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Precuneus
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Precuneus
Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere. (Precuneus visible at top left.)
Sagittal MRI slice with the precuneus shown in red.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Praecuneus
NeuroNames
110
NeuroLex ID
birnlex_1446
TA
A14.1.09.223
FMA
61900
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
The precuneus is the portion of the superior parietal lobule on the medial surface of each brain hemisphere. It is located in front of the cuneus (the upper portion of the occipital lobe). The precuneus is bounded in front by the marginal branch of the cingulate sulcus, at the rear by the parietooccipital sulcus, and underneath by the subparietal sulcus. It is involved with episodic memory, visuospatial processing, reflections upon self, and aspects of consciousness.
The location of the precuneus makes it difficult to study. Furthermore, it is rarely subject to isolated injury due to strokes, or trauma such as gunshot wounds. This has resulted in it being "one of the less accurately mapped areas of the whole cortical surface".[1] While originally described as homogeneous by Korbinian Brodmann, it is now appreciated to contain three subdivisions.[2]
It is also known after Achille-Louis Foville as the quadrate lobule of Foville.[1][3][4] The Latin form of praecuneus was first used in 1868 and the English precuneus in 1879.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Subdivisions
1.2 Subcortical connections
2 Function
2.1 Self
2.2 Memory
2.3 Visuospatial
2.4 Consciousness
2.5 Default network
2.6 Parietal prefrontal central hub
3 Correlation of gray matter volume and subjective happiness score
4 Impact of mindfulness
5 Other animals
6 Additional images
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
Subdivisions of precuneus and posterior cingulate in the human based upon resting state functional connectivity.[2]
Blue: Sensorimotor Anterior Region and its connections
Green: Cognitive/Associative Central Region
Yellow: Visual Posterior Region
(The red color shows the posterior cingulate and its connections.)
The precuneus is located on the inside between the two cerebral hemispheres in the rear region between the somatosensory cortex and forward of the cuneus (which contains the visual cortex). It is above the posterior cingulate. Following Korbinian Brodmann it has traditionally been considered a homogeneous structure and with limited distinction between it and the neighboring posterior cingulate area. Brodmann mapped it as the medial continuation of lateral parietal area 7.
Axon tracing research on macaque monkeys has established that it consists of three subdivisions which now have been confirmed by fMRI upon resting-state functional connectivity to also exist in humans (parallel fMRI research has also been done upon monkeys).[2]
Subdivisions[edit]
Sensorimotor Anterior Region
This occurs around the margin of the cingulate sulcus ( blue in figure) and is connected with sensorimotor areas of the cerebral cortex such as the paracentral lobule, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, somatosensory area (Brodmann area 2), parietal operculum and insula. fMRI Research upon humans finds a connection with the caudalmost part of parahippocampus and superior temporal gyrus. No connections with the inferior parietal lobule, prefrontal cortex nor primary motor cortex.
Cognitive/Associative Central Region
This occurs around the precuneal sulcus ( green in figure) and is connected with the inferior parietal lobule particularly the angular gyrus and prefrontal areas 10, 46 and 8. No connections exist with premotor, motor, or somatosensory areas. The areas with which it links are involved in executive functions, working memory and motor planning.
Visual Posterior Region
This occurs along the parieto-occipital fissure ( yellow in figure). This connects with visual areas in the cuneus and primary visual cortex.
Subcortical connections[edit]
Below the cerebral cortex, the precuneus is connected with the dorsalmost nuclei of the thalamus, including the ventral lateral nucleus, the central and anterior nuclei of the intralaminar nuclear group, and the lateral pulvinar. Other connections include the claustrum, the dorsolateral caudate nucleus, putamen, and the zona incerta.[1][3] It also has links with the brainstem areas such as the pretectal area, the superior colliculus, the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, and the basis pontis.[1][3]
Function[edit]
The mental imagery concerning the self has been located in the forward part of the precuneus with posterior areas being involved with episodic memory.[6] Another area has been linked to visuospatial imagery. (It is not though clear how these—and the functions noted below—link with the above three subdivisions.)
The precuneus plays a role in itch sensations (there are many different types of itch) and their brain processing [7] “‘We can’t [yet] pinpoint what the precuneus does in itch, but it’s uniquely activated with itch and not pain.’” [8]
Self[edit]
Functional imaging has linked the precuneus to the processes involved in self-consciousness, such as reflective self-awareness, that involve rating one's own personality traits compared to those judged of other people.[9][10]
Memory[edit]
The precuneus is involved in memory tasks, such as when people look at images and try to respond based on what they have remembered in regard to verbal questions about their spatial details.[11] It is involved with the left prefrontal cortex in the recall of episodic memories[12][13] including past episodes related to the self.[10] The precuneus is also involved in source memory (in which the "source" circumstances of a memory are recalled) with the left inferior prefrontal cortex: here its role is suggested to be providing rich episodic contextual associations used by the prefrontal cortex to select the correct past memory.[14] In the recollection of memories, it has been suggested that the precuneus 'decides' whether context information exists that can be useful for involving the aid of the hippocampus.[15] Alternatively it has a different involvement when judging the familiarity as it decides whether the processing of perceptual features would be more useful.[16] In this way the precuneus gets involved in diverse processes such as attention, episodic memory retrieval, working memory and conscious perception.[16]
Visuospatial[edit]
The precuneus has been suggested to be involved in directing attention in space both when an individual makes movements and when imaging or preparing them.[1][17] It is involved in motor imagery and shifting attention between motor targets.[1] It is also involved in motor coordination that requires shifting attention to different spatial locations.[18] It is also together with the dorsal premotor cortex involved in visuospatial mental operations (such as in a modified form of the game of Amidakuji). It is suggested that while the premotor area engages in the mental operation, the precuneus aids monitoring the success of that operation in terms of internally represented visual images.[19]
The precuneus' role in mental imagery has been suggested to extend to that of modeling other people's views. It is activated when a person takes a third-person versus first-person visual point of view.[20] Together with the superior frontal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex, the precuneus is activated when people make judgments that requires understanding whether to act out of empathy and forgiveness.[21]
Consciousness[edit]
It has been suggested that together with the posterior cingulate, the precuneus is "pivotal for conscious information processing".[22] The evidence for this link with consciousness comes from the effects of its disruption in epilepsy, brain lesions and vegetative state.[3][22] Also, cerebral glucose metabolism is at its highest in these two areas during wakefulness but is most reduced in them during anesthesia.[3][22] In addition, it is one of the areas of the brain most deactivated during slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep.[3]
Together with the prefrontal cortex, the precuneus, is more activated upon the learning of words briefly flashed when they are supraliminal (and so enter consciousness) than subliminal (and so do not enter consciousness).[23]
Default network[edit]
It has been suggested to be the 'core node' or 'hub' of the default mode network that is activated during "resting consciousness" in which people do not engage intentionally in sensory or motor activity.[3] This involvement in the default network is suggested to underlie its role in self-consciousness. However its involvement in the default network has been questioned.[2][24] Though one of the authors raising these doubts noted "our findings in this regard should be treated as preliminary."[2] A recent study showed that only ventral precuneus is involved in the default network.[25]
Parietal prefrontal central hub[edit]
Olaf Sporns and Ed Bullmore have proposed that its functions link to its role as a central and well connected "small-world network" hub between parietal and prefrontal regions.
These clusters or modules are interlinked by specialized hub regions, ensuring that overall path lengths across the network are short. Most studies identified [such] hubs among parietal and prefrontal regions, providing a potential explanation for their well-documented activation by many cognitive functions. Particularly notable is the prominent structural role of the precuneus, a region that is homologous to the highly connected posteromedial cortex in the macaque. The precuneus is involved in self-referential processing, imagery and memory, and its deactivation is associated with anaesthetic-induced loss of consciousness. An intriguing hypothesis suggests that these functional aspects can be explained on the basis of its high centrality in the cortical network.[26]
Correlation of gray matter volume and subjective happiness score[edit]
A positive relationship has been found between the volume of grey matter in the right precuneus and the subject's subjective happiness score.[27]
Impact of mindfulness[edit]
A 6-week mindfulness based intervention was found to correlate with a significant grey matter increase within the precuneus.[28]
Other animals[edit]
The precuneus seems to be a recently expanded part of the brain, as in less developed primates such as New world monkeys "the superior parietal and precuneate regions are poorly developed".[1] It has been noted that "the precuneus is more highly developed (i.e. comprises a larger portion of the brain volume) in human beings than in non-human primates or other animals, has the most complex columnar cortical organization and is among the last regions to myelinate".[1]
Additional images[edit]
Precuneus of left cerebral hemisphere (shown in red).
Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere. (Precuneus visible at top left.)
Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere. (Precuneus colored in red.)
Boundaries of precuneus are defined by the three sulci. (shown in red)
marginal branch of the cingulate sulcus
parieto-occipital sulcus
subparietal sulcus
The area colored blue represents parietal lobe.
Play media
Human brain dissection video (1 min). Demonstrating the location of precuneus. ("SPL" in the video, means Superior parietal lobule)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Cavanna A, Trimble M (2006). "The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates". Brain. 129 (Pt 3): 564–83. doi:10.1093/brain/awl004. PMID 16399806.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Margulies DS, Vincent JL, Kelly C, Lohmann G, Uddin LQ, Biswal BB, Villringer A, Castellanos FX, Milham MP, Petrides M (2009). "Precuneus shares intrinsic functional architecture in humans and monkeys". PNAS. 106 (47): 20069–74. doi:10.1073/pnas.0905314106. PMC 2775700  . PMID 19903877.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Cavanna AE (2007). "The precuneus and consciousness". CNS spectrums. 12 (7): 545–52. PMID 17603406.
Jump up ^ Foville AL. (1844). Traité complêt de l’anatomie, de la physiologie et de la pathologie du système nerveux cérébro-spinal. Paris, France: Fortin, Masson
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, Precuneus.
Jump up ^ Fletcher, P.C.; Frith, C.D.; Baker, S.C.; Shallice, T.; Frackowiak, R.S.J.; Dolan, R.J. (1995). "The Mind's Eye--Precuneus Activation in Memory-Related Imagery". NeuroImage. 2 (3): 195–200. doi:10.1006/nimg.1995.1025. PMID 9343602.
Jump up ^ Template:Http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1346-8138.12956/full
Jump up ^ Template:Sutherland, S. 2016. When pain feels good. New Scientist 232(3101):37-38
Jump up ^ Kjaer TW, Nowak M, Lou HC (2002). "Reflective self-awareness and conscious states: PET evidence for a common midline parietofrontal core". NeuroImage. 17 (2): 1080–6. doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1230. PMID 12377180.
^ Jump up to: a b Lou HC, Luber B, Crupain M, Keenan JP, Nowak M, Kjaer TW, Sackeim HA, Lisanby SH (2004). "Parietal cortex and representation of the mental Self". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (17): 6827–32. doi:10.1073/pnas.0400049101. PMC 404216  . PMID 15096584.
Jump up ^ Wallentin M, Roepstorff A, Glover R, Burgess N (2006). "Parallel memory systems for talking about location and age in precuneus, caudate and Broca's region". NeuroImage. 32 (4): 1850–64. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.002. PMID 16828565.
Jump up ^ Lundstrom BN, Petersson KM, Andersson J, Johansson M, Fransson P, Ingvar M (2003). "Isolating the retrieval of imagined pictures during episodic memory: activation of the left precuneus and left prefrontal cortex". NeuroImage. 20 (4): 1934–43. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.017. PMID 14683699.
Jump up ^ Sadigh-Eteghad S, Majdi A, Farhoudi M, Talebi M, Mahmoudi J (2014). "Different patterns of brain activation in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease from cognitional sight: meta analysis using activation likelihood estimation". Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 343 (1): 159–66. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2014.05.066. PMID 24950901.
Jump up ^ Lundstrom BN, Ingvar M, Petersson KM (2005). "The role of precuneus and left inferior frontal cortex during source memory episodic retrieval". NeuroImage. 27 (4): 824–34. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.008. PMID 15982902.
Jump up ^ citation needed
^ Jump up to: a b Boruchow IB, Hutchins GM (February 1991). "Delayed death from aortic root trauma". Ann. Thorac. Surg. 51 (2): 317–9. doi:10.1016/0003-4975(91)90815-8. PMID 1989556.
Jump up ^ Kawashima R, Roland PE, O'Sullivan BT (1995). "Functional anatomy of reaching and visuomotor learning: a positron emission tomography study". Cereb Cortex. 5 (2): 111–22. doi:10.1093/cercor/5.2.111. PMID 7620288.
Jump up ^ Wenderoth N, Debaere F, Sunaert S, Swinnen SP (2005). "The role of anterior cingulate cortex and precuneus in the coordination of motor behaviour". Eur J Neurosci. 22 (1): 235–46. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04176.x. PMID 16029213.
Jump up ^ Oshio R, Tanaka S, Sadato N, Sokabe M, Hanakawa T, Honda M (2010). "Differential effect of double-pulse TMS applied to dorsal premotor cortex and precuneus during internal operation of visuospatial information". NeuroImage. 49 (1): 1108–15. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.034. PMID 19632337.
Jump up ^ Vogeley K, May M, Ritzl A, Falkai P, Zilles K, Fink GR (2004). "Neural correlates of first-person perspective as one constituent of human self-consciousness". J Cogn Neurosci. 16 (5): 817–27. doi:10.1162/089892904970799. PMID 15200709.
Jump up ^ Farrow TF, Zheng Y, Wilkinson ID, Spence SA, Deakin JF, Tarrier N, Griffiths PD, Woodruff PW (2001). "Investigating the functional anatomy of empathy and forgiveness". NeuroReport. 12 (11): 2433–8. doi:10.1097/00001756-200108080-00029. PMID 11496124.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vogt BA, Laureys S (2005). "Posterior cingulate, precuneal and retrosplenial cortices: cytology and components of the neural network correlates of consciousness". Progress in brain research. Progress in Brain Research. 150: 205–17. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(05)50015-3. ISBN 9780444518514. PMC 2679949  . PMID 16186025.
Jump up ^ Kjaer TW, Nowak M, Kjaer KW, Lou AR, Lou HC (2001). "Precuneus-prefrontal activity during awareness of visual verbal stimuli". Conscious Cogn. 10 (3): 356–65. doi:10.1006/ccog.2001.0509. PMID 11697869.
Jump up ^ Buckner RL, Andrews-Hanna JR, Schacter DL (2008). "The brain's default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1124: 1–38. doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011. PMID 18400922.
Jump up ^ Zhang S, Li CS (February 2012). "Functional connectivity mapping of the human precuneus by resting state fMRI". NeuroImage. 59 (4): 3548–3562. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.023. PMC 3288461  . PMID 22116037.
Jump up ^ Bullmore E, Sporns O (2009). "Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems". Nat Rev Neurosci. 10 (3): 186–98. doi:10.1038/nrn2575. PMID 19190637.
Jump up ^ http://www.nature.com/articles/srep16891
Jump up ^ Kurth F, Luders E, Wu B, Black DS (2014). "Brain Gray Matter Changes Associated with Mindfulness Meditation in Older Adults: An Exploratory Pilot Study using Voxel-based Morphometry". Neuro. 1 (1): 23–26. doi:10.17140/NOJ-1-106. PMC 4306280  . PMID 25632405.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Precuneus.
Atlas image: n1a2p12 at the University of Michigan Health System - "Cerebral Hemisphere, Medial View"
[hide]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain
Frontal lobe
Superolateral
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
8
Middle frontal gyrus
9
10
46
Inferior frontal gyrus: 11
47-Pars orbitalis
Broca's area
44-Pars opercularis
45-Pars triangularis
Superior frontal sulcus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Precentral
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Medial/inferior
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
Medial frontal gyrus
8
9
Paraterminal gyrus/Paraolfactory area
12
Straight gyrus
11
Orbital gyri/Orbitofrontal cortex
10
11
12
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
10
Subcallosal area
25
Olfactory sulcus
Orbital sulcus
Precentral
Paracentral lobule
4
Paracentral sulcus
Both
Primary motor cortex
4
Premotor cortex
6
Supplementary motor area
6
Supplementary eye field
6
Frontal eye fields
8
Parietal lobe
Superolateral
Superior parietal lobule
5
7
Inferior parietal lobule
40-Supramarginal gyrus
39-Angular gyrus
Parietal operculum
43
Intraparietal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Paracentral lobule
1
2
3
5
Precuneus
7
Marginal sulcus
Both
Postcentral gyrus/Primary somatosensory cortex
1
2
3
Secondary somatosensory cortex
5
Posterior parietal cortex
7
Occipital lobe
Superolateral
Occipital pole of cerebrum
Lateral occipital gyrus
18
19
Lunate sulcus
Transverse occipital sulcus
Medial/inferior
Visual cortex
17
Cuneus
Lingual gyrus
Calcarine sulcus
Temporal lobe
Superolateral
Transverse temporal gyrus/Auditory cortex
41
42
Superior temporal gyrus
38
22/Wernicke's area
Middle temporal gyrus
21
Superior temporal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Fusiform gyrus
37
Medial temporal lobe
27
28
34
35
36
Inferior temporal gyrus
20
Inferior temporal sulcus
Interlobar
sulci/fissures
Superolateral
Central (frontal+parietal)
Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
Parieto-occipital
Preoccipital notch
Medial/inferior
Longitudinal fissure
Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
Collateral (temporal+occipital)
Callosal sulcus
Limbic lobe
Parahippocampal gyrus
anterior
Entorhinal cortex
Perirhinal cortex
Postrhinal cortex
Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
Prepyriform area
Cingulate cortex/gyrus
Subgenual area
25
Anterior cingulate
24
32
33
Posterior cingulate
23
31
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus: Retrosplenial cortex
26
29
30
Hippocampal formation
Hippocampal sulcus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Rhinal sulcus
Other
Supracallosal gyrus
Uncus
Amygdala
Insular cortex
Insular cortex
General
Operculum
Poles of cerebral hemispheres
Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.
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