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Speed limits in the United States
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See also: Speed limits in the United States (rail), Speed limits in the United States by jurisdiction, and Road signs in the United States
Main articles: Speed limit and Speed limits by country
Speed limits in the United States are set by each state or territory. Highway speed limits can range from an urban low of 35 mph (56 km/h) to a rural high of 85 mph (137 km/h). Speed limits are typically posted in increments of five miles per hour (8 km/h). Some states have lower limits for trucks and at night, and occasionally there are minimum speed limits. Most speed limits are set by state or local statute, although each state allows various subdivisions (counties and municipalities) to set a different, generally lower, limit.
The highest speed limits are generally 70 mph (113 km/h) on the West Coast and the inland eastern states, 75–80 mph (121–129 km/h) in inland western states, along with Arkansas and Louisiana, and 65–75 mph (105–121 km/h) on the Eastern Seaboard. Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, and Vermont have a maximum limit of 65 mph (105 km/h), and Hawaii has a maximum limit of 60 mph (97 km/h). Washington, D.C. and the U.S. Virgin Islands have a maximum speed limit of 55 mph (89 km/h), and Guam and the Samoa have speed limits of 45 mph (72 km/h). Unusual for any state east of the Mississippi River, much of I-95 in Maine north of Bangor allows up to 75 mph (121 km/h), as well as up to 600 miles of freeways in Michigan. Portions of the Idaho, Montana, Nevada, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming road networks have 80 mph (129 km/h) posted limits. The highest posted speed limit in the entire country can be found on the Texas State Highway 130, and it is 85 mph (137 km/h).
For 13 years (January 1974[1]–April 1987[2][3]), federal law withheld Federal highway trust funds to states that had speed limits above 55 mph (89 km/h).[2] From April 1987 through December 8, 1995, an amended federal law disincentivized speed limits above 65 mph (105 km/h).
A standard sign indicating a speed limit of 80 miles per hour (mph), a night-time speed limit of 65 mph, and a truck speed limit of 55 mph
A speed limit sign entering a school zone, along with a warning light above
Variety used in Oregon, omitting the word LIMIT. The typeface of the numerals varies significantly due to its non-standard design. See Oregon speed limits.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
1.1 Speed limits
1.2 Examples of related laws
2 History
2.1 Federal speed controls
3 Minimum speed limits
4 Truck speed limits
4.1 Theory
5 Night speed limits
6 Political considerations
6.1 Financial concerns
6.2 Environmental concerns
6.3 Metric speed limits
6.4 Definition of speeding
6.4.1 Prima facie
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Law Review
Overview[edit]
Speed limits[edit]
This table contains the most usual posted daytime speed limits, in miles per hour, on typical roads in each category. The values shown are not necessarily the fastest or slowest. They usually indicate, but not always, statutory speed limits. Some states and territories have lower truck speed limits applicable to heavy trucks. If present, they are usually only on freeways or other high-speed roadways. Washington allows for speeds up to 75 miles per hour (121 km/h), but the highest posted signs are 70 miles per hour (110 km/h). Mississippi allows speeds up to 80 mph (130 km/h) on toll roads, but no such roads exist. Oklahoma removed the maximum speed of 75 from its laws, though no road been posted higher than 75.
[show]Legend:
Freeway: Interstate Highway or other state or U.S. Route built to Interstate standards.
Divided rural: State or U.S. route, generally with four or more lanes, not built to Interstate standards, but with a median or other divider separating directions of travel.
Undivided rural: County, State, or U.S. route, generally with two to four lanes, with no separator between directions of travel.
Residential Street/residential: Residential streets, business districts, or School zones.
5 miles per hour (8.0 km/h)
10 miles per hour (16 km/h)
15 miles per hour (24 km/h)
20 miles per hour (32 km/h)
25 miles per hour (40 km/h)
30 miles per hour (48 km/h)
35 miles per hour (56 km/h).
40 miles per hour (64 km/h)
45 miles per hour (72 km/h)
50 miles per hour (80 km/h)
55 miles per hour (89 km/h)
60 miles per hour (97 km/h)
65 miles per hour (105 km/h)
70 miles per hour (110 km/h)
75 miles per hour (121 km/h)
80 miles per hour (130 km/h)
85 miles per hour (137 km/h)
Further information: Speed limits in the United States by jurisdiction
State or territory
Freeway (rural)
Freeway (trucks)
Freeway (urban)
Divided (rural)
Undivided (rural)
Residential
Alabama[4][5] 70 mph (113 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 65 mph (105 km/h) 45–55 mph (72–89 km/h) 20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)
Alaska 65 mph (105 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 45–65 mph (72–105 km/h) 20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)
American Samoa[6] – – 45 mph (72 km/h) 25–45 mph (40–72 km/h) 20 mph (32 km/h)
Arizona[7] 65–75 mph (105–121 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 45–65 mph (72–105 km/h) 20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)
Arkansas 70–75 mph (113–121 km/h) 70 mph (110 km/h) 60–65 mph (97–105 km/h) 65 mph (105 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 30 mph (48 km/h)
California 65–70 mph (105–113 km/h) 55 mph (89 km/h) 50–65 mph (80–105 km/h) 65 mph (105 km/h)[8] 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 25–30 mph (40–48 km/h)
Colorado 65–75 mph (105–121 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)
Connecticut 65 mph (105 km/h) 45–55 mph (72–89 km/h) 55 mph (89 km/h) 45–55 mph (72–89 km/h) 20–40 mph (32–64 km/h)
Delaware[9] 65 mph (105 km/h) 50–65 mph (80–105 km/h) 45–60[10] mph (72–97 km/h) 35–50 mph (56–80 km/h) 20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)
District of Columbia[11] – 55 mph (89 km/h) – – 25 mph (40 km/h)
Florida[12] 70 mph (113 km/h) 45–70 mph (72–113 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 55–60 mph (89–97 km/h) 20–50 mph (32–80 km/h)
Georgia[13] 70 mph (113 km/h) 55–70 mph (89–113 km/h) 65 mph (105 km/h) 55 mph (89 km/h) 25–45 mph (40–72 km/h)
Guam[14][15][16] – – 45 mph (72 km/h) 35–45 mph (56–72 km/h) 35 mph (56 km/h)
Hawaii 55–60 mph (89–97 km/h) 35–50 mph (56–80 km/h) 45–55 mph (72–89 km/h) 45–60 mph (72–97 km/h) 25 mph (40 km/h)
Idaho 70–80 mph (110–130 km/h) 70 mph (113 km/h) 60–65 mph (97–105 km/h) 65–70 mph (105–113 km/h) 55–70 mph (89–113 km/h) 25–30 mph (40–48 km/h)
Illinois 70 mph (113 km/h) 45–70 mph (72–113 km/h) 65 mph (105 km/h) 55 mph (89 km/h) 20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)
Indiana 70 mph (113 km/h) 65 mph (105 km/h) 50–70 mph (80–113 km/h) 55–60 mph (89–97 km/h) 50–55 mph (80–89 km/h) 20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)
Iowa 70 mph (113 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 65 mph (105 km/h) 45–55 mph (72–89 km/h) 25 mph (40 km/h)
Kansas 75 mph (121 km/h) 60–75 mph (97–121 km/h) 65–70 mph (105–113 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)
Kentucky[17] 70 mph (113 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 65 mph (105 km/h) 55 mph (89 km/h) 25–45 mph (40–72 km/h)
Louisiana[18] 70–75 mph (113–121 km/h) 50–70 mph (80–113 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 45–55 mph (72–89 km/h) 20–45 mph (32–72 km/h)
Maine 70–75 mph (113–121 km/h) 50–65 mph (80–105 km/h) 45–55 mph (72–89 km/h) 45–55 mph (72–89 km/h) 25 mph (40 km/h)
Maryland 65–70 mph (105–113 km/h) 40–65 mph (64–105 km/h) 55 mph (89 km/h) 50–55 mph (80–89 km/h) 20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)
Massachusetts 65 mph (105 km/h) 45–65 mph (72–105 km/h) 45–55 mph (72–89 km/h) 45–55 mph (72–89 km/h) 20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)
Michigan[19] 70–75 mph (113–121 km/h)[20] 65 mph (105 km/h) 55–70 mph (89–113 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)[20] 25 mph (40 km/h)
Minnesota[21][22] 65–70 mph (105–113 km/h) 45–60 mph (72–97 km/h) 60–65 mph (97–105 km/h) 55–60 mph (89–97 km/h) 30 mph (48 km/h)
Mississippi 70 mph (113 km/h) 60 mph (97 km/h) 65 mph (105 km/h) 55 mph (89 km/h) 25 mph (40 km/h)
Missouri 70 mph (113 km/h) 45–70 mph (72–113 km/h) 60–70 mph (97–113 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 25–40 mph (40–64 km/h)
Montana 75–80 mph (121–129 km/h) 65 mph (105 km/h) 65 mph (105 km/h) 65–70 mph (105–113 km/h) 55–70 mph (89–113 km/h) 20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)
Nebraska[23] 75 mph (121 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 65 mph (105 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 25 mph (40 km/h)
Nevada 70–80 mph (113–129 km/h)[24][25][26] 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 65–75 mph (105–121 km/h) 55–70 mph (89–113 km/h) 20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)
New Hampshire 65–70 mph (105–113 km/h) 50–65 mph (80–105 km/h) 55 mph (89 km/h) 35–55 mph (56–89 km/h) 20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)
New Jersey[27][28] 65 mph (105 km/h) 50–65 mph (80–105 km/h) 55 mph (89 km/h) 30–55 mph (48–89 km/h) 20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)
New Mexico[29] 75 mph (121 km/h) 55–75 mph (89–121 km/h) 55–75 mph (89–121 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 20–55 mph (32–89 km/h)
New York[30] 65 mph (105 km/h) 35–55 mph (56–89 km/h) 45–55 mph (72–89 km/h) 35–55 mph (56–89 km/h) 20–45 mph (32–72 km/h)
North Carolina[31][32] 65–70 mph (105–113 km/h) 50–60 mph (80–97 km/h) 55–60 mph (89–97 km/h)[33] 55 mph (89 km/h) 20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)
North Dakota[34][35] 75 mph (121 km/h) 55–75 mph (89–121 km/h) 70 mph (113 km/h) 55–70 mph (89–113 km/h) 20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)
Northern Mariana Islands[36] – 45 mph (72 km/h)
Ohio[37][38] 70 mph (113 km/h) 50–70 mph (80–113 km/h) 55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)[39][40] 45–70 mph (72–113 km/h) 20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)
Oklahoma 70 mph (113 km/h) (75 mph (121 km/h) turnpikes) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 65–70 mph (105–113 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 25 mph (40 km/h)
Oregon 65–70 mph (105–113 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 50–60 mph (80–97 km/h) 55–70 mph (89–113 km/h) 55–70 mph (89–113 km/h) 20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)
Pennsylvania 65–70 mph (105–113 km/h) 50–65 mph (80–105 km/h) 55 mph (89 km/h) 40–55 mph (64–89 km/h) 20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)
Puerto Rico[41] 65 mph (105 km/h) 55 mph (89 km/h) - - 35–55 mph (56–89 km/h) 35 mph (56 km/h)
Rhode Island[42] 65 mph (105 km/h) 50–55 mph (80–89 km/h) 55 mph (89 km/h) 50 mph (80 km/h) 20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)
South Carolina[43] 70 mph (113 km/h) 55–70 mph (89–113 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 45–55 mph (72–89 km/h) 20–30 mph (32–48 km/h)
South Dakota[44][45] 75–80 mph (121–129 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 65–70 mph (105–113 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 20–45 mph (32–72 km/h)
Tennessee 70 mph (113 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 35–55 mph (56–89 km/h) 30 mph (48 km/h)
Texas 75–85 mph (121–137 km/h) 55–75 mph (89–121 km/h) 75 mph (121 km/h) 55–75 mph (89–121 km/h) 25–30 mph (40–48 km/h)
U.S. Virgin Islands[46] – – 55 mph (89 km/h) 25–45 mph (40–72 km/h) 20–25 mph (32–40 km/h)
Utah[47][48] 75–80 mph (121–129 km/h) 55–70 mph (89–113 km/h)[49] 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h)[50] 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)
Vermont 65 mph (105 km/h) 55 mph (89 km/h) 55 mph (89 km/h) 50–55 mph (80–89 km/h)
Virginia[51] 65–70 mph (105–113 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 55–60 mph (89–97 km/h) 55 mph (89 km/h) 20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)
Washington 70–75 mph (113–121 km/h)[52] 60 mph (97 km/h) 55–70 mph (89–113 km/h) 65–70 mph (105–113 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 20–50 mph (32–80 km/h)
West Virginia 70 mph (113 km/h) 55–65 mph (89–105 km/h) 65 mph (105 km/h) 55 mph (89 km/h) 20–55 mph (32–89 km/h)
Wisconsin[53] 70 mph (113 km/h) 50–65 mph (80–105 km/h) 65 mph (105 km/h) 55 mph (89 km/h) 20–35 mph (32–56 km/h)
Wyoming[54] 75–80 mph (121–129 km/h) 65 mph (105 km/h) 70 mph (113 km/h) 55–70 mph (89–113 km/h) 30 mph (48 km/h)
[show]legend:
Freeway: Interstate Highway or other state- or federally numbered road built to Interstate standards.
Divided: State- or federally numbered road, generally with four or more lanes, not built to Interstate standards, but with a median or other divider separating directions of travel.
Undivided rural: County, State, or U.S. route, generally with two to four lanes, with no separator between directions of travel.
Residential Street/residential: Residential streets, business districts, or School zones.
5 miles per hour (8 km/h)
10 miles per hour (16 km/h)
15 miles per hour (24 km/h)
20 miles per hour (32 km/h)
25 miles per hour (40 km/h)
30 miles per hour (48 km/h)
35 miles per hour (56 km/h)
40 miles per hour (64 km/h)
45 miles per hour (72 km/h)
50 miles per hour (80 km/h)
55 miles per hour (89 km/h)
60 miles per hour (97 km/h)
65 miles per hour (105 km/h)
70 miles per hour (113 km/h)
75 miles per hour (121 km/h)
80 miles per hour (129 km/h)
85 miles per hour (137 km/h)
Examples of related laws[edit]
State
Typical fine
Recklessness threshold or enhanced penalty
Absolute/prima facie
Ticket dismissal options
Point system
Arizona Over 35 mph (56 km/h) in a school zone, over 20 mph (32 km/h) above the posted speed limit, or over 85 mph (137 km/h) regardless of the posted speed limit.[55] Prima facie (Absolute above 85 mph (137 km/h)) Defensive driving school (requires court approval for criminal speeding tickets). Point system leading to fines, potential license suspension, increased insurance rates, and potential jail time (if criminal).
North Carolina $10–$50 plus court costs.[56] Speeding fines in work zones and school zones are $250 plus court costs. Over 15 mph (24 km/h) over limit at a travelled speed of greater than 55 mph (89 km/h) or over 80 mph (130 km/h) Absolute Prayer for judgment continued (PJC) available depending on the court and subject to their discretion, but not available for charges of exceeding a speed limit by more than 25 mph (40 km/h). Point system may lead to license suspension. Exceeding the speed limit by more than 15 mph (24 km/h) with a speed of greater than 55 mph (89 km/h) or travelling faster than 80 mph (130 km/h) results in a minimum 30-day license suspension.[57]
Pennsylvania $35[58] plus court and other costs. All fines doubled in active work zones. Over 30 mph (48 km/h) over limit Absolute None Point system leads to mandatory driver education and possible license suspension.
Texas $1–$20[59] plus court fees. Doubled in active school zones when children are present or construction zones when workers are present.[60] Various additional "fees" assessed by the state essentially increase the fine by around $100 on all tickets. None[61] Prima facie[62] Defensive driving[63] (once per year) or deferred disposition[64] (restrictions vary, but generally at least 4 per year), but only valid if:
Texas resident,
Speed under 25 mph (40 km/h) above limit and under 95 mph (153 km/h), and
Not in construction zone where workers are present or active school zone.
Not a Commercial Driver License (CDL) holder.
Point system is annual surcharge only. No provision for license suspension if surcharges are paid.[65]
Rhode Island Prima facie One dismissal every 3 years for speed 14 mph (23 km/h) or less over limit.[66]
Virginia
Up to $250[67]
School zone: up to $250 additional[68]
Work zone: up to $500[69]
$200 civil penalty in certain towns[70]
20 mph (32 km/h) over limit or over 80 mph (130 km/h).[71][72] Absolute[73] Point system[74] leading to fines, suspension, and mandatory driver education.[75]
History[edit]
One of the first speed limits in what would become the United States (at the time, still a British colony) was set in Boston in 1701 by the board of selectmen (similar to a city council):
Ordered, That no person whatsoever Shall at any time hereafter ride or drive a gallop or other extream pace within any of the Streets, lanes, or alleys in this Town on penalty of forfeiting three Shillings for every such offence, and it may be lawfull for any of the Inhabitants of this Town to make Stop of such horse or Rider untill the name of the offender be known in order to prosecution[76]
Federal speed controls[edit]
In 1973, Congress enacted a national speed limit of 55 mph (89 km/h). Some states, such as Washington, enacted lower speed limits.
For more details on this topic, see National Maximum Speed Law.
In response to the 1973 oil crisis, Congress enacted the National Maximum Speed Law that created the universal 55 miles per hour (89 km/h) speed limit.[citation needed] Whether this reduced gasoline consumption is debated and the impact on safety is unclear; studies and opinions of safety advocates are mixed.
The law was widely disregarded by motorists, even after the national maximum was increased to 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) on certain roads in 1987 and 1988. In 1995, the law was repealed, returning the choice of speed limit to each state.
Upon that repeal, there was effectively no speed limit on Montana's interstates for daytime driving (the nighttime limit was set at 65 mph) from 1995 to 1999, when the state Supreme Court threw out the law as "unconstitutionally vague."[77] The state legislature enacted a 75 mph daytime limit in May of 1999.[78]
As of May 15, 2017, 41 states have maximum speed limits of 70 mph or higher. 18 of those states have 75 mph speed limits or higher, while 7 states of that same portion have 80 mph speed limits.
Minimum speed limits[edit]
In addition to the legally defined maximum speed, minimum speed limits may be applicable. Occasionally, there are default minimum speed limits for certain types of roads, generally freeways.
Comparable to the common basic speed rule, most jurisdictions also have laws prohibiting speeds so low they are dangerous or impede the normal and reasonable flow of traffic.
Truck speed limits[edit]
Some jurisdictions set lower speed limits that are applicable only to large commercial vehicles like heavy trucks and buses. While they are called "truck speed limits", they generally do not apply to light trucks.
Theory[edit]
The research record is mixed. A 1987 study finds that crash involvement significantly increases when trucks drive much slower than passenger vehicles,[79] suggesting that the difference in speed between passenger vehicles and slower trucks could cause crashes that otherwise may not happen. Furthermore, in a review of available research, the Transportation Research Board (part of the United States National Research Council) states "[no] conclusive evidence could be found to support or reject the use of differential speed limits for passenger cars and heavy trucks" (page 11) and "a strong case cannot be made on empirical grounds in support of or in opposition to differential speed limits" (page 109).[80]
One study has claimed that two thirds (67%) of truck/passenger car crashes are the fault of the passenger vehicle.[81]
Night speed limits[edit]
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Night speed limit in the Key Deer habitat on the Florida Keys. Note the nonreflective backing of the day speed limit number. At night, only the number on the lower sign is visible in the headlights.
The basic speed rule requires drivers adjust speeds to the conditions. This is usually relied upon to regulate proper night speed reductions, if required. Numeric night speed limits, which generally begin 30 minutes after sunset and end 30 minutes before sunrise, are occasionally used where, in theory, safety problems require a speed lower than what is self-selected by drivers.
Examples include:[citation needed]
Some streets in Tucson, Arizona without street lights.
Some Florida roads near Southwest Florida International Airport near Cape Coral/Fort Myers. (Most of these roads are labeled as "Panther Zones" or "Panther X-ing" areas.)
Daniels Parkway Ext., a four-lane divided highway near SW Florida International Airport with a 50 mph (80 km/h) daytime limit, and a night speed limit of 45 miles per hour (72 km/h) is considered by many to be a speed trap.[citation needed] This road joins neighboring SR 82, a two-lane road with a 60 mph (97 km/h) speed limit.
Colorado Highway 13, with a 65 mph (105 km/h) day/55 mph (89 km/h) night speed limit beginning 7.1 miles north of I-70 from north of Rifle to Colorado Highway 64 south of Meeker. Rural Colorado Highway 13 is 55 miles per hour (89 km/h) at night north of Meeker all the way to the Wyoming state line.
Highway 20 in Washington state between Twisp and Pateros has a 45mph speed limit due to high numbers of deer (and other wildlife) activity. Deer carcasses can be seen along the road all throughout summer
Some states create arbitrary night speed limits applicable to entire classes of roads. Until September 2011, Texas had a statutory 65 mph (105 km/h) night speed limit for all roads with a higher limit. Montana has a statutory 65 mph (105 km/h) night speed limit on all federal, state, and secondary roads except for Interstates.[citation needed]
Political considerations[edit]
Financial concerns[edit]
Traffic violations can be a lucrative income source for jurisdictions and insurance companies. For example:
Westlake, TX took in $42,000 per citizen over nine years for its speed traps.[82]
Insurance companies may receive several billions of dollars annually in traffic ticket surcharges.[83]
A study by the Federal Reserve of St. Louis found that traffic ticket writing increases when government revenue decreases.[84]
2008 debates over traffic enforcement in Dallas County, TX involved concerns of lost profits if ticketwriting decreased.[85][86][87]
In Massachusetts, half of the ticket money goes to the police department that writes the speeding ticket, the other half goes to fund the court that convicts the speeder or collects the fine from them.
Thus, an authority that sets and enforces speed limits, such as a state government, regulates and taxes insurance companies, who also gain revenue from speeding enforcement. Furthermore, such an authority often requires "all" drivers to have policies with those same companies, solidifying the association between the state and auto insurers. If a driver cannot be covered under an insurance policy because of high risk, the state will assume that high risk for a greater monetary amount; thus resulting in even more revenue generation for the state.[88]
When a speed limit is used to generate revenue but has no safety justification, it is called a speed trap. The town of New Rome, Ohio was such a speed trap, where speeding tickets raised up to $400,000 per year to fund the police department of a 12-acre village with 60 residents.[89]
Environmental concerns[edit]
Reduced speed limits are sometimes enacted for air quality reasons. The most prominent example includes Texas' environmental speed limits.
Metric speed limits[edit]
The values of metric speed limits in the US are to be circumscribed in accordance with the MUTCD.
Though not common in the United States, a speed limit may be defined in kilometers per hour (km/h) as well as miles per hour (mph). The Federal Highway Administration's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, which provides guidelines for speed limit signage, states that "speed limits shown shall be in multiples of 10 km/h or 5 mph."[90] If a speed limit sign indicates km/h, the number is circumscribed and "km/h" is written below. Prior to 2003, metric speed limits were designated using the standard speed limit sign, usually with yellow supplemental "METRIC" and "km/h" plaques above it and below it, respectively.[91][92]
In 1995, the National Highway System Designation Act prohibited use of federal funds to finance new metric signage.
Definition of speeding[edit]
Either of the following qualifies a crash as speed-related in accordance with U.S. government rules:[93]
Exceeding speed limits.
Driving too fast for conditions.
Speeds in excess of speed limits account for most speed-related traffic citations; generally, "driving too fast for conditions" tickets are issued only after an incident where the ticket issuer found tangible evidence of unreasonable speed, such as a crash.
A criticism of the "exceeding speed limits" definition of speeding is twofold:
When speed limits are arbitrary, such as when set through political rather than empirical processes, the speed limit's relationship to the maximum safe speed is weakened or intentionally eliminated. Therefore, a crash can be counted as speed-related even if it occurs at a safe speed, simply because the speed was in excess of a politically determined limit.
The effective limit may still be too fast for certain conditions, such as limited visibility or reduced road traction[94] or even low-speed truck rollovers on exit ramps.[95]
Variable speed limits offer some potential to reduce speed-related crashes. However, due to the high cost of implementation, they exist primarily on freeways. Furthermore, most speed-related crashes occur on local and collector roads, which generally have far lower speed limits and prevailing speeds than freeways.[96]
Prima facie[edit]
Most states have absolute speed limits, meaning that a speed in excess of the limit is illegal per se. However, some states have prima facie speed limits.[97] This allows motorists to defend against a speeding charge if it can be proven that the speed was in fact reasonable and prudent.
Speed limits in Texas,[98] Utah,[99] and Rhode Island are prima facie. Some other states have a hybrid system: speed limits may be prima facie up to a certain speed or only on certain roads. For example, speed limits in California up to 55 mph, or 65 mph on highways, are prima facie, and those at or above those speeds are absolute.[100]
A successful prima facie defense is rare. Not only does the burden of proof rest upon the accused, a successful defense may involve expenses well in excess of the cost of a ticket, such as an expert witness. Furthermore, because prima facie defenses must be presented in a court, such a defense is difficult for out-of-town motorists.
See also[edit]
Driver License Compact
Non-Resident Violator Compact
Solomon curve
Traffic violations reciprocity
Transportation safety in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Nixon Approves Limit of 55 MPH". The New York Times. January 3, 1974. pp. 1, 24. Retrieved July 22, 2008. (subscription required)
^ Jump up to: a b Blair, William G. (4 April 1987). "65-m.p.h. Signs Sprout Out West, but New York Region Holds Off". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "H.R.2 – 100th Congress (1987–1988): Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act of 1987". Congress.gov. Library of Congress. 2 April 1987. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Alabama Law Enforcement Agency". Dps.alabama.gov. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
Jump up ^ "Alabama Law Enforcement Agency". Dps.alabama.gov. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
Jump up ^ American Samoa Code Section 22.0323 [1], and Frommer's [2]
Jump up ^ Arizona Statutes Chapter 3 Article 6 State Legislature
Jump up ^ "California Highways with 70 MPH Speed Limits". ca.gov. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Subchapter VIII. Speed Restrictions.". Delaware State Legislature. May 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Speed limit to jump on Del. 1 near Dover Air Force Base". Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Jump up ^ District of Columbia Municipal Regulations Title 18 – Vehicle and Traffic (March 1997), chapter 22 "Moving Violations" [3] [4]
Jump up ^ "Florida Department of Transportation". state.fl.us. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "HB 674 – Maximus Speed Limots; vehicles having greater than 6 wheels.". Georgia House of Representatives. May 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Guam Code Annotated Title 16 Chapter 3 Article 3 § 3301" (PDF). Justice.gov.gu. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
Jump up ^ Matthew L. Wald (1997-06-06). "Guam Is the Pace-Setter In Driver Seat-Belt Use". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
Jump up ^ "Guam Vacation Guide | Request Free Visitor's Guide". Visitguam.org. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
Jump up ^ "Senate Transportation Committee Approves Speed Limit Increase". Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. February 1, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Louisiana State Legislature". legis.la.gov. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Public Michigan Vehicle code: Speed Restrictions". Michigan Legislature. November 9, 2006. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Michigan House approves 75 mph speed limit hike". Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Jump up ^ 169.14, Minnesota Statute. Revisor.leg.state.mn.us (August 1, 2009).
Jump up ^ HEAT Speed Management Program. Dot.state.mn.us.
Jump up ^ "Home – Nebraska Department of Transportation" (PDF). Nebraskatransportation.org. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Nitzman, Alex (2012-07-16). "Nevada @ AARoads – Interstate 80". AARoads.com. Retrieved 2016-07-26. Contrary to popular belief, the speed limit on Interstate 80 is not 75 mph all the way across Nevada. The speed limit stays at 65 mph from the California line into the Reno-Sparks metro area and eastward all the way to Milepost 23 near the Mustang Ranch.
Jump up ^ Press, Associated. "Nevada implementing 80 mph speed limit on I-80". KSNV. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
Jump up ^ "Nevada freeway speed limit to get bump to 80 mph". Las Vegas Review-Journal. 2017-05-03. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 4 Safe Driving Rules & Regulations, (N.J.S.A. 39:4–98).". New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission. April 24, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-03-14.
Jump up ^ "Appendix A Designated 65mph Roadway Segments." (PDF). State of New Jersey & New Jersey Department of Transportation. April 24, 2008.
Jump up ^ New Mexico Statutes Chapter 66 Article 7 part 4 Mexico State Legislature or nmlaws.org
Jump up ^ NY State Vehicle and Traffic (VAT) Law § 1180-a Laws of New York State. Leginfo.state.ny.us.
Jump up ^ "North Carolina General Statutes § 20-141(d)(2). Speed restrictions.". North Carolina State Legislature. April 23, 2008.
Jump up ^ "NCDOT, Strategic Highway Corridors, Facility Types and Control of Access Definitions.". North Carolina Department of Transportation. April 23, 2008. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "NCDOT, Strategic Highway Corridors, Facility Types and Control of Access Definitions: Expressways". North Carolina Department of Transportation. April 23, 2008. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "CHAPTER 39-09: Speed Restrictions" (PDF). Legis.nd.gov. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
Jump up ^ "North Dakota Speed Zone Map". Dot.nd.gov. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "| GHSA". Ghsa.org. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
Jump up ^ "Lawriter – ORC". codes.ohio.gov. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Provance, Jim (September 28, 2013). "Speed limits rising to 70 mph for some state roads Sunday". Toledo Blade. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Speed limit on U.S. 30 bumped to 70 mph". The Lima News. June 25, 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ohio Transportation Map. Ohio Department of Transportation, 2015. US 30, cited in the Lima News as 70 mph from the Indiana line to Mansfield, is not shown as freeway.
Jump up ^ § 5122. Maximum lawful speed limits and penalties., Subchapter IV, Chapter 27, Title 9 of the Laws of Puerto Rico [5]
Jump up ^ "Rhode Island Division Of Motor Vehicles: General Information". State Of Rhode Island, Division Of Motor Vehicles. May 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ "S.C. Code Of Laws Title 56 Chapter 5 Uniform Act Regulating Traffic On Highways.". South Carolina State Legislature. May 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Maximum posted speed limits". Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "What are the speed limits in South Dakota?". South Dakota Highway Patrol. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Section 494. speed limits, Chapter 43, Part II, Title 20 of the Virgin Islands Code [6], and from a NHTSA summary [7]
Jump up ^ Troopers plan to strictly enforce new 80 mph speed limit. ksl.com (January 5, 2009).
Jump up ^ Utah Code 41-6a-601 – Speed regulations. le.utah.gov.
Jump up ^ Tribune, The Salt Lake. "70 mph speed limit now official on Utah's urban interstates". sltrib.com. Retrieved 11 July 2016. The speed limit in Cedar City is 75 mph on I-15 besides bypasses that are nearby
Jump up ^ Utah Code 41-6a-602(3)(a)
Jump up ^ Va. Code § 46.2-870. Virginia Legislative Information System. Law.lis.virginia.gov.
Jump up ^ Washington State Department of Transportation (11 May 2016). "State officials will not raise I-90 speed limit in eastern Washington". wsdot.wa.gov. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Wisconsin Statute 346.57. (PDF).
Jump up ^ Wyoming Statutes. Legisweb.state.wy.us.
Jump up ^ "How to beat criminal speeding in Arizona A.R.S. §28-701.02". The Heath Law Firm. April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Traffic Offenses For Which Court Appearance May Be Waived" (PDF). Nccourts.org. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
Jump up ^ "§ 20-16". state.nc.us. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Home" (PDF). state.pa.us. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Transportation Code Chapter 542. General Provisions. Statutes.legis.state.tx.us.
Jump up ^ Transportation Code Chapter 542. General Provisions. Statutes.legis.state.tx.us.
Jump up ^ Transportation Code Chapter 545. Operation and Movement of Vehicles. Statutes.legis.state.tx.us.
Jump up ^ Transportation Code Chapter 545. Operation and Movement of Vehicles. Statutes.legis.state.tx.us.
Jump up ^ Code of Criminal Procedure Chapter 45. Justice and Municipal Courts. Statutes.legis.state.tx.us.
Jump up ^ Code of Criminal Procedure Chapter 45. Justice and Municipal Courts. Statutes.legis.state.tx.us.
Jump up ^ Transportation Code Chapter 708. Driver Responsibility Program. Statutes.legis.state.tx.us.
Jump up ^ Revised Statutes – Browse Document
Jump up ^ Va. Code § 18.2–11. Leg1.state.va.us.
Jump up ^ Va. Code § 46.2-873. Leg1.state.va.us.
Jump up ^ Va. Code § 46.2–878.1. Leg1.state.va.us (July 1, 2012).
Jump up ^ Va. Code § 46.2–874.1. Leg1.state.va.us.
Jump up ^ Va. Code § 46.2-862. Leg1.state.va.us.
Jump up ^ Va. Code § 46.2-861. Leg1.state.va.us.
Jump up ^ Va. Code § 46.2-878. Leg1.state.va.us.
Jump up ^ Va. Code § 46.2-492. Leg1.state.va.us.
Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Virginia, Department of Motor Vehicles, "Moving Violations and Point Assessments". Dmv.virginia.gov (May 14, 2007).
Jump up ^ A Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston containing the Boston Records From 1700 to 1728. 8. Boston: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers. 1883. p. 12.
Jump up ^ Robbins, Jim (1998-12-28). "Montana's Speed Limit of ?? M.P.H. Is Overturned as Too Vague". New York Times. Retrieved 2017-07-30.
Jump up ^ http://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/remember-reasonable-and-prudent-speed-limits-long-controversial-in-montana/article_06be4f06-f083-571d-a359-dd1698b56b77.html
Jump up ^ table V-4. (PDF).
Jump up ^ Managing Speed: Review of Current Practices for Setting and Enforcing Speed Limits. Trb.org.
Jump up ^ The Unsafe Driving Acts of Motorists in the Vicinity of Large Trucks. (PDF).
Jump up ^ Small North Texas town tops list in speeding-ticket revenue | wfaa.com Dallas – Fort Worth. Wfaa.com (March 23, 2010).
Jump up ^ Traffic Tickets Are Big Business. Blog.motorists.org (November 16, 2010).
Jump up ^ St. Louis Fed: WP 2006-048C "Red Ink in the Rearview Mirror: Local Fiscal Conditions and the Issuance of Traffic Tickets". Research.stlouisfed.org.
Jump up ^ Dallas County commissioners propose deal to eliminate traffic units, Dallas Morning News, June 27, 2008
Jump up ^ As motorists’ frustration rises, justices of the peace pull out of automated ticket payment program, Dallas Morning News, July 5, 2008
Jump up ^ Dallas County to scrap central collections for traffic tickets, Dallas Morning News, July 7, 2008
Jump up ^ Stephen Moore on Speed Limits on National Review Online. Nationalreview.com (June 25, 2003).
Jump up ^ Matt Hannafin (April 11, 2008). Highway Robbery: Coping with the Great American Speed Trap. Frommer's (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.). Retrieved September 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ FHWA – MUTCD – 2003 Edition Revision 1 Chapter 2B. Mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov.
Jump up ^ MUTCD and metric road signs in the US. Lamar.colostate.edu.
Jump up ^ New York Roads – I-87 – Northway. Alpsroads.net.
Jump up ^ U.S. federal government brochure Archived September 25, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed, Publication No. FHWA-RD-98-154 Archived June 13, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Vehicular Stability Systems (VSS) – Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. Fmcsa.dot.gov.
Jump up ^ [8] Archived May 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ State Traffic and Speed Laws. Mit.edu.
Jump up ^ Texas Transportation Code §545.351 and §545.352. Texas Legislature.
Jump up ^ Utah State Legislature. Le.utah.gov.
Jump up ^ "CA Codes (veh:22348-22366)". ca.gov. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
Law Review[edit]
R. A. Vinluan (2008). "Indefiniteness of automobile speed regulations as affecting validity". American Law Reports—Annotated, 3rd Series. 6. The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company. p. 1326.
C. C. Marvel (2010). "Meaning of "residence district," "business district," "school area," and the like, in statutes and ordinances regulating speed of motor vehicles". American Law Reports—Annotated, 2nd Series. 50. The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company. p. 343.
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1952 Mulkhi Agitation (Telangana)
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1952 Mulkhi Agitation or Mulkhi Agitation was a political movement for the safeguard of jobs in Hyderabad State government. It was the first event in Telangana movement.
History[edit]
After the Annexation of Hyderabad State into the Indian Union, the administration was under Military Governor, J. N. Chaudhuri. There was a large scale recruitment in the Hyderabad State Government, but the non-local new recruits occupied positions meant for the locals under the Mulki rules provided by the erstwhile ruler, the Nizam of Hyderabad. There was widespread discontentment among the locals which led to the agitation.
The Agitation[edit]
In 1952, students led an agitation against non Mulkis or non locals (mulki meaning locals). The popular slogans were Ghair Mulki go back or Non-Mulki go back and Idli Sambar go back.[1] Telangana protagonist K. Jayashankar was on his way in a bus to participate in the agitation, but the bus broke down in Bongir and could not take part in it.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hyderabad incidents. (Sep 6, 2002 reproducing Sep 6, 1952 edition) The Hindu Online. Retrieved 03 July 2014.
This Indian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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text:
The Bad Touch
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"The Bad Touch"
Single by Bloodhound Gang
from the album Hooray for Boobies
Released
31 May 1999
Format
12"
CD
Recorded
1999
Genre
Rap rock[1]
Euro disco[2]
dance-pop[3]
Length
4:20
Label
Jimmy Franks
Geffen
Songwriter(s)
Jimmy Pop
Producer(s)
Jimmy Pop
Bloodhound Gang singles chronology
"Along Comes Mary"
(1997) "The Bad Touch"
(1999) "The Ballad of Chasey Lain"
(2000)
"Along Comes Mary"
(1997) "The Bad Touch"
(1999) "The Ballad of Chasey Lain"
(2000)
Music video
"The Bad Touch" on YouTube
"The Bad Touch" is a song recorded by American alternative rock band Bloodhound Gang. It was released on 31 May 1999 as the lead single from their album Hooray for Boobies, which was released a year later, in the US and UK. The song was remixed by many artists including God Lives Underwater, KMFDM and Eiffel 65.
Like much of the Bloodhound Gang's other music, the song contains a wide variety of sexual colloquialisms. The sleeve for the single features a photo of two zebras in copula.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyricism
2 Music video
2.1 Controversy
3 Track listings
4 Chart performance
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 References
6 External links
Lyricism[edit]
"The Bad Touch"
The lyric "You and me baby, ain't nothing but mammals, so let's do it like they do on the Discovery Channel" refers to sexual intercourse. The song has influences of dance-pop and euro disco
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The main chorus and anthem of the song is the stanza "You and me, baby, ain't nothin' but mammals; So let's do it like they do on the Discovery Channel", referring to the nature documentaries shown on the Discovery television channel in the 1990s.
The lyrics are composed almost entirely of double entendre, which include a number of references to late-1990s or topical North American popular culture. In the first verse these are: lack of precipitation leading to drought in the United States and specifically the state of Texas; risqué lyrics from musician Prince; Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert from television film-review programme At the Movies giving "two thumbs up"; restaurant-chain Waffle House and their hash browns foodstuffs; the delivery speed of courier firm FedEx; the stock-price of The Coca-Cola Company; and daylight saving time change during the Northern-hemisphere spring-time and its relation to nocturnal penile tumescence.
The second verse continues alluding to: the lost Egyptian Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa and early Egyptian hieroglyphs; the southern Pacific Ocean; US-National Weather Service weather alerts distributed as a small craft advisory to marine vessels; oceanic high-tides; the boardgame Battleship; automated coffeemaker manufacturer Mr. Coffee; juvenile exploration through playing doctor; television programme-in-programme Tool Time, from sitcom Home Improvement; country music singer Lyle Lovett; and science-fiction series The X-Files.[4]
Music video[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The song's video, shot during the summer of 1999, features the band dressed in "MonkeyRat" costumes with oversized ears, in numerous locations of Paris (including the Place de l'Estrapade, Avenue de Saxe, and Champ de Mars), and the Eiffel Tower is visible in many shots. During the video, the band uses blowguns to shoot tranquilizer darts into the buttocks of four passing young women dressed in black with short skirts and stockings, then carrying them away. They then use a fishing rod to dangle a croissant in front of a group of French chefs, enticing them to follow. The band members dance around for a few seconds and then lure three chefs into following them. The band members swallow several mealworms, before finding two stereotypically French effeminate gay men in a café, who are then beaten over the head with baguettes and knocked unconscious. A dwarf mime artist played by actor Jordan Prentice is captured in a net and then thrown into a cage with the four women, three chefs and the gay couple in a clear parody of animal collectors capturing frightened specimens. The band leap around the cage taunting their captives. As the song draws to an end, the prisoners are released and all dance together in formation in the street. The mime artist escapes and is run over by a speeding Renault 5 car driven by Lüpüs Thünder.
The uncensored version of the video shows the band playing with and eating a brown semi-liquid food, with the implication that it is feces, and a beginning which features them feigning sex in a doggy-style position rather than dancing as in the clean version. The violent capture of the gay couple is also missing from some versions.
Controversy[edit]
A scene in the video featuring a pair of gay men in sailor suits, who share french fries and are subsequently beaten by the band members wielding baguettes, was cut after it initially premiered.[5] GLAAD complained about the scene to MTV stating that "a gay-bashing scene in any context in today's climate is not acceptable".[5] MTV reviewed the video and suggested to Geffen Records that the scene be cut.[5] On the scene, lead singer Jimmy Pop commented "I would give any gay man two tickets to the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical of his choice if he could describe exactly who's going to become violent based on that scene".[6]
Track listings[edit]
Promo single
1 "The Bad Touch" – 4:20
Canada promo
1 "The Bad Touch" [Radio Version] – 3:37
2 "The Bad Touch" (Eiffel 65 Remix) – 3:34
Europe promo
1 "The Bad Touch" [Radio Version] – 3:37
Europe single
1 "The Bad Touch" [Album Version] – 4:19
2 "The Bad Touch" [Eiffel 65 Remix] – 3:33
3 "Along Comes Mary" [BHG Mix] – 3:23
Europe single
1 "The Bad Touch" [LP] – 4:23
2 "Along Comes Mary" [The Bloodhound Gang Mix] – 3:20
Australia and Europe maxi-CD
1 "The Bad Touch" [LP]
2 "The Bad Touch" [The God Lives Underwater Mix]
3 "The Bad Touch" [The K.M.F.D.M. Mix]
4 "Along Comes Mary" [The Bloodhound Gang Mix]
"Video Kiss Me Where It Smells Funny" (Video)
Europe maxi-CD
1 "The Bad Touch" [The Bloodhound Gang Mix] – 4:20
2 "The Bad Touch" [The Eiffel 65 Mix] – 4:28
3 "The Bad Touch" [The Rollergirl Mix] – 5:59
4 "The Bad Touch" [The God Lives Underwater Mix] – 4:23
UK promo
1 "The Bad Touch" [The Bloodhound Gang Mix] – 4:20
2 "The Bad Touch" [The K.M.F.D.M. Mix] – 4:19
3 "The Bad Touch" [The God Lives Underwater Mix] – 4:23
4 "The Bad Touch" [The Eiffel 65 Mix] – 4:29
5 "The Bad Touch" [The Rollergirl Mix] – 6:00
6 "The Bad Touch" [The Eiffel 65 Acapella Mix]
Spain vinyl 12"
A1 "The Bad Touch" [Eiffel 65 Extended Mix] – 4:30
A2 "The Bad Touch" [12" Rollerblade Remix] – 6:02
B1 "The Bad Touch" [Eiffel 65 Instrumental] – 4:30
B2 "The Bad Touch" [Album Version] – 4:20
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1999–2000)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[7] 5
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[8] 3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[9] 1
Brazilian Singles Chart (ABPD)[10] 29
Canada (RPM) 9
Denmark (IFPI) 2
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[11] 8
France (SNEP)[12] 21
Germany (Official German Charts)[13] 1
Ireland (IRMA) 1
Italy (FIMI) 1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[14] 17
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[15] 4
Norway (VG-lista)[16] 1
Spain (AFYVE)[17] 1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[18] 1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[19] 4
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[20] 4
UK Dance (Official Charts Company)[21] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[22] 52
US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks[22] 6
US Billboard Mainstream Top 40[22] 21
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play [22] 1
US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales[22] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1999)
Position
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[23] 9
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[24] 31
Chart (2000)
Rank
Australia[25] 87
Switzerland [26] 83
US (Joel Whitburn's Pop Annual)[27] 186
References[edit]
Jump up ^ mtv (2000-04-21). "Bloodhound Gang's 'Bad Touch' Turns Clock Back Two Decades". MTV. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
Jump up ^ Hann, Michael (2008). The Guardian Book of Rock and Roll. London: Aurum Press. p. 132. The Bad Touch' by Bloodhound Gang 1999's out-of-character plunge into Euro disco found the Gang...
Jump up ^ Jeffries, David. "Bloodhound Gang". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved February 24, 2013. Titled just Hooray on the clean version, the album featured 'The Bad Touch,' an infectious dance-pop number...'
Jump up ^ "Bloodhound Gang – The Bad Touch Lyrics" (annotated lyrics). Genius. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sansone, Glen (2000). "Bloodhound Gang Edits Objectionable Video". CMJ New Music Report. CMJ Network. 61 (658): 4. ISSN 0890-0795. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Kenneally, Tim (2000). "Ask the Experts". Spin. SPIN Media LLC. 16 (6): 52. ISSN 0886-3032. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Bloodhound Gang – The Bad Touch". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Bloodhound Gang – The Bad Touch" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Bloodhound Gang – The Bad Touch" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bloodhound Gang: The Bad Touch" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Bloodhound Gang – The Bad Touch" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Bloodhound Gang Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Bloodhound Gang" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Bloodhound Gang – The Bad Touch". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Bloodhound Gang – The Bad Touch". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 8480486392.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Bloodhound Gang – The Bad Touch". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Bloodhound Gang – The Bad Touch". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e https://www.billboard.com/artist/290992/bloodhound+gang/chart
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1999". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swiss year-end chart". swisscharts.com. 1999. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2000". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Swiss Year-End Charts, 2000
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1999). Pop Annual. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. ISBN 0-89820-142-X.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
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Bloodhound Gang
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DJ Q-Ball
The Yin
Daniel P. Carter
Daddy Long Legs
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"Mope"
"The Inevitable Return of the Great White Dope"
"Foxtrot Uniform Charlie Kilo"
"Uhn Tiss Uhn Tiss Uhn Tiss"
"No Hard Feelings"
"Screwing You on the Beach at Night"
"Altogether Ooky"
"Chew Toy"
"American Bitches"
"Dimes"
"Clean Up in Aisle Sexy"
"Uncool as Me"
DVDs
One Fierce Beer Run
Related articles
Discography
Wolfpac
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bad_Touch&oldid=813589830"
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Whirlpool (cryptography)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"WHIRLPOOL" redirects here. For other uses, see Whirlpool (disambiguation).
Whirlpool
General
Designers
Vincent Rijmen, Paulo S. L. M. Barreto
First published
2000, 2001, 2003
Derived from
Square, AES
Certification
NESSIE
Detail
Digest sizes
512 bits
Security claims
Large hashsum size
Structure
Miyaguchi-Preneel
Rounds
10
Best public cryptanalysis
In 2009, a rebound attack was announced that presents full collisions against 4.5 rounds of Whirlpool in 2120 operations, semi-free-start collisions against 5.5 rounds in 2120 time and semi-free-start near-collisions against 7.5 rounds in 2128 time.[1]
In computer science and cryptography, Whirlpool (sometimes styled WHIRLPOOL) is a cryptographic hash function. It was designed by Vincent Rijmen (co-creator of the Advanced Encryption Standard) and Paulo S. L. M. Barreto, who first described it in 2000.
The hash has been recommended by the NESSIE project. It has also been adopted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) as part of the joint ISO/IEC 10118-3 international standard.
Contents
[hide]
1 Design features
1.1 Version changes
2 Internal structure
2.1 SubBytes
2.2 ShiftColumns
2.3 MixRows
2.4 AddRoundKey
3 Whirlpool hashes
4 Implementations
5 Adoption
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Design features[edit]
The Whirlpool Galaxy (M51), which inspired the name of the algorithm.[2]
Whirlpool is a hash designed after the Square block cipher, and is considered to be in that family of block cipher functions.
Whirlpool is a Miyaguchi-Preneel construction based on a substantially modified Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).
Whirlpool takes a message of any length less than 2256 bits and returns a 512-bit message digest.[3]
The authors have declared that
"WHIRLPOOL is not (and will never be) patented. It may be used free of charge for any purpose."[2]
Version changes[edit]
The original Whirlpool will be called Whirlpool-0, the first revision of Whirlpool will be called Whirlpool-T and the latest version will be called Whirlpool in the following test vectors.
In the first revision in 2001, the S-box was changed from a randomly generated one with good cryptographic properties to one which has better cryptographic properties and is easier to implement in hardware.
In the second revision (2003), a flaw in the diffusion matrix was found that lowered the estimated security of the algorithm below its potential.[4] Changing the 8x8 rotating matrix constants from (1, 1, 3, 1, 5, 8, 9, 5) to (1, 1, 4, 1, 8, 5, 2, 9) solved this issue.
Internal structure[edit]
The Whirlpool hash function is a Merkle–Damgård construction based on an AES-like block cipher W in Miyaguchi–Preneel mode.[2]
The block cipher W consists of an 8×8 state matrix S {\displaystyle S} of bytes, for a total of 512 bits.
The encryption process consists of updating the state with four round functions over 10 rounds. The four round functions are SubBytes (SB), ShiftColumns (SC), MixRows (MR) and AddRoundKey (AK). During each round the new state is computed as S = A K ∘ M R ∘ S C ∘ S B ( S ) {\displaystyle S=AK\circ MR\circ SC\circ SB(S)} .
SubBytes[edit]
The SubBytes operation applies a non-linear permutation (the S-box) to each byte of the state independently. The 8-bit S-box is composed of 3 smaller 4-bit S-boxes.
ShiftColumns[edit]
The ShiftColumns operation cyclically shifts each byte in each column of the state. Column j has its bytes shifted downwards by j positions.
MixRows[edit]
The MixRows operation is a right-multiplication of each row by an 8×8 matrix over G F ( 2 8 ) {\displaystyle GF({2^{8}})} . The matrix is chosen such that the branch number (an important property when looking at resistance to differential cryptanalysis) is 9, which is maximal.
AddRoundKey[edit]
The AddRoundKey operation uses bitwise xor to add a key calculated by the key schedule to the current state. The key schedule is identical to the encryption itself, except the AddRoundKey function is replaced by an AddRoundConstant function that adds a predetermined constant in each round.
Whirlpool hashes[edit]
The Whirlpool algorithm has undergone two revisions since its original 2000 specification.
People incorporating Whirlpool will most likely use the most recent revision of Whirlpool; while there are no known security weaknesses in earlier versions of Whirlpool, the most recent revision has better hardware implementation efficiency characteristics, and is also likely to be more secure. As mentioned earlier, it is also the version adopted in the ISO/IEC 10118-3 international standard.
The 512-bit (64-byte) Whirlpool hashes (also termed message digests) are typically represented as 128-digit hexadecimal numbers.
The following demonstrates a 43-byte ASCII input (not including quotes) and the corresponding Whirlpool hashes:
Version
Input String
Computed Hash
Whirlpool-0 "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
 4F8F5CB531E3D49A61CF417CD133792CCFA501FD8DA53EE368FED20E5FE0248C
 3A0B64F98A6533CEE1DA614C3A8DDEC791FF05FEE6D971D57C1348320F4EB42D
Whirlpool-T "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
 3CCF8252D8BBB258460D9AA999C06EE38E67CB546CFFCF48E91F700F6FC7C183
 AC8CC3D3096DD30A35B01F4620A1E3A20D79CD5168544D9E1B7CDF49970E87F1
Whirlpool "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
 B97DE512E91E3828B40D2B0FDCE9CEB3C4A71F9BEA8D88E75C4FA854DF36725F
 D2B52EB6544EDCACD6F8BEDDFEA403CB55AE31F03AD62A5EF54E42EE82C3FB35
Even a small change in the message will (with an extremely high probability of 1 − 10 − 154 {\displaystyle 1-10^{-154}} ) result in a different hash, which will usually look completely different just like two unrelated random numbers do. The following demonstrates the result of changing the previous input by a single letter (a single bit, even, in ASCII-compatible encodings), replacing d with e:
Version
Input String
Computed Hash
Whirlpool-0 "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy eog"
 228FBF76B2A93469D4B25929836A12B7D7F2A0803E43DABA0C7FC38BC11C8F2A
 9416BBCF8AB8392EB2AB7BCB565A64AC50C26179164B26084A253CAF2E012676
Whirlpool-T "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy eog"
 C8C15D2A0E0DE6E6885E8A7D9B8A9139746DA299AD50158F5FA9EECDDEF744F9
 1B8B83C617080D77CB4247B1E964C2959C507AB2DB0F1F3BF3E3B299CA00CAE3
Whirlpool "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy eog"
 C27BA124205F72E6847F3E19834F925CC666D0974167AF915BB462420ED40CC5
 0900D85A1F923219D832357750492D5C143011A76988344C2635E69D06F2D38C
The hash of a zero-length string is:
Version
Input String
Computed Hash
Whirlpool-0 ""
 B3E1AB6EAF640A34F784593F2074416ACCD3B8E62C620175FCA0997B1BA23473
 39AA0D79E754C308209EA36811DFA40C1C32F1A2B9004725D987D3635165D3C8
Whirlpool-T ""
 470F0409ABAA446E49667D4EBE12A14387CEDBD10DD17B8243CAD550A089DC0F
 EEA7AA40F6C2AAAB71C6EBD076E43C7CFCA0AD32567897DCB5969861049A0F5A
Whirlpool ""
 19FA61D75522A4669B44E39C1D2E1726C530232130D407F89AFEE0964997F7A7
 3E83BE698B288FEBCF88E3E03C4F0757EA8964E59B63D93708B138CC42A66EB3
Implementations[edit]
The authors provide reference implementations of the Whirlpool algorithm, including a version written in C and a version written in Java.[2] These reference implementations have been released into the public domain.[2]
Adoption[edit]
Two of the first widely used mainstream cryptographic programs that started using Whirlpool were FreeOTFE, followed by TrueCrypt in 2005.[citation needed]
VeraCrypt (a fork of TrueCrypt) included Whirlpool (the final version) as one of its supported hash algorithms.[5]
See also[edit]
Digital timestamping
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Florian Mendel1, Christian Rechberger, Martin Schläffer, Søren S. Thomsen (2009-02-24). The Rebound Attack: Cryptanalysis of Reduced Whirlpool and Grøstl (PDF). Fast Software Encryption: 16th International Workshop. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Paulo S. L. M. Barreto (2008-11-25). "The WHIRLPOOL Hash Function". Retrieved 2017-03-03. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Barreto, Paulo S. L. M. & Rijmen, Vincent (2003-05-24). "The WHIRLPOOL Hashing Function" (ZIP). Retrieved 2017-03-03. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Kyoji, Shibutani & Shirai, Taizo (2003-03-11). "On the diffusion matrix employed in the Whirlpool hashing function" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Whirlpool". VeraCrypt Documentation. IDRIX. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
External links[edit]
Whirlpool homepage Includes detailed algorithm information, C and Java implementations, the paper, etc.
Jacksum on SourceForge.net, a Java implementation of all three revisions of Whirlpool
whirlpool on GitHub – An open source Go implementation of the latest revision of Whirlpool
A Matlab Implementation of the Whirlpool Hashing Function
RHash on SourceForge.net, an open source command-line tool, which can calculate and verify Whirlpool hash.
Perl Whirlpool module at CPAN
Digest module implementing the Whirlpool hashing algorithm in Ruby
Ironclad a Common Lisp cryptography package containing a Whirlpool implementation
The ISO/IEC 10118-3:2004 standard
Test vectors for the Whirlpool hash from the NESSIE project
Managed C# implementation
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-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
128
216
217
226
228
233
259
269
302
306
428
518
519
639
-1
-2
-3
-5
-6
646
690
732
764
843
898
965
1000
1004
1007
1073-1
1413
1538
1745
1989
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2015
2022
2047
2108
2145
2146
2240
2281
2709
2711
2788
2848
2852
3029
3103
3166
-1
-2
-3
3297
3307
3602
3864
3901
3977
4031
4157
4217
4909
5218
5428
5775
5776
5800
5964
6166
6344
6346
6385
6425
6429
6438
6523
6709
7001
7002
7098
7185
7200
7498
7736
7810
7811
7812
7813
7816
8000
8178
8217
8571
8583
8601
8632
8652
8691
8807
8820-5
8859
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-8-I
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
-14
-15
-16
8879
9000/9001
9075
9126
9293
9241
9362
9407
9506
9529
9564
9594
9660
9897
9899
9945
9984
9985
9995
10000–19999
10005
10006
10007
10116
10118-3
10160
10161
10165
10179
10206
10218
10303
-11
-21
-22
-28
-238
10383
10487
10585
10589
10646
10664
10746
10861
10957
10962
10967
11073
11170
11179
11404
11544
11783
11784
11785
11801
11898
11940 (-2)
11941
11941 (TR)
11992
12006
12182
12207
12234-2
13211
-1
-2
13216
13250
13399
13406-2
13450
13485
13490
13567
13568
13584
13616
14000
14031
14224
14289
14396
14443
14496
-2
-3
-6
-10
-11
-12
-14
-17
-20
14644
14649
14651
14698
14750
14764
14882
14971
15022
15189
15288
15291
15292
15398
15408
15444
-3
15445
15438
15504
15511
15686
15693
15706
-2
15707
15897
15919
15924
15926
15926 WIP
15930
16023
16262
16612-2
16750
16949 (TS)
17024
17025
17100
17203
17369
17442
17799
18000
18004
18014
18245
18629
18916
19005
19011
19092 (-1
-2)
19114
19115
19125
19136
19439
19500
19501
19502
19503
19505
19506
19507
19508
19509
19510
19600
19752
19757
19770
19775-1
19794-5
19831
20000+
20000
20022
20121
20400
21000
21047
21500
21827:2002
22000
23270
23271
23360
24517
24613
24617
24707
25178
25964
26000
26300
26324
27000 series
27000
27001
27002
27006
27729
28000
29110
29148
29199-2
29500
30170
31000
32000
38500
40500
42010
55000
80000
-1
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