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Merv Griffin
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Merv Griffin
Born
Mervyn Edward Griffin Jr.
(1925-07-06)July 6, 1925
San Mateo, California
Died
August 12, 2007(2007-08-12) (aged 82)
Los Angeles, California
Cause of death
Prostate cancer
Resting place
Westwood Village Memorial Park
34°03′30″N 118°26′28″W / 34.0583468°N 118.4411348°W / 34.0583468; -118.4411348
Occupation
Television show host, media mogul
Years active
1944–2007
Spouse(s)
Julann Wright
(m. 1958; div. 1973)
Children
Tony Griffin (b. 1959)[1]
Mervyn Edward Griffin Jr. (July 6, 1925 – August 12, 2007) was an American television host and media mogul.[2] He began his career as a radio and big band singer who went on to appear in film and on Broadway. From 1965 to 1986, Griffin hosted his own talk show, The Merv Griffin Show. He also created the internationally popular game shows Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune through his television production companies, Merv Griffin Enterprises and Merv Griffin Entertainment.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Singing
2.2 Game show host
2.3 Talk show host
2.4 Late-night host
3 Game show creator
4 Business ventures
5 Personal life
5.1 Honors
6 Illness and death
7 Selected popular songs
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Griffin was born July 6, 1925, in San Mateo, California, to Mervyn Edward Griffin, Sr., a stockbroker, and Rita Elizabeth Griffin (née Robinson),[3] a homemaker. The family was Irish American. Raised as a Roman Catholic, Griffin started singing in his church choir as a boy, and by his teens was earning extra money as a church organist. His abilities as a pianist played a part in his early entry into show business.
He attended San Mateo High School, graduating in 1942, and continued to aid in financing the school. He attended San Mateo Junior College and then the University of San Francisco.[4] He was a member of the international fraternity Tau Kappa Epsilon.[5]
During World War II, Griffin was declared 4F after failing several military physical examinations due to having a slight heart murmur.[6] During the Korean War several years later, he was examined and deemed healthy enough to serve, but by that time was above age 26 and therefore exempt from the draft.
Career[edit]
Singing[edit]
Griffin started as a singer on radio at age 19, appearing on San Francisco Sketchbook, a nationally syndicated program based at KFRC. Griffin was overweight as an adolescent and a young man, which disappointed some radio fans when they saw him in person.[6] He wrote years later in his autobiography that originally there was a deliberate effort to keep the public from finding out how he looked. Embarrassed by the weight issue, Griffin resolved to change his appearance, losing 80 pounds in four months.[7]
Freddy Martin heard him on the radio show and asked Griffin to tour with his orchestra,[1] which he did for four years.[8]
Griffin had an uncredited role as a radio announcer in the 1953 horror/science fiction classic The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms.
By 1945, Griffin had earned enough money to form his own record label, Panda Records, which produced Songs by Merv Griffin, the first U.S. album ever recorded on magnetic tape.[9] In 1947, he had a 15-minute Monday–Friday singing program on KFRC in San Francisco.[10]
He became increasingly popular with nightclub audiences, and his fame soared among the general public with his 1950 hit "I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts". The song reached the number one spot on the Hit Parade and sold three million copies.[11]
At one of his nightclub performances, Griffin was discovered by Doris Day. Day arranged for a screen test at the Warner Bros. Studios for a role in By the Light of the Silvery Moon. Griffin did not get the part, but the screen test led to supporting roles in other musical films such as So This Is Love in 1953.[12] The film caused a minor controversy when Griffin shared an open mouthed kiss with Kathryn Grayson. The kiss was a first in Hollywood film history since the introduction of the Production Code in 1934.[13]
Griffin would go on to film more pictures (The Boy from Oklahoma and Phantom of the Rue Morgue), but soon became disillusioned with movie-making. Griffin bought his contract back from Warner Bros. and decided to devote his attention to a new medium: television.[5]
In the summer of 1954, Merv Griffin and Betty Ann Grove sang & danced for a show called "Summer Holiday" (and "Song Snapshots from a Summer Holiday"). The premise of the show was a "Live musical show with two singers simulating a trip to various places in the world." The show name had alternating titles for the same show, different nights, but were filled with the patter of songs and feet by the two hosts. Merv and Betty were brought together by Byron Paul, producer of "The Jane Froman Show", and Irving Mansfield, the show's creator. Mansfield remembered Merv for his singing in the Grace Moore picture and for his hit song, "I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts." The producer of the show (Byron Paul) had already considered Miss Grove for the summer replacement show, but "it was just a matter of finding a boy," Byron said. "I'm quite excited. They're both young, fresh, work well together, work well independently. And I've never met two people who are easier to get along with." The show ran for one summer.[14][15]
In March 2001, Griffin returned to singing with the release of the album It's Like a Dream.
Game show host[edit]
From 1958 to 1962, Griffin hosted a game show produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman called Play Your Hunch. The show appeared on all three networks, but primarily on NBC. He also hosted a prime time game show for ABC called Keep Talking. Additionally, he substituted for a week for the vacationing Bill Cullen on The Price Is Right, and also for Bud Collyer on To Tell the Truth. In 1963, NBC offered him the opportunity to host a new game show, Word for Word, which Griffin produced. He also produced Let's Play Post Office for NBC in 1965; Reach for the Stars for NBC in 1967; and One in a Million for ABC in 1967.
Talk show host[edit]
Griffin scored a coup when Tonight Show host Jack Paar accidentally emerged onto the set of Play Your Hunch during a live broadcast, and Griffin got him to stay for a spontaneous interview. After Paar left The Tonight Show, but before Johnny Carson took over (Carson was still hosting Who Do You Trust? for ABC), Griffin was one of the many guest hosts who presided over Tonight in the interim. Griffin was considered the most successful of the guest hosts,[16] and was rewarded with his own daytime talk show on NBC in 1962. This live, 55-minute program was not successful however, and was cancelled in 1963.
Griffin (right) and sidekick Arthur Treacher in 1969
In 1965, Griffin launched a syndicated talk show for Group W (Westinghouse Broadcasting) titled The Merv Griffin Show. The show aired in a variety of time slots throughout North America; many stations ran it in the daytime, others aired it in prime-time and a few broadcast it opposite Johnny Carson's The Tonight Show. Griffin's announcer/sidekick was the veteran British character actor Arthur Treacher, who had been his mentor. After Treacher left the show in 1970, Griffin would do the announcing himself, and walk on stage with the phrase: "And now..., here I come!" According to an obituary article on August 24, 2007 in Entertainment Weekly, The Merv Griffin Show was on the air for 21 years and won eleven Emmy Awards during its run.
Griffin was not shy about tackling controversial subjects, especially the Vietnam War. The guests on the Westinghouse show were an eclectic mix of entertainers, authors, politicians, and "personality" performers like Zsa Zsa Gabor. Griffin also booked controversial guests like George Carlin, Dick Gregory, Richard Pryor, Norman Mailer, and Bertrand Russell. Griffin received critical acclaim for booking such guests, but was also widely criticized for it. When philosopher and anti-war activist Bertrand Russell used Griffin's show to condemn the war in Vietnam, Griffin was criticized for letting Russell have his say. Arnold Schwarzenegger, later the 38th Governor of California, made his talk show debut in the United States on Griffin's talk show in 1974 after moving from Austria.
Griffin dedicated two shows to the topic of Transcendental Meditation and its founder Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, one in 1975, the other in 1977; the 1977 edition aired separate from the main series as a standalone special in some regions such as Canada. Griffin himself was an enthusiastic student of the practice.[17]
Griffin would also frequently chat with audience members.[5] One regular audience member, Lillian Miller, would become a fixture on Griffin's program throughout its run.
Griffin's best friend since the sixth grade, Robert (Bob) Murphy, was the producer of The Merv Griffin Show, and eventually became president of Merv Griffin Enterprises.
Late-night host[edit]
CBS gave Griffin a late-night show opposite Carson in 1969, a move which proved disastrous. The network was uncomfortable with the guests Griffin wanted, who often spoke out against the Vietnam War and on other taboo topics. When political activist Abbie Hoffman was Griffin's guest in April 1970, CBS blurred the video of Hoffman so viewers at home would not see his trademark American flag pattern shirt even though other guests had worn the same shirt in the past, uncensored. Griffin disliked the censorship imposed by CBS and complained.[5]
Sensing that his time at CBS was ending, and tired of the restrictions imposed by the network, Griffin secretly signed a contract with rival company Metromedia. The contract with Metromedia would give him a syndicated daytime talk show deal as soon as CBS canceled Griffin's show. Within a few months, Griffin was fired by CBS. His new show began the following Monday and ran until the mid-1980s. By 1986, Griffin was ready to retire and ended his talk show run. Thanks to profits from his highly successful game shows, Griffin had become one of the world's wealthiest entertainers.[5]
Game show creator[edit]
Griffin created and produced the successful television game show Jeopardy! in 1964; in an Associated Press profile released right before the show premiered, Griffin talked about the show's origins:[1]
My wife Julann just came up with the idea one day when we were in a plane bringing us back to New York from Duluth. I was mulling over game show ideas, when she noted that there had not been a successful 'question and answer' game on the air since the quiz show scandals. Why not do a switch, and give the answers to the contestant and let them come up with the question.
She fired a couple of answers to me: '5,280' and the question of course was how many feet in a mile. Another was '79 Wistful Vista.' That was Fibber and Mollie McGee's address. I loved the idea, went straight to NBC with the idea, and they bought it without even looking at a pilot show.
The show, originally titled What's the Question?, premiered on NBC on March 30, 1964, hosted by Art Fleming, and lasted for 11 years. Griffin wrote the 30-second piece of music heard during the show's Final Jeopardy! Round, and which later became the iconic melody of the theme for the syndicated version of the show hosted by Alex Trebek.
In 1975, NBC canceled Jeopardy! after moving it twice on its daytime schedule, despite having an additional year on its network contract left to fulfill. Griffin produced the show's successor, Wheel of Fortune, which premiered on January 6, 1975. Wheel, with Chuck Woolery as host and Susan Stafford as the hostess, had successful ratings throughout its network run. From December 1975 to January 1976, the show expanded to an hour, in response to the successful 60-minute version of The Price Is Right on CBS.
"Wheel" barely escaped cancellation in 1980, when NBC replaced three of its other game shows with a daytime talk show starring David Letterman; NBC finally cancelled it in 1989, when CBS picked it up for a year (only to return to NBC, when the daytime version was finally cancelled for good in 1991). The show became a phenomenon, when on September 19, 1983, a nighttime version hit the syndication market with Pat Sajak and Vanna White as host and hostess, respectively. Around the same time, Griffin composed the show's best-known theme song, "Changing Keys", which was used in several variants from then until 2002.
As for Jeopardy!, two different revivals of the show would be produced: one on NBC that ran for five months in late 1978/early 1979 with Art Fleming returning as host, and the other airing in first-run syndication beginning on September 10, 1984, starring Alex Trebek. The syndicated versions of both Jeopardy! and Wheel remain on the air today.
In 1990, Griffin had an ambitious but unsuccessful attempt at adapting the venerable board game Monopoly into a game show of the same name. His last game show was a wild game show called Ruckus, which emanated from the Resorts International Hotel & Casino in Atlantic City, which he owned at the time. Involving slapstick stunts and a somewhat truncated version of his old Reach for the Stars, the show initially aired locally in New York, with the intent of national syndication early the following year. The Amazing Johnathan left the show after 65 episodes because of a contract dispute and the show was scrapped before it was to be nationally syndicated. A national audience did get a look at it, via reruns that aired for a time on GSN.
Upon his retirement, Griffin sold his production company, Merv Griffin Enterprises, to Columbia Pictures Television (now known as Sony Pictures Television), at the time a unit of The Coca-Cola Company, for US$250 million on May 6, 1986, the largest acquisition of an entertainment company owned by a single individual at that time. Following the sale, Forbes named him the richest Hollywood performer in history. He retained the title of creator of both his game shows.
The two powerhouses spun off numerous programs, and Griffin often would sign on as a creative consultant. The spin-offs included Wheel 2000 on CBS in 1997 and the short lived Jep! on GSN in 1998, both for children; Rock & Roll Jeopardy! on VH1 in 1998 for purveyors of pop music trivia; a teen-oriented game called Click!, which introduced Ryan Seacrest as its host, and – in association with Wink Martindale – Headline Chasers in 1985.
On May 14, 2003, Griffin was honored with the Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) President's Award at its annual Film and Television Awards ceremony, for having created some of America's best-known game show melodies.[18]
In 2007, Griffin's production company, Merv Griffin Entertainment, began production on a new syndicated game show Merv Griffin's Crosswords (originally titled Let's Play Crosswords and Let's Do Crosswords). The show taped in Los Angeles after initial reports that it would be produced at WMAQ-TV in Chicago. The show was produced in association with Program Partners and the William Morris Agency and began airing September 10, 2007. NBC-owned-and-operated stations in New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco and Dallas carried the show, with many stations airing two episodes per day. The show lasted only one season, ending on May 16, 2008 in first-run and September 5, 2008 in reruns.
Business ventures[edit]
Merv Griffin Way with the Beverly Hilton in the background
Griffin ventured into real estate, purchasing the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills. In 1988 Griffin purchased Resorts International and two of their hotels, in Atlantic City, NJ and Paradise Island in The Bahamas from Donald Trump and other investors. Part of the deal was that Trump would buy Resorts' interest in the yet to be constructed Taj Mahal project for $273 million.[19][20] Griffin subsequently sought bankruptcy court protection on Dec. 23, 1989 for Resorts International Inc., his troubled hotel and casino operator.[21]
The background to this was on Nov. 12, when Resorts reached a tentative agreement with certain bondholders, several bondholders petitioned the United States Bankruptcy Court in Camden, New Jersey, to put the company into involuntary bankruptcy to protect legal claims they might have against Trump, the real estate investor Griffin outbid for Resorts the prior year. As a result, this literally wiped out or greatly reduced the investments of the bondholders, so that Mr. Griffin could sue Trump and yet still retain a significant portion for himself.
Besides Resorts International, the holding company for casinos in Atlantic City and the Bahamas, three company affiliates also filed for Chapter 11 protection: Griffin Resorts Inc., Resorts International Financing Inc. and Griffin Resorts Holding Inc.
An active desert resident, he was a supporter of the La Quinta Arts Festival and the owner of the Merv Griffin Givenchy Resort & Spa in Palm Springs, now The Parker. He owned a ranch near La Quinta, California where he raised thoroughbred racehorses, as well as St. Clerans Manor, a boutique hotel, set in an eighteenth-century estate once owned by director John Huston, near Craughwell, in County Galway, Ireland. In the 1980s, Griffin purchased the Paradise Island Resort and Casino in the Bahamas for US$400 million from Trump, but he later sold it for just US$125 million. Griffin sold his empire to The Coca-Cola Company for $250 million in 1986, then went on a buying spree of hotels, so that his wealth in 2003 was said to be around $1.2 billion.[22][23]
Personal life[edit]
Griffin kept many details of his personal and business life private. In 1991, he was sued by Deney Terrio, the host of Dance Fever, another show Griffin created, alleging sexual harassment. The same year, Brent Plott, a longtime employee who worked as a bodyguard, horse trainer and driver, filed a $200 million palimony lawsuit. Griffin characterized both lawsuits as extortion.
Griffin's Los Angeles Times obituary repeated a 1991 statement he had made regarding Plott's lawsuit: "This is a shameless attempt to extort money from me. This former bodyguard and horse trainer was paid $250 a week, lived in one of two apartments underneath my former house as part of his security function, and left my payroll six or seven years ago. His charges are ridiculous and untrue."[24]
Ultimately, both suits were dismissed. He consistently evaded answering questions about his sexuality with a characteristic quip. In an interview with The New York Times published on May 26, 2005, Griffin said: "I tell everybody that I'm a quarter-sexual. I will do anything with anybody for a quarter."[25]
Until his death, Griffin remained friends with his ex-wife Julann Griffin, whom he credited with creating the premise of Jeopardy!
On being wealthy, he said that "if people know you're rich, they don't talk with you when you walk down the street." He kept his wealth an open secret, amassing media outlets, hotels and casinos with a net worth widely estimated at more than a billion dollars. Griffin stated he did not really know his worth because it "would keep me from sleeping at night".[4] Former First Lady Nancy Reagan and he exchanged birthday greetings each July 6 for their shared birthday. Griffin was also an honorary pallbearer at the funeral of President Ronald Reagan in 2004, having been friends with both of the Reagans for many years.[26]
Honors[edit]
In 1974, Griffin was inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 1998, a Golden Palm Star on the Walk of Stars was dedicated to him.[27] In 2005, he accepted the degree Doctor of Laws (honoris causa) from the National University of Ireland, Galway, and in 2008, he was posthumously inducted into the Television Hall of Fame.
Illness and death[edit]
Griffin's grave, located at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Westwood, Los Angeles, California
Griffin's prostate cancer, treated originally in 1996, returned and he was admitted to Cedars Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, where his condition deteriorated, leading to his death on August 12, 2007, at the age of 82.[28][29] Griffin is survived by his son, Tony, born in 1959 during Griffin's marriage to Julann Wright from 1958 to 1976,[citation needed] as well as two grandchildren.[30]
Funeral services were held for Griffin on August 17, 2007, at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills. The well-attended service included Nancy Reagan; Arnold Schwarzenegger (who gave the eulogy along with Tony Griffin); Maria Shriver; and various actors, television stars, employees, and friends including Pat Sajak, Vanna White, Alex Trebek, Dick Van Dyke, Jack Klugman, Dick Van Patten, Ellen DeGeneres, Portia de Rossi, Ryan Seacrest, Catherine Oxenberg and Casper Van Dien. Pallbearers included Griffin Group vice-chairman Ron Ward, President Robert Pritchard, and Vice President Michael Eyre, as well as Tony Griffin. His 7-year-old grandson Donovan Mervyn was an honorary pallbearer as was Nancy Reagan. His 12-year-old granddaughter Farah gave a reading. A post-burial reception was held at the Beverly Hilton, a property owned by Griffin from 1987 to 2003.[31] He was buried in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery and his headstone epitaph (even though in his book Merv, written with David Bender in 2003, states it would be "Stay Tuned") reads "I will not be right back after this message", an epitaph Griffin announced on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson.
GSN honored Griffin by airing ten-episode marathons of Wheel and Jeopardy! during the weekend of August 18–19, 2007. The Wheel marathon included two episodes with cameo appearances by Griffin: Sajak's departure from the daytime version in 1989 and a 1992–93 episode that ended with Griffin, his band "The MervTones," and White singing at a dinner club in Orlando, Florida. The Jeopardy! marathon consisted of a rerun of the Jeopardy! Million Dollar Masters Tournament from 2002. His estate was recently[when?] sold for $7 million.
Selected popular songs[edit]
"I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts"
"Christmas City"
"Wilhelmina"
"Never Been Kissed"
"The Charanga" (#69, Pop Charts, 1961)
"Banned in Boston" (#101, Pop Charts, 1961)
"Happy To Know You" (Radio Hit, 1973)
"Think!" (longtime theme music for Jeopardy!)
"Changing Keys" (former longtime theme music for Wheel)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Cynthia Lowry (March 29, 1964). "Merv Griffin: Question and Answer Man". Independent Star-News. Associated Press.
Jump up ^ "Spokeswoman: 'Jeopardy' inventor Merv Griffin dies at 82". CNN. Associated Press. August 12, 2007. Archived from the original on September 17, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ Who's who in California – Alice Catt Armstrong. Google Books. 1994. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Severo, Richard; Wyatt, Edward (August 13, 2007). "Merv Griffin, Television Innovator, Dies at 82". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 25, 2011. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Merv Griffin". The Notable Names Database. Soylent Communications. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Merv Griffin, Before He Was a Legend Archived August 16, 2009, at Archive.is" August 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ Shanley, John (December 2, 1962). "Lean Days are Better; Griffin Shed Weight and Song to Be a TV Host". New York Times. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ All Movie Guide. "Merv Griffin Filmography". Fandango. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ Entertainment Legend Merv Griffin Dies At 82 Archived July 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., from Billboard
Jump up ^ "Your Cue: Merv Griffin" (PDF). Radio Life. June 8, 1947. p. 10. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "TV Land Remembers Merv Griffin". TV Land. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ Richard Natale (August 12, 2007). "Hollywood legend Merv Griffin dies". Variety. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ Erik Pedersen (August 13, 2007). "'Visionary' H'wood host, tycoon Merv Griffin dies". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ TV Guide September 4–10, 1954
Jump up ^ "Summer Holiday". Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2018 – via www.imdb.com.
Jump up ^ "Late Night". Pioneers of Television, January 9, 2008.
Jump up ^ Woo, Elaine (February 6, 2008). "Maharishi Mahesh Yogi; founded Transcendental Meditation movement". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 1, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "For Merv Griffin, 14 Seconds Can Last a Lifetime". Broadcast Music, Inc. Archived from the original on October 7, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Griffin buys Resorts; Trump to get Taj Mahal". UPI. November 15, 1988. Archived from the original on February 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Merv Griffin's Outrageous Fortune : When Millionaire Griffin Took on Billionaire Trump, They Said It Was a Mismatch. They Were Wrong". LA Times. July 24, 1988. Archived from the original on March 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Merv Griffin's Resorts Files for Bankruptcy as Refinancing Fails". LA Times. December 22, 1989. Archived from the original on February 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ John Colapinto. "Dear Mister Fantasy". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on August 4, 2007. Retrieved July 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Custom Awards". Martin Awards. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ McLellan, Dennis (August 13, 2007). "Affable TV host built an empire on 2 hit game shows". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ogunnaike, Lola (May 26, 2005). "In the Chatting Olympics, Look for Merv Griffin". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gerhart, Ann (June 11, 2004). "A Widow's Heartfelt Farewell". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 16, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Palm Springs Walk of Stars by date dedicated" (PDF). Palmspringswalkofstars.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Merv Griffin in grave condition". The Desert Sun. azcentral.com. August 9, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ David Zurawik (August 12, 2007). "Merv Griffin dies at age 82". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ Kakie Urch; Bruce Fessier; Erica Solvig (August 12, 2007). "Remembering Merv Griffin, 1925–2007". The Desert Sun. Archived from the original on August 23, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Hundreds Pay Final Respects To Merv Griffin". KNBC Los Angeles. August 17, 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2007.
External links[edit]
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Foreign relations of NATO
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Map of NATO in Europe
Members of NATO
Membership Action Plan
Intensified Dialogue
Individual Partnership Action Plan
Partnership for Peace
Aspiring Partnership for Peace members
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) maintains foreign relations with many non-member countries across the globe. NATO runs a number of programs which provide a framework for the partnerships between itself and these non-member nations, typically based on that country's location. These include the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and the Partnership for Peace.
Contents
[hide]
1 Europe
1.1 Armenia
1.2 Azerbaijan
1.3 Cyprus
1.4 Finland
1.5 Ireland
1.6 Kosovo
1.7 Moldova
1.8 Russia
1.9 Serbia
1.10 Sweden
1.11 Ukraine
2 Global NATO
2.1 Australia
2.2 Colombia
2.3 India
2.4 Japan
2.5 South Korea
2.6 Mongolia
2.7 New Zealand
2.8 Pakistan
3 See also
4 References
Europe[edit]
See also: Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
See also: Enlargement of NATO § Membership debates
Five EU member states, all who have declared their non-alignment with military alliances, are not NATO members: Austria, Finland, Ireland, Malta, and Sweden. Switzerland,[1] which is surrounded by the EU, has also maintained their neutrality by staying out of the bloc. All these countries, however, have joined the Partnership for Peace programme and at least Sweden and Finland signed a specific host country support agreement with NATO in 2014.
Armenia[edit]
Armenia has maintained positive relations with NATO members and has signed up for the Partnership for Peace programme, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and the Individual Partnership Action Plan.[2] However, Armenia is unlikely to join NATO as its policies often align it closer with Russia, and it remains a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Armenia pulled out of its participation in NATO military exercises in Georgia on 8 May 2009, because of NATO's Secretary-General's alleged support of Azerbaijan, possibly making it even less likely that Armenia will eventually join NATO.[3]
Azerbaijan[edit]
According to a NATO diplomatic source in August 2009 some key officials at NATO headquarters in Brussels were pushing hard for engaging Azerbaijan on the membership question. "Turkey, Romania, Italy, Poland, the United Kingdom and the Baltic states" are among the members backing a fast track for Azerbaijan's NATO membership. While President Ilham Aliyev has generally supported non-belligerency (though not neutrality due to the unresolved conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh) since his rise to power in 2003, Azerbaijan has hosted NATO military exercises and high-profile meetings in 2009.[4] The unresolved conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh would present a major roadblock to membership.[citation needed] Azerbaijan made its policy of not being aligned with a geopolitical/military structure official when it became a full member of the Non-Aligned Movement in 2011.
Cyprus[edit]
Cyprus is the only EU member state that is neither a NATO member state nor a member of the PfP program. The Parliament of Cyprus voted in February 2011 to apply for membership in the program, but President Demetris Christofias vetoed the decision as it would hamper his attempts to negotiate an end to the Cyprus dispute and demilitarize the island.[5][6] Turkey, a full member of NATO, is likely to veto any attempt by Cyprus to engage with NATO until the dispute is resolved.[7] The winner of Cyprus' presidential election in February 2013, Nicos Anastasiades, has stated that he intends to apply for membership in the PfP program soon after taking over.[8]
Finland[edit]
Finland participates in nearly all sub-areas of the Partnership for Peace programme, and has provided peacekeeping forces to both the Afghanistan and Kosovo missions. However, a 2005 poll indicated that the public was strongly against NATO membership.[9] The possibility of Finland's membership in NATO was one of the most important issues debated in relation to the Finnish presidential election of 2006.[10]
The main opposition candidate in the 2006 election, Sauli Niinistö of the National Coalition Party, supported Finland joining a "more European" NATO.[10] Fellow right-winger Henrik Lax of the Swedish People's Party likewise supported the concept. On the other side, president Tarja Halonen of the Social Democratic Party opposed changing the status quo, as did most other candidates in the election. Her victory and re-election to the post of president has currently put the issue of a NATO membership for Finland on hold for at least the duration of her term. Finland could however change its official position on NATO membership after the new EU treaty clarifies if there will be any new EU-level defence deal, but in the meantime Finnish Defence Forces are making technical preparations for membership, stating that it would increase Finland's security.[11] Currently no political party explicitly supports NATO membership.[citation needed]
Other political figures of Finland who have weighed in with opinions include former President of Finland Martti Ahtisaari who has argued that Finland should join all the organizations supported by other Western democracies in order "to shrug off once and for all the burden of Finlandization".[12] Another ex-president, Mauno Koivisto, opposes the idea, arguing that NATO membership would ruin Finland's relations with Russia. Finland has received some very critical feedback from Russia for even considering the possibility of joining NATO,[13] with a 2009 study suggesting this could have repercussions for Russia's relations with the EU and NATO as a whole.[14] In October 2009, Finnish Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen reiterated that Finland had no plans to join NATO, and stated that the main lesson of the 2008 South Ossetia war was the need for closer ties to Russia.[15] In September 2014, Finland signed an agreement with NATO that allows NATO and Finland to hold joint exercises on Finnish soil and permits assistance from NATO members in situations such as "disasters, disruptions, and threats to security."[16] As such, Finland (and Sweden) participated in the 2015 NATO-led Arctic Challenge Exercise.[17]
Ireland[edit]
Main article: Ireland–NATO relations
Ireland has been a member of NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme since 1999, and is a member of the alliance's Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), but has never officially applied to join as a full NATO member due to its traditional policy of military neutrality.[18] Ireland participates in the PfP Planning and Review Process (PARP), which aims to increase the interoperability of the Irish military, the Defence Forces, with other NATO member states and bring them into line with accepted international standards so as to successfully deploy with other professional military forces on peacekeeping operations overseas.[19]
Irish government policy for the deployment of troops to NATO-led missions requires that the missions be mandated by the United Nations (UN Security Council resolution or UN General Assembly resolution), cabinet-backed and approved by Dáil Éireann (the Irish parliament).[20] This is known as Ireland's "triple lock".[21] Ireland supplied a limited number of troops to the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan (2001-2014) and supports the ongoing NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR), as these were sanctioned by UNSC resolutions.[22][23]
Public opinion in Ireland continues to favour a policy of neutrality in armed conflicts, and currently no major political party fully supports ascension into NATO.[24] There has been, and continues to be, a number of politicians who support Ireland joining NATO, mainly within the centre-right Fine Gael party, but the majority of politicians still do not.[25][26] It is widely understood that a referendum would have to be held before any changes could be made to neutrality or to joining NATO.[27] Former Secretary General of NATO Anders Fogh Rasmussen said during a visit to the country in 2013 that the "door is open" for Ireland to join NATO at any time.[28]
Kosovo[edit]
Kosovo[a] submitted an application to join the PfP program in July 2012, though its lack of recognition by four NATO member states could impede its accession.[29]
Moldova[edit]
Main article: NATO and Moldova
Moldovan soldiers participate in Exercise Peace Shield 2011 in Bulboaca with US and NATO experts
Moldova does not currently have plans to join NATO. It has participated in the Partnership for Peace programme and the Individual Partnership Action Plan. The former communist government was seen as more allied with Russia and is already a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In April 2009 Moldova announced it would not participate in the June NATO military exercises.[30][31] The new ruling party, the Alliance for European Integration, elected in the Moldovan parliamentary election, July 2009, has declined to so far take any action to either move it toward membership, or withdraw from the Commonwealth of Independent States, and denies plans to do either.[32] Moldova also has an ongoing internal conflict with the territory of Transnistria.
Russia[edit]
Main article: NATO–Russia relations
In April 2009, the Polish Foreign Minister, Radosław Sikorski, suggested including Russia in NATO. In March 2010 this suggestion was repeated in an open letter co-written by German defense experts General Klaus Naumann, Frank Elbe, Ulrich Weisser, and former German Defense Minister Volker Rühe. In the letter it was suggested that Russia was needed in the wake of an emerging multi-polar world in order for NATO to counterbalance emerging Asian powers.[33] However Russian leadership has made it clear that Russia does not plan to join the alliance, preferring to keep cooperation on a lower level. The Russian envoy to NATO, Dmitry Rogozin, is quoted as saying "Great powers don't join coalitions, they create coalitions. Russia considers itself a great power," although he said that Russia did not rule out membership at some point in the future.[34]
Serbia[edit]
Serbia originally determined in 2005, as Serbia and Montenegro, to join NATO.[citation needed] The subsequent independence of Montenegro and Kosovo have strained relations between Serbia and NATO. Serbia however joined the Partnership for Peace programme during the 2006 Riga Summit. While this programme is sometimes the first step towards full NATO membership, it is uncertain whether Serbia perceives it as signaling an intent to join the alliance. NATO historically fought Bosnian-Serbian forces during the Bosnia war and Serbia during the 1999 Kosovo conflict.[35]
Neću Nato Anti-NATO signs in Serbia in 2011
Following NATO's open support to Kosovo's declaration of independence in January 2008, support for NATO integration greatly dropped. An earlier poll in September 2007 had showed that 28% of Serbian citizens supported NATO membership, with 58% supporting the Partnership for Peace.[36] The only political parties which currently support NATO integration are the minor opposition Liberal Democratic Party and Serbian Renewal Movement. The Democratic Party abandoned its pro-NATO attitude, claiming the Partnership for Peace is enough.
Although current Serbian priorities do not include NATO membership, the Alliance has offered Serbia an invitation to enter the intensified dialogue programme whenever the country is ready.[37] On 1 October 2008, Serbian Defence Minister Dragan Šutanovac signed the Information Exchange Agreement with the NATO, one of the prerequisites for fuller membership in the Partnership for Peace programme.[38]
Sweden[edit]
In 1949 Sweden chose not to join NATO and declared a security policy aiming for non-alignment in peace and neutrality in war. A modified version now qualifies non-alignment in peace for possible neutrality in war.[citation needed] As such, the Swedish government decided not to participate in the membership of NATO because they wanted to remain neutral in a potential war. This position was maintained without much discussion during the Cold War. Since the 1990s however there has been an active debate in Sweden on the question of NATO membership in the post–Cold War world.[citation needed] Sweden joined Partnership for Peace in 1994.[39] These ideological divides were visible again in November 2006 when Sweden could either buy two new transport planes or join NATO's plane pool, and in December 2006, when Sweden was invited to join the NATO Response Force.[40][41] While the governing parties in Sweden have opposed membership, they have participated in NATO-led missions in Bosnia (IFOR and SFOR), Kosovo (KFOR), Afghanistan (ISAF) and Libya (Operation Unified Protector).[42][43][44]
The Swedish Centre Party and Social Democratic party have remained in favor of non-alignment.[45][46] This preference is shared by the Green party, Left party and the Christian Democrats.[47][48][49] The right wing Moderate Party as well as the Liberal party are the only parties with representation in the parliament today that are in favor of NATO membership.[50][51] Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt stated on 18 September 2007 that Swedish membership in NATO would require a "very wide" majority in Parliament, including the social democrats, and coordination with Finland.[52] In September 2014, Sweden signed a host country agreement with NATO allowing for NATO forces to conduct joint training exercises on Swedish soil and for NATO member states' forces to be deployed in Sweden in response to threats to Sweden's national security.[53] In October 2014, an opinion poll found for the first time more Swedes in favor of NATO membership (37%) than opposed (36%).[54]
If the situation in and around the Baltic countries escalates, Swedish NATO membership, possibly together with Finland, will ease NATO intervention in the region.[55] NATO reported in 2015 that Russia simulated a nuclear attack on Sweden in 2013.[56] The Swedish government questioned Sweden's neutral status after the Russian intervention in Ukraine. Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov threatened in 2016 to "take necessary measures" to prevent Swedish NATO membership.[57] According to a poll conducted by Sifo in June 2016, more Swedes are against a Swedish NATO membership than in favour of one.[58] A government-sponsored report on the future of Sweden's NATO membership was released in September 2016.[59]
Ukraine[edit]
Main article: Ukraine–NATO relations
At the beginning of 2008, the Ukrainian President, Prime Minister and head of parliament sent an official letter to apply for the Membership Action Plan. The idea of Ukrainian membership in NATO has gained support from a number of NATO leaders.[60] At the 2008 Bucharest summit, NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer declared in a press conference that Georgia and Ukraine will join NATO. Within the NATO-Ukraine working commission, NATO officials reassured Ukraine officials that they are willing to invite their country to join the Alliance. The Deputy Foreign Minister of Russia, Alexander Grushko, announced that NATO membership for Ukraine was not in Russia's best interests and wouldn't help the relations of the two countries.[61]
Anti-NATO signs in Feodosiya in 2006
According to numerous independent polls conducted between 2002 and the events of 2014, Ukrainian public opinion on NATO membership was split, with the majority of those polled against joining the military alliance and many identifying it as a threat.[62][63] According to the FOM-Ukraine pollster, as of April 2009, 57% of Ukrainians polled were against joining the alliance, while 21% were in favor.[64] A Gallup poll conducted in October 2008 showed that 45% associated NATO as a threat to their country, while only 15% associated it with protection.[65] Ukrainian politicians such as Yuriy Yekhanurov and Yulia Tymoshenko stated Ukraine would not join NATO as long as the public continued opposing the move.[66] In 2008 the Ukrainian government started an information campaign, aimed at informing the Ukrainian people about the consequences of membership.[62][67]
The 2010 election returned Viktor Yanukovych as Ukrainian President and marked a turnaround in Ukraine's relations with NATO. In February 2010, he stated that Ukraine's relations with NATO were currently "well-defined", and that there was "no question of Ukraine joining NATO". He said the issue of Ukrainian membership of NATO might "emerge at some point, but we will not see it in the immediate future."[68] While visiting Brussels in March 2010, he further stated that there would be no change to Ukraine's status as a member of the alliance's outreach program.[69] He later reiterated during a trip to Moscow that Ukraine would remain a "European, non-aligned state."[70][71] Then, on 3 June 2010 the Ukrainian parliament voted to exclude the goal of "integration into Euro-Atlantic security and NATO membership" from the country's national security strategy in a bill drafted by Yanukovych himself.[72]
Amid the Euromaidan unrest, Yanukovych fled Ukraine in February 2014.[73] The interim Yatsenyuk Government which came to power, initially said, with reference to the country's non-aligned status, that it had no plans to join NATO.[74] However, following the Russian military intervention in Ukraine and parliamentary elections in October 2014, the new government made joining NATO a priority.[75] On 23 December 2014, the Ukrainian parliament renounced Ukraine's non-aligned status[73][76] that "proved to be ineffective in guaranteeing Ukraine's security and protecting the country from external aggression and pressure".[77] Ukraine and NATO have since held joint seminars and joint tactical and strategical exercises and operations.[78][79]
Since the start of the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, public support for Ukrainian membership in NATO has risen greatly. Since June 2014 polls show that about 50% of those asked voice support for Ukrainian membership.[80][81][82]
Global NATO[edit]
See also: Mediterranean Dialogue and Istanbul Cooperation Initiative
In 2006, the then United States Ambassador to NATO Ivo H. Daalder together with James Goldgeier conceived the term "Global NATO".[83][84] Subsequently ideas for membership of various states were floated: Brazil, South Africa, Singapore, India, Israel, and most frequently of Australia, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand and Colombia.[83] The idea is to transform the Cold War institution into a "Global alliance of democracies".[85]
Australia[edit]
The issue of Australia NATO membership is often brought forward.[83][85][86][87] Australia is even referred to as a "de facto member of NATO".[88] Australia is referred to by NATO as one of their "partners across the globe", agreeing to work on crisis and conflict management, post-conflict situations, reconstruction and facilitating humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. NATO and Australia signed a joint political declaration in June 2012 followed by a signature of an Individual Partnership and Cooperation Programme in February of the next year.[89]
General Knud Bartels, Chairman of the NATO Military Committee at the time, stressed the need for "substantial and practical cooperation, to learn from each other, share best practices and develop common standards because NATO and Australia have a strong partnership and are committed to enhancing their abilities of working together in order to better tackle future global challenges".
Colombia[edit]
Colombia is the NATO’s latest partner and Colombia has access to the full range of cooperative activities NATO offers to partners. NATO and Colombia have concluded a partnership agreement with a view to strengthening dialogue and cooperation to address shared security challenges.[90] A close strategic ally and trade partner of NATO members the U.S. and Spain, Colombia has been a strong supporter of NATO and its actions. In 2009, the Colombian Government asked to be part of the ISAF and work with the Spanish contingent in mine detection operations,[91] but this didn't materialize due to the internal conflict that Colombia faced. In March 2011, Colombia voted in favor of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, thus officially allowing for NATO military intervention in the Libyan Civil War.[92] In April 2012, Colombia was amended into the NATO ATP-56(B) which gave Colombia "associate" status and to re-establish air-to-air fueling capabilities with NATO member countries.[93][94]
On 4 June 2013, Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos announced that Colombia will be signing a Cooperation Agreement with NATO in hopes of eventually joining the military alliance. Santos also stated that: "If we can achieve peace, the army will be in a place where it will be able to distinguish itself internationally as well. We are already doing it on many fronts."[95] In response, the U.S. government noted, "Our goal is certainly to support Colombia as being a capable and strong member of lots of different international organizations, and that might well include NATO. Ultimately this is a decision that all of the NATO members would have to make."[96]
However, on the same day, a Colombian and NATO official both objected to NATO membership for Colombia. Defense Minister Juan Carlos Pinzon stated his country merely wished to sign a cooperation deal with NATO,[97] and a NATO official noted that, "There is no immediate plan for establishing a formal partnership between the alliance and Colombia, but we are exploring the possibility of carrying out specific activities together...and we are currently developing a security of information agreement which would allow the exchange of classified information between the alliance and Colombia."[98]
India[edit]
In September 2011, The NATO alliance invited India to be a partner in its ballistic missile defence (BMD).[99][100] According to the reports a top NATO official stated addressing Indian representatives, "You have a missile threat that confronts you. We have a missile threat that confronts us. It’s a different one, but our ability to defend against it could be the same. We have cooperation on those kind of issues. [..]Democracies face challenges that are common. We need to work together and resolve. We need to cooperate, because individually we cannot deal with such threats. It is better to deal with such issues commonly than deal with them individually"[99] V. K Saraswat, the architect of Indian BMD program, subsequently informed, "We are analysing the report. It is under consideration."[100]
Then-U.S. NATO Ambassador Ivo H. Daalder has suggested that India should turn away from its non-aligned role and join NATO. A Voice of Russia analysis quoted Robert Pshel, head of NATO’s Information Office in Moscow as saying "I agree with Mr Daalder that many modern threats are global, and tackling them without emerging powers like India is hardly possible."[101] Daalder further stated, “The dialogue should be on how India's concept of its own security and of international security fits in with NATO's concept of international security and how NATO as an actor and India as a country can work together to promote security.”[102]
The United States and India have already studied the possibility of a joint missile defence system, although former Defence Secretary Robert Gates stated that "talks were only in their early stages."[101] Boris Volkonsky of the Russian Strategic Research Institute was quoted as saying, "an ally like India would strengthen Washington’s hand in South and Southwest Asia and other world areas."[101] A Voice of Russia analysis speculated on an additional, ulterior motive from a shared Indian and American fear of the "rising dragon of China".[101]
And while most members of the Indian strategic community readily admit that NATO’s Afghanistan mission coincides with India’s own strategic interest in stabilising that country, they do not necessarily conclude from this that India and NATO should develop closer cooperation. It is believed that many Indian analysts harbour doubts about the possible implications for their country’s international position should it develop closer ties with NATO. In a report published by NATO review it said, “The choice should be clear: exploiting NATO’s potential as a forum for consultation and cooperation is a 'win-win' situation, both for India and for the Alliance.”[103]
Japan[edit]
Cooperation between Japan and NATO began in 1990, and Japan was one of the first "partners across the globe" when the relationship became more formalized.[104] Japan deepened their relationship in April 2013 with a joint political declaration, and in May 2014 signed accords relating to counter-terrorism and counter-piracy efforts.[105] Japan has also been involved in the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan and with stabilization efforts in the Balkans during the 1990s.[106]
South Korea[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2017)
See also: Korean conflict
Mongolia[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2013)
The NATO-Mongolia Individual Partnership and Cooperation Programme was approved on 19 March 2012. It is the first application of the new policy for flexible partnerships with global partners.[107][108][109]
New Zealand[edit]
In 2001, NATO and New Zealand signalled their commitment to strengthen cooperation with the joint signature of an Individual Partnership and Cooperation Programme in June 2012. New Zealand has made valuable contributions to NATO-led efforts in Afghanistan, first as part of the International Security Assistance Force and now under the new mission (known as “Resolute Support”) to train, advise and assist the Afghan security forces and institutions.
Pakistan[edit]
Main article: NATO–Pakistan relations
See also[edit]
Individual Partnership Action Plan
Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
Enlargement of NATO
Major non-NATO ally, as designated by the United States government
Partnership for Peace
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "NATO fighter jets join nordic countries in Arctic military exercise; 2-week Arctic Challenge Exercise started Monday in Norway, Finland and Sweden". CBC.ca. 25 May 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015 – via The Associated Press.
Jump up ^ "NATO’s 'neutral' European partners: valuable contributors or free riders?". NATO Review Magazine. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Defence Questions: Irish cooperation with NATO in Ukraine". Eoghan Murphy TD. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ireland: dealing with NATO and neutrality". NATO Review Magazine. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Lee, Dorcha (18 September 2014). "Time to adjust the peacekeeping triple lock". The Irish Times. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Current Missions > ISAF". Defence Forces Ireland. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Current Missions > KFOR". Defence Forces Ireland. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up ^ O'Carroll, Sinead (13 February 2013). "Poll: Should Ireland give up its neutrality?". thejournal.ie. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up ^ McCullagh, David (19 May 2015). "David McCullagh blogs on Ireland's defence policy". RTÉ Prime Time. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Roche, Barry (30 August 2014). "Ireland should change position on military neutrality, says academic". The Irish Times. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Challenges and opportunities abroad: White paper on foreign policy" (PDF). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Ireland. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Lynch, Suzanne (11 February 2013). "Door is open for Ireland to join Nato, says military alliance's chief". The Irish Times. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kosovo seeks to join international organisations". Turkish Weekly. 2012-07-19. Archived from the original on 2012-07-25. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
Jump up ^ http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/roundup/2009/04/28/roundup-dd-03
Jump up ^ "Russia expels Canadian diplomats". BBC News. 6 May 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Moldova's acting president denies that Moldova plans to leave CIS, enter NATO". Kyiv Post. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Ex-minister wants to bring Russia into NATO Der Spiegel Retrieved on 9 March 2010
Jump up ^ "Russia does not rule out future NATO membership". EUobserver. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Military independence is not isolation". B92 (in Serbian). 6 October 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Serbians Yearn for EU, Reject Joining NATO". Angus Reid Global Monitor. 25 December 2007. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "NATO offers "intensified dialogue" to Serbia". B92. 3 April 2008. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Serbia signs information exchange agreement with NATO". Southeast European Times. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document". NATO. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sweden 'should join NATO plane pool'". The Local. 11 November 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Sweden could join new NATO force". The Local. 2 December 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "IFOR/SFOR – Bosnien". mil.se. 3 November 2008. Archived from the original on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Om insatsen i Kosovo". mil.se. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Om insatsen i Afghanistan". mil.se. 22 September 2009. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Nato". Centerpartiet (in Swedish). 2006. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "NATO". Socialdemokraterna (in Swedish). 2008. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "NATO". Miljöpartiet (in Swedish). 29 August 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Försvar och säkerhet". Vänsterpartiet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Security and Defense". Kristdemokraterna (in Swedish). Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Vill moderaterna att Sverige ska gå med i NATO?". Moderaterna (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 29 September 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Sverige i världen". Folkpartiet (in Swedish). Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Jonsson, Gunnar (18 September 2007). "Riksdagsåret inleds idag". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Swedish Agreement With NATO Under Fire". The Epoch Times. 12 October 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swedes lean towards Nato membership, poll shows". Financial Times. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "“Nordic duo should stay together” -- study on NATO membership published in Finland". NATO Review. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Oliphant, Roland (4 February 2016). "Russia 'simulated a nuclear strike' against Sweden, Nato admits". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Braw, Elisabeth (10 May 2016). "Sweden urged to boost alliances but avoid NATO". Politico. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swedes have a change of heart on Nato once more". The Local. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mixed reactions on possible NATO membership report". Radio Sweden. 2 September 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Ďurianová, Marta (20 March 2006). "President Gašparovič meets Ukrainian Foreign Affairs Minister". The Slovak Spectator. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "News of Ukraine :: Interfax – Ukraine".
^ Jump up to: a b Khrestin, Igor (18 August 2008). "Politics as usual". UNIAN. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Razumkov Centre poll Retrieved on 26 August 2009
Jump up ^ FOM-Ukraine April 2009 survey, FOM-Ukraine Retrieved on 4 June 2009
Jump up ^ Ukrainians May Oppose President’s Pro-Western Goals Gallup Retrieved on 26 August 2009
Jump up ^ "Ukraine will not join NATO without referendum". GlobalSecurity. 5 (173). 19 January 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Itar-Tass
Jump up ^ Yanukovych opens door to Russian navy keeping base in Ukraine GlobalSecurity.org Retrieved on 9 March 2010
Jump up ^ Ukraine's Yanukovych: EU ties a 'key priority', Kyiv Post (1 March 2010)
Jump up ^ Ukraine vows new page in ties with Russia Retrieved on 9 March 2010
Jump up ^ "Ukraine drops Nato membership pursuit". The Daily Telegraph. UK. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Ukraine drops NATO membership bid, EUobserver (6 June 2010)
^ Jump up to: a b Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration – Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration – Poroshenko, Interfax-Ukraine (23 December 2014)
Jump up ^ Deschytsia states new government of Ukraine has no intention to join NATO, Interfax-Ukraine (29 March 2014)
Jump up ^ "New Ukraine Coalition Agreed, Sets NATO As Priority". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2014-11-22. Retrieved 2014-11-22.
Jump up ^ Ukraine Ends ‘Nonaligned’ Status, Earning Quick Rebuke From Russia, The Wall Street journal (23 December 2014)
Jump up ^ Spotlight: Scrapping non-aligned status paves Ukraine's way to NATO, fuels Russia's wrath. Xinhua News Agency. Published on 2014-12-24.
Jump up ^ Ukraine, NATO to hold security exercises during Euro 2012, Kyiv Post (26 March 2012)
Yanukovych signs decree on Ukraine-NATO annual cooperation programs, Interfax-Ukraine (12 June 2013)
Military manoeuvres in Ukraine Archived 2013-10-16 at the Wayback Machine., Euronews (4 August 2011)
Thys, John (22 February 2013). "Ukraine Joins NATO's Counter-Piracy Operation". RIA Novosti. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Yanukovych approves program of Ukraine-NATO cooperation for 2012, Kyiv Post (20 April 2012)
Jump up ^ Nearly 40% of Ukrainians ready to demonstrate if authorities do not fulfil promises, ITAR-TASS (October 22, 2014)
Jump up ^ (in Ukrainian) Accession to the EU support almost two-thirds of Ukrainians, 51% - for joining NATO - opinion poll 24 (TV channel) (20/11/14)
Jump up ^ Less than half of Ukrainians support NATO membership, Interfax-Ukraine (18 April 2016)
^ Jump up to: a b c "NATO: the Australian experience". ABC News. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Global NATO, By Ivo Daalder and James Goldgeier, September/October 2006
^ Jump up to: a b "Australia and NATO: A deeper relationship?". Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "US turns the screws on NATO, lauds its ally Australia". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Australia: A Global Member for the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Jump up ^ "NATO enlargement needs US and Australian leadership". On Line Opinion. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Relations with Australia". North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. 17 January 2017. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Relations with Colombia". nato.int. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Colombia to send 50 soldiers to Afghanistan". 28 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Security Council Approves ‘No-Fly Zone’ over Libya, Authorizing ‘All Necessary". Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Por Primera Vez, la Fuerza Aérea Colombiana reabastece en vuelo a los F-18 Canadienses". Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/4BB2A3B9_5056_A318_A8BA245A70F14795.pdf
Jump up ^ "Colombia heads toward NATO membership". InterAksyon.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ U.S. might support Colombia NATO bid: State Department official Raw Story
Jump up ^ "Colombia Minister Says No to NATO Membership". Fox News. Associated Press. 4 June 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "NATO Rules Out Colombia Membership". DefenseNews.
^ Jump up to: a b PTI (4 September 2011). "NATO offers missile defence cooperation to India". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b T.S. Subramanian (7 October 2011). "India studying NATO offer on joining missile programme". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Akhtar Jamal. "India may agree to deploy NATO missile system". The Pak Observer. Archived from the original on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
Jump up ^ "NATO woos India, says ties important to ensure global safety and security". Jagran Post. 2 September 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "India and NATO: size no problem". NATO Review. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "NATO’s relations with Contact Countries". 9 April 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Croft, Adrian (6 May 2014). "Japan, worried about China, strengthens ties with NATO". Retrieved 7 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "NATO cooperation with Japan". NATO. 22 April 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "NATO and Mongolia agree programme of cooperation" (Press release). NATO. 19 March 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Finally a New Era in NATO-Mongolia Relations
Jump up ^ Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (May 19, 2012). "Mongolia Wrestles with Dinosaurs, NATO and Politics". IHT Rendezvous (blog). The New York Times. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
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