text:
Bud
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"Flower bud" redirects here. For EP of GFriend, see Flower Bud (EP).
For other uses, see Bud (disambiguation).
European beech (Fagus sylvatica) bud
In botany, a bud is an undeveloped or embryonic shoot and normally occurs in the axil of a leaf or at the tip of a stem. Once formed, a bud may remain for some time in a dormant condition, or it may form a shoot immediately. Buds may be specialized to develop flowers or short shoots, or may have the potential for general shoot development. The term bud is also used in zoology, where it refers to an outgrowth from the body which can develop into a new individual.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Types of buds
2.1 Image gallery
3 Within botany
4 References
Overview[edit]
Inflorescence bud scales in Halesia carolina
The buds of many woody plants, especially in temperate or cold climates, are protected by a covering of modified leaves called scales which tightly enclose the more delicate parts of the bud. Many bud scales are covered by a gummy substance which serves as added protection. When the bud develops, the scales may enlarge somewhat but usually just drop off, leaving a series of horizontally-elongated scars on the surface of the growing stem. By means of these scars one can determine the age of any young branch, since each year's growth ends in the formation of a bud, the formation of which produces an additional group of bud scale scars. Continued growth of the branch causes these scars to be obliterated after a few years so that the total age of older branches cannot be determined by this means.
In many plants scales do not form over the bud, and the bud is then called a naked bud.[1] The minute underdeveloped leaves in such buds are often excessively hairy. Naked buds are found in some shrubs, like some species of the Sumac and Viburnums (Viburnum alnifolium and V. lantana)[2] and in herbaceous plants. In many of the latter, buds are even more reduced, often consisting of undifferentiated masses of cells in the axils of leaves. A terminal bud occurs on the end of a stem and lateral buds are found on the side. A head of cabbage (see Brassica) is an exceptionally large terminal bud, while Brussels sprouts are large lateral buds.
Since buds are formed in the axils of leaves, their distribution on the stem is the same as that of leaves. There are alternate, opposite, and whorled buds, as well as the terminal bud at the tip of the stem. In many plants buds appear in unexpected places: these are known as adventitious buds.[3]
Often it is possible to find a bud in a remarkable series of gradations of bud scales. In the buckeye, for example, one may see a complete gradation from the small brown outer scale through larger scales which on unfolding become somewhat green to the inner scales of the bud, which are remarkably leaf-like. Such a series suggests that the scales of the bud are in truth leaves, modified to protect the more delicate parts of the plant during unfavorable periods.
Types of buds[edit]
Plant buds classification
Terminal, vegetative bud of Ficus carica
Buds are often useful in the identification of plants, especially for woody plants in winter when leaves have fallen.[4] Buds may be classified and described according to different criteria: location, status, morphology, and function.
Botanists commonly use the following terms:
for location:
terminal, when located at the tip of a stem (apical is equivalent but rather reserved for the one at the top of the plant);
axillary, when located in the axil of a leaf (lateral is the equivalent but some adventitious buds may be lateral too);
adventitious, when occurring elsewhere, for example on trunk or on roots (some adventitious buds may be former axillary ones reduced and hidden under the bark, other adventitious buds are completely new formed ones).
for status:
accessory, for secondary buds formed besides a principal bud (axillary or terminal);
resting, for buds that form at the end of a growth season, which will lie dormant until onset of the next growth season;
dormant or latent, for buds whose growth has been delayed for a rather long time. The term is usable as a synonym of resting, but is better employed for buds waiting undeveloped for years, for example epicormic buds;
pseudoterminal, for an axillary bud taking over the function of a terminal bud (characteristic of species whose growth is sympodial: terminal bud dies and is replaced by the closer axillary bud, for examples beech, persimmon, Platanus have sympodial growth).
for morphology:
scaly or covered (perulate), when scales, also referred to as a perule (lat. perula, perulaei) (which are in fact transformed and reduced leaves) cover and protect the embryonic parts;
naked, when not covered by scales;
hairy, when also protected by hairs (it may apply either to scaly or to naked buds).
for function:
vegetative, if only containing vegetative pieces: embryonic shoot with leaves (a leaf bud is the same);
reproductive, if containing embryonic flower(s) (a flower bud is the same);
mixed, if containing both embryonic leaves and flowers.
Image gallery[edit]
Buds
Alnus glutinosa bud
Tilia bud
Black buds of a European ash, Fraxinus excelsior
An opening inflorescence bud at left, that will develop like the one to its right
Inflorescence bud of a sunflower
A quince's flower bud with spirally folded petals
Opening Nelumbo flower buds
Opening Coreopsis tinctoria flower buds
Within botany[edit]
The term bud (as in budding) is used by analogy within zoology as well, where it refers to an outgrowth from the body which develops into a new individual. It is a form of asexual reproduction limited to animals or plants of relatively simple structure. In this process a portion of the wall of the parent cell softens and pushes out. The protuberance thus formed enlarges rapidly while at this time the nucleus of the parent cell divides (see: mitosis, meiosis). One of the resulting nuclei passes into the bud, and then the bud is cut off from its parent cell and the process is repeated. Often the daughter cell will begin to bud before it becomes separated from the parent, so that whole colonies of adhering cells may be formed. Eventually cross walls cut off the bud from the original cell.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Walters, Dirk R., and David J. Keil. 1996. Vascular plant taxonomy. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. page 598.
Jump up ^ Cronquist, Arthur, and Henry A. Gleason. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Bronx, New York: New York Botanical Garden Press. page 512.
Jump up ^ Coulter, John G. 1913. Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany. New York: American book company. page 188
Jump up ^ Trelease, W. (1967) [1931], Winter botany: An Identification Guide to Native Trees and Shrubs, New York: Dover Publications, Inc, ISBN 0486218007
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text:
India national cricket team record by opponent
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Indian national cricket team at the Sydney Cricket Ground in 2012.
The India national cricket team represents India in international cricket and is a full member of the International Cricket Council with Test and One Day International (ODI) status.[1] They first competed in international cricket in 1932, when they played against England in a three-day Test match; England won the match by 158 runs.[2] India's first Test series as an independent country was against Australia.[3] They secured their first Test win against England in 1952 at Madras Cricket Club Ground.[4][A] As of 7 January 2014[update], India have played 476 Test matches; they have won 121 matches, lost 150 matches, and 204 matches were drawn with one being tied.[5] India played their first ODI match against England in 1974,[6] but registered their first win against East Africa in 1975.[7] As of 7 January 2014[update], India have played 844 ODI matches, winning 423 matches and losing 378; 6 matches were tied and 37 matches had no result.[8] They also won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cups,[9] along with the 2002 and the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy.[10][11] [B] India played their first Twenty20 International (T20I) against South Africa in 2006, winning the match by six wickets,[12] and won the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 in 2007.[13] As of 7 January 2014[update], they have played 46 T20I matches and won 25 of them; 19 were lost, with one being tied and one having no result.[14]
India have faced nine teams in Test cricket, with their most frequent opponent being England, against whom they have played 107 matches.[15] India have registered more wins against Australia than any other team, with 24.[15] In ODI matches, India have played against 18 teams.[16] They have played against Sri Lanka more frequently in ODI matches, with a winning percentage of 59.30 in 143 matches.[16] India have defeated Sri Lanka on 78 occasions, which is their best record in ODIs.[16] The team have played 11 countries in T20Is, and have played eight matches with Australia.[17] They have recorded the most victories against South Africa, defeating them in five matches.[17]
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 Test cricket
3 One Day International
4 Twenty20 International
5 Notes
6 References
Key[edit]
Key for the tables
Symbol
Meaning
M
Number of matches played
W
Number of matches won
L
Number of matches lost
T
Number of matches tied
D
Number of matches ended in a draw
NR
Number of matches ended with no result
Tie+W
Number of matches tied and then won in a tiebreaker such as a bowl-out or Super Over
Tie+L
Number of matches tied and then lost in a tiebreaker such as a bowl-out or Super Over
Win%
Percentage of games won to those played[C]
Loss%
Percentage of games lost to those played[C]
Draw%
Percentage of games drawn to those played[C]
First
Year of the first match played by India against the country
Last
Year of the last match played by India against the country
Test cricket[edit]
India's Test cricket record by opponent[15]
Opponent
M
W
L
T
D
Win%
Loss%
Draw%
First
Last
Australia
94 26 41 1 26 27.65 43.61 27.65 1947 2017
Bangladesh
9 7 0 0 2 77.77 0.00 22.22 2000 2017
England
117 25 43 0 49 21.36 36.75 41.88 1932 2016
New Zealand
57 21 10 0 26 36.84 17.54 45.61 1955 2016
Pakistan
59 9 12 0 38 15.25 20.33 64.40 1952 2007
South Africa
33 10 13 0 10 30.30 39.39 30.30 1992 2015
Sri Lanka
41 19 7 0 15 46.34 17.07 36.58 1982 2017
West Indies
94 18 30 0 46 19.14 31.91 48.93 1948 2016
Zimbabwe
11 7 2 0 2 63.63 18.18 18.18 1992 2005
Total[5]
515 142 158 1 214 27.57 30.67 41.55 1932 2017
One Day International[edit]
India's One Day International record by opponent[16]
Opponent
M
W
L
T
NR
Win%
First
Last
Afghanistan
1 1 0 0 0 100.00 2014 2014
Australia
128 45 73 0 10 38.13 1980 2017
Bangladesh
33 27 5 0 1 84.37 1988 2017
Bermuda
1 1 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2007
East Africa
1 1 0 0 0 100.00 1975 1975
England
96 52 39 2 3 56.98 1974 2017
Hong Kong
1 1 0 0 0 100.00 2008 2008
Ireland
3 3 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2015
Kenya
13 11 2 0 0 84.61 1996 2004
Namibia
1 1 0 0 0 100.00 2003 2003
Netherlands
2 2 0 0 0 100.00 2003 2011
New Zealand
101 51 44 1 5 53.64 1975 2017
Pakistan
129 52 73 0 4 41.60 1978 2017
Scotland
1 1 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2007
South Africa
77 29 45 0 3 39.18 1991 2017
Sri Lanka
155 88 55 1 11 61.45 1979 2017
United Arab Emirates
3 3 0 0 0 100.00 1994 2015
West Indies
121 56 61 1 3 47.88 1979 2017
Zimbabwe
63 51 10 2 0 82.53 1983 2016
Total[8]
930 476 407 7 40 53.87 1974 2017
Twenty20 International[edit]
India's Twenty20 International record by opponent[17]
Opponent
M
W
L
T
Tie+W
Tie+L
NR
Win%
First
Last
Afghanistan
2 2 0 0 0 0 0 100.00 2010 2012
Australia
16 10 5 0 0 0 1 66.66 2007 2017
Bangladesh
5 5 0 0 0 0 0 100.00 2009 2016
England
11 5 6 0 0 0 0 45.45 2007 2017
Ireland
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 100.00 2009 2009
New Zealand
9 2 6 0 0 0 1 25.00 2007 2017
Pakistan
8 6 1 0 1 0 0 81.25 2007 2016
Scotland
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 !— 2007 2007
South Africa
11 6 4 0 0 0 1 60.0 2006 2015
Sri Lanka
14 10 4 0 0 0 0 63.63 2009 2017
United Arab Emirates
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 100.00 2016 2016
West Indies
8 2 5 0 0 0 1 28.57 2009 2017
Zimbabwe
7 5 2 0 0 0 0 71.42 2010 2016
Total[14]
94 55 33 0 1 0 5 61.04 2006 2017
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Madras Cricket Club Ground was later renamed M. A. Chidambaram Stadium.
Jump up ^ India were the joint-champion with Sri Lanka in the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy.[10]
^ Jump up to: a b c Games that did not have a result are not taken into consideration while calculating the result percentage. Ties are counted as half a win.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "ICC Members Countries". International Cricket Council. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Only Test: England v India at Lord's, Jun 25–28, 1932". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "India in Australia Test Series, 1947/48 / Results". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "5th Test: India v England at Chennai, Feb 6–10, 1952". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Records / Test matches / Team records / Results summary". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "1st ODI: England v India at Leeds, Jul 13, 1974". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "6th Match: East Africa v India at Leeds, Jun 11, 1975". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Records / One-Day Internationals / Team records / Results summary". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Miller, Andrew (2 April 2011). "Dhoni and Gambhir lead India to World Cup glory". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Final: Sri Lanka v India at Colombo (RPS), Sep 30, 2002". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Final: England v India at Birmingham, Jun 23, 2013". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "India tour of South Africa, 2006/07 / Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Chevallier, Hugh. "India v Pakistan". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Team records / Results summary". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Records / India / Test matches / Result summary". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Records / India / One-Day Internationals / Result summary". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Records / India / Twenty20 Internationals / Result summary". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
[show]
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India national cricket team
Test Status since 1932
Based in India
Team
History of the Indian cricket team
Records
Indian national cricket captains
India national cricket team record by opponent
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List of cricket grounds in India
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Test: 1st
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Captains: Virat Kohli (Test) MS Dhoni (ODI & T20)
World Cup wins (2)
1983
2011
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