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In the Night Garden...
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This article is about a British children's television series. For other uses, see In the Night (disambiguation).
In the Night Garden…
Created by
Andrew Davenport
Developed by
Ragdoll Productions
Starring
Holly Denoon, Rebecca Hyland, Nick Kellington, Andy Wareham, Elisa Laghi, Justyn Towler, Isaac Blake
Narrated by
Derek Jacobi
Music by
Celia Wickham-Anderson (singer)
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
2
No. of episodes
100 (list of episodes)
Production
Producer(s)
Andrew Davenport and Anne Wood
Running time
27 or 28 minutes approx.
Production company(s)
Ragdoll Productions
BBC
Distributor
DHX Media
BBC Worldwide
Release
Original network
BBC (as part of CBeebies)
Original release
19 March 2007[1] – 6 March 2009
Chronology
Related shows
Tots TV
Teletubbies
Boohbah
External links
Website
In the Night Garden... is a BBC children's television series, aimed at children aged from one to six years old.[2] It is produced by Ragdoll Productions. Andrew Davenport created, wrote, and composed the title theme and incidental music for all 100 episodes.[3][4] It was produced by Davenport and Anne Wood, the team that also co-created Teletubbies. The programme is narrated by Derek Jacobi. It is filmed mostly in live action, and features a mix of actors in costume, puppetry and computer animation. The characters include Iggle Piggle, Makka Pakka, Upsy Daisy, the Tombliboos, the Pontipines / the Wottingers, the Haahoos, the Ninky Nonk and the Pinky Ponk.
The series was announced in 000000002006-10-01-0000October 2006, and twenty episodes were first broadcast in 000000002007-03-19-000019 March 2007. Two series were made, with 100 episodes in all. The BBC confirmed in 2010 that it would not be commissioning another series.[5] The show's budget was £14.5 million. [6]
The programme's creators have said that it is designed to relax and entertain its intended audience of one to six-year-olds.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Cast
3 Characters
4 Places
5 Episodes
6 Broadcast
7 Merchandising
7.1 Books
7.2 DVDs
7.3 Toys
8 Live theatrical show
9 Awards and nominations
10 References
11 External links
Overview[edit]
The programme features a large cast of colourful characters with unusual names who live in a magical forest scattered with large daisies and brightly coloured pompom flowers. The characters mostly speak short, repetitive phrases and each has their own special song and dance. The garden is a sunny, colourful environment and the music is jaunty and music box-like. Producer Anne Wood said:
“ We wanted to explore the difference between being asleep and being awake from a child's point of view: the difference between closing your eyes and pretending to be asleep and closing your eyes and sleeping.[7] ”
Each episode starts with a different child in bed, while the narrator introduces the episode. The scene cuts to Iggle Piggle, in his boat, travelling to the Night Garden. Then the camera pans up to the sky and zooms in, followed by blooming flowers. After the title appears under a hedge, either the Ninky Nonk or the Pinky Ponk appears. The episodes end with one character receiving a bedtime story, which is generated by the magical gazebo that sits at the centre of the Night Garden. This story is a summary of the plot of the episode. Sometimes the characters all dance together under the Gazebo.
Iggle Piggle does not go to sleep, and his goodbye sequence ("Iggle Piggle's not in bed!" ... "Squeak!" ... "Don't worry, Iggle Piggle! It's time to go") rounds off the programme. The Night Garden retreats into the night sky and Iggle Piggle is seen asleep on his boat as the end credits roll.
In the Night Garden... is intended to help children relax and achieve calming relationships with parents. Wood states: "We became very aware of the anxiety surrounding the care of young children which manifested itself in all kind of directions; but the one big subject that came up again and again was bedtime. It's the classic time for tension between children who want to stay up and parents who want them to go to bed... so this is a programme about calming things down whereas most children's TV is about getting everything up."[7]
In 2007[8] and 2008,[9] the show won the Children's BAFTA for "Pre-school live action," as well as being nominated in 2009.[10]
Cast[edit]
Derek Jacobi as Narrator
Nick Kellington as Igglepiggle
Rebecca Hyland as Upsy Daisy
Justyn Towler as Makka Pakka
Andy Wareham as Tombliboo Unn
Isaac Blake as Tombliboo Ooo (1st time)
Holly Denoon as Tombliboo Ooo (2nd time)
Elisa Laghi as Tombliboo Eee
Celia Wickham-Anderson as Singer
Characters[edit]
Igglepiggle, Upsy Daisy, the Tombliboos and Makka Pakka are played by actors in costumes, like the Teletubbies. The Pontipines and Wottingers are puppets.
Igglepiggle (played by Nick Kellington) is a blue teddy bear-like doll with a bean-shaped head and a sideways red mohawk. He always carries his red blanket, and tends to fall flat on his back when surprised. He is the main character of the show. He arrives at the beginning and leaves the Night Garden at the end of each episode in a boat, for which the blanket doubles as a sail. Iggle Piggle has a bell in his left foot, a squeaker in his tummy, and a rattle in his left hand. His best friends in the garden are Upsy Daisy and Makka Pakka. He is the only character not to sleep in the Night Garden (with one exception when he fell asleep on Upsy Daisy's special bed), because sometimes he needs to find his boat; he sleeps on his boat instead of in a bed. He is the only character to walk on the Stepping Stone Path. He was first featured in the episode "Makka Pakka Washes Faces". Sometimes Iggle Piggle has a red blanket in the boat.
Upsy Daisy (played by Rebecca Hyland) is similar to a rag doll, with a brown complexion, a chime in her tummy, and brightly coloured clothes. She likes skipping through the Garden and blowing kisses to the other characters or to the audience. She often hugs and kisses other characters, particularly Iggle Piggle. Her catchphrases are "Upsy Daisy," and the more emphatic "Daisy Doo!", and she also says "Pip pip onk onk!", her way of saying goodbye. Her hair stands on end when excited or surprised, and her skirt inflates to a tutu when she dances or pulls the ripcord on her waist. She, along with Iggle Piggle were first featured in the episode "Makka Pakka Washes Faces".
Makka Pakka (played by Justyn Towler) is a beige, small, round-bodied doll. He has three rounded protuberances on his head, ears and back to represent stones that he uses to make into piles. He lives in a cave and likes cleaning things, such as his collection of stacking stones, and sometimes the other characters. Makka Pakka often stacks freshly cleaned stones into piles resembling his head and body. He sleeps on a stone bed, often cuddling a stone. He travels around the garden riding his trolley, the Og-Pog, which carries his sponge, soap, orange trumpet, and a bellows-like apparatus called Uff-Uff which he uses to dry items after cleaning them. His house is approached by a stone-walled ditch, as his home is half buried in the ground. He says his own name and the phrase "Mikka makka moo" when he is happy, as well as the names of the Og-Pog and the Uff-Uff, and other phrases from his song such as "agga pang" (his soap and sponge), "hum dum" (his trumpet), and "ing ang oo". Like Upsy Daisy and the Tombliboos, he also uses a phrase meaning "goodbye", represented in publications as "pip pip onk onk". He, along with Iggle Piggle and Upsy Daisy were first featured in the episode "Makka Pakka Washes Faces". As Makka Pakka is smaller than the other characters, he is filmed on another identical set (or garden), and where he appears with other characters, two scenes are shot in parallel and he is filmed far away, whilst the other costumed characters are filmed close up.
The Tombliboos – Unn (Andy Wareham), Ooo (Holly Denoon/Isaac Blake), and Eee (Elisa Laghi) – are dressed in costumes with stripes and spots: red and green (Unn), brown and pink (Ooo), and pink and yellow (Eee). Their names reflect phonetically how a young child might count to three, and the Tombliboos always appear in this order by saying their names. They live among the branches of a bush, on a series of platforms connected by stairs and chutes. The Tombliboos enjoy playing the drums and piano, although not with any particular musical prowess, and they also play with large blocks. Their trousers (pants) (which fall down unexpectedly) are often seen hanging on the washing line outside their home, and they usually take them down from the line and put them on before going on an adventure. They are sometimes seen brushing their teeth before bed. Tombliboos enjoy kissing each other whilst cuddling and reciting their names. They also have a song about staying together, which consists of them singing "Tombliboo, Tombliboo, Unn, Ooo, Eee!" over and over again. Tombliboo Eee is female and is shorter and smaller than Ooo and Unn. The Tombliboos, along with Iggle Piggle, Upsy Daisy and Makka Pakka were first featured in the episode "Makka Pakka Washes Faces".
The Pontipines (red) and The Wottingers (blue) are two families of ten tiny creatures (a mother and a father, plus four boys and four girls) similar to peg dolls. They live in a semidetached house at the foot of a tree. The Pontipines appear in most episodes, while appearances by the Wottingers, are rare. The Pontipines all dress in a very similar fashion to each other, as do the Wottingers. Each family sleeps in one room, their beds next to each other in rows. The Pontipines enter their home by flying down the chimney or going through the front door. They have no feet. The Pontipines enter the Pinky Ponk through a different door from all the other characters, and stay on a separate deck. The Pontipines and the Wottingers appear to be animated using stop motion, but in reality they were hand puppets on sticks that were moved in real time by a puppeteer, with a strobe effect applied in post-production to give the illusion of stop motion animation. They constantly chatter, making high-pitched "mi-mi-mi" sounds and "farting" noises. Mr Pontipine's moustache occasionally flies off his face and settles on Mrs Pontipine. The adult Pontipines and the adult Wottingers wear large hats. Mrs Pontipine carries a pair of binoculars around her neck at all times, which she uses to look for her children when they get lost. The Wottingers are similar in design to the Pontipines, though not identical; they can be glimpsed in the general dance sequences, but are not seen going to bed. The Pontipines, along with Iggle Piggle, Upsy Daisy, Makka Pakka and the Tombliboos were first featured in the 1st episode "Makka Pakka Washes Faces" and the Wottingers first appeared in the episode "The Pontipine Children in the Tombliboo Trousers".
The Haahoos are five very large inflatable pillow-like creatures of various shapes and colours with eyes and smiling mouths. They move slowly around the garden making deep springy sounds ("boing, boing"). The Haahoos appear behind the gazebo during general dance sequences, and are also seen going to sleep, closing their eyes and deflating slightly. They come in the shape of a flower, an X, a star, a circle and a figure of 8. They were first featured in the episode "The Tombliboos' Waving Game".
The Tittifers are CGI enhanced tropical birds with their own unique songs. There are four small blue tittifers (long-tailed finches), three larger pink ones (hoopoes), two big green ones (white-cheeked turacos) and one Channel-billed toucan with a huge purple beak. They usually sing between segments, and when they sing together, near the end, it is time to sleep. They, along with Iggle Piggle, Upsy Daisy, Makka Pakka, the Tombliboos and the Pontipines were first featured in the episode "Makka Pakka Washes Faces".
The Ninky Nonk is a train of five differently sized and shaped carriages. Its size is non-euclidean: exterior shots of the moving Ninky Nonk show a toy-sized train, quite small compared to the main characters and scenery, while interiors and static exterior shots are done on sets or with life-sized models so that the main characters can easily fit inside. When it stops or starts, the seat-belted passengers jerk sharply in their seats, and the ride is often described as "bumpy". Bells and green lights warn everyone inside when the Ninky Nonk is ready to depart. The Ninky Nonk can drive up and down trees and upside-down along branches. Like the other characters, it goes to sleep. The engine is banana-shaped with a green flashing light on top, and is followed by a green spheroidal carriage used by the Tombliboos and Makka Pakka, a tiny house-like carriage used by the Pontipines and Wottingers, a blue rectangular carriage used by Upsy Daisy and Igglepiggle (when he is travelling with Upsy Daisy), and a tall rounded single-seater carriage used by Iggle Piggle when he is travelling alone. All the carriages have lights on top that flash in sequence when the Ninky Nonk is stationary. It was first featured in the episode "Everybody, All Aboard the Ninky Nonk".
The Pinky Ponk is an airship, speckled with many slowly waving fins and several small propellers that can spin fast, plus a large propeller at the rear that always turns very gently. The characters often use it to travel around the forest, and during their journey are able to drink "Pinky Ponk juice" which is dispensed in "sippy cups". It comes in several colours. If drunk too much, you can feel ill, as demonstrated by Tombliboo Ooo.[11] As well as whirrings and clankings, and a sporadic honking sound from the "Ponk light" at the front, the Pinky Ponk makes flatulent noises.[12] Like the Ninky Nonk, the Pinky Ponk does not conform to euclidean geometry: exterior shots are chroma keyed model shots showing a model smaller than the main characters, while interior ones shots produced on a set into which they can fit. It has two doors, one for the costumed characters and the other for the tiny characters. One table has three seats (for the Tombliboos), another has two seats (for Iggle Piggle and Upsy Daisy), and the third has one seat (for Makka Pakka). The Pontipines take a table with no seats in a small room. It also has a habit of crashing into tree trunks, thus sounding the "Ponk Alert" (repeated honking and flashing of the "Ponk Light" and interior lights flashing and making noises.) This is a warning for all the passengers to take their seats and brace. Sometimes, the Pinky Ponk rocks during the "Ponk Alert", causing the passengers and their tables and chairs to slide from one end to the other. It, along with the Haahoos was first featured in the episode "The Tombliboos' Waving Game".
The Ball is a colourful living ball that plays with the Night Garden characters. It was first featured in the episode "The Ball".
The Bed is Upsy Daisy's specially private bed. She moves it around the Night Garden, with its ripcord; sometimes she has to catch the Bed, before it runs away. It was first featured in the episode "Makka Pakka's Trumpet Makes a Funny Noise".
The Tiddle is a small geyser-like fountain. It appears in any place of the Night Garden when someone stomps his/her feet three times. It disappears when someone stomps one of his/her feet once. It was featured in the episode "Igglepiggle's Tiddle".
The Trubliphones are a sort of telephone scattered randomly throughout the garden. The characters can use them to communicate with one another. They were first featured in the episode "Upsy Daisy's Big Loud Sing Song".
Places[edit]
The Stepping Stone Path is where Igglepiggle lives, for a vacation in the Night Garden. It leads to the Gazebo at the beginning and end of an episode.[13] It was first featured in the episode "Makka Pakka Washes Faces".
The Daisy Patch is where Upsy Daisy lives. It is a field full of daisies. Upsy Daisy is usually the only character that can be seen in the patch.[14] It was first featured in the episode "The Pontipines in Upsy Daisy's Bed".
Makka Pakka's Cave is where he lives and his Og-pog is kept outside it, behind a boulder. The cave, along with the Stepping Stone Path was first featured in the episode "Makka Pakka Washes Faces".
The Tombliboo Bush is where the Tombliboos live. It is the largest house in the garden with so many fun things to do such as playing music, playing with blocks and brushing teeth (like the Pinky Ponk and the Ninky Nonk it is bigger on the inside). It was first featured on the outside in "The Tombliboos' Waving Game" and on the inside in the episode "Too Loud Tombliboos!! Nice and Quiet!!"
The Pontipines/Wottingers' House is a small house at the foot of a tree where the Pontipines and Wottingers live. It, along with the Stepping Stone Path and Makka Pakka's Cave was first featured in the episode "Makka Pakka Washes Faces".
The Tune Bridge is a musical bridge near Makka Pakka's cave. Whenever someone walks on the bridge, it plays a musical tune. It, and the Stepping Stone Path, Makka Pakka's Cave and the Pontipines/Wottingers' House, were first featured in the episode "Makka Pakka Washes Faces".
The Gazebo is where the characters meet to dance at the end of some episodes.[15] It has a picture of all the characters including the Ball (but except the Tittifers, one of the Trubliphones, the Tiddle and the Bed), the Tittifers' Tree, a Daisy, the Tune Bridge, the Tombliboo Bush, the Tombliboo Instruments, Igglepiggle's Blanket, the Tombliboo Bricks and, of course, the Gazebo, itself. It has two pictures of Makka Pakka, one with his Og-Pog, the other with him blowing his trumpet. The first dance was featured in the episode "The Tombliboos' Waving Game" and it first gave a clue in "Igglepiggle's Blanket in Makka Pakka's Ditch".
The Tittifers' Tree is where the Tittifers sing in a certain section and together and at the end.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of In the Night Garden... episodes
Broadcast[edit]
Until 1 April 2008, the show aired on the CBeebies channel every day, including weekends, at 6:25 PM in the "Bedtime Hour" slot, in addition to earlier daytime showings on weekdays (like every other show on CBeebies, the same episodes are shown all day).[16] From April until August 2008, In The Night Garden... was removed from its 6:25 PM "Bedtime Hour" slot, which resulted in a petition asking for the programme to be re-instated to its normal slot.[17] One parent petitioner was quoted by The Daily Telegraph commenting that "My four-year-old refused to believe it was bedtime because ITNG hadn't been on and it was daylight outside."[17]
The show returned to the daily "Bedtime Hour" slot at 6:25 PM as of 30 August 2008, and began showing the second series (beginning with "Slow Down Everybody") on 1 September 2008.[citation needed] From December 2008, the show was moved again, this time to 6:00 PM. As of January 2010, it airs at 6.20 PM.
As of February 2008, in Canada, the show airs daily at 5:30 AM on Treehouse TV, Mondays to Fridays at 7:30 PM, and Saturdays at 10:30 AM.And as of April 11 2016 in Canada, as well the show airs daily at 2:00 pm on family jr during the Monday funday block of programming .

As of March 2016, in Australia, the show airs during the ABC 4 Kids block of programming on ABC2 every weekends at 11:30 AM.
As of October 2008, in India, the show airs every day on the CBeebies channel, including weekends, at 9 AM, 12 PM and 3 PM.
As of 2008, in Norway, the show airs every weekday on the NRK Super channel, at 5:30 PM.
As of 2009, the show airs on TV2 in Malaysia on weekday mornings at 8:30 AM.
As of 2009, the show airs on Luli and Hop! in Israel. Twenty new episodes began broadcasting on CBeebies and BBC HD on 9 February to continue at 6 PM daily.
As of 2010, Series 1 of the show airs daily on Baraem on Nilesat and Arabsat covering the Middle East in Arabic at 7:30 PM.
As of 2010, the show airs on Clan in Spain sometime around 8:30 AM on weekdays and around 7:50 AM on weekends.
As of 11 October 2010, the series was added on The Hub in the U.S. as part of the "HubBub" programming block. On 24 June 2012, it was removed on The Hub along with The Future Is Wild and Wilbur. However, the series returned on Hub Network on 2 June 2013 and was removed again on 13 October 2013.
In The Netherlands, it airs on Disney Junior.
And In Poland, it airs on CBeebies.
Merchandising[edit]
In the Night Garden... books, DVDs and toys have been marketed since 2007.
Books[edit]
In 2014, Penwizard[18] introduced a line of personalised books where customers can customise the story to include their child's name and likeness in the story alongside IgglePiggle and friends.
DVDs[edit]
Several Region 2 DVDs have been released in the UK:
DVD Title
Episodes
Who's Here? Makka Pakka Washes Faces
Tombliboos Waving Game
Everybody all aboard the Ninky Nonk
The Prettiest Flower
Makka Pakka's Trumpet Makes a Funny Noise
Hello IgglePiggle! IgglePiggle's Blanket in Makka Pakka's Ditch
Jumping for Everybody
IgglePiggle's Mucky Patch
The Pinky Ponk Adventure
IgglePiggle's Blanket Walks About by Itself
Hello Upsy Daisy! Quiet Please Tombliboos!! Upsy Daisy Wants to Sing!!
Upsy Daisy Kisses Everything!
Upsy Daisy's Big Loud Sing Song!
IgglePiggle Looks for Upsy Daisy and Follows her Bed!
The Ninky Nonk Wants a Kiss!
Hello Makka Pakka! Makka Pakka's Stone Concert
Runaway Og-Pog
Makka Pakka's Present
Makka Pakka Gets Lost
Washing the Haahoos
Hello Tombliboos! Too Loud Tombliboos!! Nice and Quiet!!
The Tombliboos' Busy Day
Tombliboo Trousers
Tombliboo Ooo Drinks Everybody Else's Pinky Ponk Juice
Tower of 5
Isn't That a Pip? The Pontipine Children of the Roof
Looking for Each Other
Slow Down Everybody!
IgglePiggle Goes Visiting
Where is the Pinky Ponk Going?
Look at That! IgglePiggle’s Tiddle
Makka Pakka’s Piles of Three
Where Are the Wottingers?
Mr Pontipine’s Moustache Flies Away
Too Loud Tombliboos
What Fun! Sneezing
Hide and Seek
Mind the Haahoos
The Pontipines Find IgglePiggle’s Blanket
Upsy Daisy Dances with the Pinky Ponk
All Together! Waving from the Ninky Nonk
Playing Hiding with Makka Pakka
Wake Up Ball
Over and Under
Sad and Happy Tombliboos.
All Aboard Ninky Nonk or Pinky Ponk
Upsy Daisy's Special Stone
Ninky Nonk Dinner Swap
The Tombliboos Swap Trousers
Igglepiggle's Accident.
Wake Up Igglepiggle Wake Up Igglepiggle
Where Can Igglepiggle Have a Rest
Oh Look It's Wottingers
Dinner in the Ninky Nonk
Tombliboos Clean Their Teeth.
Out For A Walk Upsy Daisy’s Funny Bed
The Ball
Wave to the Wottingers
The Pontipines in Upsy Daisy’s Bed
Igglepiggle’s Noisy Noises.
What Lovely Music Tombliboo Eee Gets Lost
Make Up Your Mind Upsy Daisy!
Following
Upsy Daisy Dances With The Haahoos
Long Distance Ball Game
Best Friends Upsy Daisy’s Tiring Walk
Trubliphone Fun
Shshsh! Upsy Daisy’s Having a Rest!
Who’s Next on the Pinky Ponk?
Makka Pakka’s Circle of Friends
Each DVD features five episodes.
A boxset, Hello Everybody!, has been released, containing "Hello IgglePiggle!", "Hello Upsy Daisy!", "Hello Makka Pakka!" and "Hello Tombliboos!" Each of these titles have episodes relating to the character on which the DVD is based.
Toys[edit]
The show's makers, Ragdoll Productions, signed a deal to make the toy producer Hasbro a global partner before the show was first broadcast, and merchandise was first made available in July 2007. The range includes small Igglepiggle, Upsy Daisy and Makka Pakka stuffed toys and a small Ninky Nonk train with detachable carriages. Wheeled toy licensee MV Sports & Leisure Limited produced a range of scooters and trikes. Play-doh made some dough that came packaged with an Igglepiggle-shaped cut-out.
In spring 2008, several new toys arrived, including roll-along characters, Talking Cuddly Makka Pakka, Ninky Nonk Pop-up tent and more. Hasbro won the 2008 "Best Licensed Toy or Game range" Licensing Award for their In The Night Garden... range.[19]
In January 2009, a spokesman for the BBC confirmed that they had asked Hasbro to change the skin colour of the Upsy Daisy doll following "a handful of complaints". The doll was originally released with a noticeably lighter complexion than seen in the television series, as it was based on the animated version of Upsy Daisy.[20]
Live theatrical show[edit]
In the Night Garden...Live! started a UK tour in July 2010. The show took place in an inflatable purpose-built show dome. The show premièred in Liverpool, and moved on to London, Glasgow and Birmingham. In the Night Garden Live has toured the UK every summer.[21][22]
Awards and nominations[edit]
BAFTA Children's Awards 2007
Awarded Best Children's Live-Action Series[8]
The website for the programme was nominated for Best Interactive Site[8]
BAFTA Children's Awards 2008
Awarded Best Pre-School Live Action Series[9]
BAFTA Children's Awards 2009
Nominated for Best Pre-School Live Action[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Makka Pakka Washes Faces, BBC Programme Guide.
Jump up ^ "BBC – CBeebies Grownups – In the Night Garden". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Brown, Jonathan; Robinson, Josie (18 April 2007). "In the Night Garden: Bedtime for Teletubbies". The Independent. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Lane, Harriet (25 November 2007). "Night Fever". The Observer Magazine. The Guardian. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Conlan, Tara (27 September 2010). "BBC puts In the Night Garden to bed". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Carter, Meg (18 March 2007). "They come in peace". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "In The Night Garden". Press Pack – From tot to toddler to tearaway, CBeebies celebrates its fifth birthday (Press release). BBC – Press Office. 19 March 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Past Winners and Nominees – Children's – Awards – 2007". BAFTA. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Past Winners and Nominees – Children's – Awards – 2008". BAFTA. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Past Winners and Nominees – Children's – Awards – 2009". BAFTA. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
Jump up ^ In the Night Garden…. Little Library. London: BBC Children's. 2007. ISBN 978-1-4059-0378-3. OCLC 141381673.
Jump up ^ What a Noisy Pinky Ponk!. In the Night Garden…. London: BBC Children's. 2008. ISBN 978-1-4059-0482-7. OCLC 233788419.
Jump up ^ "In the Night Garden – Glossary of Terms". www.inthenightgarden.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "In the Night Garden – Glossary of Terms". www.inthenightgarden.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "In the Night Garden – Glossary of Terms". www.inthenightgarden.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.radiotimes.com – search results 25 February 2008
^ Jump up to: a b Reynolds, Nigel (2 April 2008). "Anger as BBC moves In The Night Garden". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Dungan, Ronnie (18 September 2008). "Toy firms scoop Licensing gongs". Toy News. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "BBC acts over light-skinned doll". BBC News. 5 January 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2010/03/26/in-the-night-garden-coming-to-sefton-park-this-summer-100252-26113079/
Jump up ^ http://www.nightgardenlive.com/
External links[edit]
In the Night Garden... on IMDb
[hide]
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Ragdoll Productions
Founders
Anne Wood
Andrew Davenport
TV series
Pob's Programme (1985–1990)
Playbox (1987–1992)
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Brum (1991–2002)
Tots TV (1993–1998)
Teletubbies (1997–2001, 2015–2016)
Boohbah (2003–2006)
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In the Night Garden... (2007–2009)
Tronji (2009–2010)
The Adventures of Abney & Teal (2011–2012)
Dipdap (2011–2013)
Twirlywoos (2015–2016)
Films
Badjelly the Witch (2000)
What Makes Me Happy (2005)
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Rupert Friend
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Rupert Friend
Friend at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival
Born
Rupert William Anthony Friend
(1981-10-09) 9 October 1981 (age 36)
Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom
Nationality
British
Occupation
Actor, director, screenwriter, producer
Years active
2004–present
Spouse(s)
Aimee Mullins (m. 2016)
Rupert William Anthony Friend (born 9 October 1981) is an English actor, director, screenwriter, and producer. He is best known for his roles as Mr. Wickham in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice, Lieutenant Kurt Kotler in the 2008 film The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, Prince Albert in the 2009 film The Young Victoria, Agent 47 in the 2015 film Hitman: Agent 47, and Vasily Stalin, son of Joseph Stalin, in the movie The Death of Stalin. From 2012 to 2017, he portrayed Peter Quinn on the Showtime series Homeland, for which he was nominated for an Emmy in 2013.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Stage
5 References
6 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Friend was born and brought up in Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, the son of Caroline, a solicitor, and Nicholas Friend, a cultural historian.[1] He attended The Marlborough School in Woodstock. He moved to take A-levels at the Cherwell School and d'Overbroeck's College in Oxford. Friend received his professional acting training at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London.[2] He considered himself a late starter: "I was about to set off sailing around the world when I heard I'd got into drama school. Everyone else there had grown up singing and dancing, whereas I was the opposite."[2]
Career[edit]
Friend in 2013
Originally he wanted to be an archaeologist and travel around the world after seeing Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade in 1989, but he scrapped the idea after realizing that the occupation is not as remunerative as he had expected. Instead, he turned to acting, in which he was also inspired by Harrison Ford, who played Indiana Jones, and Marlon Brando who played Vito Corleone.[3]
He played three minor roles in the film The Laramie Project when he was in second year in his drama school, and was spotted by the film's casting director, who eventually introduced Friend to a larger role.[4] He made his acting debut as Billy Downs in the 2004 film The Libertine from The Weinstein Company, for which he was named "outstanding new talent" at the 2005 Satellite Awards.[1] In 2005, he had his first starring role as Ludovic Meyer in the film adaption of Mrs Palfrey at the Claremont, in which he starred opposite Joan Plowright. In the same year, he portrayed Wickham in Joe Wright's version of Pride and Prejudice.[5] In 2008, Friend and Tom Mison wrote and starred in a short film called The Continuing and Lamentable Saga of the Suicide Brothers.[6] He founded his own production company called Beat Pictures, and he made his directorial debut with a short film in 2010 called Steve, which starred Keira Knightley, Tom Mison and Colin Firth.[7] In addition to directing, he wrote and produced the film, which was later included in the 2012 compilation Stars in Shorts.[8]
He also starred in the film Chéri and played the titular character. In addition, he joined the cast of The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas and played Kurt Kotler, a lieutenant in Nazi Germany.[9][10] In 2010, he played Albert, Prince Consort in Young Victoria. Graham King, producer of Young Victoria, chose Friend to star in the lead role because he remembered Friend's strong performance in Pride and Prejudice.[11] His performance received acclaim, in particular, from historian Alex von Tunzelmann, who praised him for putting in effort in mastering the role.[12]
In 2010, Friend made his stage debut as Mitchell in the UK premiere of The Little Dog Laughed.[13] He stars in the film The Kid, based on the novel by Kevin Lewis.[14] As the film involves boxing, he had to train himself so as to improve his physical and psychological shape.[4] He also starred in a French film called Lullaby for Pi, playing a singer called Sam.[15] In 2011, he played Thomas Anders, the protagonist of the film 5 Days of War.[16]
In 2014, Friend played Oliver Baumer in Fox Searchlight's film Starred Up. His performance was applauded by critics and was nominated for BIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor.[17] In 2015, Friend starred as Agent 47 in Hitman: Agent 47, a film based on the Hitman video game franchise, replacing Paul Walker.[18] In order to play the role, he had to shave all his hair.[19] The production team also sent him copies of all the Hitman games for him to familiarize himself with the character.[20]
Friend played a major role as Peter Quinn in the multiple award-winning political thriller series Homeland. Introduced in season two as a minor supporting character, his role became significantly larger after season three.[21] His performance received acclaim and he was nominated for three different awards. Friend reprised his role as Quinn in the fifth season of Homeland, which was filmed entirely in Berlin, Germany and premiered on 4 October 2015.[22][23]
In an interview on BBC Radio 4's The Film Programme, James Bond casting director Debbie McWilliams stated that Friend was asked if he'd like to be considered for the role of James Bond but turned it down.[24]
Personal life[edit]
From 2005 to 2010, Friend dated English actress Keira Knightley, whom he met when filming Pride & Prejudice.[25][26] He began dating American athlete and actress Aimee Mullins in 2013,[27] and they became engaged in December 2014.[28] Friend and Mullins were married on 1 May 2016.[29]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2004 The Libertine Downs Ischia Film Festival Award for Best International Newcomer
Nominated – British Independent Film Award for Most Promising Newcomer
2005 Pride & Prejudice Mr. Wickham
2005 Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont Ludovic Meyer Satellite Award for Outstanding New Talent
2007 The Moon and the Stars Renzo Daverio / Spoletta
2007 Outlaw Sandy Mardell
2007 The Last Legion Demetrius
2007 Virgin Territory Alessandro Felice
2008 Jolene Coco Leger
2008 The Boy in the Striped Pajamas Lt. Kurt Kotler
2009 The Young Victoria Prince Albert
2009 Chéri Chéri
2009 The Continuing and Lamentable Saga of the Suicide Brothers Bourbon Short film
2010 The Kid Kevin Lewis
2010 Lullaby for Pi Sam
2010 Steve Director
2011 5 Days of War Thomas Anders
2012 To Write Love on Her Arms David McKenna Also known as Day One
2013 The Zero Theorem Man in Street Commercial
2014 Starred Up Oliver Nominated – British Independent Film Award for Best Supporting Actor
2014 Meet Me in Montenegro Stephen
2015 Stryka Callen Short film
2015 Hitman: Agent 47 Agent 47
2017 The Death of Stalin Vasily Stalin
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2012–2017 Homeland Peter Quinn 55 episodes
Nominated – PAAFTJ Television Awards for Best Guest Actor In A Drama Series (2013)[30]
Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series (2013)
Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016)
Stage[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2010 The Little Dog Laughed Mitchell London
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Ornos, Riza (24 February 2015). "'Agent 47' News Update: Paul Walker Replacement Rupert Friend First Images Released, Five Things to Know About the 'Homeland' Actor". International Business Times. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Right on cue: the new breed of screen stars". Daily Mail. UK. 31 January 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Interview: Rupert Friend". Interview. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Harrod, Horatia (14 September 2010). "Rupert Friend on his new film The Kid". The Telegraph. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Schaeffer, Brittany (20 November 2005). "FRIEND, INDEED. Actor Rupert launches his film career with a triple threat". New York Times. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Smith, Lizzie (30 June 2009). "Keira Knightley stars as fairy godmother in rookie writer's film... well, he is her boyfriend". Daily Mail. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Ambler, Eric (19 September 2012). "Interview: STEVE Writer-Director Rupert Friend". Screen Invasion. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ MacFarlane, Steve (27 September 2012). "Film Review: Star In Shots". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Smith, Anna. "Cheri review: Dangerous Liaisons 2: Satin Boogaloo". Empire. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Review: The Boy In The Striped Pyjamas (12a, 94mins)". Mirror.co.uk. 7 September 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Young Victoria production notes" (PDF). Cinematic Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
Jump up ^ von Tunzelmann, Alex (5 March 2009). "The Young Victoria: less chess, more Hungry Hungry Hippos". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Billington, Michael (21 January 2010). "The Little Dog Laughed". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Jaafar, Ali (2 February 2009). "'The Kid' unveils key cast". Variety.
Jump up ^ Mintzer, Jordan (1 December 2013). "Review: 'Lullaby for Pi'". Variety. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ DeFore, John (25 August 2011). "5 Days of War: Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "2013 Nominations Announced for the 16th Annual British Independent Film Awards". British Independent Film Awards. 13 November 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Vejvoda, Jim (18 February 2014). "Exclusive First Look at Rupert Friend As Agent 47 In The Hitman Sequel". IGN. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Whiteman, Bobby (12 March 2015). "That's a close shave! Rupert Friend debuts new buzz cut as he and fiancée Aimee Mullins enjoy some retail therapy in London". Daily Mail. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hitman: Agent 47 Interview - Comic-Con 2015". IGN. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Blyth, Antonia (17 June 2015). "Rupert Friend Q&A: 'Homeland' Season 5 Is "Very Much A Do-Over"". Deadline.com. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (27 April 2015). "Homeland going to Germany for season 5". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (23 July 2015). "Homeland Season 5, Affair Season 2 Get October Premiere Date". TVLine. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mad Max, Jaws, Cartel Land, Casting James Bond". BBC Radio 4. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
Jump up ^ White, Richard (13 January 2010). "Keira's Not Getting It Knightley". The Sun. London. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Hough, Andrew (13 January 2011). "Keira Knightley and Rupert Friend split after five years". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Radnor, Abigail (15 February 2014). "What I've Learnt: Rupert Friend". The Times. London. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Shakespeare, Sebastian (2 October 2014). "Keira's-Ex-Engaged-to-Paralympics-Star". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Petit, Stephanie. "Surprise! Rupert Friend and Aimee Mullins Secretly Got Married One Month Ago". People.
Jump up ^ "2nd PAAFTJ Television Awards nominations announced; "Arrested Development" leads" (Press release). Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists. 18 June 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rupert Friend.
Rupert Friend on IMDb
Times feature
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 9615426
LCCN: no2007015854
ISNI: 0000 0001 1592 8432
GND: 1021337862
SUDOC: 139917020
BNF: cb16162093q (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rupert_Friend&oldid=834182725"
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text:
Bone marrow
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the use of animal bone marrow as human food, see Bone marrow (food).
Bone marrow
A simplified illustration of cells in bone marrow
Details
System
Immune system[1](Lymphatic system)[Endocrine system]
Identifiers
Latin
Medulla ossium
MeSH
D001853
TA
A13.1.01.001
FMA
9608
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.[2] In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production or hematopoiesis.[3] It is composed of hematopoietic cells, marrow adipose tissue, and supportive stromal cells. On average, bone marrow constitutes 4% of the total body mass of humans; in an adult having 65 kilograms of mass (143 lb), bone marrow typically accounts for approximately 2.6 kilograms (5.7 lb).[4] Human marrow produces approximately 500 billion blood cells per day, which join the systemic circulation via permeable vasculature sinusoids within the medullary cavity.[5] All types of hematopoietic cells, including both myeloid and lymphoid lineages, are created in bone marrow; however, lymphoid cells must migrate to other lymphoid organs (e.g. thymus) in order to complete maturation.
Bone marrow transplants can be conducted to treat severe diseases of the bone marrow, including certain forms of cancer such as leukemia. Additionally, bone marrow stem cells have been successfully transformed into functional neural cells,[6] and can also potentially be used to treat illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Hematopoietic components
1.2 Stroma
2 Function
2.1 Mesenchymal stem cells
2.2 Bone marrow barrier
2.3 Lymphatic role
2.4 Compartmentalization
3 Society and culture
4 Clinical significance
4.1 Disease
4.2 Imaging
4.3 Histology
4.4 Donation and transplantation
4.4.1 Harvesting
5 Fossil record
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
9 Further reading
Structure[edit]
The composition of marrow is dynamic, as the mixture of cellular and non-cellular components (connective tissue) shifts with age and in response to systemic factors. In humans, marrow is colloquially characterized as "red" or "yellow" marrow (Latin: medulla ossium rubra, Latin: medulla ossium flava, respectively) depending on the prevalence of hematopoetic cells vs fat cells. While the precise mechanisms underlying marrow regulation are not understood,[5] compositional changes occur according to stereotypical patterns.[8] For example, a newborn baby's bones exclusively contain hematopoietically active "red" marrow, and there is a progressive conversion towards "yellow" marrow with age. In adults, red marrow is found mainly in the central skeleton, such as the pelvis, sternum, cranium, ribs, vertebrae and scapulae, and variably found in the proximal epiphyseal ends of long bones such as the femur and humerus. In circumstances of chronic hypoxia, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow to increase blood cell production.[9]
Hematopoietic components[edit]
Hematopoietic precursor cells: promyelocyte in the center, two metamyelocytes next to it and band cells from a bone marrow aspirate.
At the cellular level, the main functional component of bone marrow includes the progenitor cells which are destined to mature into blood and lymphoid cells. Marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells which give rise to the three classes of blood cells that are found in circulation: white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).[10]
Cellular constitution of the red bone marrow parenchyma[11]
Group
Cell type
Average
fraction
Reference
range
Myelopoietic
cells Myeloblasts 0.9% 0.2–1.5
Promyelocytes 3.3% 2.1–4.1
Neutrophilic myelocytes 12.7% 8.2–15.7
Eosinophilic myelocytes 0.8% 0.2–1.3
Neutrophilic metamyelocytes 15.9% 9.6–24.6
Eosinophilic metamyelocytes 1.2% 0.4–2.2
Neutrophilic band cells 12.4% 9.5–15.3
Eosinophilic band cells 0.9% 0.2–2.4
Segmented neutrophils 7.4% 6.0–12.0
Segmented eosinophils 0.5% 0.0–1.3
Segmented basophils and mast cells 0.1% 0.0–0.2
Erythropoietic
cells Pronormoblasts 0.6% 0.2–1.3
Basophilic normoblasts 1.4% 0.5–2.4
Polychromatic normoblasts 21.6% 17.9–29.2
Orthochromatic normoblast 2.0% 0.4–4.6
Other cell
types Megakaryocytes < 0.1% 0.0-0.4
Plasma cells 1.3% 0.4-3.9
Reticular cells 0.3% 0.0-0.9
Lymphocytes 16.2% 11.1-23.2
Monocytes 0.3% 0.0-0.8
Stroma[edit]
The stroma of the bone marrow includes all tissue not directly involved in the marrow's primary function of hematopoiesis.[5] Stromal cells may be indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, providing a microenvironment that influences the function and differentiation of hematopoeietic cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, which have a significant effect on hematopoiesis. Cell types that constitute the bone marrow stroma include:
fibroblasts (reticular connective tissue)
macrophages, which contribute especially to red blood cell production, as they deliver iron for hemoglobin production.
adipocytes (fat cells)
osteoblasts (synthesize bone)
osteoclasts (resorb bone)
endothelial cells, which form the sinusoids. These derive from endothelial stem cells, which are also present in the bone marrow.[10]
Function[edit]
Mesenchymal stem cells[edit]
Main article: Mesenchymal stem cell
The bone marrow stroma contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs),[10] also known as marrow stromal cells. These are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. MSCs have been shown to differentiate, in vitro or in vivo, into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, marrow adipocytes and beta-pancreatic islets cells.
Bone marrow barrier[edit]
The blood vessels of the bone marrow constitute a barrier, inhibiting immature blood cells from leaving the marrow. Only mature blood cells contain the membrane proteins, such as aquaporin and glycophorin, that are required to attach to and pass the blood vessel endothelium.[12] Hematopoietic stem cells may also cross the bone marrow barrier, and may thus be harvested from blood.
Lymphatic role[edit]
The red bone marrow is a key element of the lymphatic system, being one of the primary lymphoid organs that generate lymphocytes from immature hematopoietic progenitor cells.[13] The bone marrow and thymus constitute the primary lymphoid tissues involved in the production and early selection of lymphocytes. Furthermore, bone marrow performs a valve-like function to prevent the backflow of lymphatic fluid in the lymphatic system.
Compartmentalization[edit]
Biological compartmentalization is evident within the bone marrow, in that certain cell types tend to aggregate in specific areas. For instance, erythrocytes, macrophages, and their precursors tend to gather around blood vessels, while granulocytes gather at the borders of the bone marrow.[10]
Society and culture[edit]
Animal bone marrow has been used in cuisine worldwide for millennia, such as the famed Milanese Ossobuco.[citation needed]
Clinical significance[edit]
Disease[edit]
The normal bone marrow architecture can be damaged or displaced by aplastic anemia, malignancies such as multiple myeloma, or infections such as tuberculosis, leading to a decrease in the production of blood cells and blood platelets. The bone marrow can also be affected by various forms of leukemia, which attacks its hematologic progenitor cells.[14] Furthermore, exposure to radiation or chemotherapy will kill many of the rapidly dividing cells of the bone marrow, and will therefore result in a depressed immune system. Many of the symptoms of radiation poisoning are due to damage sustained by the bone marrow cells.
To diagnose diseases involving the bone marrow, a bone marrow aspiration is sometimes performed. This typically involves using a hollow needle to acquire a sample of red bone marrow from the crest of the ilium under general or local anesthesia.[15]
Imaging[edit]
Medical imaging may provide a limited amount of information regarding bone marrow. Plain film x-rays pass through soft tissues such as marrow and do not provide visualization, although any changes in the structure of the associated bone may be detected.[16] CT imaging has somewhat better capacity for assessing the marrow cavity of bones, although with low sensitivity and specificity. For example, normal fatty "yellow" marrow in adult long bones is of low density (-30 to -100 Hounsfield units), between subcutaneous fat and soft tissue. Tissue with increased cellular composition, such as normal "red" marrow or cancer cells within the medullary cavity will measure variably higher in density.[17]
MRI is more sensitive and specific for assessing bone bone composition. MRI enables assessment of the average molecular composition of soft tissues, and thus provides information regarding the relative fat content of marrow. In adult humans, "yellow" fatty marrow is the dominant tissue in bones, particularly in the (peripheral) appendicular skeleton. Because fat molecules have a high T1-relaxivity, T1-weighted imaging sequences show "yellow" fatty marrow as bright (hyperintense). Furthermore, normal fatty marrow loses signal on fat-saturation sequences, in a similar pattern to subcutaneous fat.
When "yellow" fatty marrow becomes replaced by tissue with more cellular composition, this change is apparent as decreased brightness on T1-weighted sequences. Both normal "red" marrow and pathologic marrow lesions (such as cancer) are darker than "yellow" marrow on T1-weight sequences, although can often be distinguished by comparison with the MR signal intensity of adjacent soft tissues. Normal "red" marrow is typically equivalent or brighter than skeletal muscle or intervertebral disc on T1-weighted sequences.[18][19]
Fatty marrow change, the inverse of red marrow hyperplasia, can occur with normal aging,[20] though it can also be seen with certain treatments such as radiation therapy. Diffuse marrow T1 hypointensity without contrast enhancement or cortical discontinuity suggests red marrow conversion or myelofibrosis. Falsely normal marrow on T1 can be seen with diffuse multiple myeloma or leukemic infiltration when the water to fat ratio is not sufficiently altered, as may be seen with lower grade tumors or earlier in the disease process.[21]
Histology[edit]
Main article: Bone marrow examination
A Wright's-stained bone marrow aspirate smear from a patient with leukemia.
Bone marrow examination is the pathologic analysis of samples of bone marrow obtained via biopsy and bone marrow aspiration. Bone marrow examination is used in the diagnosis of a number of conditions, including leukemia, multiple myeloma, anemia, and pancytopenia. The bone marrow produces the cellular elements of the blood, including platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells. While much information can be gleaned by testing the blood itself (drawn from a vein by phlebotomy), it is sometimes necessary to examine the source of the blood cells in the bone marrow to obtain more information on hematopoiesis; this is the role of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy.
The ratio between myeloid series and erythroid cells is relevant to bone marrow function, and also to diseases of the bone marrow and peripheral blood, such as leukemia and anemia. The normal myeloid-to-erythroid ratio is around 3:1; this ratio may increase in myelogenous leukemias, decrease in polycythemias, and reverse in cases of thalassemia.[22]
Donation and transplantation[edit]
Main article: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
A bone marrow harvest in progress.
The preferred sites for the procedure
In a bone marrow transplant, hematopoietic stem cells are removed from a person and infused into another person (allogenic) or into the same person at a later time (autologous). If the donor and recipient are compatible, these infused cells will then travel to the bone marrow and initiate blood cell production. Transplantation from one person to another is conducted for the treatment of severe bone marrow diseases, such as congenital defects, autoimmune diseases or malignancies. The patient's own marrow is first killed off with drugs or radiation, and then the new stem cells are introduced. Before radiation therapy or chemotherapy in cases of cancer, some of the patient's hematopoietic stem cells are sometimes harvested and later infused back when the therapy is finished to restore the immune system.[23]
Bone marrow stem cells can be induced to become neural cells to treat neurological illnesses,[6] and can also potentially be used for the treatment of other illnesses, such as inflammatory bowel disease.[7] In 2013, following a clinical trial, scientists proposed that bone marrow transplantation could be used to treat HIV in conjunction with antiretroviral drugs;[24][25] however, it was later found that HIV remained in the bodies of the test subjects.[26]
Harvesting[edit]
The stem cells are typically harvested directly from the red marrow in the iliac crest, often under general anesthesia. The procedure is minimally invasive and does not require stitches afterwards. Depending on the donor's health and reaction to the procedure, the actual harvesting can be an outpatient procedure, or can require 1–2 days of recovery in the hospital.[27]
Another option is to administer certain drugs that stimulate the release of stem cells from the bone marrow into circulating blood.[28] An intravenous catheter is inserted into the donor's arm, and the stem cells are then filtered out of the blood. This procedure is similar to that used in blood or platelet donation. In adults, bone marrow may also be taken from the sternum, while the tibia is often used when taking samples from infants.[15] In newborns, stem cells may be retrieved from the umbilical cord.[29]
Fossil record[edit]
Bone marrow may have first evolved in Eusthenopteron, a species of prehistoric fish with close links to early tetrapods.
The earliest fossilised evidence of bone marrow was discovered in 2014 in Eusthenopteron, a lobe-finned fish which lived during the Devonian period approximately 370 million years ago.[30] Scientists from Uppsala University and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility used X-ray synchrotron microtomography to study the fossilised interior of the skeleton's humerus, finding organised tubular structures akin to modern vertebrate bone marrow.[30] Eusthenopteron is closely related to the early tetrapods, which ultimately evolved into the land-dwelling mammals and lizards of the present day.[30]
See also[edit]
National Marrow Donor Program, a nonprofit organization that operates a registry of volunteer hematopoietic cell donors and umbilical cord blood units in the United States
Gift of Life Marrow Registry, an American bone marrow transplantation registry
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schmidt, Richard F.; Lang, Florian; Heckmann, Manfred (2010-11-30). "What are the organs of the immune system?". © IQWiG (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care): 3/7.
Jump up ^ C., Farhi, Diane (2009). Pathology of bone marrow and blood cells (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott William & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781770934. OCLC 191807944.
Jump up ^ Arikan, Hüseyin; Çiçek, Kerim (2014). "Haematology of amphibians and reptiles: a review" (PDF). NORTH-WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY. 10: 190–209.
Jump up ^ Vunjak-Novakovic, G.; Tandon, N.; Godier, A.; Maidhof, R.; Marsano, A.; Martens, T. P.; Radisic, M. (2010). "Challenges in Cardiac Tissue Engineering". Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews. 16 (2): 169–187. doi:10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0352.
^ Jump up to: a b c Birbrair, Alexander; Frenette, Paul S. (2016-03-01). "Niche heterogeneity in the bone marrow". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1370 (1): 82–96. doi:10.1111/nyas.13016. ISSN 1749-6632. PMC 4938003  . PMID 27015419.
^ Jump up to: a b "Antibody Transforms Stem Cells Directly Into Brain Cells". Science Daily. 22 April 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Research Supports Promise of Cell Therapy for Bowel Disease". Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Chan, Brian Y.; Gill, Kara G.; Rebsamen, Susan L.; Nguyen, Jie C. (2016-10-01). "MR Imaging of Pediatric Bone Marrow". RadioGraphics. 36 (6): 1911–1930. doi:10.1148/rg.2016160056. ISSN 0271-5333.
Jump up ^ Poulton, T B; Murphy, W D; Duerk, J L; Chapek, C C; Feiglin, D H (1993-12-01). "Bone marrow reconversion in adults who are smokers: MR Imaging findings". American Journal of Roentgenology. 161 (6): 1217–1221. doi:10.2214/ajr.161.6.8249729. ISSN 0361-803X.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Raphael Rubin & David S. Strayer (2007). Rubin's Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 90. ISBN 0-7817-9516-8.
Jump up ^ Appendix A:IV in Wintrobe's clinical hematology (9th edition). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger (1993).
Jump up ^ "The Red Cell Membrane: structure and pathologies" (PDF). Australian Centre for Blood Diseases/Monash University. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
Jump up ^ The Lymphatic System. Allonhealth.com. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Bonnet, D; Dick, JE (1997). "Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell". Nature Medicine. 3 (7): 730–737. doi:10.1038/nm0797-730. PMID 9212098. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy". Lab Tests Online UK. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Ellmann, Stephan; Beck, Michael; Kuwert, Torsten; Uder, Michael; Bäuerle, Tobias. "Multimodal imaging of bone metastases: From preclinical to clinical applications". Journal of Orthopaedic Translation. 3 (4): 166–177. doi:10.1016/j.jot.2015.07.004.
Jump up ^ Nishida, Y; Matsue, Y; Suehara, Y; Fukumoto, K; Fujisawa, M; Takeuchi, M; Ouchi, E; Matsue, K (August 2015). "Clinical and prognostic significance of bone marrow abnormalities in the appendicular skeleton detected by low-dose whole-body multidetector computed tomography in patients with multiple myeloma". Blood Cancer Journal. 5 (7). doi:10.1038/bcj.2015.57. ISSN 2044-5385.
Jump up ^ Poulton, TB; Murphy, WD; Duerk, JL; Chapek, CC; Feiglin, DH (December 1993). "Bone marrow reconversion in adults who are smokers: MR Imaging findings". AJR. American journal of roentgenology. 161 (6): 1217–21. doi:10.2214/ajr.161.6.8249729. PMID 8249729.
Jump up ^ Chan, Brian Y.; Gill, Kara G.; Rebsamen, Susan L.; Nguyen, Jie C. (2016-10-01). "MR Imaging of Pediatric Bone Marrow". RadioGraphics. 36 (6): 1911–1930. doi:10.1148/rg.2016160056. ISSN 0271-5333.
Jump up ^ Shah, LM; Hanrahan, CJ (December 2011). "MRI of spinal bone marrow: part I, techniques and normal age-related appearances". AJR. American journal of roentgenology. 197 (6): 1298–308. doi:10.2214/ajr.11.7005. PMID 22109283.
Jump up ^ Vande Berg, BC; Lecouvet, FE; Galant, C; Maldague, BE; Malghem, J (July 2005). "Normal variants and frequent marrow alterations that simulate bone marrow lesions at MR imaging". Radiologic clinics of North America. 43 (4): 761–70, ix. doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2005.01.007. PMID 15893536.
Jump up ^ "Definition: 'M:E Ratio'". Stedman's Medical Dictionary via MediLexicon.com. 2006. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bone marrow transplantation". UpToDate.com. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bone marrow 'frees men of HIV drugs'". BBC. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Stem-Cell Transplants Erase HIV In Two Men". PopSci. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "HIV Returns in Two Men Thought 'Cured' by Bone Marrow Transplants". RH Reality Check. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
Jump up ^ National Marrow Donor Program Donor Guide Archived 8 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine.. Marrow.org. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Bone marrow donation: What to expect when you donate. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
Jump up ^ McGuckin, C. P.; Forraz, N.; Baradez, M. -O.; Navran, S.; Zhao, J.; Urban, R.; Tilton, R.; Denner, L. (2005). "Production of stem cells with embryonic characteristics from human umbilical cord blood". Cell Proliferation. 38 (4): 245–255. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2184.2005.00346.x. PMID 16098183.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sanchez, S.; Tafforeau, P.; Ahlberg, P. E. (2014). "The humerus of Eusthenopteron: a puzzling organization presaging the establishment of tetrapod limb bone marrow". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1782): 20140299. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0299.
External links[edit]
Bone marrow histology photomicrographs
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bone marrow.
Nature Bone Marrow Transplantation (Nature Publishing Group) – specialist scientific journal with articles on bone marrow biology and clinical uses.
Cooper, B (2011). "The origins of bone marrow as the seedbed of our blood: from antiquity to the time of Osler" (PDF). Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. 24 (2): 115–8. PMC 3069519  . PMID 21566758. [permanent dead link]
Wang J, Yu L, Jiang C, Chen M, Ou C, Wang J (2013). "Bone marrow mononuclear cells exert long-term neuroprotection in a rat model of ischemic stroke by promoting arteriogenesis and angiogenesis". Brain Behav Immun. 34: 56–66. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.07.010. PMC 3795857  . PMID 23891963.
Wang J, Yu L, Jiang C, Fu X, Liu X, Wang M, Ou C, Cui X, Zhou C, Wang J (2015). "Cerebral ischemia increases bone marrow CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in mice via signals from sympathetic nervous system". Brain Behav Immun. 43: 172–83. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.022. PMC 4258426  . PMID 25110149.
Wang J, Liu X, Lu H, Jiang C, Cui X, Yu L, Fu X, Li Q, Wang J (2015). "CXCR4(+)CD45(-) BMMNC subpopulation is superior to unfractionated BMMNCs for protection after ischemic stroke in mice". Brain Behav Immun. 45: 98–108. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.015. PMC 4342301  . PMID 25526817.
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