text:
Nightshift (song)
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This article is about Commodores single. For Commodores album of same name, see Nightshift (album).
For other uses, see Night Shift (disambiguation).
"Nightshift"
Standard artwork (U.S. vinyl single pictured)
Single by Commodores
from the album Nightshift
B-side
"I Keep Running"
Released
January 31, 1985
Genre
Soul
Length
5:04 (album version)
4:19 (7" single edit)
Label
Motown
Songwriter(s)
Walter Orange
Dennis Lambert
Franne Golde
Producer(s)
Dennis Lambert
Commodores singles chronology
"Only You"
(1983) "Nightshift"
(1985) "Animal Instinct"
(1985)
"Only You"
(1983) "Nightshift"
(1985) "Animal Instinct"
(1985)
"Nightshift" is a 1985 hit song by the Commodores and the title track from their eleventh album of the same name. The song, written by then lead singer Walter Orange in collaboration with Dennis Lambert and Franne Golde, was a loving tribute to soul/R&B singers Jackie Wilson and Marvin Gaye, who both died in 1984. The single was released on January 31, 1985 in the United States.[1]
For the Marvin Gaye verse his song "What's Going On" is mentioned, while in the Jackie Wilson verse his song "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher" is mentioned, as well as a reference to Wilson's hit "Baby Work Out".
This song, which was originally recorded in 1984, was the first hit attained by the Commodores following Lionel Richie's departure from the group. It was also their biggest hit after Richie's departure, peaking at number three on both the Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart,[2] and rising to number one on the Hot Black Singles chart; the single also became a huge success on the Adult Contemporary and the Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales charts in the first half of that year.[3][4]
Although the band was against the label's decision to release it as a single,[5] it won a Grammy Award in 1985 for Best Vocal R&B Performance by a Duo/Group. The song features a lead vocal from drummer Walter Orange, who had sung lead years earlier on the hugely popular "Brick House". Lionel Richie's replacement, J.D. Nicholas, sings the second verse and then Orange and Nicholas share lead vocals on the remaining choruses.
The Commodores recorded another version in 2010, dedicating it to Michael Jackson.[6] In this version Jackson's hit with The Jackson 5, "I'll Be There", and his solo hit "Rock With You" are mentioned in the lyrics.
The song was also parodied by the band as "11 Alive" on a 1985 commercial for NBC affiliate WXIA-TV in Atlanta, Georgia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart performance
2 Other versions
3 In popular culture
4 References
5 External links
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1985)
Peak
position
UK Top 75 3
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 3
U.S. Billboard Hot Black Singles 1
U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales 6
U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 2
Australia (Kent Music Report) [7] 8
RIANZ New Zealand Top 40 2
Dutch Top 40 [8] 1
Other versions[edit]
A reggae version was recorded by Winston Groovy, with the lyrics changed as a tribute to Bob Marley who had also recorded a song titled "Nightshift".[9]
Dexys Midnight Runners covered the song on their 2012 live album At The Royal Court.
American Idol and Grammy Award winner Fantasia sampled the song for her single "Lose to Win".
South African group Dr Victor and the Rasta Rebels recorded a reggae version, which appears on their greatest hits album.[10]
In popular culture[edit]
In 2016, MTN South Africa used the song in the advert "Night Shift" as an ode to workers on night duty across the country. [11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ""Nightshift" The Commodores - 1984". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
Jump up ^ The Commodores on the UK Singles Chart
Jump up ^ "Commodores Artist Biography by Craig Lytle - Awards". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 130.
Jump up ^ John Leland (June 1985). Singles - Commodores "Nightshift" (Motown). Spin. p. 36. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
Jump up ^ Commodores Re-record "Nightshift" As MJ Tribute
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "De Nederlandse Top 40, week 13, 1985". Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
Jump up ^ Winston Groovys Nightshift lyrics
Jump up ^ "Shazam.com". Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Night Shift MTN
External links[edit]
Song Facts
2010 Re-recording dedicated to Michael Jackson
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Missing You" by Diana Ross Billboard Hot Black Singles number one single
March 16, 1985 - April 6, 1985 Succeeded by
"Back In Stride" by Maze featuring Frankie Beverly
[hide]
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Sheldon Reynolds
Albums
Machine Gun
Caught in the Act
Movin' On
Hot on the Tracks
Commodores
Commodores Live!
Natural High
Midnight Magic
Heroes
In the Pocket
Commodores 13
Nightshift
United
Rock Solid
Commodores Christmas
No Tricks
The Very Best of The Commodores (1995 album)
Singles
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"Just to Be Close to You"
"Easy"
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"Three Times a Lady"
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"Still"
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nightshift_(song)&oldid=811971054"
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1985 singles
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Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles
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Enemy combatant
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about persons held as enemy combatants. For the book, see Enemy Combatant (book).
Look up enemy combatant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Enemy combatant is a term referring to a person who, either lawfully or unlawfully, directly engages in hostilities for an enemy state or non-state actor in an armed conflict.[1][2] Prior to 2008, the definition was: "Any person in an armed conflict who could be properly detained under the laws and customs of war." In the case of a civil war or an insurrection the term "enemy state" may be replaced by the more general term "Party to the conflict" (as described in the 1949 Geneva Conventions Article 3).[3]
After the September 11 attacks, the term "enemy combatant" was used by the George W. Bush administration to include an alleged member of al-Qaeda or the Taliban being held in detention by the U.S. government as part of the war on terror. In this sense, "enemy combatant" actually refers to persons the United States regards as unlawful combatants, a category of persons who do not qualify for prisoner-of-war status under the Geneva Conventions. However, unlike unlawful combatants who qualify for some protections under the Fourth Geneva Convention, enemy combatants, under the Bush administration, were not covered by the Geneva Convention. Thus, the term "enemy combatant" has to be read in context to determine whether it means any combatant belonging to an enemy state or non-state actor, whether lawful or unlawful, or if it means an alleged member of al Qaeda or of the Taliban being detained as an unlawful combatant by the United States.
In the United States on March 13, 2009, the Obama administration announced its abandonment of the Bush administration's use of the term "enemy combatant".[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Change of meaning in the United States
1.1 Military Commissions Act
1.2 Boumediene v. Bush
1.3 Following the Supreme Court's Boumediene v. Bush ruling
2 Obama Presidency abandons the term
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
Change of meaning in the United States[edit]
In the 1942 Supreme Court of the United States ruling Ex Parte Quirin, the Court uses the terms with their historical meanings to distinguish between unlawful combatants and lawful combatants:
Unlawful combatants are likewise subject to capture and detention, but in addition they are subject to trial and punishment by military tribunals for acts which render their belligerency unlawful. The spy who secretly and without uniform passes the military lines of a belligerent in time of war, seeking to gather military information and communicate it to the enemy, or an enemy combatant who without uniform comes secretly through the lines for the purpose of waging war by destruction of life or property, are familiar examples of belligerents who are generally deemed not to be entitled to the status of prisoners of war, but to be offenders against the law of war subject to trial and punishment by military tribunals. (Emphasis added)
Johnson v. Eisentrager (1950) reaffirmed the idea that the Constitution does not apply to enemy combatants, and that U.S. courts lack jurisdiction over them.[5].
In the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks the United States Congress passed a resolution known as the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists (AUMF) on September 14, 2001,[6] wherein the Congress invoked the War Powers Resolution. Using this authorization granted to him by Congress, on November 13, 2001, President George W. Bush issued a Presidential Military Order: "Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism".[7] The administration chose to call those who it detained under the Presidential Military Orders "enemy combatants". The Bush administration began using the term in March 2002. William Lietzau, a legal advisor in the Bush administration first proposed using the term.[8] According to Lietzau, America was detaining people not because they were criminals, but because they were the enemy. While the term was not drawn from the Quirin case, the administration looked to Quirin as validation of the term.[8] Since then, the administration has formalized its usage of the term by using it specifically for detained alleged members and supporters of al-Qaida or the Taliban. For example,
Under the provisions of the Secretary of the Navy Memorandum Implementation of Combatant Status Review Tribunal Procedures for Enemy Combatant Detained at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Cuba ... An enemy combatant has been defined as "an individual who was part of or supporting the Taliban or al Qaida forces, or associated forces that are engaged in hostilities against the United States or its coalition partners. This includes any person who committed a belligerent act or has directly supported hostilities in aid of enemy armed forces." [9]
This lead has been followed by other parts of the Government and some section of the American news media. The result of this new usage means that the term "enemy combatant" has to be read in the context of the article in which it appears as to whether it means a member of the armed forces of an enemy state, or if it means an alleged member of al Qaida held prisoner by the United States.
Military Commissions Act[edit]
Following the Supreme Court's ruling of lexi Hamdan v. Rumsfeld the United States Congress passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006 which contained definitions for lawful and unlawful enemy combatants. The Military Commissions Act mandated that Guantanamo captives were no longer entitled to access the US civil justice system, so all outstanding habeas corpus petitions were stayed.[10]
Boumediene v. Bush[edit]
On June 12, 2008, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Boumediene v. Bush, that the Military Commissions Act could not remove the right for Guantanamo captives to access the US Federal Court system. And all previous Guantanamo captives' habeas petitions were eligible to be re-instated. The judges considering the captives' habeas petitions would be considering whether the evidence used to compile the allegations that the detainees were enemy combatants justified a classification of "enemy combatant".
Following the Supreme Court's Boumediene v. Bush ruling[edit]
On February 20, 2009, the administration of President Barack Obama sided with the Bush Administration's interpretation of law when they argued to bar access to civil courts sought by enemy combatants held at the Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan.[11]
During a hearing on October 23, 2008, US District Court Judge Richard J. Leon commented on the ambiguity of the term "enemy combatant".[12] Farah Stockman, writing in the Boston Globe, quoted Leon's remarks characterizing him as having "lashed out" at Congress and the Supreme Court for leaving the term undefined:
"We are here today, much to my dismay, I might add, to deal with a legal question that in my judgment should have been resolved a long time ago. I don't understand, I really don't, how the Supreme Court made the decision it made and left that question open... I don't understand how the Congress could let it go this long without resolving."
On October 27, 2008, Leon ruled that the definition of "enemy combatant" he would use was that set forth in the 2004 rules for Combatant Status Review Tribunals.[13][14][15]
“ ‘Enemy combatant’ shall mean an individual who was part of or supporting Taliban or al Qaeda forces, or associated forces that are engaged in hostilities against the United States or its coalition partners. This includes any person who has committed belligerent act or has directly supported hostilities in aid of enemy armed forces.”
Wikinews has related news: Obama administration drops use of term "enemy combatant"
Defense attorneys for Lakhdar Boumediene and his fellow Bosnians of Algerian descent were pleased with the definition because the DoD had long since dropped the allegation that they had plotted to attack the US Embassy in Sarajevo, and they felt that none of the remaining allegations met the Leon's definition.[16]
Obama Presidency abandons the term[edit]
On March 13, 2009, United States Attorney General Eric Holder issued a statement that the United States had abandoned the Bush administration term "enemy combatant".[17][18] The statement said, "As we work toward developing a new policy to govern detainees, it is essential that we operate in a manner that strengthens our national security, is consistent with our values, and is governed by law." However, various human rights groups noted it as primarily a symbolic act.[19] The United States continues to hold detainees at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.
See also[edit]
Disarmed Enemy Forces
Lawful enemy combatant
Unlawful combatant
al-Marri v. Spagone (2009)
Enemy Combatant (book)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Detention of Enemy Combatants Act (Introduced in House) 109th CONGRESS 1st Session H. R. 1076 March 3, 2005
(8) The term 'enemy combatant' has historically referred to all of the citizens of a state with which the Nation is at war, and who are members of the armed force of that enemy state. Enemy combatants in the present conflict, however, come from many nations, wear no uniforms, and use unconventional weapons. Enemy combatants in the war on terrorism are not defined by simple, readily apparent criteria, such as citizenship or military uniform. And the power to name a citizen as an 'enemy combatant' is therefore extraordinarily broad. (Emphasis added)
Jump up ^ The current United States Department of Defense definition is: "In general, a person engaged in hostilities against the United States or its coalition partners during an armed conflict."(source DOD dictionary enemy combatant)
Jump up ^ ICRC commentary on Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949: Part I : General provisions: Conflicts no of an international character
Jump up ^ Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs. "Department of Justice Withdraws "Enemy Combatant" Definition for Guantanamo Detainees [Press Release]". Justice News. Department of Justice. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Noah Feldman (2010). Scorpions: The Battles and Triumphs of FDR's Great Supreme Court Justices. 12/Hachette. pp. 329–334.
Jump up ^ US Congress' joint resolution of lexi September 18, 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force ("AUMF"); public law 107-40, 115 Stat. 224
Jump up ^ President George W. Bush's Military Order of November 13, 2001: Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism; 66 FR 57833
^ Jump up to: a b Honigsberg, Peter Jan. "The Real Origin of the Term 'Enemy Combatant'". Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal - Detainee Begg, Moazzam
Jump up ^ Peter D. Keisler, Douglas N. Letter (2006-10-16). "NOTICE OF MILITARY COMMISSIONS ACT OF 2006" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 2008-10-02. Retrieved 2008-09-30. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Nedra Pickler and Matt Apuzzo (2009-02-20). "Obama backs Bush: No rights for Bagram prisoners". Star Telegram. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-20. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Farah Stockman (2008-10-24). "Lawyers debate 'enemy combatant'". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
Jump up ^ Lyle Denniston (2008-10-27). "Defining a wartime "enemy"". Scotusblog. Archived from the original on 2008-11-06. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
Jump up ^ Lara Jakes Jordan (2008-10-27). "Judge defines enemy combatant status for detainees". Times Leader. Archived from the original on 2008-10-28. Retrieved 2008-10-28. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Richard J. Leon (2008-10-27). "Lakhdar Boumediene et al. v. George W. Bush et al. -- Civil Action No. 04-1166 (RJL): Memorandum Order" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 2008-10-28. Retrieved 2008-10-28. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Judge narrows definition of Gitmo's 'enemy combatants'". Washington Times. 2008-10-27. Archived from the original on 2008-10-28. Retrieved 2008-10-28. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Randal Mikkelson (2009-03-14). "Guantanamo inmates no longer "enemy combatants"". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2009-09-27. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
Jump up ^ Lyle Denniston (2009-03-13). "U.S. defines its claim to detention power". Scotusblog. Archived from the original on 2009-09-27.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Retires 'Enemy Combatant,' Keeps Broad Right to Detain". The Washington Post. 2009-03-14.
Further reading[edit]
Daniel Torres An Examination of the Legal Rights of American Citizens Detained as Enemy Combatants in the War on Terror
Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Enemy Combatants
Daniel Ross, Violent Democracy, ch. 6.
Kuwaiti Family Committee is a site with details about the Kuwaiti detainees. They have been deemed enemy combatants by the US government.
Human Rights First; Behind the Wire: An Update to Ending Secret Detentions (2005)
Beth Van Schaack, Enemy Combatant: A Genealogy, April 6, 2009.
National Institute of Military Justice, Detainee and National Security Law
Look up enemy combatant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enemy_combatant&oldid=804278647"
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values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Противник – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Enemy_combatant rootpage-Enemy_combatant vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view