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Climate of Italy
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Italy has a variety of climate systems. The inland northern areas of Italy (for example Turin, Milan, and Bologna) have a relatively cool, mid-latitude version of the Humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), while the coastal areas of Liguria and the peninsula south of Florence generally fit the Mediterranean climate profile (Köppen climate classification Csa).
Between the north and south there can be a considerable difference in temperature, above all during the winter: in some winter days it can be −2 °C (28 °F) and snowing in Milan, while it is 8 °C (46.4 °F) in Rome and 20 °C (68 °F) in Palermo. Temperature differences are less extreme in the summer.
Köppen climate classification types of Italy
Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco), the highest mountain in Italy and Western Europe.
The east coast of the Italian peninsula is not as wet as the west coast, but is usually colder in the winter. The east coast north of Pescara is occasionally affected by the cold bora winds in winter and spring, but the wind is less strong here than around Trieste. During these frosty spells from E–NE cities like Rimini, Ancona, Pescara and the entire eastern hillside of the Apennines can be affected by true "blizzards". The town of Fabriano, located just around 300 m (984 ft) in elevation, can often see 0.5–0.6 m (1 ft 7.7 in–1 ft 11.6 in) of fresh snow fall in 24 hours during these episodes.
On the coast from Ravenna to Venice and Trieste, snow falls more rarely: during cold spells from the east, the cold can be harsh but with bright skies; while during the snowfalls that affect Northern Italy, the Adriatic coast can see a milder Sirocco wind which makes snow turn to rain—the mild effects of this wind often disappear just a few kilometres inside the plain, and sometimes the coast from Venice to Grado sees snow while it is raining in Trieste, the Po River mouths and Ravenna. Rarely, the city of Trieste may see snow blizzards with north-eastern winds; in the colder winters, the Venice Lagoon may freeze, and in the coldest ones even enough to walk on the ice sheet.[1]
Tuscan landscape in Val d'Orcia during the Summer.
Summer is usually more stable, although the northern regions often have thunderstorms in the afternoon/night hours and some grey and rainy days. So, while south of Florence the summer is typically dry and sunny, in the north it tends to be more humid and cloudy. Spring and Autumn weather can be very changeable, with sunny and warm weeks (sometimes with Summer-like temperatures) suddenly broken off by cold spells or followed by rainy and cloudy weeks.
In the north, precipitation is more evenly distributed during the year, although the summer is usually slightly wetter. Between November and March the Po valley is often covered by fog, especially in the central zone (Pavia, Piacenza, Cremona and Mantua), while the number of days with lows below 0 °C (32 °F) is usually from 60 to 90 a year, with peaks of 100–110 days in the mainly rural zones.[2] Snow is quite common between early December and early March in cities like Turin, Milan and Bologna, but sometime it appears in late November or late March and even April. In the winter of 2005–2006, Milan received around 0.75–0.8 m (2 ft 5.53 in–2 ft 7.50 in) or 75–80 cm (29.5–31.5 in) of fresh snow, Como around 1 m (3 ft 3.37 in) or 100 cm (39.4 in), Brescia 0.5 m (1 ft 7.69 in) or 50 cm (19.7 in), Trento 1.6 m (5 ft 2.99 in) or 160 cm (63.0 in), Vicenza around 0.45 m (1 ft 5.72 in) or 45 cm (17.7 in), Bologna around 0.3 m (11.81 in) or 30 cm (11.8 in), and Piacenza around 0.8 m (2 ft 7.50 in) or 80 cm (31.5 in) [3]
Lake Garda from Riva del Garda.
Summer temperatures are often similar north to south. July temperatures are 22–24 °C (71.6–75.2 °F) north of river Po, like in Milan or Venice, and south of river Po can reach 24–25 °C (75.2–77.0 °F) like in Bologna, with fewer thunderstorms; on the coasts of Central and Southern Italy, and in the near plains, mean temperatures goes from 23 °C to 27 °C (80.6 °F). Generally, the hottest month is August in the south and July in the north; during these months the thermometer can reach 38–42 °C (100.4–107.6 °F) in the south and 32–35 °C (89.6–95.0 °F) in the north; Sometimes the country can be split as during winter, with rain and 20–22 °C (68.0–71.6 °F) during the day in the north, and 30–40 °C (86–104 °F) in the south; but, having a hot and dry summer does not mean that Southern Italy will not see rain from June to August.
The coldest month is January: the Po valley's mean temperature is between −1–1 °C (30.2–33.8 °F), Venice 2–3 °C (35.6–37.4 °F), Trieste 4 °C (39.2 °F), Florence 5–6 °C (41.0–42.8 °F), Rome 7–8 °C (44.6–46.4 °F), Naples 9 °C (48.2 °F), and Cagliari 12 °C (53.6 °F). Winter morning lows can occasionally reach −30 to −20 °C (−22.0 to −4.0 °F) in the Alps, −14 to −8 °C (6.8 to 17.6 °F) in the Po valley, −7 °C (19.4 °F) in Florence, −4 °C (24.8 °F) in Rome, −2 °C (28.4 °F) in Naples and 2 °C (35.6 °F) in Palermo. In cities like Rome and Milan, strong heat islands can exist, so that inside the urban area, winters can be milder and summers more sultry.
On some winter mornings it can be just −3 °C (26.6 °F) in Milan's Dome plaza while −8 to −9 °C (17.6 to 15.8 °F) in the metropolitan outskirts, in Turin can be just −5 °C (23.0 °F) in the city centre and −10 to −12 °C (14.0 to 10.4 °F) in the metropolitan outskirts. Often, the largest snowfalls happen in February, sometime in January or March; in the Alps, snow falls more in autumn and spring over 1,500 m (4,921 ft), because winter is usually marked by cold and dry periods; while the Apennines see many more snow falls during winter, but they are warmer and less wet in the other seasons.
Both the mountain chains can see up to 5–10 m (16 ft 4.85 in–32 ft 9.70 in) or 500–1,000 cm (196.9–393.7 in) of snow in a year at 2,000 m (6,562 ft); on the highest peaks of the Alps, snow may fall even during mid summer, and glaciers are present.
The record low is −45 °C (−49 °F) in the Alps, and −29.0 °C (−20.2 °F) near sea level (recorded on January 12, 1985 at San Pietro Capofiume, hamlet of Molinella, in the Province of Bologna), while in the south cities like Catania, Foggia, Lecce or Alghero have experienced highs of 46 °C (114.8 °F) in some hot summers.
Contents
1 Climates found in Italy
1.1 Mediterranean climate Csa
1.2 Mediterranean mild climate Csb
1.3 Humid subtropical climate Cfa
1.3.1 Transition between Cfa and Csa climates
1.4 Oceanic climate Cfb
1.5 Humid continental climate Dfb
1.6 Cold continental climate Dfc
1.7 Tundra climate ET
2 Extremes
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Climates found in Italy[edit]
(Köppen climate classification)
Mediterranean climate Csa[edit]
It is found in all the coastal areas, excluding the north-eastern area, which fits a Humid subtropical climate. The winter average vary from 6 °C (42.8 °F), in the northern areas, to 11–14 °C (51.8–57.2 °F) in the southern islands. During the summer, averages near 23 °C (73.4 °F) in the north (Liguria), and sometimes reaching 26–28 °C (78.8–82.4 °F) in the south. Precipitations mostly during the winter. Snowfalls are rare and usually very light in the north, and almost never happen in the south. Summers are dry and hot. Main cities: Cagliari, Palermo, Naples, Rome, Genoa, Pescara.
hideClimate data for Naples
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
12.5
(54.5) 13.2
(55.8) 15.2
(59.4) 18.2
(64.8) 22.6
(72.7) 26.2
(79.2) 29.3
(84.7) 29.5
(85.1) 26.3
(79.3) 21.8
(71.2) 17.0
(62.6) 13.6
(56.5) 20.4
(68.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)
8.1
(46.6) 8.7
(47.7) 10.5
(50.9) 13.2
(55.8) 17.3
(63.1) 20.9
(69.6) 23.6
(74.5) 23.7
(74.7) 20.8
(69.4) 16.7
(62.1) 12.3
(54.1) 9.3
(48.7) 15.9
(60.6)
Average low °C (°F)
3.8
(38.8) 4.3
(39.7) 5.9
(42.6) 8.3
(46.9) 12.1
(53.8) 15.6
(60.1) 18.0
(64.4) 17.9
(64.2) 15.3
(59.5) 11.6
(52.9) 7.7
(45.9) 5.1
(41.2) 10.4
(50.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
104.4
(4.11) 97.9
(3.854) 85.7
(3.374) 75.5
(2.972) 49.6
(1.953) 34.1
(1.343) 24.3
(0.957) 41.6
(1.638) 80.3
(3.161) 129.7
(5.106) 162.1
(6.382) 121.4
(4.78) 1,006.6
(39.63)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
9.9 9.8 9.5 8.8 5.7 4.0 2.3 3.8 5.8 8.1 10.8 10.7 89.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours
114.7 127.6 158.1 189.0 244.9 279.0 313.1 294.5 234.0 189.1 126.0 105.4 2,375.4
Source: World Meteorological Organization[4]
showClimate data for Naples-Capodichino, district on the outskirts (altitude: 72 m sl, satellite view)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
13.0
(55.4) 13.1
(55.6) 15.6
(60.1) 17.4
(63.3) 23.0
(73.4) 26.5
(79.7) 29.8
(85.6) 30.8
(87.4) 26.8
(80.2) 22.7
(72.9) 17.3
(63.1) 14.3
(57.7) 20.9
(69.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)
8.7
(47.7) 8.8
(47.8) 11.0
(51.8) 12.9
(55.2) 17.8
(64) 21.4
(70.5) 24.3
(75.7) 24.9
(76.8) 21.3
(70.3) 17.1
(62.8) 12.5
(54.5) 9.9
(49.8) 15.9
(60.6)
Average low °C (°F)
4.4
(39.9) 4.5
(40.1) 6.3
(43.3) 8.4
(47.1) 12.6
(54.7) 16.2
(61.2) 18.8
(65.8) 19.1
(66.4) 16.0
(60.8) 12.1
(53.8) 7.8
(46) 5.6
(42.1) 11.0
(51.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
92.1
(3.626) 95.3
(3.752) 77.9
(3.067) 98.6
(3.882) 59.0
(2.323) 32.8
(1.291) 28.5
(1.122) 35.5
(1.398) 88.9
(3.5) 135.5
(5.335) 152.1
(5.988) 112.0
(4.409) 1,008.2
(39.693)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
9.3 9.1 8.6 9.3 6.1 3.3 2.4 3.7 6.1 8.5 10.2 9.9 86.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours
114.7 127.6 158.1 189.0 244.9 279.0 313.1 294.5 234.0 189.1 126.0 105.4 2,375.4
Source: Servizio Meteorologico[5]
Mediterranean mild climate Csb[edit]
This climate is found inland and at medium and high elevations in southern Italy, around 1,000 meters (3,281 ft). It is similar to the usual Mediterranean climate: the summers are dry and the winters wetter, but the temperatures are lower in both seasons – around 3 or 5 °C (37.4 or 41.0 °F) in the winter, and between 17 and 21 °C (62.6 and 69.8 °F) in the summer. Snowfalls are more common. Main cities and towns: Potenza, Prizzi.
hideClimate data for Potenza
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
20.0
(68) 21.8
(71.2) 23.6
(74.5) 25.6
(78.1) 29.8
(85.6) 33.0
(91.4) 36.8
(98.2) 36.8
(98.2) 33.2
(91.8) 30.0
(86) 21.8
(71.2) 20.0
(68) 36.8
(98.2)
Average high °C (°F)
6.9
(44.4) 7.2
(45) 9.7
(49.5) 12.8
(55) 18.1
(64.6) 22.3
(72.1) 25.7
(78.3) 25.8
(78.4) 21.7
(71.1) 16.5
(61.7) 11.0
(51.8) 7.9
(46.2) 15.5
(59.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)
4.0
(39.2) 4.1
(39.4) 6.1
(43) 8.8
(47.8) 13.7
(56.7) 17.5
(63.5) 20.6
(69.1) 20.7
(69.3) 17.2
(63) 12.7
(54.9) 7.9
(46.2) 5.1
(41.2) 11.5
(52.8)
Average low °C (°F)
1.2
(34.2) 1.1
(34) 2.5
(36.5) 4.8
(40.6) 9.2
(48.6) 12.7
(54.9) 15.4
(59.7) 15.7
(60.3) 12.7
(54.9) 8.9
(48) 4.7
(40.5) 2.3
(36.1) 7.6
(45.7)
Record low °C (°F)
−9.6
(14.7) −10
(14) −7.8
(18) −3.6
(25.5) 0.5
(32.9) 4.0
(39.2) 8.0
(46.4) 6.8
(44.2) 1.2
(34.2) −1.2
(29.8) −7
(19) −8
(18) −10
(14)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
55.7
(2.193) 63.0
(2.48) 48.6
(1.913) 66.8
(2.63) 42.8
(1.685) 30.4
(1.197) 26.1
(1.028) 32.6
(1.283) 46.2
(1.819) 61.6
(2.425) 73.3
(2.886) 66.0
(2.598) 613.1
(24.137)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)
8.3 8.7 8.8 9.4 6.2 4.2 3.3 4.3 5.3 7.5 8.7 8.1 82.8
Average relative humidity (%)
77 75 72 69 69 67 62 64 66 72 76 78 71
Source #1: Servizio Meteorologico (1971–2000 data)[6]
Source #2: Servizio Meteorologico (1961–1990 data on humidity)[7]
Humid subtropical climate Cfa[edit]
A relatively "continental" and "four-season" version of the humid subtropical Cfa climate can be found in the Po and Adige valleys in the North, and sometime in low inland Central and Southern Italy. It is marked by hot and wet summers, while winters are moderately cold. The precipitation is higher and there is no dry season. Average temperatures are around 1 °C to 3 °C in January, and more than 22 °C in July and August. Main cities: Milan, Venice, Verona, Turin, Bologna.
hideClimate data for Milan (Linate Airport, 1971–2000, Extremes 1946–present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
21.7
(71.1) 23.8
(74.8) 26.9
(80.4) 32.4
(90.3) 35.5
(95.9) 36.6
(97.9) 37.2
(99) 36.9
(98.4) 33.0
(91.4) 28.2
(82.8) 23.0
(73.4) 21.2
(70.2) 37.2
(99)
Average high °C (°F)
5.9
(42.6) 9.0
(48.2) 14.3
(57.7) 17.4
(63.3) 22.3
(72.1) 26.2
(79.2) 29.2
(84.6) 28.5
(83.3) 24.4
(75.9) 17.8
(64) 10.7
(51.3) 6.4
(43.5) 17.7
(63.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)
2.5
(36.5) 4.7
(40.5) 9.0
(48.2) 12.2
(54) 17.0
(62.6) 20.8
(69.4) 23.6
(74.5) 23.0
(73.4) 19.2
(66.6) 13.4
(56.1) 7.2
(45) 3.3
(37.9) 13.0
(55.4)
Average low °C (°F)
−0.9
(30.4) 0.3
(32.5) 3.8
(38.8) 7.0
(44.6) 11.6
(52.9) 15.4
(59.7) 18.0
(64.4) 17.6
(63.7) 14.0
(57.2) 9.0
(48.2) 3.7
(38.7) 0.1
(32.2) 8.3
(46.9)
Record low °C (°F)
−15.0
(5) −15.6
(3.9) −7.4
(18.7) −2.5
(27.5) −0.8
(30.6) 5.6
(42.1) 8.4
(47.1) 8.0
(46.4) 3.0
(37.4) −2.3
(27.9) −6.2
(20.8) −13.6
(7.5) −15.6
(3.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
58.7
(2.311) 49.2
(1.937) 65.0
(2.559) 75.5
(2.972) 95.5
(3.76) 66.7
(2.626) 66.8
(2.63) 88.8
(3.496) 93.1
(3.665) 122.4
(4.819) 76.7
(3.02) 61.7
(2.429) 920.1
(36.224)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
6.7 5.3 6.7 8.1 8.9 7.7 5.4 7.1 6.1 8.3 6.4 6.3 83.0
Average relative humidity (%)
86 78 71 75 72 71 71 72 74 81 85 86 77
Mean monthly sunshine hours
58.9 96.1 151.9 177.0 210.8 243.0 285.2 251.1 186.0 130.2 66.0 58.9 1,915.1
Source: Servizio Meteorologico[8][9][10]
Transition between Cfa and Csa climates[edit]
Some parts of Italy have a climate which cannot be precisely defined as either Cfa or Csa, presenting elements from both (e.g. summers are not enough wet for Cfa, nor so dry as in Csa; while winters are colder than similar Italian cities of Csa climate, but at the same time milder than in Cfa places). This indeed allows cultivations not seen in the Padana Plain, like olive trees, while keeping those characteristics which are not typical of Mediterranean climates (like more frequent appearances of frost or snow during winters or more frequent summer thunderstorms). This can be found both in some lake and hill resorts of Northern Italy (usually with wetter summers) and in some area like inner Tuscany (usually with drier summers). Florence is a good example of this transition climate:
hideClimate data for Florence
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
21.6
(70.9) 23.4
(74.1) 28.5
(83.3) 28.7
(83.7) 33.8
(92.8) 40.0
(104) 42.6
(108.7) 39.5
(103.1) 36.4
(97.5) 30.8
(87.4) 25.2
(77.4) 20.4
(68.7) 42.6
(108.7)
Average high °C (°F)
10.9
(51.6) 12.5
(54.5) 15.7
(60.3) 18.5
(65.3) 23.7
(74.7) 27.7
(81.9) 31.4
(88.5) 31.5
(88.7) 26.7
(80.1) 20.9
(69.6) 14.7
(58.5) 11.1
(52) 20.4
(68.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)
6.5
(43.7) 7.5
(45.5) 10.3
(50.5) 13.0
(55.4) 17.7
(63.9) 21.4
(70.5) 24.6
(76.3) 24.6
(76.3) 20.5
(68.9) 15.5
(59.9) 9.9
(49.8) 6.8
(44.2) 14.9
(58.7)
Average low °C (°F)
2.0
(35.6) 2.5
(36.5) 4.9
(40.8) 7.5
(45.5) 11.6
(52.9) 15.0
(59) 17.7
(63.9) 17.7
(63.9) 14.4
(57.9) 10.1
(50.2) 5.1
(41.2) 2.6
(36.7) 9.3
(48.7)
Record low °C (°F)
−23.2
(−9.8) −9.9
(14.2) −8.0
(17.6) −2.2
(28) 3.6
(38.5) 5.6
(42.1) 10.2
(50.4) 9.6
(49.3) 3.6
(38.5) −1.4
(29.5) −6.0
(21.2) −8.6
(16.5) −23.2
(−9.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
60.5
(2.382) 63.7
(2.508) 63.5
(2.5) 86.4
(3.402) 70.0
(2.756) 57.1
(2.248) 36.7
(1.445) 56.0
(2.205) 79.6
(3.134) 104.2
(4.102) 113.6
(4.472) 81.3
(3.201) 872.6
(34.355)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
8.3 7.1 7.5 9.7 8.4 6.3 3.5 5.4 6.2 8.5 9.0 8.3 88.2
Source #1: Servizio Meteorologico [11]
Source #2: World Meteorological Organisation (United Nations) [12]
Oceanic climate Cfb[edit]
It can be found in altitude in the Apennines and in the alpine foothills. Summers are between 17 and 21 °C (62.6 and 69.8 °F) Main cities and towns: Aosta, Campobasso, L'Aquila, Cuneo, Sondrio, Amatrice – mild. Belluno, Breno, Feltre – severe.
hideClimate data for Stazione Meteo L'Aquila 42°22′N 13°21′E / 42.367°N 13.350°E / 42.367; 13.350
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
6.4
(43.5) 8.5
(47.3) 12.3
(54.1) 16.3
(61.3) 20.9
(69.6) 25.3
(77.5) 29.0
(84.2) 29.1
(84.4) 24.7
(76.5) 18.4
(65.1) 12.2
(54) 7.4
(45.3) 17.5
(63.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)
2.3
(36.1) 3.8
(38.8) 7.0
(44.6) 10.7
(51.3) 14.9
(58.8) 18.7
(65.7) 21.6
(70.9) 21.6
(70.9) 18.1
(64.6) 12.8
(55) 7.8
(46) 3.7
(38.7) 11.9
(53.5)
Average low °C (°F)
−1.8
(28.8) −1.0
(30.2) 1.7
(35.1) 5.0
(41) 8.8
(47.8) 12.2
(54) 14.2
(57.6) 14.1
(57.4) 11.4
(52.5) 7.2
(45) 3.3
(37.9) −0.1
(31.8) 6.3
(43.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
66.1
(2.602) 64.5
(2.539) 51.2
(2.016) 56.6
(2.228) 51.0
(2.008) 46.1
(1.815) 34.7
(1.366) 37.7
(1.484) 52.8
(2.079) 66.3
(2.61) 91.3
(3.594) 83.7
(3.295) 702
(27.636)
Average snowfall cm (inches)
27
(10.6) 19.8
(7.8) 7.2
(2.83) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 13.8
(5.43) 67.8
(26.66)
Average rainy days
8 8 8 9 8 6 5 5 6 8 10 10 91
Average snowy days
3 2.2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 7.8
Source: [13]
Humid continental climate Dfb[edit]
This climate is found in the Alps, around 1,200 meters (3,937 ft) in the western side, or around 1,000 m (3,281 ft) in the eastern side. It is marked by low winter averages (between −7 and −3 °C or 19.4 and 26.6 °F) and mild summers, with temperatures averaging from 13 to 18 °C (55.4 to 64.4 °F). Snow is usual from early November until March or early April. Main towns: Brusson, Gressoney-Saint-Jean, Aprica, Vermiglio, Mazzin, Santo Stefano di Cadore, Asiago, Claut, Resia.
Cold continental climate Dfc[edit]
In the alpine valley around 1,600–1,800 meters (5,249–5,906 ft). The winters are very cold, averages between −12 and −5 °C (10.4 and 23.0 °F), and summers are cool, usually around 12 °C (53.6 °F). Main towns and villages in this area: Livigno, Chamois, Misurina, Predoi, Rhêmes-Notre-Dame.
Tundra climate ET[edit]
Above the tree line in the Alps. All the months with average below 10 °C (50 °F). Villages with this climate: Cervinia, Sestriere, Trepalle.
Extremes[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The village of Musi having an annual average of 3313 mm (130.4 inches) is the wettest place in Italy. The maximum rainfall in 24 hours was recorded in Genoa Bolzaneto on 10 September 1970 with a value of 948.4 mm (37.3 inches); however there are many daily rainfall records around Italy exceeding 500 mm (19.7 in). The maximum snow depth was recorded in March 1951 at the meteorological station of Lago D'Avino with a value of 1125 cm (443 inches). In the snowiest years the snowfall can exceed 20 meters (65.6 feet) in some places in high altitudes. During the winter of 1950/51 the village of Falcade in the Dolomites received 11.5 m (38.3 feet)of snowfall, setting the record for an Inhabited place. The maximum snowfall in 24 hours (181 cm, 71.3 inches) was recorded in the village of Roccacaramanico (Majella massif) in January 1951. The lowest temperature record for an inhabited place is −34 °C (−29.2 °F) in 1967 in Livigno, while there are two candidates for the highest temperature: 47.0 °C (116.6 °F) recorded in Foggia in Apulia on 25 June 2007, and 48.5 °C (119.3 °F) recorded in Catenanuova in Sicily on 10 August 1999.[14][15] The latter is not official, and generally considered dubious. The official highest temperature in Europe was recorded in Athens on 10 July 1997, at 48.0 °C (118.4 °F).[16]
See also[edit]
Climate of Ancient Rome
Geography of Italy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Venice on ice". Libreriasolaris.com. Archived from the original on 8 October 2001. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Stefano Begotti. "immagini/Album/Galaverna301205/Galaverna301205". sbegotti.altervista.org. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2009. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) .
Jump up ^ "Weather Information for Naples". World Meteorological Organization. June 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Tabelle climatiche della stazione meteorologica di Napoli-Capodichino Ponente dall'Atlante Climatico 1971–2000 (PDF). Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Potenza (PZ) 845 m. s.l.m. (a.s.l.)" (PDF). Servizio Meteorologico. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Stazione 300 Potenza, medie mensili periodo 61 - 90". Servizio Meteorologico. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Milano/Linate (MI)" (PDF). Servizio Meteorologico. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Stazione 080 Milano-Linate: Medie Mensili Periodo 1961–90". Servizio Meteorologico. Archived from the original on June 14, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Milano Linate: Record mensili dal 1946" (in Italian). Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "FIRENZE/PERETOLA" (PDF). Servizio Meteorologico. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "World Weather Information Service - Florence". Retrieved 2010-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Il clima dell'Aquila". CETEMPS. Archived from the original on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "BATTUTI I RECORD DI CALDO: Italia del Sud nella fornace africana, punte di +47 °C" (in Italian). Meteogiornale. 25 June 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Il record italiano di caldo: +48.5 °C" (in Italian). CentroMeteoToscana. 7 July 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Europe's highest temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
External links[edit]
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Karen Walker (Will & Grace)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other people named Karen Walker, see Karen Walker (disambiguation).
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Karen Walker
Will & Grace character
First appearance
"Pilot"
(episode 1.01)
Created by
Max Mutchnick
Portrayed by
Megan Mullally
Information
Nickname(s)
Cruella (by Will)
Kare, Miss Karen, Kare Bear, Kiki, Zany Delaney
Aliases
Shu-Shu Fontana
Anastasia Beaverhausen
Pilar Palabundar
Sister Frances Beaverhausen
Gender
Female
Occupation
Current
Businesswoman
Personal assistant to Grace Adler
Socialite
Former
Personal assistant to Jack McFarland
(at Out TV; fired)
Title
Chairman, CEO, and Board Member
(Walker, Inc.)
Family
Mr. Delaney
(father; deceased)
Lois Whitley
(mother; deceased)
Virginia "Ginny" Delaney - aka Gin
(sister)
Spouse(s)
Mr. St. Croix
(ex-husband)
Dick Popeil
(ex-husband)
Stanley Walker
(husband; deceased then divorced)
Lyle Finster
(ex-husband; invalid)
Children
Mason Walker
(stepson, via Stanley)
Olivia Walker
(stepdaughter, via Stanley)
Lorraine Finster
(former stepdaughter, via Lyle)
Relatives
Lois Whitley
(mother)
Sylvia Walker
(mother-in-law, via Stanley)
Kimmie Walker
(sister-in-law, via Stanley)
Jonny Walker
(brother-in-law, via Stanley)
Barry
(cousin)
Gina
(cousin)
Sumner Davis
(nephew)
Virginia "Ginny" Delaney - aka Gin
(sister)
Karen Walker (née Delaney; previously St. Croix, Popeil, and Finster) is a fictional character on the American television sitcom Will & Grace, portrayed by Megan Mullally.
Although Karen was originally conceived as a supporting character role for Will & Grace, her escapades became a more prominent part of the show based on viewer reaction. She was a multi-millionairess thanks to her marriage to Stan Walker (an unseen character) until it was discovered that all of his money was loaned after their divorce in the series finale. At the end of the series she regains this status, however. The 2017 revival of the series retconned that revelation as one of Karen's daydreams; she is still rich and still married to Stan in the revival.
Karen has been described by Grace Adler (Debra Messing) as "a spoiled, shrill, gold-digging socialite who would sooner chew off her own foot than do an honest day's work." She is also a promiscuous borderline alcoholic/drug addict with an often tenuous grip on reality and very few morals. She is good friends with Will Truman’s (Eric McCormack) equally narcissistic best friend Jack McFarland (Sean Hayes). After Mullally spoke her lines in her normal speaking voice in the pilot, she increased her delivery in pitch in subsequent episodes until her distinct nasal voice became one of the character's trademarks.
In 2010, Karen Walker was ranked #23 on the TV Guide Network special 25 Greatest TV Characters of All Time.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Fictional character history
1.1 Early years
2 Overview
2.1 Connection to other characters
2.2 Karen's home life
3 Other relationships
3.1 Rosario
3.2 Gin
3.3 Lois Whitley
3.4 Other rivals
4 Personality
5 Sexuality and gender
6 After Will & Grace
6.1 Karen: The Musical
7 References
Fictional character history[edit]
Early years[edit]
Karen Delaney was born on January 16, 1959 (which is revealed in the show's season 8). Karen had a difficult childhood, thanks in part to her unstable relationship with her mother, Lois Whitley (played by Suzanne Pleshette), a con artist who incorporated her young daughter into her schemes. Karen has made many references in the show to her education and her maiden name, Delaney, which suggest she is of Irish-American background.
Although she tries to keep her age secret, Jack revealed that she was 42 in 2001, meaning she was born in January 1959. She has been married four times — her first husband's surname was St. Croix, her second husband was named Popeil (a reference to the American culinary businessman/entrepreneur Ron Popeil), her third was Stan Walker (married since 1995), and she was married for 20 minutes to Lyle Finster (John Cleese) in May 2004. As of the end of the series, she is still married to Stanley (see below), who has two children of his own, Olivia and Mason. She has intimated an illicit relationship with Ronald Reagan. Karen also goes under the alias "Anastasia Beaverhausen" ("Anastasia as in Russian royalty, Beaverhausen as in ... where the beaver lives") and also once used the alias Pilar Palabundar to "beat up businessmen for cash in Chinatown." Other alias was Lupita, used when she had an affair with a hotel janitor while trying to pass as a maid using Rosario's uniform. Her real name may not, in fact, be Karen, as she changes her name from time to time to "throw off the Feds." Her mother refers to her as "Kiki", which was her childhood nickname. She has made more than one reference to attending Sarah Lawrence College, which contradicts one comment she makes to Grace that makes it seem as though she had not attended college. She is noted also for her shrill, squeaky voice; in one episode in the third season, Karen inhales helium from a balloon, only for the gas to have absolutely no effect on her voice. She is also noted for her addiction to prescription drugs and alcohol.
Karen seems to have had a background in acting (including a performance in a soft core adult film as a naughty maid); however she vowed never to act again after her part as a bank teller in the TV show Mama's Family was cut. (Her one line was: "Would you like that in fives, tens, or fifteens?" delivered in a Southern accent). She has also spoken of a two-episode character arc in Dynasty.
Karen tends to have trouble separating stories she has read, seen, or heard about with her actual life. On one occasion she explains that she loves family and then recites the story of Heidi, claiming it as her own. Another situation involves Karen's fear of elevators. She and Jack are walking up the stairs of a skyscraper because she refuses to use the elevator. Jack asks her why she's afraid of elevators, and she recounts the opening scene of the movie Speed. She has also described the events of Norma Rae and To Sir, with Love as her own life experiences.
Overview[edit]
Connection to other characters[edit]
To entertain herself, Karen takes a job as personal assistant to interior designer Grace Adler. Though she rarely accomplishes any work, she keeps the job because it gets her "away from Stan and the kids", as she once told an intern. Karen actually quits Grace Adler Designs twice. First, when Grace found Karen in a dominatrix film and Karen was horribly embarrassed, and second, when Karen does a design job all on her own and Grace takes credit for it. In the first instance, Karen returned to the company at the end of the episode because Grace gave her 49 copies of the film (Grace keeps one—totaling 50) so "no one would have to see the tape again." The second time, Karen returned in the next episode. She becomes Jack's assistant at "Out TV", but she gets fired because she and Jack couldn't keep a professional relationship, and she then returned to Grace like "nothing ever happened", even though she remarks, "I missed you".
Despite her incompetence, Grace never fires her because of the business benefits from Karen's social contacts; Karen also pays for Grace's health insurance and Christmas bonus. For a long time, Karen never cashed any of the paychecks she was given because, being rich, she didn't need to; also, Karen and Grace had made a deal that, in exchange for not cashing the checks, Karen was not required to actually do any work. Instead, she kept them in a shoebox on her desk because she thought they were "pretty little blue pieces of paper." In one episode, when Stan cuts down on her extravagant spending habits, she cashes all her paychecks at once, nearly bankrupting Grace. Karen gives the money back to Grace in the end.
Karen and Grace are very close friends, despite Karen's constant criticisms and insults regarding Grace's clothing choices and personal life (often dismissing Grace's wardrobe with the comment "Honey, what is this? What's going on here?" What are we trying to say?"). Karen and Grace's best friend Will Truman initially dislike each other, but they gradually become friends as well. Through Grace, she also meets Jack McFarland, and they become inseparable best friends.
Karen's home life[edit]
For the first few seasons of the show, Karen lives with husband Stan Walker. Karen met Stan Walker in 1985, brushing off three simultaneous relationships (with Martina Navratilova, Sultan Habibi Shoshani Padush Al-Kabir, and a man named Clayton) to be with him, only to learn that Stan was married. After going through two other marriages, she finally got together with Stan 10 years later. At some point before this, she also agreed to appear in the fetishistic porn film Next to Godliness, a dominatrix flick. Stan is an obese man who was credited with keeping Taco Bell and Pizza Hut in business, and who has worn a toupee since his teens.
Stan was a mostly unseen character during the show's run, despite being mentioned in many episodes. His hands and legs were shown in the episode "New Will City" but his face never was shown. His two children, Mason (known to Karen as "the fat one") and Olivia ("the girl"), by Stan's previous wife were often left in the incompetent care of Karen.
In the fourth season, Stan is jailed for tax evasion and tells Karen to date other men. She cannot bring herself to do so until she meets rich bachelor Lionel Banks (Rip Torn), but just as their affair begins, Stan is released from jail. However, after Karen catches Stan with his mistress Lorraine Finster (Minnie Driver)—a cafeteria worker at the prison—the couple separate, and Karen moves into the Palace hotel. After beginning divorce proceedings at the end of the fifth season, Stan dies suddenly. Despite cruelly mocking him for years, Karen is genuinely saddened by his death.
During season six, Karen pursues romantic liaisons and eventually marries Lyle Finster (John Cleese), Lorraine's father. However, after 20 minutes of marriage, she asks for a divorce upon realizing that Lyle puts his own needs ahead of hers.
Karen becomes the head of Walker, Inc., upon Stan's death. However, at the end of season seven, it is revealed that Stan faked his death and had actually been in hiding. Karen begins dating Malcolm (Alec Baldwin), a government agent who had helped Stan go underground. However, she ultimately reconciles with Stan, and Malcolm leaves on a government mission to Sri Lanka. Later in the eighth season, however, Karen and Stan experience significant marital difficulties. They finally choose to divorce, only for Karen to learn—in season eight's finale—that his money is borrowed and that, as a result, she is now broke.
Karen then pressures Jack into a relationship with Beverley Leslie (played by Leslie Jordan), who is wealthy enough to support Jack—and in turn keep Karen in the extravagant lifestyle to which she is accustomed. Though he is not attracted to Beverley, Jack goes ahead with the scheme because Karen had financially supported him for the whole of their relationship. Karen realizes that she is doing to Jack what her mother did to her, and tells him that she cares more about his happiness than the money. Beverley, who had been in the bathroom, then comes out to an empty bedroom, looks for Jack on the outside balcony and, being 4'11 and 100 lbs., is swept to his death by a gust of wind. Beverley had left his over $100 million estate to Jack. Jack happily became the provider in his relationship with Karen, which has otherwise not changed. The series finale shows that—until at least 2028—Karen, Jack, and Rosario share an extravagant penthouse apartment together, and, thanks to plastic surgery, Karen appears to have not aged a day.
When the series was revived in 2017, however, the events of the finale were written off as one of Karen's alcohol-induced hallucinations. In this continuity, Karen is still married to Stan and still independently wealthy, and has become of a member of First Lady Melania Trump's inner circle.[2]
Other relationships[edit]
Rosario[edit]
Karen is very close to her maid Rosario Salazar (played by Shelley Morrison), whom she met and hired in 1985. Although the duo often bicker and fight, it is only part of the bond they share. In the beginning of the series, it seems that Rosario didn't speak much English, and Karen has a hard time communicating with her. Karen's way of giving Rosario orders is to add the letter "o" to the end of every word she says (e.g., "Enougho with the April Fresho. *hangs up the phone* Right now she's calling me a bitcho"). In another example of miscommunication, Karen ends phone calls with Rosario by saying "hola", which means "hello" in Spanish and not "goodbye". When Rosario is first seen on-camera at the end of the first season, it is revealed that she speaks English fluently and that Karen is merely being patronizing. In a later season, we see Karen forced to live in an apartment block she owns in Spanish Harlem as punishment for failing to bring the building to code. She is seen in this episode screeching at a child in the street in fluent Spanish In the final episode of the first season, Karen arranges for Rosario to marry Jack so she can get a Green Card. At the wedding, Will observes "the most uncomfortable kiss since Richard Gere and Jodie Foster in Summersby."
Karen and Rosario have a love-hate relationship: They have frequent, volatile arguments that end with them embracing each other and emotionally declaring their affection for each other. Rosario affectionately calls Karen "mami" from time to time, when they're not trading insults. The only low points occur when Karen loses Rosario in a bet to her nemesis Beverley Leslie and when Karen fires Rosario after discovering she had hidden the truth about Stan being alive. In "Saving Grace, Again (2)" it is suggested that Karen uses Rosario as a horse or at least treats her like one because she asks Jack if "winter white is a good color for Rosario's saddlebag" and in "Cheatin' Trouble Blues", after climbing up numerous flights of stairs, said, "Well, if I'd known we were gonna do all this walking, I would've saddled up Rosario, like when we go to Greece!"
In the 2017 revived series, Rosario dies of a heart attack. Karen keeps up an uncaring facade for days afterward, though does arrange a funeral for her to be the quinceañera, though loses her nerve and flees the funeral before it starts, drowning her sorrows at a nearby bar. However, she does bid Rosario a quietly emotional goodbye when she is alone with the casket, and tells her she was her best friend.
Gin[edit]
Karen has a sister named Gin, played by Bernadette Peters.[3][4] According to Gin, Karen rigged a floorboard during a game of Twister so she would fall through, hurt herself, and end her career in dance. Gin always mentions how one of her legs is now shorter than the other due to the incident. Later, Gin admits she rigged the floorboard as a cry for attention.[5]
Lois Whitley[edit]
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Lois, played by Suzanne Pleshette, is Karen's mother who appears in the episode "Someone Old, Someplace New". Jack is making a movie called The Mystery of Karen Walker and while making the movie he meets Lois. At the end of the episode Karen and Lois see each other for the first time in many years. Karen says "I told you I never wanted to see you again." It is later revealed that Lois made a living as a con artist during Karen's childhood and adolescence, implicating Karen in many of her schemes. As a result of this unconventional upbringing, Karen decided to distance herself from her mother, presumably in an attempt to lead a more stable life. However, the fruit does not fall far from the tree, as Karen's long, colorful history of multiple marriages and desire to "throw the feds off" proves. They forgive each other in the next episode, "Something Borrowed, Someone's Due", but Lois wants to do one last job: conning an elderly shut-in out of his fortune. Karen would appear to be a down-on-her-luck daughter who is so "slow" that she was a cheerleader who never stopped clapping. While doing this Karen makes Lois sign a paper saying she will never pull another con with Karen again, and Karen notarizes it; she reveals that she is a legal notary from a Chicago job they once pulled. The job fails when the old man's daughter gets a restraining order on Lois; then Lois and Karen make amends.
Other rivals[edit]
Karen's arch rivals include, but are not limited to, Beverley Leslie (played by Leslie Jordan), Lorraine Finster (played by Minnie Driver), Anita Bryant, Candice Bergen (who is also Karen's best friend, referring to running into her at a restaurant as "a nightmare-slash-delightful"), and Marlo Thomas (Karen hates her, but likes her husband, Phil Donahue). Further enemies include Scott Woolley (played by Jeff Goldblum), whom she jilted in high school; Candace Pruitt (whom Karen refers to as "Candy" Pruitt; played by Christine Ebersole), who once said that Karen's voice sounded "like someone strangling an old macaw"; and Helena Barnes (played by Joan Collins), a famous interior designer. Karen often openly insults or ridicules her enemies, while simultaneously thinking of them as her friends. Karen has a tendency to stumble upon becoming aware of her physical proximity to certain rivals. The most notable occurrence of this physical reaction occurs during her encounters with Beverley Leslie.
Personality[edit]
With other staff and help, Karen is deliberately patronizing, referring to them solely by their title both in conversation and to their face: "Driver", "Butler", "Private Detective", "Pharmacist", "Back-Up Pharmacist", et cetera, and even refers to Will as "Lawyer" on occasion. She does this even when they are doing other jobs ("Cook sometimes cleans, Cleaner sometimes cooks, Driver sometimes provides an alibi ..."). This rude tone is not limited to her employees, as she looks down on or openly mocks most people she meets, even her friends. Karen is often cruel to her staff at home, training them to run when she enters a room. Other times she berates them, but somehow this comes across as an act of affection.
Sometimes Karen unintentionally reveals to her friends a softer side. In one such incident, Karen's husband has an apparent heart attack. Karen discovers that her friends have placed a bet to see who can get her to cry first, so she punishes each of them by leading them on to think she might break down in their presence. In the end, it is revealed that it was not a heart attack but rather acute angina. She then has an emotional breakdown over the incident, during which Grace stumbles in and consoles her. Another episode sees Karen and Jack in her mansion with her refusing to let him enter 'the forbidden room'. When Jack finally gains access he discovers it is a nursery which Karen had prepared during a pregnancy scare in an earlier season. Although she agrees to change the room into a liquor storage room, she quickly changes her mind and the audience sees her stony facade crumble.
In one episode, Jack accidentally gives away her favorite shoes to charity, and she rushes to buy them back, only to find that a poor woman is about to buy them. Karen gives the woman $500 for the shoes, and admonishes Jack not to tell anyone.
Sexuality and gender[edit]
Karen frequently implies that she's attracted to other women, and has hinted that she has slept with members of the same gender.[6] She makes frequent references to Grace being secretly attracted to her, and vice versa. Also, she has made several remarks suggesting that she may be transgender: for example, when Karen and Jack visit a bowling alley, Karen says, "When I was a boy I worked in a supermarket".
After Will & Grace[edit]
Walker's persona has appeared in advertisements for The Megan Mullally Show, which debuted in September 2006 and which was canceled in January 2007. In one, Karen asks Megan to take her along. In another, Karen tries to pass for Megan at a meeting with studio executives until she is caught by Mullally and they begin to physically struggle with each other.
Mullally once again donned a Walker persona in an episode of The Megan Mullally Show which featured Andy Dick.
In late September 2016, just over a decade after the Will & Grace series finale had first aired, Mullally appeared in a nearly 10-minute Will & Grace webisode as Karen, alongside Eric McCormack (Will), Debra Messing (Grace), Sean Hayes (Jack), and Shelley Morrison (Rosario). In the webisode, Karen announces that she is going to vote for Donald Trump in the presidential election, much to the chagrin of the other characters.
Karen: The Musical[edit]
In 2009, Mullally announced that she was developing a Broadway musical entitled Karen: The Musical, which was to be the "return of Karen Walker".[7] However, when the project was brought up during a 2013 interview, Mullally revealed that it had been abandoned after she lost the rights to the Karen Walker character.[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Who Are the 25 Greatest TV Characters? (One Is The Fonz, Obviously, But Who Else?)". TV Guide. Portland, Oregon: CBS Interactive. September 17, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Framke, Caroline (September 28, 2017). "Will & Grace, despite what NBC says, isn't the same show that ended 11 years ago. Good". vox.com. Los Angeles, California: Vox Media. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bernadette Peters & Josh Lucas To Appear on 'Will & Grace'". Starpulse.com. 2006-04-06. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
Jump up ^ Durfee, Rob. "rob's Will & Grace page - Whatever Happened to Baby Gin?". Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Whatever Happened to Baby Gin?". Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2012. GINNY: That's right. I loosened that floorboard so you'd fall through. I just got so caught up in the game, I forgot.
Jump up ^ Warn, Sarah (2003-06-07). "Karen Walker and the Bisexual Straight Woman | TV Show Recaps, Celebrity Interviews & News About & For Gay, Lesbian & Bisexual Women". AfterEllen.com. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
Jump up ^ "The Return of Karen Walker in KAREN: THE MUSICAL, MetroSource's Q&A with Megan Mullally". Broadwayworld.com. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
Jump up ^ Byrnes, Holly (January 1, 2013). "The Big Ask with Megan Mullally". news.com.au. News Limited. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
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