text:
God bless you
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"Bless You" redirects here. For other uses, see Bless You (disambiguation).
Look up God bless you in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
God bless you (variants include God bless or bless you[1]) is a common English expression, used to wish a person blessings in various situations,[1][2] especially as a response to a sneeze, and also, when parting or writing a valediction.[1][3]
The phrase has been used in the Hebrew Bible by Jews (cf. Numbers 6:24), and by Christians, since the time of the early Church as a benediction, as well as a means of bidding a person Godspeed.[4][5] Many clergy, when blessing their congregants individually or as a group, use the phrase "God bless you".[6]
Origins and legends[edit]
National Geographic reports that during the plague of AD 590, "Pope Gregory I ordered unceasing prayer for divine intercession. Part of his command was that anyone sneezing be blessed immediately ("God bless you"), since sneezing was often the first sign that someone was falling ill with the plague."[7] By AD 750, it became customary to say "God bless you" as a response to one sneezing.[8]
The practice of blessing someone who sneezes dates as far back as at least AD 77, although it is far older than most specific explanations can account for.[9] Some have offered an explanation suggesting that people once held the folk belief that a person's soul could be thrown from their body when they sneezed,[9] that sneezing otherwise opened the body to invasion by the Devil or evil spirits,[10][11] or that sneezing was the body's effort to force out an invading evil presence.[9] In these cases, "God bless you" or "bless you" is used as a sort of shield against evil.[12] The Irish Folk story "Master and Man" by Thomas Crofton Croker, collected by William Butler Yeats, describes this variation.[13] Moreover, in the past some people may have thought that the heart stops beating during a sneeze, and that the phrase "God bless you" encourages the heart to continue beating.[9][10][11]
In some cultures, sneezing is seen as a sign of good fortune or God's beneficence.[9][14] As such, alternative responses to sneezing are the French phrase à vos souhaits (meaning "to your wishes"), the German word Gesundheit (meaning "health") sometimes adopted by English speakers, the Irish word sláinte (meaning "good health"), the Spanish salud (also meaning "health") and the Hebrew laBri'ut (colloquial) or liVriut (classic) (both spelled: "לבריאות") (meaning "to health").
In Persian culture, sneezing sometimes is called "sabr =صبر," meaning "to wait or be patient." And when trying to do something or go somewhere and suddenly sneezing, one should stop or sit for a few minutes and then restart. By this act the "bad thing" passes and one will be saved.
In Greek culture, sneezing was widely recognized as a divine omen. In Book 17 of Homer’s Odyssey, Penelope speaks to Eumaeus in private about the suitors feasting in the halls of the king's palace, and how surely Odysseus will return and kill them. Suddenly her son Telemachus sneezes and Penelope laughed. A sneeze meant the intercession of the gods to make her statement come true. It was a blessing from the gods, connecting the sneeze to the "God Bless You."
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Jucker, Andreas H.; Taavitsainen, Irma (10 April 2008). Speech Acts in the History of English. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 171. ISBN 9789027291417. God bless you has been attested as a leave-taking term since 1740 and can be today heard in the US as an explicit wish or blessing and as an implicit leave-taking term. Some also use the reduced variant of God bless.
Jump up ^ Alhujelan, Naser S. (2008). Worldviews of the Peoples of the Arabian Peninsula: A Study of Cultural System. ProQuest. p. 369. ISBN 9780549703549. The expression "May God bless you" includes blessing, meaning growth, happiness, and many other good things. It is often said by family and loved ones as a kind of prayer.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Roger (1997). The Life and Death of Peter Sellers. Applause. p. 415. ISBN 9781557832481. The letter ends with the solemn valediction 'God bless you .'
Jump up ^ Everett, Isaac (1 May 2009). The Emergent Psalter. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 132. ISBN 9780898696172. The beginning of this psalm echoes the priestly benediction from Numbers 6: May God bless you and keep you.
Jump up ^ Wachspress, Amy (8 June 2012). Memories from Cherry Harvest. Counterpoint LLC. p. 91. ISBN 9781593764890. reciting the ancient Jewish benediction a parent gives to a child: "May God bless you and keep you and may God's countenance shine upon you and bring you peace."
Jump up ^ Driscoll, Rev. Michael S.; Hilgartner, Rev. Msgr. Richard B.; Kelly, Maureen A.; John Thomas Lane; James Presta; Corinna Laughlin; Jim Schellman; D. Todd Williamson; Paul Turner; Catherine Combier-Donovan; Diana Macalintal; Sr. Genevieve (2012). The Liturgy Documents, Volume Two: Essential Documents for Parish Sacramental Rites and Other Liturgies. Liturgy Training Publications. p. 439. ISBN 9781616710279. Thus, in the Book of Blessings, as in the Divine Office, while clergy may close with a true blessing ("May almighty God bless you."), laypersons can only request God's blessing ("May the Lord bless us.")
Jump up ^ Patrick, Bethanne Kelly; Thompson, John Milliken (2009). An Uncommon History of Common Things. National Geographic. p. 74. ISBN 9781426204203. In Rome during the plague of 590, Pope Gregory I ordered unceasing prayer for divine intercession. Part of his command was that anyone sneezing be blessed immediately ("God bless you"), since sneezing was often the first sign that someone was falling ill with the plague. Although the populace did not understand that the sneeze was the source of transmittal, they may have sensed it was connected to the disease. "God bless you" became a verbal totem invoking divine mercy on the sneezer.
Jump up ^ Whiting, Bartl Jere (1977). Early American Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases. Harvard University Press. p. 178. ISBN 9780674219816. The year 750, is commonly reckoned the era of the custom of saying "God bless you," to one who happens to sneeze, etc.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Snopes Urban Legends - Bless You!
^ Jump up to: a b Ed Zotti, Editor. Why Do We Say "God Bless You" After a Sneeze?, Straight Dope, 27 September 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b Madsci.org, Mad Scientist posting by Tom Wilson, M.D./PhD, Pathology, Div. of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine
Jump up ^ Stollznow, Karen (2014). ""God Bless You!" – A Blessing in Disguise?". Skeptic Magazine. 19 (4). Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Gutenberg.org, Project Gutenberg story by T. Crofton Croker, 1898.
Jump up ^ Re: Why does plucking my eyebrows make me sneeze?, MadSci Network posting by Robert West, Post-doc/Fellow, 1997-08-05
Opie, Iona, and Moira Tatem. A Dictionary of Superstitions. Oxford University Press; Oxford, 1992. ISBN 0-19-282916-5
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Human nature
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Human nature (disambiguation).
Human nature is a bundle of fundamental characteristics—including ways of thinking, feeling, and acting—which humans tend to have naturally.[1][2][3][4]
The questions of whether there truly are fixed characteristics, what these natural characteristics are, and what causes them are among the oldest and most important questions in philosophy and science. The science that examines human nature is known as psychology and more recently also neuroscience.[5][6][7][8] The concept of human nature is traditionally contrasted not only with unusual human characteristics, but also with characteristics which are derived from specific cultures, and upbringings. The "nature versus nurture" debate is a well-known modern discussion about human nature in the natural science.
These questions have particularly important implications in economics, ethics, politics, and theology. This is partly because human nature can be regarded as both a source of norms of conduct or ways of life, as well as presenting obstacles or constraints on living a good life. The complex implications of such questions are also dealt with in art and literature, the question of what it is to be human.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Classical Greek philosophy
3 In Chinese thought
4 Christian theology
4.1 Created human nature
4.2 Fallen human nature
4.2.1 Empirical view
4.2.2 Realistic view
4.3 Regenerated human nature
5 Early modern philosophy
6 Natural science
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Overview[edit]
The concept of nature as a standard by which to make judgments is traditionally said to have begun in Greek philosophy, at least as regards the Western and Middle Eastern languages and perspectives which are heavily influenced by it.[9]
The teleological approach of Aristotle came to be dominant by late classical and medieval times. By this account, human nature really causes humans to become what they become, and so it exists somehow independently of individual humans. This in turn has been understood as also showing a special connection between human nature and divinity. This approach understands human nature in terms of final and formal causes. In other words, nature itself (or a nature-creating divinity) has intentions and goals, similar somehow to human intentions and goals, and one of those goals is humanity living naturally. Such understandings of human nature see this nature as an "idea", or "form" of a human.[10]
However, the existence of this invariable and metaphysical human nature is a subject of much historical debate, continuing into modern times. Against this idea of a fixed human nature, the relative malleability of man has been argued especially strongly in recent centuries—firstly by early modernists such as Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In Rousseau's Emile, or On Education, Rousseau wrote: "We do not know what our nature permits us to be".[11] Since the early 19th century, thinkers such as Hegel, Marx, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Sartre, structuralists, and postmodernists have also sometimes argued against a fixed or innate human nature.
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution has changed the nature of the discussion, supporting the proposition that mankind's ancestors were not like mankind today. Still more recent scientific perspectives—such as behaviorism, determinism, and the chemical model within modern psychiatry and psychology—claim to be neutral regarding human nature. As in much of modern science, such disciplines seek to explain with little or no recourse to metaphysical causation.[12] They can be offered to explain human nature's origins and underlying mechanisms, or to demonstrate capacities for change and diversity which would arguably violate the concept of a fixed human nature.
Classical Greek philosophy[edit]
Main article: Ancient Greek philosophy § Classical Greek philosophy
Philosophy in classical Greece is the ultimate origin[citation needed] of the Western conception of the nature of a thing. According to Aristotle, the philosophical study of human nature itself originated with Socrates, who turned philosophy from study of the heavens to study of the human things.[13] Socrates is said to have studied the question of how a person should best live, but he left no written works. It is clear from the works of his students Plato and Xenophon, and also by what was said about him by Aristotle (Plato's student), that Socrates was a rationalist and believed that the best life and the life most suited to human nature involved reasoning. The Socratic school was the dominant surviving influence in philosophical discussion in the Middle Ages, amongst Islamic, Christian, and Jewish philosophers.
The human soul in the works of Plato and Aristotle has a divided nature, divided in a specifically human way. One part is specifically human and rational, and divided into a part which is rational on its own, and a spirited part which can understand reason. Other parts of the soul are home to desires or passions similar to those found in animals. In both Aristotle and Plato, spiritedness (thumos) is distinguished from the other passions (epithumiai).[14] The proper function of the "rational" was to rule the other parts of the soul, helped by spiritedness. By this account, using one's reason is the best way to live, and philosophers are the highest types of humans.
Aristotle—Plato's most famous student—made some of the most famous and influential statements about human nature. In his works, apart from using a similar scheme of a divided human soul, some clear statements about human nature are made:
Man is a conjugal animal, meaning an animal which is born to couple when an adult, thus building a household (oikos) and, in more successful cases, a clan or small village still run upon patriarchal lines.[15]
Man is a political animal, meaning an animal with an innate propensity to develop more complex communities the size of a city or town, with a division of labor and law-making. This type of community is different in kind from a large family, and requires the special use of human reason.[16]
Man is a mimetic animal. Man loves to use his imagination (and not only to make laws and run town councils). He says "we enjoy looking at accurate likenesses of things which are themselves painful to see, obscene beasts, for instance, and corpses." And the "reason why we enjoy seeing likenesses is that, as we look, we learn and infer what each is, for instance, 'that is so and so.'"[17]
For Aristotle, reason is not only what is most special about humanity compared to other animals, but it is also what we were meant to achieve at our best. Much of Aristotle's description of human nature is still influential today. However, the particular teleological idea that humans are "meant" or intended to be something has become much less popular in modern times.[18]
For the Socratics, human nature, and all natures, are metaphysical concepts. Aristotle developed the standard presentation of this approach with his theory of four causes. Every living thing exhibits four aspects or "causes": matter, form, effect, and end. For example, an oak tree is made of plant cells (matter), grew from an acorn (effect), exhibits the nature of oak trees (form), and grows into a fully mature oak tree (end). Human nature is an example of a formal cause, according to Aristotle. Likewise, to become a fully actualized human being (including fully actualizing the mind) is our end. Aristotle (Nicomachean Ethics, Book X) suggests that the human intellect (νούς) is "smallest in bulk" but the most significant part of the human psyche, and should be cultivated above all else. The cultivation of learning and intellectual growth of the philosopher, which is thereby also the happiest and least painful life.
In Chinese thought[edit]
Human nature is a central question in Chinese philosophy.[19] Human nature was considered by Confucius and Mencius to be essentially good.[19] From the Song dynasty the theory of the original goodness of human beings dominated Confucian thought.[20] However, Hsun Tzu taught that human nature was essentially evil.[19] As suggested by these contrasting views, the question of human nature has generated a long debate among Chinese thinkers.[20]
Christian theology[edit]
Main article: Christian theology
In Christian theology, there are two ways of "conceiving human nature". The first is "spiritual, Biblical, and theistic", whereas the second is "natural, cosmical, and anti-theistic".[21] The focus in this section is on the former. As William James put it in his study of human nature from a religious perspective, "religion" has a "department of human nature".[22]
Various views of human nature have been held by theologians. However, there are some "basic assertions" in all "biblical anthropology".[23]
"Humankind has its origin in God, its creator."
"Humans bear the 'image of God'."
Humans are "to rule the rest of creation".
The Bible contains no single "doctrine of human nature". Rather, it provides material for more philosophical descriptions of human nature.[24] For example, Creation as found in the Book of Genesis provides a theory on human nature.[25]
Catechism of the Catholic Church[26] in chapter "Dignity of the human person" has article about man as image of God, vocation to beatitude, freedom, human acts, passions, moral conscience, virtues and sin.
Created human nature[edit]
As originally created, the Bible describes "two elements" in human nature: "the body and the breath or spirit of life breathed into it by God". By this was created a "living soul", that is, a "living person".[27] According to Genesis 1:27, this living person was made in the "image of God".[28] From the biblical perspective, "to be human is to bear the image of God".[29]
"Two main modes of conceiving human nature—the one of which is spiritual, Biblical, and theistic," and the other "natural, cosmical, and anti-theistic." John Tulloch[21]
Genesis does not elaborate the meaning of "the image of God", but scholars find suggestions. One is that being created in the image of God distinguishes human nature from that of the beasts.[30] Another is that as God is "able to make decisions and rule" so humans made in God's image are "able to make decisions and rule". A third is that mankind possesses an inherent ability "to set goals" and move toward them.[31] That God denoted creation as "good" suggests that Adam was "created in the image of God, in righteousness."[32]
Adam was created with ability to make "right choices", but also with the ability to choose sin, by which he fell from righteousness into a state of "sin and depravity".[33] Thus, according to the Bible, "humankind is not as God created it".[34]
Fallen human nature[edit]
Main article: Fall of man
By Adam's fall into sin, "human nature" became "corrupt", although it retains the image of God. Both the Old Testament and the New Testament teach that "sin is universal".[35] For example, Psalm 51:5 reads: "For behold I was conceived in iniquities; and in sins did my mother conceive me."[36] Jesus taught that everyone is a "sinner naturally" because it is mankind's "nature and disposition to sin".[37] Paul, in Romans 7:18, speaks of his "sinful nature".[38]
Such a "recognition that there is something wrong with the moral nature of man is found in all religions".[39] Augustine of Hippo coined a term for the assessment that all humans are born sinful: original sin.[40] Original sin is "the tendency to sin innate in all human beings".[41] The doctrine of original sin is held by the Catholic Church and most mainstream Protestant denominations, but rejected by the Eastern Orthodox Church, which holds the similar doctrine of ancestral fault.
"The corruption of original sin extends to every aspect of human nature": to "reason and will" as well as to "appetites and impulses". This condition is sometimes called "total depravity".[42] Total depravity does not mean that humanity is as "thoroughly depraved" as it could become.[43] Commenting on Romans 2:14, John Calvin writes that all people have "some notions of justice and rectitude ... which are implanted by nature" all people.[44]
Adam embodied the "whole of human nature" so when Adam sinned "all of human nature sinned".[45] The Old Testament does not explicitly link the "corruption of human nature" to Adam's sin. However, the "universality of sin" implies a link to Adam. In the New Testament, Paul concurs with the "universality of sin". He also makes explicit what the Old Testament implied: the link between humanity's "sinful nature" and Adam's sin[46] In Romans 5:19, Paul writes, "through [Adam's] disobedience humanity became sinful".[47] Paul also applied humanity's sinful nature to himself: "there is nothing good in my sinful nature."[48][49]
The theological "doctrine of original sin" as an inherent element of human nature is not based only on the Bible. It is in part a "generalization from obvious facts" open to empirical observation.[50]
Empirical view[edit]
A number of experts on human nature have described the manifestations of original (i.e., the innate tendency to) sin as empirical facts.
Biologist Richard Dawkins in his The Selfish Gene states that "a predominant quality" in a successful surviving gene is "ruthless selfishness". Furthermore, "this gene selfishness will usually give rise to selfishness in individual behavior".[51]
Child psychologist Burton L. White, PhD,[52] finds a "selfish" trait in children from birth, a trait that expresses itself in actions that are "blatantly selfish."[53]
Sociologist William Graham Sumner finds it a fact that "everywhere one meets "fraud, corruption, ignorance, selfishness, and all the other vices of human nature".[54] He enumerates "the vices and passions of human nature" as "cupidity, lust, vindictiveness, ambition, and vanity". Sumner finds such human nature to be universal: in all people, in all places, and in all stations in society.[55]
Psychiatrist Thomas Anthony Harris, MD, on the basis of his "data at hand", observes "sin, or badness, or evil, or 'human nature', whatever we call the flaw in our species, is apparent in every person". Harris calls this condition "intrinsic badness" or "original sin".[56]
Empirical discussion questioning the genetic exclusivity of such an intrinsic badness proposition is presented by researchers Elliott Sober and David Sloan Wilson. In their book, Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior, they propose a theory of multilevel group selection in support of an inherent genetic "altruism" in opposition to the original sin exclusivity for human nature.[57]
Realistic view[edit]
Liberal theologians in the early 20th century described human nature as "basically good" needing only "proper training and education". But the above examples document the return to a "more realistic view" of human nature "as basically sinful and self-centered". Human nature needs "to be regenerated ... to be able to live the unselfish life".[58]
Regenerated human nature[edit]
Main article: Regeneration (theology)
According to the Bible, "Adam's disobedience corrupted human nature" but God mercifully "regenerates".[59] "Regeneration is a radical change" that involves a "renewal of our [human] nature".[60] Thus, to counter original sin, Christianity purposes "a complete transformation of individuals" by Christ.[61]
The goal of Christ's coming is that fallen humanity might be "conformed to or transformed into the image of Christ who is the perfect image of God", as in 2 Corinthians 4:4.[62] The New Testament makes clear the "universal need" for regeneration.[63] A sampling of biblical portrayals of regenerating human nature and the behavioral results follow.
being "transformed by the renewing of your minds" (Romans 12:2)[64]
being transformed from one's "old self" (or "old man") into a "new self" (or "new man") (Col.3:9-10)[65]
being transformed from people who "hate others" and "are hard to get along with" and who are "jealous, angry, and selfish" to people who are "loving, happy, peaceful, patient, kind, good, faithful, gentle, and self-controlled" (Galatians 5:20-23)[66]
being transformed from looking "to your own interests" to looking "to the interests of others" (Philippians 2:4)[67]
Early modern philosophy[edit]
One of the defining changes that occurred at the end of the Middle Ages was the end of the dominance of Aristotelian philosophy, and its replacement by a new approach to the study of nature, including human nature.[citation needed] In this approach, all attempts at conjecture about formal and final causes were rejected as useless speculation.[citation needed] Also, the term "law of nature" now applied to any regular and predictable pattern in nature, not literally a law made by a divine lawmaker, and, in the same way, "human nature" became not a special metaphysical cause, but simply whatever can be said to be typical tendencies of humans.[citation needed]
Although this new realism applied to the study of human life from the beginning—for example, in Machiavelli's works—the definitive argument for the final rejection of Aristotle was associated especially with Francis Bacon. Bacon sometimes wrote as if he accepted the traditional four causes ("It is a correct position that "true knowledge is knowledge by causes". And causes again are not improperly distributed into four kinds: the material, the formal, the efficient, and the final") but he adapted these terms and rejected one of the three:
But of these the final cause rather corrupts than advances the sciences, except such as have to do with human action. The discovery of the formal is despaired of. The efficient and the material (as they are investigated and received, that is, as remote causes, without reference to the latent process leading to the form) are but slight and superficial, and contribute little, if anything, to true and active science.[68]
This line of thinking continued with René Descartes, whose new approach returned philosophy or science to its pre-Socratic focus upon non-human things. Thomas Hobbes, then Giambattista Vico, and David Hume all claimed to be the first to properly use a modern Baconian scientific approach to human things.
Hobbes famously followed Descartes in describing humanity as matter in motion, just like machines. He also very influentially described man's natural state (without science and artifice) as one where life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short".[69] Following him, John Locke's philosophy of empiricism also saw human nature as a tabula rasa. In this view, the mind is at birth a "blank slate" without rules, so data are added, and rules for processing them are formed solely by our sensory experiences.[70]
Jean-Jacques Rousseau pushed the approach of Hobbes to an extreme and criticized it at the same time. He was a contemporary and acquaintance of Hume, writing before the French Revolution and long before Darwin and Freud. He shocked Western civilization with his Second Discourse by proposing that humans had once been solitary animals, without reason or language or communities, and had developed these things due to accidents of pre-history. (This proposal was also less famously made by Giambattista Vico.) In other words, Rousseau argued that human nature was not only not fixed, but not even approximately fixed compared to what had been assumed before him. Humans are political, and rational, and have language now, but originally they had none of these things.[71] This in turn implied that living under the management of human reason might not be a happy way to live at all, and perhaps there is no ideal way to live. Rousseau is also unusual in the extent to which he took the approach of Hobbes, asserting that primitive humans were not even naturally social. A civilized human is therefore not only imbalanced and unhappy because of the mismatch between civilized life and human nature, but unlike Hobbes, Rousseau also became well known for the suggestion that primitive humans had been happier, "noble savages".[72]
Rousseau's conception of human nature has been seen as the origin of many intellectual and political developments of the 19th and 20th centuries.[73] He was an important influence upon Kant, Hegel, and Marx, and the development of German idealism, historicism, and romanticism.
What human nature did entail, according to Rousseau and the other modernists of the 17th and 18th centuries, were animal-like passions that led humanity to develop language and reasoning, and more complex communities (or communities of any kind, according to Rousseau).
In contrast to Rousseau, David Hume was a critic of the oversimplifying and systematic approach of Hobbes, Rousseau, and some others whereby, for example, all human nature is assumed to be driven by variations of selfishness. Influenced by Hutcheson and Shaftesbury, he argued against oversimplification. On the one hand, he accepted that, for many political and economic subjects, people could be assumed to be driven by such simple selfishness, and he also wrote of some of the more social aspects of "human nature" as something which could be destroyed, for example if people did not associate in just societies. On the other hand, he rejected what he called the "paradox of the sceptics", saying that no politician could have invented words like "'honourable' and 'shameful,' 'lovely' and 'odious,' 'noble' and 'despicable'", unless there was not some natural "original constitution of the mind".[74]
Hume—like Rousseau—was controversial in his own time for his modernist approach, following the example of Bacon and Hobbes, of avoiding consideration of metaphysical explanations for any type of cause and effect. He was accused of being an atheist. He wrote:
We needn't push our researches so far as to ask "Why do we have humanity, i.e. a fellow-feeling with others?" It's enough that we experience this as a force in human nature. Our examination of causes must stop somewhere.[74]
After Rousseau and Hume, the nature of philosophy and science changed, branching into different disciplines and approaches, and the study of human nature changed accordingly. Rousseau's proposal that human nature is malleable became a major influence upon international revolutionary movements of various kinds, while Hume's approach has been more typical in Anglo-Saxon countries, including the United States.[citation needed]
Natural science[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2018)
Charles Darwin gave a widely accepted scientific argument for what Rousseau had already argued from a different direction, that humans and other animal species have no truly fixed nature, at least in the very long term.[citation needed] However, he also gave modern biology a new way of understanding how human nature does exist in a normal human time-frame,[clarification needed] and how it is caused.[citation needed]
E. O. Wilson's sociobiology and closely related theory of evolutionary psychology give scientific arguments[clarification needed] against the "tabula rasa" hypotheses of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau.[citation needed]
In his book Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (1998), Wilson claimed that it was time for a cooperation of all the sciences to explore human nature. He defined human nature as a collection of epigenetic rules: the genetic patterns of mental development. Cultural phenomena, rituals, etc. are products, not part of human nature. Until now, these phenomena were only part of psychological, sociological, and anthropological studies. Wilson proposes that they can be part of interdisciplinary research.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Aggressionism
Amity-enmity complex
Common sense
Cynicism
Dehumanization
Diathesis-stress model
Differential susceptibility hypothesis
Defence mechanism
Enneagram of Personality
Homo sapiens
Human condition
Humanism
Nature
Norm (philosophy)
Norm (sociology)
Normality (behavior)
Psychology
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Definition of HUMAN NATURE". www.merriam-webster.com.
Jump up ^ "human nature".
Jump up ^ "the definition of human nature". Dictionary.com.
Jump up ^ "human nature Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org.
Jump up ^ Ramachandran, V. S. (1996). "What neurological syndromes can tell us about human nature: some lessons from phantom limbs, capgras syndrome, and anosognosia". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 61: 115–134. ISSN 0091-7451. PMID 9246441.
Jump up ^ Blank, Robert H. (2002). "Review of Jean-Pierre Changeux and Paul Ricoeur. 2000. What Makes Us Think? A Neuroscientist and Philosopher Argue about Ethics, Human Nature, and the Brain". The American journal of bioethics: AJOB. 2 (4): 69–70. doi:10.1162/152651602320957718. ISSN 1536-0075. PMID 22494253.
Jump up ^ Fowler, James H.; Schreiber, Darren (2008-11-07). "Biology, politics, and the emerging science of human nature". Science. 322 (5903): 912–914. doi:10.1126/science.1158188. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 18988845.
Jump up ^ Paulson, Steve; Berlin, Heather A.; Miller, Christian B.; Shermer, Michael (2016). "The moral animal: virtue, vice, and human nature". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1384 (1): 39–56. doi:10.1111/nyas.13067. ISSN 1749-6632. PMID 27248691.
Jump up ^ "Progress or Refurn" in An Introduction to Political Philosophy: Ten Essays by Leo Strauss. (Expanded version of Political Philosophy: Six Essays by Leo Strauss, 1975.) Ed. Hilail Gilden. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1989.
Jump up ^ Aristotle, Metaphysics, 1078b.
Jump up ^ Saunders, Jason Lewis (26 October 2008). "Western Philosophical Schools and Doctrines: Ancient and Medieval Schools: Sophists: Particular Doctrines: Theoretical issues.". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2011. Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
Jump up ^ "TELEOLOGICAL REALISM IN BIOLOGY". www.academia.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
Jump up ^ Aristotle's Metaphysics
Jump up ^ Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics Book I and VI; Plato Republic Book IV.
Jump up ^ Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, VIII. 1162a; Politics 1252a.
Jump up ^ Aristotle, Politics 1252b.
Jump up ^ Aristotle, Poetics 1148b.
Jump up ^ Aristotle, The Politics of Aristotle: With an Introduction, Two Prefactory Essays and Notes Critical and Explanatory, Clarendon Press, 1887, Pg. 189–190
^ Jump up to: a b c Paul C Tang and N Basafa, Human Nature in Chinese Thought: A Wittgensteinian Treatment. Proceedings of the 12th International Wittgenstein Symposium 1988
^ Jump up to: a b Yen, Hung-Chung. "Human Nature and Learning in Ancient China." Education as Cultivation in Chinese Culture. Springer Singapore, 2015. 19-43.
^ Jump up to: a b John Tulloch, Christian Doctrine of Sin (Scribner, Armstrong, 1876), 6.
Jump up ^ William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (The Modern Library, 1902), 473.
Jump up ^ Justo L. González, Essential Theological Terms s.v. "Anthropoology" (Westminster John Knox, 2005), 8.
Jump up ^ Kevin J. Vanhoozer, gen. ed., Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible (Baker, 2005), s.v. "Human Being, Doctrine of," 310.
Jump up ^ Ackerman, Kenneth. "Anthropology and Human Nature, 13" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText". www.vatican.va.
Jump up ^ Louis Berkhof, Systematic Theology (Eerdmans, 1996), 183.
Jump up ^ "Genesis Chapter 1 (NIV)".
Jump up ^ Anthony A. Hoekema, Created in God's Image (Eerdmans, 1986), 18.
Jump up ^ Kevin J. Vanhoozer, gen. ed., Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible (Baker, 2005), s. v. "Image of God," 318-319.
Jump up ^ Anthony A. Hoekema, Created in God's Image (Eerdmans, 1986), 5, 14.
Jump up ^ James Wood, A Dictionary of the Holy Bible (Griffin and Rudd, 1813), 34.
Jump up ^ Anthony A. Hoekema, Created in God's Image (Eerdmans, 1986), 231.
Jump up ^ Malcolm Jeeves, Human Nature: Reflections on the Integration of Psychology and Christianity (Templeton ,2006), 115.
Jump up ^ Anthony A. Hoekema, Created in God's Image (Eerdmans, 1986), 17, 141.
Jump up ^ Psalm 51:5
Jump up ^ John Tulloch, Christian Doctrine of Sin (Scribner, Armstrong, 1876), 124-125.
Jump up ^ "Romans 7:18. - - Bible Gateway". www.biblegateway.com.
Jump up ^ Anthony A. Hoekema, Created in God's Image (Eerdmans, 1986), 141.
Jump up ^ Kevin J. Vanhoozer, gen. ed., Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible (Baker, 2005), 312.
Jump up ^ "original sin" in The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English (Oxford University, 2009).
Jump up ^ Anthony A. Hoekema, Created in God's Image (Eerdmans, 1986), 152.
Jump up ^ Louis Berkhof, Systematic Theology (Eerdmans, 1996), 246.
Jump up ^ Calvin, John. "2". Commentary on Romans.
Jump up ^ Anthony A. Hoekema, Created in God's Image (Eerdmans, 1986), 158.
Jump up ^ James Hastings, ed., A Dictionary of the Bible: Pleroma-Zuzim (C. Scribner's Sons, 1902) s. v. "Sin," 528, 534.
Jump up ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Romans 5:19 - GOD'S WORD Translation". Bible Gateway.
Jump up ^ "Romans 7:18 - NIRV - I know there is nothing good in my sinful natur..." Bible Study Tools.
Jump up ^ "Sarx - New Testament Greek Lexicon - New American Standard". Bible Study Tools.
Jump up ^ John Tulloch, Christian Doctrine of Sin (Scribner, Armstrong, 1876), 175.
Jump up ^ Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford University, 1989), 2-3.
Jump up ^ "Dr. Burton White, 84, believed children should avoid day care - The Boston Globe".
Jump up ^ Burton L. White, Raising a Happy, Unspoiled Child (Touchstone; Rev ed, 1995), 98, 269.
Jump up ^ William Graham Sumner (1914). The Challenge of Facts and Other Essays. Yale University. p. 233.
Jump up ^ "What Social Classes Owe to Each Other". Harper & Brothers. 1883.
Jump up ^ Thomas A. Harris, I'm OK — You're OK (HarperCollins, 2004, Quill edition), 233.
Jump up ^ Elliott Sober and David Sloan Wilson, Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998, 394 pp., ISBN 0-674-93046-0
Jump up ^ Anthony A. Hoekema, Created in God's Image (Eerdmans, 1986), 187-188.
Jump up ^ Walter A. Elwell, ed, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology (Baker, 2001), 399.
Jump up ^ Anthony A. Hoekema, Created in God's Image (Eerdmans, 1986), 101.
Jump up ^ Kevin J. Vanhoozer, gen. ed., Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible (Baker, 2005), 135, 313.
Jump up ^ Anthony A. Hoekema, Created in God's Image (Eerdmans, 1986), 21, 24.
Jump up ^ Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard, eds, Mercer Dictionary of the Bible (Mercer University, 1990), 741.
Jump up ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Romans 12:2 - New Revised Standard Version". Bible Gateway.
Jump up ^ "Colossians Chapter 3 (NIV)".
Jump up ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Galatians 5:20-23 - Contemporary English Version". Bible Gateway.
Jump up ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Philippians 2:4 - New Revised Standard Version". Bible Gateway.
Jump up ^ "Francis Bacon: Novum Organum (1620)". www.constitution.org. pp. Book II, Section II. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
Jump up ^ Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan, XIII.9
Jump up ^ Locke, John, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Kenneth P. Winkler (ed.), Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis, IN, 1996, pp. 33–36.
Jump up ^ Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, The Social Contract, Translated by Maurice Cranston, Published by Penguin Classics, 1968, ISBN 0-14-044201-4, pg. 136
Jump up ^ Velkley, Richard (2002), Being after Rousseau: Philosophy and Culture in Question, University of Chicago Press
Jump up ^ Delaney, James, Rousseau and the Ethics of Virtue, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN 0-8264-8724-6, pg. 49–52
^ Jump up to: a b An Enquiry into the Sources of Morals Section 5.1
Library resources about
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External links[edit]
"Human Nature", BBC Radio 4 discussion with Steven Pinker, Janet Radcliffe Richards & John Gray (In Our Time, Nov. 7, 2002)
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Blue Bloods (season 8)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Blue Bloods (season 8)
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
22
Release
Original network
CBS
Original release
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29) – May 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 7
List of Blue Bloods episodes
The eighth season of Blue Bloods, a police procedural drama series created by Robin Green and Mitchell Burgess, premiered on CBS on September 29, 2017.[1][2] The season contained 22 episodes and concluded on May 11, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
2 Episodes
3 Ratings
4 References
5 External links
Cast[edit]
Donnie Wahlberg (Danny Reagan), Bridget Moynahan (Erin Reagan), Will Estes (Jamie Reagan), and Len Cariou (Henry Reagan) are first credited. Sami Gayle (Nicky Reagan-Boyle) is credited next, marking the fourth season she has been included in the opening credits. Tom Selleck (Frank Reagan) receives an "and" billing at the close of the main title sequence. Amy Carlson (Linda Reagan) left between Seasons 7 and 8.
Marisa Ramirez, as Danny's partner Detective Maria Baez, and Vanessa Ray, as Jamie's partner Eddie Janko, continue to receive "also starring" billing for season 8. Appearing regularly and receiving "special guest star" billing are Gregory Jbara as Deputy Commissioner of Public Information Garrett Moore, Robert Clohessy as Lt. Sidney Gormley, and Abigail Hawk as Detective Abigail Baker, Frank's primary aide.
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
156
1 "Cutting Losses" David M. Barrett Siobhan Byrne O'Connor September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29) 801 10.04[3]
Erin pleads with Danny, who has been contemplating retirement since Linda's death in a rescue helicopter crash, to help her with a case involving her ex-husband, Jack (Peter Hermann) who's been attacked in his office. Jamie and Eddie go undercover as a couple to bust a shady drug dealer; new mayor Margaret Dutton (Lorraine Bracco) butts heads with Frank.
157
2 "Ghosts of the Past" John Behring Kevin Riley October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06) 803 9.49[4]
Frank receives an order from the mayor to attend the annual West Indies parade, which this year is honoring a man who served time for conspiring in an attack against the police. Meanwhile, Danny and Maria investigate the return of Selena Moore (Caroline Pluta), who suspiciously disappeared as a teen 13 years ago. Also, Jamie and Eddie try to help a young woman they believe is being exploited by Congressman Richard Walters (Richard Thomas).
158
3 "The Enemy of My Enemy" Robert Harmon Ian Biederman October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13) 802 8.98[5]
Erin's case against human trafficker Chao Lin (Tia Carrere) faces difficulty when the presiding judge falls off a roof to his death. Danny and Baez investigate, while also trying to protect a key witness for the prosecution. Elsewhere, Frank's enhanced public safety initiative is opposed by Mayor Dutton, but gains a surprising ally, City Council Speaker Regina Thomas (Whoopi Goldberg).
159
4 "Out of the Blue" David M. Barrett Brian Burns October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20) 804 9.08[6]
Danny and Baez work the case of a detective who was gunned down prior to testifying against a career criminal. Also, Frank personally investigates when Garrett is attacked by a SWAT team outside his home, and Erin brings in a confidential informant against Anthony's wishes.
160
5 "The Forgotten" Ralph Hemecker Allie Solomon October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27) 805 8.29[7]
Danny and Baez investigate the murder of a single mother whose ex-husband has a documented history of violence. Also, Frank deals with the fallout when Mayor Dutton eliminates solitary confinement in prisons, while Jamie's effort to save a young woman who overdosed on heroin has unexpected consequences.
161
6 "Brushed Off" Eric Laneuville Daniel Truly November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03) 806 9.27[8]
When a famous basketball player is found dead of an apparent drug overdose, Danny and Maria look into his possible ties to a local drug gang. Also, Erin revisits the case of a man she may have wrongfully convicted nine years ago, and Frank is approached by Archbishop Kearns (Stacy Keach) regarding an eviction matter Jamie and Eddie are working on.
162
7 "Common Ground" David M. Barrett Siobhan Byrne O'Connor November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10) 807 9.94[9]
A case turns personal for Danny when he works to protect a nurse, Faith Madson (Jessie Mueller), from her violent ex-boyfriend. Meanwhile, Shelly Wayne (Cassandra Freeman), an acquaintance of Frank's, comes to him with a theory regarding the death of an inmate. Also, Jamie and Eddie help deliver a baby, only to learn that the mother and her family are undocumented immigrants living in deplorable conditions.
163
8 "Pick Your Poison" Heather Cappiello Kevin Wade November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17) 808 9.25[10]
Eddie makes a questionable arrest of a man revealed to be a college acquaintance who once humiliated her in a frat house. Frank learns one of his best lieutenants tested positive for marijuana after a trip to Colorado, and gets caught between department regulations and Mayor Dutton's stance on making pot legal. Meanwhile, Danny and Baez investigate a murder linked to a white supremacist group.
164
9 "Pain Killers" John Behring Ian Biederman December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01) 809 8.84[11]
As Danny and Baez join a narcotics task force to track down a drug supplier at a prep school, Baez comes into contact with fentanyl and is soon fighting for her life from an accidental overdose. Also, Jamie and Eddie work to protect a rehabilitated sex offender whose neighbors are angry he lives in their apartment building, and Frank forms an unlikely alliance with Mayor Dutton when Governor Mendez (David Zayas) refuses to involve the NYPD during a major state trooper initiative.
165
10 "Heavy Is the Head" David M. Barrett Brian Burns December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08) 810 9.40[12]
Erin is conflicted when Jamie and Eddie ask her to help drop old charges against a man, Parker Mack (Spencer House), who just bravely rescued a woman from a local hostage situation. Meanwhile, Danny and Baez work a case involving car thieves and discover the leader is Victor Lugo (Nick Cordero), a mobster they've dealt with before. Also, Baker receives a job offer which Frank learns may have strings attached.
166
11 "Second Chances" Deran Sarafian Kevin Riley January 5, 2018 (2018-01-05) 811 9.98[13]
When a journalist disappears while working on an exposé about an innocent man serving time for murder, Danny and Baez hope that reexamining the original case will help find her. Also, Frank reluctantly speaks out against an initiative led by Erin's office to consider drug abuse as a disease first, and a crime second.
167
12 "The Brave" Tom Moore Siobhan Byrne O'Connor January 12, 2018 (2018-01-12) 812 10.17[14]
Anthony is shot while interviewing a witness for an upcoming murder trial. Despite their differences, Danny takes up the case to find out who was responsible, telling Erin that Anthony is still "one of us". Also, Jamie and Eddie get in the middle of a standoff between a police lieutenant and a developmentally disabled man posing as an officer, and Nicky prepares to take the police exam over her mom's objections.
168
13 "Erasing History" Jane Raab Daniel Truly January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19) 813 9.45[15]
When Henry is the key witness on Danny and Baez's case, his meddling pushes Danny's buttons until he leads them to valuable information. Also, Nicky shocks her family by siding with her activist friend, Christie (Naian Gonzalez Norvind), who defaced the NYPD flag with red paint at One Police Plaza, and Jamie and Eddie learn a parole officer is taking advantage of his power over parolees.
169
14 "School of Hard Knocks" Alex Zakrzewski Ian Biederman February 2, 2018 (2018-02-02) 814 9.32[16]
When a student is shot by a rival gang member in his high school courtyard, Danny and Baez try to get a grasp on the situation to prevent a reoccurrence, but the principal, Darryl Ward (Ernie Hudson), recklessly takes matters into his own hands. Also, Erin tries to help her friend, Mickey (Raphael Sbarge), who is mixed up in an illegal gambling ring, and Governor Mendez tries to frame Frank after one of his top legislative aides is shot by an NYPD officer.
170
15 "Legacy" David M. Barrett Allie Solomon March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02) 815 9.06[17]
Danny thinks about taking a new, higher-paying job to help with his family's financial issues. At the same time, he and Maria work a case of a recently divorced man who was poisoned. Nicky is sexually harassed by her boss while working at her new internship. Frank has to deal with the fallout after a rookie cop is caught on video questioning the immigration status of a pedestrian.
171
16 "Tale of Two Cities" Robert Duncan McNeill Brian Burns March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09) 816 8.95[18]
Danny and Baez investigate the murder of a man who was living a double life with two separate families, and Anthony tries to resist when Erin asks him to help investigate his old partner, whom she suspects of stealing drug money. Also, Frank deliberates between two candidates for the chief of transit position.
172
17 "Close Calls" Jane Raab Peter Blauner March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30) 817 8.43[19]
After Danny's brother-in-law, Jimmy (Kevin Dillon), gets caught up with the mob and steals Danny's credit card, Danny forces Jimmy to take down the mobsters with Baez's help. Meanwhile, Frank has Erin and Anthony investigate if his old partner, Lenny (Treat Williams), is truly guilty of a crime. Also, Jamie is approached by Tariq (Rene Ifrah), an officer he met at the academy almost ten years ago, who wants his help getting released from his undercover assignment at a mosque.
173
18 "Friendship, Love, and Loyalty" Robert Harmon Siobhan Byrne O'Connor April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06) 818 8.75[20]
After a woman voices her outrage regarding the NYPD's inability to find her son's murderer, Danny reexamines the case, upsetting the original detective, Erin, and Anthony, who didn't pursue the case due to lack of evidence. Elsewhere, Eddie is shot while she and Jamie respond to a domestic dispute call, but her vest saves her; another officer is killed in the exchange of gunfire. Erin and her ex-husband, Jack, face off when the latter defends the shooter. Frank contends with an angry police force when Mayor Dutton suggests at a press conference that the shooter may have felt threatened by the police.
174
19 "Risk Management" David M. Barrett Ian Biederman April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13) 819 8.25[21]
Danny and Baez race to find a missing girl who will die within 72 hours without her heart medication. Also, Jamie and Eddie are on the wrong side of an investigation after engaging in a car chase, Frank, Garrett and Gormley investigate the rise in the settlement of lawsuits against cops, and Sean wins an essay contest and receives a medal from former New York City Mayor David Dinkins.
175
20 "Your Six" Ralph Hemecker Brian Burns April 27, 2018 (2018-04-27) 820 8.13[22]
When Danny resorts to asking his incarcerated archenemy, Victor Lugo (Nick Cordero), for help locating a dangerous criminal who escaped from prison, Lugo refuses to assist unless he's allowed to accompany them on the pursuit. Meanwhile, Frank subtly tries to convince Jamie to take the sergeant's test, but Jamie gives the application to Eddie instead. Also, Erin's plan to go on a date with her ex-husband causes friction between her and Anthony.
176
21 "The Devil You Know" John Behring Peter Blauner May 4, 2018 (2018-05-04) 821 7.78[23]
Frank goes head-to-head with a data-tracking company when they refuse to unlock the phone of a terrorist that may hold information regarding upcoming targets. Elsewhere, when Erin obtains information about an impending murder from a known crime boss (John Pankow), she gets Danny and Baez involved, despite the questionable agenda of the informant. Also, Jamie and Eddie try to locate a woman who kidnapped a newborn baby.
177
22 "My Aim is True" David M. Barrett Kevin Wade May 11, 2018 (2018-05-11) 822 8.88[24]
When a series of drive-by murders occur after six wrongly convicted men are released from prison, Danny and Baez wonder if they were orchestrated by one or more of the men as an act of revenge. Meanwhile, Frank combats the guilt he feels about these innocent men unfairly serving nine years in prison. Also, Jamie and Eddie find themselves in a life-threatening situation which affects their personal relationship.
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Cutting Losses" September 29, 2017 1.1/5 10.04[3] 0.7 4.57 1.8 14.60[25]
2 "Ghosts of the Past" October 6, 2017 1.0/4 9.49[4] 0.7 4.18 1.7 13.67[26]
3 "The Enemy of My Enemy" October 13, 2017 0.9/4 8.98[5] 0.6 4.13 1.5 13.11[27]
4 "Out of the Blue" October 20, 2017 0.9/4 9.08[6] 0.7 4.12 1.6 13.20[28]
5 "The Forgotten" October 27, 2017 0.9/4 8.29[7] N/A 4.14 N/A 12.43[29]
6 "Brushed Off" November 3, 2017 0.9/4 9.27[8] N/A 3.97 N/A 13.24[30]
7 "Common Ground" November 10, 2017 1.0/5 9.94[9] 0.7 3.84 1.7 13.78[31]
8 "Pick Your Poison" November 17, 2017 0.9/4 9.25[10] N/A 4.14 N/A 13.40[32]
9 "Pain Killers" December 1, 2017 0.8/4 8.84[11] 0.7 4.54 1.5 13.41[33]
10 "Heavy is the Head" December 8, 2017 0.9/4 9.40[12] 0.7 4.07 1.6 13.47[34]
11 "Second Chances" January 5, 2018 1.0/4 9.98[13] N/A N/A N/A N/A
12 "The Brave" January 12, 2018 1.0/4 10.17[14] 0.7 4.39 1.7 14.56[35]
13 "Erasing History" January 19, 2018 0.9/4 9.45[15] 0.7 4.42 1.6 13.87[36]
14 "School of Hard Knocks" February 2, 2018 0.9/4 9.32[16] 0.7 4.36 1.6 13.69[37]
15 "Legacy" March 2, 2018 0.9/4 9.06[17] N/A 4.42 N/A 13.47[38]
16 "Tale of Two Cities" March 9, 2018 0.8/4 8.95[18] N/A 4.24 N/A 13.27[39]
17 "Close Calls" March 30, 2018 0.9/4 8.43[19] 0.8 4.23 1.7 12.66[40]
18 "Friendship, Love, and Loyalty" April 6, 2018 0.8/4 8.75[20] 0.6 4.17 1.4 12.92[41]
19 "Risk Management" April 13, 2018 0.8/4 8.25[21] N/A 3.33 N/A 11.58[42]
20 "Your Six" April 27, 2018 0.8/4 8.13[22] 0.6 4.50 1.4 12.63[43]
21 "The Devil You Know" May 4, 2018 0.7/3 7.78[23] TBD TBD TBD TBD
22 "My Aim is True" May 11, 2018 0.9/4 8.88[24] TBD TBD TBD TBD
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 23, 2017). "CBS Renews 5 Freshman & 11 Returning Series, Including 'MacGyver', 'Superior Donuts', 'Life In Pieces' & 'Hawaii Five-O'". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 23, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CBS Announces Fall 2017-2018 Primetime Premiere Dates". CBS.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 2, 2017). "'Hell's Kitchen' premiere adjusts up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 9, 2017). "'Hawaii Five-0' and 'Hell's Kitchen' adjust up, 'Exorcist' adjusts down: Friday final ratings". Retrieved October 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (October 16, 2017). "'Hell's Kitchen,' 'MacGyver,' 'Once Upon a Time,' & more remain unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 23, 2017). "'Jane the Virgin,' 'Hawaii Five-0,' all others unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 30, 2017). "'MacGyver,' 'Jane the Virgin' and World Series adjust up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 6, 2017). "'Hawaii Five-0,' 'Once Upon a Time' and others unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 13, 2017). "'Hawaii Five-0,' 'Hell's Kitchen,' everything else unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 20, 2017). "'Hell's Kitchen,' 'MacGyver' and all others unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (December 4, 2017). "'Blue Bloods' and 'The Exorcist' adjust down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (December 11, 2017). "'Blue Bloods' adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 8, 2018). "'Child Support,' 'MacGyver,' everything else steady: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 16, 2018). "'Hawaii Five-0' adjusts up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 22, 2018). "'Penn & Teller: Fool Us' rerun adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (February 5, 2018). "'Hell's Kitchen' finale, 'Jane the Virgin,' all others hold: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 5, 2018). "'Blue Bloods,' 'Blindspot,' all others unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 12, 2018). "'Blue Bloods,' 'Agents of SHIELD,' 'Taken,' 'Confronting Putin' adjust down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 2, 2018). "'Blindspot' adjusts up, 'Dynasty' adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 9, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD' adjusts up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 16, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD' adjusts up, 'Taken' adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 30, 2018). "'MacGyver,' 'Blindspot' and all others hold: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 7, 2018). "'Dynasty' and 'Life Sentence' adjust down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 14, 2018). "'Blue Bloods' finale adjusts up, Meghan Markle special adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 13, 2017). "'This Is Us' and 'The Good Doctor' score big in premiere week broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 18, 2017). "'The Orville,' 'Once Upon a Time,' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers.com. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 25, 2017). "'The Good Doctor' is the most-watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 2, 2017). "'Chicago PD,' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 9, 2017). "'Grey's Anatomy' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 17, 2017). "'This Is Us' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 27, 2017). "'This Is Us' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 5, 2017). "'Jane the Virgin,' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 15, 2017). "CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 21, 2017). "'Agents of SHIELD' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 26, 2018). "'The Brave' goes from low to … less low: Week 16 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 1, 2018). "'This Is Us,' 'The Good Doctor' both double in week 17 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 15, 2018). "Closing the book on the Super Bowl 'This Is Us': Week 19 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 15, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD,' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 22, 2018). "'This Is Us' leads the week 24 broadcast Live +7 ratings – by quite a bit". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 11, 2018). "'Roseanne' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 19, 2018). "'Will & Grace' finale, 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 26, 2018). "'New Girl' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 10, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD,' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
List of Blue Bloods episodes on IMDb
List of Blue Bloods episodes at TV.com
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