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Laura Prepon
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Laura Prepon
Prepon in 2014
Born
(1980-03-07) March 7, 1980 (age 38)
Watchung, New Jersey, U.S.
Residence
New York, U.S.
Occupation
Actress, director, author
Years active
1997–present
Partner(s)
Ben Foster
Children
1
Laura Prepon (born March 7, 1980) is an American actress, director, and author. She is best known for her role as Donna Pinciotti in all eight seasons of the Fox sitcom That '70s Show (1998–2006), and for her portrayal of Alex Vause in the Netflix original comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black (2013–present). Prepon has worked mainly in television. She made her film debut in 2001 with the independent film Southlander. Her other films include the romantic drama Come Early Morning (2006), the comedy Lay the Favorite (2012), the thriller The Girl on the Train (2016), and the drama The Hero (2017).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 1995–2005
2.2 2005–2010
2.3 2011–present
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Prepon was born on March 7, 1980, in Watchung, New Jersey,[1] the youngest of five children, to Marjorie (née Coll), a high school teacher, and Michael Prepon, an orthopedic surgeon.[1] She is of Russian Jewish and Irish Catholic descent.[2] Her maternal great-great-great-grandfather was Union Army General Joseph Bradford Carr.[3] Prepon's father died during heart surgery in 1993 at age 49;[4] she was 13 years old at the time. She attended Watchung Hills Regional High School, and later studied at the Total Theatre Lab in New York City.[1]
Career[edit]
1995–2005[edit]
Prepon appeared in plays such as A Woman of Property and Ascension Day while in New York.[1] In 1996, she studied drama with acting teacher Caroline Thomas at Thomas' Total Theatre Lab.[5] Later, in September 1997, she premiered on a Levi Strauss-developed show called They Go On, an Internet-based soap opera.[6] Prepon had also worked as a model and has done photo shoots in Paris, Milan, and Brazil.[1]
Prepon starred as Donna Pinciotti on the Fox sitcom That '70s Show from 1998 to 2006. Donna became the girlfriend and next-door neighbor of Eric Forman (Topher Grace). Randy Pearson (Josh Meyers), who was introduced in the eighth and final season of the series, became Donna's third love interest after Grace left the series.
Prepon co-starred in the romantic comedy Slackers, which is about three best friends who try to scam their way through college and eventually get caught.[7] She was nominated for a Teen Choice Award in 2002 for her role in That '70s Show.[8] In 2001, she made her film debut in Steve Hanft's musical comedy-drama Southlander with Beck, Beth Orton and Hank Williams III, where she played Seven=Five, a young TV telepathic. In 2004, Prepon worked on the independent drama film The Pornographer: A Love Story. The film tells the story of an obsessive relationship between a director and an actress.
Prepon was named one of Stuff magazine's "102 Sexiest Women In The World" in 2002 and one of Maxim magazine's "Hot 100" in 2005.[9] Prepon had a cameo voice appearance as a United Nations Space Command marine in Halo 2, which was released in 2004.[citation needed] Her first notable film role came in 2004 with the dark drama Lightning Bug with Bret Harrison, Kevin Gage and Ashley Laurence. Branching into other arenas than acting, Prepon also served as executive producer of the film.[citation needed] She also appeared on an episode of MTV's Cribs in 2003.[10]
2005–2010[edit]
Prepon in 2008
In 2005, Prepon co-starred with Misha Collins in the psychological thriller Karla, based on the true story of Paul Bernardo and his wife Karla Homolka, a Canadian couple who kidnapped, sexually abused, and murdered three girls, marking a contrast to her usual lighthearted roles.[11] She was also an executive producer of E! Hollywood Hold'em the same year.[12] Prepon co-starred with Bryan Greenberg as Hannah Daniels in the ABC drama October Road, which debuted March 15, 2007. The show was canceled by ABC on May 12, 2008, despite strong ratings and a grassroots campaign from the show's fanbase to keep the show alive. In April 2007, she starred in a dramatic short film Once Upon a Time. She also appeared in the 2005 Oxygen original romantic comedy Romancing the Bride. She also was the original voice for Hayley Smith on the Fox animated sitcom American Dad! and voiced her in an unaired pilot.[citation needed] She appeared as Lauren, the long-lost sister of Mary Shannon (Mary McCormack) in the USA Network mystery drama In Plain Sight in the episode "A Frond in Need".[13] On February 5, 2010, it was announced that Prepon signed on to star in Awkward Situations for Men, a pilot on ABC.[14] In 2009, Prepon appeared in the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother as Karen, one of the girlfriends of Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor), in the episode "Sorry, Bro". She reprised her role in the episodes "The Front Porch" in 2009 and "Say Cheese" in 2010. She also appeared in the Fox medical drama House M.D. in the episode "Private Lives".[citation needed]
Prepon had been taking directing classes at the Art Center College of Design. She directed a short film, Abide with Me, about a 10-year-old boy who, "upon bearing witness to his father's murder, is rendered mute." Prepon stated she plans on making Abide with Me into a feature film.[15]
2011–present[edit]
In early 2011, Prepon guest-starred in an episode of the ABC police procedural drama Castle as an actress studying for the role of Nikki Heat, a character created by Nathan Fillion's title character.[16] Prepon had been working on a web series, Neighbros, which she directed and edited, starring her then-boyfriend Scott Michael Foster. They had sold the series to Comedy Central.[17][18] In February 2011, she was cast as the title character Chelsea Newman on the NBC sitcom Are You There, Chelsea?, based on Chelsea Handler's 2008 book Are You There, Vodka? It's Me, Chelsea.[19] NBC cancelled the show on May 11, 2012. She guest-starred in the TBS sitcom Men at Work.[20] In mid-2012, Prepon signed on to play Alex Vause, a former drug importer and girlfriend of Piper Chapman, in the Netflix original comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black, based on Piper Kerman's memoir Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison. The series premiered in July 2013.[21] Prepon was a regular in the first season, but appeared in only four of the 13 episodes in the second season. She returned as a series regular in the third season.[22]
In 2016, Prepon and nutritionist Elizabeth Troy co-wrote The Stash Plan, a wellness book that draws on Prepon's experiences eating organic foods since she was a child, and her struggles with weight, low energy, and digestive issues.[23][24][25] The book debuted at #10 under "Advice, How-To & Miscellaneous" on The New York Times Best Seller list.[26]
In 2016, Prepon appeared in the psychological thriller The Girl on the Train, based on Paula Hawkins' novel of the same name.[27] In 2017, she played Charlotte opposite Sam Elliott in The Hero.[28] Prepon directed the tenth episode of Orange Is the New Black's fifth season, titled "The Reverse Midas Touch".[29]
Personal life[edit]
Prepon dated Scott Michael Foster for a time, but said in 2013 they had broken up.[30][18] In June 2017, a pregnant Prepon confirmed on Live with Kelly and Ryan that she and her fiancé, actor Ben Foster, were expecting a girl.[31] The parents did not announce a birth date, but Prepon in September 2017 talked of being a working mother,[32][33] and in April 2018 made public their daughter's name, Ella.[34] Prepon and Foster live in New York.[35]
Prepon is a practicing Scientologist.[36]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001 Southlander Seven Equals Five
2002 Slackers Reanna Cass
2004 Lightning Bug Angevin Duvet Also executive producer
2004 The Pornographer: A Love Story[37]
2006 Karla Karla Homolka
2006 Come Early Morning Kim
2007 Once Upon a Time[citation needed] The Witch Short film
2007 Chosen One, TheThe Chosen One Rachel Cruz (voice)
2012 Lay the Favorite Holly
2012 Kitchen, TheThe Kitchen Jennifer
2016 The Girl on the Train Cathy
2017 The Hero Charlotte Dylan
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1998–2006 That '70s Show Donna Pinciotti Main role; 200 episodes
2004 King of the Hill April (voice) Episode: "Talking Shop"
2005 American Dad! Hayley Smith (voice) Unaired pilot
2005 Romancing the Bride Melissa Television film
2007–2008 October Road Hannah Jane Daniels Main role; 19 episodes
2009–2010 How I Met Your Mother Karen Guest role; 3 episodes
2009 In Plain Sight Lauren Hefferman Episode: "A Frond in Need"
2010 Medium Kira Hudack Episode: "How to Beat a Bad Guy"
2010 House Frankie Episode: "Private Lives"
2010 Celebrity Ghost Stories Herself Episode #2.9
2011 Castle Natalie Rhodes/Nikki Heat Episode: "Nikki Heat"
2011 Love Bites Alex Episode: "Keep on Truckin'"
2011 Killing Game, TheThe Killing Game Eve Duncan Television film
2011 Neighbros L Boogie web series; director and editor
2012 Are You There, Chelsea? Chelsea Newman Main role; 12 episodes
2012 Men at Work Hannah Episode: "Plan B"
2013–present Orange Is the New Black Alex Vause Main role (season 1, 3–present), Recurring role (season 2), 56 episodes; Directed season 5 episode 10, "The Reverse Midas Touch"
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Organization
Category
Work
Result
Ref
1999 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series - Young Ensemble That 70's Show Nominated [38]
Teen Choice Awards TV - Breakout Performance That 70's Show Nominated
2002 Teen Choice Awards TV - Choice Actress, Comedy That 70's Show Nominated [39]
2014 Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Orange Is the New Black Won [40]
Best Cast – Television Series Won
2016 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won [41]
2017 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won [42]
The Creative Coalition Spotlight Initiative Awards — Won [43][44]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Laura Prepon Biography: Theater Actress, Film Actress, Television Actress (1980–)". Biography.com (FYI / A&E Networks). Retrieved September 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Laura Prepon". CBS Radio. March 8, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "OBITUARIES / Natalie Carr Hoisington, 84". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lynch, Jason (September 27, 1999). "She's All That – That '70s Show, Laura Prepon". People. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Laura Prepon." Total Theatre Lab.
Jump up ^ "The Fall Girls." Maxim. September 1998.
Jump up ^ "Laura Prepon". AskMen. March 7, 1980. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Laura Prepon Biography". TV Guide. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2005 Hot 100 List". Maxim. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Laura Prepon Biography (1980–)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Laura Prepon Biography". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Home-Game Honey." Card Player. April 2005.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News – USA Network Again Reclaims Sunday Nights This Spring with Hit Original Series Law & Order: Criminal Intent and in Plain Sight". TheFutonCritic.com. February 17, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ "TV Central | Pilot casting: Laura Prepon, Bret Harrison and Michael Kelly". Tvauscast.com. February 5, 2010. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ "'October Road' Star Wants to Take Director's Chair". BuddyTV. February 11, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Laura Prepon Joins Castle as Nikki Heat". TV Guide. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jeffery, Morgan (January 7, 2011). "Prepon develops 'Neighbros' TV series". Digital Spy. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Oltuski, Romy (September 1, 2014). "Scott Michael Foster Interview". Harper's Bazaar. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Serpe, Gina (February 17, 2011). "Laura Prepon Is the New Chelsea Handler—but What Does Chelsea Handler Think of That?". E!. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Masters, Megan (June 21, 2012). "PHOTOS: Laura Prepon on Men at Work Season 1". TVLine. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (September 17, 2012). "Exclusive: Laura Prepon Joins Weeds Creator's New Netflix Drama Series Orange is the New Black". TVLine. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Stern, Marlow (April 22, 2014). "Orange is the New Black's Laura Prepon on the Return of Alex Vause and Tom Cruise Dating Rumors". The Daily Beast. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kirst, Seamus (February 29, 2016). "Laura Prepon Talks Acting, Her New Book On Wellness, And How The Two Complement Each Other Perfectly". Forbes. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Laura Prepon Celebrates 'The Good Earth' with 'Edge' Magazine". PR Newswire. April 21, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Orange Is the New Black' Star Laura Prepon Takes THR's Taste Test". The Hollywood Reporter. October 5, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers". The New York Times. March 20, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (January 7, 2016). "'Girl On The Train' Adds 'Orange Is The New Black's Laura Prepon". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Chang, Justin (June 8, 2017). "'The Hero' fits Sam Elliott like a glove, and to a fault". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Strause, Jackie (June 12, 2017). "'Orange Is the New Black' Star Laura Prepon Goes Inside "Brutal" Torture Scenes". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Greco, Patti (August 16, 2013). "OITNB's Laura Prepon on Dancing to 'Milkshake,' Singing Meatloaf, and the Mystery of Real-Life Alex". Vulture. New York Media. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Desantis, Rachel (June 8, 2017). "'Orange is the New Black' star Laura Prepon expecting a baby girl". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on June 9, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mattern, Jennifer (September 19, 2017). "Laura Prepon & Eva Mendes Are Working-Mom Goals". SheKnows Media. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Webber, Stephanie (September 19, 2017). "Laura Prepon Returns to 'Orange Is the New Black' Set After Welcoming Baby Girl: 'Working Mom'". Us Magazine. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Juneau, Jen (April 23, 2018). "New Mom Laura Prepon Talks Balancing Career with Motherhood - and Reveals Her Daughter's Name". People. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Roger (June 8, 2017). "'Orange Is the New Black Star' Laura Prepon Expecting Baby Girl and Hit Movie 'Hero' with Sam Elliott". Showbiz411.com. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://fusion.tv/video/2977/oitnb-laura-prepon-opens-up-about-scientology/
Jump up ^ "The Pornographer: A Love Story". May 2, 2004 – via www.imdb.com.
Jump up ^ "The 20th Annual Youth in Film Awards". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Laura Prepon". TV Guide. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'12 Years a Slave' nabs Satellite Awards for Best Picture, Director". Entertainment Weekly. February 24, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Spotlight,' Idris Elba, Diversity Dominate SAG Awards". Variety. January 30, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "SAG Awards: The Complete Winners List". The Hollywood Reporter. January 29, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Spotlight Initiative Gala to Light Up Park City". The Creative Coalition. January 10, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sundance Scene: Connie Britton Reveals Her Own Kellyanne Conway DC Fashion Fail". TheWrap. January 23, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laura Prepon.
Laura Prepon on IMDb
[show]
Awards for Laura Prepon
[show]
v
t
e
Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Kathy Bates (1996)
Ellen Barkin (1997)
Rita Wilson (1998)
Julia Ormond (2001)
Helen Mirren (2002)
Justine Bateman (2003)
Anjelica Huston (2004)
Lisa Edelstein (2005)
Julie Benz (2006)
Vanessa Williams (2007)
Fionnula Flanagan (2008)
Jane Lynch (2009)
Brenda Vaccaro (2010)
Vanessa Williams (2011)
Maggie Smith (2012)
Laura Prepon (2013)
Sarah Paulson (2014)
Rhea Seehorn (2015)
Olivia Colman / Rhea Seehorn (2016)
Ann Dowd (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Satellite Award for Best Cast – Television Series
2000
The West Wing
Alan Alda
Stockard Channing
Kristin Chenoweth
Dulé Hill
Allison Janney
Moira Kelly
Rob Lowe
Joshua Malina
Mary McCormack
Janel Moloney
Richard Schiff
Martin Sheen
Jimmy Smits
John Spencer
Bradley Whitford
2001
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Amber Benson
Marc Blucas
David Boreanaz
Nicholas Brendon
Charisma Carpenter
Emma Caulfield
Sarah Michelle Gellar
Seth Green
Alyson Hannigan
Anthony Stewart Head
James Marsters
Michelle Trachtenberg
2005
Rescue Me
Denis Leary
John Scurti
Daniel Sunjata
Mike Lombardi
Steven Pasquale
Andrea Roth
Callie Thorne
Adam Ferrara
Larenz Tate
James McCaffrey
Dean Winters
2006
Grey's Anatomy
Justin Chambers
Eric Dane
Patrick Dempsey
Katherine Heigl
T. R. Knight
Sandra Oh
James Pickens Jr.
Ellen Pompeo
Sara Ramirez
Kate Walsh
Isaiah Washington
Chandra Wilson
2007
Mad Men
Bryan Batt
Anne Dudek
Michael Gladis
Jon Hamm
Christina Hendricks
January Jones
Vincent Kartheiser
Robert Morse
Elisabeth Moss
Kiernan Shipka
Maggie Siff
John Slattery
Rich Sommer
Aaron Staton
2009
True Blood
Chris Bauer
Mehcad Brooks
Anna Camp
Nelsan Ellis
Michelle Forbes
Mariana Klaveno
Ryan Kwanten
Todd Lowe
Michael McMillian
Stephen Moyer
Anna Paquin
Jim Parrack
Carrie Preston
William Sanderson
Alexander Skarsgård
Sam Trammell
Rutina Wesley
Deborah Ann Woll
2012
The Walking Dead
Andrew Lincoln
Sarah Wayne Callies
Laurie Holden
Norman Reedus
Steven Yeun
Lauren Cohan
Chandler Riggs
Melissa McBride
Scott Wilson
Danai Gurira
Michael Rooker
David Morrissey
2013
Orange Is the New Black
Taylor Schilling
Laura Prepon
Michael J. Harney
Michelle Hurst
Kate Mulgrew
Jason Biggs
2014
The Knick
Clive Owen
André Holland
Jeremy Bobb
Juliet Rylance
Eve Hewson
Michael Angarano
Chris Sullivan
Cara Seymour
Eric Johnson
David Fierro
Maya Kazan
Leon Addison Brown
Grainger Hines
Matt Frewer
2015
American Crime
Felicity Huffman
Timothy Hutton
W. Earl Brown
Richard Cabral
Regina King
Caitlin Gerard
Benito Martinez
Penelope Ann Miller
Elvis Nolasco
Johnny Ortiz
2016
Outlander
Caitriona Balfe
Sam Heughan
Tobias Menzies
Lotte Verbeek
Laura Donnelly
Steven Cree
Duncan Lacroix
Grant O'Rourke
Gary Lewis
Graham McTavish
Stephen Walters
Simon Callow
Nell Hudson
Dominique Pinon
Stanley Weber
Richard Rankin
Sophie Skelton
Andrew Gower
Rosie Day
Clive Russell
Frances de la Tour
2017
Poldark
Ruby Bentall
Caroline Blakiston
Christian Brassington
Ellise Chappell
Beatie Edney
Jack Farthing
Sean Gilder
John Nettles
Luke Norris
Heida Reed
Harry Richardson
Eleanor Tomlinson
Aidan Turner
Josh Whitehouse
Gabriella Wilde
Tom York
[show]
v
t
e
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2010–2019)
Modern Family, season 1/season 2 (2010): Bowen, Burrell, Ferguson, Gould, Hyland, O'Neill, Rodriguez, Stonestreet, Vergara, Winter
Modern Family, season 2/season 3 (2011): Anderson-Emmons, Bowen, Burrell, Ferguson, Gould, Hyland, O'Neill, Rodriguez, Stonestreet, Vergara, Winter
Modern Family, season 3/season 4 (2012): Anderson-Emmons, Bowen, Burrell, Ferguson, Gould, Hyland, O'Neill, Rodriguez, Stonestreet, Vergara, Winter
Modern Family, season 4/season 5 (2013): Anderson-Emmons, Bowen, Burrell, Ferguson, Gould, Hyland, O'Neill, Rodriguez, Stonestreet, Vergara, Winter
Orange Is the New Black, season 2 (2014): Aduba, Biggs, Brooks, Cox, Cruz, Curtin, DeLaria, Fowler, Freeman, Gardner, Glenn, Golden, Guerrero, Harney, Jeudy, Lake, Lapkus, Leyva, Lyonne, Manning, Marsh Garland, McGorry, Moore, Mulgrew, Myles, Pimentel, Polanco, Reiner, Roberts, Rodriguez, Rosenblat, Sandow, Savage, Schilling, Shulman, Soules, Stone, Toussaint, Tucci, Wiley
Orange Is the New Black, season 3 (2015): Aduba, Birbiglia, Blake, Brooks, Cox, Cruz, Curtin, DeLaria, Fowler, Glenn, Golden, Guerrero, Harney, Jeudy, Leyva, Manning, Marsh Garland, Moore, Mulgrew, Myles, Peters, Petty, Pimentel, Polanco, Prepon, Rodriguez, Rose, Sandow, Savage, Schilling, Shulman, Soules, Stone, Wiley
Orange Is the New Black, season 4 (2016): Aduba, Aisenberg, Brooks, Brown, Cruz, DeLaria, Dover, Glenn, Golden, Gómez, Guerrero, Harney, Henke, Jeudy, Lake, Leyva, Lyonne, Manning, McMenamin, Moore, Mulgrew, Myles, Peters, Petty, Pimentel, Polanco, Prepon, Purdy, Rodriguez, Sandow, Savage, Schilling, Shulman, Soules, Stone, Tucci, Wiley
Veep, season 6 (2017): Bakkedahl, Chlumsky, Cole, Colin, Dunn, DuVall, Franklin, Hale, Louis-Dreyfus, Richardson, Scheer, Scott, Simons, Sutherland, Walsh
Complete list
(1994–1999)
(2000–2009)
(2010–2019)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 1070294683
LCCN: no2005092321
VIAF: 48968315
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laura_Prepon&oldid=843042731"
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Truth or Dare (2018 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Truth or Dare
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jeff Wadlow
Produced by
Jason Blum
Screenplay by
Michael Reisz
Jillian Jacobs
Chris Roach
Jeff Wadlow
Story by
Michael Reisz
Starring
Lucy Hale
Tyler Posey
Violett Beane
Hayden Szeto
Sophia Taylor Ali
Landon Liboiron
Music by
Matthew Margeson
Cinematography
Jacques Jouffret
Edited by
Sean Albertson
Production
company
Blumhouse Productions
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
Running time
100 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$3.5 million[1]
Box office
$94.8 million[2]
Blumhouse's Truth or Dare,[3] or simply Truth or Dare, is a 2018 American supernatural horror film directed by Jeff Wadlow and written by Michael Reisz, Jillian Jacobs, Chris Roach and Wadlow. It stars Lucy Hale, Tyler Posey, Violett Beane, Hayden Szeto, and Landon Liboiron, and follows a group of college students who play a game of truth or dare? while on vacation in Mexico, only to realize it has deadly consequences if they don't follow through on their tasks. Jason Blum produced through his Blumhouse Productions banner, and Universal Pictures distributed the film.[4]
Released in theaters on April 13, 2018, the film received negative reviews from critics, who said it was "neither inventive nor scary enough to set itself apart from the decades of dreary slashers that came before it".[5] Despite this the film was a box office success, grossing $94 million worldwide against its $3.5 million production budget.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Olivia Barron, her best friend Markie Cameron, Markie’s boyfriend Lucas Moreno, along with Penelope Amari and her boyfriend Tyson Curran, and Brad Chang go on a trip to Rosarito, Mexico. In Mexico, Olivia runs into fellow student Ronnie who proceeds to harass her until a man intervenes on her behalf. The man introduces himself as Carter and eventually convinces her and her friends to join him for drinks at the ruins of a mission. There, Carter initiates a game of Truth or Dare with Olivia and her friends, plus Ronnie, who followed the group. Eventually, the game ends when Carter reveals that he deceived Olivia as a means of tricking her and her friends to the mission to offer them in his place in the supernatural game of Truth or Dare. As Carter leaves, he explains to Olivia that the game will follow them and they must not refuse it.
At a local college bar, sometime after everyone returned from Mexico, Ronnie dies when he fails to complete a dare. Olivia, having become convinced that Carter was telling the truth, gathers and attempts to convince her friends that the game is real. The game, playing in accordance to the order the group played in Mexico, turns to Markie, having already appeared to Olivia and Lucas, and she is forced to break Olivia's hand. At the hospital, Brad is then forced by the game into revealing to his father, Officer Han Chang, his homosexuality.
The next day, the skeptical Tyson lies when forced to tell a truth and, as a result, dies. A drunken Penelope is next forced by the game to drink and finish a full bottle of vodka whilst walking along the edge of the roof of a house. She eventually falls from the roof after finishing the bottle, but is saved by Brad, Markie, and Olivia. The group manage to come into contact with a woman named Giselle, who is also a participant in a separate incarnation of the game, and the group go to meet her.
Giselle reveals that she and her friends played the game and her friend Sam, the only other survivor of her incarnation of the game, was responsible for the game becoming reality in the first place, having wrecked the ruins of the mission. Giselle reveals that a truth can only be chosen twice before the next player is forced to chose dare. Giselle draws a handgun on Olivia and shoots, confessing that she was dared to kill her. However, Penelope jumps in front of Olivia and is shot and killed. Failing to kill Olivia, Giselle shoots herself in the head.
Later, following Olivia, Lucas, and Markie’s turns in the game, Brad is dared to withdraw his father's gun and make him beg for his life. However, in the act, Brad is shot and killed by an approaching officer. At the precinct, Olivia learns that Carter is Sam.
Olivia and Lucas drive to Tijuana and meet with a mute woman and former nun who operated out of the church in which they originally played the game. The woman informs them that they are dealing with a demon she first summoned, who possessed the game of Truth or Dare and can only be stopped if the last person who evoked it sacrifices their tongue into an urn and seals it with wax after an incantation is made in the church.
Olivia, Markie, and Lucas find Sam and force him at gunpoint back to the ruins of the church in Mexico. There, Sam begins the ritual and is about to sever his tongue when it becomes Lucas' turn to play the game. Lucas is dared to kill either Olivia or Markie, which he refuses. Possessed by the demon controlling the game, Lucas is forced to kill Sam, before the latter can complete the ritual to end the game. He then proceeds to slit his throat and die.
Olivia forces the demon to reveal to her whether or not there was a definitive way to end the game with Markie and herself alive. The demon reveals that now that Sam is dead, there is not - but they can draw more people into the game and prolong their turn in it. Olivia hastily records and uploads a video to YouTube, warning of the game and its rules, before challenging the viewer of the video to Truth or Dare, initiating them.
Cast[edit]
Lucy Hale as Olivia Barron
Tyler Posey as Lucas Moreno
Violett Beane as Markie Cameron
Hayden Szeto as Brad Chang
Landon Liboiron as Carter / Sam
Nolan Gerard Funk as Tyson Curran
Sophia Taylor Ali as Penelope Amari
Sam Lerner as Ronnie
Aurora Perrineau as Giselle Hammond
Tom Choi as Officer Han Chang
Joe Ochman as the voice of Calux, the demonic entity controlling the game.
Production[edit]
Initially, director Jeff Wadlow explained that he was hired to direct the film after spitballing an opening scene based on the title of the movie in his initial meetings with Blumhouse.[6] Subsequently, he joined with his friend Chris Roach, and his wife, Jill Jacobs, and started thinking of ideas to approach the final concept.[7]
Principal photography on the film began on June 7, 2017,[8][9] and wrapped on July 12, 2017 in Los Angeles.[10][11]
Release[edit]
The film was initially set for release on April 27, 2018, but in January 2018, the date was moved up two weeks, to April 13, 2018, Friday the 13th.[12] The official trailer for the film was released on January 3, 2018.[13]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Truth or Dare grossed $41.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $53.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $94.8 million, against a production budget of $3.5 million.[2]
In the United States and Canada, Truth or Dare was released alongside Rampage and Sgt. Stubby: An American Hero, as well as the wide expansion of Isle of Dogs, and was projected to gross $12–15 million from 3,029 theaters in its opening weekend.[14] The film made $8.2 million on its first day (including $750,000 from Thursday night previews), $6.8 million on Saturday and a total of $18.7 million over the weekend, finishing third behind Rampage ($34.5 million) and fellow horror film A Quiet Place ($32.6 million).[15] It fell 58% in its second weekend (slightly above-average for Blumhouse horror films), grossing $7.8 million and finishing fifth.[16] The film continued to hold well in its third weekend, dropping 58% again to $3.3 million, finishing seventh.[17]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 14% based on 129 reviews, and an average rating of 5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Truth or Dare's slick presentation isn't enough to make this mediocre horror outing much more frightening than an average round of the real-life game."[18] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews."[19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale.[15]
Simon Abrams of RogerEbert.com gave the film 2/4 stars and wrote that "director Jeff Wadlow and his three credited co-writers don't go far enough towards either of their film's primary impulses—humanizing their immature subjects and/or making them die amusingly sadistic deaths."[20] Exclaim!'s Alex Hudson called the film a "by-the-numbers horror that delivers clichés rather than surprises," though added "as dumb as this movie was, I kind of enjoyed it."[21]
Variety's Owen Gleiberman called it a "scare-free horror film" and wrote, "The movie isn’t scary, it isn’t gripping, it isn’t fun, and it isn’t fueled by any sort of clever compulsion. It’s just a strangely arduous exercise that feels increasingly frantic and arbitrary as it goes along."[22]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref.
2018 20th Teen Choice Awards Choice Drama Movie Truth or Dare Nominated [23]
Choice Drama Movie Actress Lucy Hale Pending
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fuster, Jeremy (April 10, 2018). "'Rampage' Stomps Into Theaters in Need of Big Overseas Launch". TheWrap. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Truth or Dare (2018)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Mendelson, Scott (January 3, 2018). "Blumhouse Claims Ownership Over Lucy Hale's 'Truth Or Dare'". Forbes. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (March 16, 2017). "'Pretty Little Liars' Star Lucy Hale Joins Blumhouse's 'Truth or Dare'". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Giles, Jeff (April 12, 2018). "Rampage Is Exactly What You Think It Is". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger, Conner (April 11, 2018). "The Bizarre Way Truth Or Dare's Director Pitched The Movie". CinemaBlend. GatewayBlend Entertainment. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Deckelmeier, Joe (April 11, 2018). "Jeff Wadlow Interview: Truth or Dare". Screen Rant. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Miska, Brad (May 24, 2017). "Full Cast Prepares For a Game of 'Truth or Dare'". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wadlow, Jeff (June 7, 2017). "First day of photography! Lucky shirt: check 🍀 @lucyhale @tylerposey58 @nolanfunk @haydenszeto @sophiatali". Instagram. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hale, Lucy [@lucyhale] (July 12, 2017). "THAT IS A MF WRAP ON TRUTH OR DARE 🎥 thanks for the memories guys ! Can't wait for y'all to see this" (Tweet). Retrieved April 12, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Highfill, Samantha (April 12, 2018). "Truth or Dare stars Tyler Posey, Lucy Hale share their spring break stories". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 11, 2018). "Blumhouse's Truth Or Dare' Moves Up Two Weeks To Friday The 13th – Update". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ KimmiKillZombie (January 3, 2018). "[Trailer] Death Plays Games in TRUTH OR DARE". Nightmare on Film Street. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Faughnder, Ryan (April 11, 2018). "Rampage' is poised for top box-office spot as Dwayne Johnson fights video game movie curse". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 15, 2018). "The Rock Rebounds: 'Rampage' Shushes 'A Quiet Place' With $34M+ No. 1 Opening". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita; D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 22, 2018). "'A Quiet Place' Still Noisy With $21.7M As 'Rampage' Beats Chest, 'Super Trooper 2' Surprises – Sunday AM Update". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 29, 2018). "'Avengers: Infinity War' Conquering 'Force Awakens' With Record $248M-$250M Opening; Posts Record $82M Saturday". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Blumhouse's Truth or Dare (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Blumhouse's Truth or Dare Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Simon (April 13, 2018). "Truth or Dare". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hudson, Alex (April 11, 2018). "Review: 'Truth or Dare'". Exclaim!. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (April 11, 2018). "Review: 'Truth or Dare'". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Jess (June 13, 2018). "Teen Choice Awards 2018: Avengers: Infinity War, Black Panther and Riverdale Among Top Nominees". E! News. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
External links[edit]
Truth or Dare on IMDb
Truth or Dare at Rotten Tomatoes
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Films directed by Jeff Wadlow
Cry Wolf (2005)
Never Back Down (2008)
Kick-Ass 2 (2013)
True Memoirs of an International Assassin (2016)
Truth or Dare (2018)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truth_or_Dare_(2018_film)&oldid=854681640"
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Containment
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the United States policy. For other uses, see Containment (disambiguation).
United States Information Service poster distributed in Asia depicting Juan dela Cruz ready to defend the Philippines under the threat of communism, 1951.
Containment is a geopolitical strategy to stop the expansion of an enemy. It is best known as a Cold War foreign policy of the United States and its allies to prevent the spread of communism. As a component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to increase communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, Vietnam, and Latin America. Containment represented a middle-ground position between detente and rollback.
The basis of the doctrine was articulated in a 1946 cable by U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan during the post-World War II administration of U.S. President Harry S. Truman. As a description of U.S. foreign policy, the word originated in a report Kennan submitted to U.S. Defense Secretary James Forrestal in 1947, which was later used in a magazine article. It is a translation of the French term cordon sanitaire, which was used to describe Western policy toward the Soviet Union in the 1920s.
Contents
1 Earlier uses of term
2 Origin (1944–1947)
3 Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
4 Alternative strategies
5 Korea
6 Dulles
7 Cuba
8 Vietnam
9 Afghanistan
10 Reagan Doctrine
11 After Cold War
12 See also
13 References
14 Sources
15 External links
Earlier uses of term[edit]
There were major historical precedents familiar to Americans and Europeans. In the 1850s, anti-slavery forces in the United States developed a free soil strategy of containment, without using the word, to stop the expansion of slavery until it later collapsed. Historian James Oakes explains the strategy:
The Federal government would surround the south with free states, free territories, and free waters, building what they called a 'cordon of freedom' around slavery, hemming it in until the system's own internal weaknesses forced the slave states one by one to abandon slavery.[1]
Between 1873 and 1877, Germany repeatedly intervened in the internal affairs of France's neighbors. In Belgium, Spain, and Italy, Bismarck exerted strong and sustained political pressure to support the election or appointment of liberal, anticlerical governments. This was part of an integrated strategy to promote republicanism in France by strategically and ideologically isolating the clerical-monarchist regime of President Patrice de Mac-Mahon. It was hoped that by ringing France with a number of liberal states, French republicans could defeat MacMahon and his reactionary supporters. The modern concept of containment provides a useful model for understanding the dynamics of this policy.[2]
Following the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, there were calls by Western leaders to isolate the Bolshevik government, which seemed intent on promoting worldwide revolution. In March 1919, French Premier Georges Clemenceau called for a cordon sanitaire, a ring of non-communist states, to isolate the Soviet Union. Translating that phrase, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson called for a "quarantine." Both phrases compare communism to a contagious disease.
The U.S. initially refused to recognize the Soviet Union, but President Franklin D. Roosevelt reversed the policy in 1933 in the hope to expand American export markets.
The Munich Agreement of 1938 was a failed attempt to contain Nazi expansion in Europe. The U.S. tried to contain Japanese expansion in Asia in 1937 to 1941, and Japan reacted with its attack on Pearl Harbor.[3]
After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 during World War II, the U.S. and the Soviet Union found themselves allied against Germany and used rollback to defeat the Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Origin (1944–1947)[edit]
Key State Department personnel grew increasingly frustrated with and suspicious of the Soviets as the war drew to a close. Averell Harriman, U.S. Ambassador in Moscow, once a "confirmed optimist" regarding U.S.-Soviet relations,[4] was disillusioned by what he saw as the Soviet betrayal of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising as well as by violations of the February 1945 Yalta Agreement concerning Poland.[5] Harriman would later have a significant influence in forming Truman's views on the Soviet Union.[6]
In February 1946, the U.S. State Department asked George F. Kennan, then at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow, why the Russians opposed the creation of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. He responded with a wide-ranging analysis of Russian policy now called the Long Telegram:[7]
Soviet power, unlike that of Hitlerite Germany, is neither schematic nor adventuristic. It does not work by fixed plans. It does not take unnecessary risks. Impervious to logic of reason, and it is highly sensitive to logic of force. For this reason it can easily withdraw—and usually does when strong resistance is encountered at any point.[8]
According to Kennan:
The Soviets perceived themselves to be in a state of perpetual war with capitalism;
The Soviets would use controllable Marxists in the capitalist world as allies;
Soviet aggression was not aligned with the views of the Russian people or with economic reality, but with historic Russian xenophobia and paranoia;
The Soviet government's structure prevented objective or accurate pictures of internal and external reality.
Kennan's cable was hailed in the State Department as "the appreciation of the situation that had long been needed."[9] Kennan himself attributed the enthusiastic reception to timing: "Six months earlier the message would probably have been received in the State Department with raised eyebrows and lips pursed in disapproval. Six months later, it would probably have sounded redundant."[9] Clark Clifford and George Elsey produced a report elaborating on the Long Telegram and proposing concrete policy recommendations based on its analysis. This report, which recommended "restraining and confining" Soviet influence, was presented to Truman on September 24, 1946.[10]
In January 1947, Kennan drafted an essay entitled "The Sources of Soviet Conduct."[7] Navy Secretary James V. Forrestal gave permission for the report to be published in the journal Foreign Affairs under the pseudonym "X."[11] Biographer Douglas Brinkley has dubbed Forrestal "godfather of containment" on account of his work in distributing Kennan's writing.[12] The use of the word "containment" originates from this so-called "X Article": "In these circumstances it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies."[13]
Kennan later turned against the containment policy and noted several deficiencies in his X Article. He later said that by containment he meant not the containment of Soviet Power "by military means of a military threat, but the political containment of a political threat." [14] Second, Kennan admitted a failure in the article to specify the geographical scope of "containment", and that containment was not something he believed the United States could necessarily achieve everywhere successfully.[15]
Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)[edit]
After Republicans gained control of Congress in the 1946 elections, President Truman, a Democrat, made a dramatic speech that is often considered to mark the beginning of the Cold War. In March 1947, he requested that Congress appropriate $400 million in aid to the Greek and Turkish governments, which were fighting Communist subversion.[16] Truman pledged to, "support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."[16] This pledge became known as the Truman Doctrine. Portraying the issue as a mighty clash between "totalitarian regimes" and "free peoples," the speech marks the adoption of containment as official U.S. policy. Congress appropriated the money.
Truman's motives on that occasion have been the subject of considerable scholarship and several schools of interpretation. In the orthodox explanation of Herbert Feis, a series of aggressive Soviet actions in 1945–47 in Poland, Iran, Turkey, and elsewhere awakened the American public to the new danger to freedom to which Truman responded.[17] In the revisionist view of William Appleman Williams, Truman's speech was an expression of longstanding American expansionism.[17] In the realpolitik view of Lynn E. Davis, Truman was a naive idealist who unnecessarily provoked the Soviets by couching disputes in terms like democracy and freedom that were alien to the Communist vision.[18]
According to psychological analysis by Deborah Larson, Truman felt a need to prove his decisiveness and feared that aides would make unfavorable comparisons between him and his predecessor, Roosevelt.[19] "I am here to make decisions, and whether they prove right or wrong I am going to take them," he once said.[20]
The drama surrounding the announcement of the Truman Doctrine catered to president's self-image of a strong and decisive leader, but his real decision-making process was more complex and gradual. The timing of the speech was not a response to any particular Soviet action but to the fact that the Republican Party had just gained control of Congress.[21] Truman was little involved in drafting the speech and did not himself adopt the hard-line attitude that it suggested until several months later.[22]
The British, with their own position weakened by economic distress, urgently called on the U.S. to take over the traditional British role in Greece.[23] Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson took the lead in Washington, warning congressional leaders in late February 1947 that if the United States did not take over from the British, the result most probably would be a "Soviet breakthrough" that "might open three continents to Soviet penetration."[24][25] Truman was explicit about the challenge of Communism taking control of Greece. He won wide support from both parties as well as experts in foreign policy inside and outside the government. It was strongly opposed by the Left, notably by former Vice President Henry A. Wallace, who ran against Truman in the 1948 presidential campaign.[26]
Truman, under the guidance of Acheson, followed up his speech with a series of measures to contain Soviet influence in Europe, including the Marshall Plan, or European Recovery Program, and NATO, a 1949 military alliance between the U.S. and Western European nations. Because containment required detailed information about Communist moves, the government relied increasingly on the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Established by the National Security Act of 1947, the CIA conducted espionage in foreign lands, some of it visible, more of it secret. Truman approved a classified statement of containment policy called NSC 20/4 in November 1948, the first comprehensive statement of security policy ever created by the United States. The Soviet Union's first nuclear test in 1949 prompted the National Security Council to formulate a revised security doctrine. Completed in April 1950, it became known as NSC 68.[27] It concluded that a massive military buildup was necessary to deal with the Soviet threat. According to the report, drafted by Paul Nitze and others:
In the words of the Federalist (No. 28) "The means to be employed must be proportioned to the extent of the mischief." The mischief may be a global war or it may be a Soviet campaign for limited objectives. In either case we should take no avoidable initiative which would cause it to become a war of annihilation, and if we have the forces to defeat a Soviet drive for limited objectives it may well be to our interest not to let it become a global war.[28]
Alternative strategies[edit]
There were three alternative policies to containment under discussion in the late 1940s. The first was a return to isolationism, minimizing American involvement with the rest of the world, a policy that was supported by conservative Republicans, especially from the Midwest, including former President Herbert Hoover and Senator Robert A. Taft. However, many other Republicans, led by Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg, said that policy had helped cause World War II and so was too dangerous to revive.[29]
The second policy was continuation of the détente policies that aimed at friendly relationships with the Soviet Union, especially trade, Roosevelt had been the champion of détente, but he was dead, and most of his inner circle had left the government by 1946. The chief proponent of détente was Henry Wallace, a former vice president and the Secretary of Commerce under Truman. Wallace's position was supported by far left elements of the CIO, but they were purged in 1947 and 1948. Wallace ran against Truman on the Progressive Party ticket in 1948, but his campaign was increasingly dominated by Communists, which helped to discredit détente.[30]
The third policy was rollback, an aggressive effort to undercut or destroy the Soviet Union itself. Military rollback against the Soviet Union was proposed by James Burnham[31] and other conservative strategists in the late 1940s. After 1954, Burnham and like-minded strategists became editors and regular contributors to William F. Buckley, Jr.'s National Review magazine.
Truman himself adopted a rollback strategy in the Korean War after the success of the Inchon landings in September 1950, only to reverse himself after the Chinese counterattack two months later and revert to containment. General Douglas MacArthur called on Congress to continue the rollback policy, but Truman fired him for insubordination.[32]
Under President Dwight Eisenhower, a rollback strategy was considered against communism in Eastern Europe from 1953 to 1956. Eisenhower agreed to a propaganda campaign to rollback the influence of communism psychologically, but he refused to intervene in the 1956 Hungarian Uprising,[33] mainly for fear that it would cause the Third World War. Since 1950, the Soviets had been known to possess nuclear weapons.[34]
Korea[edit]
A 1962 nuclear explosion as seen through the periscope of a U.S. Navy submarine. The goal of containment was to 'contain' communism without a nuclear war.
The U.S. followed containment when it entered the Korean War to defend South Korea from a communist invasion by North Korea. However, the success of the Inchon landing inspired the U.S. and the United Nations to adopt a rollback strategy to overthrow communist North Korea, thus allowing nationwide elections under U.N. auspices.[35] General Douglas MacArthur then advanced across the 38th parallel into North Korea. The Chinese then sent in a large army and defeated the U.N. forces, pushing them below the 38th parallel. Although the Chinese had been planning to intervene for months,[36] this action was interpreted by Truman's supporters as a response to U.S. forces crossing the 38th parallel. That interpretation allowed the episode to be used to confirm the wisdom of containment doctrine as opposed to rollback. The Communists were later pushed back to around the original border. Truman blamed MacArthur's focus on victory and adopted a "limited war" policy. His focus shifted to negotiating a settlement, which was finally reached in 1953. For his part, MacArthur denounced Truman's "no-win policy."[37]
Dulles[edit]
Many Republicans, including John Foster Dulles, were concerned that Truman had been too timid. In 1952, Dulles called for rollback and the eventual liberation of Eastern Europe.[38] Dulles was named secretary of state by incoming President Eisenhower, but Eisenhower's decision not to intervene during the 1956 Hungarian Uprising made containment a bipartisan doctrine. Eisenhower relied on clandestine CIA actions to undermine hostile governments and used economic and military foreign aid to strengthen governments supporting the American position in the Cold War.[39]
Cuba[edit]
In the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, the top officials in Washington debated using rollback to get rid of Soviet nuclear missiles, which were threatening the United States. There was fear of a nuclear war until a deal was reached in which the Soviets would publicly remove their nuclear weapons, the United States would secretly remove its missiles from Turkey and to avoid invading Cuba. The policy of containing Cuba was put into effect by President John F. Kennedy and continued until 2015.[40]
Vietnam[edit]
Senator Barry Goldwater, the Republican candidate for president in 1964, challenged containment and asked, "Why not victory?"[41] President Lyndon Johnson, the Democratic nominee, answered that rollback risked nuclear war. Johnson explained containment doctrine by quoting the Bible: "Hitherto shalt thou come, but not further."[42] Goldwater lost to Johnson in the 1964 election by a wide margin. Johnson adhered closely to containment during the Vietnam War. Rejecting proposals by General William Westmoreland for U.S. ground forces to advance into Laos and cut communist supply lines, Johnson gathered a group of elder statesmen called The Wise Men. The group included Kennan, Acheson and other former Truman advisors.
Rallies in support of the troops were discouraged for fear that a patriotic response would lead to demands for victory and rollback.[42] Military responsibility was divided among three generals so that no powerful theater commander could emerge to challenge Johnson as MacArthur had challenged Truman.[43]
Nixon, who replaced Johnson in 1969, referred to his foreign policy as détente, a relaxation of tension. Although it continued to aim at restraining the Soviet Union, it was based on political realism, thinking in terms of national interest, as opposed to crusades against communism or for democracy. Emphasis was placed on talks with the Soviet Union concerning nuclear weapons called the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. Nixon reduced U.S. military presence in Vietnam to the minimum required to contain communist advances, in a policy called Vietnamization. As the war continued, it grew less popular. A Democratic Congress forced Nixon, a Republican, to abandon the policy in 1973 by enacting the Case–Church Amendment, which ended U.S. military involvement in Vietnam and led to successful communist invasions of South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.
Afghanistan[edit]
President Jimmy Carter came to office in 1977 and was committed to a foreign policy that emphasized human rights. However, in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, containment was again made a priority. The wording of the Carter Doctrine (1980) intentionally echoeed that of the Truman Doctrine.
Reagan Doctrine[edit]
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Following the communist victory of Vietnam, Democrats began to view further communist advance as inevitable, but Republicans returned to the rollback doctrine. Ronald Reagan, a long-time advocate of rollback, was elected US President in 1980. He took a more aggressive approach to dealings with the Soviets and believed that détente was misguided and peaceful coexistence was tantamount to surrender. When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, American policy makers worried that the Soviets were making a run for control of the Persian Gulf. Throughout the 1980s, under a policy that came to be known as the Reagan Doctrine, the United States provided technical and economic assistance to the Afghan guerrillas fighting against the Soviet army (Mujahideen).[44]
By sending military aid to anti-communist insurgents in Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia, and Nicaragua, Reagan confronted existing communist governments and went beyond the limits of containment doctrine. He deployed the Pershing II missile in Europe and promoted research on a Strategic Defense Initiative, called "Star Wars" by its critics, to shoot down missiles fired at the United States.
Reagan's aim was to defeat the Soviets through an expensive arms buildup the Soviets could not match. However, Reagan continued to follow containment in several key areas. He pursued a comprehensive nuclear disarmament initiative called START I and policy toward Europe continued to emphasize a NATO-based defensive approach.
After Cold War[edit]
The end of the Cold War in 1991 marked the official end of the containment policy, but the U.S. kept its bases in the areas around Russia, such as those in Iceland, Germany, and Turkey. Also, much of the policy helped influence U.S. foreign policy in later years, such as during the War on Terror and dealing with post-Cold War dictators, such as Iraq's Saddam Hussein.
See also[edit]
Domino theory
Détente
Marshall Plan
Rollback
Truman Doctrine
China containment policy
Dual containment (Iran-Iraq containment)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ James Oakes (2012). Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861-1865. W. W. Norton. p. 12.
Jump up ^ James Stone, "Bismarck and the Containment of France, 1873–1877," Canadian Journal of History (1994) 29#2 pp 281–304 online
Jump up ^ Sidney Pash, "Containment, Rollback and the Onset of the Pacific War, 1933-1941" in G. Kurt Piehler and Sidney Pash, eds. The United States and the Second World War: New Perspectives on Diplomacy, War, and the Home Front (2010) pp 38-67
Jump up ^ Larson, Deborah Welch, Origins of Containment: A Psychological Explanation, p. 69.
Jump up ^ Larson, p. 116.
Jump up ^ Larson, p.68.
^ Jump up to: a b John Lewis Gaddis, George F. Kennan: An American Life (2011) pp 201-24
Jump up ^ Kennan, George, "The Long Telegram"
^ Jump up to: a b Larson, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Hechler, Ken (1996). Working with Truman: a personal memoir of the White House years. University of Missouri Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8262-1067-8. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Gaddis, George F. Kennan: An American Life (2011) pp 249-75.
Jump up ^ "Driven Patriot: The Life And Times Of James Forrestal"
Jump up ^ Adrian R. Lewis (2006). The American Culture of War: A History of US Military Force from World War II to Operation Iraqi Freedom. Taylor & Francis. p. 67.
Jump up ^ George F. Kennan, Memoirs 1925-1950 P. 358
Jump up ^ George F. Kennan, Memoirs 1925-1950 P. 359
^ Jump up to: a b President Harry S. Truman's Address Before a Joint Session of Congress, March 12, 1947.
^ Jump up to: a b Larsen, Deborah Welch, Origins of Containment, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Larsen, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Larson, p. 147.
Jump up ^ Larson, pp 145-46.
Jump up ^ Larson, p. 302.
Jump up ^ Larson, p. xi., p. 303
Jump up ^ Lawrence S. Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, 1943-1949 (1982)
Jump up ^ Dean Acheson (1987). Present at the creation: my years in the State Department. W W Norton. p. 219.
Jump up ^ James Chace (2008). Acheson: The Secretary Of State Who Created The American World. Simon & Schuster. pp. 166–67.
Jump up ^ John M. Schuessler, "Absorbing The First Blow: Truman And The Cold War," White House Studies (2009) 9#3 pp 215-231.
Jump up ^ Efstathios T. Fakiolas, "Kennan's Long Telegram and NSC-68: A Comparative Theoretical Analysis," East European Quarterly (1997) 31#4 pp 415-433.
Jump up ^ NSC 68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security
Jump up ^ David McCullough (2003). Truman. Simon & Schuster. p. 631.
Jump up ^ Jerel A. Rosati; James M. Scott (2011). The Politics of United States Foreign Policy. Cengage Learning. p. 342.
Jump up ^ Daniel Kelly, James Burnham and the Struggle for the World: A Life (2002) p. 155
Jump up ^ James I. Matray, "Truman's Plan for Victory: National Self-Determination and the Thirty-Eighth Parallel Decision in Korea." Journal of American History (1979): 314-333. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ László Borhi, "Rollback, Liberation, Containment, or Inaction? U.S. Policy and Eastern Europe in the 1950s", Journal of Cold War Studies, 1#3 (1999), pp 67–110 online
Jump up ^ Robert R. Bowie and Richard H. Immerman. eds. (1998). Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy. Oxford University Press. pp. 158–77. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ James I. Matray, "Truman's Plan for Victory: National Self-Determination and the Thirty-Eighth Parallel Decision in Korea," Journal of American History, Sept. 1979, Vol. 66 Issue 2, pp. 314–333, in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Chinese Military Science Academy (September 2000). History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea (抗美援朝战争史) I. Beijing: Chinese Military Science Academy Publishing House. pp. 35–36. ISBN 7-80137-390-1. On 4 August 1950, with the proposed Chinese invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea as soon as the Taiwan invasion force was reorganized.
Jump up ^ Safire, William, Safire's Political Dictionary, p. 531.
Jump up ^ "Kennan and Containment, 1947", Diplomacy in Action, U.S. Department of State,
Jump up ^ John Prados, Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA, (2009)
Jump up ^ Alice L. George, The Cuban missile crisis: The threshold of nuclear war (Routledge, 2013).
Jump up ^ Richard J. Jensen, Jon Thares Davidann, Yoneyuki Sugita, Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century, p. 178. (2003)
^ Jump up to: a b Jensen, p. 180. The quote is from Job 38:11.
Jump up ^ Jensen, p. 182.
Jump up ^ Olson, James Stuart. Historical dictionary of the 1950s. Westport, Conn: Greenwood P, 2000.
Sources[edit]
Corke, Sarah-Jane. "History, historians and the Naming of Foreign Policy: A Postmodern Reflection on American Strategic thinking during the Truman Administration," Intelligence and National Security, Autumn 2001, Vol. 16 Issue 3, pp. 146–63.
Felix, David. Kennan and the Cold War: An Unauthorized Biography. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2015.
Gaddis, John Lewis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy During the Cold War. 2004.
Hopkins, Michael F. "Continuing Debate And New Approaches In Cold War History," Historical Journal (2007), 50: 913-934 doi:10.1017/S0018246X07006437
Kennan, George F., American Diplomacy, The University of Chicago Press. 1984. ISBN 0-226-43147-9
Pieper, Moritz A. (2012). "Containment and the Cold War: Reexaming the Doctrine of Containment as a Grand Strategy Driving US Cold War Interventions". StudentPulse.com. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
Wright, Steven. The United States and Persian Gulf Security: The Foundations of the War on Terror, Ithaca Press, 2007.
External links[edit]
EDSITEment's Lesson Strategy of Containment 1947-1948
https://astro.temple.edu/~rimmerma/the_X_article.htm
Look up containment in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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