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Turn Down for What
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"Turn Down for What"
Single by DJ Snake and Lil Jon
Released
December 18, 2013
Recorded
2012
Genre
EDM
trap
Length
3:50
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
DJ Snake
Producer(s)
DJ Snake
Lil Jon
DJ Snake singles chronology
"Turn Down for What"
(2013) "Get Low"
(2014)
"Turn Down for What"
(2013) "Get Low"
(2014)
Lil Jon singles chronology
"Hard White (Up in the Club)"
(2011) Hard White (Up in the Club)2011 "Turn Down for What"
(2013) Turn Down for What2013 "Bend Ova"
(2014) Bend Ova2014
Music video
"Turn Down For What" on YouTube
"Turn Down for What" is a song by DJ Snake and Lil Jon released on December 18, 2013. The song and its viral music video popularized the use of the phrase.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Release
2 Composition
3 Chart performance
4 Critical response
5 Music video
6 Remixes
7 Usage in media
8 Charts
8.1 Weekly charts
8.2 Year-end charts
9 Certifications
10 References
Release[edit]
Lil Jon and DJ Snake had met several years prior to recording the song.[3] In December 2013, "Turn Down for What" was premiered on Columbia Records website and released via iTunes shortly after.[4] In an interview about the song, DJ Snake said,
When I hit up the big homie Jon and asked him if he wanted to be on the track, this song is a pretty balling song. He heard the beat and was instantly down with the vision. What he sent me back, though, absolutely blew my mind. I knew Jon was one of the best, but he absolutely killed it on this joint.[5]
Lil Jon said in an interview,
DJ Snake sent me the track with a sample and he wanted me to redo it with my voice. When I heard the song I was like this beat is too crazy for that sample. I wanted to make it hip and current, and the first thing that came to mind was the phrase 'Turn Down for What!'[5]
Composition[edit]
"Turn Down for What" contains the lyrics of Lil Jon's powerful and iconic voice rapping "Fire up that loud, another round of shots" and "Turn down for what" throughout the song. It also contains bass and trap music elements that are original to Atlanta, GA, Lil Jon's hometown. "Turn Down for What" is written in the E Phrygian mode and is set in common time at a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute.
Chart performance[edit]
"Turn Down for What" entered the top 10 on Billboard's Dance/Electronic chart during the last week of December.[6] In January 2014, the single entered the top 5 on the Dance/Electronic chart and debuted at No. 38 on Billboard's Hot 100.[7] It peaked at number 4 on the chart, becoming DJ Snake's first and Lil Jon's ninth top ten, and was certified gold in February 2014.[8][9] It reached its first million copies sold in the U.S. in March 2014.[10] The song reached its 3 million sales mark in July 2014.[11] It became the seventh best-selling song of 2014 in the US with 3,449,000 copies sold for the year.[12]
Critical response[edit]
"Turn Down for What" received generally positive reviews from music critics and publications. Rolling Stone voted "Turn Down For What" as the second best song of the year 2014, saying, "The year's nutsiest party jam was also the perfect protest banger for a generation fed up with everything. DJ Snake brings the synapse-rattling EDM and Southern trap music; Lil Jon brings the dragon-fire holler for a hilarious, glorious, glowstick-punk fuck you." [13] In January 2015, "Turn Down for What" was ranked at No. 9, tied with Beyoncé's "Flawless", on The Village Voice's annual year-end Pazz & Jop critics' poll.
Music video[edit]
An accompanying music video for "Turn Down for What" was directed by the filmmaking duo Daniels,[14] composed of Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert, and released on March 13, 2014. The clip stars co-director Daniel Kwan with Sunita Mani. He explained: "For a while Daniel and I had been wanting to explore male sexuality in a really weird way. For some reason our brains came up with this image, and this other universe where dudes are so pumped up on their own dicks—and they’re so into their testosterone—that the way that they show that is by breaking shit with their dicks. So, whatever happens, that would just be a funny logical progression."[14]
Jason Newman of Rolling Stone described the video as "perfect insanity" and added, "It's hard to pinpoint specifically what makes the video for DJ Snake and Lil Jon's 'Turn Down for What' so compelling and ripe for repeat viewings."[15] Edwin Ortiz of Complex called it "incredibly absurd and awesome" and wrote, "The hard-hitting EDM record delivers an undeniable vibe that listeners can't help but mosh out to, and that's clearly evident in the accompanying music video."[16] Writing for Idolator, Robbie Daw said the video "takes things to a whole new level of WTF-ness not quite seen before."[17]
The music video won Best Direction for DANIELS and was nominated for MTV Clubland Award, Best Art Direction, and Best Visual Effects at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards and Best Music Video at the 2015 Grammy Awards.
Remixes[edit]
On April 26, 2014, the official remix featuring Juicy J, 2 Chainz and French Montana was released, followed by the second official remix on April 28, 2014, titled the Dancehall Remix, featuring Chi Ching Ching, Assassin and Konshens, and a third release on May 7, 2014 titled "Turn Down for What (Lil Jon Remix)", featuring Pitbull and Ludacris.[18][19][20]
Usage in media[edit]
"Turn Down for What" has been featured in various films, commercials and television programs. Uses include a TV commercial for Sol Republic, to introduce a wireless speaker, which aired in October 2013.[21] The song was used in the films 22 Jump Street and, briefly, Furious 7, and in the trailers for Horrible Bosses 2[22]and Brick Mansions. In May 2014, Jimmy Fallon, Seth Rogen and Zac Efron danced dressed as girls to the song during an episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.[23] In July 2014, Robin Wright also danced to the song during an appearance on The Tonight Show.[24]
Talk show host Ellen DeGeneres created a spoof of the Lincoln Motor Company commercial starring Matthew McConaughey using a portion of the song.
In October 2014, Lil Jon and various other celebrities appeared in an online video that featured a remix of the song, renamed to "Turn Out for What", that was organized by Rock the Vote and intended to encourage young people to vote in the upcoming elections.[25]
On October 15, 2014, Michelle Obama posted a video clip of herself dancing to "Turn Down For What" while holding a turnip[26] as a Vine response to US comedian and impressionist Iman Crosson's post hashtagged #AskTheFirstLady.[27] In Alphacat's original post Michelle Obama was asked, "On average how many calories do you burn every time you 'turn up'?!" Her response was "Turnip for what?" The Vine was posted as part of a Q&A organised by the First Lady’s office to promote her Let's Move! healthy lifestyle campaign.[28]
In 2015, Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their film Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip and its soundtrack.
In December 2014, a portion of the song was used in an AT&T Wireless commercial announcing the "completion" of their network export's goal of providing improved LTE connectivity.[29]
In March 2015, Disney Channel used the song in a promo for the "Tune in 4 What?" 4 night event, which promoted new episodes of Liv and Maddie, Dog With a Blog, Jessie, Austin & Ally, I Didn't Do It, Girl Meets World, and K.C. Undercover.
In April 2017, the song was featured in a Saturday Night Live commercial parody called "Turtle Shirt".[30]
In November 2017, "Turn Down For What?" was the title of a research paper in the American Journal of Transplantation written by Mary Grace Bowring, Dorry Segev, and colleagues, about the decision to turn down offers of certain deceased donor kidneys for transplantation.[31]
In January 2018, figure skater Jimmy Ma started using the song in his routine.[32]
Mexican luchador Blue Panther Jr. uses the song as his entrance music.
The Atlanta Falcons play the song in their pregame intros and when they score a touchdown.
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2014)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[33]
13
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[34]
35
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[35]
41
Belgium Dance (Ultratop Flanders)[36]
39
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[37]
18
Belgium Dance (Ultratop Wallonia)[38]
10
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[39]
11
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[40]
8
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[41]
34
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[42]
13
France (SNEP)[43]
19
Germany (Official German Charts)[44]
31
Ireland (IRMA)[45]
42
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[46]
21
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[47]
23
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[48]
10
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[49]
20
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[50]
58
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[51]
41
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[52]
26
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[53]
36
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[54]
23
UK Dance (Official Charts Company)[55]
10
US Billboard Hot 100[56]
4
US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)[57]
1
US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[58]
2
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[59]
5
US R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay (Billboard)[60]
30
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[61]
1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2014)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[62]
49
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[63]
46
Germany (Official German Charts)[64]
97
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[65]
62
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[66]
40
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[67]
96
US Billboard Hot 100[68]
15
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[69]
2× Platinum 140,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[70]
3× Platinum 240,000^
Italy (FIMI)[71]
Gold 15,000
New Zealand (RMNZ)[72]
Gold 7,500*
Sweden (GLF)[73]
Platinum 40,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[74]
Gold 400,000
United States (RIAA)[75]
5× Platinum 5,000,000[12]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A Complete List Of People Who Asked Me To Define 'Turn Down For What' Over The Weekend". The Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ "Lil Jon". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Lipshutz, Jason (April 7, 2014). "Lil Jon Feels 'Great Validation' Thanks To 'Turn Down For What' Success". Billboard. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "TURN DOWN FOR WHAT". Beatport. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
^ Jump up to: a b "DJ Snake And Lil Jon Release International Hit Single "Turn Down for What" On Columbia Records". PR NEWS WIRE. Jan 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gary Trust (January 3, 2014). "Chart Moves: Imagine Dragons, AWOLNATION Extend Lengthy Hot 100 Stays; Beyonce Bounds At R&B/Hip-Hop Radio; DJ Snake, Lil Jon Debut With 'Turn Down For What'". Billboard. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gordon Murray (December 27, 2013). "DJ Snake, Lil Jon, Katy Perry Power Up Dance Charts". Billboard. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (April 30, 2014). "Pharrell Williams Tops Hot 100 For 10th Week, Iggy Azalea Vaults Into Top 10". Retrieved April 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Tyler Trew (4 February 2014). "DJ Snake's "Turn Down for What" Reaches Gold Status". Your EDM. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Grein, Paul (March 19, 2014). "Chart Watch: "#Selfie" Is A #Smash". Yahoo Music. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Grein, Paul (July 30, 2014). "Chart Watch: Jason Aldean Is Back". Yahoo Music.
^ Jump up to: a b Christman, Ed (January 9, 2015). "Music in 2014: Taylor Takes the Year, Republic Records on Top, Streaming to the Rescue". Billboard. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Turn Down For What". Rolling Stone.
^ Jump up to: a b Pearl, Max (March 20, 2014). "Meet the Man Behind Lil Jon & DJ Snake's "Turn Down for What" Video". Vice. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Newman, Jason (March 12, 2014). "DJ Snake and Lil Jon's 'Turn Down for What' Video Is Perfect Insanity". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ortiz, Edwin (March 14, 2014). "DJ Snake & Lil Jon's New Music Video for "Turn Down for What" Is Incredibly Absurd and Awesome". Complex. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Daw, Robbie (March 12, 2014). "DJ Snake & Lil Jon's "Turn Down For What" Video Is The Most Insane Thing You'll Watch All Month". Idolator. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ C. Vernon Coleman (2014-04-26). "Lil Jon Featuring Juicy J, 2 Chainz & French Montana "Turn Down For What (Remix)" - XXL". Xxlmag.com. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
Jump up ^ "Turn Down For What (DANCEHALL Remix) Dirty Master by Lil Jon on SoundCloud - Hear the world's sounds". Soundcloud.com. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
Jump up ^ "Lil Jon - Turn Down For What Feat. DJ Snake, Pitbull & Ludacris (Remix) | Stream & Listen [New Song]". Hotnewhiphop.com. 2014-05-07. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
Jump up ^ "Sol Replic Deck Radio Shack TV Commercial, Feat Lil Wayne and Michael Phelps". Radio Shack. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
Jump up ^ Sims, Davd (July 3, 2014). "'Turn Down For What' Watch: How Hard Will Hollywood Drive This Song Into the Ground?". Thewire.com. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Silman, Anna (May 7, 2014). "Watch Seth Rogen and Zac Efron Play Teen Girls on 'Ew'". Vulture.com. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Strecker, Erin (July 24, 2014). "You're Going To Want To See Robin Wright Dance With Jimmy Fallon to 'Turn Down For What'". Billboard. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Putnam, Lindsay (October 7, 2014). "Lil Jon, Lena Dunham rock the vote in 'Turn Out For What'". New York Post.
Jump up ^ "Hey, Alphacat The First Lady wants to know… #TurnipForWhat? #AskTheFirstLady #TD4W".
Jump up ^ "A question for Michelle Obama: How many calories do you burn every time you 'turn up'?!".
Jump up ^ "Michelle Obama's 'Turnip for What' is just the latest great political Vine".
Jump up ^ "AT&T TV Spot, "Speech"". AT&T Mobility. December 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgEPkrMOwCg
Jump up ^ Bowring. "Turn down for what? Patient outcomes associated with declining increased infectious risk kidneys". American Journal of Transplantation. doi:10.1111/ajt.14577. PMID 29116674.
Jump up ^ http://www.newser.com/story/253754/figure-skaters-edgy-song-choice-grabs-notice.html
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – DJ Snake and Lil Jon – Turn Down For What". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – DJ Snake and Lil Jon – Turn Down For What" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – DJ Snake and Lil Jon – Turn Down For What" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – DJ Snake and Lil Jon – Turn Down For What" (in Dutch). Ultratop Dance. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – DJ Snake and Lil Jon – Turn Down For What" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – DJ Snake and Lil Jon – Turn Down For What" (in French). Ultratop Dance. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "DJ Snake Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "DJ Snake Chart History (Canada CHR/Top 40)". Billboard. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201426 into search. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lil Jon,dj Snake: Turn Down For What" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – DJ Snake and Lil Jon – Turn Down For What" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – DJ Snake and Lil Jon – Turn Down For What". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 28, 2014". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – DJ Snake and Lil Jon" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – DJ Snake and Lil Jon – Turn Down For What" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – DJ Snake and Lil Jon – Turn Down For What". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201424 into search.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201430 into search. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – DJ Snake and Lil Jon – Turn Down For What". Singles Top 100. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – DJ Snake and Lil Jon – Turn Down For What". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "DJ Snake Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "DJ Snake Chart History (Hot Dance/Electronic Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "DJ Snake Chart History (Dance Mix/Show Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "DJ Snake Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "DJ Snake Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "DJ Snake Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts – ARIA Top 100 Singles 2014". ARIA Charts. Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2014 Year End Charts – Top Canadian Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts". GfK Entertainment (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "JAAROVERZICHTEN – Single 2014" (in German). Dutch Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 2014". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2014". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 Songs – Year End 2014". Billboard. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2014 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – DJ Snake & Lil Jon – Turn Down For What". Music Canada. March 10, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – DJ Snake feat. Lil Jon – Turn Down For What" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – DJ Snake & Lil Jon – Turn Down For What". Recorded Music NZ. May 9, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "DJ Snake & Lil Jon - Turn Down For What" (in Swedish). Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – DJ Snake & Lil Jon – Turn Down For What". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 10, 2016. Enter Turn Down For What in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – DJ Snake & Lil Jon – Turn Down For What". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
[show]
v
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e
DJ Snake
Discography
Studio albums
Encore
Singles
"Turn Down for What"
"Get Low"
"You Know You Like It"
"Lean On"
"Middle"
"Talk"
"Let Me Love You"
"A Different Way"
[show]
v
t
e
Lil Jon
Studio albums
Get Crunk, Who U Wit: Da Album
We Still Crunk!!
Put Yo Hood Up
Kings of Crunk
Part II
Crunk Juice
Crunk Rock
Score
MTV VMA Score 2005
Singles
"Get Low"
"What U Gon' Do"
"Real Nigga Roll Call"
"Lovers & Friends"
"Snap Yo Fingers"
"Act a Fool"
"I Do"
"Give It All U Got"
"Ms. Chocolate"
"Hey"
"Turn Down for What"
"Bend Ova"
"Take It Off"
Featured singles
"Damn!"
"Salt Shaker"
"Shake That Monkey"
"Come Get Some"
"Yeah!"
"Culo"
"Let's Go"
"Real Gangstaz"
"That's Nasty"
"Toma"
"Girlfight"
"Okay"
"Bojangles (Remix)"
"Go to Church"
"Gangsta Gangsta"
"The Anthem"
"Get Buck in Here"
"Krazy"
"Let Me See the Booty"
"Patron Tequila"
"Shots"
"Do You Remember"
"Watagatapitusberry"
"Turbulence"
"Hard White (Up in the Club)"
"Bobble"
Related articles
Discography
Production discography
BME Recordings
Crunk Energy Drink
The Celebrity Apprentice 4
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Leaning Tower of Pisa
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Leaning Tower of Pisa
Torre pendente di Pisa
Leaning Tower of Pisa
Basic information
Location
Pisa, Italy
Geographic coordinates
43°43′23″N 10°23′47″E / 43.72306°N 10.39639°E / 43.72306; 10.39639Coordinates: 43°43′23″N 10°23′47″E / 43.72306°N 10.39639°E / 43.72306; 10.39639
Affiliation
Roman Catholic
Country
Italy
Website
www.opapisa.it
Architectural description
Architect(s)
Bonanno Pisano
Architectural style
Romanesque
Groundbreaking
1173
Completed
1372
Specifications
Height (max)
55.86 metres (183.3 ft)
Materials
marble
stone
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Criteria
Cultural: (i), (ii), (iv), (vi)
Reference
395
Inscription
1987 (11th Session)
[edit on Wikidata]
The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa) or simply the Tower of Pisa (Torre di Pisa [ˈtorre di ˈpiːza]) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for its unintended tilt. The tower is situated behind the Pisa Cathedral and is the third oldest structure in the city's Cathedral Square (Piazza del Duomo), after the cathedral and the Pisa Baptistry.
The tower's tilt began during construction in the 12th century, caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structure's weight. The tilt increased in the decades before the structure was completed in the 14th century. It gradually increased until the structure was stabilized (and the tilt partially corrected) by efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
The height of the tower is 55.86 metres (183.27 feet) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 metres (185.93 feet) on the high side. The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m (8 ft 0.06 in). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 metric tons (16,000 short tons).[1] The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase. Prior to restoration work performed between 1990 and 2001, the tower leaned at an angle of 5.5 degrees,[2][3][4] but the tower now leans at about 3.99 degrees.[5] This means the top of the tower is displaced horizontally 3.9 metres (12 ft 10 in) from the centre.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Architect
2 Construction
2.1 Timeline
2.2 Builders
3 History following construction
4 Alternative candidates
5 Technical information
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Architect
There has been controversy about the real identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. For many years, the design was attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano,[7] a well-known 12th-century resident artist of Pisa, famous for his bronze casting, particularly in the Pisa Duomo. Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale, Sicily, only to come back and die in his home town. A piece of cast bearing his name was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820, but this may be related to the bronze door in the façade of the cathedral that was destroyed in 1595. A 2001 study[8] seems to indicate Diotisalvi was the original architect, due to the time of construction and affinity with other Diotisalvi works, notably the bell tower of San Nicola and the Baptistery, both in Pisa.
Construction
The Pisa Baptistery (in the foreground), the Pisa Cathedral (in the middleground), and the Leaning Tower of Pisa (in the background)
Leaning Tower of Pisa in 2004
Leaning Tower of Pisa
Construction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years. Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on August 14, 1173 during a period of military success and prosperity. This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals.[citation needed]
The tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178. This was due to a mere three-metre foundation, set in weak, unstable subsoil, a design that was flawed from the beginning. Construction was subsequently halted for almost a century, because the Republic of Pisa was almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca, and Florence. This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle. Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled.[citation needed] In 1198, clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor of the unfinished construction.[citation needed]
In 1272, construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone, architect of the Camposanto. In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other. Because of this, the tower is curved.[9] Construction was halted again in 1284 when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria.[citation needed]
The seventh floor was completed in 1319. The bell-chamber was finally added in 1372. It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell-chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower.[10] There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical major scale. The largest one was installed in 1655.[citation needed]
After a phase (1990–2001) of structural strengthening,[11] the tower is currently undergoing gradual surface restoration, in order to repair visible damage, mostly corrosion and blackening. These are particularly pronounced due to the tower's age and its exposure to wind and rain.[12]
Timeline
On January 5, 1172, Donna Berta di Bernardo, a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria, bequeathed sixty soldi to the Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie. The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower.[13]
On August 9, 1173, the foundations of the tower were laid.
Nearly four centuries later Giorgio Vasari wrote: "Guglielmo, according to what is being said, in [this] year 1174 with Bonanno as sculptor, laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa."
On December 27, 1233, the worker Benenato, son of Gerardo Bottici, oversaw the continuation of the construction of the bell tower.[14]
On February 23, 1260, Guido Speziale, son of Giovanni, a worker on the cathedral Santa Maria Maggiore, was elected to oversee the building of the tower.[15]
On April 12, 1264, the master builder Giovanni di Simone and 23 workers went to the mountains close to Pisa to cut marble. The cut stones were given to Rainaldo Speziale, worker of St. Francesco.[16]
Giorgio Vasari indicated that Tommaso di Andrea Pisano was the designer of the belfry[17] between 1360 and 1370.
Builders
One possible known builder of Pisa Tower was Gerardo di Gerardo. His name appears as a witness to the above legacy of Berta di Bernardo as "Master Gerardo", and as a worker whose name was Gerardo.[citation needed]
A more probable builder was Diotisalvi, because of the construction period and the structure's affinities with other buildings in Pisa, but he usually signed his works, and there is no signature by him in the bell tower.[citation needed]
Giovanni di Simone was known to be heavily involved in the completion of the tower, under the direction of Giovanni Pisano, who at the time was master builder of the Opera di Santa Maria Maggiore. Di Simone could be the same Giovanni Pisano who completed the belfry tower.[citation needed]
History following construction
Plaque in memory of Galileo Galilei's experiments
Galileo Galilei is said to have dropped two cannonballs of different masses from the tower to demonstrate that their speed of descent was independent of their mass. However, the only primary source for this is the biography Racconto istorico della vita di Galileo Galilei (Historical Account of the Life of Galileo Galilei), written by Galileo's secretary Vincenzo Viviani and published in 1717, long after Viviani's death.[18][19]
During World War II, the Allies discovered that the Germans were using the tower as an observation post. A U.S. Army sergeant sent to confirm the presence of German troops in the tower was impressed by the beauty of the cathedral and its campanile, and thus refrained from ordering an artillery strike, sparing it from destruction.[20][21]
Lead counterweights, 1998
Numerous efforts have been made to restore the tower to a vertical orientation or at least keep it from falling over. Most of these efforts failed; some worsened the tilt. On February 27, 1964, the government of Italy requested aid in preventing the tower from toppling. It was, however, considered important to retain the current tilt, due to the role that this element played in promoting the tourism industry of Pisa.[22]
A multinational task force of engineers, mathematicians, and historians gathered on the Azores islands to discuss stabilisation methods. It was found that the tilt was increasing in combination with the softer foundations on the lower side. Many methods were proposed to stabilise the tower, including the addition of 800 tonnes of lead counterweights to the raised end of the base.[23]
The tower and the neighbouring cathedral, baptistery, and cemetery are included in the Piazza del Duomo UNESCO World Heritage Site, which was declared in 1987.[24]
The tower was closed to the public on January 7, 1990, after more than two decades of stabilisation studies and spurred by the abrupt collapse of the Civic Tower of Pavia in 1989. The bells were removed to relieve some weight, and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away. Apartments and houses in the path of the tower were vacated for safety. The solution chosen to prevent the collapse of the tower was to slightly straighten it to a safer angle by removing 38 cubic metres (1,342 cubic feet) of soil from underneath the raised end. The tower was straightened by 45 centimetres (17.7 inches), returning to its 1838 position. After a decade of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts, the tower was reopened to the public on December 15, 2001 and was declared stable for at least another 300 years.[23] In total, 70 metric tons (77 short tons) of earth were removed.[25]
In May 2008, engineers announced that the tower had been stabilized such that it had stopped moving for the first time in its history. They stated that it would be stable for at least 200 years.[25]
Alternative candidates
Two German churches have challenged the tower's status as the world's most lop-sided building: the 15th-century square Leaning Tower of Suurhusen and the 14th-century bell tower in the town of Bad Frankenhausen.[26] Guinness World Records measured the Pisa and Suurhusen towers, finding the former's tilt to be 3.97 degrees.[27] In June 2010, Guinness World Records certified the Capital Gate building in Abu Dhabi, UAE as the "World's Furthest Leaning Man-made Tower".[28] The Capital Gate tower has an 18-degree slope, almost five times more than the Pisa Tower; however the Capital Gate tower has been deliberately engineered to slant. The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in New Zealand, also deliberately built, leans at 53 degrees to the ground.[29]
Technical information
An elevation image of the Leaning Tower of Pisa cut with laser scan data from a University of Ferrara/CyArk research partnership, with source image accurate down to 5 mm (0.2 in). This elevation shows the interesting quandary facing the campanile. The circular shape and great height (currently 55.86 m (183 ft 3.21 in) on the lowest side and 56.67 m (185 ft 11.10 in) m on the highest) of the campanile were unusual for their time, and the crowning belfry is stylistically distinct from the rest of the construction. This belfry incorporates a 14 cm (5.5 in) correction for the inclined axis below. The siting of the campanile within the Piazza del Duomo diverges from the axial alignment of the cathedral and baptistery of the Piazza del Duomo
Elevation of Piazza del Duomo: about 2 metres (6 feet, DMS)
Height from the ground floor: 55.863 metres (183 ft 3 in), 8 stories
Height from the foundation floor: 58.36 m (191 ft 5.64 in)
Outer diameter of base: 15.484 metres (50 ft 9.6 in)
Inner diameter of base: 7.368 metres (24 ft 2.1 in)
Angle of slant: 3.97 degrees[27] or 3.9 metres (12 ft 10 in) from the vertical[30]
Weight: 14,700 metric tons (16,200 short tons)
Thickness of walls at the base: 2.44 metres (8 ft 0 in)
Total number of bells: 7, tuned to musical scale, clockwise
1st bell: L'Assunta, cast in 1654 by Giovanni Pietro Orlandi, weight 3,620 kg (7,981 lb)
2nd bell: Il Crocifisso, cast in 1572 by Vincenzo Possenti, weight 2,462 kg (5,428 lb)
3rd bell: San Ranieri, cast in 1719–1721 by Giovanni Andrea Moreni, weight 1,448 kg (3,192 lb)
4th bell: La Terza (1st small one), cast in 1473, weight 300 kg (661 lb)
5th bell: La Pasquereccia or La Giustizia, cast in 1262 by Lotteringo, weight 1,014 kg (2,235 lb)
6th bell: Il Vespruccio (2nd small one), cast in the 14th century and again in 1501 by Nicola di Jacopo, weight 1,000 kg (2,205 lb)
7th bell: Dal Pozzo, cast in 1606 and again in 2004, weight 652 kg (1,437 lb)[31]
Number of steps to the top: 296[32]
About the 5th bell: The name Pasquareccia comes from Easter, because it used to ring on Easter day. However, this bell is older than the bell-chamber itself, and comes from the tower Vergata in Palazzo Pretorio in Pisa, where it was called La Giustizia (The Justice). The bell was tolled to announce executions of criminals and traitors, including Count Ugolino in 1289.[33] A new bell was installed in the bell tower at the end of the 18th century to replace the broken Pasquareccia.
Gallery
View looking up
Entrance door to the bell tower
External loggia
Inner staircase from sixth to seventh floor
Inner staircase from seventh to eighth (the top) floor
View from the top
Assunta bell
Pasquareccia bell
View, looking down from the top
A popular photo opportunity with tourists is to pose as if one was either holding up or pushing over the tower
See also
Leaning Temple of Huma – Only leaning temple in the world
List of leaning towers
Leaning Tower of Niles, a replica of the Tower of Pisa
Leaning Tower of Zaragoza, was a famous European leaning tower
Great Mosque of al-Nuri (Mosul), an ancient leaning tower that stood until 2017
Machang, Kelantan – home to another leaning tower
Round tower (disambiguation), for other types of round towers
The Greyfriars Tower – the remains of a Franciscan monastery in King's Lynn, nicknamed "The Leaning Tower of Lynn"
Torre delle Milizie, a tilting medieval tower in Rome
Tour de Pise, a rock dome in Antarctica, was named after this tower
References
Jump up ^ "Leaning Tower of Pisa Facts". Leaning Tower of Pisa. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Europe | Saving the Leaning Tower". BBC News. December 15, 2001. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Tower of Pisa". Archidose.org. June 17, 2001. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Leaning Tower of Pisa (tower, Pisa, Italy) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "E la Torre di Pisa non oscilla più". Scienze.TV. May 28, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ tan(3.99 degrees) * (55.86 m + 56.70 m)/2 = 3.9 m
Jump up ^ Controversy about the identity of the architect
Jump up ^ Pierotti, Piero. (2001). Deotisalvi – L'architetto pisano del secolo d'oro. Pisa: Pacini Editore
Jump up ^ McLain, Bill (1999). Do Fish Drink Water?. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. pp. 291–292. ISBN 0-688-16512-5.
Jump up ^ G. Barsali (1999), Pisa. History and masterpieces, Bonechi, p. 18, ISBN 8872041880
Jump up ^ A profile of an engineer employed to straighten the tower Ingenia, March 2005
Jump up ^ Restoration work is mentioned at the official website of the square
Jump up ^ Capitular Record Offices of Pisa, parchment n. 248
Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa, Opera della Primaziale, December 27, 1234
Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa, Opera della Primaziale, February 23, 1260
Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa, Roncioni, April 12, 1265.
Jump up ^ Giorgio Vasari, Jean Paul Richter (1855), Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, H. G. Bohn, p. 153
Jump up ^ "Sci Tech : Science history: setting the record straight". The Hindu. June 30, 2005. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Vincenzo Viviani on museo galileo
Jump up ^ Shrady, Nicholas (2003): Tilt: a skewed history of the Tower of Pisa
Jump up ^ "Why I spared the Leaning Tower of Pisa". The Guardian. January 12, 2000. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Securing the Lean In Tower of Pisa". The New York Times. November 1, 1987.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tipping the Balance". TIME Magazine. June 25, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Piazza del Duomo, Pisa". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Duff, Mark (May 28, 2008). "Europe | Pisa's leaning tower 'stabilised'". BBC News. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Sunday Telegraph no 2,406- July 22, 2007
^ Jump up to: a b "German steeple beats Leaning Tower of Pisa into Guinness book". The Raw Story. Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Not so fast, Pisa! UAE lays claim to world's furthest leaning tower". CNN news. June 7, 2010. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ 'Leaning and tumbling towers' on Puzzling World website, viewed 2011-07-30
Jump up ^ tan(3.97 degrees) * (55.86m + 56.70m)/2 = 3.9m
Jump up ^ "Leaning Tower of Pisa: 1920's Photo of Dal Pozzo". www.endex.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Davies, Andrew (2005). The Children's Visual World Atlas. Sydney, Australia: The Fog Press. ISBN 1-74089-317-4.
Jump up ^ "Torre pendente" (in Italian). Lucca turismo. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leaning Tower (Pisa).
Opera della Primaziale Pisana — official site
Piazza dei Miracoli digital media archive (Creative Commons-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), data from a University of Ferrara/CyArk research partnership, includes 3D scan data from Leaning Tower.
Leaning Tower of Pisa at Structurae
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