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Panama City
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This article is about the national capital city of Panama. For the U.S. city of the same name, see Panama City, Florida.
Panama City
City
Ciudad de Panamá
Top to bottom, left to right: Panama Canal, Skyline, Bridge of the Americas, The bovedas, Casco Viejo of Panama and Metropolitan Cathedral of Panama.

Flag
Coat of arms
Panama City
Coordinates: Country 8°59′N 79°31′W / 8.983°N 79.517°W / 8.983; -79.517
District
Panamá
Foundation
August 15, 1519
Founded by
Pedro Arias de Ávila
Government
• Mayor
José Isabel Blandón Figueroa
Area
• City
275 km2 (106 sq mi)
• Metro
2,560.8 km2 (988.7 sq mi)
Elevation
2 m (7 ft)
Population (2010)
• City
880,691
• Density
5,750/km2 (7,656/sq mi)
• Urban
430,299
[1]
Area code(s)
(+507) 2
HDI (2007)
0.870 – very high[2]
Website
mupa.gob.pa
Panama City (Spanish: Ciudad de Panamá; pronounced [sjuˈða(ð) ðe panaˈma]) is the capital and largest city in the country of Panama.[3][4] It has an urban population of 880,691,[1] with 3,526,421 in its metropolitan area.[1] The city is located at the Pacific entrance of the Panama Canal, in the province of Panama. The city is the political and administrative center of the country, as well as a hub for banking and commerce.[5]
Panama's Tocumen International Airport, offers daily flights to major international destinations.
The city of Panama was founded on August 15, 1519, by Spanish conquistador Pedro Arias Dávila. The city was the starting point for expeditions that conquered the Inca Empire in Peru. It was a stopover point on one of the most important trade routes in the history of the American continent, leading to the fairs of Nombre de Dios and Portobelo, through which passed most of the gold and silver that Spain took from the Americas.
On January 28, 1671, the original city (see Panamá Viejo) was destroyed by a fire when privateer Henry Morgan sacked and set fire to it. The city was formally reestablished two years later on January 21, 1673, on a peninsula located 8 km (5 miles) from the original settlement. The site of the previously devastated city is still in ruins and is now a popular tourist attraction.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
3 Cityscape
3.1 Architecture
3.2 Neighborhoods
4 Economy
5 Demographics
6 Culture
6.1 World Heritage Sites
6.1.1 Panamá Viejo
6.1.2 Casco Viejo or Casco Antiguo
6.2 Literature
6.3 Art
6.4 Tourism
6.5 Sports
7 Education
8 Healthcare
9 Transportation
10 Twin towns – sister cities
10.1 Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities
11 Gallery
12 See also
13 References
13.1 Footnotes
13.2 Bibliography
14 External links
History[edit]
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See also: Timeline of Panama City
The Old Quarter of Panama City, circa 1903
The city was founded on August 15, 1519, by Pedro Arias de Ávila, also known as Pedrarias Dávila. Within a few years of its founding, the city became a launching point for the exploration and conquest of Peru and a transit point for gold and silver headed back to Spain through the Isthmus. In 1671 Henry Morgan with a band of 1400 men attacked and looted the city, which was subsequently destroyed by fire. The ruins of the old city still remain and are a popular tourist attraction known as Panamá la Vieja (Old Panama). It was rebuilt in 1673 in a new location approximately 5 miles (8 km) southwest of the original city. This location is now known as the Casco Viejo (Old Quarter) of the city.
One year before the start of the California Gold Rush, the Panama Railroad Company was formed, but the railroad did not begin full operation until 1855. Between 1848 and 1869, the year the first transcontinental railroad was completed in the United States, about 375,000 persons crossed the isthmus from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and 225,000 in the opposite direction. That traffic greatly increased the prosperity of the city during that period.
The construction of the Panama Canal was of great benefit to the infrastructure and economy. Of particular note are the improvements in health and sanitation brought about by the American presence in the Canal Zone. Dr. William Gorgas, the chief sanitary officer for the canal construction, had a particularly large impact. He hypothesized that diseases were spread by the abundance of mosquitos native to the area, and ordered the fumigation of homes and the cleansing of water. This led to yellow fever being eradicated by November 1905, as well malaria rates falling dramatically.[6] However, most of the laborers for the construction of the canal were brought in from the Caribbean, which created unprecedented racial and social tensions in the city.
During World War II, construction of military bases and the presence of larger numbers of U.S. military and civilian personnel brought about unprecedented levels of prosperity to the city. Panamanians had limited access, or no access at all, to many areas in the Canal Zone neighboring the Panama city metropolitan area. Some of these areas were military bases accessible only to United States personnel. Some tensions arose between the people of Panama and the U.S. citizens living in the Panama Canal Zone. This erupted in the January 9, 1964 events, known as Martyrs' Day.
In the late 1970s through the 1980s the city of Panama became an international banking center, bringing a lot of undesirable attention as an international money-laundering center. In 1989 after nearly a year of tension between the United States and Panama, President George H. W. Bush ordered the invasion of Panama to depose General Manuel Noriega, the country's de facto dictator. As a result, a portion of the El Chorrillo neighborhood, which consisted mostly of old wood-framed buildings dating back to the 1900s (though still a large slum area), was destroyed by fire. In 1999, the United States officially transferred control of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama, which remains in control today.[6]
The city of Panama remains a banking center, although with very visible controls in the flow of cash. Shipping is handled through port facilities in the area of Balboa operated by the Hutchison Whampoa Company of Hong Kong and through several ports on the Caribbean side of the isthmus. Balboa, which is located within the greater Panama metropolitan area, was formerly part of the Panama Canal Zone, and in fact the administration of the former Panama Canal Zone was headquartered there.
Geography[edit]
Panamá is located between the Pacific Ocean and tropical rain forest in the northern part of Panama. The Parque Natural Metropolitano (Metropolitan Nature Park), stretching from Panama City along the Panama Canal, has unique bird species and other animals, such as tapir, puma, and caimans. At the Pacific entrance of the canal is the Centro de Exhibiciones Marinas (Marine Exhibitions Center), a research center for those interested in tropical marine life and ecology, managed by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
Tropical forests around Panama are vital for the functioning of the Panama Canal, providing it with the water required for its operation. Due to the canal's importance to the Panamanian economy, tropical forests around the canal have been kept in an almost pristine state; the canal is thus a rare example of a vast engineering project in the middle of a forest that helped to preserve that forest. Along the western side of the canal is the Parque Nacional Soberanía (Sovereignty National Park), which includes the Summit botanical gardens and a zoo. The best known trail in this national park is Pipeline Road, popular among birdwatchers.[7]
Nearly 500 rivers lace Panama's rugged landscape. Most are unnavigable; many originate as swift highland streams, meander in valleys, and form coastal deltas. However, the Río Chepo and the Río Chagres, both within the boundaries of the city, work as sources of hydroelectric power.
The Río Chagres is one of the longest and most vital of the approximately 150 rivers that flow into the Caribbean. Part of this river was dammed to create Gatun Lake, which forms a major part of the transit route between the locks near each end of the canal. Both Gatun Lake and Madden Lake (also filled with water from the Río Chagres) provide hydroelectricity to the former Canal Zone area. The Río Chepo, another major source of hydroelectric power, is one of the more than 300 rivers emptying into the Pacific.
Climate[edit]
Under the Köppen climate classification, Panama City has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw), a little drier than a tropical monsoon climate. It sees 1,900 mm (74.8 in) of precipitation annually. The wet season spans from May through December, and the dry season spans from January through April. Temperatures remain constant throughout the year, averaging around 27 °C (81 °F). Sunshine is subdued in Panama because it lies in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, where there is a nearly continual cloud formation, even during the dry season.
[hide]Climate data for Panama City (1971–2000)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
33.4
(92.1) 34.2
(93.6) 34.8
(94.6) 35.4
(95.7) 34.5
(94.1) 33.8
(92.8) 33.9
(93) 33.9
(93) 32.9
(91.2) 32.6
(90.7) 32.9
(91.2) 33.3
(91.9) 33.8
(92.8)
Average low °C (°F)
18.5
(65.3) 18.4
(65.1) 18.4
(65.1) 19.5
(67.1) 21.1
(70) 21.3
(70.3) 21.0
(69.8) 20.9
(69.6) 21.0
(69.8) 20.8
(69.4) 20.3
(68.5) 19.2
(66.6) 20.0
(68)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
29.3
(1.154) 10.1
(0.398) 13.1
(0.516) 64.7
(2.547) 225.1
(8.862) 235.0
(9.252) 168.5
(6.634) 219.9
(8.657) 253.9
(9.996) 330.7
(13.02) 252.3
(9.933) 104.6
(4.118) 1,907.2
(75.087)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)
2.9 1.3 1.4 4.9 15.0 16.0 14.0 15.0 17.0 20.0 16.0 7.5 131.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours
228.9 245.2 183.9 173.1 108.5 116.3 106.1 118.1 99.2 103.9 139.8 120.5 1,743.5
Source #1: World Meteorological Organization[8]
Source #2: ETESA (sunshine data recorded at Albrook Field)[9]
Cityscape[edit]
Casco Viejo seen from Cerro Ancón
Architecture[edit]
See also: List of tallest buildings in Panama City
Panama's old quarter (or Casco Viejo, Panama) features many architectural styles, from Spanish colonial buildings to French and Antillean townhouses built during the construction of the Panama Canal.[10] The more modern areas of the city have many high-rise buildings, which together form a very dense skyline. There are more than 110 high-rise projects under construction, with 127 already built.[11] The city holds the 45th place in the world by high-rise buildings count.[12]
The Centennial Bridge that crosses the Panama Canal earned the American Segmental Bridge Institute prize of excellence, along with seven other bridges in the Americas.[13]
Neighborhoods[edit]
The city is located in Panama District, although its metropolitan area also includes some populated areas on the opposite side of the Panama Canal. As in the rest of the country, the city is divided into corregimientos, in which there are many smaller boroughs. The old quarter, known as the Casco Viejo, is located in the corregimiento of San Felipe. San Felipe and twelve other corregimientos form the urban center of the city, including Santa Ana, El Chorrillo, Calidonia, Curundú, Ancón, Bella Vista, Bethania, San Francisco, Juan Diaz, Pueblo Nuevo, Parque Lefevre, and Río Abajo.
The skyline of Panama City from Ancon Hill. 2008
Punta Paitilla view from Cinta Costera/Coastal Belt (2012).
Economy[edit]
Construction boom in Panama City.
Panama City financial district
As the economic and financial center of the country, Panama City's economy is service-based, heavily weighted toward banking, commerce, and tourism.[14] The economy depends significantly on trade and shipping activities associated with the Panama Canal and port facilities located in Balboa. Panama's status as a convergence zone for capital from around the world due to the canal helped the city establish itself as a prime location for offshore banking and tax planning. Consequently, the economy has relied on accountants and lawyers who help global corporations navigate the regulatory landscape.[15] The city has benefited from significant economic growth in recent years, mainly due to the ongoing expansion of the Panama Canal, an increase in real estate investment, and a relatively stable banking sector.[16] There are around eighty banks in the city, at least fifteen of which are national.
Panama City is responsible for the production of approximately 55% of the country's GDP. This is because most Panamanian businesses and premises are located in the city and its metro area.[17] It is a stopover for other destinations in the country, as well as a transit point and tourist destination in itself.
Tourism is one of the most important economic activities in terms of revenue generation. This sector of the economy has seen a great deal of growth since the transfer of the Panama Canal Zone at the end of the twentieth century. The number of hotel rooms increased by more than ten-fold, from 1,400 in 1997 to more than 15,000 in 2013, while the number of annual visitors increased from 457,000 in 1999 to 1.4 million in 2011.[18] The city's hotel occupancy rate has always been relatively high, reaching the second highest for any city outside the United States in 2008, after Perth, Australia, and followed by Dubai.[19] However, hotel occupancy rates have dropped since 2009, probably due to the opening of many new luxury hotels.[20] Several international hotel chains, such as Le Méridien, Radisson, and RIU, have opened or plan to open new hotels in the city,[21] along with those previously operating under Marriott, Sheraton, InterContinental, and other foreign and local brands. Also, the Trump Organization is building the Trump Ocean Club, its first investment in Latin America,[22] and Hilton Worldwide recently opened its first Garden Inn Panama, at Eusebio A. Morales Avenue and 49A Street West, and more recently The Panamera, the second Waldorf Astoria Hotel in Latin America.[23]
Demographics[edit]
The city proper has approximately 880,691 inhabitants in 23 boroughs.[24] The inhabitants of Panama City are commonly referred to as capitalinos and include large numbers of Afro-Panamanians, mestizos, and mulattos, with notable white and Asian minorities.[25] There is a great deal of cultural diversity within the city, which manifests itself in the wide variety of languages commonly spoken, such as German, Portuguese, French, Arab, Chinese, Hebrew and English, in addition to Spanish.[18]
Culture[edit]
World Heritage Sites[edit]
File:Archaeological Site of Panamá Viejo and Historic District of Panamá
Panamá Viejo[edit]
Main article: Panamá Viejo
Panamá Viejo ("Old Panama")[26] is the name used for the architectural vestiges of the Monumental Historic Complex of the first Spanish city founded on the Pacific coast of the Americas by Pedro Arias de Avila on August 15, 1519. This city was the starting point for the expeditions that conquered the Inca Empire in Peru in 1532. It was a stopover point on one of the most important trade routes in the history of the American continent, leading to the famous fairs of Nombre de Dios and Portobelo, where most of the gold and silver that Spain took from the Americas passed through.[27]
Casco Viejo or Casco Antiguo[edit]
Main article: Casco Viejo, Panama
Built and settled in 1671 after the destruction of Panama Viejo by the privateer Henry Morgan, the historic district of Panama City (known as Casco Viejo, Casco Antiguo, or San Felipe) was conceived as a walled city to protect its settlers against future pirate attacks. It was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2003.[28]
Casco Antiguo displays a mix of architectural styles that reflect the country's cultural diversity: Caribbean, Republican, art deco, French, and colonial architecture mix in a site comprising around 800 buildings. Most of Panama City's main monuments are located in Casco Antiguo, including the Salón Bolivar, the National Theater (founded in 1908), Las Bóvedas, and Plaza de Francia. There are also many Catholic buildings, such as the Metropolitan Cathedral, the La Merced Church, and the St. Philip Neri Church. The distinctive golden altar at St. Joseph Church was one of the few items saved from Panama Viejo during the 1671 pirate siege. It was buried in mud during the siege and then secretly transported to its present location.
The Cinta Costera 3 in Casco Viejo
Undergoing redevelopment, the old quarter has become one of the city's main tourist attractions, second only to the Panama Canal. Both government and private sectors are working on its restoration.[29] President Ricardo Martinelli built an extension to the Cinta Costera maritime highway viaduct in 2014 named "Cinta Costera 3" around the Casco Antiguo.[30]
Before the Cinta Costera 3 project was built there were protests. Much of the controversy surrounding the project involved the possibility that Casco Viejo would lose its World Heritage status. On June 28, 2012, UNESCO decided that Casco Viejo will not be put on the List of World Heritage Sites in Danger.[citation needed]
Literature[edit]
According to Professor Rodrigo Miró, the first story about Panama was written by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés and published as part of the Historia General y Natural de Las Indias in 1535. Some poets and novelists born in Panamá city are Manuel María Ayala (1785–1824), Amelia Denis de Icaza (1836–1911), Darío Herrera (1870–1914), Ricardo Miró (1883–1940), Gaspar Octavio Hernández (1893–1918), Demetrio Korsi (1899–1957), Ricardo Bermúdez (1914–2000), Joaquín Beleño (1922–88), Ernesto Endara (1932–), Diana Morán (1932–87), José Córdova (1937–), Pedro Rivera (1939–), Moravia Ochoa López (1941–), Roberto Fernández Iglesias (1941–), Juan David Morgan (1942 –), Jarl Ricardo Babot (1946–), Giovanna Benedetti (1949–), Manuel Orestes Nieto (1951–), Moisés Pascual (1955–), Héctor Miguel Collado (1960–), David Robinson Orobio (1960–), Katia Chiari (1969–), Carlos Oriel Wynter Melo (1971–), José Luis Rodríguez Pittí (1971–), Arturo Wong Sagel (1980–) and Sofía Santim (1982–).[31]
Art[edit]
One of the most important Panamanian artists is Alfredo Sinclair. He has worked for over 50 years in abstract art and has produced one of the most important artistic collections in the country. His daughter, Olga Sinclair, has also followed in his footsteps and has become another force in Panamanian art. Another very prominent Panamanian artist is Guillermo Trujillo, known worldwide for his abstract surrealism. Brooke Alfaro is Panamanian artist known throughout the world for his uniquely rendered oil paintings. Another prominent artist is Mario Calvit, known as one of the great painters of the generation that flourished in the country between the decades of 1950 and 1970.
Tourism[edit]
Tourism in Panama City includes many different historic sites and locations related to the operation of the Panama Canal. A few of these sites are the following:
Las Bóvedas ("The Vaults"), a waterfront promenade jutting out into the Pacific;
The National Institute of Culture Building and the French embassy across from it;
The Cathedral at Plaza de la Catedral;
Teatro Nacional (National Theatre of Panama), an intimate performance center with outstanding natural acoustics and seating for about 800 guests;
Museo del Canal Interoceánico (Interoceanic Canal Museum); and
Palacio de las Garzas (Heron's Palace), the official name of the presidential palace, named for the numerous herons that inhabit the building.
Miraflores Visitors Center at the Miraflores set of Locks on the Pacific Side, with a museum and a simulator of a ship cruising the canal.
Calzada de Amador (Amador Causeway), a land-bridge built with rocks excavated during the construction of the Panama Canal.
In addition to these tourist attractions, Panama City offers many different options when it comes to hotel accommodations, including the first Waldorf Astoria hotel to open in Latin America, and many small boutique style hotels that have smaller numbers of guest rooms and offer a more intimate vacation. Nightlife in the city is centered around the Calle Uruguay and Casco Viejo neighborhoods. These neighborhoods contain a variety of different bars and nightclubs that cater to the tourists visiting the city.[32]
One of the newer tourist areas of the city is the area immediately east of the Pacific entrance of the canal, known as the Amador Causeway. This area is currently being developed as a tourist center and nightlife destination. The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute operates a station and a small museum open to the public at Culebra Point on the island of Naos. A new museum, the Biomuseo, was recently completed on the causeway in 2014. It was designed by the American architect Frank Gehry, famous for the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and the Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles.[33] Just outside the city limits is the Parque Municipal Summit.
The United States State Department does not recommend traveling outside of the city due to the lack of accessibility to some areas and the prevalence of organized crime. Within the city, the State Department acknowledges the presence of crimes in the city, some of which include violent acts such as shootings, rape, armed robbery, and intentional kidnapping. The United States State Department also warns tourists about the purchasing of counterfeited or pirated goods, as they may be in violation of local Panamanian laws. In terms of LGBT rights in the city, same sex marriage is not recognized by the government but there are laws in place to prevent discrimination against the LGBT community.[34]
The Interoceanic Canal Museum
Plaza de la Independencia
Archway and classic calicanto wall in a traditional house
Compañía de Jesús, the ruins of an ancient convent of the Society of Jesus
Sports[edit]
The Plaza Amador crest.
Throughout the 20th century, Panama City has excelled in boxing, baseball, basketball, and soccer. These sports have produced famous athletes such as Roberto Durán, Rommel Fernández, Rolando Blackman, Julio Dely Valdés, Mariano Rivera, and Rod Carew. Today, these sports have clubs and associations that manage their development in the city. Panama Metro is the city's baseball team. There are boxing training centers in different gyms throughout the city's neighborhoods. There are also many football clubs, such as:
Alianza
Chorrillo
Plaza Amador
Tauro
Chepo
San Francisco F.C.
The city has four professional teams in the country's second level league, Liga Nacional de Ascenso:
Atlético Nacional
Deportivo Genesis
Millenium
Río Abajo
There are two main stadiums in Panama City, the National Baseball Stadium (also known as Rod Carew Stadium) and the Rommel Fernández Stadium, with capacities of 27,000 and 32,000 respectively. Additionally, the Roberto Durán Arena has a capacity of 18,000.
Rommel Fernández Soccer Stadium
Rod Carew National Baseball Stadium
Roberto Durán Arena
Education[edit]
The city has both public and private schools. Most of the private schools are at least bilingual. Higher education is headed by the two major public universities: the University of Panama and the Technological University of Panama. There are private universities, such as the Universidad Católica Santa María La Antigua, the Universidad Latina de Panama, the Universidad Latinoamericana de Ciencia y Tecnología (ULACIT), the Universidad Interamericana de Panama, the Distance and Open University of Panama (UNADP), Universidad del Istmo Panama, the Universidad Maritima Internacional de Panama, and the Universidad Especializada de las Americas. Also, there are Panama Branches of the Nova Southeastern University (its main campus is in Ft. Lauderdale in Broward County, Florida); the University of Oklahoma; the Central Texas University; the University of Louisville which runs a sister campus in the city,[35] and the Florida State University, which operates a broad curriculum program[36] in an academic and technological park known as Ciudad del Saber.
Healthcare[edit]
Panama City is home to at least 14 hospitals and an extensive network of public and private clinics, including the Hospital Santo Tomás, Hospital del Niño, Complejo Hospitalario Arnulfo Arias Madrid, Centro Médico Paitilla, Hospital Santa Fé, Hospital Nacional, Clinica Hospital San Fernando, and Hospital Punta Pacifica.
About 45% of the country's physicians are located in Panama City.[37]
Hospital Santo Tomás, the largest public hospital in the country
Hospital Nacional, a full-service private hospital
Instituto Oncológico Nacional, at former Gorgas Hospital
The Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies
Transportation[edit]
Panama's international airport, Tocumen International Airport is located on the eastern outskirts of the city's metropolitan area. Two other airports serve Panama City: Panamá Pacífico, previously the Howard Air Force Base, and Marcos A. Gelabert, previously the Albrook Air Force Base. Pacífico serves VivaColombia and Wingo, while Marcos A. Gelabert Airport is the main hub for AirPanama. All other flights are served by Tocumen.
There are frequent traffic jams in Panama City due to the high levels of private transport ownership per kilometre of traffic lane. In an attempt to curb traffic jams, President Ricardo Martinelli has brought forward the citywide Panama Metro, initially 14 km (9 mi) long, stretching across the city.[38][39]
The bus terminal located in Ancon offers buses in and out of the city. Bus service is one of the most widely used forms of transportation in Panama. The terminal receives thousands of passengers daily from locations like David, Chiriqui, and the central provinces of Herrera and Los Santos. The terminal also receives international passengers from Central America via the Pan-American Highway.
Panama City offers transportation services through yellow taxis. Taxis do not use a meter to measure fares, instead using a zone system for fares that is published by the Autoridad de Transito y Transporte Terrestre, Panama's transit authority.
The puente marino ("marine bridge"), Corredor Sur ("South Corridor")
Metrobus, the public bus system
Taxi in Panama City
Panama Metro, the metropolitan subway system
Twin towns – sister cities[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Central America
Panama City is twinned with:[40][41]
Fort Lauderdale, USA[40][41]
Guadalajara, Mexico[42]
Incheon, South Korea[43]
Kaohsiung, Taiwan[44]
Miami, USA[40][41]
Taipei, Taiwan (1989)[40][45][46]
Tel Aviv, Israel[47]
Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities[edit]
Panama City is part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities[48] from 12 October 1982 establishing brotherly relations with the following cities:
Andorra la Vella, Andorra
Asunción, Paraguay
Bogotá, Colombia
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Caracas, Venezuela
Davao City, Philippines
Guatemala City, Guatemala
Havana, Cuba
Quito, Ecuador
La Paz, Bolivia
Lima, Peru
Lisbon, Portugal
Madrid, Spain
Manila, Philippines
Managua, Nicaragua
Mexico City, Mexico
Montevideo, Uruguay
Panama City, Panama
Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
San Jose, Costa Rica
San Juan, Puerto Rico
San Salvador, El Salvador
Santiago, Chile
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Gallery[edit]
Architecture in Casco Viejo (Old Quarter)
The belltower of the San Francisco de Asis Church.
Plaza Bolivar in Casco Viejo
Ruins of the Old Panama
Santa Ana Park
Causeway connecting Naos, Perico, and Flamenco Islands to the mainland
The Bridge of the Americas, at the Pacific entrance to the Panama Canal
The Palace of the Herons, the official residence and office of the President of Panama
Plaza de Francia, a square in honor of the workers and French engineers who participated in the construction of the Panama Canal.
Skyline seen from Casco Viejo
The former Balboa Avenue
Panama skycrapers
Panama Bay
View of part of the metropolitan area of Panama
Panama City at night
Panama City at night
Iglesia Nuestra Sra. del Carmen
Interior view in Iglesia de la Merced
Plaza de Bolivar
Iglesia de la Merced
Street view
Street in old city
See also[edit]
La Joyita Prison
List of cities with the most skyscrapers
Panama portal
References[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cuadro 11. Superficie, población y densidad de población en la República, según Provincia, Comarca indígena, Distrito y Corregimiento: Censos de 1990, 2000 y 2010". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo, Contraloría General de la República de Panamá. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Informe de Desarrollo Humano en Panamá" (in Spanish). 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Real Academia de la Lengua Española (October 2005). "Diccionario panhispánico de dudas. Apéndice 5: Lista de países y capitales, con sus gentilicios" (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Real Academia Española y Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, «Lista de países y capitales, con sus gentilicios», Ortografía de la lengua española, Madrid, Espasa Panamá.1 País de América., p. 726, ISBN 978-84-670-3426-4, GENT. panameño -ña. CAP. Panamá.
Panamá.2 Capital de Panamá.
Jump up ^ "Investing in Panama". BusinessPanama.com. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Panama Canal". History. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Canopy Tower, a famous birdwatchers hotel". Canopytower.com. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
Jump up ^ "World Weather Information Service - Panama City". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Datos Históricos : Estación Albrook Field" (in Spanish). Empresa de Transmision Electrica S.A. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "In Panama City's Old Quarter, a Rebirth Takes Place". Boston Globe. 2007-01-22. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
Jump up ^ "Skyscraper page Panama City". Skyscraperpage.com. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Skyscraper page Cities List". Skyscraperpage.com. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
Jump up ^ "La Prensa Newspaper". Mensual.prensa.com. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Panama Useful Facts". Retrieved 2011-02-17.
Jump up ^ Semple, Kirk (April 6, 2016). "Panama Papers Leak Casts Light on a Law Firm Founded on Secrecy". New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Panama economy grew 2.4 percent in 2009". Reuters. 2010-03-02. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Municipio de Panamá". Municipio.gob.pa. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Neville, Tim (May 3, 2013). "Panama City Rising". New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Panama City Has The Second Highest Hotel Occupancy Outside Of The United States". 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Hotel occupancy rates see sharp drop". 2009-10-21. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Twenty-two Hotels are Under Construction in Panama". Retrieved 2011-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Donald J. Trump Launches His First Luxury Development in Panama". 2006-04-26. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts Expands into Latin America with opening of Waldorf Astoria Panama". 2013-03-18. Retrieved 2014-07-11.
Jump up ^ "Panama City Hall" (Spanish) Archived October 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Panama". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Panama Viejo". Patronato Panama Viejo. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "UNESCO Official Site". Whc.unesco.org. 1997-12-07. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Archaeological Site of Panamá Viejo and Historic District of Panamá". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Panama Casco Viejo Blog – Panama News: World Bank invests in Cultural Industries for Casco Antiguo". Arcoproperties.com. 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
Jump up ^ Cinta Costera
Jump up ^ Panamanian literature
Jump up ^ CNN, By Gabriel O'Rorke, for. "Live large, pay small in Panama City - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
Jump up ^ Biodiversity Museum
Jump up ^ "Panama". travel.state.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
Jump up ^ "Channing Slate's Homepage". 2008-01-08. Archived from the original on 2008-01-08. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
Jump up ^ "FSU-Panama Homepage". Retrieved 2011-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Panama City Hall information on education and". Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ "El Metro de Panamá". Secretaría del Metro. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Metrobus Panama". Metrobus Panama. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d List of sister cities in Panama from Sister Cities International
^ Jump up to: a b c "Panama - Fort Lauderdale and Miami on Sister Cities.com". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sister Cities, Public Relations". Guadalajara municipal government. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Incheon Sister Cities". Incheon Metropolitan City. Retrieved 2013-06-25.
Jump up ^ http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201609050035.aspx
Jump up ^ Sister city list (.DOC)
Jump up ^ "Taipei City Council". Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
Jump up ^ "Panama City and Tel Aviv Sign Agreement to Become Sister Cities". Caribbean Journal. Retrieved 2013-06-25.
Jump up ^ "Declaración de Hermanamiento múltiple y solidario de todas las Capitales de Iberoamérica (12-10-82)" (PDF). 12 October 1982. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
Bibliography[edit]
See also: Bibliography of the history of Panama City
Mellander, Gustavo A.; Nelly Maldonado Mellander (1999). Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. ISBN 1-56328-155-4. OCLC 42970390.
Mellander, Gustavo A. (1971). The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years. Danville, Ill.: Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568.
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Coordinates: 8°59′N 79°31′W / 8.983°N 79.517°W / 8.983; -79.517
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List of heads of state of Nigeria
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e
This is a list of the heads of state of Nigeria, from independence in 1960 to the present day.
From 1960 to 1963 the head of state under the Nigeria Independence Act 1960 was the Queen of Nigeria, Elizabeth II, who was also monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. The Queen was represented in Nigeria by a Governor-General. Nigeria became a federal republic under the Constitution of 1963 and the monarch and Governor-General were replaced by a ceremonial President. In 1979, under the 1979 Constitution, the President gained executive powers, becoming head of both state and government. Since 1994, under the 1993 Constitution and the current 1999 Constitution, the head of state and government has been called the President.[1].
Contents
1 Monarch (1960–1963)
1.1 Governor-General
2 First Republic (1963–1966)
3 Military rule (1966–1979)
4 Second Republic (1979–1983)
5 Military rule (1983–1993)
6 Third Republic (1993)
7 Military rule (1993–1999)
8 Fourth Nigerian Republic
9 Living former heads of state
10 References
11 External links
Monarch (1960–1963)[edit]
The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne.
Queen
Reign
Royal House
Prime Minister
№
Portrait
Name
Start
End
Duration
1
Elizabeth II
(1926–) 1 October 1960 1 October 1963 3 years, 0 days Windsor Balewa
Governor-General[edit]
Standard of the Governor-General of Nigeria
The Governor-General was the representative of the monarch in Nigeria and exercised most of the powers of the monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the monarch. Since Nigeria was granted independence by the Nigeria Independence Act 1960, rather than being first established as a semi-autonomous Dominion and later promoted to independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Nigerian cabinet without the involvement of the British government, with the sole of exception of James Robertson, the former colonial governor, who served as Governor-General temporarily until he was replaced by Nnamdi Azikiwe. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice would have served as Officer Administering the Government.
Governor-General
Term of office
Monarch
Prime Minister
№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration
1
Sir James Robertson
(1899–1983) 1 October 1960 16 November 1960 46 days Elizabeth II Balewa
2
Nnamdi Azikiwe
(1904–1996) 16 November 1960 1 October 1963 2 years, 319 days Elizabeth II Balewa
First Republic (1963–1966)[edit]
Under the 1963 Constitution, the first constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President replaced the monarch as ceremonial head of state. The President was elected by Parliament for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy the President of the Senate would have served as Acting President.
President
Term of office
Political party
(at time of election)
Prime Minister(s)
№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration
1
Nnamdi Azikiwe
(1904–1996) 1 October 1963 16 January 1966
(deposed.) 2 years, 107 days National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons Balewa
Military rule (1966–1979)[edit]
Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu led a coup d'état in 1966 which overthrown President Azikiwe and his government.
Head of State
Term of Office
Military
№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration
2
Major-General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi
(1924–1966) 16 January 1966 29 July 1966
(assassinated.) 194 days Federal Military Government
3
General Yakubu Gowon
(1934–) 1 August 1966 29 July 1975
(deposed.) 8 years, 362 days Federal Military Government
4
General Murtala Mohammed
(1938–1976) 29 July 1975 13 February 1976
(assassinated.) 199 days Federal Military Government
5
Major-General Olusegun Obasanjo
(1937–) 13 February 1976 1 October 1979
(resigned.) 3 years, 258 days Federal Military Government
Second Republic (1979–1983)[edit]
Under the 1979 Constitution, the second constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President was head of both state and government. The President was elected by for a four-year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice President would have served as Acting President.
President
Term of office
Political party
(at time of election)
№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration
6
Shehu Shagari
(1925–) 1 October 1979 31 December 1983
(deposed.) 4 years, 91 days National Party of Nigeria
Military rule (1983–1993)[edit]
Major-General Muhammadu Buhari led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shagari and his government.
Head of State
Term of Office
Military
№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration
7
Major-General Muhammadu Buhari
(1942–) 31 December 1983 27 August 1985
(deposed.) 1 year, 239 days Supreme Military Council
8
General Ibrahim Babangida
(1941–) 27 August 1985 26 August 1993
(resigned.) 7 years, 364 days Armed Forces Ruling Council
Third Republic (1993)[edit]
The Third Republic was the planned republican government of Nigeria in 1993 which was to be governed by the Third Republican constitution.
The constitution of the Third Republic was drafted in 1989, when General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida (IBB), the military Head of State, promised to terminate military rule by 1990 – a date which was subsequently pushed back to 1993. IBB lifted the ban on political activity in the spring of 1989, and his government established two political parties: the center-right National Republican Convention (NRC) and the center-left Social Democratic Party (SDP). Gubernatorial and state legislative elections were conducted in December 1991, while the presidential election was postponed till 12 June 1993 – due to political unrest. M. K. O. Abiola, a wealthy Yoruba businessman, won a decisive victory in the presidential elections on the SDP platm.
President
Term of office
Political party
(at time of election)
№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration
9
Ernest Shonekan
(1936–) 26 August 1993 17 November 1993
(deposed.) 83 days Independent
Military rule (1993–1999)[edit]
General Sani Abacha led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shonekan and his government.
Head of State
Term of Office
Military
№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration
10
General Sani Abacha
(1943–1998) 17 November 1993 8 June 1998
(died in office.) 4 years, 203 days Provisional Ruling Council
11
General Abdulsalami Abubakar
(1942–) 8 June 1998 29 May 1999
(resigned.) 355 days Provisional Ruling Council
Fourth Nigerian Republic[edit]
Under the fourth Constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President is head of both state and government. The President is elected by for a four-year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice President serves as Acting President.
Status
Denotes Vice President acting as President
President
Term of office
Political party
(at time of election)
№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration
12
Olusegun Obasanjo
(1937–) 29 May 1999 29 May 2007 8 years, 0 days People's Democratic Party
13
Umaru Musa Yar'Adua
(1951–2010) 29 May 2007 5 May 2010[2]
(died in office.) 2 years, 341 days People's Democratic Party
14
Goodluck Jonathan
(1957–) 5 May 2010 29 May 2015 5 years, 25 days People's Democratic Party
15
Muhammadu Buhari
(1942–) 29 May 2015 Incumbent 3 years, 90 days All Progressives Congress
Living former heads of state[edit]
Name
Term/Reign
Office
Date of birth
Elizabeth II 1961–1963 Queen of Nigeria (1926-04-21) April 21, 1926 (age 92)
Yakubu Gowon 1966–1975 Military ruler (1934-10-19) October 19, 1934 (age 83)
Olusegun Obasanjo 1976–1979
1999–2007 Military ruler
President of Nigeria (1937-03-05) March 5, 1937 (age 81)
Shehu Shagari 1979–1983 President of Nigeria (1925-02-25) February 25, 1925 (age 93)
Ibrahim Babangida 1985–1993 Military ruler (1941-08-17) August 17, 1941 (age 77)
Ernest Shonekan 1993 President of Nigeria (1936-05-09) May 9, 1936 (age 82)
Abdulsalami Abubakar 1998–1999 Military ruler (1942-06-13) June 13, 1942 (age 76)
Goodluck Jonathan 2010–2015 President of Nigeria (1957-11-20) November 20, 1957 (age 60)
Muhammadu Buhari 2015-date President of Nigeria (1942-12-17) December 17, 1942 (age 75)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Past Presidents & Heads of State". StateHouse, Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Jump up ^ Goodluck Jonathan was Acting President from 9 February to 5 May 2010
External links[edit]
State House of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
show
v
t
e
Heads of State of Nigeria
Queen (1960–1963)
Elizabeth II
President of the First Republic (1963–1966)
Azikiwe
Military regime (1966–1979)
Aguiyi-Ironsi
Gowon
Mohammed
Obasanjo
President of the Second Republic (1979–1983)
Shehu Shagari
Military regime (1983–1999)
Buhari
Babangida
Shonekan (interim)*
Abacha
Abubakar
President of the Fourth Republic (from 1999)
Obasanjo
Yar'Adua
Jonathan
Buhari
*civilian; headed transition to abortive Third Republic
show
v
t
e
Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions
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Counsellors of State
United Kingdom
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Antigua and Barbuda
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Belize
Canada
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