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2011 Census of India
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15th Census
of India
General information
Country
India
Date taken
2010-2011
Total population
1,210,193,422
Percent change
17.70%[1]
Most populous state
Uttar Pradesh (199,812,341)
Least populous state
Sikkim (610,577)
The 15th Indian Census was conducted in two phases, house listing and population enumeration. House listing phase began on 1 April 2010 and involved collection of information about all buildings. Information for National Population Register was also collected in the first phase, which will be used to issue a 12-digit unique identification number to all registered Indian residents by Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI). The second population enumeration phase was conducted between 9 and 28 February 2011. Census has been conducted in India since 1872 and 2011 marks the first time biometric information was collected. According to the provisional reports released on 31 March 2011, the Indian population increased to 121 crore with a decadal growth of 17.64%.[2] Adult literacy rate increased to 74.04% with a decadal growth of 9.21%. The motto of census 2011 was 'Our Census, Our future'.
Spread across 28 states[a] and 7 union territories, the census covered 640 districts, 5,924 sub-districts, 7,935 towns and more than 6 lakh villages. A total of 27 lakh officials visited households in 7,935 towns and 6 lakh villages, classifying the population according to gender, religion, education and occupation.[3] The cost of the exercise was approximately ₹2,200 crore (US$320 million)[4] – this comes to less than $0.50 per person, well below the estimated world average of $4.60 per person.[3] Conducted every 10 years, this census faced big challenges considering India's vast area and diversity of cultures and opposition from the manpower involved.
Information on castes was included in the census following demands from several ruling coalition leaders including Lalu Prasad Yadav, Sharad Yadav and Mulayam Singh Yadav supported by opposition parties Bharatiya Janata Party, Akali Dal, Shiv Sena and Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[5] Information on caste was last collected during the British Raj in 1931. During the early census, people often exaggerated their caste status to garner social status and it is expected that people downgrade it now in the expectation of gaining government benefits.[6] There was speculation that there would be a caste-based census conducted in 2011, the first time for 80 years (last was in 1931), to find the exact population of the "Other Backward Classes" (OBCs) in India.[7][8][9][10] This was later accepted and the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 was conducted whose first findings were revealed on 3 July 2015 by Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley.[11] Mandal Commission report of 1980 quoted OBC population at 52%, though National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) survey of 2006 quoted OBC population at 41%[12]
There is only one instance of a caste-count in post-independence India. It was conducted in Kerala in 1968 by the Communist government under E M S Namboodiripad to assess the social and economic backwardness of various lower castes. The census was termed Socio-Economic Survey of 1968 and the results were published in the Gazetteer of Kerala, 1971.[13]
Contents
1 Census
2 Information
2.1 House-listings
2.2 Population enumeration
2.3 National Population Register
3 Census report
4 Population
5 Religious demographics
6 Language demographics
7 Literacy
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Census[edit]
C M Chandramauli was the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India for the 2011 Indian Census. Census data was collected in 16 languages and the training manual was prepared in 18 languages. In 2011, India and Bangladesh also conducted their first-ever joint census of areas along their border.[14][15] The census was conducted in two phases. The first, the house-listing phase, began on 1 April 2010 and involved collection of data about all the buildings and census houses.[16] Information for the National Population Register was also collected in the first phase. The second, the population enumeration phase, was conducted from 9 – 28 February 2011 all over the country. The eradication of epidemics, the availability of more effective medicines for the treatment of various types of diseases and the improvement in the standard of living were the main reasons for the high decadal growth of population in India.
Information[edit]
House-listings[edit]
The House-listing schedule contained 35 questions.[17]
Building number
Census house number
Predominant material of floor, wall and roof of the census house
Ascertain use of actual house
Condition of the census house
Household number
Total number of persons in the household
Name of the head of the household
Sex of the head
Caste status (SC or ST or others) Ownership status of the house
Number of dwelling rooms
Number of married couple the household
Main source of drinking water
Availability of drinking water source
Main source of lighting
Latrine within the premises
Type of latrine facility
Waste water outlet connection
Bathing facility within the premises Availability of kitchen
Fuel used for cooking

Radio/Transistor
Television
Computer/Laptop
Telephone/Mobile phone
Bicycle
Scooter/Motor cycle/Moped
Car/Jeep/Van
Availing Banking services.

Population enumeration[edit]
The Population enumeration schedule contained 30 questions.[18][19]
Name of the person
Relationship to head
Sex
Date of birth and age
Current marital status
Age at marriage
Religion
Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe
Disability
Mother tongue Other languages known
Literacy status
Status of attendance (Education)
Highest educational level attained
Working any time during last year
Category of economic activity
Occupation Nature of industry
Trade or service
Class of worker
Non economic activity Seeking or available for work
Travel to place of work
Birthplace
Place of last residence
Reason for migration
Duration of stay in the place of migration
Children surviving
Children ever born
Number of children born alive during last one year
National Population Register[edit]
The National Population Register household schedule contained 9 questions.[20]
Name of the person and resident status
Name of the person as should appear in the population register
Relationship to head
gender
Date of birth
Marital status
Educational qualification
Occupation/Activity
Names of father, mother and spouse
Once the information was collected and digitised, fingerprints were taken and photos collected. Unique Identification Authority of India was to issue a 12-digit identification number to all individuals and the first ID was to have been issued in 2011.[21][22][23]
Census report[edit]
Decadal growth of Indian population (1901–2011).
Provisional data from the census was released on 31 March 2011 (and was updated on 20 May 2013).[24][25][26][27][28] Transgender population was counted in population census in India for first time in 2011.[29][30] The overall sex ratio of the population is 943 females for every 1,000 males in 2011.[31] The official count of the third gender in India is 4.9 lakh[32]
Population Total 1,210,854,977
Males 623,724,568
Females 586,469,294
Literacy Total 74%
Males 82.10%
Females 65.50%
Density of population per km2 382
Sex ratio per 1000 males 943 females
Child sex ratio (0–6 age group) per 1000 males 919
Population[edit]
The population of India as per 2011 census was 1,210,193,422.[33] India added 181.5 million to its population since 2001, slightly lower than the population of Brazil. India, with 2.4% of the world's surface area, accounts for 17.5% of its population. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state with roughly 200 million people. Over half the population resided in the six most populous states of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.[34] Of the 121 crore Indians, 83.3 crore (68.84%) live in rural areas while 37.7 crore stay in urban areas.[35][36] 45.36 crore people in India are migrants, which is 37.8% of total population.[37][38][39]
India is the homeland of major belief systems such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism, while also being home to several indigenous faiths and tribal religions which have survived the influence of major religions for centuries.
Ever since its inception, the Census of India has been collecting and publishing information about the religious affiliations as expressed by the people of India. In fact, population census has the rare distinction of being the only instrument that collects this diverse and important characteristic of the Indian population.
Population distribution in India by states hide
Rank
State /
Union Territory (UT)
Type
Population[40]
% of total population[41]
Males
Females
Sex Ratio
[42]
Literacy rate (%)
Rural[43]
Population
Urban[43]
Population
Area[44]
(km²)
Density
(/km²)
Decadal Growth% (2001-2011)
1 Uttar Pradesh State 199,812,341 16.5 104,480,510 95,331,831 930 67.68 155,111,022 44,470,455 240,928 828 20.1%
2 Maharashtra State 112,374,333 9.28 58,243,056 54,131,277 929 82.34 61,545,441 50,827,531 307,713 365 16.0%
3 Bihar State 104,099,452 8.6 54,278,157 49,821,295 918 61.80 92,075,028 11,729,609 94,163 1,102 25.1%
4 West Bengal State 91,276,115 7.54 46,809,027 44,467,088 950 76.26 62,213,676 29,134,060 88,752 1,030 13.9%
5 Andhra Pradesh[a] State 84,580,777 6.99 42,442,146 42,138,631 993 67.02 56,361,702 28,219,075 275,045 308 11.1%
6 Madhya Pradesh State 72,626,809 6.00 37,612,306 35,014,503 931 69.32 52,537,899 20,059,666 308,245 236 20.3%
7 Tamil Nadu State 72,147,030 5.96 36,137,975 36,009,055 996 80.09 37,189,229 34,949,729 130,058 555 15.6%
8 Rajasthan State 68,548,437 5.66 35,550,997 32,997,440 928 66.11 51,540,236 17,080,776 342,239 201 21.4%
9 Karnataka State 61,095,297 5.05 30,966,657 30,128,640 973 75.36 37,552,529 23,578,175 191,791 319 15.7%
10 Gujarat State 60,439,692 4.99 31,491,260 28,948,432 919 78.03 34,670,817 25,712,811 196,024 308 19.2%
11 Odisha State 41,974,218 3.47 21,212,136 20,762,082 979 72.87 34,951,234 6,996,124 155,707 269 14.0%
12 Kerala State 33,406,061 2.76 16,027,412 17,378,649 1,084 94.00 17,445,506 15,932,171 38,863 859 4.9%
13 Jharkhand State 32,988,134 2.72 16,930,315 16,057,819 948 66.41 25,036,946 7,929,292 79,714 414 22.3%
14 Assam State 31,205,576 2.58 15,939,443 15,266,133 958 72.19 26,780,526 4,388,756 78,438 397 16.9%
15 Punjab State 27,743,338 2.29 14,639,465 13,103,873 895 75.84 17,316,800 10,387,436 50,362 550 13.7%
16 Chhattisgarh State 25,545,198 2.11 12,832,895 12,712,303 991 70.28 19,603,658 5,936,538 135,191 189 22.6%
17 Haryana State 25,351,462 2.09 13,494,734 11,856,728 879 75.55 16,531,493 8,821,588 44,212 573 19.9%
18 Delhi UT 16,787,941 1.39 8,887,326 7,800,615 868 86.21 944,727 12,905,780 1,484 11,297 21%
19 Jammu and Kashmir State 12,541,302 1.04 6,640,662 5,900,640 889 67.16 9,134,820 3,414,106 222,236 56 23.7%
20 Uttarakhand State 10,086,292 0.83 5,137,773 4,948,519 963 79.63 7,025,583 3,091,169 53,483 189 19.2%
21 Himachal Pradesh State 6,864,602 0.57 3,481,873 3,382,729 972 82.80 6,167,805 688,704 55,673 123 12.8%
22 Tripura State 3,673,917 0.30 1,874,376 1,799,541 960 87.22 2,710,051 960,981 10,486 350 14.7%
23 Meghalaya State 2,966,889 0.25 1,491,832 1,475,057 989 74.43 2,368,971 595,036 22,429 132 27.8%
24 Manipur State 2,721,756 0.21 1,290,171 1,280,219 992 79.21 1,899,624 822,132 22,327 122 18.7%
25 Nagaland State 1,978,502 0.16 1,024,649 953,853 931 79.55 1,406,861 573,741 16,579 119 -0.5%
26 Goa State 1,458,545 0.12 739,140 719,405 973 88.70 551,414 906,309 3,702 394 8.2%
27 Arunachal Pradesh State 1,383,727 0.11 713,912 669,815 938 65.38 1,069,165 313,446 83,743 17 25.9%
28 Puducherry UT 1,247,953 0.10 612,511 635,442 1,037 85.85 394,341 850,123 479 2,598 27.7%
29 Mizoram State 1,097,206 0.09 555,339 541,867 976 91.33 529,037 561,997 21,081 52 22.8%
30 Chandigarh UT 1,055,450 0.09 580,663 474,787 818 86.05 29,004 1,025,682 114 9,252 17.1%
31 Sikkim State 610,577 0.05 323,070 287,507 890 81.42 455,962 151,726 7,096 86 12.4%
32 Andaman and Nicobar Islands UT 380,581 0.03 202,871 177,710 876 86.63 244,411 135,533 8,249 46 6.7%
33 Dadra and Nagar Haveli UT 343,709 0.03 193,760 149,949 774 76.24 183,024 159,829 491 698 55.5%
34 Daman and Diu UT 243,247 0.02 150,301 92,946 618 87.10 60,331 182,580 112 2,169 53.5%
35 Lakshadweep UT 64,473 0.01 33,123 31,350 946 91.85 14,121 50,308 32 2,013 6.2%
TOTAL
India
35
1,210,854,977
100
623,724,248
586,469,174 943 73.00 833,087,662 377,105,760 3,287,240 382 17.64%
Religious demographics[edit]
The religious data on India Census 2011 was released by the Government of India on 25 August 2015.[45][46][47] Hindus are 79.8% (966.3 million),[48] while Muslims are 14.23% (172.2 million) in India.[49][49][50][51] and Christians are 2.30% (28.7 million). According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 57,264 Parsis in India.[52][53] For the first time, a "No religion" category was added in the 2011 census.[54][55] 2.87 million were classified as people belonging to "No Religion" in India in the 2011 census.[56][57] - 0.24% of India's population of 1.21 billion.[58][59] Given below is the decade-by-decade religious composition of India till the 2011 census.[60][61][62] There are six religions in India that have been awarded "National Minority" status - Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Parsis.[63][64] Sunnis, Shias, Bohras, Agakhanis and Ahmadiyyas were identified as sects of Islam in India.[65][66][67] As per 2011 census, six major faiths- Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains make up over 99.4% of India’s 121 crore population, while “other religions, persuasions” (ORP) count is 82. Among the ORP faiths, six faiths- 49.57 lakh-strong Sarna, 10.26 lakh-strong Gond, 5.06 lakh-strong Sari, Doni Polo (3.02 lakh) in Arunachal Pradesh, Sanamahi (2.22 lakh) in Manipur, Khasi (1.38 lakh) in Meghalaya dominate.[68] Maharashtra is having the highest number of atheists in the country with 9,652 such people, followed by Kerala.[69]
Population trends for major religious groups in India (1951–2011)
Religious
group
Population
% 1951
Population
% 1961
Population
% 1971
Population
% 1981
Population
% 1991
Population
% 2001
Population
% 2011[70]
Hinduism
84.1% 83.45% 82.73% 82.30% 81.53% 80.46% 79.80%
Islam
9.8% 10.69% 11.21% 11.75% 12.61% 13.43% 14.23%
Christianity
2.3% 2.44% 2.60% 2.44% 2.32% 2.34% 2.30%
Sikhism
1.79% 1.79% 1.89% 1.92% 1.94% 1.87% 1.72%
Buddhism
0.74% 0.74% 0.70% 0.70% 0.77% 0.77% 0.70%
Jainism
0.46% 0.46% 0.48% 0.47% 0.40% 0.41% 0.37%
Zoroastrianism
0.13% 0.09% 0.09% 0.09% 0.08% 0.06% n/a
Other religions / No religion
0.43% 0.43% 0.41% 0.42% 0.44% 0.72% 0.9%
Language demographics[edit]
Main article: Languages of India
Hindi is the most widely spoken language in northern parts of India. The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of "Hindi languages".[71] According to 2011 Census, 43.63% of Indian people have declared Hindi as their native language or mother tongue.[72][73] The language data was released on 26 June 2018.[74] Bhili/Bhilodi was the most spoken unscheduled language with 1.04 crore speakers, followed by Gondi with 29 lakh speakers. 96.71% of India's population speaks one of the 22 scheduled languages as their mother tongue in the 2011 census.
First language by number of speakers in India (2011 Census)
Language
First language
speakers[75]
First language
speakers as a percentage
of total population
Hindi 52,83,47,193 43.63
Bengali 9,72,37,669 8.30
Marathi 8,30,26,680 7.09
Telugu 8,11,27,740 6.93
Tamil 6,90,26,881 5.89
Gujarati 5,54,92,554 4.74
Urdu 5,07,72,631 4.34
Kannada 4,37,06,512 3.73
Odia 3,75,21,324 3.20
Malayalam 3,48,38,819 2.97
Punjabi 3,31,24,726 2.83
Assamese 1,53,11,351 1.31
Maithili 1,35,83,464 1.16
Santali 73,68,192 0.65
Kashmiri 67,97,587 0.58
Nepali 29,26,168 0.25
Sindhi 27,72,264 0.24
Dogri 25,96,767 0.22
Konkani 22,56,502 0.19
Manipuri 17,61,079 0.15
Bodo 14,82,929 0.13
Sanskrit 24,821 <0.01
Literacy[edit]
Any one above age 7 who can read and write in any language with an ability to understand was considered a literate. In censuses before 1991, children below the age 5 were treated as illiterates. The literacy rate taking the entire population into account is termed as "crude literacy rate", and taking the population from age 7 and above into account is termed as "effective literacy rate". Effective literacy rate increased to a total of 74.04% with 82.14% of the males and 65.46% of the females being literate.[76]
S.No.
Census year
Total (%)
Male (%)
Female (%)
1 1901 5.35 9.83 0.60
2 1911 5.92 10.56 1.05
3 1921 7.16 12.21 1.81
4 1931 9.50 15.59 2.93
5 1941 16.10 24.90 7.30
6 1951 16.67 24.95 9.45
7 1961 24.02 34.44 12.95
8 1971 29.45 39.45 18.69
9 1981 36.23 46.89 24.82
10 1991 42.84 52.74 32.17
11 2001 64.83 75.26 53.67
12 2011 74.04 82.14 65.46
The table lists the "effective literacy rate" in India from 1901 to 2011.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
India portal
Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011
Demographics of India
Other Backward Class
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
List of Other Backward Classes
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Prior to the creation of Telangana.
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Census of India, 2011.
Official Website
Census India 2011 - Population of India
Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011
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The Challenge XXX: Dirty 30
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Challenge XXX: Dirty 30
Genre
Reality game show
Created by
Mary-Ellis Bunim
Jonathan Murray
Presented by
T.J. Lavin
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
Production
Location(s)
Cartagena, Colombia
Running time
60 minutes (including commercials)
Release
Original network
MTV
Original release
July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)[1]
Chronology
Preceded by
Invasion of the Champions
External links
Website
www.mtv.com/shows/dirty-thirty
The Challenge XXX: Dirty 30[1] (often promoted as The Challenge XXX) is the thirtieth season of the MTV reality competition series, The Challenge.[2] It was filmed in Colombia during May and June 2017, with alumni from Real World, Road Rules, The Challenge, and Are You the One? competing. Jonathan Murray, Gil Goldschein, Scott Freeman, and Fred Birckhead were the executive producers, with Ryan Smith and Danny Wascou serving as co-executive producers.[3]
A launch special aired on July 11, 2017, and the season premiered on July 18, 2017.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
2 Format
3 Gameplay
3.1 Challenge games
3.2 Presidio games
3.3 Redemption games
4 Game summary
4.1 Elimination chart
4.2 Episode progress
5 Redemption House
5.1 Elimination chart
5.2 Redemption progress
6 Voting
7 Types of challenges
7.1 Team challenges
7.2 Pair challenges
7.3 Individual challenges
8 Episodes
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Cast[edit]
The cast of the thirtieth season of The Challenge, excluding Briana LaCuesta.
Host: T. J. Lavin, BMX rider
Male contestants
Original season
Finish
Chris "CT" Tamburello[a] RW: Paris
Derrick Kosinski RR: X-Treme
Hunter Barfield AYTO? 3
Jordan Wiseley RW: Portland
Tony Raines RW: Skeletons
Johnny "Bananas" Devenanzio RW: Key West Episode 15
Leroy Garrett RW: Las Vegas (2011)
Dario Medrano AYTO? 2
Nelson Thomas AYTO? 3 Episode 11[b]
Cory Wharton RW: Ex-Plosion Episode 10
Chris "Ammo" Ammon Hall RW: Go Big or Go Home Episode 6[c]
Derrick Henry AYTO? 5 Episode 5
Darrell Taylor RR: Campus Crawl
Devin Walker-Molaghan AYTO? 3
Shane Raines Battle of the Bloodlines Episode 2[d]
Female contestants
Original season
Finish
Camila Nakagawa Spring Break Challenge
Cara Maria Sorbello Fresh Meat II
Jenna Compono RW: Ex-Plosion
Kailah Casillas RW: Go Big or Go Home
Tori Deal AYTO? 4
Britni Thornton AYTO? 3 Episode 15
Veronica Portillo RR: Semester at Sea
Jemmye Carroll RW: New Orleans (2010)
Aneesa Ferreira RW: Chicago
Nicole Ramos Battle of the Bloodlines Episode 10
Marie Roda RW: St. Thomas
Amanda Garcia AYTO? 3 Episode 5
Briana LaCuesta[a] AYTO? 2
LaToya Jackson RW: St. Thomas
Simone Kelly AYTO? 1 Episode 2[d]
Ashley Mitchell RW: Ex-Plosion Episode 1[e]
Format[edit]
Prior to each challenge, host T. J. Lavin will announce to each contestant as to whether a challenge will be declared as either an individual, pair or team challenge. In the first episode, six players (three of each gender) are eliminated, and in a shocking twist, those six players are sent to the Redemption House, and have a chance to return to the actual game. Unbeknownst to each contestant, they will compete for a share of $1,000,000 — the largest monetary prize in Challenge history.[4]
Gameplay[edit]
Challenge games[edit]
The Purge: This challenge is played in three different phases. In the first phase, which is individual, each player must roll barrels up a hill. The top four finishers of each gender are safe from elimination. In the second phase, which is played as two teams, each team must carry a pair of cannons up a hill. The players from the team that win are the next to be safe from elimination. In the third phase, each remaining player must race toward a pile of cannonballs, bring it up a hill and fire with their cannon. The first player of each gender to fire their cannons are the last to be safe from elimination, and choose three players (out of four) of the same gender to be eliminated and sent to Redemption.[4]
Round 1 Winners: Bananas, Hunter, Jordan, Derrick K., Kailah, Camila, Aneesa, Tori
Round 2 Winners: Blue Team (Ammo, Britni, Cara Maria, Dario, Derrick H, Leroy, Marie, Nelson, Nicole, Veronica)
Round 3 Winners: Cory & Jenna
Sent to Redemption: Amanda, Devin, Darrell, LaToya, Shane & Simone
Cool Under Fire: [5]
Heat 1 Winners: Cara Maria, Derrick K, Nelson, Nicole
Heat 2 Winners: Bananas, Camila, CT, Tori
Battle Royale:
Winners: Green Team (Cory, CT, Dario, Hunter, Leroy, Aneesa, Cara Maria, Marie, Tori, Veronica)
Pirates' Treasure:
Winners: Cara Maria, CT, Nelson, Veronica
Ups And Downs:
Winners: Camila, Cara Maria, CT, Leroy
Talk Thirty to Me:
Winners: Camila & Tony
Saved By The Bell:
Winners: Camila, CT, Hunter, Kailah
Blackout:
Winners: Britni, Jordan, Kailah, Tony, Veronica
Backstabber:
Winners: Hunter & Jenna
X Marks the Spot:
Winners: Cara Maria, CT, Jordan, Tori
Presidio games[edit]
Balls to the Wall: Players are placed in separate areas with rods sticking out of the walls attached to metal balls on the end. The male players would compete with ten balls while the female players compete with six balls. The first player to rip out each ball from the wall before their opponent wins.
Played by: Cory vs. Derrick H, Briana vs. Britni
The Great Escape: Players must climb to the top of a plaster wall using pegs to dig through holes hidden behind marked circles. The player reaches the top of the wall and dumps the trough of mud on their opponent wins.
Played by: Kailah vs. Jenna, Ammo vs. Tony
Striptease: Players are blindfolded in the middle of the arena. On their opponent are patches placed on various parts of the body. First player to pull off a patch gains a point. Male players play in a best-of-9 rounds formant while females play best-of-5. First male to 5 and first female to 3 wins.
Played by: Jordan vs. Ammo, Marie vs. Tori
Deadweight: Players must climb their respective ladder and ring the bell to win. However, their ankles are attached to weights and must pull them through breakable walls while climbing up. The first player to reach the bell wins.
Played by: Aneesa vs. Kailah, Cory vs. Hunter
Rampage: Players are assigned a color before being tied to each other, back-to-back, similar to "Back Up Off Me" from Cutthroat. Players then have to drag their opponents down their assigned-colored ramp to earn a point. The first player to earn two points wins.
Played by: Nicole vs. Britni, Nelson vs. Hunter
Web of Lies: Players start on the top platform of a 25-foot tower, covered in webs and rope. The first player to breakthrough the webs all the way down, retrieve their flag, climb back up to the top platform, and hook their flag to the pole wins.
Played by: Dario vs. Tony, Veronica vs. Aneesa
Body Check:
Played by: Leroy vs. Hunter, Jemmye vs. Camila
The Reel World:
Played by: Camila vs. Britni, Derrick K vs. Bananas
Redemption games[edit]
Man Overboard:
Winners: Jenna & Tony
Green With Envy:
Winners: Aneesa & Hunter
Game summary[edit]
Elimination chart[edit]
Episode
Challenge type
Winners
Saved
Eliminated
N/A
#
Challenge
1[e]
The Purge Individual Bananas Kailah N/A
Hunter Camila
Jordan Aneesa
Derrick K. Tori
2 teams of 10 Blue Team
Individual Cory Tony Devin Shane Darrell
Jenna Jemmye Simone Amanda LaToya
#
Challenge
Challenge type
Winners
Voted In
XX Holder
XX's Pick
Presidio game
Winner
Loser
2/3[a]
Cool Under Fire Individual Derrick K. Bananas Cory Dario Derrick H. Balls to the Wall Cory Derrick H.
Nelson CT
Cara Maria Camila Briana Veronica Britni Britni Briana
Nicole Tori
3/4
Battle Royale 2 teams of 10 Green Team Kailah Jemmye Jenna The Great Escape Kailah Jenna
Ammo Nelson Tony Ammo Tony
6/7
Pirates' Treasure Male/Female pairs Cara Maria & CT Jordan Derrick K. Ammo Striptease Jordan Ammo
Nelson & Veronica Marie Aneesa Tori Tori Marie
7/8
Ups And Downs 5 teams of 4 Dark Blue Team Aneesa Nicole Kailah Deadweight Kailah Aneesa
Cory Jordan Hunter Hunter Cory
8/9
Talk Thirty to Me Individual Camila Nicole Jenna Britni Rampage Britni Nicole
Tony Nelson Jordan Hunter Nelson Hunter
11/12[b]
Saved By The Bell 4 Teams of 4 Dark Blue Team Dario Jordan Tony Web of Lies Tony Dario
Veronica Tori Aneesa Veronica Aneesa
12/13
Blackout 3 Teams of 5 Green Team N/A CT
Cara Maria
Leroy Derrick K. Hunter Body Check Hunter Leroy
Jemmye Jenna Camila Camila Jemmye
14
Backstabber Individual Hunter N/A Jordan
Veronica
Jenna Camila Tori Britni The Reel World Camila Britni
Derrick K. Tony Bananas Derrick K. Bananas
15/16
X Marks the Spot Male/Female pairs
& Individual CT Cara Maria N/A
Jordan Tori
Snaking Your Way Back In Individual N/A
17
TBD TBD TBD 2nd place: TBD; 3rd place: TBD
TBD 2nd place: TBD; 3rd place: TBD
Episode progress[edit]
Males
Episodes
1[f]
2/3[a]
3/4
6
7/8
8/9
11[b]
12/13
14
15/16
Finale
CT N/A WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE WIN OUT WIN SAFE
Derrick K. WIN SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE XX SAFE SAFE SAFE XX ELIM SAFE
Hunter WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE ELIM OUT WIN ELIM WIN SAFE
Jordan WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE ELIM XX XX XX WIN OUT WIN SAFE
Tony SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT SAFE SAFE WIN ELIM WIN XX SAFE
Bananas WIN SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT
Leroy SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE OUT
Dario SAFE WIN SAFE XX WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT
Nelson SAFE WIN SAFE WIN XX WIN SAFE ELIM DQ
Cory SAFE SAFE WIN ELIM WIN SAFE OUT
Ammo SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE ELIM OUT
Derrick H. SAFE WIN SAFE OUT
Darrell SAFE SAFE OUT
Shane SAFE SAFE OUT
Devin SAFE SAFE OUT
Females
Episodes
1[e][f]
2/3[a]
3/4
6/7
7
8/9
11/12
12/13
14
15/16
Finale
Camila WIN SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE WIN WIN WIN ELIM ELIM SAFE
Cara Maria SAFE WIN SAFE WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE SAFE OUT WIN SAFE
Jenna SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE OUT SAFE SAFE XX SAFE XX WIN SAFE
Kailah WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE ELIM SAFE ELIM SAFE WIN WIN SAFE SAFE
Tori WIN SAFE SAFE WIN WIN ELIM SAFE SAFE XX SAFE XX WIN SAFE
Britni SAFE WIN SAFE ELIM SAFE SAFE SAFE ELIM SAFE WIN OUT
Veronica SAFE WIN SAFE XX WIN WIN SAFE SAFE ELIM WIN OUT
Jemmye SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE XX SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT
Aneesa WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN XX OUT OUT
Nicole SAFE WIN SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE XX OUT
Marie SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE WIN OUT
Briana N/A OUT
LaToya SAFE SAFE OUT
Amanda SAFE SAFE OUT
Simone SAFE SAFE OUT
Ashley QUIT
Competition
The contestant won the final challenge.
The contestant did not win the final challenge.
The contestant won the challenge.
The contestant won safety and did not have to participate in the challenge.
The contestant was protected from being eliminated by the challenge winner.
The contestant was not selected for the Presidio.
The contestant participated in the Double-Cross draw, but did not draw the XX card.
The contestant pulled the XX card and voted someone into the Presidio.
The contestant won in the Presidio.
The contestant lost in the Presidio.
The contestant was eliminated at the challenge site.
The contestant was removed from the competition due to injury/illness.
The contestant was disqualified from the competition due to physical violence.
The contestant withdrew from the competition.
Redemption House[edit]
Elimination chart[edit]
Episode
Winner
Loser
#
Redemption game
5[d]
Man Overboard Qualifying Round Darrell Devin
Amanda LaToya
Tony Derrick H.
Jenna Briana
Final Round Tony Darrell
Jenna Amanda
10[c]
Green With Envy Hunter Cory
Aneesa Nicole
Marie
15
The Final Redemption Challenge
Cara Maria Britni
Veronica
Jemmye
Aneesa
CT Bananas
Leroy
Jordan Dario
Redemption progress[edit]
Males
Episode
5[d]
10[c]
15
Qualifying
Round
Final
Round
Final
Round
Final
Round
CT N/A WIN RETURNED
Jordan N/A WIN RETURNED
Bananas N/A OUT
Leroy N/A OUT
Dario N/A OUT
Hunter N/A WIN RETURNED
Cory N/A OUT
Ammo N/A QUIT
Tony SAFE WIN WIN RETURNED
Darrell WIN SAFE OUT
Derrick H. SAFE OUT
Devin OUT
Shane DQ
Females
Episode
5[d]
10
15
Qualifying
Round
Final
Round
Final
Round
Final
Round
Cara Maria N/A WIN RETURNED
Britni N/A OUT
Veronica N/A OUT
Jemmye N/A OUT
Aneesa N/A WIN RETURNED OUT
Nicole N/A OUT
Marie N/A OUT
Jenna SAFE WIN WIN RETURNED
Amanda WIN SAFE OUT
Briana SAFE OUT
LaToya OUT
Simone DQ
Competition
The contestant won the Redemption competition, and returned to the actual game.
The contestant lost the Redemption match, and was permanently eliminated from the competition.
The contestant withdrew from the competition due to injury/illness.
The contestant was disqualified from the competition due to violent behavior.
Voting[edit]
Males
Contestant
Episodes
Total Votes
Received
1
2/3
3/4
6
7
8/9
11/12
12/13
14
CT N/A Briana Kailah Marie Aneesa Veronica 5
Cory Ammo Jordan Cory Dario
Derrick K. Briana 3
Cory
Hunter Kailah Jemmye Veronica Camila 4
Ammo Jordan Jordan Derrick K.
Jordan Cara Maria Jemmye 7
CT Hunter Hunter
Tony Nicole Cara Maria Jemmye 0
Nelson CT Derrick K. Leroy
Bananas Briana 1
Cory
Leroy Kailah Aneesa 5
Ammo Cory
Dario Kailah 3
Ammo
Nelson Briana Marie 2
Ammo Jordan
Cory Devin
Shane
Darrell Kailah 10
Bananas
Ammo 10
Derrick H. 0
Darrell 1
Shane 1
Devin 1
Females
Contestant
Episodes
Total Votes
Received
1
2/3
3/4
6
7
8/9
11/12
12/13
14
Camila Briana Aneesa Nicole Veronica 2
Hunter Cory Nelson Dario
Cara Maria Briana Kailah Marie Aneesa 5
Cory Ammo Jordan Cory
Jenna Simone
Amanda
LaToya Veronica Camila 1
Jordan Derrick K.
Kailah Veronica Cara Maria Jemmye 10
Dario CT Hunter Hunter
Tori Briana Kailah 0
Cory Ammo
Britni Cara Maria Jenna 0
CT Leroy Leroy
Veronica Kailah Marie Cara Maria Jemmye 5
Ammo Jordan CT Leroy Leroy
Jemmye 5
Aneesa Kailah 4
Ammo
Nicole Briana 2
Cory
Marie Kailah 4
Ammo
Briana N/A 8
LaToya 1
Amanda 1
Simone 1
Types of challenges[edit]
Bold indicates team captains
Team challenges[edit]
The Purge (Round 2) (Ep. 1)
Blue Team Pink Team
Ammo Leroy Amanda Jenna
Britni Marie Cory LaToya
Cara Maria Nelson Darrell Shane
Dario Nicole Devin Simone
Derrick H. Veronica Jemmye Tony
Battle Royale (Ep. 3)
Green Team Blue Team
Aneesa Hunter Bananas Jenna
Cara Maria Leroy Britni Jordan
Cory Marie Camila Kailah
CT Tori Derrick K. Nelson
Dario Veronica Jemmye Tony
Ups And Downs (Ep. 7)
Green Team Light Blue Team Dark Blue Team Red Team Pink Team
Aneesa Bananas Camila Derrick K. Dario
Britni Hunter Cara Maria Jenna Jemmye
Cory Kailah CT Jordan Tony
Nelson Nicole Leroy Tori Veronica
Saved by the Bell (Ep. 11)
Dark Blue Team Green Team Pink Team Light Blue Team
Camila Britni Aneesa Cara Maria
CT Jordan Bananas Jemmye
Hunter Tori Derrick K. Leroy
Kailah Tony Jenna Nelson
Blackout (Ep. 12)
Green Team Pink Team Blue Team
Britni Camila Bananas
Jordan CT Cara Maria
Kailah Derrick K. Hunter
Tony Leroy Jemmye
Veronica Tori Jenna
Pair challenges[edit]
Pirates' Treasure (Ep. 6)
Bananas & Jenna
Tony & Tori
Jordan & Kailah
Cara Maria & CT
Camila & Leroy
Aneesa & Derrick K.
Hunter & Marie
Nelson & Veronica
Dario & Nicole
Britni & Cory
Ammo & Jemmye
Individual challenges[edit]
Episode 1: "The Purge" (Rounds 1 & 3)
Episode 2: "Cool Under Fire"
Episode 8: "Talk Thirty to Me"
Episode 14: "Backstabber"
Episodes[edit]
No. in
season
No. in
series
Show Title
Original air date
U.S. TV first-run viewers
(million)
1
357 "Thirty Rotten Scoundrels" July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18) 0.84[7]
2
358 "Shots Fired!" July 25, 2017 (2017-07-25) 0.82[8]
3
359 "Pride Before the Fall" August 1, 2017 (2017-08-01) 0.84[9]
4
360 "Dirty Deeds" August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08) 0.93[10]
5
361 "Road to Redemption" August 15, 2017 (2017-08-15) 0.88[11]
6
362 "YAAAASS, Booty!" August 22, 2017 (2017-08-22) 0.83[12]
7
363 "Ankles Aweigh" August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29) 0.81[13]
8
364 "Dirty Little Secret" September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05) 0.83[14]
9
365 "Rampage" September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12) 0.65[15]
10
366 "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner" September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19) 0.83[16]
11
367 "The Heart is a Lonely Hunter" September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26) 0.74[17]
12
368 "Boxed In" October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03) 0.91[18]
13
369 "Feel The Burn" October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10) 0.81[19]
14
370 "Pretty Little Backstabbers" October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17) 0.77[20]
15
371 "A Million More Reasons" October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24) TBD
16
372 "The Sinister Six" October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31) TBD
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Briana and CT entered the competition in Episode 2. Briana arrived as a replacement for Ashley, while CT's late arrival was the result of passport issues.[4]
^ Jump up to: a b c Nelson was disqualified from the competition at the end of Episode 11, after he provoked Derrick K. into a verbal and physical altercation and hitting him in the face.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ammo required medical attention after he lost to Jordan in the Presidio at the end of Episode 6. Instead of going to the Redemption house, Ammo returned home, where he announced on camera that he suffered an undisclosed injury. It was later revealed that Ammo suffered from an episode of PTSD.[6]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Shane and Simone were disqualified from the competition in episode 2, following an incident in the Redemption house in which they got into a physical altercation with each other. Though this incident was not recorded, there was video evidence of the fight that permanently sent both contestants home.[5]
^ Jump up to: a b c Before any challenges took place, Ashley quit the game when she became upset over not having her luggage in time for the first daily challenge as well as exhaustion from coming straight from physical hardship on Champs vs. Pros into filming season 30.[4]
^ Jump up to: a b Six players — Amanda, Devin, Darrell, LaToya, Shane and Simone — were eliminated at the end of the first challenge, but were sent to the Redemption house, with the possibility of returning to the actual competition.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wieselman, Jarett (June 12, 2017). "The Best Of The Worst Are Back To Brawl On MTV’s "The Challenge"". BuzzFeed. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Donnelly, Matthew Scott (June 13, 2017). "The Challenge Is Going Dirty For Season 30". MTV. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "MTV to Launch "The Challenge XXX: Dirty 30" on Tuesday, July 18 with Biggest Season Yet". The Futon Critic. June 12, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "The Challenge XXX: Dirty Thirty Episode 1 "Thirty Rotten Scoundrels" – Video at MTV.com".
^ Jump up to: a b "The Challenge XXX: Dirty Thirty Episode 2 "Shots Fired" – Video at MTV.com".
Jump up ^ White, Chelsea (September 2, 2017). "The Challenge's Ammo Reveals He Was Raped By a Former Partner & Says PTSD from Assault Led to On-Camera Collapse". People Magazine. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 19, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.18.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 26, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.25.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 2, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.1.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 9, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.8.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 16, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.15.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 23, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.22.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 30, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.29.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 7, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.5.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 14, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.12.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 20, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.19.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 27, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.26.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 4, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.3.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 11, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.10.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 18, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.17.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
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Cowboy (M*A*S*H)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Cowboy"
M*A*S*H episode
Episode no.
Season 1
Episode 8 (8th overall)
Directed by
Don Weis
Written by
Bob Klane
Production code
J309
Original air date
November 12, 1972
Guest appearance(s)
Joe Corey
Mike Robello
Jean Powell
Timothy Brown
Billy Green Bush
John Orchard
Patrick Adiarte
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Bananas, Crackers and Nuts" Next →
"Henry Please Come Home"
M*A*S*H (season 1)
List of M*A*S*H episodes
"Cowboy" was the eighth episode of the M*A*S*H television series. Originally shown on November 12, 1972[1] and repeated May 6, 1973, it was written by Bob Klane and directed by Don Weis. It is the only first-season episode listed in TV Guide as a "classic episode".[2][3][4]
Guest cast is Billy Green Bush as John Hodges, the Cowboy, Patrick Adiarte as Ho-Jon, Timothy Brown as Spearchucker Jones, Mike Robello as the cook, Jean Powell as a nurse, Joe Corey as Goldstein, and John Orchard Capt. 'Ugly John' Black.
Overview[edit]
"The Cowboy", a chopper pilot whose nickname stems from his gun holster belt and cowboy hat, arrives at the 4077th with a shoulder wound. He is anxiously awaiting a letter from his wife, who he fears is leaving him for another man ("She's probably off with some rodeo rider; she's a sucker for a 10-gallon hat!"). The Cowboy wants to be sent home before his marriage completely falls apart, but Henry refuses, stating that The Cowboy's wound is not serious enough to merit a stateside ticket. Bad luck then follows Henry wherever he goes: he gets shot at while golfing, his tent gets flattened by a driverless jeep, and the latrine is blown up with him inside it. Deciding to leave camp for a while, he is nearly killed when his desk chair explodes.[1][3][4][5][6]
The Cowboy offers to fly Henry to Seoul, then tries to push him out of the chopper in midair. At the same time, Hawkeye and Trapper realize that these "accidents" have been The Cowboy's attempts to get revenge against Henry for not sending him home. Radar brings the letter from The Cowboy's wife, and Hawkeye and Trapper inform him over the radio that it has finally arrived. The letter is postmarked Reno, Nevada, which sends the two doctors into a panic, given Reno's reputation (at the time) for quick and painless divorce proceedings. The letter also begins "Dear John", the clichéd opening of a letter to a man whose heart is about to be broken. It turns out, however, that The Cowboy's real name is John Hodges and that he does live in Reno. In the letter, his wife assures him that he is loved. He brings Henry safely back to camp and receives a month's stateside leave.[1][3][4][5][6]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Wittebols, James H. (2003). "Watching M*A*S*H, Watching America". Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. pp. 161–166. ISBN 0-7864-1701-3. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
Jump up ^ Guide, Editors Of T.V.; Magazine, Editors of T.V. Guide (October 2005). TV Guide: TV on DVD 2006 By TV Guide. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-312-35150-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Episode Guide". TV Guide. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
^ Jump up to: a b c Reiss, David S. (1983). M*A*S*H: the exclusive, inside story of TV's most popular show.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Classic Sitcoms Guide: M*A*S*H". classicsitcoms.com. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
^ Jump up to: a b Erickson, Hal (All Movie Guide). "M*A*S*H: CowboySynopsis".
External links[edit]
"Cowboy" on IMDb
Malarcher, Jay. The classically American comedy of Larry Gelbart -. p. 108.
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Season 1
"Pilot"
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"Requiem for a Lightweight"
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"The Moose"
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"Bananas, Crackers and Nuts"
"Cowboy"
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"Love and Marriage"
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"Welcome to Korea"
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"The Kids"
"Quo Vadis, Captain Chandler?"
"Dear Peggy"
"Of Moose and Men"
"Der Tag"
"The Novocaine Mutiny"
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"Bug Out
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"Out of Sight, Out of Mind"
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"Fallen Idol"
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"The Winchester Tapes"
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Season 8
"Good Bye, Radar"
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"Life Time"
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Season 9
Season 10
Season 11
"Hey, Look Me Over"
"Bombshells"
"The Moon Is Not Blue"
"As Time Goes By"
"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cowboy_(M*A*S*H)&oldid=810889352"
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Valence electron
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Four covalent bonds. Carbon has four valence electrons and here a valence of four. Each hydrogen atom has one valence electron and is univalent.
In chemistry, a valence electron is an outer shell electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair. The presence of valence electrons can determine the element's chemical properties, such as its valence—whether it may bond with other elements and, if so, how readily and with how many. For a main group element, a valence electron can exist only in the outermost electron shell; in a transition metal, a valence electron can also be in an inner shell.
An atom with a closed shell of valence electrons (corresponding to an electron configuration s2p6) tends to be chemically inert. Atoms with one or two more valence electrons than are needed for a "closed" shell are highly reactive due to the following reasons:
1) It requires relatively low energy (compared to the lattice enthalpy) to remove the extra valence electrons to form a positive ion.
2) Because of their tendency either to gain the missing valence electrons (thereby forming a negative ion), or to share valence electrons (thereby forming a covalent bond).
Similar to an electron in an inner shell, a valence electron has the ability to absorb or release energy in the form of a photon. An energy gain can trigger an electron to move (jump) to an outer shell; this is known as atomic excitation. Or the electron can even break free from its associated atom's valence shell; this is ionization to form a positive ion. When an electron loses energy (thereby causing a photon to be emitted), then it can move to an inner shell which is not fully occupied.
Valence energy levels correspond to the principal quantum numbers (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ...) or are labeled alphabetically with letters used in the X-ray notation (K, L, M, …).
Contents
[hide]
1 The number of valence electrons
2 Electron configuration
3 Chemical reactions
4 Electrical conductivity
5 References
6 External links
The number of valence electrons[edit]
The number of valence electrons of an element can be determined by the periodic table group (vertical column) in which the element is categorized. With the exception of groups 3–12 (the transition metals), the units digit of the group number identifies how many valence electrons are associated with a neutral atom of an element listed under that particular column.
The periodic table of the chemical elements
Periodic table group
Valence electrons
Group 1 (I) (alkali metals) 1
Group 2 (II) (alkaline earth metals) 2
Groups 3-12 (transition metals) 3–12[1]
Group 13 (III) (boron group) 3
Group 14 (IV) (carbon group) 4
Group 15 (V) (pnictogens or nitrogen group) 5
Group 16 (VI) (chalcogens or oxygen group) 6
Group 17 (VII) (halogens) 7
Group 18 (VIII or 0) (noble gases) 8[2]
Electron configuration[edit]
The electrons that determine how an atom reacts chemically are those whose average distance from the nucleus is greatest; that is, those with the highest energy.
For a main group element, the valence electrons are defined as those electrons residing in the electronic shell of highest principal quantum number n.[3] Thus, the number of valence electrons that it may have depends on the electron configuration in a simple way. For example, the electronic configuration of phosphorus (P) is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 so that there are 5 valence electrons (3s2 3p3), corresponding to a maximum valence for P of 5 as in the molecule PF5; this configuration is normally abbreviated to [Ne] 3s2 3p3, where [Ne] signifies the core electrons whose configuration is identical to that of the noble gas neon.
However, transition elements have partially filled (n − 1)d energy levels, that are very close in energy to the ns level.[4] So as opposed to main group elements, a valence electron for a transition metal is defined as an electron that resides outside a noble-gas core.[5] Thus, generally, the d electrons in transition metals behave as valence electrons although they are not in the valence shell. For example, manganese (Mn) has configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5; this is abbreviated to [Ar] 4s2 3d5, where [Ar] denotes a core configuration identical to that of the noble gas argon. In this atom, a 3d electron has energy similar to that of a 4s electron, and much higher than that of a 3s or 3p electron. In effect, there are possibly seven valence electrons (4s2 3d5) outside the argon-like core; this is consistent with the chemical fact that manganese can have an oxidation state as high as +7 (in the permanganate ion: MnO−
4).
The farther right in each transition metal series, the lower the energy of an electron in a d subshell and the less such an electron has the properties of a valence electron. Thus, although a nickel atom has, in principle, ten valence electrons (4s2 3d8), its oxidation state never exceeds four. For zinc, the 3d subshell is complete and behaves similarly to core electrons.
Because the number of valence electrons which actually participate in chemical reactions is difficult to predict, the concept of the valence electron is less useful for a transition metal than for a main group element; the d electron count is an alternative tool for understanding the chemistry of a transition metal.
Chemical reactions[edit]
Main article: Valence (chemistry)
The number of electrons in an atom's outermost valence shell governs its bonding behavior. Therefore, elements whose atoms can have the same number of valence electrons are grouped together in the periodic table of the elements. As a general rule, a main group element (except hydrogen or helium) tends to react to form a closed shell, corresponding to the electron configuration s2p6. This tendency is called the octet rule, because each bonded atom has eight valence electrons including shared electrons.
The most reactive kind of metallic element is an alkali metal of group 1 (e.g., sodium or potassium); this is because such an atom has only a single valence electron; during the formation of an ionic bond which provides the necessary ionization energy, this one valence electron is easily lost to form a positive ion (cation) with a closed shell (e.g., Na+ or K+). An alkaline earth metal of Group 2 (e.g., magnesium) is somewhat less reactive, because each atom must lose two valence electrons to form a positive ion with a closed shell (e.g., Mg2+).
Within each group (each periodic table column) of metals, reactivity increases with each lower row of the table (from a light element to a heavier element), because a heavier element has more electron shells than a lighter element; a heavier element's valence electrons exist at higher principal quantum numbers (they are farther away from the nucleus of the atom, and are thus at higher potential energies, which means they are less tightly bound).
A nonmetal atom tends to attract additional valence electrons to attain a full valence shell; this can be achieved in one of two ways: An atom can either share electrons with a neighboring atom (a covalent bond), or it can remove electrons from another atom (an ionic bond). The most reactive kind of nonmetal element is a halogen (e.g., fluorine (F) or chlorine (Cl)). Such an atom has the following electron configuration: s2p5; this requires only one additional valence electron to form a closed shell. To form an ionic bond, a halogen atom can remove an electron from another atom in order to form an anion (e.g., F−, Cl−, etc.). To form a covalent bond, one electron from the halogen and one electron from another atom form a shared pair (e.g., in the molecule H–F, the line represents a shared pair of valence electrons, one from H and one from F).
Within each group of nonmetals, reactivity decreases with each lower rows of the table (from a light element to a heavy element) in the periodic table, because the valence electrons are at progressively higher energies and thus progressively less tightly bound. In fact, oxygen (the lightest element in group 16) is the most reactive nonmetal after fluorine, even though it is not a halogen, because the valence shell of a halogen is at a higher principal quantum number.
In these simple cases where the octet rule is obeyed, the valence of an atom equals the number of electrons gained, lost, or shared in order to form the stable octet. However, there are also many molecules which are exceptions, and for which the valence is less clearly defined.
Electrical conductivity[edit]
Valence electrons are also responsible for the electrical conductivity of an element; as a result, an element may be classified as a metal, a nonmetal, or a semiconductor (or metalloid).
Metallic elements generally have high electrical conductivity when in the solid state. In each row of the periodic table, the metals occur to the left of the nonmetals, and thus a metal has fewer possible valence electrons than a nonmetal. However, a valence electron of a metal atom has a small ionization energy, and in the solid state this valence electron is relatively free to leave one atom in order to associate with another nearby. Such a "free" electron can be moved under the influence of an electric field, and its motion constitutes an electric current; it is responsible for the electrical conductivity of the metal. Copper, aluminium, silver, and gold are examples of good conductors.
A nonmetallic element has low electrical conductivity; it acts as an insulator. Such an element is found toward the right of the periodic table, and it has a valence shell that is at least half full (the exception is boron). Its ionization energy is large; an electron cannot leave an atom easily when an electric field is applied, and thus such an element can conduct only very small electric currents. Examples of solid elemental insulators are diamond (an allotrope of carbon) and sulfur.
A solid compound containing metals can also be an insulator if the valence electrons of the metal atoms are used to form ionic bonds. For example, although elemental sodium is a metal, solid sodium chloride is an insulator, because the valence electron of sodium is transferred to chlorine to form an ionic bond, and thus that electron cannot be moved easily.
A semiconductor has an electrical conductivity that is intermediate between that of a metal and that of a nonmetal; a semiconductor also differs from a metal in that a semiconductor's conductivity increases with temperature. The typical elemental semiconductors are silicon and germanium, each atom of which has four valence electrons. The properties of semiconductors are best explained using band theory, as a consequence of a small energy gap between a valence band (which contains the valence electrons at absolute zero) and a conduction band (to which valence electrons are excited by thermal energy).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Consists of ns and (n-1)d electrons. Alternatively, the d electron count is used.
Jump up ^ Except for helium, which has only two valence electrons.
Jump up ^ Petrucci R.H., Harwood W.S. and Herring F.G., General Chemistry (8th edn, Prentice-Hall 2002), p.339.
Jump up ^ THE ORDER OF FILLING 3d AND 4s ORBITALS. chemguide.co.uk
Jump up ^ Miessler G.L. and Tarr, D.A., Inorganic Chemistry (2nd edn. Prentice-Hall 1999). p.48.
External links[edit]
Francis, Eden. Valence Electrons.
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