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List of active People's Liberation Army Navy ships
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Flag of the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN)
List of active People's Liberation Army Navy ships is a list of ships currently in active service with the People's Liberation Army Navy. There are approximately 496 ships listed in the tables below that constitute active ships, but this figure does not include the 232 various auxiliary vessels of the PLAN. A summary of ship types in service with the PLAN include an aircraft carrier, amphibious transport docks, landing ship tanks, landing ship medium, destroyers, frigates, corvettes, missile boats, submarine chasers, gunboats, mine countermeasures vessels, replenishment oilers and various auxiliaries. In addition, there are also nuclear and conventional submarines presently in service.
All ships and submarines currently in commission with the People's Liberation Army Navy were built in China, with the exception of the Sovremenny-class destroyers, Kilo-class submarines and the aircraft carrier Liaoning. Those vessels were either imported from, or originated from Russia or Ukraine. As of 2008, English-language official Chinese state media no longer uses the term "People's Liberation Army Navy", instead the term "Chinese Navy" along with the usage of the unofficial prefix "CNS" for "Chinese Navy Ship" is now employed.[1]
Type 071 amphibious transport dock (Yuzhao class)
Type 072A landing ship tank (Yuting III class)
Type 054A frigate (Jiangkai II class)
Type 905 replenishment ship (Fuqing class)
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary and method
2 Active ships
2.1 Submarines
2.1.1 Nuclear submarines
2.1.2 Conventional submarines
2.1.3 Experimental submarines
2.2 Surface ships
2.2.1 Aircraft carriers
2.2.2 Amphibious warfare ships
2.2.3 Destroyers
2.2.4 Frigates
2.2.5 Corvettes
2.2.6 Missile boats, submarine chasers and gunboats
2.2.7 Mine countermeasures
2.2.8 Fleet replenishment
2.2.9 Auxiliaries
3 Nomenclature
4 Image gallery
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 Further reading
10 External links
Summary and method[edit]
(by type)
1 Aircraft carrier
5 Amphibious transport docks (LPD)
1 Mobile Landing Platform
32 Landing ship tanks (LST)
31 Landing ship medium (LSM)
8 Attack submarines (SSN)
55 Attack submarines (SSK)
5 Ballistic missile submarines (SSBN)
2 Experimental submarine
34 Destroyers
51 Frigates
42 Corvettes
109 Missile boats
94 Submarine chasers
17 Gunboats
29 Mine countermeasures vessels
12 Replenishment oilers
232 Auxiliaries (various) *
* Figure includes both coastal and ocean-going auxiliaries, from tugboats to hospital ships. Not counted towards total number of active ships.
The tables below list the various ships according to their class and date of commission. The newest class of ship is listed first, with proceeding classes listed afterwards, arranged in order of age. Column headings include: "Type" (i.e. Chinese class designation), the types "NATO designation", the ships "Pennant number" (or hull number), the ships name in English and Chinese (Han 中文), ships "Displacement" in tonnes, and the "Fleet" in which it serves (e.g. North Sea Fleet, South Sea Fleet and East Sea Fleet).
The "Status" column is colour coded, green indicates relatively new and modern classes in service, while red indicates obsolescence and being in the process of decommissioning as newer types are brought into service. A third colour, blue, specifically indicates a ship which is not yet in commission, but has been launched and is in the final stages of construction, or has been handed over for sea trials. Any ships with a status colour of blue is not counted towards the total number of active ships.
Where a specific piece of information is not known, the cell is left blank.
Active ships[edit]
Submarines[edit]
Main article: People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force
Nuclear submarines[edit]
Type
NATO designation
Pennant No.
Name
(English)
Name
(Han 汉)
Commissioned
Displacement[a]
Fleet
Status
Type 095 submarine (SSN) Sui class 2020 est. 7,900 t Sea trials
Type 094 submarine (SSBN) Jin class 4 in service 2007- 11,500 t Active
Type 093 submarine (SSN) Shang class 6 in service 2006- 7,000 t Active
Type 092 submarine (SSBN) Xia class 406 Changzheng 6 长征6 1987 8,000 t Active
Type 091 submarine (SSN) Han class 403 Changzheng 3 长征3 1984 5,500 t Active
404 Changzheng 4 长征4 1988 5,500 t Active
405 Changzheng 5 长征5 1991 5,500 t Active
Conventional submarines[edit]
Type
NATO designation
Pennant No.
Name
(English)
Name
(Han 汉)
Commissioned
Displacement[a]
Fleet
Status
Type 039A submarine (SSK) Yuan class Approx. 18 in service 2006- 3,600 t Active
Type 039 submarine (SSK) Song class Approx. 13 in service 1998-2006 2,250 t Active
Kilo-class submarine (SSK) Kilo class Approx. 12 in service 1994-2005 4,000 t Active
Type 035 submarine (SSK) Ming class Approx. 17 in service 1990-2003 2,110 t Active
Experimental submarines[edit]
Type
NATO designation
Pennant No.
Name
(English)
Name
(Han 汉)
Commissioned
Displacement[a]
Fleet
Status
Type 032 submarine Qing class 201 2012 6,600 t N/A Active
Surface ships[edit]
Main article: People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force
Aircraft carriers[edit]
Type
NATO designation
Pennant No.
Name
(English)
Name
(Han 汉)
Commissioned
Displacement
Fleet
Status
Type 001 aircraft carrier[b] Liaoning 16 Liaoning 辽宁 2012 67,500 t South Sea Fleet Active
Type 001A aircraft carrier Shandong 17 Shandong 山东 2020 est. 70,000 t North Sea Fleet / East Sea Fleet Fitting Out
Amphibious warfare ships[edit]
Type
NATO designation
Pennant No.
Name
(English)
Name
(Han 汉)
Commissioned
Displacement
Fleet
Status
Type 071 amphibious transport dock Yuzhao class 998 Kunlun Shan 昆仑山 2007 25,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
999 Jinggang Shan 井冈山 2011 25,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
989 Changbai Shan 长白山 2012 25,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
988 Yimen Shan 沂蒙山 2016 25,000 t East Sea Fleet Active
2018 Est 25,000 t Fitting Out
Type 072A-class landing ship Yuting III class 911 Tianzhu Shan 天柱山 2003 4,800 t North Sea Fleet Active
912 Daqing Shan 大青山 2003 4,800 t North Sea Fleet Active
913 Baxian Shan 八仙山 2003 4,800 t East Sea Fleet Active
992 Huading Shan 华顶山 2003 4,800 t South Sea Fleet Active
993 Luoxiao Shan 罗宵山 2004 4,800 t South Sea Fleet Active
994 Daiyun Shan 戴云山 2004 4,800 t South Sea Fleet Active
995 Wanyang Shan 万羊山 2004 4,800 t South Sea Fleet Active
996 Laotie Shan 老铁山 2005 4,800 t South Sea Fleet Active
997 Lühua Shan 绿华山 2004 4,800 t South Sea Fleet Active
981 Dabie Shan 大别山 2015 4,800 t East Sea Fleet Active
982 Taixing Shan 太兴山 2015 4,800 t Active
916 Tianmu Shan 天目山 2016 4,800 t East Sea Fleet Active
914 Wuyi Shan 武夷山 2016 4,800 t Active
915 Culai Shan 徂徕山 2016 4,800 t Active
917 Wutai Shan 五台山 2016 4,800 t Active
Type 072III-class landing ship Yuting II class 991 Emei Shan 峨眉山 1992 4,800 t South Sea Fleet Active
934 Danxia Shan 丹霞山 1995 4,800 t East Sea Fleet Active
935 Xuefeng Shan 雪峰山 1995 4,800 t East Sea Fleet Active
936 Haiyang Shan 海洋山 1996 4,800 t East Sea Fleet Active
937 Qingcheng Shan 青城山 1996 4,800 t East Sea Fleet Active
908 Yandang Shan 雁荡山 1997 4,800 t North Sea Fleet Active
909 Jiuhua Shan 九华山 2000 4,800 t North Sea Fleet Active
939 Putuo Shan 普陀山 2000 4,800 t East Sea Fleet Active
910 Huanggang Shan 黄岗山 2001 4,800 t North Sea Fleet Active
940 Tiantai Shan 天台山 2002 4,800 t East Sea Fleet Active
Type 072II-class landing ship Yuting class 930 Lingyan Shan 灵岩山 4,170 t East Sea Fleet Active
931 Dongting Shan 洞庭山 4,170 t South Sea Fleet Active
932 Helan Shan 贺兰山 4,170 t South Sea Fleet Active
933 Liupan Shan 六盘山 1995 4,170 t South Sea Fleet Active
Type 072-class landing ship Yukan class 927 Yuntai Shan 云台山 1978 4,170 t East Sea Fleet Active
928 Wufeng Shan 五峰山 1980 4,170 t East Sea Fleet Active
929 Zijin Shan 紫金山 1982 4,170 t East Sea Fleet Active
Type 073A-class landing ship Yunshu class Approx. 10 in service 2000-2002 2,000 t Active
Type 073III-class landing ship Yudeng class 990 1991 1,850 t Active
Type 073IIY-class landing ship Yudao class Approx. 2 in service 1985-1986 1,100 t Active
Type 074A-class landing ship Approx. 6 in service 1995- 800 t Active
Type 074-class landing ship Yuhai class Approx. 12 in service 1995- 800 t Active
Destroyers[edit]
Type
NATO designation
Pennant No.
Name
(English)
Name
(Han 中文)
Commissioned
Displacement
Fleet
Status
Type 055 destroyer Renhai class 2018 est. 10,000+ t Fitting Out
Type 052D destroyer Luyang III class 172 Kunming 昆明 2014 7,500 t South Sea Fleet Active
173 Changsha 长沙 2015 7,500 t South Sea Fleet Active
174 Hefei 合肥 2015 7,500 t South Sea Fleet Active
175 Yinchuan 银川 2016 7,500 t South Sea Fleet Active
117 Xining 西宁 2017 7,500 t North Sea Fleet Active
154 Xiamen 厦门 2017 7,500 t East Sea Fleet Active
118 Urumqi 乌鲁木齐 2017 est. 7,500 t North Sea Fleet Sea trials
119 Guiyang 贵阳 2017 est. 7,500 t North Sea Fleet Sea trials
155 Nanjing 南京 2018 est. 7,500 t East Sea Fleet Sea trials
156 Taiyuan 太原 2018 est. 7,500 t East Sea Fleet Fitting out
120 Chengdu 成都 2018 est. 7,500 t North Sea Fleet Fitting out
157 Nanning 南宁 2019 est. 7,500 t Fitting out
121 Qiqihar 齐齐哈尔 2019 est. 7,500 t Fitting out
Type 051C destroyer Luzhou class 115 Shenyang 沈阳 2006 7,100 t North Sea Fleet Active
116 Shijiazhuang 石家庄 2007 7,100 t North Sea Fleet Active
Type 052C destroyer Luyang II class 170 Lanzhou 兰州 2004 7,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
171 Haikou 海口 2005 7,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
150 Changchun 长春 2013 7,000 t East Sea Fleet Active
151 Zhengzhou 郑州 2013 7,000 t East Sea Fleet Active
152 Jinan 济南 2014 7,000 t East Sea Fleet Active
153 Xi'an 西安 2015 7,000 t East Sea Fleet Active
Type 052B destroyer Luyang I class 168 Guangzhou 广州 2004 6,500 t South Sea Fleet Active
169 Wuhan 武汉 2004 6,500 t South Sea Fleet Active
Sovremenny-class destroyer Sovremenny class 136 Hangzhou 杭州 1999 7,900 t East Sea Fleet Active
137 Fuzhou 福州 2000 7,900 t East Sea Fleet Active
138 Taizhou 泰州 2006 7,900 t East Sea Fleet Active
139 Ningbo 宁波 2006 7,900 t East Sea Fleet Active
Type 051B destroyer Luhai class 167 Shenzhen 深圳 1999 6,100 t South Sea Fleet Active
Type 052 destroyer Luhu class 112 Harbin 哈尔滨 1994 4,800 t North Sea Fleet Active
113 Qingdao 青岛 1996 4,800 t North Sea Fleet Active
Type 051 destroyer Luda class 109 Kaifeng 开封 1982 3,670 t North Sea Fleet Active
110 Dalian 大连 1984 3,670 t North Sea Fleet Active
134 Zunyi 遵义 1984 3,670 t North Sea Fleet Active
164 Guilin 桂林 1987 3,670 t North Sea Fleet Active
165 Zhanjiang 湛江 1989 3,670 t South Sea Fleet Active
166 Zhuhai 珠海 1991 3,670 t South Sea Fleet Active
Frigates[edit]
Type
NATO designation
Pennant No.
Name
(English)
Name
(Han 中文)
Commissioned
Displacement
Fleet
Status
Type 054A frigate Jiangkai II class 530 Xuzhou 徐州 2008 4,050 t East Sea Fleet Active
529 Zhoushan 舟山 2008 4,050 t East Sea Fleet Active
570 Huangshan 黄山 2008 4,050 t South Sea Fleet Active
568 Hengyang 衡阳 2008 4,050 t South Sea Fleet Active
571 Yuncheng 运城 2010 4,050 t South Sea Fleet Active
569 Yulin 玉林 2010 4,050 t South Sea Fleet Active
548 Yiyang 益阳 2010 4,050 t East Sea Fleet Active
549 Changzhou 常州 2011 4,050 t East Sea Fleet Active
538 Yantai 烟台 2011 4,050 t North Sea Fleet Active
546 Yancheng 盐城 2012 4,050 t North Sea Fleet Active
572 Hengshui 衡水 2012 4,050 t South Sea Fleet Active
573 Liuzhou 柳州 2012 4,050 t South Sea Fleet Active
547 Linyi 临沂 2012 4,050 t North Sea Fleet Active
575 Yueyang 岳阳 2013 4,050 t South Sea Fleet Active
550 Weifang 潍坊 2013 4,050 t North Sea Fleet Active
574 Sanya 三亚 2013 4,050 t South Sea Fleet Active
577 Huanggang 黄冈 2015 4,050 t East Sea Fleet Active
576 Daqing 大庆 2015 4,050 t North Sea Fleet Active
578 Yangzhou 扬州 2015 4,050 t East Sea Fleet Active
579 Handan 邯郸 2015 4,050 t North Sea Fleet Active
532 Jingzhou 荆州 2016 4,050 t East Sea Fleet Active
531 Xiangtan 湘潭 2016 4,050 t East Sea Fleet Active
515 Binzhou 滨州 2016 4,050 t East Sea Fleet Active
536 Xuchang 许昌 2017 4,050 t South Sea Fleet Active
539 Wuhu 芜湖 2017 4,050 t North Sea Fleet Active
598 2018 est 4,050 t Fitting out
2018 est 4,050 t Fitting out
Type 054 frigate Jiangkai I class 525 Ma'anshan 马鞍山 2005 3,900 t East Sea Fleet Active
526 Wenzhou 温州 2005 3,900 t East Sea Fleet Active
Type 053H3 frigate Jiangwei II class 522 Lianyungang 连云港 1998 2,400 t East Sea Fleet Active
521 Jiaxing 嘉兴 1999 2,400 t East Sea Fleet Active
523 Putian 蒲田 1999 2,400 t East Sea Fleet Active
564 Yichang 宜昌 1999 2,400 t North Sea Fleet Active
565 Huludao 葫芦岛 2000 2,400 t North Sea Fleet Active
524 Sanming 三明 2000 2,400 t East Sea Fleet Active
567 Xiangyang 襄阳 2002 2,400 t East Sea Fleet Active
566 Huaihua 怀化 2002 2,400 t East Sea Fleet Active
527 Luoyang 洛阳 2005 2,400 t North Sea Fleet Active
528 Mianyang 绵阳 2005 2,400 t North Sea Fleet Active
Type 053 frigate Jianghu class 533 Taizhou 台州 1982 2,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
534 Jinhua 金华 1982 2,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
543 Dandong 丹东 1985 2,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
553 Shaoguan 韶关 1985 2,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
555 Zhaotong 昭通 1987 2,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
545 Linfen 临汾 1987 2,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
Type 053H frigate 558 Beihai 北海 1993 2,000 t East Sea Fleet Active
560 Dongguan 东莞 1993 2,000 t East Sea Fleet Active
561 Shantou 汕头 1993 2,000 t East Sea Fleet Active
559 Foshan 佛山 1994 2,000 t East Sea Fleet Active
562 Jiangmen 江门 1995 2,000 t East Sea Fleet Active
563 Zhaoqing 肇庆 1995 2,000 t East Sea Fleet Active
Corvettes[edit]
Type
NATO designation
Pennant No.
Name
(English)
Name
(Han 中文)
Commissioned
Displacement
Fleet
Status
Type 056 corvette Jiangdao class 582 Bengbu 蚌埠 2013 1,440 t East Sea Fleet Active
596 Huizhou 惠州 2013 1,440 t Hong Kong Active
584 Meizhou 梅州 2013 1,440 t South Sea Fleet Active
580 Datong 大同 2013 1,440 t North Sea Fleet Active
583 Shangrao 上饶 2013 1,440 t East Sea Fleet Active
597 Qinzhou 钦州 2013 1,440 t Hong Kong Active
585 Baise 百色 2013 1,440 t South Sea Fleet Active
581 Yingkou 营口 2013 1,440 t North Sea Fleet Active
587 Jieyang 揭阳 2014 1,440 t East Sea Fleet Active
586 Ji'an 吉安 2014 1,440 t East Sea Fleet Active
589 Qingyuan 清远 2014 1,440 t South Sea Fleet Active
588 Quanzhou 泉州 2014 1,440 t East Sea Fleet Active
592 Luzhou 泸州 2014 1,440 t South Sea Fleet Active
590 Weihai 威海 2014 1,440 t North Sea Fleet Active
591 Fu Shu 抚顺 2014 1,440 t North Sea Fleet Active
Type 056A corvette 594 Zhuzou 株洲 2014 1,440 t East Sea Fleet Active
Type 056 corvette 595 Chaozhou 潮州 2014 1,440 t East Sea Fleet Active
Type 056A corvette 593 Sanmenxia 三门峡 2014 1,440 t East Sea Fleet Active
Type 056 corvette 501 Xinyang 信阳 2015 1,440 t North Sea Fleet Active
503 Suzhou 宿州 2015 1,440 t East Sea Fleet Active
Type 056A corvette 502 Huangshi 黄石 2015 1,440 t North Sea Fleet Active
504 Suqian 宿迁 2015 1,440 t South Sea Fleet Active
505 Qinhuangdao 秦皇岛 2015 1,440 t North Sea Fleet Active
506 Jingmen 荆门 2016 1,440 t South Sea Fleet Active
507 Tongren 铜仁 2016 1,440 t East Sea Fleet Active
508 Qujing 曲靖 2016 1,440 t South Sea Fleet Active
Type 056 corvette 509 Huaian 淮安 2016 1,440 t East Sea Fleet Active
511 Baoding 保定 2016 1,440 t East Sea Fleet Active
512 Heze 菏泽 2016 1,440 t East Sea Fleet Active
510 Ningde 宁德 2016 1,440 t East Sea Fleet Active
Type 056A corvette 513 Ezhou 鄂州 2017 1,440 t East Sea Fleet Active
514 Liupanshui 六盘水 2017 1,440 t South Sea Fleet Active
518 Yiwu 义乌 2017 1,440 t East Sea Fleet Active
535 Xuancheng 宣城 2017 1,440 t East Sea Fleet Active
520 Hanzhong 汉中 2017 1,440 t South Sea Fleet Active
Missile boats, submarine chasers and gunboats[edit]
Type
NATO designation
Pennant No.
Name
(English)
Name
(Han 中文)
Commissioned
Displacement
Fleet
Status
Type 022 missile boat Houbei class Approx. 83 in service 2004- 220 t Active
Type 037II-class missile boat Houjian class 770 Yangjiang 阳江 1991 520 t Hong Kong Active
771 Shunde 顺德 1995 520 t Hong Kong Active
772 Nanhai 南海 1995 520 t Hong Kong Active
773 Panyu 番禹 1995 520 t Hong Kong Active
774 Lianjiang 廉江 2001 520 t Hong Kong Active
775 Xinhui 新会 2002 520 t Hong Kong Active
Type 037IG-class missile boat Houxin class Approx. 20 in service 1991-1999 478 t Active
Type 037I-class submarine chaser Haiqing class Approx. 27 in service 1982- 478 t Active
Type 037-class submarine chaser Hainan class Approx. 67 in service 1964-1982 430 t Active
Type 062I-class gunboat Shanghai III class Approx. 17 in service 1988- 170 t Active
Mine countermeasures[edit]
Type
NATO designation
Pennant No.
Name
(English)
Name
(Han 中文)
Commissioned
Displacement
Fleet
Status
Type 081 mine countermeasure vessel Wochi class Approx. 11 in service 2007- 1,200 t Active
Type 082II mine countermeasure vessel Wozang class 808 Huoqiu 霍邱 2005 575 t Active
818 Kunshan 昆山 2011 575 t Active
811 Rongcheng 荣城 2016 575 t Active
814 Donggang 东港 2016 575 t Active
Type 082 mine countermeasure vessel Wosao class Approx. 16 in service 1988-1990s 400 t Active
Fleet replenishment[edit]
Type
NATO designation
Pennant No.
Name
(English)
Name
(Han 中文)
Commissioned
Displacement
Fleet
Status
Type 901 fast combat support ship 965 Hulun Lake 呼伦湖 2017 40,000 t Active
2018 est. 40,000 t Fitting Out
Type 904B general stores issue ship Dayun class 962 Luguhu 泸沽湖 2015 15,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
961 Junshanhu 军山湖 2015 15,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
Type 904A general stores issue ship 888 Fuxianhu 抚仙湖 2007 15,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
Type 904 general stores issue ship 883 Dongtinghu 洞庭湖 1992 11,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
884 Jingpohu 镜泊湖 1992 11,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
Type 903 replenishment ship Fuchi I class 886 Qiandaohu 千岛湖 2004 23,000 t East Sea Fleet Active
887 Weishanhu 微山湖 2004 23,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
Type 903A replenishment ship Fuchi II class 889 Taihu 太湖 2013 23,000 t North Sea Fleet Active
890 Chaohu 巢湖 2013 23,000 t East Sea Fleet Active
960 Dongpinghu 东平湖 2015 23,000 t North Sea Fleet Active
966 Gaoyaohu 高邮湖 2016 23,000 t East Sea Fleet Active
963 Honghu 洪湖 2016 23,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
964 Luomahu 骆马湖 2016 23,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
Type 908 replenishment ship Fusu class 885 Qinghaihu 青海湖 1999 37,000 t South Sea Fleet Active
Type 905 replenishment tanker Fuqing class 881 Hongzehu 洪泽湖 1980 21,750 t North Sea Fleet Active
882 Poyanghu 鄱阳湖 1982 21,750 t East Sea Fleet Active
Auxiliaries[edit]
For a complete list of auxiliary vessels currently in service with the People's Liberation Army Navy please see: People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force#Auxiliaries. Note that it may contain significant inaccuracies.
Nomenclature[edit]
Ships of PLAN are named per Naval Vessels Naming Regulation (中国海军舰艇命名条例) [2] that was first issued by the Central Military Commission (CMC) on November 3, 1978, and subsequently revised July 7, 1986.[2] Per CMC convention, warships of the size of a cruiser or larger are named by Joint Staff Department, and others are named by PLAN, in accordance with the following table:
Ship[2]
Named after[2]
Cruisers Chinese provinces
Destroyers Major Chinese cities
Frigates Major Chinese cities
Nuclear submarines Long March followed by a number
Ballistic and cruise missile armed conventional submarines Expedition followed by a number
Conventional submarines Great Wall followed by a number
Mine warfare Chinese prefectures
Submarine chasers Chinese counties
Dock & tank landing ships Chinese mountains
Other landing ships Chinese rivers
Replenishment ships Chinese lakes
Research ships Chinese scientists
Training ships Chinese naval officers
A distinct difference between PLAN and most western navies is that unlike its western counterparts, PLAN does not use ship prefixes internally. However, a system of ship prefixes similar to that of west has been developed by many internet sources for similar classification:
Country
Service
Prefix
Meaning
People's Republic of China People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) PLANS People's Liberation Army Navy Ship: Commissioned ships in PLAN, mostly warships & some auxiliaries. China does not use ship prefixes internally.
PRCNS People's Republic of China Naval Ship: PLAN owned ships manned by civilians, including most research ships. China does not use ship prefixes internally.
China Coast Guard (PRCCG) PRCCGS People's Republic of China Coast Guard Ship. China does not use ship prefixes internally.
Governmental Agencies PRCS People's Republic of China Ship: ships owned by various Chinese governmental administrative and regulatory bodies, all of which are subject to naval deployment. China does not use ship prefixes internally.
Merchant Marine PRCMV People's Republic of China Merchant Vessel. China does not use ship prefixes internally.
Image gallery[edit]
Not all classes are pictured here.
Submarines
Type 039A submarine (Yuan class)
Type 039 submarine (Song class)
Kilo-class submarine
Destroyers
Type 052C destroyer (Luyang II class)
Type 051B (Luhai class)
Type 052 destroyer (Luhu class)
Frigates
Type 054A frigate (Jiangkai II class)
Type 054 frigate (Jiangkai I class)
Type 053H2G frigate (Jiangwei I class)
Corvettes
Type 056 corvette (Jiangdao class)
Type 037II missile boat (Houjian class)
Type 022 missile boat (Houbei class)
See also[edit]
People's Liberation Army
People's Liberation Army Navy
People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force - Further details on the surface ships of the PLAN
People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force - Further details on the submarines of the PLAN
List of active People's Liberation Army Navy landing craft - For details on the landing craft of the PLAN
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Displacement when dived.
Jump up ^ Refurbished Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Chinese military vessel Zhenghe makes first visit to Thailand". mod.gov.cn. Ministry of National Defense of the PRC. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Nomenclature of Chinese warships". Retrieved 1 December 2015.
Bibliography[edit]
International Institute for Strategic Studies; Hackett, James (ed.) (3 February 2010). The Military Balance 2010. London: Routledge. ISBN 1-85743-557-5. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
International Institute for Strategic Studies; Hackett, James (ed.) (2 March 2011). The Military Balance 2011. London: Routledge. ISBN 1857436067. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
International Institute for Strategic Studies; Hackett, James (ed.) (7 March 2012). The Military Balance 2012. London: Routledge. ISBN 1857436423. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
International Institute for Strategic Studies; Hackett, James (ed.) (14 March 2013). The Military Balance 2013. London: Routledge. ISBN 1857436806. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Further reading[edit]
Congressional Research Service: China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress. Ronald O'Rourke (Specialist in Naval Affairs). Published 23 December 2014
External links[edit]
Navy 360: A comprehensive overview of PLAN naval ships, both past and present (in Chinese) (haijun360.com/)
Global Security: Chinese Warships (globalsecurity.org)
[show]
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Active ships of the People's Liberation Army Navy
[show]
Submarines
Nuclear
ballistic missile (SSBN)
Type 096 Tang class*
Type 094 Jin class
Type 092 Xia class
Nuclear attack (SSN)
Type 095 ? class*
Type 093/G Shang class
Type 091 Han class
Conventional
ballistic missile (SSB)
Type 032 Qing class
Modified Project 629 Golf class: Type 6631/031+
Conventional
attack (SS/SSK)
Air-independent propulsion
equipped submarine (SSI/SSP)
Type 039A/AG/B/C (Type 041)Yuan class
Hunter-killer
submarine (SSK)
Type 039/039G Song class
Project 636 Kilo II class
Project 877EKM Kilo I class
ES5E/F and Type 035G/035ET/035B Ming class
Medium submarines (SS)
ES5C/D and Type 035/035A Ming class
Project 633+/Type 6633+/033+/ES5A+/ ES5B+/Romeo class
Type 033G+ Wuhan class
Type 033G1 Wuhan-A class+
S class+
Midget submarines (SSM)
M class+
Type 032+
Type 032-1+
Type 030+
[show]
Principal surface combatants
Aircraft carriers (CV)
Chinese aircraft carrier programme
Type 002 class*
Type 001A class*
Type 001 class Liaoning (16)
Cruisers (CL)
Arethusa class: HMS Aurora (12)+
Destroyers (DDG)
Type 055 class*
Type 052D class
Type 052C Luyang II (Lanzhou) class
Type 052B Luyang I class
Type 052 Luhu class
Type 051C Luzhou class
Type 051B Luhai class
Type 051DT Luda IV class
Type 051G1/G2 Luda III class
Type 051 Luda II class
Type 051 Luda I class+
Project 956EM Sovremennyy II class
Project 956 Sovremennyy I class
Anshan class+
Frigates (FFG)
Type 054A Jiangkai II class
Type 054 Jiangkai I (Ma'anshan) class
Type 053H3 Jiangwei II class
Type 053H2G Jiangwei I class
Type 053H1G Jianghu V class
Type 053H1Q Jianghu IV class
Type 053H2 Jianghu III class
Type 053H1 Jianghu II class
Type 053H Jianghu I class
[show]
Coastal warfare vessels
Corvettes (FS)
Type 056 Jiangdao class
Bathurst class+
Castle class+
Flower class+
Submarine chasers (PCSC)
Type 037-IS Haiqing class
Type 037-I Haijiu class
Type 062-I Haizhui class
Type 037 Hainan class
Project 122bis Kronshtadt class
Coastal defence ships (K)
Etorofu class+
Type C (No. 1 class)+
Type D (No. 2 class)+
Ukuru class+
Yongfeng class+
Armed merchantman (SP)
Ruijin class+
Naval trawlers
Missile boats (PCM)
Type 022 Houbei class
Type 037-II Houjian class
Type 037-IG Houxin class
Type 021 Houdong class
Type 021 Huangfeng (Soviet Osa-I) class
Type 021 Hola class
C 14 China Cat class
Type 024 Heku/Hegu/Houku/Hougu class
Torpedo boats (PT)
Type 6625/025/026/026II/R704 Huchuan class
Type 027/027IIB Huzhou class+
Type 6602/6702/02/7102II+
P4 class+
P6 class+
P8 class+
Gunboats (PG)
Seagoing
Type 062-I Shanghai III class
Type 062 Shanghai II class
Type 062 Shanghai I class
Type 206 Huludao class
Type 55/55AShantou class+
Beihai class+
Type 53/53A/54AHuangpu class+
Yulin class+
Hashidate-class gunboat+
Type 0101+
Type 0105+
Type 0109+
Type 0112+
Type 52/52A+
Riverine (PBR)
Atami class+
Falcon class+
Fushimi class+
Minquan class+
HMS Gannet+
Seta class+
Toba class+
Patrol boats (PB)
Seagoing
Type 026H
Reconnaissance patrol combatant (PGR)
Type 528
Type 865
[show]
Amphibious warfare vessels
Landing helicopter dock (LHD) or
Landing helicopter assault (LHA)
Type 075*
Amphibious transport dock (LPD)
Type 071 Yuzhao class
Dock landing ship (LSD)
Type 072III Yuting II class
Type 072A Yuting II class
Landing ship helicopter (LSH)
Type 073-III Yudeng class
Type 073A Yunshu class
Landing ship tank (LST)
Type 072 Yukan class
Type 072-II Yuting I class
LST-542 class+
Landing ship medium (LSM)
Type 271IIIA Yulü class
Type 073-I Yudao class
Type 073-II Yudao class
Type 073-IIY Yudao class
Type 074A Yubei class
Type 079-I Yulian class
Type 079-II Yulian class
LSM-1 class+
Landing craft (LC)
Landing craft infantry (LCI)
LCI(L)+
Landing craft mechanized (LCM)
Type 363/363A/55 LCM+
Landing craft tank (LCT)
Type 068/069 Yuch'in class
Type 067 Yunnan class
Type 066/066K/066A Yuzhai class+
LCT Mk 5 & Mk 6+
Landing craft utility (LCU)
Type 271-I Yupen class+
Type 271-II+
Type 271-IID+
Type 271III
Type 074 Yuhai (Wuhu-A) class
LCU 1600 series+
Air-cushioned
Landing Craft (LCAC)
Project 1232.2 Zubr class
Type 726Yuyi class LCAC
Type 724 LCAC
Type 722-II Jinsha II class LCAC
Type 722-I Jinsha I class LCAC
Type 716-II Dagu B class LCAC
Type 716-I Dagu A class LCAC+
Type 711 LCAC+
Songling LCAC+
[show]
Mine warfare vessels (MCM)
Minelayers (ML)
Type 918 Wolei class
Sokuten class+
Minehunters (MH)
Type 081 Wochi class
Type 081A
Type 082 Wosao class
Type 082II Wozang class
Minesweepers (MS)
Type 057K Lianyun class+
Type 010
Type 6605+
Type 6610+
Type 05
T-43 class+
Type 058+
Type 7102+
Type 062 Fushun class+
Minesweeping
drone (MSD)
Type 529
Type 312 Futi class
[show]
Auxiliary vessels
Ammunition
ships (AE/AEM)
Ammunition ship (AE)
400t-class
Yantai class
Ammunition ship, Missile/Rocket (AEM)
Yuan Wang 21
Yuan Wang 22
Buoy tenders (AGL)
Type 066
Type 744 Yannan class
Type 911I
Type 985
Type 994
Type 999
Type 999G
Type 999HG
Type 744A
Cargo ships (AK)
Cargo ships (AK)
Danlin class
Dandao class
Galați class
Qiongsha class
Flow-on/flow-
off ship (AKF)
Donghai Island class
General stores
issue ships (AKS)
Type 904 Dayun class
Type 904A
Type 904B
Reefer ships (AF)
Dongdao class
Dongleng class
Roll-on/roll-
off ship (AKR)
Type 701
Self-propelled
lighter/barge (YF)
500 cubic meter class barge
Dongbo 22 class
Dongbo 39 class
Degaussing /
deperming ships (ADG)
Type 911
Type 912
Type 912I
Type 912III Yanbai class
Type 912IIIA
Type 912IIIAH
Type 915+
Type 916+
Type 918+
Type 601+
Sea Fish 16 class+
Yan Fang class+
Yerka class+
Dive tenders (YDT)
Type 904I
Type 904II
Engineering
ships
Cable layers (ARC)
Type 890 Youzheng class
Type 911II
Type 991I
Type 991II Youdian class
Crane ship (AB)
Beiqi 346 class
Beiqi 384 class
Dredgers (AGD)
8-m3 class
Beijun 204 class
Dongjun 417 class
Dongjun 433 class
Dongjun 434 class
Nanjun 610 class
Floating pile drivers (YPD )
36-m class floating pile driver
Donggong 429 class
Nangong 681 class
Hospital ships (AH)
Hospital ships (AH)
Type 920 hospital ship
Medical evacuation ships (AHP)
Zhuanghe
Ambulance transports (APH)
Qiongsha class
Cargo ship, rescue /
medical evacuation (APR)
Type Long March+
Ambulance craftd (YH)
Beiyi 01 class
Icebreakers (AGB)
Type 071 Yanha class icebreaker
Type 071A
Type 071G
Type 210 Yanbing class
Type 272
Museum ships
Dingyuan (replica)
Zhiyuan (replica)
Zhongshan
Decommissioned ships
Personnel
transport (AP)
Barracks ships (APB)
Xu Xiake
Dispatch boat (YFB)
Beijiao 39 class
Beijiao 57 class
Beijiao 75 class
Beijiao 77 class
Dongjiao 03 class
Dongjiao 82 class
Nanjiao 83 class
Nanjiao 90 class
Transport ships (AP)
Type 081 Red Flag class
Troopships (APT)
Beidiao 990
Qiongsha class
Replenishment
ship (AEFS)
Type 901*
Type 903 Fuchi class
Type 903A
Type 905 Fuqing class
Type 908 Fusu (Nancang) class
Repair ships (AR)
Repair dry
docks (ARD)
120t class
Dongxiu 912
Hua Chuan No. 1 class
Repair ships (AR)
Type 648 Dadao class
Rescue and
salvage ships
Heavy-lift ship (YHLC)
Type 633
Rescue ships (ARS)
Type 917
Salvage ships (ATS)
Type 922
Type 922II Dalang class
Type 922III Dalang II class
Type 922IIIA Dalang II class
Scientific
research ships
Environmental
research ships (AGER)
300t-class
Hydrographic
survey ships (AGS)
Type 068/069 Yuch'in class
Type 625C
Type 635 A/B/C Yanlai class
Type 635II
Type 636
Type 636A
Type 646 Kan Yang class
Type 988
Oceanographic
research ships (AGOR)
Xiangyanghong 5
Type 614III
Type 625A/B
Type 645
Beidiao 992
Zhang Jian
Oceanographic
surveillance ships (AGOS)
Type 6610 Shuguang class
Type 595
Type 639/639A
Space exploration
tracking ships (ARIS)
Yuan Wang 1+
Yuan Wang 2+
Yuan Wang 3
Yuan Wang 4+
Yuan Wang 5
Yuan Wang 6
Yuan Wang 7
Weather ships (AGH)
Type 614I
Type 614II
Spy ships (AGI)
Type 813+
Type 814A Dadi class
Type 815
Type 815G
Type 815A
Submarine
support ships
Submarine
rescue ships (ASR)
Type 930 Hudong class
Type 946 Dazhou class
Type 946A Dadong class
Submarine tenders (AS)
Type 925 Dajiang class
Type 926
Submersibles (X)
Deep-submergence
rescue vehicle (DSRV)
Type 7103 DSRV
LR7
Deep-submergence
vehicle (DSV)
Harmony class
Jiaolong class
Rainbowfish class
Sea Pole class
Other
Submersibles (X)
Osprey-class submersible
Mobile diving bell
QSZ-II submersible
Diver propulsion
vehicles (DPV)
QX-50
QY-18
QY-40
QJY-001
Tankers
Replenishment tanker (AOR)
Beiyou 572 class
Type 631
Type 905 Fuqing class
Transport oiler (AOT)
Dongyou 630 class
Dongyou 640 class
Jinyou class
Leizhou class
Type 620 Shengli class
Type 626 Fuzhou class
Type 632 Fulin class
Type 637
Type 645 Guangzhou class
Water tanker (AWT)
Dongshui 649 class
Leizhou class
Nanshui 701 class
Type 626 Fuzhou class
Type 632 Fulin class
Type 645 Guangzhou class
Type 646
Technological
research
ships
Missile range
instrumentation ships (AGM)
Type 830
Sonar trials ships
Beidiao 993
Target ships (AGT)
Chinese target ship Experiment 216
Decommissioned ships
Technical research
ships (AGTR)
Mirage Hunter
Torpedo retrievers
(TR/TWR)
Type 803 torpedo retriever
Type 917 torpedo retriever
Torpedo trials ships (YTT)
Type 906
Type 907A
Weapon trials
ships (AVM/AGM)
Yanxi class
Type 909 Wuhu-B class
Type 909A Dahua class
Training ships (AX)
Training ship (AX)
Type 679 Daxing class
Type 0891A Shichang class
Yanxi class
Qi Jiguang-class training ship
Decommissioned ships
Training ship, sail (AXS)
Brave the Wave-class
Tugs (AT)
Rescue Tug (ATR)
Daozha class
Type 830
Nantuo 181 class
Sea-going Tug (ATA)
Type 802 Gromovoy class
Type 837 Hujiu class
Type 852 Roslavl class
Harbor tug (AT)
3200hp-class
Beituo 617 class
Beituo 625 class
Beituo 632 class
Beituo 659 class
Beituo 699 class
Beituo 702 class
Beituo 715 class
Haixiu 121 class
Unmanned underwater
vehicles (UUV)
Remotely operated
underwater vehicle (ROUV)
8A4 ROUV
RECON-IV ROUV
7B8 ROUV
Goldfish class ROUV
HR-01 ROUV
HR-02 ROUV
JH-01 ROUV
SJT-5 ROUV
SJT-10 ROUV
SJT-40 ROUV
Seahorse ROUV
Sea Dragon-I ROUV
Sea Dragon-II ROUV
Autonomous
underwater vehicle (AUV)
Arctic class ARV
Explorer AUV
WZODA AUV
CR-01 AUV
CR-01A AUV
CR-02 AUV
Intelligent Water class AUV
Submerged Dragon 1 AUV
Petrel I HUG
Petrel II HUG
* = Under construction or procurement
+ = Retired
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Rational choice theory (criminology)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Criminology
and penology
Theory[hide]
Anomie
Biosocial criminology
Broken windows
Collective efficacy
Crime analysis
Criminalization
Differential association
Deviance
Labeling theory
Psychopathy
Rational choice
Social control
Social disorganization
Social learning
Strain
Subculture
Symbolic interactionism
Victimology
Types of crime[show]
Against humanity
Blue-collar
Corporate
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Political
Public-order
State
State-corporate
Victimless
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Penology[show]
Deterrence
Incapacitation
Prison
reform
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Prisoner
prisoner abuse
prisoners' rights
Rehabilitation
Recidivism
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Participatory
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Schools[show]
Chicago School
Classical School
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Right Realism
v
t
e
In criminology, rational choice theory adopts a utilitarian belief that man is a reasoning actor who weighs means and ends, costs and benefits, and makes a rational choice. This method was designed by Cornish and Clarke to assist in thinking about situational crime prevention.[1] It is assumed that crime is purposive behavior designed to meet the offender’s commonplace needs for such things as money, status, sex and excitement, and that meeting these needs involves the making of (sometimes quite rudimentary) decisions and choices, constrained as these are by limits, ability, and the availability of relevant information...[2]
Contents
1 Assumptions and central points
2 Elements
3 Routine activity theory
4 Situational crime prevention
5 Emotions
6 Notes
7 References
Assumptions and central points[edit]
Rational choice is based on numerous assumptions, one of which is individualism.[3] The offender sees himself as an individual. The second is that individuals have to maximize their goals, and the third is that individuals are self-interested.[4] Offenders are thinking about themselves and how to advance their personal goals. Central points of the theory are described as follows:[5]
The human being is a rational actor.
Rationality involves end/means calculations.
People (freely) choose behavior, both conforming and deviant, based on their rational calculations.
The central element of calculation involves a cost benefit analysis: Pleasure versus pain or hedonistic calculus.
Choice, with all other conditions equal, will be directed towards the maximization of individual pleasure.
Choice can be controlled through the perception and understanding of the potential pain or punishment that will follow an act judged to be in violation of the social good, the social contract.
The state is responsible for maintaining order and preserving the common good through a system of laws.
The swiftness, severity, and certainty of punishment are the key elements in understanding a ruling class ability to control their citizens behavior.
Rational choice theory has sprung from older and more experimental collections of hypotheses surrounding what have been essentially, the empirical findings from many scientific investigations into the workings of human nature. The conceiving and semblance of these social models which are hugely applicable to the methodology expressed through the function of microeconomics within society are also similarly placed to demonstrate that a sizable amount of data is collated using behavioral techniques which are tweaked and made adjustable in order to ensure compatibility with the spontaneous motivational drives displayed by the consumer.The theory borrows concepts from economic theories, to give greater weight to non-instrumental motives for crime and the “limited” or “bounded” nature of the rational process involved (Clarke, 1997, p. 9).
Elements[edit]
The theory is related to earlier drift theory (David Matza, Delinquency and Drift, 1964) where people use the techniques of neutralization to drift in and out of delinquent behavior, and the Systematic Crime Theory (an aspect of Social Disorganization Theory developed by the Chicago School), where Edwin Sutherland proposed that the failure of families and extended kin groups expands the realm of relationships no longer controlled by the community, and undermines governmental controls. This leads to persistent "systematic" crime and delinquency. He also believed that such disorganization causes and reinforces the cultural traditions and cultural conflicts that support antisocial activity. The systematic quality of the behavior was a reference to repetitive, patterned or organized offending as opposed to random events. He depicted the law-abiding culture as dominant and more extensive than alternative criminogenic cultural views and capable of overcoming systematic crime if organized for that purpose.[citation needed] In a similar vein, Cohen and Felson (1979) developed Routine Activities Theory which focuses on the characteristics of crime rather than the characteristics of the offender. This is one of the main theories of environmental criminology as an aspect of Crime Prevention Theory. It states that for a crime to occur, three elements must be present, i.e. there must be:
an available and suitable target;
a motivated offender; and
no authority figure to prevent the crime from happening.
Routine Activities Theory relates the pattern of offending to the everyday patterns of social interaction. Between 1960 and 1980, women left the home to work which led to social disorganization, i.e. the routine of leaving the home unattended and without an authority figure increased probability of criminal activity. The theory is supplemented by the crime triangle or the problem analysis triangle[6] which is used in the analysis both of a crime problem by reference to the three parameters of victim, location, and offender, and of an intervention strategy by reference to the parameters of target/victim, location and absence of a capable guardian with the latter helping to think more constructively about responses as well as analysis.The theory avoids speculation about the source of the offenders’ motivation, which distinguishes it immediately from most other criminological theories.[7][8]
Support for theory
Many features of rational choice perspective make it particularly suitable to serve as a criminological “metatheory” with a broad role in the explanation for a variety of criminological phenomena.[9] Since rational choice can explain many different components; it is broad enough to be applied not only to crime but everyday life circumstances. Studies involve offenders being interviewed on motives, methods and target choices.[10] Research involves burglars (Walsh, 1980; Maguire 1982; Cromwell et al., 1991) bank and commercial robbers ( New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 1987; Nugent et al., 1989) and offenders using violence (Morrison and O’ Donnell, 1996).The rational choice perspective has provided a framework under which to organize such information so that individual studies produce more general benefits.[11]
Rational Choice Theory insists that crime is calculated and deliberate. All criminals are rational actors who practice conscious decision making, that simultaneously work towards gaining the maximum benefits of their present situation.Another aspect of rational choice theory is the fact that many offenders make decisions based on bounded/limited rationality.
Bounded/limited rationality
Ideas of limited rationality emphasize the extent to which individuals and groups simplify a decision because of the difficulties of anticipating or considering all alternatives and all information[12] Bounded rationality relates to two aspects, one part arising from cognitive limitations and the other from extremes in emotional arousal[13] Sometimes emotional arousal at the moment of a crime can be acute, therefore would be offenders find themselves out of control, and rational considerations are far less salient.[14]
Crime therefore can be influenced by opportunity.[15] Opportunity of a crime can be related to cost benefits, socioeconomic status, risk of detection, dependent on situational context, type of offence and access to external benefits. In addition, opportunities are dependent on the individual’s current surroundings and consequential factors. This theory better explains instrumental crimes rather than expressive crimes.[16] Instrumental crimes involve planning and weighing the risks with a rational mind.[17] An example of an instrumental crime can include: tax evasion, traffic violations, drinking and driving, corporate crime, larceny and sexual assault.[18] On the other hand, expressive crime includes crimes involving emotion and lack of rational thinking without being concerned of future consequences.[19] Expressive crimes can include: non pre-meditated murder such as manslaughter, and assault. As a result, punishment is only effective in deterring instrumental crime rather than expressive crime.[20]
In 2000, O’Grady et al. performed a study which examined the illegal sale of tobacco products to underage youth.[21] With the use of a rational mind merchants and clerks weigh out the cost benefits and risk factors which are involved in selling cigarettes to underage youth.[22] Due to the minimal risk of police patrol after 5pm, merchants and clerks felt a diminished sense of risk, therefore allowing them to sell their products illegally to underage youth.[23]
According to O’Grady (2011) the three main critiques of Rational Choice Theory include:
Assumes that all individuals have the capacity to make rational decisions
The theory does not explain why the burden of responsibility is excused from young offenders as opposed to adult offenders
This theory contradicts the Canadian Criminal Justice System. This theory does not support the idea that all individuals are rational actors because of cognitive inability. An example of individuals who lack a rational mind include those who are Not Criminally Responsible on Account Due to Mental Disorder (NCRMD).
Routine activity theory[edit]
Routine activity theory a sub-field of rational choice criminology, developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen.
Routine activity theory says that crime is normal and depends on the opportunities available. If a target is not protected enough, if it is worth the reward, crime will happen. Crime does not need hardened offenders, super-predators, convicted felons or wicked people, just an opportunity.
The basic premise of routine activity theory is that most crimes are petty theft and unreported to the police. Crime is not spectacular or dramatic. It is mundane and happens all the time.
Another premise is that crime is relatively unaffected by social causes such as poverty, inequality, unemployment. For instance, after World War II, the economy of Western countries was booming, and the welfare states were expanding. Crime rose significantly. According to Felson and Cohen, this is because the prosperity of contemporary society offers so much opportunities of crime: there is much more to steal.
Routine activity theory is controversial among sociologists who believe in the social causes of crime. But several types of crime are very well explained by routine activity theory:
copyright infringement related to peer-to-peer file sharing
employee theft (internal theft)
corporate crime
Situational crime prevention[edit]
The main creation of the rational choice theory was to aide and give focus to situational crime prevention. Situational crime prevention comprises opportunity-reducing measures that are directed at highly specific forms of crime; involves management, design or manipulation of the immediate environment systematically and permanently; makes crime more difficult and risky or less rewarding and excusable as judged by a wide range of offenders.[24] Rather than simply responding to crime after the fact, recent attention to crime prevention has focused on specific ways in which to modify the physical and social environment.[25]
Changes to the physical environment have included such measures as better streetscape and building design, improved lighting in public spaces, installations of deadlocks and alarms, property marking and identification, and traffic calming and creation of green belts.[26] Attempts have been made to extend the range of surveillance of local neighborhood activities, involving such measures as establishment of neighborhood watch committees, employment of private security guards in residences and businesses, antiracist/antifascist organizations and community watch committees to prevent police harassment.[27]
Directing enhanced citizen participation programs are not crime-centered would include for example sports and recreation programs, needle exchange programs and AIDS counseling, local employment initiatives funded by government grants and campaigns against poverty and unemployment.[28]
Emotions[edit]
It is argued that there are three important roles of emotions within a rational choice theory of crime. First the people’s state of emotionality is an important context on which rational conduct rests.[29] Second is the “sneaky thrill” of minor property crime also might operate more generally such that the anticipated emotional consequences of criminal conduct is one of the benefits or utilities (“thrills”) that are weighed in the process of rational decision making.[30] Third as a sizable amount of research can attest, the anticipated emotional costs associated with criminal behavior might serve to effectively reduce the likelihood of such behavior.[31] Emotions are a central part of the psychological process of motivation as they heighten the saliency of certain desires, wants, and outcomes and thus energize people to pursue them.[32] Too little emotional intensity and performance suffers from insufficient physical and mental arousal, while too much emotional intensity causes the person to be so aroused that thinking and physical self-control become disorganized.[33] If an offender gets angry easily it is highly probable they won’t think twice about assaulting someone than an individual who is level headed. Negative emotions can hinder rationality thus leading one to use bounded/limited rationality or make an impulsive move towards a criminal action.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ (Clarke, 1997, p. 10)
Jump up ^ Clarke, 1997, p. 10)
Jump up ^ (Gul, 2009, p. 36)
Jump up ^ (Gul, 2009, p. 36)
Jump up ^ (Gul, 2009, p. 36)
Jump up ^ A Theory of Crime Problems
Jump up ^ (Clarke, 1997, p. 11)
Jump up ^ O'Grady, William (2011). Crime in Canadian Context (2nd edition). Don Mills: Oxford University Press. pp. 127–130. ISBN 978-0-19-543378-4.
Jump up ^ Clarke, 1997, p. 10)
Jump up ^ (Clarke, 1997, p. 10)
Jump up ^ (Clarke, 1997, p. 12)
Jump up ^ (Elster, 1986, p. 148)
Jump up ^ (Kaufman, 1998, p. 139)
Jump up ^ (Simpson, 2000, p. 162)
Jump up ^ (O'Grady, 2011, p. 127)
Jump up ^ (O'Grady, 2011, p. 129)
Jump up ^ (O'Grady, 2011, p. 129
Jump up ^ (O'Grady, 2011, p. 128)
Jump up ^ (O'Grady, 2011, p. 129)
Jump up ^ (O'Grady, 2011, p. 129)
Jump up ^ (O'Grady, 2011, p. 128)
Jump up ^ (O'Grady, 2011, p. 129)
Jump up ^ (O'Grady, 2011, p. 129)
Jump up ^ (Clarke,1997, p. 4)
Jump up ^ (Homel, 1996, p. 106)
Jump up ^ (Homel, 1996, p. 106)
Jump up ^ (Homel, 1996, p. 106)
Jump up ^ (Homel, 1996, p. 107)
Jump up ^ (Simpson, 2000, p. 162)
Jump up ^ (Simpson, 2000, p. 162)
Jump up ^ Simpson, 2000, p. 162)
Jump up ^ (Kaufman, 1998, p. 136)
Jump up ^ (Kaufman, 1998, p. 136–137)
References[edit]
Becker, Gary. (1968). "Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach". The Journal of Political Economy 76: 169-217.
Brantingham, Paul J. & Brantingham, Patricia L. (eds.). (1981). Environmental Criminology. Waveland Press. ISBN 0-88133-539-8
Chainey, Spencer & Ratcliffe, Jerry. (2005). GIS and Crime Mapping. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-470-86099-5
Clarke, Ronald R. (ed.) (1997). Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies. Second Edition. New York: Harrow and Heston. ISBN 0-911577-39-4
Clarke, R. V. (1995), "Situational crime prevention" in Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention, Michael Tonry & Farrington, David (eds.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-80824-6
Clarke, R. V. and M. Felson (Eds.) (1993). Routine Activity and Rational Choice. Advances in Criminological Theory, Vol 5. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Clarke, R.V. & Eck, J (2003). Becoming a Problem-Solving Crime Analyst. Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science. London: University College London. [1]
Cornish, Derek & Clarke, Ronald V. (1986). "Introduction" in The Reasoning Criminal. Cornish, Derek and Ronald Clarke (eds.). New York: Springer-Verlag. pp 1–16. ISBN 3-540-96272-7
Cornish, D., & Clarke, R. (1987). Understanding crime displacement: An application of rational choice theory. Criminology, 25(4), 933–947.
Cohen, L. E. & Felson, M. (1979). "Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activity approach". American Sociological Review, Vol 44, pp588–608.
Elster, J. (1986). Rational choice. New York, NY: New York University Press.
Felson, M. (1997). "Technology, business, and crime". in Business and Crime Prevention. Felson, M. & Clarke, R. V. (eds.). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Felson, M. (1998). Crime and Everyday Life, Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
Felson, M. & Clarke, R. V. (1998). Opportunity Makes the Thief. Police Research Series, Paper 98. Policing and Reducing Crime Unit, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.. London: Home Office. [www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/prgpdfs/fprs98.pdf]
Gul, S. (2009). An evaluation of rational choice theory in criminology. Sociology and applied science, 4(8), 36-44.
Homel, R. (1996). The politics and practice of situational crime prevention. (Vol. 5). Monsey,NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Kaufman, B. (1998). Emotional arousal as a source of bounded rationality. Journal of economic behavior and organization, 38, 135-144.
Keel, R. O. (1997). Rational Choice and Deterrence Theory. [2]
Simpson, S. (2000). Of crime and criminality: The use of theory in everyday life. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
Sutton, David. Ronald V. Clark. [3]
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False positives and false negatives
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"False Positive" redirects here. For other uses, see False Positive (disambiguation).
In medical testing, and more generally in binary classification, a false positive is an error in data reporting in which a test result improperly indicates presence of a condition, such as a disease (the result is positive), when in reality it is not present, while a false negative is an error in which a test result improperly indicates no presence of a condition (the result is negative), when in reality it is present. These are the two kinds of errors in a binary test (and are contrasted with a correct result, either a true positive or a true negative.) They are also known in medicine as a false positive (respectively negative) diagnosis, and in statistical classification as a false positive (respectively negative) error.[1] A false positive is distinct from overdiagnosis,[2] and is also different from overtesting.[3]
In statistical hypothesis testing the analogous concepts are known as type I and type II errors, where a positive result corresponds to rejecting the null hypothesis, and a negative result corresponds to not rejecting the null hypothesis. The terms are often used interchangeably, but there are differences in detail and interpretation due to the differences between medical testing and statistical hypothesis testing.
Contents
1 False positive error
2 False negative error
3 Related terms
3.1 False positive and false negative rates
3.2 Ambiguity in the definition of false positive rate
3.3 Receiver operating characteristic
4 Consequences
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
False positive error[edit]
A false positive error, or in short a false positive, commonly called a "false alarm", is a result that indicates a given condition exists, when it does not. For example, in the case of "The Boy Who Cried Wolf", the condition tested for was "is there a wolf near the herd?"; the shepherd at first wrongly indicated there was one, by calling "Wolf, wolf!"
A false positive error is a type I error where the test is checking a single condition, and wrongly gives an affirmative (positive) decision. However it is important to distinguish between the type 1 error rate and the probability of a positive result being false. What matters is the latter: the false positive risk (see Ambiguity in the definition of false positive rate, below).[4]
False negative error[edit]
A false negative error, or in short a false negative, is a test result that indicates that a condition does not hold, while in fact it does. In other words, erroneously no effect has been inferred. An example for a false negative is a test indicating that a woman is not pregnant whereas she is actually pregnant. Another example is a truly guilty prisoner who is acquitted of a crime. The condition "the prisoner is guilty" holds (the prisoner is indeed guilty). But the test (a trial in a court of law) failed to realize this condition, and wrongly decided that the prisoner was not guilty, falsely concluding a negative about the condition.
A false negative error is a type II error occurring in a test where a single condition is checked for and the result of the test is erroneously that the condition is absent.[5]
Related terms[edit]
False positive and false negative rates[edit]
Main articles: Sensitivity and specificity and False positive rate
The false positive rate is the proportion of all negatives that still yield positive test outcomes, i.e., the conditional probability of a positive test result given an event that was not present.
The false positive rate is equal to the significance level. The specificity of the test is equal to 1 minus the false positive rate.
In statistical hypothesis testing, this fraction is given the Greek letter α, and 1−α is defined as the specificity of the test. Increasing the specificity of the test lowers the probability of type I errors, but raises the probability of type II errors (false negatives that reject the alternative hypothesis when it is true).[a]
Complementarily, the false negative rate is the proportion of positives which yield negative test outcomes with the test, i.e., the conditional probability of a negative test result given that the condition being looked for is present.
In statistical hypothesis testing, this fraction is given the letter β. The "power" (or the "sensitivity") of the test is equal to 1−β.
Ambiguity in the definition of false positive rate[edit]
The term false discovery rate (FDR) was used by Colquhoun (2014)[6] to mean the probability that a "significant" result was a false positive. Later Colquhoun (2017)[4] used the term false positive risk (FPR) for the same quantity, to avoid confusion with the term FDR as used by people who work on multiple comparisons. Corrections for multiple comparisons aim only to correct the type I error rate, so the result is a (corrected) p value. Thus they are susceptible to the same misinterpretation as any other p value. The false positive risk is always higher, often much higher, than the p value.[6][4] Confusion of these two ideas, the error of the transposed conditional, has caused much mischief.[7] Because of the ambiguity of notation in this field, it is essential to look at the definition in every paper. The hazards of reliance on p-values was emphasized in Colquhoun (2017)[4] by pointing out that even an observation of p = 0.001 was not necessarily strong evidence against the null hypothesis. Despite the fact that the likelihood ratio in favor of the alternative hypothesis over the null is close to 100, if the hypothesis was implausible, with a prior probability of a real effect being 0.1, even the observation of p = 0.001 would have a false positive rate of 8 percent. It wouldn't even reach the 5 percent level. As a consequence, it has been recommended[4][8] that every p value should be accompanied by the prior probability of there being a real effect that it would be necessary to assume in order to achieve a false positive risk of 5%. For example, if we observe p= 0.05 in a single experiment, we would have to be 87% certain that there as a real effect before the experiment was done to achieve a false positive risk of 5%.
Receiver operating characteristic[edit]
The article "Receiver operating characteristic" discusses parameters in statistical signal processing based on ratios of errors of various types.
Consequences[edit]
In many legal traditions there is a presumption of innocence, as stated in Blackstone's formulation:
"It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer."
That is, false negatives (a guilty person is acquitted and goes unpunished) are far less adverse than false positives (an innocent person is convicted and suffers). This is not universal, however, and some systems prefer to jail many innocent, rather than let a single guilty escape – the tradeoff varies between legal traditions.[citation needed]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ When developing detection algorithms or tests, a balance must be chosen between risks of false negatives and false positives. Usually there is a threshold of how close a match to a given sample must be achieved before the algorithm reports a match. The higher this threshold, the more false negatives and the fewer false positives.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ False Positives and False Negatives
Jump up ^ Brodersen, J; Schwartz, LM; Heneghan, C; O'Sullivan, JW; Aronson, JK; Woloshin, S (February 2018). "Overdiagnosis: what it is and what it isn't". BMJ evidence-based medicine. 23 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1136/ebmed-2017-110886. PMID 29367314.
Jump up ^ O’Sullivan, Jack W; Albasri, Ali; Nicholson, Brian D; Perera, Rafael; Aronson, Jeffrey K; Roberts, Nia; Heneghan, Carl (11 February 2018). "Overtesting and undertesting in primary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ Open. 8 (2): e018557. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018557. PMID 29440142.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Colquhoun, David (2017). "The reproducibility of research and the misinterpretation of p-values". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (12): 171085. doi:10.1098/rsos.171085. PMC 5750014  . PMID 29308247.
Jump up ^ Banerjee, A; Chitnis, UB; Jadhav, SL; Bhawalkar, JS; Chaudhury, S (2009). "Hypothesis testing, type I and type II errors". Ind Psychiatry J. 18 (2): 127–31. doi:10.4103/0972-6748.62274. PMC 2996198  . PMID 21180491.
^ Jump up to: a b Colquhoun, David (2014). "An investigation of the false discovery rate and the misinterpretation of p-values". Royal Society Open Science. 1 (3): 140216. doi:10.1098/rsos.140216.
Jump up ^ Colquhoun, David. "The problem with p-values". Aeon. Aeon Magazine. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Colquhoun, David (2018). "The false positive risk: A proposal concerning what to do about p values". arXiv:1802.04888  [stat.AP].
External links[edit]
Daily chart – Unlikely results - Why most published scientific research is probably false – Illustration of False positives and false negatives in The Economist appearing in the article Problems with scientific research How science goes wrong Scientific research has changed the world. Now it needs to change itself (19 October 2013)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=False_positives_and_false_negatives&oldid=850912981"
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values: False positives and false negatives – Simple English

values: ผลบวกลวงและผลลบลวง – Thai

values: Хибно позитивні та хибно негативні спрацювання – Ukrainian

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