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Data conversion
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This article is about conversion of file formats. For conversion of data types, see Type conversion.
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Data conversion is the conversion of computer data from one format to another. Throughout a computer environment, data is encoded in a variety of ways. For example, computer hardware is built on the basis of certain standards, which requires that data contains, for example, parity bit checks. Similarly, the operating system is predicated on certain standards for data and file handling. Furthermore, each computer program handles data in a different manner. Whenever any one of these variables is changed, data must be converted in some way before it can be used by a different computer, operating system or program. Even different versions of these elements usually involve different data structures. For example, the changing of bits from one format to another, usually for the purpose of application interoperability or of capability of using new features, is merely a data conversion. Data conversions may be as simple as the conversion of a text file from one character encoding system to another; or more complex, such as the conversion of office file formats, or the conversion of image and audio file formats.
There are many ways in which data is converted within the computer environment. This may be seamless, as in the case of upgrading to a newer version of a computer program. Alternatively, the conversion may require processing by the use of a special conversion program, or it may involve a complex process of going through intermediary stages, or involving complex "exporting" and "importing" procedures, which may include converting to and from a tab-delimited or comma-separated text file. In some cases, a program may recognize several data file formats at the data input stage and then is also capable of storing the output data in a number of different formats. Such a program may be used to convert a file format. If the source format or target format is not recognized, then at times a third program may be available which permits the conversion to an intermediate format, which can then be reformatted using the first program. There are many possible scenarios.
Contents
[hide]
1 Information basics
2 Pivotal conversion
3 Lost and inexact data conversion
4 Open vs. secret specifications
5 Electronics
6 See also
7 References
Information basics[edit]
Before any data conversion is carried out, the user or application programmer should keep a few basics of computing and information theory in mind. These include:
Information can easily be discarded by the computer, but adding information takes effort.
The computer can add information only in a rule-based fashion.[citation needed]
Upsampling the data or converting to a more feature-rich format does not add information; it merely makes room for that addition, which usually a human must do.
Data stored in an electronic format can be quickly modified and analyzed.
For example, a true color image can easily be converted to grayscale, while the opposite conversion is a painstaking process. Converting a Unix text file to a Microsoft (DOS/Windows) text file involves adding characters, but this does not increase the entropy since it is rule-based; whereas the addition of color information to a grayscale image cannot be done programmatically, since only a human[citation needed] knows which colors are needed for each section of the picture–there are no rules that can be used to automate that process. Converting a 24-bit PNG to a 48-bit one does not add information to it, it only pads existing RGB pixel values with zeroes[citation needed], so that a pixel with a value of FF C3 56, for example, becomes FF00 C300 5600. The conversion makes it possible to change a pixel to have a value of, for instance, FF80 C340 56A0, but the conversion itself does not do that, only further manipulation of the image can. Converting an image or audio file in a lossy format (like JPEG or Vorbis) to a lossless (like PNG or FLAC) or uncompressed (like BMP or WAV) format only wastes space, since the same image with its loss of original information (the artifacts of lossy compression) becomes the target. A JPEG image can never be restored to the quality of the original image from which it was made, no matter how much the user tries the "JPEG Artifact Removal" feature of his or her image manipulation program.
Automatic restoration of information that was lost through a lossy compression process would probably require important advances in artificial intelligence.
Because of these realities of computing and information theory, data conversion is often a complex and error-prone process that requires the help of experts.
Pivotal conversion[edit]
Data conversion can occur directly from one format to another, but many applications that convert between multiple formats use a pivotal encoding by way of which any source format is converted to its target.[dubious – discuss] For example, it is possible to convert Cyrillic text from KOI8-R to Windows-1251 using a lookup table between the two encodings, but the modern approach is to convert the KOI8-R file to Unicode first and from that to Windows-1251. This is a more manageable approach; rather than needing lookup tables for all possible pairs of character encodings, an application needs only one lookup table for each character set, which it uses to convert to and from Unicode, thereby scaling the number of tables down from hundreds to a few tens.
Pivotal conversion is similarly used in other areas. Office applications, when employed to convert between office file formats, use their internal, default file format as a pivot. For example, a word processor may convert an RTF file to a WordPerfect file by converting the RTF to OpenDocument and then that to WordPerfect format. An image conversion program does not convert a PCX image to PNG directly; instead, when loading the PCX image, it decodes it to a simple bitmap format for internal use in memory, and when commanded to convert to PNG, that memory image is converted to the target format. An audio converter that converts from FLAC to AAC decodes the source file to raw PCM data in memory first, and then performs the lossy AAC compression on that memory image to produce the target file.
Lost and inexact data conversion[edit]
The objective of data conversion is to maintain all of the data, and as much of the embedded information as possible. This can only be done if the target format supports the same features and data structures present in the source file. Conversion of a word processing document to a plain text file necessarily involves loss of formatting information, because plain text format does not support word processing constructs such as marking a word as boldface. For this reason, conversion from one format to another which does not support a feature which is important to the user is rarely carried out, though it may be necessary for interoperability, e.g. converting a file from one version of Microsoft Word to an earlier version to enable transfer and use by other users who do not have the same later version of Word installed on their computer.
Loss of information can be mitigated by approximation in the target format. There is no way of converting a character like ä to ASCII, since the ASCII standard lacks it, but the information may be retained by approximating the character as ae. Of course, this is not an optimal solution, and can impact operations like searching and copying; and if a language makes a distinction between ä and ae, then that approximation does involve loss of information.
Data conversion can also suffer from inexactitude, the result of converting between formats that are conceptually different. The WYSIWYG paradigm, extant in word processors and desktop publishing applications, versus the structural-descriptive paradigm, found in SGML, XML and many applications derived therefrom, like HTML and MathML, is one example. Using a WYSIWYG HTML editor conflates the two paradigms, and the result is HTML files with suboptimal, if not nonstandard, code. In the WYSIWYG paradigm a double linebreak signifies a new paragraph, as that is the visual cue for such a construct, but a WYSIWYG HTML editor will usually convert such a sequence to

, which is structurally no new paragraph at all. As another example, converting from PDF to an editable word processor format is a tough chore, because PDF records the textual information like engraving on stone, with each character given a fixed position and linebreaks hard-coded, whereas word processor formats accommodate text reflow. PDF does not know of a word space character—the space between two letters and the space between two words differ only in quantity. Therefore, a title with ample letter-spacing for effect will usually end up with spaces in the word processor file, for example INTRODUCTION with spacing of 1 em as I N T R O D U C T I O N on the word processor.
Open vs. secret specifications[edit]
Successful data conversion requires thorough knowledge of the workings of both source and target formats. In the case where the specification of a format is unknown, reverse engineering will be needed to carry out conversion. Reverse engineering can achieve close approximation of the original specifications, but errors and missing features can still result.
Electronics[edit]
Data format conversion can also occur at the physical layer of an electronic communication system. Conversion between line codes such as NRZ and RZ can be accomplished when necessary.
See also[edit]
Character encoding
Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions)#Data conversions
Data migration
Data transformation
Data wrangling
Transcoding
Distributed Data Management Architecture (DDM)
Source-to-source compiler
References[edit]
Authority control
GND: 4377497-0
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One pound (British coin)
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"£1" redirects here. For other uses, see List of £1.
One pound
United Kingdom
Value
1 pound sterling
Mass
8.75 g
Diameter
23.03-23.43 mm
Thickness
2.8 mm
Edge
Alternately milled and plain
Composition
(Outer ring)
Nickel-brass
(76% Cu, 20% Zn, and 4% Ni)
(Inner planchet)
Nickel-plated alloy
Obverse
Design
Queen Elizabeth II
Designer
Jody Clark
Design date
2016
Reverse
Design
Rose, leek, thistle, and shamrock encircled by a coronet
Designer
David Pearce
Design date
2016
The British one pound (£1) coin is a denomination of the pound sterling. Its obverse bears the Latin engraving ELIZABETH II D G REG “Dei Gratia Regina” meaning, “Elizabeth II, by the grace of God, Queen” and F D meaning Fidei defensor,[1] Defender of the Faith.[2] It has featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II since the original coin's introduction on 21 April 1983.[3] Four different portraits of the Queen have been used, with the latest design by Jody Clark being introduced in 2015. The design on the reverse side of the current, 12-sided coin features four emblems to represent each of the nations of the United Kingdom – the English rose, the leek for Wales, the Scottish thistle, and the shamrock for Northern Ireland – emerging from a single stem within a crown.
The original, round £1 coin replaced the Bank of England £1 note, which ceased to be issued at the end of 1984 and was removed from circulation on 11 March 1988, though still redeemable at the Bank's offices, like all English banknotes. One-pound notes continue to be issued in Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, and by the Royal Bank of Scotland, but the pound coin is much more widely used. A new, dodecagonal (12-sided) design of coin was introduced on 28 March 2017 [4] and both new and old versions of the one pound coin circulated together until the older design was withdrawn from circulation on 15 October 2017. After that date, the older coin could only be redeemed at banks,[5] although some retailers announced they would continue to accept it for a limited time.[6] The original round pound remains legal tender on the Isle of Man.[7]
The main purpose of redesigning the coin was to combat counterfeiting. As of March 2014 there were an estimated 1,553 million of the original nickel-brass coins in circulation,[8] of which the Royal Mint estimated in 2014 that just over 3% were counterfeit.[9][10] The new coin, in contrast, is bimetallic like the current £2 coin, and features an undisclosed hidden security feature called "iSIS" (Integrated Secure Identification Systems).[11][12]
Contents
1 Design
2 Mintage figures
2.1 Round coin
2.2 12-sided coin
3 Counterfeiting
4 Other pound coins that entered circulation
5 Further reading
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Design[edit]
Original round pound coin with Dent's 2008 reverse design
To date, four different portraits of Elizabeth II have appeared on the obverse. For the first three of these, the inscription was ELIZABETH II D.G.REG.F.D. 2013,[13] where 2013 is replaced by the year of minting. The fourth design, unveiled in March 2015,[14] expanded the inscription slightly to ELIZABETH II DEI.GRA.REG.FID.DEF. 2015. The 12-sided design, introduced in March 2017, reverted to 2017 ELIZABETH II D.G.REG.F.D.
In summary:
In 1983 and 1984 the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin appeared on the obverse,[15] in which the Queen wears the "Girls of Great Britain and Ireland" Tiara.
Between 1985 and 1997 the portrait by Raphael Maklouf was used,[15] in which the Queen wears the George IV State Diadem.
Between 1998 and 2015 the portrait by Ian Rank-Broadley was used,[15] again featuring the tiara, with a signature-mark IRB below the portrait.
In 2015 the portrait by Jody Clark was introduced,[16] in which the Queen wears the George IV State Diadem,[17] with a signature-mark JC below the portrait.
In August 2005 the Royal Mint launched a competition to find new reverse designs for all circulating coins apart from the £2 coin.[18] The winner, announced in April 2008, was Matthew Dent, whose designs were gradually introduced into the circulating British coinage from mid-2008.[19] The designs for the 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p and 50p coins depict sections of the Royal Shield that form the whole shield when placed together. The shield in its entirety was featured on the £1 coin. The coin's obverse remained unchanged.
The design of the reverse of the original coin was changed each year from 1983 to 2008 to show, in turn, an emblem representing the UK, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, and England, together with an appropriate edge inscription. This edge inscription could frequently be "upside-down" (when obverse is facing upward).[20] From 2008, national-based designs were still minted, but alongside the new standard version and no longer in strict rotation. The inscription ONE POUND appeared on all reverse designs.
In common with non-commemorative £2 coins, the round £1 coin (except 2004–07 and the 2010–11 "capital cities" designs) had a mint mark: a small crosslet found on the milled edge that represents Llantrisant in South Wales, where the Royal Mint has been based since 1968.[21]
The reverse of the new 12-sided, bimetallic pound coin, introduced on 28 March 2017,[4] was chosen by a public design competition.[22] The competition to design the reverse of this coin was opened in September 2014.[23] It was won in March 2015 by 15-year-old David Pearce from Walsall, and unveiled by Chancellor George Osborne during his Budget announcement. The design features a rose, leek, thistle and shamrock bound by a crown.[14]
Mintage figures[edit]
Round coin[edit]
Images: Royal Mint
Year
Name
Design
Nation represented
Edge inscription
Translation
Mintage[24]
1983 Royal Arms Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 443,053,510
1984 Thistle Thistle and royal diadem Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity 146,256,501
1985 Leek Leek and royal diadem Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I'M GWLAD True am I to my country 228,430,749
1986 Flax Plant Flax plant and royal diadem Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 10,409,501
1987 Oak Tree Oak tree and royal diadem England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 39,298,502
1988 Shield of the Royal Arms Crown over the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 7,118,825
1989 Thistle Thistle and royal diadem Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity 70,580,501
1990 Leek Leek and royal diadem Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I'M GWLAD True am I to my country 97,269,302
1991 Flax Plant Flax plant and royal diadem Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 38,443,575
1992 Oak Tree Oak tree and royal diadem England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 36,320,487
1993 Royal Arms Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 114,744,500
1994 Lion Rampant Lion rampant within a double tressure flory counter-flory Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity 29,752,525
1995 Dragon Dragon passant Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I'M GWLAD True am I to my country 34,503,501
1996 Celtic Cross and Torc Celtic cross, Broighter collar and pimpernel Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 89,886,000
1997 Three Lions Three lions passant guardant England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 57,117,450
1998 Royal Arms Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard not circulated
1999 Lion Rampant Lion rampant within a double tressure flory counter-flory Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity not circulated
2000 Dragon Dragon passant Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I'M GWLAD True am I to my country 109,496,500
2001 Celtic Cross and Torc Celtic cross, Broighter collar and pimpernel Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 63,968,065
2002 Three Lions Three lions passant guardant England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 77,818,000
2003 Royal Arms Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 61,596,500
2004 Forth Railway Bridge Forth Railway Bridge surrounded by railway tracks Scotland An incuse decorative feature symbolising bridges and pathways N/A 39,162,000
2005 Menai Straits Bridge Menai Suspension Bridge surrounded by railing and stanchions Wales 99,429,500
2006 Egyptian Arch Railway Bridge Egyptian Arch Railway Bridge surrounded by railway station canopy dags Northern Ireland 38,938,000
2007 Millennium Bridge Gateshead Millennium Bridge surrounded by struts England 26,180,160
2008 Royal Arms Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 3,910,000
2008 Shield of the Royal Arms The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 43,827,300
2009 Shield of the Royal Arms The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 27,625,600
2010 Shield of the Royal Arms The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 57,120,000
2010 London Coat of arms of the City of London England DOMINE DIRIGE NOS Lord, guide us 2,635,000
2010 Belfast Coat of arms of Belfast Northern Ireland PRO TANTO QUID RETRIBUAMUS For so much, what shall we give in return? 6,205,000
2011 Shield of the Royal Arms The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 25,415,000
2011 Cardiff Coat of arms of Cardiff Wales Y DDRAIG GOCH DDYRY CYCHWYN The red dragon will give the lead 1,615,000
2011 Edinburgh Coat of arms of Edinburgh Scotland NISI DOMINUS FRUSTRA In vain without the Lord 935,000
2012 Shield of the Royal Arms The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 35,700,030
2013 Shield of the Royal Arms The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 13,090,500
2013 Rose and Oak Oak and rose England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 5,270,000
2013 Leek and Daffodil Leek and daffodil Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I'M GWLAD True am I to my country 5,270,000
2014 Flax and Shamrock Shamrock and flax plant[25] Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 5,780,000
2014 Thistle and Bluebell Thistle and bluebell[25] Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity 900,000
2014 Shield of the Royal Arms The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 79,305,200
2015 Shield of the Royal Arms The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms (4th portrait)[26] United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 29,580,000
2015 Shield of the Royal Arms The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms (5th portrait) United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 75,000 (only in BU sets)
2015 Royal Arms The Royal Coat of Arms (5th portrait)[27] United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 131,250,000[27]
2016 Shield of the Royal Arms The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms (5th portrait)[28][29] United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 30,000 (only in BU sets)
2016 Last Round Pound Four heraldic beasts[30] United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard not circulated
All years except 1998 and 1999 have been issued into circulation, although the number issued has varied enormously – 1983, 1984 and 1985 in particular had large mintages to facilitate the changeover from paper notes, while some years such as 1988 are only rarely seen (although 1988 is more noticeable as it has a unique reverse). Production since 1997 has been reduced, thanks to the introduction of the circulating two pound coin.
The final round coins minted for 2016 and the 2015 Shield of the Royal Arms 5th portrait did not enter circulation, as they were only available through commemorative sets.[31] These were the shield from the Royal Coat of Arms by Matthew Dent, and a design by Gregory Cameron, Bishop of St Asaph, of four heraldic beasts.[30][32]
12-sided coin[edit]
Year
Design
Nation represented
Mintage[24]
2016 Nations of the Crown United Kingdom 300,000,000 (initial launch in March 2017)[33]
2017 Nations of the Crown United Kingdom 640,000,000[24]
2018 Nations of the Crown United Kingdom TBA
Counterfeiting[edit]
During later years of the round pound's use, Royal Mint surveys estimated the proportion of counterfeit £1 coins in circulation. This was estimated at 3.04% in 2013, a rise from 2.74%.[9][10] The figure previously announced in 2012 was 2.86%, following the prolonged rise from 0.92% in 2002–2003 to 0.98% in 2004, 1.26% in 2005, 1.69% in 2006, 2.06% in 2007, 2.58% in 2008, 2.65% in 2009, 3.07% in 2010 and 3.09% in 2011.[34][35] Figures were generally reported in the following year; in 2008 (as reported in 2009), the highest levels of counterfeits were in Northern Ireland (3.6%) and the South East and London (2.97%), with the lowest being in Northwest England.[36][37][38] Coin testing companies estimated in 2009 that the actual figure was about twice the Mint's estimate, suggesting that the Mint was underplaying the figures so as not to undermine confidence in the coin.[39] It is illegal to pass on counterfeit currency knowingly; the official advice is to hand it in, with details of where received, to the police, who will retain it and investigate.[40][41] One article suggested "given that fake coins are worthless, you will almost certainly be better off not even looking".[39] The recipient also has recourse against the supplier in such cases.
Counterfeits are put into circulation by dishonest people, then circulated inadvertently by others who are unaware; in many cases banks do not check, and circulate counterfeits. A 2011 BBC television programme withdrew 1,000 £1 coins from each of five major banks and found that each batch contained between 32 and 38 counterfeits; the Mint estimated that about 31 per 1,000 £1 coins were counterfeit.[40] Some of the counterfeits were found by automated machinery, others could be detected only by expert visual inspection.
In July 2010, following speculation that the Royal Mint would have to consider replacing £1 coins with a new design because of the fakes, bookmakers Paddy Power offered odds of 6/4 (bet £4 to win £6, plus the £4 stake back; decimal odds of 2.5), that the £1 coin would be removed from circulation.[37][42]
Real and fake round pound, showing poor-quality edge inscription and milling
Some counterfeits were of poor quality, with obviously visible differences (less sharply defined, lacking intricate details, edge milling and markings visibly wrong). Many better counterfeits can be detected by comparing the orientation of the obverse and reverse—they should match in genuine modern UK coins, but very often did not in counterfeit round £1.[40][41] The design on the reverse must be correct for the stamped year (e.g., a 1996 coin should have a Celtic cross).[43] It was difficult to manufacture round pounds with properly-produced edges; the milling (grooves) was often incomplete or poor and the inscription (often "DECUS ET TUTAMEN") sometimes poorly produced or in the wrong typeface.[40] A shiny coin with less wear than its date suggests is also suspect, although it may be a genuine coin that has rarely been used.[41]
Counterfeit coins are made by different processes including casting, stamping, electrotyping, and copying with a pantograph or spark erosion.[44] In a 2009 survey, 99% of fake £1 coins found in cash centres were made of a nickel-brass, of which three fifths contained some lead and a fifth were of a very similar alloy to that used by the Royal Mint. The remaining 1% were made of simple copper-zinc brass, or lead or tin, or both.[45] Those made of lead or tin may have a gold-coloured coating; counterfeits made of acrylic plastic containing metal powder to increase weight were occasionally found.[44]
The final 'round pounds' were minted in December 2015; the replacement, a new 12-sided design, was introduced in 2017[46], the earliest dated as 2016. The coin has a 12-edged shape, similar to the pre-decimal brass threepence coin; it has roughly the same size as the previous £1 coin, and is bi-metallic like most £2 coins. The new design is intended to make counterfeiting more difficult, and also has an undisclosed hidden security feature called "iSIS" (Integrated Secure Identification Systems).[22][47]
Current two-pound coins, being bi-metallic (excluding some rarely tendered commemorative issues), remain harder to counterfeit than the round pound was; such counterfeits would often easily seen to have wrong colour(s).
Other pound coins that entered circulation[edit]
While the round pound was operational, others that entered circulation, although not legal tender, in the UK were some £1 coins of British Crown Dependencies, Gibraltar and UK South Atlantic Overseas Territories. Most coins of these territories, in all denominations, were of the same size and composition as a UK equivalent and most bore the same portraits of the UK monarch.[48][49] None of these territories rushed to replace their round pound coins except Gibraltar after the UK did so, which continues to use gibraltarian pound coins as legal tender as well as the new UK pound coins.
Further reading[edit]
In an April 1993 The New Yorker article "Real Britannia", Julian Barnes describes the meetings to choose the 1994–1997 reverse designs.[50] This is reprinted in his book Letters from London as "Britannia's New Bra Size".
See also[edit]
Numismatics portal
Banknotes of the pound sterling
Coin counterfeiting
Coins of the pound sterling
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "No. 39873". The London Gazette (11th supplement). 26 May 1953. p. 3023. Proclamation of 28 May 1953 made in accordance with the Royal Titles Act 1953.
Jump up ^ "Project Britain-British Coins". 2013. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
Jump up ^ "One Pound Coin". Royal Mint. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "New 12-sided pound coin to enter circulation in March". BBC News. 1 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Giedroyc, Richard (23 May 2017). "'Most secure coin in world' launched". numismaticsnews.net. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Race on to spend old £1 coins as deadline looms". BBC News. 13 October 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Manx round pound coins to remain 'legal tender'". BBC News. 7 February 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mintage Figures". Royal Mint. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "£1 Counterfeit Coins". royalmint.com. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "How can I spot a fake £1 coin?". London: The Telegraph. 19 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "New pound coin: Firms told to prepare for redesign". BBC News. 2016-10-31. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
Jump up ^ "Specification of the £1 coin: a technical consultation" (PDF). HM Treasury. September 2014.
Jump up ^ Clayton, Tony. "Decimal Coins of the UK – One Pound". coins-of-the-uk.co.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Allen, Katie (17 March 2015). "New 12-sided pound coin to be unveiled ahead of budget announcement". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "1p Coin". British Royal Mint. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "Royal Mint unveils new coinage portrait of the Queen". BBC News. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "The reveal of the Queen's fifth coin portrait". Royal Mint. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Royal Mint seeks new coin designs", BBC News, 17 August 2005
Jump up ^ "Royal Mint unveils new UK coins" Archived 18 January 2010 at WebCite, dofonline.co.uk, 2 April 2008
Jump up ^ Royal Mint. "Why does the edge inscription on the £2 and £1 coins sometimes appear "upside down"?". Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "History of the Royal Mint". 24carat.co.uk. Retrieved 9 April 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "The New One Pound Coin". royalmint.com. 19 March 2014. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
Jump up ^ New One Pound Coin Archived 13 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Royal Mint
^ Jump up to: a b c "Decimal coins issued £2 – 20p". The Royal Mint Limited. 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "New coin designs for 2014 unveiled by The Royal Mint". BBC News. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Decimal coins issued up to 31 December 2015 £2 - 20p". The Royal Mint. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "Decimal coins issued up to 31 December 2015 £2 - 20p". The Royal Mint. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
Jump up ^ "2016 One Pound | Check Your Change". www.checkyourchange.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
Jump up ^ "2013 Dated UK Collector Coin Sales". The Royal Mint. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Last Round Pound 2016 United Kingdom £1 Brilliant Uncirculated Coin". The Royal Mint. Retrieved 2016-06-09.
Jump up ^ "2016 One Pound". www.checkyourchange.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
Jump up ^ Powell, Anna (16 May 2016). "Behind the design: the last 'round pound'". The Royal Mint blog. The Royal Mint. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Anthony, Sebastian (28 March 2017). "New "impossible" to fake £1 coin enters circulation today". Ars Technica. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Clive Kahn (17 December 2012). "43.5 Million Fake Pound Coins in Circulation". BusinessReport.
Jump up ^ [1] HM Treasury FOI response relating to a period 2008–2009. hm-treasury.gov.uk(PDF)
Jump up ^ Josie Ensor (1 April 2012). "Three pound coins in every 100 are fake". London: The Telegraph.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosie Murray-West and Harry Wallop (27 July 2010). "Record number of fake £1 coins could force reissue". London: The Telegraph.
Jump up ^ Chris Irvine (29 January 2009). "One £1 coin in 40 is a fake". London: The Telegraph.
^ Jump up to: a b Ben Ando (8 April 2009). "Fake £1 coin estimate 'doubled'". BBC News.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fake Britain, Series 2 episode 1, first broadcast on BBC1 TV on 16 May 2011
^ Jump up to: a b c Hilary Osborne (2 April 2012) How to spot a fake £1 coin Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2016
Jump up ^ Sarah Preece (28 July 2010). "£1 coin under threat". London: Live Odds and Scores.
Jump up ^ [2][3][4] Three blog entries analyzing counterfeits the author has been passed. blog.alism.com
^ Jump up to: a b The types of counterfeit one-pound coins and identifying them. coinauthentication.co.uk. February 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Report on UK £1 counterfeit survey" (PDF). Royal Mint. May 2009.
Jump up ^ Royal Mint Presses Last Batch of Round Pound Coins The Guardian
Jump up ^ Svenja O'Donnell (18 March 2014). "U.K. to Replace 1-Pound Coin With Secure 12-Edged Design". Bloomberg.
Jump up ^ Can I use coinage from the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man?, Royal Mint. Retrieved 24 January 2016 Archived 28 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Can I use coinage from United Kingdom Overseas Territories? Archived 14 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine., Royal Mint. Retrieved 24 January 2016
Jump up ^ "Letter From London: Real Britannia". The New Yorker (paid registration required for the full article).
Coincraft's Standard Catalogue English & UK Coins 1066 to Date, Richard Lobel, Coincraft. ISBN 0-9526228-8-2
External links[edit]
Royal Mint – £1 coin
Royal Mint - the new pound coin
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Coat of arms
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the main element of a heraldic achievement, although "coat of arms" is often erroneously used to refer to its whole[1][2]. For the whole heraldic symbol, see achievement (heraldry). For the album by Sabaton, see Coat of Arms (album).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A coat of arms is an heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard. The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement which in its whole consists of shield, supporters, crest, and motto. A coat of arms is traditionally unique to an individual person, family (except in the United Kingdom),[citation needed] state, organisation or corporation.
Part of a series on
Heraldic achievement
Conventional elements of coats of arms
Escutcheon
Chief
Field
(Tincture)
Division
Supporter
Supporter
Slogan (battle cry)
Crest
Torse
Mantling
Helmet/Galero
Crown/Coronet
Compartment
Order
Ordinaries
Charges
Motto
Dexter
Sinister
(right)
(left)
Heraldry portal
v
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Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Background
1.2 Heraldry
2 Traditions and usage
3 European tradition
3.1 French and British heraldry
3.2 Irish heraldry
3.3 German and Scandinavian heraldry
3.4 Other European countries
4 Asia and North Africa
5 North American practices
6 Ecclesiastic practice
7 Flags and banners
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
Background[edit]
The ancient Greek hoplites used individual insignia on their shields.[3] The ancient Romans used similar insignia on their shields, but these identified military units. The first evidence of medieval coats of arms has been attributed to the 11th century Bayeux Tapestry in which some of the combatants carry shields painted with crosses. However, that heraldic interpretation remains controversial.
Heraldry[edit]
See also: List of oldest heraldry
Coats of arms came into general use by feudal lords and knights in battle in the 12th century. By the 13th century, arms had spread beyond their initial battlefield use to become a flag or emblem for families in the higher social classes of Europe, inherited from one generation to the next. Exactly who had a right to use arms, by law or social convention, varied to some degree between countries. In the German-speaking regions both the aristocracy and "burghers" (non-noble free citizens) used arms, while in most of the rest of Europe they were limited to the aristocracy. The use of arms spread to the clergy, to towns as civic identifiers, and to royally chartered organizations such as universities and trading companies. Flags developed from coats of arms, and the arts of vexillology and heraldry are closely related. The coats of arms granted to commercial companies are a major source of the modern logo.[citation needed]
Despite no widespread regulation[citation needed], heraldry has remained consistent across Europe, where tradition alone has governed the design and use of arms.[citation needed] Some nations, like England and Scotland, still maintain the same heraldic authorities which have traditionally granted and regulated arms for centuries and continue to do so in the present day. In England, for example, the granting of arms is and has been controlled by the College of Arms. Unlike seals and other general emblems, heraldic "achievements" have a formal description called a blazon, which uses vocabulary that allows for consistency in heraldic depictions. In the present day, coats of arms are still in use by a variety of institutions and individuals: for example, many European cities and universities have guidelines on how their coats of arms may be used, and protect their use as trademarks.[4][5] Many[citation needed] societies exist that also aid in the design and registration of personal arms.
Traditions and usage[edit]
The German Hyghalmen Roll, c. late 15th century, illustrates the German practice of thematic repetition from the arms in the crest
In the heraldic traditions of England and Scotland, an individual, rather than a family, had a coat of arms. In those traditions coats of arms are legal property transmitted from father to son; wives and daughters could also bear arms modified to indicate their relation to the current holder of the arms. Undifferenced arms are used only by one person at any given time. Other descendants of the original bearer could bear the ancestral arms only with some difference: usually a colour change or the addition of a distinguishing charge. One such charge is the label, which in British usage (outside the Royal Family) is now always the mark of an heir apparent or (in Scotland) an heir presumptive. Because of their importance in identification, particularly in seals on legal documents, the use of arms was strictly regulated; few countries continue in this today. This has been carried out by heralds and the study of coats of arms is therefore called "heraldry". In time, the use of arms spread from military entities to educational institutes, and other establishments.[4]
In his book, The Visual Culture of Violence in the Late Middle Ages, Valentin Groebner argues that the images composed on coats of arms are in many cases designed to convey a feeling of power and strength, often in military terms.[6] The author Helen Stuart argues that some coats of arms were a form of corporate logo.[7] Museums on medieval armoury also point out that as emblems they may be viewed as precursors to the corporate logos of modern society, used for group identity formation.[8]
When knights were encased in armour that no means of identifying them was left, the practice was introduced of painting their insignia of honour on their shield as an easy method of distinguishing them. Originally these were granted only to individuals, but were afterward made hereditary in England by King Richard I, during his crusade to the Holy Land.
European tradition[edit]
French and British heraldry[edit]
Arms of the Duke of Richmond c.1780
Coat of arms of Sir Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby, KG
Main articles: French heraldry, English heraldry, Scottish heraldry, and Welsh heraldry
The French system of heraldry greatly influenced the British and Western European systems. Much of the terminology and classifications are taken from it. However, with the fall of the French monarchy (and later Empire) there is not currently a Fons Honorum (power to dispense and control honors) to strictly enforce heraldic law. The French Republics that followed have either merely affirmed pre-existing titles and honors or vigorously opposed noble privilege. Coats of arms are considered an intellectual property of a family or municipal body. Assumed arms (arms invented and used by the holder rather than granted by an authority) are considered valid unless they can be proved in court to copy that of an earlier holder.
In Scotland, the Lord Lyon King of Arms has criminal jurisdiction to control the use of arms. In England, Northern Ireland and Wales the use of arms is a matter of civil law and regulated by the College of Arms and the Court of Chivalry.
In reference to a dispute over the exercise of authority over the Officers of Arms in England, Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, Lord Privy Seal, declared on 16 June 1673 that the powers of the Earl Marshal were "to order, judge, and determine all matters touching arms, ensigns of nobility, honour, and chivalry; to make laws, ordinances, and statutes for the good government of the Officers of Arms; to nominate Officers to fill vacancies in the College of Arms; to punish and correct Officers of Arms for misbehaviour in the execution of their places". It was further declared that no patents of arms or any ensigns of nobility should be granted and no augmentation, alteration, or addition should be made to arms without the consent of the Earl Marshal.
Irish heraldry[edit]
Main article: Irish heraldry
In Ireland the usage and granting of coats of arms was strictly regulated by the Ulster King of Arms from the office's creation in 1552. After Irish independence in 1922 the office was still functioning and working out of Dublin Castle. The last Ulster King of Arms was Sir Nevile Rodwell Wilkinson [Ulster King of Arms 1908–1940], who held it until his death in 1940. At the Irish government's request, no new King of Arms was appointed. Thomas Ulick Sadleir, the Deputy Ulster King of Arms, then became the Acting Ulster King of Arms. He served until the office was merged with that of Norroy King of Arms in 1943 and stayed on until 1944 to clear up the backlog.
An earlier Ireland King of Arms was created by King Richard II in 1392 and discontinued by King Henry VII in 1487. It didn't grant many coats of arms – the few it did grant were annulled by the other Kings of Arms because they encroached upon their jurisdictions. Its purpose was supposedly to marshal an expedition to fully conquer Ireland that never materialized. Since 1 April 1943 the authority has been split between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Heraldry in the Republic of Ireland is regulated by the Government of Ireland, by the Genealogical Office through the Office of the Chief Herald of Ireland. Heraldry in Northern Ireland is regulated by the British Government by the College of Arms through the Norroy and Ulster King of Arms.
German and Scandinavian heraldry[edit]
Coat of arms of the city of Vaasa, showing the shield with the Royal House of Wasa emblem, a crown and a Cross of Liberty pendant.
Main articles: German heraldry, Norwegian heraldry, Swedish heraldry, Danish heraldry, Finnish heraldry, and Icelandic heraldry
The heraldic tradition and style of modern and historic Germany and the Holy Roman Empire — including national and civic arms, noble and burgher arms, ecclesiastical heraldry, heraldic displays, and heraldic descriptions — stand in contrast to Gallo-British, Latin and Eastern heraldry, and strongly influenced the styles and customs of heraldry in the Nordic countries, which developed comparatively late.[9]
In the Nordic countries, provinces, regions, cities, and municipalities have coats of arms. These are posted at the borders and on buildings containing official offices, as well as used in official documents and on the uniforms of municipal officers. Arms may also be used on souvenirs or other effects, given that an application has been granted by the municipal council.
Other European countries[edit]
Coat of Arms of Liptov County in today Slovakia.
Main articles: Spanish heraldry, Russian heraldry, Romanian heraldry, Portuguese heraldry, Hungarian heraldry, Polish heraldry, French heraldry, and Dutch heraldry
At a national level, "coats of arms" were generally retained by European states with constitutional continuity of more than a few centuries, including constitutional monarchies like Denmark as well as old republics like San Marino and Switzerland.
In Italy the use of coats of arms was only loosely regulated by the states existing before the unification of 1861. Since the Consulta Araldica, the college of arms of the Kingdom of Italy, was abolished in 1948, personal coats of arms and titles of nobility, though not outlawed, are not recognised.
Coats of arms in Spain were generally left up to the owner themselves, but the design was based on military service and the heritage of their grandparents. In France, the coat of arms is based on the Fleur-de-lys and the Rule of Tinctures used in English heraldry as well.
Among the states ruled by communist regimes, emblems resembling the Soviet design were adopted in all the Warsaw Pact states except Czechoslovakia and Poland. Since 1989, some of the ex-Communist states, as Romania or Russia have reused their original pre-communist heraldry, often with only the symbols of monarchy removed. Other countries such as Belarus or Tajikistan have retained their communist coats of arms or at least kept some of the old heraldry.
Asia and North Africa[edit]
See also: Mon (emblem)
Imperial Seal of Japan
Japanese emblems, called kamon (often abbreviated "mon"), are family badges which often date back to the 7th century, and are used in Japan today. The Japanese tradition is independent of the European, but many abstract and floral elements are used.
Sometimes simple items express an origin to a specific design. An example in recent use is the logo of Mitsubishi corporation which started as a shipping and maritime enterprise and whose emblem is based on a water chestnut derived from its maritime history with a military naval influence. The word mitsu means the number 3 and the word hishi meaning "water chestnut" (pronounced bishi in some combinations; see rendaku) originated from the emblem of the warrior Tosa Clan. The battleships of the Tosa Clan had been used in the late 19th century in the First Sino-Japanese War to reach Korea[10] and their name was given to a modern battleship. The Tosa water chestnut leaf mon was then drawn as a rhombus or diamond shape in the Mitsubishi logo.[11][12]
Egyptian coats of arms showing common Near and Middle Eastern motifs, namely the crescent and stars which are symbols of the region's predominant religion, Islam, and Saladin's eagle.
With the formation of the modern nation states of the Arab World in the second half of the 20th century, European traditions of heraldry were partially adopted for state emblems. These emblems often involve the star and crescent symbol taken from the Ottoman flag. Another commonly seen symbol is the eagle, which is a symbol attributed to Saladin,[13] and the hawk of the Qureish.[citation needed] These symbols can be found on the Coat of Arms of Egypt and Syria.
North American practices[edit]
Main articles: Canadian heraldry and United States heraldry
The Great Seal of the United States, which displays as its central design the heraldic device of the nation.
The Queen of Canada has delegated her prerogative to grant armorial bearings to the Governor General of Canada. Canada has its own Chief Herald and Herald Chancellor. The Canadian Heraldic Authority is situated at Rideau Hall.[14][15] The Great Seal of the United States uses on the obverse as its central motif an heraldic achievement described as being the arms of the nation.[16] The seal, and the armorial bearings, were adopted by the Continental Congress on 20 June 1782, and is a shield divided palewise into thirteen pieces, with a blue chief, which is displayed upon the breast of an American bald eagle. The crest is thirteen stars breaking through a glory and clouds, displayed with no helm, torse, or mantling (unlike most European precedents). Only a few of the American states have adopted a coat of arms, which is usually designed as part of the respective state's seal. Vermont has both a state seal and a state coat of arms that are independent of one another (though both contain a pine tree, a cow and sheaves of grain); the seal is used to authenticate documents, whilst the heraldic device represents the state itself.
Ecclesiastic practice[edit]
Main article: Ecclesiastical heraldry
The coat of arms of Pope John Paul II displays the papal tiara and crossed keys of the pontifical office.
The Vatican City State and the Holy See each have their own coat of arms. As the papacy is not hereditary, its occupants display their personal arms combined with those of their office. Some popes came from armigerous (noble) families; others adopted coats of arms during their career in the Church. The latter typically allude to their ideal of life, or to specific pontifical programmes.[17] A well-known and widely displayed example in recent times was Pope John Paul II's arms. His selection of a large letter M (for the Virgin Mary) was intended to express the message of his strong Marian devotion.[18] Roman Catholic dioceses are also each assigned a coat of arms, as are basilicas or papal churches, the latter usually displaying these on the building. These may be used in countries which otherwise do not use heraldic devices. In countries like Scotland with a strong statutory heraldic authority, arms will need to be officially granted and recorded.
Flags and banners[edit]
Main article: Heraldic flag
Flags are used to identify ships (where they are called ensigns), embassies and such, and they use the same colors and designs found in heraldry, but they are not usually considered to be heraldic. A country may have both a national flag and a national coat of arms, and the two may not look alike at all. For example, the flag of Scotland (St Andrew's Cross) has a white saltire on a blue field, but the royal arms of Scotland has a red lion within a double tressure on a gold (or) field.
See also[edit]
Heraldry portal
Arms of assumption
Gallery of country coats of arms
National emblem
Seal
Insignia
List of coats of arms
Baron and feme
Siebmachers Wappenbuch (Coats of arms from Germany, Switzerland, Austria, etc.)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ A.G. Puttock, A Dictionary of Heraldry and Related Subjects, Exeter 1985. Blaketon Hall. ISBN 0 907854 93 1. P. 40
Jump up ^ Stephen Friar (ed.), A New Dictionary of Heraldry, London 1987. Alphabooks/A&C Black. ISBN 0-906670-44-6. P. 96.
Jump up ^ George H. Chase, Shield Devices of the Greeks, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 13 1902
^ Jump up to: a b "Educational Institute Coat of arms". October 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Policy on use of the Workmark and Insignia of McGill University" (PDF). 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Valentin Groebner, 2004, The Visual Culture of Violence in the Late Middle Ages ISBN 978-1-890951-37-5
Jump up ^ Employee Identification with the Corporate Identity International Studies of Management and Organization, Volume 32, Number 3, 2002
Jump up ^ "Group Identity Formation in the German Renaissance". 20 August 2002. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Volborth, Carl-Alexander von (1981). Heraldry: Customs, Rules and Styles. Poole, England: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-0940-5. ISBN 0-7137-0940-5 p.129.
Jump up ^ Donald Calman, 1992 The Nature and Origins of Japanese Imperialism ISBN 0-415-06710-3
Jump up ^ "Mitsubishi Mark". 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mitsubishi History". 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Coat of Arms (Eagle of Saladin)". Macaulay Honors College. 5 April 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The History of Heraldry in Canada". Royal Heraldry Society of Canada. 28 April 2004. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
Jump up ^ "The Canadian Heraldic Authority". Canadian Heraldic Authority. 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-26.
Jump up ^ "2004 Seal Broch" (PDF). July 2003. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Coat of arms of His Holiness Benedict XVI". 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Vatican press office". 9 June 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
References[edit]
Pimbley, Arthur Francis (1908). Pimbley's dictionary of heraldry. Pimbley. [page needed]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coats of arms.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Coat of arms
Wikidata has the property: coat of arms (P237) (see uses)
College of Arms: Repository of the coats of arms and pedigrees of English, Welsh, Northern Irish and Commonwealth families and their descendants together with, and in principle under the control of, the legal body the Court of Chivalry, both medieval in origin.
The Court of the Lord Lyon: the statutory heraldry office for Scotland
Royal Dutch Library page for the "Wapenboek Beyeren" written by Claes Heynenzoon around 1400, containing over 1000 drawings of coats of arms
General armorial of noble families in the Russian Empire (Gerbovnik)
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Wait Till Helen Comes: A Ghost Story
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Wait Till Helen Comes- A Ghost Story
Author
Mary Downing Hahn
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Fiction
Published
1986, HarperCollins
Media type
Print
Pages
192 pages
Wait Till Helen Comes is a 1986 novel by American author Mary Downing Hahn. It was first published on January 1, 1986 through HarperCollins and has since gone through several reprints. The book won a 1989 Young Reader's Choice Award and follows a young girl that must deal with supernatural events that surround her.[1] The book deals with the subject of death and suicide, which has led some parents to request that the book be removed from school reading lists and school libraries.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Film adaptation
3 Reception
3.1 Awards
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
The book begins with a stepfamily moving into a new house located in the country. The house was originally a church, so it still has a graveyard located out back. The previous owners converted it into a house. The stepfamily has been having problems. Heather's father, Dave, married Molly and Michael's mother, Jean. Heather hates her stepfamily and causes problems, hoping it will cause Dave and Jean to divorce. Moving into their new home only makes their problems worse. The graveyard is haunted by a lonely ghost named Helen Harper. Helen and Heather are the same age, seven years old. Both of them were involved in fires. Both of them lost immediate family members to those fires. Helen quickly realizes Heather is just as lonely and miserable as she. She tells Heather that she, Helen, is the only one who will ever love and accept her, no matter what Heather does. As sign of friendship, the ghost gives Heather the locket Helen wore while she was alive. Molly is the only person to discover Heather's new friend.
Soon, things become very tense for the entire family. Heather starts to lie even more about her stepbrother and stepsister, which causes their parents to take sides and to fight more often. Heather also starts threatening her stepbrother and stepsister. She tells them Helen will come after them and their mother. This threat eventually comes true. While everyone was out one day, Helen comes to the house and destroys all of the stuff belonging to Molly's side of the step family. Molly and Michael also argue about Helen's existence. Molly would show him clues pointing to Helen's existence, such as proof that Heather sneaks out of the house in the middle of the night and goes to the graveyard. When Heather realizes they're trying to find proof of Helen's existence, she gets them in trouble by telling her father they're spying on her. Molly tries talking to her mother and stepfather about Helen. They will neither listen to her nor believe her. Instead, they think she has an overactive imagination and is just overreacting to the graveyard located near the house. Michael believes Heather's just a bratty kid who feels powerless against her older siblings. Threatening them with an imaginary friend makes her feel more powerful.
Michael takes Molly to the library. He wants to research local history in order to prove that Helen never existed. BUT they find out that Helen really did live about 100 years ago, and that her mother and stepfather died in a house fire. Helen was in the same fire, but she managed to escape. Unfortunately, she fell into a pond outside the house, where she drowned. A librarian tells them three other children have drowned in the same pond since Helen's death. Mr. Simmons, the caretaker who cares for the graveyard, tells the siblings the same story about the drowned children. Later, Mr. Simmons privately tells Molly that his sister believed a cousin of the Simmons family was murdered by Helen's ghost. Molly realizes Helen has a dark plan for Heather: she wants to drown Heather so they can be together forever.
A few days later, when Jean and Dave went into town, Heather disappears. Molly realizes where she went: to the house where Helen and her family died. Molly heads to the house, which is currently abandoned. It begins to sprinkle, and eventually starts pouring. Molly overhears her stepsister talking to the ghost. Heather and Helen are inside the house. Molly ducks under one of windows. She quietly watches them. The ghost is becoming impatient with Heather. Heather doesn't want to drown herself because she's scared and doesn't want to leave her father. Helen says Dave stopped loving Heather when he married Jean. The ghost goes on to explain how much happier Heather will be after she drowns herself and they can finally be together forever. Heather finally agrees to do what Helen wants. They head to the pond. Both of them jump in. Molly jumps in after them. Helen realizes Molly's trying to save Heather. The ghost attacks Molly as she pulls Heather's head above water. Molly stops the attack by pulling the locket off Heather's neck and throwing it as hard as she can. The ghost chooses to save her locket over attempting to drown Heather. Molly drags an unconscious Heather to the shore and performs mouth-to-mouth resuscitation on her. Heather wakes up. She sees Molly and frantically tries to jump back into the pond. Instead, Molly drags her into the house. It's raining so hard by now they have to wait for it to stop before going home.
When they go in the house, the floor collapses. The girls fall into the basement. Molly finds two skeletons down there. They turn out to be Helen's mother and stepfather. Heather explains Helen accidentally started the fire that burned the house down. Helen and her stepfather were arguing. The argument became animated, and Helen accidentally knocked over an oil lamp, which started the fire. Molly realizes that Heather's mother also died in a fire, and asks if she accidentally started that fire. Heather admits she did. She was playing with the stove, but didn't realize the danger because she was only three years old. The girls continue talking and come to terms with being a stepfamily. Helen eventually floats down into the basement. She is so overcome with grief, that she completely ignores Molly and Heather. This is the first time Helen has been able to locate the bodies of her parents. She touches their skulls and cries over their deaths. Her mother's ghost appears. They embrace. Both of the ghosts disappear. Heather realizes that if Helen's mother could forgive her, then her own father can forgive her for the accidental death of her mother. Many hours later, Dave, Jean, and Michael come. They pull the girls out of the basement and take them home.
Heather tells her father she accidentally started the fire that killed her mother. He understands it wasn't her fault. The family is able to be a true family and get along. Helen's parents are buried next to her. A few days later, Molly and Heather find Helen's locket hanging on a statue near her grave. They believe it's a present from the ghost. In the locket, there's a note with a message: "Do not forget me. -Helen." Helen is finally at peace.
Film adaptation[edit]
Main article: Wait Till Helen Comes (film)
On the 28th August 2014, actress Sophie Nélisse stated on her Twitter account that she will act in a film adaptation of the book as Molly. She also stated that her sister would act in the film as well.[4] On the 12th September 2014, Variety announced that financing and cast were in place and principal photography would commence on the production of a film adaptation of Wait Till Helen Comes. The work would be directed by Dominic James, and would star Maria Bello and the Nélisse sisters. Production was slated to begin later that same month.[5] Principal photography began on the 28th September 2014 in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Author Mary Downing Hahn appears in the film in a speaking role, mentioning to one of the producers that as a little girl she had always wanted to be an actress in movies. This is the first of her books to be adapted into a feature film. The movie was released in November 2016.
Reception[edit]
Kirkus Reviews praised the book but commented that it would be a more appealing read for "children comfortable with the genre" as the material in the book was "serious and chilling".[6] Vice reviewed the book from an adult's perspective, stating that while the book's resolution would make sense to a younger reader, that they did not believe that the issues would not be easily solved by talking to the adults, as they believed that Heather's troubles did not solely stem from her keeping a secret.[7]
Awards[edit]
Golden Sower Award (1995, won)[8]
Iowa Children's Choice Award
Maud Hart Lovelace Award
Rebecca Caudhill Young Readers' Book Award
Texas Bluebonnet Award
Pacific Northwest Young Reader's Choice Award
Young Hoosier Award
Virginia Readers' Choice Award
Volunteer State Book Award
Dorothy Canfield Fisher Award
Utah Children's Book Award
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "YRCA Past Winners". PNLA. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Book ban ignites censorship debate". LJ World. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dad drops request to ban ghost story". Nashua Telegraph. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Sophie_Nelisse/status/505194146756567040[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Maria Bello, Nelisse Sisters Starring in 'Wait Till Helen Comes' Adaptation". Variety.com. 2014-09-12. Retrieved 2015-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Wait Till Helen Comes (review)". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Moss, Gabrielle. "GHOSTS MAKE BETTER FRIENDS: A BOOK REPORT ON 'WAIT TILL HELEN COMES'". Vice. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Wait Till Helen Comes". Golden Sower Award. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
Wait Till Helen Comes: A Ghost Story on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wait_Till_Helen_Comes:_A_Ghost_Story&oldid=828666025"
Categories:
1986 American novels
1986 children's books
American children's novels
Ghost novels
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