamishli bombings (July)
Charleroi stabbing
Shchelkovo Highway police station attack
Aden bombing (August)
Syria bombings (September)
Baghdad bombings (September)
Baghdad bombings (October)
Quetta police training college attack
Hamam al-Alil massacre
Khuzdar bombing
Samarinda church bombing
Kabul suicide bombing (November)
Hillah suicide truck bombing (November)
Aden suicide bombings (December)
Botroseya church bombing
Al-Karak attack
Berlin attack
Baghdad bombings (December)
2017
Istanbul nightclub shooting
Baghdad bombings (January)
Azaz bombing (January)
Kabul Supreme Court attack (February)
Sehwan suicide bombing
Kabul attack (March)
London (Westminster) attack
Saint Petersburg Metro bombing
Egypt church bombings
Mastung suicide bombing
Manchester Arena bombing
Jakarta bombings
Minya attack
Al-Faqma bombing
London (Southwark) attack
Brighton siege
Tehran attacks
Pakistan bombings (June)
Hurghada attack
Attack on the Iraqi embassy in Kabul
Herat mosque attack
Quetta suicide bombing
Barcelona attacks
Brussels attack (August)
Nasiriyah attacks
Sinai mosque attack
Kabul suicide bombing (December)
Saint Menas church attack
2018
Baghdad bombings
Save The Children Jalalabad attack
Kizlyar church shooting
Kabul suicide bombing (March)
Carcassonne and Trèbes attack
Kabul suicide bombing (22 April 2018)
Kabul suicide bombings (30 April 2018)
Attack on the High National Elections Commission in Tripoli, Libya
Mako Brimob Standoff
Paris knife attack
Surabaya bombings
Politics
Finances
Ideology
Human rights
Genocide of Christians
Genocide of Shias
Genocide of Yazidis
Persecution of gay and bisexual men by ISIL
Killing of captives
Beheading incidents
Destruction of cultural heritage
Relations
Iran and ISIL
Philippines and ISIL
United Kingdom and ISIL
Foreign fighters
Name changes due to ISIL
Portrayal of ISIL in American media
Connection with Saddam Regime and Baath Party
Society
Members
Terrorist cell in Brussels
Territorial claims
Media of ISIL
Ahlam al-Nasr
Al-Bayan
Amaq News Agency
Dabiq
Dar al-Islam
Istok
Konstantiniyye
Rumiyah
Related topics
Worldwide caliphate
Defeating ISIS
Islamism
Millenarianism
Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency
Shia–Sunni relations
Slavery in 21st-century Islamism
Theocracy
Authority control
GND: 4731075-3
NARA: 10664837
NDL: 00968613
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq_War&oldid=846270041"
Categories:
Iraq War
2000s in Iraq
2010s in Iraq
2000s in Iraqi Kurdistan
2010s in Iraqi Kurdistan
2000s conflicts
2010s conflicts
George W. Bush administration controversies
Iraq–United States relations
Iraq War legal issues
Modern history of Iraq
Occupation of Iraq
Politics of Iraq
Imperialism
Iraqi Kurdistan
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Iraq
War on Terror
Wars involving Iraq
Wars involving the United States
Wars involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Wars involving the United Kingdom
Wars involving Poland
Wars involving Australia
Wars involving Romania
Wars involving El Salvador
Wars involving Estonia
Wars involving Albania
Wars involving Moldova
Wars involving Ukraine
Wars involving Bulgaria
Wars involving Denmark
Wars involving Armenia
Wars involving Azerbaijan
Wars involving Bosnia and Herzegovina
Wars involving the Czech Republic
Wars involving Latvia
Wars involving Singapore
Wars involving South Korea
Wars involving the Republic of Macedonia
Wars involving Kazakhstan
Wars involving Tonga
Wars involving Georgia (country)
Wars involving Mongolia
Wars involving Slovakia
Wars involving Norway
Wars involving Lithuania
Wars involving Italy
Wars involving the Netherlands
Wars involving Portugal
Wars involving Japan
Wars involving New Zealand
Wars involving Iceland
Wars involving Nicaragua
Wars involving the Dominican Republic
Wars involving Spain
Wars involving the Philippines
Wars involving Honduras
Wars involving Thailand
Proxy wars
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2015
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
Webarchive template wayback links
Webarchive template archiveis links
Webarchive template warnings
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from June 2016
Articles with dead external links from April 2014
Articles with dead external links from November 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Use dmy dates from April 2018
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Pages using military navigation subgroups without wide style
Articles containing Arabic-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014
Articles needing cleanup from July 2013
All pages needing cleanup
Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from July 2013
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from January 2014
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikinews
Wikiquote
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Boarisch
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
لۊری شومالی
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
मराठी
مازِرونی
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Plattdüütsch
Português
Русский
Scots
Seeltersk
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Walon
ייִדיש
粵語
中文
63 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 June 2018, at 15:58 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Iraq_War_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Iraq War (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: class colspan style

attrs: colspan style

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: b

values:
/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%9311)
mw-redirect
History of Iraq (2003–11)

values: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region

values:
/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq
mw-redirect
Al-Qaeda in Iraq

values: Iraqi parliamentary election, January 2005

values:
/wiki/Iraqi_Shias
mw-redirect
Iraqi Shias

values: American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)

values: text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: inherit; display: none;

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border: none; padding: 0;
NavFrame1

values:
/wiki/Awakening_Council
mw-redirect
Awakening Council

values: width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;

values: Logo of the Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation.png

values: Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation

values:
/wiki/Islamic_Army_of_Iraq
mw-redirect
Islamic Army of Iraq

values:
/wiki/Ansar_al-Sunnah
mw-redirect
Ansar al-Sunnah

values:
/wiki/George_W._Casey,_Jr.
mw-redirect
George W. Casey, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_ad-Douri
mw-redirect
Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri

values: font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif

values:
/wiki/Ishmael_Jubouri
mw-redirect
Ishmael Jubouri

values:
/wiki/Qais_al-Khazali
mw-redirect
Qais al-Khazali

values:
/wiki/Awakening_movements_in_Iraq
mw-redirect
Awakening movements in Iraq

values: List of Iraqi security forces fatality reports in Iraq

values: List of private contractor deaths in Iraq

values:
/wiki/2003_Attack_on_Karbala
mw-redirect
2003 Attack on Karbala

values: Battle of the Green Line (2003) (page does not exist)

values: Battle of the Kani Domlan Ridge (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Ramadan_Offensive
mw-redirect
Ramadan Offensive

values:
/wiki/Lake_Tharthar_Raid
mw-redirect
Lake Tharthar Raid

values:
/wiki/2006_Ramadan_Offensive
mw-redirect
2006 Ramadan Offensive

values:
/wiki/Siege_of_U.K._bases_in_Basra
mw-redirect
Siege of U.K. bases in Basra

values:
/wiki/2008_Al-Qaeda_offensive_in_Iraq
mw-redirect
2008 Al-Qaeda offensive in Iraq

values:
/wiki/Camp_Ashraf_raid
mw-redirect
Camp Ashraf raid

values: Template talk:Campaignbox Iraq War terrorism

values:
/wiki/Insurgent_attacks_of_the_Iraq_War
mw-redirect
Insurgent attacks of the Iraq War

values: 2003 Jordanian embassy bombing in Baghdad

values:
/wiki/Imam_Ali_Mosque_bombing
mw-redirect
Imam Ali Mosque bombing

values:
/wiki/27_October_2003_Baghdad_bombings
mw-redirect
27 October 2003 Baghdad bombings

values: 2004 Forward Operating Base Marez bombing

values:
/wiki/2006_al-Askari_Mosque_bombing
mw-redirect
2006 al-Askari Mosque bombing

values:
/wiki/Buratha_Mosque_bombing
mw-redirect
Buratha Mosque bombing

values:
/wiki/2007_Abu_Sayda_bombing
mw-redirect
2007 Abu Sayda bombing

values:
/wiki/2007_al-Askari_Mosque_bombing
mw-redirect
2007 al-Askari Mosque bombing

values:
/wiki/2007_al-Khilani_Mosque_bombing
mw-redirect
2007 al-Khilani Mosque bombing

values: 2009 Baghdad police recruitment centre bombing

values:
/wiki/April_2009_Baghdad_bombings
mw-redirect
April 2009 Baghdad bombings

values:
/wiki/4_April_2010_Baghdad_bombings
mw-redirect
4 April 2010 Baghdad bombings

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template talk:Campaignbox Persian Gulf Wars

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Government_of_Saddam_Hussein
mw-redirect
Government of Saddam Hussein

values: Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve

values:
/wiki/September_11_terrorist_attacks
mw-redirect
September 11 terrorist attacks

values:
/wiki/George_W._Bush_Administration
mw-redirect
George W. Bush Administration

values:
/wiki/Persian_Gulf_War
mw-redirect
Persian Gulf War

values:
/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction
mw-redirect
Weapons of mass destruction

values: Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations

values:
/wiki/Iraq_sanctions
mw-redirect
Iraq sanctions

values:
/wiki/UN_Security_Council
mw-redirect
UN Security Council

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 687

values:
/wiki/Operation_Desert_Fox
mw-redirect
Operation Desert Fox

values: United States presidential election, 2000

values:
/wiki/11_September_2001_attacks
mw-redirect
11 September 2001 attacks

values:
/wiki/Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda
mw-redirect
Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda

values: United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission

values: Popular opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq

values: United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War

values:
/wiki/Blair_administration
mw-redirect
Blair administration

values:
/wiki/Lord_Hunt_of_Kings_Heath
mw-redirect
Lord Hunt of Kings Heath

values: Thomas Bingham, Baron Bingham of Cornhill

values:
/wiki/Lord_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary
mw-redirect
Lord of Appeal in Ordinary

values:
/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration
mw-redirect
George W. Bush administration

values:
/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_UK
mw-redirect
Deputy Prime Minister of the UK

values: List of people associated with the 2003 invasion of Iraq

values: Coalition military operations of the Iraq War

values:
/wiki/Iraq_War_order_of_battle
mw-redirect
Iraq War order of battle

values:
/wiki/Military_division
mw-redirect
Military division

values:
/wiki/Operation_Falconer
mw-redirect
Operation Falconer

values:
/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Willing
mw-redirect
Coalition of the Willing

values:
/wiki/Special_Forces
mw-redirect
Special Forces

values:
/wiki/Amphibious_assault
mw-redirect
Amphibious assault

values:
/wiki/Al-Faw_peninsula
mw-redirect
Al-Faw peninsula

values: photograph of three Marines entering a partially destroyed stone palace with a mural of Arabic script

values:
/wiki/1st_Battalion_7th_Marines
mw-redirect
1st Battalion 7th Marines

values:
/wiki/U.S._3rd_Infantry_Division
mw-redirect
U.S. 3rd Infantry Division

values:
/wiki/1st_Marine_Expeditionary_Force
mw-redirect
1st Marine Expeditionary Force

values:
/wiki/1_(UK)_Armoured_Division
mw-redirect
1 (UK) Armoured Division

values:
/wiki/Euphrates_River
mw-redirect
Euphrates River

values:
/wiki/U.S._Marines
mw-redirect
U.S. Marines

values: Edit section: 2003–11: Post-invasion phase

values: Edit section: 2003: Beginnings of insurgency

values:
/wiki/U.S._1st_Marine_Division
mw-redirect
U.S. 1st Marine Division

values:
/wiki/2003_Mission_Accomplished_Speech
mw-redirect
2003 Mission Accomplished Speech

values:
/wiki/Iraqi_Special_Republican_Guard
mw-redirect
Iraqi Special Republican Guard

values:
/wiki/Salah_ad_Din_Governorate
mw-redirect
Salah ad Din Governorate

values:
/wiki/Rocket_propelled_grenades
mw-redirect
Rocket propelled grenades

values: Edit section: Coalition Provisional Authority and the Iraq Survey Group

values: International Advisory and Monitoring Board

values: Coalition Provisional Authority Program Review Board

values:
/wiki/Reconstruction_of_Iraq
mw-redirect
Reconstruction of Iraq

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values:
/wiki/Transitional_government
mw-redirect
Transitional government

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483

values:
/wiki/Laws_of_war
mw-redirect
Laws of war

values:
/wiki/L._Paul_Bremer
mw-redirect
L. Paul Bremer

values:
/wiki/Multinational_force_in_Iraq
mw-redirect
Multinational force in Iraq

values:
/wiki/Duelfer_Report
mw-redirect
Duelfer Report

values: Edit section: Capturing former government leaders

values:
/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah_Ali_al-Sistani
mw-redirect
Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani

values: Iraqi coalition counter-insurgency operations

values:
/wiki/Iraq_Spring_Fighting_of_2004
mw-redirect
Iraq Spring Fighting of 2004

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Apache-killing-Iraq.ogv/320px--Apache-killing-Iraq.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:320px;height:240px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="213.01301301301" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Apache-killing-Iraq.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Apache-killing-Iraq.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 320 × 240 (284 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="283675" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Apache-killing-Iraq.ogv/Apache-killing-Iraq.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="315016" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Apache-killing-Iraq.ogv/Apache-killing-Iraq.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="200576" data-framerate="29.97"/></video>

values: What is that about? I can find nowhere any specifics of Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (or AQI) active in any 'insurgency', early 2004… (November 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Blackwater_USA
mw-redirect
Blackwater USA

values:
/wiki/Private_military_contractor
mw-redirect
Private military contractor

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Hue_City
mw-redirect
Battle of Hue City

values:
/wiki/White_phosphorus_use_in_Iraq
mw-redirect
White phosphorus use in Iraq

values:
/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prisoner_abuse
mw-redirect
Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse

values:
/wiki/Seymour_M._Hersh
mw-redirect
Seymour M. Hersh

values:
/wiki/Military_Transition_Teams
mw-redirect
Military Transition Teams

values: Edit section: 2005: Elections and transitional government

values: Iraqi legislative election, January 2005

values:
/wiki/Iraqi_National_Assembly
mw-redirect
Iraqi National Assembly

values: Iraqi legislative election, December 2005

values: Edit section: 2006: Sectarian Violence and permanent Iraqi government

values:
/wiki/3rd_Battalion_3rd_Marines
mw-redirect
3rd Battalion 3rd Marines

values:
/wiki/Al-Askari_Mosque_bombing_(2006)
mw-redirect
Al-Askari Mosque bombing (2006)

values:
/wiki/502nd_Infantry_Regiment
mw-redirect
502nd Infantry Regiment

values: Members of the 1st Iraqi Council of Representatives

values: Edit section: Iraq Study Group report and Saddam's execution

values: Timeline of the Iraq War troop surge of 2007

values:
/wiki/Multinational_Force_Iraq
mw-redirect
Multinational Force Iraq

values:
/wiki/George_William_Casey_Jr.
mw-redirect
George William Casey Jr.

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)

values: Edit section: Effects of the surge on security

values:
/wiki/Iraqi_Interior_Ministry
mw-redirect
Iraqi Interior Ministry

values:
/wiki/Iraqi_Health_Ministry
mw-redirect
Iraqi Health Ministry

values:
/wiki/2007_Qahtaniya_bombings
mw-redirect
2007 Qahtaniya bombings

values:
/wiki/Du%27a_Khalil_Aswad
mw-redirect
Du'a Khalil Aswad

values:
/wiki/Anbar_Awakening
mw-redirect
Anbar Awakening

values:
/wiki/United_States-Iran_relations
mw-redirect
United States-Iran relations

values:
/wiki/Kill_or_Capture_strategy
mw-redirect
Kill or Capture strategy

values: U.S. raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Arbil

values: 2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq

values: Edit section: Blackwater private security controversy

values:
/wiki/Blackwater_Baghdad_shootings
mw-redirect
Blackwater Baghdad shootings

values:
/wiki/U.S._Defense_Department
mw-redirect
U.S. Defense Department

values: Edit section: Spring offensives on Shiite militias

values:
/wiki/Iraq_Spring_Fighting_of_2008
mw-redirect
Iraq Spring Fighting of 2008

values:
/wiki/Qassem_Suleimani
mw-redirect
Qassem Suleimani

values:
/wiki/Iranian_government
mw-redirect
Iranian government

values: Edit section: Iraqi security forces rearm

values:
/wiki/UH-60_Blackhawk
mw-redirect
UH-60 Blackhawk

values: Edit section: Status of forces agreement

values: Edit section: 2009: Coalition redeployment

values:
/wiki/Sunni_Awakening
mw-redirect
Sunni Awakening

values: File:President Obama's speech at Camp Lejeune on 2009-02-27.ogv

values: <video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv/854px--President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="1820.672" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="President_Obama's_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1050712" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv.720p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="1617280" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 1,280 × 720 (2.31 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="2314802" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="208040" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="314984" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv/President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="558696" data-framerate="30"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:President_Obama%27s_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv.en.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:President_Obama's_speech_at_Camp_Lejeune_on_2009-02-27.ogv.en.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" data-dir="ltr"/></video>

values: Edit section: Exit strategy announcement

values:
/wiki/Iraqi_Security_Forces
mw-redirect
Iraqi Security Forces

values:
/wiki/Nuri_al-Maliki
mw-redirect
Nuri al-Maliki

values:
/wiki/Government_of_Iraq
mw-redirect
Government of Iraq

values: Edit section: Sixth anniversary protests

values:
/wiki/Al_Basrah_Oil_Terminal
mw-redirect
Al Basrah Oil Terminal

values: Edit section: 2010: U.S. drawdown and Operation New Dawn

values:
/wiki/Raymond_Odierno
mw-redirect
Raymond Odierno

values:
/wiki/82nd_Airborne
mw-redirect
82nd Airborne

values:
/wiki/Al_Faw_Palace
mw-redirect
Al Faw Palace

values:
/wiki/Ray_Odierno
mw-redirect
Ray Odierno

values:
/wiki/3d_Armored_Cavalry_Regiment
mw-redirect
3d Armored Cavalry Regiment

values:
/wiki/Diyala_Province
mw-redirect
Diyala Province

values: Edit section: UN lifts restrictions on Iraq

values:
/wiki/Kuwaiti_Army
mw-redirect
Kuwaiti Army

values:
/wiki/Marine_Embassy_Guard
mw-redirect
Marine Embassy Guard

values: Edit section: Aftermath – post U.S. withdrawal

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #db8ca6; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #b4b2ae; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #d7e074; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ebc0b3; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #cae7c4; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #e2d974; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Haidar_al-Abadi
mw-redirect
Haidar al-Abadi

values:
/wiki/James_Foley_(photojournalist)
mw-redirect
James Foley (photojournalist)

values:
/wiki/Iraq_War_Logs
mw-redirect
Iraq War Logs

values: American popular opinion on invasion of Iraq

values: Governmental positions on the Iraq War prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq

values: Public relations preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq

values:
/wiki/Iraq_War_misappropriations
mw-redirect
Iraq War misappropriations

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #009d00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ea6400; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #fad91f; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #0f83bb; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ababab; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: Financial cost of the 2003 Iraq Conflict

values:
/wiki/War_on_terror
mw-redirect
War on terror

values:
/wiki/Oil_price_increases_since_2003
mw-redirect
Oil price increases since 2003

values: Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction

values: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Embedded_list
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Embedded list

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose

values: <video id="mwe_player_5" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/CollateralMurder.ogv/480px--CollateralMurder.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:480px;height:384px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="809.47664399093" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="CollateralMurder.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/CollateralMurder.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 480 × 384 (969 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="480" data-height="384" data-bandwidth="969118" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/CollateralMurder.ogv/CollateralMurder.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="200" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="198024" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/CollateralMurder.ogv/CollateralMurder.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="300" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="319808" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/CollateralMurder.ogv/CollateralMurder.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="576032" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/></video>

values:
/wiki/July_12,_2007_Baghdad_airstrike
mw-redirect
July 12, 2007 Baghdad airstrike

values:
/wiki/Death_Squads
mw-redirect
Death Squads

values: Edit section: Coalition forces and private contractors

values:
/wiki/Haditha_killings
mw-redirect
Haditha killings

values: The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2014)

values: European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights

values:
/wiki/Iraq_War_insurgent_attacks
mw-redirect
Iraq War insurgent attacks

values:
/wiki/Civil_war_in_Iraq_(2006-07)
mw-redirect
Civil war in Iraq (2006-07)

values:
/wiki/Al-Askari_Mosque
mw-redirect
Al-Askari Mosque

values:
/wiki/Sectarian_strife
mw-redirect
Sectarian strife

values:
/wiki/Eugene_Armstrong
mw-redirect
Eugene Armstrong

values:
/wiki/Jack_Hensley
mw-redirect
Jack Hensley

values:
/wiki/New_Iraqi_Army
mw-redirect
New Iraqi Army

values:
/wiki/Public_opinion_on_the_Iraq_War
mw-redirect
Public opinion on the Iraq War

values: Edit section: Relation to the Global War on Terrorism

values:
/wiki/Criticism_of_the_War_on_Terrorism
mw-redirect
Criticism of the War on Terrorism

values:
/wiki/War_on_Terrorism
mw-redirect
War on Terrorism

values: International Institute for Strategic Studies

values: Edit section: Role of Saudi Arabia and non-Iraqis

values:
/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_and_terrorism
mw-redirect
Saudi Arabia and terrorism

values: padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;

values: border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;

values: overflow-x: auto; border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:300px; background: white;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/12_July_2007_Baghdad_airstrike
mw-redirect
12 July 2007 Baghdad airstrike

values: National Network to End the War Against Iraq

values: Overseas interventions of the United States

values: United States military casualties of war

values: The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs

values: -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2015)

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf

values:
nofollow
http://www.antiwar.com/casualties/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.france24.com/en/node/4926131

values: Project on Defense Alternatives (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Common_Dreams_NewsCenter
mw-redirect
Common Dreams NewsCenter

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html

values: Commonwealth Institute (Cambridge, Massachusetts) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine
mw-redirect
New England Journal of Medicine

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24143140

values:
nofollow
http://www.iraqbodycount.org/
external text

values:
/wiki/Bill_Nelson_(politician)
mw-redirect
Bill Nelson (politician)

values:
/wiki/The_White_House
mw-redirect
The White House

values: White House Office of the Press Secretary

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235

values: United States Army Center of Military History

values:
nofollow
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30906766/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.alternet.org/story/71144/
external text

values:
/wiki/The_Associated_Press
mw-redirect
The Associated Press

values:
nofollow
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29022158/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20294868/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.2281275

values:
nofollow
external text
//ssrn.com/abstract=2281275

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.unhcr.org/576408cd7

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331

values: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sundayherald.com/42229

values:
nofollow
http://hrw.org/reports/2005/iraq1005/
external text

values:
/wiki/McClatchy_Newspapers
mw-redirect
McClatchy Newspapers

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Robert_M._Gates
mw-redirect
Robert M. Gates

values:
nofollow
http://costofwar.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.pollingreport.com/iraq.htm

values: WMD conjecture in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq

values: April 8, 2003 journalist deaths by U.S. fire

values: List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War

values: List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Iraq War

values:
https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Iraq_War
extiw
n:Iraq War

values:
*_War_in_Afghanistan
*_Iraq_War
*_War_in_North-West_Pakistan
*_Symbolism_of_terrorism

values: Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom

values: Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines

values: Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program

values: Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

values: Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)

values: Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States

values: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction

values: Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World

values: Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan

values: Template:Armed Iraqi groups in the Iraq War and the Iraq Civil War

values: Template talk:Armed Iraqi groups in the Iraq War and the Iraq Civil War

values:
/wiki/Iraqi_government
mw-redirect
Iraqi government

values: General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries

values: Turkmen Brigades (Popular Mobilization Units)

values:
/wiki/Salafist_jihadism
mw-redirect
Salafist jihadism

values: Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn

values: List of modern conflicts in the Middle East

values: Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence

values: Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine

values: Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II

values: Sadr uprising (1980) (page does not exist)

values: Abu Nidal Organization internal executions

values:
/wiki/2004_al-Qamishli_riots
mw-redirect
2004 al-Qamishli riots

values: 2009 Iranian presidential election protests

values: Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces

values: Template talk:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces

values:
/wiki/1811_German_Coast_Uprising
mw-redirect
1811 German Coast Uprising

values:
/wiki/First_Seminole_War
mw-redirect
First Seminole War

values:
/wiki/Third_Seminole_War
mw-redirect
Third Seminole War

values: United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–24)

values: Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

values:
/wiki/US_invasion_of_Grenada
mw-redirect
US invasion of Grenada

values:
/wiki/Operation_El_Dorado_Canyon
mw-redirect
Operation El Dorado Canyon

values: United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti

values: American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War

values: American military intervention in Cameroon

values: American intervention in Libya (2015–present)

values: List of wars involving the United States

values: Timeline of United States military operations

values: Length of U.S. participation in major wars

values: Covert United States foreign regime change actions

values:
/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_of_Iraq
mw-redirect
Mamluk dynasty of Iraq

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Human rights in ISIL-controlled territory

values:
/wiki/Iraqi_refugees
mw-redirect
Iraqi refugees

values:
/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen
mw-redirect
Iraqi Turkmen

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution

values: Territorial evolution of the United States

values:
/wiki/Reconstruction_Era
mw-redirect
Reconstruction Era

values: African-American civil rights movement (1865–1896)

values: African-American civil rights movement (1896–1954)

values: History of the United States (1865–1918)

values: Military history of the United States during World War II

values: United States home front during World War II

values: History of the United States (1991–2008)

values: History of the United States (2008–present)

values: Demographic history of the United States

values: Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)

values: Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)

values: Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)

values: Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)

values: Postage stamps and postal history of the United States

values: Technological and industrial history of the United States

values: Lists of populated places in the United States

values: List of earthquakes in the United States

values: List of extreme points of the United States

values: List of mountain peaks of the United States

values: List of areas in the United States National Park System

values:
/wiki/Pacific_States
mw-redirect
Pacific States

values: Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States

values: United States federal executive departments

values: Executive Office of the President of the United States

values: Independent agencies of the United States government

values: Federal law enforcement in the United States

values: Current members of the United States House of Representatives

values: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

values: Current members of the United States Senate

values: President pro tempore of the United States Senate

values: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution

values: United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps

values: Political ideologies in the United States

values: List of federal political scandals in the United States

values: List of companies of the United States by state

values: Chinese language and varieties in the United States

values: Educational attainment in the United States

values: Professional and working class conflict in the United States

values: Criticism of the United States government

values: Federal drug policy of the United States

values: Environmental movement in the United States

values: Illegal immigration to the United States

values: International rankings of the United States

values: Separation of church and state in the United States

values:
/wiki/Book:United_States
mw-redirect
Book:United States

values: History of the United States (1789–1849)

values: Category:Histories of cities in the United States

values: History of the United States Constitution

values: Timeline of United States diplomatic history

values: History of education in the United States

values: History of immigration to the United States

values: History of medicine in the United States

values: History of the United States Merchant Marine

values: History of religion in the United States

values: Template talk:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts

values: India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)

values: India–Pakistan military confrontation (2016–present)

values: List of border incidents involving North Korea

values:
/wiki/2013_Korean_crisis
mw-redirect
2013 Korean crisis

values:
/wiki/2017_North_Korea_crisis
mw-redirect
2017 North Korea crisis

values:
/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93PKK_conflict
mw-redirect
Turkey–PKK conflict

values: Template:Post-Cold War European conflicts

values: Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts

values: Template:Post-Cold War conflicts in the Americas

values: Template:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

values: Template talk:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

values: Names of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

values: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province

values: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Libya

values: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Caucasus Province

values: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Sinai Province

values: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Algeria Province

values: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Yemen Province

values: Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War

values: Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War

values: Turkish military intervention in Syria (August 2016 – March 2017)

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Qalamoun_(2013)
mw-redirect
Battle of Qalamoun (2013)

values: Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)

values:
/wiki/Fall_of_Fallujah_(2014)
mw-redirect
Fall of Fallujah (2014)

values: Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)

values: February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya

values: Hama and Homs offensive (March–April 2015)

values: Al-Hasakah city offensive (May–June 2015)

values:
/wiki/2015_Al-Hawl_offensive
mw-redirect
2015 Al-Hawl offensive

values: Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)

values: Battle of al-Qaryatayn (March–April 2016)

values: Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)

values:
/wiki/H%C4%ABt_offensive_(2016)
mw-redirect
Hīt offensive (2016)

values: Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)

values: Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)

values: Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)

values: Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)

values: Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)

values: East Aleppo offensive (January–April 2017)

values:
/wiki/2017_Hama_offensive
mw-redirect
2017 Hama offensive

values: Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)

values: Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)

values: List of terrorist incidents linked to ISIL

values: 2014 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack

values:
/wiki/Porte_de_Vincennes_siege
mw-redirect
Porte de Vincennes siege

values: 2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya

values: Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum attack

values:
/wiki/2016_W%C3%BCrzburg_train_attack
mw-redirect
2016 Würzburg train attack

values: 2016 stabbing of Charleroi police officers

values: 2016 Shchelkovo Highway police station attack

values: 2016 Quetta police training college attack

values: November 2016 Hillah suicide truck bombing

values:
/wiki/January_2017_Baghdad_bombings
mw-redirect
January 2017 Baghdad bombings

values: February 2017 Afghanistan's Supreme Court in Kabul attack

values:
/wiki/2017_Manchester_Arena_bombing
mw-redirect
2017 Manchester Arena bombing

values: 2017 attack on the Iraqi embassy in Kabul

values:
/wiki/Saint_Menas_church_attack
mw-redirect
Saint Menas church attack

values: 2018 attack on the High National Elections Commission in Tripoli, Libya

values: Ideology of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

values:
/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_ISIL
mw-redirect
Genocide of Christians by ISIL

values: Persecution of gay and bisexual men by ISIL

values: Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL

values: Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars

values: Name changes due to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

values: List of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant members

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4731075-3

values: National Archives and Records Administration

values: Category:George W. Bush administration controversies

values: Category:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Iraq

values: Category:Wars involving the United States

values: Category:Wars involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

values: Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom

values: Category:Wars involving Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: Category:Wars involving the Czech Republic

values: Category:Wars involving the Republic of Macedonia

values: Category:Wars involving Georgia (country)

values: Category:Wars involving the Dominican Republic

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2015

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Webarchive template archiveis links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2016

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2014

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Pages using military navigation subgroups without wide style

values: Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014

values: Category:Articles needing cleanup from July 2013

values: Category:Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from July 2013

values: Category:Articles with disputed statements from January 2014

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Iraq_War
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/w/index.php?title=Iraq_War&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: حرب العراق – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: İraq müharibəsi (2003-2011) – Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: ইরাক যুদ্ধ – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Іракская вайна – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Ірацкая вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakkrieg
Irakkrieg – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Πόλεμος στο Ιράκ – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: جنگ عراق – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 이라크 전쟁 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: इराक युद्ध – Hindi

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: מלחמת עיראק – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lrc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakkrich
Irakkrich – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Втора заливска војна – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: इराक युद्ध – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: آمریکا جنگ، عراق دله – Mazanderani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: ਇਰਾਕ ਯੁੱਧ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values: Иракская война – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War
Iraq War – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-stq
display: none;

values: ඉරාක යුද්ධය – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Рат у Ираку – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: ஈராக் போர் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: สงครามอิรัก – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Війна в Іраку – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values: איראקער קריג – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Iraq_War rootpage-Iraq_War skin-vector action-view