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Edward Scissorhands
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This article is about the 1990 film. For the 2005 dance theatre work, see Edward Scissorhands (dance).
Edward Scissorhands
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Tim Burton
Produced by
Denise Di Novi
Tim Burton
Screenplay by
Caroline Thompson
Story by
Tim Burton
Caroline Thompson
Starring
Johnny Depp
Winona Ryder
Dianne Wiest
Anthony Michael Hall
Kathy Baker
Vincent Price
Alan Arkin
Music by
Danny Elfman
Cinematography
Stefan Czapsky
Edited by
Richard Halsey
Colleen Halsey
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
December 6, 1990 (1990-12-06) (Los Angeles)
December 7, 1990 (1990-12-07) (United States)
Running time
105 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$20 million[2]
Box office
$86 million[3]
Edward Scissorhands is a 1990 American romantic dark fantasy film directed by Tim Burton, produced by Denise Di Novi and Tim Burton, and written by Caroline Thompson from a story by Tim Burton and Caroline Thompson, starring Johnny Depp as an artificial man named Edward, an unfinished creation who has scissor blades instead of hands. The young man is taken in by a suburban family and falls in love with their teenage daughter Kim (Winona Ryder). Additional roles were played by Dianne Wiest, Anthony Michael Hall, Kathy Baker, Vincent Price and Alan Arkin.
Burton conceived Edward Scissorhands from his childhood upbringing in suburban Burbank, California. During pre-production of Beetlejuice, Caroline Thompson was hired to adapt Burton's story into a screenplay, and the film began development at 20th Century Fox, after Warner Bros. declined. Edward Scissorhands was then fast tracked after Burton's critical and financial success with Batman. The majority of filming took place in Lakeland, Florida between March 10 and June 10, 1990.[4] The film also marks the fourth collaboration between Burton and film score composer Danny Elfman. The leading role of Edward had been connected to several actors prior to Depp's casting: a meeting between Burton and the preferred choice of the studio, Tom Cruise, was not fruitful, and Gary Oldman and Tom Hanks turned down the part. The character of The Inventor was devised specifically for Vincent Price, and would be his last major role. Edward's scissor hands were created and designed by Stan Winston.
Edward Scissorhands was released to positive feedback from critics, and was a financial success. The film received numerous nominations at the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, and the Saturn Awards, as well as winning the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. Both Burton and Elfman consider Edward Scissorhands their most personal and favorite work.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Music
4 Themes
5 Release
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Accolades
5.4 Legacy
6 Stage adaptations
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
An elderly woman tells her granddaughter the story of a young man named Edward who has scissor blades for hands. As the creation of an old Inventor, Edward is an artificially created human who is almost completed. The Inventor homeschools Edward, but suffers a fatal heart attack and died before he could attach hands to Edward.
Some years later, Peg Boggs, a local Avon door-to-door saleswoman, visits the decrepit Gothic mansion where Edward lives. She finds Edward alone and offers to take him to her home after discovering he is virtually harmless. Peg introduces Edward to her family: her husband Bill, their young son Kevin, and their teenage daughter Kim. Despite their initial fear of Edward, they come to see him as a kind person.
The Boggs' neighbors are curious about their new house guest, and the Boggs throw a neighborhood barbecue welcoming Edward. Most of the neighbors are fascinated by Edward and befriend him, except for the eccentric religious fanatic Esmeralda and Kim's boyfriend Jim. Edward repays the neighborhood for their kindness by trimming their hedges into topiaries. This leads him to discover he can groom dogs' hair, and later he styles the hair of the neighborhood women. One of the neighbors, Joyce, offers to help Edward open a hair salon. While scouting a location, Joyce attempts to seduce Edward, but scares him away. Joyce tells the neighborhood women that he attempted to seduce her, reducing their trust in him. The bank refuses to give Edward a loan as he does not have a background or financial history.
Jealous of Kim's attraction to Edward, Jim suggests Edward pick the lock on his parents' home to obtain a van for Jim and Kim. Edward agrees, but when he picks the lock, a burglar alarm is triggered. Jim flees and Edward is arrested. The police determine that his period of isolation has left Edward without any sense of reality or common sense. Edward takes responsibility for the robbery, telling a surprised Kim he did it because she asked him to. Edward is shunned by the neighborhood except for the Boggs.
During Christmas, Edward carves an angelic ice sculpture modeled after Kim; the ice shavings are thrown into the air and fall like snow, a rarity for the neighborhood. Kim dances in the snowfall. Jim arrives and calls out to Edward, surprising him and causing him to accidentally cut Kim's hand. Jim accuses Edward of intentionally harming Kim, but Kim, fed up with Jim's jealousy, breaks up with him. Edward runs off in a rage, destroying his works until he is calmed by a stray dog. Kim tells her parents what happened, and they set out to find Edward. Edward returns to the Boggs home to find Kim and Kevin there. Kim tries apologizing for Jim's behavior and asks him to hold her, but Edward fears he will hurt her. Jim drives around in a drunken rage and nearly runs over Kevin, but Edward pushes Kevin to safety, inadvertently cutting him. Jim tells those witnessing the event that Edward is attacking Kevin, and he tries attacking Edward. Edward defends himself, cutting Jim's arm, and then flees to the mansion.
Kim races after Edward, while Jim obtains a handgun and follows Kim. In the mansion, Jim ambushes Edward and fights with him; Edward refuses to fight back until he sees Jim slap Kim as she attempts to intervene. Enraged, Edward stabs Jim in the stomach and pushes him from a window of the mansion, killing him. Kim confesses her love to Edward and kisses him before departing. As the police and neighbors gather, Kim leads them to believe that Jim and Edward killed each other.
The elderly woman finishes telling her granddaughter the story, revealing that she is Kim and saying that she never saw Edward again. She prefers not to visit him because decades have passed and she wants him to remember her as she was in her youth. She thinks Edward is still alive, immortal because he is artificial, and because of the "snow" which Edward creates when carving ice sculptures.
Cast[edit]
Johnny Depp – Edward
Winona Ryder – Kim Boggs
Dianne Wiest – Peg Boggs
Alan Arkin – Bill Boggs
Anthony Michael Hall – Jim
Kathy Baker – Joyce
Robert Oliveri – Kevin Boggs
Vincent Price – The Inventor
Conchata Ferrell – Helen
Caroline Aaron – Marge
Dick Anthony Williams – Officer Allen
O-Lan Jones – Esmeralda
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The genesis of Edward Scissorhands came from a drawing by then-teenaged director Tim Burton, which reflected his feelings of isolation and being unable to communicate to people around him in suburban Burbank. The drawing depicted a thin, solemn man with long, sharp blades for fingers. Burton stated that he was often alone and had trouble retaining friendships. "I get the feeling people just got this urge to want to leave me alone for some reason, I don't know exactly why." During pre-production of Beetlejuice, Burton hired Caroline Thompson, then a young novelist, to write the Edward Scissorhands screenplay as a spec script. Burton was impressed with her short novel, First Born, which was "about an abortion that came back to life". Burton felt First Born had the same psychological elements he wanted to showcase in Edward Scissorhands.[5] "Every detail was so important to Tim because it was so personal", Thompson remarked.[6] She wrote Scissorhands as a "love poem" to Burton, calling him "the most articulate person I know, but couldn't put a single sentence together".[7]
Shortly after Thompson's hiring, Burton began to develop Edward Scissorhands at Warner Bros., with whom he worked on Pee-wee's Big Adventure and Beetlejuice. However, within a couple of months, Warner sold the film rights to 20th Century Fox.[8] Fox agreed to finance Thompson's screenplay while giving Burton complete creative control. At the time, the budget was projected to be around $8–9 million.[9] When writing the storyline, Burton and Thompson were influenced by Universal Horror films, such as The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923), The Phantom of the Opera (1925), Frankenstein (1931), and Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954), as well as King Kong (1933) and various fairy tales. Burton originally wanted to make Scissorhands as a musical, feeling "it seemed big and operatic to me", but later dropped the idea.[10] Following the enormous success of Batman, Burton arrived to the status of being an A-list director. He had the opportunity to do any film he wanted, but rather than fast track Warner Bros.' choices for Batman Returns[5] or Beetlejuice Goes Hawaiian, Burton opted to make Edward Scissorhands for Fox.[11]
Casting[edit]
Although Winona Ryder was the first cast member attached to the script,[10] Dianne Wiest was the first to sign on. "Dianne, in particular, was wonderful", Burton said. "She was the first actress to read the script, supported it completely and, because she is so respected, once she had given it her stamp of approval, others soon got interested".[12] When it came to casting the lead role of Edward, several actors were considered;[13] Fox was insistent on having Burton meet with Tom Cruise. "He certainly wasn't my ideal, but I talked to him", Burton remembered. "He was interesting, but I think it worked out for the best. A lot of questions came up".[12] Cruise asked for a "happier" ending.[14] Gary Oldman and Tom Hanks turned down the part,[15] the latter in favor of critical and commercial flop The Bonfire of the Vanities.[16] Oldman declined as he found the story absurd, but said of the finished film: "Literally two minutes in, I went, 'Yeah, I get it'. I just got it too late."[17] Jim Carrey was also considered for the role,[18] while Thompson favored John Cusack.[13] Elsewhere, William Hurt, Robert Downey Jr. and musician Michael Jackson expressed interest,[16] although Burton neglected to converse with Jackson.[13]
Though Burton was unfamiliar with Johnny Depp's then-popular performance in 21 Jump Street, he had always been Burton's first choice.[12] At the time of his casting, Depp was wanting to break out of the teen idol status which his performance in 21 Jump Street had afforded him. When he was sent the script, Depp "wept like a newborn" and immediately found personal and emotional connections with the story.[19] In preparation for the role, Depp watched many Charlie Chaplin films to study the idea of creating sympathy without dialogue.[20] Fox studio executives were so worried about Edward's image, that they tried to keep pictures of Depp in full costume under wraps until release of the film.[21] Burton approached Ryder for the role of Kim Boggs based on their positive working experience in Beetlejuice.[12] Drew Barrymore previously auditioned for the role.[22] Crispin Glover auditioned for the role of Jim before Anthony Michael Hall was cast.[9]
Kathy Baker saw her part of Joyce, the neighbor who tries to seduce Edward, as a perfect chance to break into comedy.[10] Alan Arkin says when he first read the script, he was "a bit baffled. Nothing really made sense to me until I saw the sets. Burton's visual imagination is extraordinary".[10] The role of The Inventor was written specifically for Vincent Price, and would ultimately be his final feature film role. Burton commonly watched Price's films as a child, and, after completing Vincent, the two became good friends. Robert Oliveri was cast as Kevin, Kim's younger brother. Nick Carter from The Backstreet Boys plays an uncredited role as the blond boy playing on the Slip 'n Slide as Edward rides in Peg's car through suburbia.[23]
Filming[edit]
Burbank, California was considered as a possible location for the suburban neighborhoods, but Burton believed the city had become too altered since his childhood[12] so the Tampa Bay Area of Florida, including the town of Lutz and the Southgate Shopping Center of Lakeland was chosen for a three-month shooting schedule.[6] The production crew found, in the words of the production designer Bo Welch, "a kind of generic, plain-wrap suburb, which we made even more characterless by painting all the houses in faded pastels, and reducing the window sizes to make it look a little more paranoid."[24] The key element to unify the look of the neighborhood was Welch's decision to repaint each of the houses in one of four colors, which he described as "sea-foam green, dirty flesh, butter, and dirty blue".[25] The facade of the Gothic mansion was built just outside Dade City. Filming Edward Scissorhands created hundreds of (temporary) jobs and injected over $4 million into the Tampa Bay economy.[26] Production then moved to a Fox Studios sound stage in Century City, California, where interiors of the mansion were filmed.[24]
To create Edward's scissor hands, Burton employed Stan Winston, who would later design the Penguin's prosthetic makeup in Batman Returns.[27] Depp's wardrobe and prosthetic makeup took one hour and 45 minutes to apply.[28] The giant topiaries that Edward creates in the film were made by wrapping metal skeletons in chicken wire, then weaving in thousands of small plastic plant sprigs.[29] Rick Heinrichs worked as one of the art directors.
Music[edit]
Edward Scissorhands is the fourth feature film collaboration between director Tim Burton and composer Danny Elfman. The orchestra consisted of 79 musicians.[30] Elfman cites Scissorhands as epitomizing his most personal and favorite work. In addition to Elfman's music, three Tom Jones songs also appear: "It's Not Unusual", "Delilah" and "With These Hands". "It's Not Unusual" would later be used in Mars Attacks! (1996), another film of Burton's with music composed by Elfman.[31]
Themes[edit]
Burton acknowledged that the main themes of Edward Scissorhands deal with self-discovery and isolation. Edward is found living alone in the attic of a Gothic castle, a setting that is also used for main characters in Burton's Batman and The Nightmare Before Christmas. Edward Scissorhands climaxes much like James Whale's Frankenstein and Burton's own Frankenweenie. A mob confronts the "evil creature", in this case, Edward, at his castle. With Edward unable to consummate his love for Kim because of his appearance, the film can also be seen as being influenced by Beauty and the Beast. Edward Scissorhands is a fairy tale book-ended by a prologue and an epilogue featuring Kim Boggs as an old woman telling her granddaughter the story,[27] augmenting the German Expressionism and Gothic fiction archetypes.[32]
Burton explained that his depiction of suburbia is "not a bad place. It's a weird place. I tried to walk the fine line of making it funny and strange without it being judgmental. It's a place where there's a lot of integrity."[25] Kim leaves her jock boyfriend (Jim) to be with Edward, an event that many have postulated as Burton's revenge against jocks he encountered as a teenager in suburban Burbank, CA. Jim is subsequently killed, a scene that shocked a number of observers who felt the whole tone of the film had been radically altered. Burton referred to this scene as a "high school fantasy".[27]
Release[edit]
Box office[edit]
Test screenings for the film were encouraging for 20th Century Fox. Joe Roth, then president of the company, considered marketing Edward Scissorhands on the scale of "an E.T.-sized blockbuster," but Roth decided not to aggressively promote the film in that direction. "We have to let it find its place. We want to be careful not to hype the movie out of the universe," he reasoned.[33] Edward Scissorhands had its limited release in the United States on December 7, 1990. The wide release came on December 14, and the film earned $6,325,249 in its opening weekend in 1,372 theaters. Edward Scissorhands eventually grossed $56,362,352 in North America, and a further $29,661,653 outside North America, coming to a worldwide total of $86.02 million. With a budget of $20 million, the film was declared to be a box office success.[34] The New York Times wrote "the chemistry between Johnny Depp and Winona Ryder, who were both together in real life at the time (1989–1993), gave the film teen idol potential, drawing younger audiences."[28]
Critical response[edit]
Edward Scissorhands received acclaim from critics and audiences. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that the film holds an 89% approval rating, based on 56 reviews, with an average score of 7.7/10. The site's consensus reads: "The first collaboration between Johnny Depp and Tim Burton, Edward Scissorhands is a magical modern fairy tale with gothic overtones and a sweet center."[35] Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 77 (out of 100) based on 19 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be "generally favorable".[36] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a "A-" grade.[37]
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone praised the piece by stating, "Burton's richly entertaining update of the Frankenstein story is the year's most comic, romantic and haunting film fantasy." He continued by praising Depp's performance stating, "Depp artfully expresses the fierce longing in gentle Edward; it's a terrific performance" and the "engulfing score" from Danny Elfman.[38] Staff of Variety spoke highly of the film, "Director [Burton] takes a character as wildly unlikely as a boy whose arms end in pruning shears, and makes him the center of a delightful and delicate comic fable."[39]
Marc Lee of The Daily Telegraph scored the film five out of five stars, writing, "Burton's modern fairytale has an almost palpably personal feel: it is told gently, subtly and with infinite sympathy for an outsider who charms the locals but then inadvertently arouses their baser instincts." whilst additionally adding praise to Depp's performance, "[Depp] is sensational in the lead role, summoning anxiety, melancholy and innocence with heartbreaking conviction. And it's all in the eyes: his dialogue is cut-to-the-bone minimal."[40]
Desson Thomson of The Washington Post wrote, "Depp is perfectly cast, Burton builds a surrealistically funny cul-de-sac world, and there are some very funny performances from grownups Dianne Wiest, Kathy Baker and Alan Arkin."[41] Rita Kempley of The Washington Post granted the film praise, "Enchantment on the cutting edge, a dark yet heartfelt portrait of the artist as a young mannequin." She too praised Depp's performance in stating, "... nicely cast, brings the eloquence of the silent era to this part of few words, saying it all through bright black eyes and the tremulous care with which he holds his horror-movie hands.[42]
Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an "A-" rating and praised it in "The romanticism has a personal dimension – for Edward is, of course, Burton's surreal portrait of himself as an artist: a wounded child converting his private darkness into outlandish pop visions. Like Edward, he finds the light." He also commented very positively on character of Edward, "... who is Burton's purest achievement as a director so far." Of Depp he wrote, "Depp may not be doing that much acting beneath his neo-Kabuki makeup, but what he does is tremulous and affecting." As well as Elfman's score of the piece by saying it to be, "[A] lovely, storybook score highlights the pop romanticism of Burton's conception. The romanticism has a personal dimension."[43]
Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote, "Mr. Burton invests awe-inspiring ingenuity into the process of reinventing something very small."[44]
Accolades[edit]
Stan Winston and Ve Neill were nominated the Academy Award for Best Makeup, but lost to John Caglione, Jr. and Doug Drexler for their work on Dick Tracy.[45] Production designer Bo Welch won the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design, while costume designer Colleen Atwood, and Winston and Neil also received nominations at the British Academy Film Awards. In addition, Winston was nominated for his visual effects work.[46] Depp was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy, but lost to Gérard Depardieu of Green Card.[47] Edward Scissorhands was able to win the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation[48] and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film. Danny Elfman, Ryder, Dianne Wiest, Alan Arkin, and Atwood received individual nominations.[49] Elfman was also given a Grammy Award nomination.[11]
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[50]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
Nominated Fantasy Film[51]
Legacy[edit]
Burton cites Edward Scissorhands as epitomizing his most personal work.[11] The film is also Burton's first collaboration with actor Johnny Depp and cinematographer Stefan Czapsky. In October 2008, the Hallmark Channel purchased the television rights.[52] Metal band Motionless in White have a song entitled "Scissorhands (The Last Snow)", with its lyrics written about the film in homage to its legacy and impact on the gothic subculture.[53] Scottish indie rock band The Twilight Sad named a mini-album Here, It Never Snowed. Afterwards It Did after a line spoken in the final scene of the film.
An extinct lobster-like sea creature called Kootenichela deppi is named after Depp because of its scissor-like claws.[54][55]
From 2014 to 2015, IDW Publishing released an Edward Scissorhands comic book series which serves as a sequel and takes place several decades after the film. The series consists of ten issues which have been collected in two trade paperbacks. It was written by Kate Leth with art by Drew Rausch.[56]
Stage adaptations[edit]
A theatrical ballet adaptation by the British choreographer Matthew Bourne premiered at Sadler's Wells Theatre in London in November 2005. After an 11-week season, the production toured the UK, Asia and the United States.[57]
The British director Richard Crawford directed a stage adaptation of the Tim Burton film, which had its world premiere on June 25, 2010, at The Brooklyn Studio Lab and ended July 3.[58][59]
See also[edit]
Film portal
1990s portal
Struwwelpeter
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "EDWARD SCISSORHANDS". British Board of Film Classification. 14 December 1991.
Jump up ^ "Edward Scissorhands (1990)". TheWrap. 7 December 1990.
Jump up ^ "Edward Scissorhands". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Names in the News". Portsmouth Daily Times. March 25, 1991. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Salisbury, Burton, p.84–88
^ Jump up to: a b Hanke, p.97-100
Jump up ^ Donna Foote; David Ansen (1991-01-21). "The Disembodied Director". Newsweek.
Jump up ^ John Evan Frook (1993-04-13). "Canton Product at Colpix starting gate". Variety. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Frank Rose (January 1991). "Tim Cuts Up". Premiere. pp. 42–47.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nina J. Easton (1990-08-12). "For Tim Burton, This One's Personal". Los Angeles Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c Edwin Page (2007). "Edward Scissorhands". Gothic Fantasy: The Films of Tim Burton. London: Marion Boyars Publishers. pp. 78–94. ISBN 0-7145-3132-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Salisbury, Burton, p.89-94
^ Jump up to: a b c Armitage, Hugh (December 12, 2015). "25 amazing Edward Scissorhands facts on the film's 25th birthday". Digital Spy. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Chris Hewitt (2003-01-02). "Tom Cruise: The alternative universe". Empire. p. 67.
Jump up ^ "10 Sharp Facts You Didn't Know About Edward Scissorhands". Hollywood.com. December 7, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Easton, Nina J (1990-08-12). "For Tim Burton, This One's Personal". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
Jump up ^ "Kevin Costner & Gary Oldman". Larry King Now. April 15, 2016. 11 minutes in. Ora TV.
Jump up ^ Evans, Bradford (17 March 2011). "The Lost Roles of Jim Carrey". Splitsider. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Johnny Depp (2005). "Foreword". Burton on Burton. London: Faber and Faber. pp. ix–xii. ISBN 0-571-22926-3.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Depp on his inspiration for Edward Scissorhands". Entertainment Weekly. May 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
Jump up ^ Giselle Benater (1990-12-14). "Cutting Edge". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
Jump up ^ Bernard Weinraub (1993-03-07). "The Name Is Barrymore But the Style Is All Drew's". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ DVD production notes
^ Jump up to: a b Laurie Halpern Smith (1990-08-26). "Look, Ma, No Hands, or Tim Burton's Latest Feat". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Hanke, p.101-105
Jump up ^ Joe Frank (1990-04-17). "Lights Camera Action Big Bucks". St. Petersburg Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c Salisbury, Burton, p.95-100
^ Jump up to: a b Collins, Glen (1991-01-10). "Johnny Depp Contemplates Life As, and After, 'Scissorhands'". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Frank, Joe (1990-05-22). "Something's Strange in Suburbia". St. Petersburg Times.
Jump up ^ Larry Rohter (1990-12-09). "Batman? Bartman? Darkman? Elfman". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Danny Elfman, DVD audio commentary, 1998, 20th Century Fox
Jump up ^ Graham Fuller (December 1990). "Tim Burton and Vincent Price Interview". Interview. pp. 110–113.
Jump up ^ Hanke, p.107-116
Jump up ^ "Edward Scissorhands". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
Jump up ^ "Edward Scissorhands (1990)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Edward Scissorhands Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore – Edward Scissorhands". CinemaScore. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Edward Scissorhands". Rolling Stone. 14 December 1990.
Jump up ^ "Review: 'Edward Scissorhands'". Variety. 31 December 1989.
Jump up ^ "Edward Scissorhands, review: 'a true fairytale'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Edward Scissorhands'". The Washington Post. 14 December 1990.
Jump up ^ "'Edward Scissorhands'". The Washington Post. 14 December 1990.
Jump up ^ "Edward Scissorhands". Entertainment Weekly. 7 December 1990.
Jump up ^ "Edward Scissorhands (1990)". The New York Times. 7 December 1990.
Jump up ^ Edward Scissorhands. "Edward Scissorhands". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2008-12-06. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Edward Scissorhands". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Edward Scissorhands". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
Jump up ^ "1991 Hugo Awards". The Hugo Awards. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Past Saturn Awards". Saturn Awards.org. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-07.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-12.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2016-08-19. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Daniel Frankel; Mike Flaherty (2008-10-22). "BET, Hallmark pact for pics". Variety.
Jump up ^ "Track-By-Track: Motionless in White". Alternative Press. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Colin Smith. "Actor Johnny Depp immortalised in ancient fossil find". Imperial College London. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Jack Losh (May 17, 2013). "Fossil named after Johnny Depp because of 'scissor hand' claws". The Sun. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Edward Scissorhands: The Final Cut Oversized Hardcover - IDW Publishing". Retrieved 2016-10-24.
Jump up ^ "The Company". New Adventures. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ ""Edward Scissorhands," Tim Burton's Dark Fairy Tale, Tested as a Play in Brooklyn". Playbill. Archived from the original on 2012-10-16.
Jump up ^ Nina J. Easton "For Tim Burton, This One's Personal Archived 2010-11-21 at the Wayback Machine." Los Angeles Times (8–12–90)
Works cited
Ken Hanke (1999). Tim Burton: An Unauthorized Biography of the Filmmaker. Renaissance Books. ISBN 1-580-63046-4.
Mark Salisbury; Tim Burton (2006). Burton on Burton. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-22926-3.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Edward Scissorhands
Edward Scissorhands on IMDb
Edward Scissorhands at the TCM Movie Database
Edward Scissorhands at AllMovie
Edward Scissorhands at Box Office Mojo
Edward Scissorhands at Rotten Tomatoes
Official website for Matthew Bourne's adaptation
Kristin Hohenadel (2005-11-22). "Run With Scissors? And Then Some". The New York Times.
Matthew Gurewitsch (2007-03-11). "Admire the Footwork, but Mind the Hands". The New York Times.
[show]
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e
Tim Burton
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Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985)
Beetlejuice (1988)
Batman (1989)
Edward Scissorhands (1990)
Batman Returns (1992)
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Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007)
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Dumbo (2019)
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Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979)
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Stainboy (2000)
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9 (2009)
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Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016)
Literature
The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997)
Television series
Beetlejuice (1989–91)
[show]
v
t
e
Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation
The Incredible Shrinking Man (1958)
no award (1959)
The Twilight Zone (1960)
The Twilight Zone (1961)
The Twilight Zone (1962)
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1965)
"The Menagerie" (Star Trek) (1967)
"The City on the Edge of Forever" (Star Trek) (1968)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1969)
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Japanese conquest of Burma
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Japanese conquest of Burma
Part of the Burma Campaign of World War II

Troops of Japanese Fifteenth Army on the border of Burma
Date
January – May 1942
Location
Burma
Result
Japanese victory
End of British rule in Burma
Establishment of the State of Burma
Territorial
changes
Japanese occupation of Burma
Thai occupation of Shan State
Belligerents
Allies:
British Empire
United Kingdom
British India
British Burma
China
United States
Axis:
Japan
Burma National Army
Commanders and leaders
Archibald Wavell
Thomas Hutton
Harold Alexander
Luo Zhuoying
Shojiro Iida
Aung San
Strength
95,000[1]
42,000–47,000[2] 85,000[2]
Casualties and losses
40,000 killed, captured, or missing[3][1][4]
95 aircraft (AVG)[5]
1,499 killed[6]
11,964 wounded[6]
30,000 total casualties[7][8]
116 aircraft (RAF)[3]
~100 tanks[9]
4,597 killed and wounded[3]
117 aircraft[10]
show
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Burma Campaign
Japanese conquest of Burma
Bilin River
Sittang Bridge
Pegu
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Burma Campaign 1942–43
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The Japanese conquest of Burma was the opening chapter of the Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II, which took place over four years from 1942 to 1945. During the first year of the campaign, the Japanese Army (with aid from Thai Phayap Army and Burmese insurgents) drove British Empire and Chinese forces out of Burma, then began the Japanese occupation of Burma and formed a nominally independent Burmese administrative government.
Contents
1 Pre-war situation
1.1 Japanese plans
1.2 Burmese insurgents
2 Japanese capture of Rangoon
2.1 Sittang Bridge
2.2 Fall of Rangoon
2.3 Shan State
3 Japanese advance to the Salween and Chindwin
3.1 Allied retreat
3.2 Halt to operations
4 Notes
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Pre-war situation[edit]
Before the Second World War broke out, Burma was part of the British Empire, having been progressively occupied and annexed following three Anglo-Burmese wars in the 19th century. Initially governed as part of British India, Burma was formed into a separate colony under the Government of India Act 1935. Under British rule, there had been substantial economic development but the majority Bamar community was becoming increasingly restive.[11] Among their concerns were the importation of Indian workers to provide a labour force for many of the new industries, and the erosion of traditional society in the countryside as land was used for plantations of export crops or became mortgaged to Indian moneylenders.[12] Pressure for independence was growing.[13] When Burma came under attack, the Bamar were unwilling to contribute to the defence of the British establishment, and many readily joined movements which aided the Japanese.
British plans for the defence of British Far Eastern possessions involved the construction of airfields linking Singapore and Malaya with India. These plans had not taken into account the fact that Britain was also at war with Germany, and when Japan entered the war, the forces needed to defend these possessions were not available. Burma had been regarded as a military "backwater", unlikely to be subjected to Japanese threat.[14]
Lieutenant General Thomas Hutton, the commander of Burma Army with its headquarters in Rangoon, had only the 17th Indian Infantry Division and 1st Burma Division to defend the country, although help was expected from the Chinese Nationalist government under Chiang Kai-shek. During the war, the British Indian Army expanded more than twelve-fold from its peacetime strength of 200,000 but in late 1941 this expansion meant that most units were undertrained and ill-equipped. In most cases, such training and equipment as the Indian units in Burma received was for operations in the Western Desert campaign or the North West Frontier of India, rather than jungles. The battalions of the Burma Rifles which formed most of the 1st Burma Division were originally raised as internal security troops only, from among minority communities in Burma such as the Karens. They also had been rapidly expanded, with an influx of Bamar soldiers, and were short of equipment and consisted mainly of new recruits.
Japanese plans[edit]
Japan entered the war primarily to obtain raw materials, especially oil, from European (particularly Dutch) possessions in South East Asia which were weakly defended because of the war in Europe. Their plans involved an attack on Burma partly because of Burma's own natural resources (which included some oil from fields around Yenangyaung, but also minerals such as cobalt and large surpluses of rice), but also to protect the flank of their main attack against Malaya and Singapore and provide a buffer zone to protect the territories they intended to occupy.[15]
An additional factor was the Burma Road completed in 1938, which linked Lashio, at the end of a railway from the port of Rangoon, with the Chinese province of Yunnan. This newly completed link was being used to move aid and munitions to the Chinese Nationalist forces of Chiang Kai-Shek which had been fighting the Japanese for several years. The Japanese naturally wished to cut this link.[16]
The Japanese Fifteenth Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Shojiro Iida, was assigned the mission of occupying northern Thailand, which had signed a treaty of friendship with Japan on 21 December 1941, and attacking the southern Burmese province of Tenasserim across the Tenasserim Hills. The army consisted initially of the highly regarded 33rd Division and the 55th Division, although both divisions were weakened for several weeks by detachments to other operations.
Burmese insurgents[edit]
As the threat of war grew, the Japanese sought links with potential allies in Burma. In late 1940 Aung San, a Burmese student activist, made contact with Japanese officers on Amoy and was flown to Japan for talks. He and several other volunteers (the Thirty Comrades) were later given intensive military training on Hainan Island.
The Burma Independence Army was officially founded in Bangkok on 28 December 1941. It consisted initially of 227 Burmese and 74 Japanese personnel[17] but was rapidly reinforced by large numbers of volunteers and recruits once they crossed into Burma as part of the main Japanese invasion.
Japanese capture of Rangoon[edit]
See also: Bombing of Rangoon (1941–1942)
The first Japanese attack on December 14, 1941, against Victoria Point, almost the most southerly point of Burma, was expected and was not contested. The second attack was a small probing raid directed at a police station in southern Tenasserim, which was repulsed. The Japanese 143 Infantry Regiment (from 55th Division) then launched overland attacks on the airfields at Tavoy and Mergui in Tenasserim. The airfields were difficult to defend and reinforce, but Burma Army HQ had been ordered to hold these outposts because of their importance to the defence of Malaya. The Japanese forced their way over the steep jungle-covered Tenasserim Range, and attacked Tavoy on 18 January. The defenders, the 3rd and 6th battalions of the Burma Rifles, were overwhelmed and forced to evacuate the town in disorder. Mergui was evacuated before it was attacked.
Rangoon was initially defended relatively successfully against Japanese air raids, by small RAF detachments reinforced by a squadron of the American Volunteer Group, better known as the "Flying Tigers". The majority of the airfields were between Rangoon and the Axis advance and as the Japanese gained use of the airfields in Tenasserim, the amount of warning the Rangoon airfields could get of attack decreased, and they became more and more untenable.
On 22 January 1942, the main body of the Japanese 55th Division began the main attack westward from Rahaeng in Thailand across the Kawkareik Pass. The 16th Indian Infantry Brigade of the 17th Indian Division guarding this approach retreated hastily westward. The Japanese division advanced to Moulmein at the mouth of the Salween River which was garrisoned by the 2nd Burma Infantry Brigade. The position was almost impossible to defend, and had the River Salween, almost 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide, behind it. The 2nd Burma Brigade was squeezed into a progressively tighter perimeter, and eventually retreated over the river by ferry on 31 January after abandoning a large amount of supplies and equipment. Part of the force was left behind in Moulmein and had to swim the river.[18]
Sittang Bridge[edit]
Main articles: Battle of Bilin River and Battle of Sittang Bridge
The 17th Indian Division fell back northward. They attempted to hold the Bilin River and other fallback lines as they did so, but had too few troops to avoid being continually outflanked. The division eventually retreated toward the bridge over the Sittang River in general disorder. The retreat was delayed by incidents such as a vehicle breaking through the bridge deck, air attacks (including, allegedly, accidental attacks by the RAF and AVG), and Japanese harassment.[19] The delays allowed Japanese parties to infiltrate to the bridge itself, and the poorly organised defence of the bridge was in danger of collapsing. Fearing that the bridge would fall intact to the Japanese who would use it to advance on Rangoon, the divisional commander, Major-General "Jackie" Smyth, VC, ordered it to be blown up on the morning of 23 February 1942, with most of the division stranded on the enemy-held side.[20]
Many of the men of the 17th Division who were trapped on the Japanese-held side of the river made their way across to the west bank by swimming or on improvised rafts, but had to abandon almost all their equipment, including most of their small arms. This later led some to question the decision to blow the bridge, arguing that the river itself did not offer much of an obstacle to the Japanese, and that more harm than good was achieved, as it resulted in the stranding of two brigades and delayed the Japanese capture of Rangoon by ten days at most.[19]
Fall of Rangoon[edit]
Main articles: Battle of Pegu and Taukkyan Roadblock
Though the Sittang River was in theory a strong defensive position, the disaster at the bridge left the Allied forces too weak to hold it. General Archibald Wavell, the commander-in-chief of the ABDA Command, nevertheless ordered Rangoon to be held. He was expecting substantial reinforcements from the Middle East, including an Australian infantry division. On 28 February, he formally relieved Hutton (although Hutton had officially already been superseded in command by General Harold Alexander), and on the following day he sacked Smyth, who was in any case very ill.[21]
Although the Australian government refused to allow its troops to be committed to Burma, some British and Indian reinforcements, including the British 7th Armoured Brigade (equipped with new M3 Stuart tanks)[22] and the 63rd Indian Infantry Brigade, landed in Rangoon. Alexander ordered counter-attacks against the Japanese at Pegu, 40 miles (64 km) northeast of Rangoon, but soon realised that there was no hope of defending Rangoon. On 7 March, the Burma Army evacuated Rangoon after implementing a scorched earth plan to deny the Japanese the use of its facilities. The port was destroyed and the oil terminal was blown up. As the Allies departed, the city was on fire.
The remnants of the Burma Army faced encirclement as they retreated north from the city, but broke through the Taukkyan Roadblock as the result of an error on the part of the local Japanese commander. Colonel Takanobu Sakuma, commanding the Japanese 214th Infantry Regiment, had been ordered to block the main road north from Rangoon to Prome while the main body of the 33rd Division circled round the city to attack from the west. The retreating British and Indian troops were thrown back when they attempted to break through Sakuma's road block. Alexander ordered another attack but found the Japanese had gone. Not realising that the British were evacuating Rangoon, Sakuma had withdrawn the road block, as ordered, once the 33rd Division reached its intended positions.[23] Had he not done so, the Japanese might have captured General Alexander and much of the rest of the Burma Army.
Shan State[edit]
Panglong, a Chinese Muslim town in British Burma, was entirely destroyed by the Japanese invaders in their invasion of Burma.[24][25] The Hui Muslim Ma Guanggui became the leader of the Hui Panglong self-defense guard created by Su[who?], who was sent by the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China. The Japanese burned Panglong, driving out the over 200 Hui households out as refugees. Yunnan and Kokang received the refugees from Panglong. One of Ma Guanggui's nephews was Ma Yeye, a son of Ma Guanghua and he narrated the history of Panglong including the Japanese attack.[26]
An account of the Japanese attack on the Hui in Panglong was written and published in 1998 by a Hui from Panglong called "Panglong Booklet".[27] The Japanese attack caused the Hui Mu family to seek refuge in Panglong but they were driven out again to Yunnan when the Japanese attacked Panglong.[28]
Japanese advance to the Salween and Chindwin[edit]
Main articles: Battle of Toungoo and Battle of Yenangyaung
Electrical equipment and oil installations at Yenanguang being destroyed as part of the "scorched earth" policy, in the face of the Japanese advance
After the fall of Rangoon, the Allies tried to make a stand in central Burma. It was hoped that the Chinese Expeditionary Force in Burma, commanded by Luo Zhuoying and consisting of the Fifth Army (commanded by Du Yuming) and the Sixth and Sixty-sixth Armies, could hold a front south of Mandalay. The Chinese armies each had approximately the strength of a British division but comparatively little equipment. Meanwhile, the newly created Burma Corps which had been formed to relieve Burma Army headquarters of the day-to-day responsibility for operations and consisted of 1st Burma Division, 17th Indian Division and 7th Armoured Brigade, defended the Irrawaddy River valley. Supplies were not immediately a problem, as much war material (including material originally meant for shipment to China) had been evacuated from Rangoon, rice was plentiful and the oilfields in central Burma were still intact, but no proper land routes from India existed and only the recapture of Rangoon would allow the Allies to hold Burma indefinitely.
The Allies hoped that the Japanese advance would slow down; instead, it gained speed. The Japanese reinforced their two divisions in Burma with the 18th Division transferred from Malaya and the 56th Division transferred from the Dutch East Indies after the fall of Singapore and Java. They also brought in large numbers of captured British trucks and other vehicles, which allowed them to move supplies rapidly using southern Burma's road network, and also use Motorised infantry columns, particularly against the Chinese forces. The Royal Air Force wing operating from Magwe was crippled by the withdrawal of the radar and radio-intercept units to India[29] and the Japanese soon gained supremacy in the air. Unopposed Japanese bomber fleets attacked almost every major town and city in the Allied-held part of Burma, causing widespread destruction and disorder. The rapidly expanding Burma Independence Army harassed the Allied forces, while many Bamar soldiers of the Burma Rifles were deserting.
The Allies were also hampered by the progressive breakdown of the civil government in the areas they held, and the large numbers of refugees. The flow of refugees began soon after the bombing of Rangoon in late December 1941 and increased to a "mass exodus" in February 1942 as the Indian (and Anglo-Indian and Anglo-Burmese) population of Burma fled to India, fearing both the Japanese and hostile Burmese. Middle-class Indians and mixed-race refugees could often afford to buy tickets on ships or even planes, while ordinary labourers and their families in many cases were forced to make their way on foot.[30]
The commander of Burma Corps, Lieutenant General William Slim, tried to mount a counter-offensive on the western part of the front, but his troops were repeatedly outflanked and forced to fight their way out of encirclement. The corps was gradually pushed northward towards Mandalay. The 1st Burma Division was cut off and trapped in the blazing oilfields at Yenangyaung, which the Allies themselves demolished to deny the facilities to the Japanese. Although the division was rescued by Chinese infantry and British tanks in the Battle of Yenangyaung, it lost almost all its equipment and its cohesion.
On the eastern part of the front, in the Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road, the Chinese 200th Division held up the Japanese for a time around Toungoo, but after its fall the road was open for motorised troops of the Japanese 56th Division to shatter the Chinese Sixth Army to the east in the Karenni States and advance northward through the Shan States to capture Lashio, outflanking the Allied defensive lines and cutting off the Chinese armies from Yunnan. With the effective collapse of the entire defensive line, there was little choice left other than an overland retreat to India or to Yunnan.
Allied retreat[edit]
Japanese advance and Allied retreat
The retreat was conducted in horrible circumstances. Starving refugees, disorganised stragglers, and the sick and wounded clogged the primitive roads and tracks leading to India.
At least 500,000 civilian fugitives reached India, while an unknown number, conservatively estimated between 10,000 and 50,000, died along the way. In later months, 70 to 80% of those who reached India were afflicted with diseases such as dysentery, smallpox, malaria or cholera, with 30% "desperately so".[31]
On 26 April the British, Indian and Burman forces joined the civilians in a full retreat.[32] The Burma Corps retreated to Manipur in India. At one stage, Alexander proposed that the 7th Armoured Brigade and one infantry brigade accompany the Chinese armies into Yunnan, but he was persuaded that the armoured brigade would quickly become ineffective once it was cut off from India.
The Japanese tried to cut off Burma Corps by sending troops by boat up the Chindwin River to seize the riverside port of Monywa on the night of 1/2 May.[33] The hastily reconstituted 1st Burma Division was unable to recapture Monywa, but allowed the rest of the Corps to withdraw to the north.[34] As the Corps tried to cross to the west bank of the Chindwin by ramshackle ferries to Kalewa, on 10 May the Japanese advancing from Monywa attempted to surround them in a "basin" encircled by cliffs at Shwegyin on the east bank. Although counter-attacks allowed the troops to escape, most of the Burma Corps' remaining equipment had to be destroyed or abandoned.[35]
Burma Corps reached Imphal in Manipur just before the monsoon broke in May 1942. The ad hoc Burma Corps HQ was disbanded and IV Corps HQ, which had recently arrived in India, took over the front. The troops found themselves living out in the open under the torrential monsoon rains in extremely unhealthy circumstances. The army and civil authorities in India were very slow to respond to the needs of the troops and civilian refugees. Although the front-line units had maintained some semblance of order, many improvised units and rear-area troops had dissolved into a disorderly rout.[36] The troops were in an alarming state, with "hair-raising stories of atrocities and sufferings".[37]
The British Civil Government of Burma had meanwhile fallen back to Myitkyina in Northern Burma, accompanied by many British, Anglo-Indian and Indian civilians. The Governor (Reginald Dorman-Smith) and the most influential civilians were flown out from Myitkyina Airfield, with some of the sick and injured.[38] The majority of the refugees at Myitkyina were forced to make their way to India via the unhealthy Hukawng Valley and the precipitous forested Patkai Range. Many died on the way, and when they reached India, there were several instances in which civil authorities allowed white and Eurasian civilians to continue while preventing Indians from proceeding, effectively condemning many to death.[39] By contrast, many private individuals such as the Assam Tea Planters Association did their best to provide aid.
The Japanese advance cut off many of the Chinese troops from China. Many of them also retreated via the Hukawng Valley route and subsisted largely by looting, further increasing the misery of the refugees. The Chinese 38th Division however, commanded by Sun Li-jen, fought its way westward across the Chindwin, arriving in India substantially intact although with heavy casualties.[40] The 23,000[41] Chinese soldiers who had retreated into India were put under the command of the American General Joseph Stilwell, who had also made his way to India on foot, and were concentrated in camps at Ramgarh in Bihar. After recuperating they were re-equipped and retrained by American instructors. The remaining Chinese troops tried to return to Yunnan through remote mountainous forests but many died on the way.
Halt to operations[edit]
The Japanese 18th and 56th Divisions pursued the Chinese into Yunnan, but were ordered to halt on the Salween River on 26 April.[42] The Japanese 33rd Division likewise halted on the Chindwin at the end of May, ending the campaign until the end of the monsoon rains. In the coastal Arakan Province, some of the Burma Independence Army reached Akyab Island before the Japanese troops. However, they also instigated riots between the Buddhist and Muslim populations of the province.[43] The Japanese advance in Arakan ended just south of the Indian frontier, prompting the British military and civil authorities in and around Chittagong to implement a premature "scorched earth" policy which contributed to the Bengal Famine of 1943.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Bradford, James. International Encyclopedia of Military History. Routledge, Sep 19, 2006, pg. 221
^ Jump up to: a b >Facts on File: World War II in the China-Burma-India theater Retrieved 20 March 2016
^ Jump up to: a b c Japanese conquest of Burma, December 1941 – May 1942 Retrieved 20 March 2016
Jump up ^ McLynn, The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–1945, pg. 67.
Jump up ^ Air Force Sixtieth Anniversary Commemorative Edition: The Flying Tigers pp. 33 Retrieved 20 March 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Allen (1984), p.638
Jump up ^ Beevor, Antony (2012). "16". The Second World War. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2003). The Second World War. p. 122. (includes 15,000 missing)
Jump up ^ Zaloga, Steven. "M3 and M5 Stuart Light Tank 1940–45". Osprey Publishing, Nov 18, 1999. Page 14. According to Zaloga, all but one tank of the two regiments of the 7th Armoured Brigade had been lost.
Jump up ^ Black, Jeremy. Air Power: A Global History pp. 108
Jump up ^ Allen, pp.13–15
Jump up ^ Allen, p.9
Jump up ^ Bayly and Harper, pp.81–96
Jump up ^ Jackson, pp.387–388
Jump up ^ Allen, pp.6–7
Jump up ^ Bayly and Harper, pp.3, 8, 14
Jump up ^ Bayly and Harper (2005), p.174
Jump up ^ Allen, pp.24–35
^ Jump up to: a b Allen, pp.648–650
Jump up ^ Allen, p. 3
Jump up ^ Allen, pp.48–49
Jump up ^ Zaloga, Steven. "M3 and M5 Stuart Light Tank 1940–45". Osprey Publishing, Nov 18, 1999. Page 14.
Jump up ^ Allen, pp.54–56
Jump up ^ Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (December 2015). "'Saharat Tai Doem' Thailand in Shan State, 1941–45". CPA Media.
Jump up ^ Forbes, Andrew (CPA 2002). "A Forgotten Invasion: Thailand in Shan State, 1941-45". This article was originally published in the Bangkok Post. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ Wen-Chin Chang, p.122
Jump up ^ Wen-Chin Chang, p.124
Jump up ^ Wen-Chin Chang, pp.129-
Jump up ^ Bayly and Harper, p.174
Jump up ^ Bayley and Harper (2004), p.168
Jump up ^ Tinker 1975, pp. 2–3; 11–12.
Jump up ^ Tinker 1975, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Allen, pp. 74–76
Jump up ^ Slim (1956), p.101
Jump up ^ Slim, pp.107–111
Jump up ^ Slim (1956), p.118
Jump up ^ Government of India 1945, p. 25.
Jump up ^ Bayly and Harper, pp.177–178
Jump up ^ Bayly and Harper, pp.187–188
Jump up ^ Slim, p.115
Jump up ^ Bayley and Harper (2004), p.196
Jump up ^ Allen, p.72
Jump up ^ Bayly and Harper, p.172
References[edit]
Allen, Louis (1984). Burma: The Longest War. Dent. ISBN 0-460-02474-4.
Bayly, Christopher; Tim Harper (2005). Forgotten Armies. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-140-29331-0.
Government of India (1945). Famine Inquiry Commission, Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Government of India. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. London: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 978-1-85285-517-8.
Rodger, George (10 August 1942). "75,000 Miles". Life. Time Inc. pp. 61–7. ISSN 0024-3019.
Slim, William (1956). Defeat Into Victory. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-29114-5.
Tinker, Hugh (1975). "A forgotten long march: the Indian exodus from Burma, 1942". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 6 (01): 1–15. doi:10.1017/S0022463400017069.
Wen-Chin Chang (16 January 2015). Beyond Borders: Stories of Yunnanese Chinese Migrants of Burma. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5450-9.
Further reading[edit]
Carew, Tim. The Longest Retreat
Calvert, Mike. Fighting Mad
Dillon, Terence. Rangoon to Kohima
Drea, Edward J. (1998). "An Allied Interpretation of the Pacific War". In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1708-0.
Fujino, Hideo. Singapore and Burma
Grant, Ian Lyall & Tamayama, Kazuo Burma 1942: The Japanese Invasion
Iida, Shojiro From the Battlefields
Ikuhiko Hata Road to the Pacific War
Hodsun, J.L. War in the Sun
Keegan (ed), John; Duncan Anderson (1991). Churchill's Generals. London: Cassell Military. pp. 243–255. ISBN 0-304-36712-5. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Latimer, Jon. Burma: The Forgotten War
Moser, Don and editors of Time-Life Books World War II: China-Burma-India',1978, Library of Congress no 77-93742
Ochi, Harumi. Struggle in Burma
Reynolds, E. Bruce. Thailand and Japan's Southern Advance
Sadayoshi Shigematsu Fighting Around Burma
Smyth, John Before the Dawn
Sugita, Saiichi. Burma Operations
Young, Edward M. Aerial Nationalism: A History of Aviation in Thailand
External links[edit]
Burma Star Association
"No. 37728". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 September 1946. pp. 4663–4671. "Operations in Eastern Theatre, Based on India from March 1942 to 31 December 1942", official despatch by Field Marshal The Viscount Wavell
Sino-Japanese Air War 1937–45, see 1941 and 1942
Burma Campaign, Orbat for 1942 campaign, Japan, Commonwealth, Chinese, USA
A Forgotten Invasion: Thailand in Shan State, 1941–45
Thailand's Northern Campaign in the Shan States 1942–45 at the Wayback Machine (archived 27 October 2009)
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values: الغزو الياباني لبورما – Arabic

values: Conquista japonesa de Birmania – Spanish

values: Conquête japonaise de la Birmanie – French

values: Pencaplokan Jepang di Burma – Indonesian

values: Conquista giapponese della Birmania – Italian

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