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History of Quebec City
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Romanticized depiction of Quebec City in 1720.
Quebec City, capital of the province of Quebec, Canada, is one of the oldest European settlements in North America.
Contents
[hide]
1 French rule
1.1 Demographics and population
1.2 Military and warfare
1.3 Seat of government
1.4 Economics
1.5 Religion
2 British rule
3 20th century
4 Modern Quebec City
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Bibliography
7 External links
French rule[edit]
Jacques Cartier's meeting with the indigenous people of Stadacona in 1535.
Quebec City was founded by the French explorer and navigator Samuel de Champlain in 1608, commencing a string of French colonies along the St. Lawrence River, creating a region named "le Canada". Prior to the arrival of the French, the location that would become Quebec City was the home of a small Iroquois village called "Stadacona".[1] Jacques Cartier, a French explorer, was the first European to ascend the St. Lawrence Gulf, claiming "le Canada" for France (and the coming addition of a newly founded "l'Acadi" – known today as the Province of Nova Scotia) to create a dominion known as "New France". Jacques Cartier and his crew spent a harsh winter near Stadacona during his second voyage in 1535.[1] The word "Kebec" is an Algonquin word meaning "where the river narrows."[2] By the time Champlain came to this site, the Iroquois population had disappeared and been replaced by Innu and Algonquins. Champlain and his crew built a wooden fort which they called "l'habitation" within only a few days of their arrival.[3] This early fort and trading post exists today as a historic site in Old Quebec. Quebec City's maritime position and the presence of cliffs overlooking the St. Lawrence River made it an important location for economic exchanges between the Amerindians and the French[4] In 1620, Champlain built Fort Saint-Louis on the top of Cape Diamond, near the present location of the Chateau Frontenac in the Upper Town.[4] Quebec City's 400th anniversary was celebrated in 2008 and it is the oldest city in North America that has a French-speaking community.[5]
Demographics and population[edit]
Samuel de Champlain overseeing the construction of l'habitation, in 1608.
After the settlement of Port Royal in Acadia (1605), the next colonization effort by the French occurred in 1608. Samuel de Champlain built "l'Habitation" to house 28 people.[6] However, the first winter proved formidable, and 20 of 28 men died.[6] By 1615, the first four missionaries arrived in Quebec. Among the first successful French settlers were Marie Rollet and her husband, Louis Hebert, credited as "les premier agriculteurs du Canada"[6] by 1617. The first French child born in Quebec was Helene Desportes, in 1620, to Pierre Desportes and Francoise Langlois, whose father was a member of the Hundred Associates.[7]
The population of Quebec City arrived at 100 in 1627, less than a dozen of whom were women.[8] However, with the invasion of Quebec by David Kirke and his brothers in 1628, Champlain returned to France with approximately 60 out of 80 settlers.[9] When the French returned to Quebec in 1632, they constructed a city based on the framework of a traditional French "ville"[10] in which "the 17th century city was a reflection of its society."[11]
Quebec remained an outpost until well into the 1650s.[11] As in other locations throughout New France, the population could be split into the colonial elites, including clergy and government officials, the craftsmen and artisans, and the engagés (indentured servants).[12] Quebec was designed so that the inhabitants of better quality lived in the upper city, closer to the centers of power such as the government and Jesuit college, whereas the lower town was primarily populated by merchants, sailors and artisans.[12] The city contained only about thirty homes in 1650, and one hundred by 1663, for a population of over 500.[13]
Jean Bourdon, the first engineer and surveyor of New France, helped plan the city, almost from his arrival in 1634.[14] However, despite attempts to utilize urban planning, the city quickly outgrew its planned area. Population continually increased, with the city boasting 1300 inhabitants by 1681.[15] The city quickly experienced overcrowding, especially in the lower town, which contained two-thirds of the population of the city by 1700.[15] The numbers became more evenly distributed by 1744, with the lower town housing only a third of the population, and the upper town containing almost half the inhabitants.[15]
By the 18th century, Quebec also saw a rise in the number of rental dwellings, to help accommodate a mobile population of seamen, sailors, and merchants, aptly described by historian Yvon Desloges as "a town of tenants."[16] Thus, Quebec followed a pattern common throughout New France, of immigrants arriving for several years, before returning home to France. As a whole, approximately 27,000 immigrants came to New France during the French regime, only 31.6% of whom remained.[17] Despite this, by the time of British occupation in 1759, New France had evolved to a colony of over 60,000 with Quebec as the principal city.[17]
Military and warfare[edit]
The batteries of Quebec fire on English ships in the 1690 Battle of Quebec. The French rebuffed English attempts to invade during the Nine Years' War.
In 1620, the construction of a wooden fort called Fort Saint-Louis started under the orders of Samuel de Champlain; it was completed in 1626.[18] In 1629, the Kirke brothers under English order took control of Quebec City, holding the town until 1632 when the French resumed possession.[18] In 1662, to save the colony from frequent Iroquois attacks during the Beaver Wars, Louis XIV dispatched one hundred regulars to the colony. Three years later, in 1665, Lieuitenant-General de Tracy arrived at Quebec City with four companies of regular troops. Before long, troop strength had risen to 1,300.[19] In 1690, Admiral Phipps' Anglo-American invasion force failed to capture Quebec City during King William's War. Under heavy French artillery fire, the English fleet was considerably damaged and an open battle never took place. After having used most of their ammunition, the British became discouraged and retreated.[20] In 1691, Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac constructed the Royal Battery.
In 1711, during Queen Anne's War, Admiral Walker's fleet also failed in its attempt to besiege Quebec City, in this case due to a navigational accident. Walker's initial report stated that 884 soldiers perished. This number was later revised to 740.[21]
During the Seven Years' War, in 1759, the British, under the command of General James Wolfe, besieged Quebec City for three months. The city was defended by French general the Marquis de Montcalm. The very short battle of the Plains of Abraham lasted approximately 15 minutes and culminated in a British victory and the surrender of Quebec.[22]
Seat of government[edit]
Quebec City served as the hub of religious and government authority throughout the French period. From 1608 until 1663, Quebec City was the main administrative center of the Company of New France (see Company of One Hundred Associates). During this period, Quebec City was the home of the company's official representative, the Governor, along with his lieutenant and other administrative officials, and small number of soldiers.[23]
Le Marquis de Beauharnois was the 14th Governor General of New France. Most of New France's administration was centred in Quebec City.
Following the Royal Takeover of 1663 by King Louis XIV and his minister Jean Baptiste Colbert, Quebec City became the seat of a reformed colonial government which included the Governor General of New France, responsible for military and diplomatic matters, and an intendant responsible for administrative functions involving law and finance.[24] Both the governor and the intendant were directly answerable to the Minister of the Navy (Ministres Francais de la Marine et des Colonies) and were appointed by the king of France.[4] The first Governor to arrive in Quebec City directly appointed by the King was Augustin de Saffray de Mésy in 1663.[25]
Moreover, Quebec City became the seat of Sovereign Council which served legislative and legal functions in the colony through its role in the ratification of royal edicts and as final court of appeal.[26] The Council contained the twin heads of the colonial government: the governor and the intendant (also the chair), along with the bishop of Quebec. Moreover, the council contained a number of colonial elites, usually merchants from Quebec City.[27] Noteworthy is the fact that, under the French regime, Quebec did not have a municipal government; the centralizing Bourbon monarchy was determined to prevent the emergence of autonomous centers of power in the colony, even local city councils.
Furthermore, Quebec City was also the focal point of religious authority in New France and had been since the arrival of the first Recollets missionaries in the city in 1615.[28] Working closely with the State, the Church ensured that the colony remained a well regulated Catholic colony.[29] Quebec City became seat of the bishop in the colony upon the creation of the diocese of Quebec in 1674, with François de Laval as the first bishop.[28]
Moreover, Quebec City was home to the Seminaire de Quebec, founded by Laval in 1663 when he was Vicar apostolic before becoming bishop. Laval's experience in the role of Vicar Apostolic highlights the complex nature of relationship between Church and State in New France; while allied with the authority of Rome and the Jesuits on account of his position as Vicar Apostolic, Laval also required the approval from a royal government suspicious of Papal power.[30] Although the State and Church based in Quebec City worked closely together, the dominance of the Crown was retained through the responsibility of the Crown of nominating of the bishop and of supplying a large portion of Church funds.[31]
Economics[edit]
As Quebec was settled for its location on the St. Lawrence River with a deep-water harbor, shipping and import/exports dominated the economy. As a port city, Quebec ran a flourishing trade with the French West Indies and with ports in France. However, trade was restricted to French vessels only trading in officially French ports. In trade with France, Quebec received wine, textiles and cloth, metal products such as guns and knives, salt, and other small consumer and luxury goods not manufactured in the colony. From the French West Indies, Quebec received sugar, molasses, and coffee. In order to offset its debts, Quebec City exported furs to France, as well as lumber and fish to the West Indies. From 1612 to 1638, 15-20,000 beaver pelts were shipped to France, valued at 75,000 livres.[32] The peace experienced in the early 1720s caused a spike in shipping, with 20 to 80 ships arriving annually at the port of Quebec, with an average of 40 a year.[33] However, Quebec was constantly faced with a trade imbalance, debt, and a certain amount of financial insecurity. As with other colonial societies, there was little hard money throughout the colony. To merchants in Quebec, such a situation proved a particular challenge, as they lacked hard specie, or currency, with which to trade. At one point, the colony began the use of playing cards as money in order to reimburse soldiers and other government employees for services rendered when shipments of hard currency failed to arrive. Contentions that the residents of Quebec were poor merchants have, in recent years, been refuted, as historians describe a sharp business acumen, severely circumscribed by a lack of finances and excessive distance from external markets.
View of the closed Jesuit College in 1761. The College was forced to close in 1759 with the beginning of British-rule.
Religion[edit]
The Catholic faith played a significant role in the settling and development of Quebec City. With the first missionaries arriving in 1615, Quebec was, almost from its founding, a Catholic city. Although those of other faiths were permitted to practice their faith in private, the city embraced Catholicism as an integral part of daily life.[34] The Recollets were the first religious order to arrive in 1615, followed by the Jesuits in 1625, who would found a college in Quebec City by 1635.[35] Female religious orders arrived by 1639, with the Ursulines providing education, and the Augustinians servicing the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec. The granting of seigneuries to religious orders helped solidify their place as a facet of society.[36] Indeed, much of the upper town of Quebec came to be held by religious orders.[36] The arrival of Francois de Laval as the vicar apostolic to Quebec in 1658 cemented the place of religion in Quebec City.[35] The city would become a formal parish in 1664, and a diocese by 1674.[37] The Catholic faith not only played a large role in the government and legislation, but also in the social lives of residents. As Quebec City was the seat of religion throughout New France, inhabitants followed the strict schedule of fasting, holy days, and celebrating sacraments, in addition to the censorship of books, dancing, and theatre.[37] After the English invasion of Quebec, the residents were permitted to continue practicing Catholicism under the Act of Quebec in 1774.[38]
British rule[edit]
British regulars and Canadian militia engage the Continental Army in the streets of the city. The Americans' failure to take Quebec in 1775 led to the end of their campaign in Canada.
The British and French had co-existed in North America, but the threat of French expansion into the Ohio Valley caused the British to attempt to eradicate New France from the map completely. In the Battle of the Plains of Abraham (1759), the city was permanently lost by the French. In 1763, France formally ceded its claims to le Canada, and Quebec City's French-speaking Catholic population came under the rule of Protestant Britain.
The Quebec Act, passed in 1774, allowed 'les Canadiens' (today, also referred to as the Québécois) to have religious and linguistic freedoms, to openly practice their Catholicism and use their French. The Canadiens were therefore not unhappy enough with British rule to choose to participate in the American Revolution. Without Canadian cooperation against the British, the 13 colonies instead attempted to invade Canada. The city was therefore once again under siege when the Battle of Quebec occurred in 1775. The initial attack was a failure due to American inexperience with the extreme cold temperatures of the city in December. Benedict Arnold refused to accept the defeat in the Battle of Quebec and a siege against the city continued until May 6, 1776, when the American army finally retreated.
The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided Canada into an "Upper", English-speaking colony, and a "Lower", French-speaking colony. Quebec City was made the capital of Lower Canada and enjoyed more self-rule following the passage of this act. The city's industry began to grow, and by the early 19th century it was the third largest port city in North America. Lumber was the largest export of the city at this time. The business boom continued for most of the century and Quebec City began welcoming thousands of immigrants.
Mackenzie King, Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, and the Earl of Athlone (left-to-right) at the First Quebec Conference, a secret military conference held in World War II.
20th century[edit]
In 1917, the construction of the Quebec Bridge, connecting the north and south banks of the St. Lawrence River, was finished. To this day, it is the longest cantilever bridge in the world, though two collapses of the centre of the bridge during construction cost over 80 workers their lives.
During World War II, two Allied Forces conferences were held in the city. The first, held in 1943, assembled Franklin Delano Roosevelt, president of the United States of America; Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada and T. V. Soong, Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs. The second conference was held in 1944 and Churchill and Roosevelt participated. The conferences were held at the Citadel and nearby Château Frontenac.
Modern Quebec City[edit]
In 1984, Opération Nez rouge was founded in Quebec City. It has been imitated in many European countries.
In April 2001, Quebec City played host to the Summit of the Americas where the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) was discussed. This conference was expected to be filled with confrontations between the police and anti-globalization groups, which meant that the location of walled Quebec City was vital for security reasons.
On January 1, 2002, surrounding towns were incorporated into the existing city. The "New Quebec city" includes 11 former municipalities: Sainte-Foy, Beauport, Charlesbourg, Sillery, Loretteville, Val-Bélair, Cap-Rouge, Saint-Émile, Vanier, and Lac-Saint-Charles, in addition to the original Quebec City.
In 2005, Capitale-Nationale played host to a major world sporting event, the World Police and Fire Games, which was a success for the city, with as many as 11,000 athletes and 14,000 persons accompanying them, making 25,000 persons in total. The city also experienced higher than average temperatures with an average of 30 degrees Celsius.
See also[edit]
New France portal
List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Quebec City
Jean Lemire, the ancestor of most Lemires living in Canada and a syndic (mayor) of Quebec City
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Bumsted, J. M. Canada's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2003. 35.
Jump up ^ Conrick, Maeve, and Vera Regan. French in Canada: Language Issues. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2007. 11-12.
Jump up ^ Vallières, Marc. "Québec City". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2018-02-12. .
^ Jump up to: a b c "Quebec, a New French Colony (1608-1755)." Ville De Quebec. http://www.ville.quebec.qc.ca/EN/apropos/portrait/histoire/1608-1755.aspx.
Jump up ^ Canada. Statistics Canada. City of Quebec 1608-2008: 400 Years of Censuses. By Gwenaël Cartier.
^ Jump up to: a b c Provencher (2008), p. 35
Jump up ^ Bennett, Ethel M. G. (1979) [1966]. "Desportes, Hélène". In Brown, George Williams. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
Jump up ^ Provencher (2008), p. 31
Jump up ^ Provencher (2008), p. 32
Jump up ^ Chénier (1991)
^ Jump up to: a b Chénier (1991), p. 18
^ Jump up to: a b Vallières (2011), p. 49
Jump up ^ Vallières (2011), p. 29
Jump up ^ Serge Courville and Robert Gagnon, Québec, ville et capital, Sainte-Foy: Université de Laval, 2001. 52.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vallières (2011), p. 48
Jump up ^ Vallières (2011), p. 51
^ Jump up to: a b Moogk (1989), p. 463
^ Jump up to: a b Quebec City Heritage, access online at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2012-03-01.
Jump up ^ W.J Eccles: Essays on New France, page 111
Jump up ^ History of the USA, access online at http://www.usahistory.info/colonial-wars/King-Williams-War.html
Jump up ^ Chronicles of America, access online at http://www.chroniclesofamerica.com/new-france/queen_annes_war.htm
Jump up ^ Eccles, William John. "Seven Years War". thecanadianencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Dube, Jean Claude, and Elizabeth Rapley. The Chevalier De Montmagny (1601–1657): First Governor of New France. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2005. 127.
Jump up ^ Greer (1997), pp. 44–45
Jump up ^ Eccles, W. J. (1979) [1966]. "Saffray De Mézy, Augustin de". In Brown, George Williams. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
Jump up ^ Mathieu, Jacques. "New France". thecanadianencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Greer (1997)
^ Jump up to: a b "Québec, a New French Colony (1608–1755)". Quebec City. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Greer (1997), p. 45
Jump up ^ Monteyne, J. "Absolute Faith, or France Bringing Representation to the Subjects of New France." Oxford Art Journal 20, no. 1 (1997): 12-22. JSTOR 1360712.
Jump up ^ Eccles, W. J. Essays on New France. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1987. 33.
Jump up ^ Vallières (2011), p. 24
Jump up ^ Vallières (2011), p. 32
Jump up ^ « Reglements généraux du conseil souverain pour la police…, 11 mai 1676, » Pierre Georges Roy, ed., Inventaire des jugements et délibérations du conseil supérieur de la Nouvelle-France de 1717 à 1760, 7 vols. (Beauceville: L'"Eclaireur," 1932), 1: 190-205.
^ Jump up to: a b Vallières (2011), p. 25
^ Jump up to: a b Vallières (2011), p. 26
^ Jump up to: a b Vallières (2011), p. 45
Jump up ^ Provencher (2008), p. 121
Bibliography[edit]
Chénier, Rémi (1991). Québec, a French Colonial Town in America, 1660 to 1690. Ottawa: Minister of the Environment.
Greer, Allan (1997). "The urban landscape". The People of New France. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802078162.
Moogk, Peter N. (1989). "Reluctant exiles: emigrants from France in Canada before 1760". William and Mary Quarterly. 46 (3): 463–505. JSTOR 1922353.
Provencher, Jean (2008). Chronologie du Quebec, 1534–2007. Montreal: Boreal.
Vallières, Marc (2011). Quebec City, a Brief History. Quebec: Les Presses de l'Universite Laval.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Quebec City.
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text:
It Takes Two (Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other songs of the same title, see It Takes Two.
"It Takes Two"
Single by Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston
from the album Take Two
B-side
"It's Got to Be a Miracle"
Released
May 12, 1966
Recorded
November 27 & December 6, 1965, and March 2, 1966, Detroit, Michigan
Genre
Soul
Length
3:10
Label
Tamla
Songwriter(s)
William "Mickey" Stevenson
Sylvia Moy
Producer(s)
William "Mickey" Stevenson
"It Takes Two" is a hit single recorded in late 1965 by Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston for Motown's Tamla label.
Produced by Weston's then-husband, longtime Gaye collaborator William "Mickey" Stevenson, and co-written by Stevenson and Sylvia Moy, "It Takes Two" centered on a romantic lyric that depicted many things in life (dreams, love, wishes, etc.) being better with two people instead of one. The single became Gaye's most successful duet single to date, later outperformed by Gaye's duets with Tammi Terrell.[citation needed]
Gaye and Weston's duet peaked at #14 on the Billboard Pop charts and #4 on Billboard′s Soul Singles chart in January 1967. "It Takes Two" was also Gaye's first major hit in the UK, where it peaked at #16 on the British singles charts in the spring of that same year.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Personnel
2 Rod Stewart and Tina Turner version
2.1 Versions and remixes
2.2 Chart performance
2.2.1 Weekly charts
2.2.2 Year-end charts
3 Other cover versions
4 References
Personnel[edit]
All vocals by Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston
Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers and The Detroit Symphony Orchestra
Produced by William "Mickey" Stevenson
Rod Stewart and Tina Turner version[edit]
"It Takes Two"
Single by Rod Stewart and Tina Turner
from the album Vagabond Heart
B-side
"Hot Legs" (Live)
Released
November 1990
Format
7", 12" single, CD single
Recorded
1990
Genre
Pop rock
Length
4:13
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
William "Mickey" Stevenson, Sylvia Moy
Producer(s)
Bernard Edwards
Rod Stewart singles chronology
"I Don't Want To Talk About It"
(1990) I Don't Want To Talk About It1990 "It Takes Two" (Duet with Tina Turner)
(1990) String Module Error: Match not found1990 "Rhythm of My Heart"
(1991) Rhythm of My Heart1991
Tina Turner singles chronology
"Be Tender with Me Baby"
(1990) Be Tender with Me Baby1990 "It Takes Two" (Duet with Rod Stewart)
(1990) String Module Error: Match not found1990 "Nutbush City Limits (The 90's Version)"
(1991) Nutbush City Limits (The 90's Version)1991
In 1990 "It Takes Two" was covered by Rod Stewart and Tina Turner and featured in a television advertising campaign for Pepsi. It was released as the lead single from Stewart's album Vagabond Heart, produced by Bernard Edwards and released in late 1990. The duet was a European hit, peaking at #5 in the UK, and becoming a Top 10 single in several European countries. It later appeared on both artists' greatest hits albums: Turner's Simply The Best (1991), and Stewart's The Very Best of Rod Stewart (2001).
Versions and remixes[edit]
Album version - 4:13
Extended Remix - 4:51
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1990–91)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[1]
16
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[2]
15
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[3]
6
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)[4]
7
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[5]
12
Germany (Official German Charts)[6]
22
Ireland (IRMA)[7]
4
Italy (Musica e dischi)[8]
4
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[9]
3
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[10]
19
Spain Radio (PROMUSICAE)[11]
36
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[12]
11
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[13]
10
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[14]
5
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1990)
Peak
position
Italy (Hit Parade Italia)[15]
32
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[16]
50
Chart (1991)
Peak
position
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[17]
214
Other cover versions[edit]
In 1990, Kim Weston teamed with the late Marvin Gaye's brother, Frankie Gaye, to record a new version of the song called "It Takes 2," which was used as promotional imaging for Detroit television station WJBK-TV Channel 2.[18]
In 2009 Namibian singer Nianell and South African singer Dozi brought out an album of cover versions called It Takes Two, which included the song of the same name.[19]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Rod Stewart & Tina Turner – It Takes Two". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Rod Stewart & Tina Turner – It Takes Two" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Rod Stewart & Tina Turner – It Takes Two" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hits of the World" (PDF). Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. December 22, 1990. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Singlet 1990-12 joulukuu" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tina Turner - Top Titel" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – It Takes Two". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hits of the World" (PDF). Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. January 12, 1991. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Rod Stewart & Tina Turner – It Takes Two" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Rod Stewart & Tina Turner – It Takes Two". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Rod Stewart & Tina Turner – It Takes Two". Singles Top 100. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Rod Stewart & Tina Turner – It Takes Two". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tina Turner: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "I singoli più venduti del 1990". Hit Parade Italia. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten - Single 1990" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jaarlijsten 1991" (in Dutch). Stichting Nederlandse Top 40. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "It Takes 2" video
Jump up ^ "takealot.com". Kalahari.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
[show]
v
t
e
Marvin Gaye singles discography
1960s: (Tamla)
1961
"Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide"
1962
"Sandman"
"Soldier's Plea"
"Stubborn Kind of Fellow"
"Hitch Hike"
1963
"Pride and Joy"
"Can I Get a Witness"
1964
"You're a Wonderful One"
"Once Upon a Time"
"What's the Matter with You Baby"
"Try It Baby"
"Baby Don't You Do It"
"What Good Am I Without You"
"How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)"
1965
"I'll Be Doggone"
"Pretty Little Baby"
"Ain't That Peculiar"
1966
"One More Heartache"
"Take This Heart of Mine"
"Little Darling (I Need You)"
"It Takes Two"
1967
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough"
"Your Unchanging Love"
"Your Precious Love"
"You"
"If I Could Build My Whole World Around You"/"If This World Were Mine"
1968
"Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing"
"You're All I Need to Get By"
"Chained"
"Keep On Lovin' Me Honey"
"You Ain't Livin' till You're Lovin'"
"His Eye Is on the Sparrow"
"I Heard It Through the Grapevine"
1969
"Good Lovin' Ain't Easy to Come By"
"Too Busy Thinking About My Baby"
"That's the Way Love Is"
"Abraham, Martin and John"
"What You Gave Me"
"How Can I Forget"
1970s: (Tamla)
1970
"Gonna Give Her All the Love I've Got"
"The Onion Song"
"California Soul"
"The End of Our Road"
1971
"What's Going On"
"Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)"
"Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)"
"Save the Children"
1972
"You're the Man"
"Trouble Man"
"I Want to Come Home for Christmas"
1973
"Let's Get It On"
"You're a Special Part of Me"
"Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart)"
"Come Get to This"
1974
"You Sure Love to Ball"
"My Mistake (Was to Love You)"
"Don't Knock My Love"
"You Are Everything"
"Distant Lover"
1976
"I Want You"
"After the Dance"
"Since I Had You"
1977
"Got to Give It Up"
1978
"Pops, We Love You (A Tribute to Father)"
1979
"A Funky Space Reincarnation"
"Anger"
"Ego Tripping Out"
1980s: (Tamla/
Columbia)
1981
"Praise"
"Heavy Love Affair"
1982
"Sexual Healing"
1983
"My Love Is Waiting"
"'Til Tomorrow"
"Joy"
Posthumous
1985
"Sanctified Lady"
"It's Madness"
"Just Like"
1986
"The World Is Rated X"
1991
"My Last Chance"
1994
"Lucky, Lucky Me"
1995
"This Love Starved Heart Of Mine(It's Killing Me)"
2001
"Music"
2005
"Let's Get It On (The M.P.G. Groove Remix)"
2015
"Where Are We Going"
Book
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Tina Turner singles
Acid Queen
"Baby Get It On"
"Whole Lotta Love"
"Acid Queen"
Rough
"Viva La Money"
"Root, Toot Undisputable Rock 'n Roller"
"Sometimes When We Touch"
"Night Time Is the Right Time"
Love Explosion
"Love Explosion"
"Back Stabbers"
"Music Keeps Me Dancin'"
Private Dancer
"Let's Stay Together"
"Help!"
"What's Love Got to Do With It"
"Better Be Good to Me"
"Private Dancer"
"I Can't Stand the Rain"
"Show Some Respect"
Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome
"We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)"
"One of the Living"
Break Every Rule
"Typical Male"
"Back Where You Started"
"Two People"
"Girls"
"What You Get Is What You See"
"Break Every Rule"
"Paradise Is Here"
"Afterglow"
Tina Live in Europe
"Nutbush City Limits"
"Addicted to Love"
"Tonight"
"A Change Is Gonna Come"
"634-5789"
Foreign Affair
"The Best"
"I Don't Wanna Lose You"
"Steamy Windows"
"Look Me in the Heart"
"Foreign Affair"
"Be Tender with Me Baby"
Simply the Best
"Nutbush City Limits (The 90s Version)"
"Way of the World"
"Love Thing"
"I Want You Near Me"
"(Simply) The Best"
What's Love Got to Do with It
"I Don't Wanna Fight"
"Disco Inferno"
"Why Must We Wait Until Tonight"
"Proud Mary"
Wildest Dreams
"GoldenEye"
"Whatever You Want"
"On Silent Wings"
"Missing You"
"Something Beautiful Remains"
"In Your Wildest Dreams"
Twenty Four Seven
"When the Heartache Is Over"
"Whatever You Need"
"Don't Leave Me This Way"
All the Best
"Open Arms"
"Complicated Disaster"
Guest singles
"Ball of Confusion"
"Tonight"
"It's Only Love"
"Tearing Us Apart"
"It Takes Two"
"Cose della vita - Can't Stop Thinking of You"
"Teach Me Again"
Book:Tina Turner
[show]
v
t
e
Rod Stewart singles
1970s
"It's All Over Now" (1970)
"Reason to Believe"/"Maggie May" (1971)
"Every Picture Tells a Story"/"Reason to Believe" (1971) Spain only
"(I Know) I'm Losing You"/"Mandolin Wind" (1971)
"Handbags and Gladrags" (1972)
"You Wear It Well" (1972)
"Angel" (1972)
"What's Made Milwaukee Famous (Has Made a Loser Out of Me)" (1972)
"Twistin' the Night Away" (1973, 1987)
"Oh! No Not My Baby" (1973)
"Farewell" / "You Send Me" (1973)
"Mine for Me" (1974)
"You Can Make Me Dance, Sing or Anything" (1974) Stewart/Faces
"Sailing" (1975)
"This Old Heart of Mine" (1975)
"Tonight's the Night" (1976)
"The Killing of Georgie" (1976)
"Get Back" (1976)
"The First Cut Is the Deepest" (1977)
"I Don't Want to Talk About It" (1977, 1990)
"You're in My Heart (The Final Acclaim)" (1978)
"Hot Legs" (1978)
"I Was Only Joking" (1978)
"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" (1978, 1997)
"Ain't Love a Bitch" (1979)
"Blondes (Have More Fun)" (1979)
1980s
"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right" (1980)
"Passion" (1980)
"Tonight, I'm Yours (Don't Hurt Me)" (1981)
"Young Turks" (1982)
"How Long?" (1982)
"Baby Jane" (1983)
"That's What Friends Are For" (1983)
"Infatuation" (1984)
"Some Guys Have All the Luck" (1984)
"All Right Now" (1984)
"People Get Ready" (1985, 1991, 1993) Stewart/Beck
"Love Touch" (1986)
"In My Life" (1987)
"Forever Young" (1988)
"My Heart Can't Tell You No" (1988)
"This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)" (1989)Stewart/Isley
"Downtown Train" (1989)
1990s
"It Takes Two" (1990)Stewart/Turner
"Rhythm of My Heart" (1991)
"The Motown Song" (1991)
"Your Song" (1992)
"Ruby Tuesday" (1993)
"Have I Told You Lately" (1993)
"Reason to Believe" (unplugged, 1993)
"All for Love" (1993) Stewart/Adams/Sting
"Leave Virginia Alone" (1995)
"Lady Luck" (1996)
"Ooh La La" (1998)
"Rocks" (1998)
"Cigarettes and Alcohol" (1998)
"Faith of the Heart" (1999)
2000s
"These Foolish Things" (2002)
"They Can't Take That Away from Me" (2003)
"Time After Time" (2003)
"What a Wonderful World" (2004)
"Blue Moon" (2004)
"Baby, It's Cold Outside" (2005)
"I've Got a Crush on You" (2005)
"I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm" (2006)
"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?" (2006)
2010s
"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" (2012)
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" (2012)
"Everyday" (2015)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Takes_Two_(Marvin_Gaye_and_Kim_Weston_song)&oldid=831064123"
Categories:
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text:
Dwarka Sector 14 metro station
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Dwarka Sector 14
Delhi Metro station
Location
Sector 14 Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078
Coordinates
28°36′08″N 77°01′33″E / 28.602260°N 77.025951°E / 28.602260; 77.025951
Owned by
Delhi Metro
Operated by
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC)
Platforms
Side platform (Blue Line)
Platform-1 → Noida City Centre / Vaishali
Platform-2 →Dwarka Sector 21
Tracks
2
Construction
Structure type
Elevated, Double-track
Platform levels
2
Parking
Available
Disabled access
Yes
Other information
Station code
DSFN
History
Opened
April 1, 2006; 12 years ago (2006-04-01)
Electrified
25 kV 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary
Traffic
Passengers (Jan 2015)
5,871/day
182,010/ Month average
Services
Preceding station
Delhi Metro
Following station
Dwarka
toward Noida Electronic City
Blue Line
Dwarka Sector 13
toward Dwarka Sector 21
Location
Dwarka Sector 14 metro station
Location in Delhi
The Dwarka Sector 14 Metro Station is located on the Blue Line of the Delhi Metro.[1] It is the nearest metro station to National Law University, Delhi one of the national law schools in India and Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, NAAC 'A' accredited university established by Government of NCT of Delhi.
Nearest metro station to Kakrola village as well.
Contents
1 History
2 The station
2.1 Station layout
2.2 Facilities
3 Entry/Exit
4 Connections
4.1 Bus
5 Gallery
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The station[edit]
Station layout[edit]
G Street Level Exit/Entrance
L1 Mezzanine Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
L2 Side platform No- 1, doors will open on the left
Eastbound Towards →Noida City Centre /Vaishali
Westbound →Towards ←Dwarka Sector 21
Side platform No- 2, doors will open on the left
L2
Facilities[edit]
List of available ATM at Dwarka Sector 14 metro station , [2]
Entry/Exit[edit]
Dwarka Sector 14 metro station Entry/exits
Gate No-1
Gate No-2
Connections[edit]
Bus[edit]
Delhi Transport Corporation bus routes number OLA120, RL-75 serves the station from outside metro station stop. [3]

Gallery[edit]
Inside premises
See also[edit]
Delhi
List of Delhi Metro stations
Transport in Delhi
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
Delhi Suburban Railway
Delhi Monorail
Delhi Transport Corporation
West Delhi
New Delhi
Dwarka, Delhi
National Capital Region (India)
List of rapid transit systems
List of metro systems
Delhi portal
Trains portal
Railways in India portal
Transport portal
Infrastructure portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Station Information". Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
Jump up ^ "ATM Details". Delhi Metro Rail.
Jump up ^ "Department of Delhi Transport Corporation". Govt.of NCT of Delhi.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Delhi Metro.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Delhi.
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)
Delhi Metro Annual Reports
"Station Information". Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC).
UrbanRail.Net – Descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
Google. "Dwarka Sector 14 metro station" (Map). Google Maps. Google.
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F. D. C. Willard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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F. D. C. Willard
Other name(s)
Felix Domesticus, Chester.
Species
Cat
Breed
Siamese cat
Sex
Male
Born
1968
Died
1982
Known for
First cat to co-author a physics paper
Owner
Jack H. Hetherington
F. D. C. Willard (ca. 1968–1982) was the pen name of a Siamese cat named Chester, who internationally published under this name on physics in scientific journals, once as a co-author and another time as the sole author.
Contents
1 Background
2 Publications
3 Reception
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Background[edit]
The American physicist and mathematician Jack H. Hetherington, of Michigan State University, in 1975 wanted to publish some of his research results in the field of low–temperature physics in the scientific journal Physical Review Letters. A colleague, to whom he had given his paper for review, pointed out that Hetherington had used the first person plural in his text, and that the journal would reject this form on submissions with a sole author. Rather than take the time to retype the article to use the singular form, or to bring in a co-author, Hetherington decided to invent one.[1]
Publications[edit]
F. D. C. Willard's Signature
Hetherington had a Siamese cat named Chester, who had been sired by a Siamese named Willard. Fearing that colleagues might recognize his pet's name, he thought it better to use the pet's initial. Aware that most Americans have at least two given names, he invented two more given names based on the scientific name for a house cat, Felis domesticus, and abbreviated them accordingly as F. D. C. His article, entitled "Two-, Three-, and Four-Atom Exchange Effects in bcc ³He" and written by J. H. Hetherington and F. D. C. Willard, was accepted by the Physical Review and published in number 35 (November 1975).[2][3]
At the 15th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics in 1978 in Grenoble, Hetherington’s co-author was exposed: Hetherington had sent some signed copies of his article to friends and colleagues and included the "signature" (paw prints) of his co-author in them.[4] Later, another essay appeared, this time solely authored by F. D. C. Willard, entitled "L'hélium 3 solide. Un antiferromagnétique nucléaire", published (in French) in September 1980 in the French popular science magazine La Recherche.[5][3] Subsequently, Willard disappeared as an author from the professional world.
Reception[edit]
The unmasking of Hetherington's co-author on the Physical Review essay, which was frequently referenced,[6] caused the co-authorship to become world-famous. The story goes that when inquiries were made to Hetherington’s office at Michigan State University, and Hetherington was absent, the callers would ask to speak to the co-author instead.[7] F. D. C. Willard appeared henceforth repeatedly in footnotes, where he was thanked for "useful contributions to the discussion" or oral communications,[1] and even offered a position as a professor.[8] F. D. C. Willard is sometimes included in lists of "Famous Cats" or "Historical Cats". As an April Fool's joke, in 2014 the American Physical Society announced that cat-authored papers, including the Hetherington/Willard paper, would henceforth be open-access (papers of the APS usually require subscription or membership for web access).[9]
See also[edit]
List of animals with fraudulent diplomas
Polly Matzinger (and Galadriel Mirkwood)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Heinrich Zankl (2008), "Einsteins preußischer Schatten und Hetheringtons Kater [Einstein's Prussian shadow and Hetherington's cat]" (PDF), in Von Dunkelbirnen und Leuchtkaninchen, Erlebnis Wissenschaft (in German), Weinheim: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., pp. 14–15, ISBN 978-3-527-32114-8 CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ J. H. Hetherington and F. D. C. Willard (1975), "Two-, Three-, and Four-Atom Exchange Effects in bcc ³He", Physical Review Letters, 35: 1442–1444, Bibcode:1975PhRvL..35.1442H, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.35.1442 CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Grundhauser, Eric. In 1975, a Cat Co-Authored a Physics Paper (Atlas Obscura; 30 August 2016)
Jump up ^ R.L. Weber (1 January 1982). More Random Walks in Science. CRC Press. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-85498-040-6.
Jump up ^ F. D. C. Willard (1980), "L'hélium 3 solide. Un antiferromagnétique nucléaire", La Recherche, 114 CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Beispiel, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan
Jump up ^ Academia Obscura, Academic Animals
Jump up ^ Woodruff Letter (from MSU Dean Truman O. Woodruff to Professor Jack Hetherington, dated 26 November 1975)
Jump up ^ APS Announces New Open Access Initiative
Further reading[edit]
Sam Stall (January 2007). 100 Cats Who Changed Civilization: History's Most Influential Felines. Quirk Books. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-59474-163-0.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F._D._C._Willard&oldid=855978557"
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Adam Richman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the singer-songwriter, see Adam Richman (singer).
Adam Richman
Born
(1974-05-16) May 16, 1974 (age 44)
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Education
Emory University (BA)
Yale University (MFA)
Occupation
Actor, television personality
Years active
1995– present
Adam Richman (born May 16, 1974) is an American actor and television personality. He has hosted various dining and eating-challenge programs on the Travel Channel.
Contents
1 Early life and education
2 Career
3 Filmography
4 Personal life
5 References
6 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Richman was born into a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York, and raised in the Sheepshead Bay neighborhood of the borough.[1][2] He attended "a Solomon Schechter school through eighth grade and then a Talmud Torah high school",[3] ultimately graduating from Midwood High School.[2] He completed his undergraduate degree in International Studies at Emory University[1] in Atlanta, Georgia, and earned a master's degree from the Yale School of Drama.[4] While attending Emory University, Richman was a member of Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity.[5]
Career[edit]
Richman's acting career has included guest roles on Guiding Light, All My Children, Law & Order: Trial by Jury, and he portrayed God as a butcher on Joan of Arcadia in 2004. In addition to appearing in regional theater productions throughout the United States, he was also seen in several national television commercials.
As a self-educated food expert and trained sushi chef,[6] Richman has kept a travel journal that includes every restaurant he has visited since 1995. To maintain his health while indulging for his show on Travel Channel's Man v. Food (which originally aired between 2008 and 2012), Richman would exercise twice a day while on the road.[4][7] When the schedule permitted, he would not eat the day before a challenge. He also tried to stay hydrated by drinking lots of water or club soda and forgoing coffee and soft drinks.[8] Richman retired from competitive eating in January 2012; thus, Man v. Food Nation was the final season of Man v. Food. During his time as a competitive eater, Richman gained a considerable amount of weight and became depressed. After retiring from competitive eating, he lost 60 pounds (27 kg).[9]
Richman was a paid spokesman for Zantac during Season 3 of Man v. Food.[10]
Richman is also the author of America the Edible: A Hungry History from Sea to Dining Sea, which was released on November 9, 2010, by Rodale Publishing.
On January 23, 2011, Richman appeared on Food Network's Iron Chef America as a judge for a battle with Gruyère cheese as the theme ingredient.
Richman hosted Travel Channel's The Traveler's Guide to Life, which debuted on January 26, 2011, and Amazing Eats, a spin-off of his popular series Man v. Food and Man v. Food Nation, which premiered on January 11, 2012.
Richman also hosted the TV series Adam Richman's Best Sandwich in America which premiered Wednesday, June 6, 2012 at 9 p.m. ET. This 11 episode weekly series documented Richman's "nationwide quest to find the best thing since sliced bread 'on' sliced bread."[11] He ultimately declared the roast-pork sandwich from Tommy DiNic's in Philadelphia's Reading Terminal Market his "Best Sandwich in America."
Richman hosts the Travel Channel's Adam Richman's Fandemonium.[12] An NBC game show called Food Fighters, with Richman as host,[13] premiered on July 22, 2014.[1]
In June 2014, Richman found himself embroiled in a social media controversy over comments he made about his weight loss, which were accompanied by a hashtag said to be linked to eating disorders.[14] Highlighting the controversial nature of the encounter are allegations that Richman referred to one or more of his followers as "haters" and further advised them to "grab a razor blade & draw a bath" [15] He later apologized, but the Travel Channel postponed Richman's series Man Finds Food.[16]
In 2015, Richman told The Independent that he eats a vegan diet when training for soccer.[17]
Also in 2015, Richman was a judge on the British television series BBQ Champ, hosted by Myleene Klass and broadcast on ITV.
Filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2004 Joan of Arcadia Butcher God 1 episode
All My Children Andy 1 episode
2006 My Ex Life Cafe Patron uncredited
Law & Order: Trial by Jury Officer Marty Cataldo 1 episode
Guiding Light Lurker 1 episode
2008–2012 Man v. Food Himself/Host 85 episode
2009 The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien Himself 1 episode
2011 Iron Chef America Himself/ICA Judge unknown episodes
2011 The Traveler's Guide to Life Himself/Host
2011 Man v. Food Nation Himself/Host
2012 Amazing Eats Himself/Host
2012 Adam Richman's Best Sandwich in America Himself/Host
2013 Epic Meal Time Himself/Guest Eater March 19, 2013[18]
2013 Adam Richman's Fandemonium Himself/Host
2013 Last Call with Carson Daly Himself November 18, 2013
2014 The Trip: 2014 Himself/Host
2014 Sunday Brunch Himself/Guest March 2, 2014
2014-2015 Food Fighters Himself/Host
2014 Man Finds Food Himself/Host Renamed Secret Eats with Adam Richman for its second season
2015 BBQ Champ Himself/judge UK show for ITV
2015 Celebrity Juice Himself/Guest
Personal life[edit]
Richman is a fan of the New York Yankees, English Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur[19] and Miami Dolphins (especially their Hall of Fame quarterback, Dan Marino.)[20]
On June 8, 2014, Richman represented the "Rest of the World" team in the annual Soccer Aid match against England at Old Trafford, Manchester in a game that combined former professional players and celebrities. Richman was quoted as saying that he lost 30 kilograms (66 lb) for the game, and cried when he was asked to take part.[21]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Get to Know Adam Richman". Food Fighters (official site) / NBC. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Simpson, Willie (September 30, 2013). "TV Food Star Adam Richman Remembers His Sheepshead Roots". SheepsheadBites.com. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Moses, Jeremy (August 28, 2009). "Interview: Man v. Food v. Jeremy " Mixed Multitudes – My Jewish Learning: Exploring Judaism & Jewish Life". Myjewishlearning.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedlander, Whitney (January 27, 2009). "Travel Channel's Adam Richman digs into 'Man v. Food'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Adam Richman of Man v. Food Chats with Heeb". HeebMagazine.com. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Keller, Joel (June 23, 2009). "Adam Richman Hunkers Down to a Third Season of 'Man v. Food'". TV Squad.
Jump up ^ Aromin, Joshua (February 5, 2009). "Travel Channel's 'Man vs. Food' a worthy contender". The Good 5¢ Cigar. The University of Rhode Island. Archived from the original on August 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Norton, Al (February 11, 2009). "411mania Interviews Man v. Food's Adam Richman". 411mania. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Ben. "Man Vs Food star loses four stone after quitting show". yahoo.com. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
Jump up ^ "Zantac Teams with Travel Channel for "Beat the Heat" Tour". Taste Of Buffalo. May 14, 2010. Archived from the original on January 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ https://archive.is/20120712144038/http://newsroom.scrippsnetworks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=5150. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "About The Show". Travel Channel. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 12, 2013). "NBC Picks Up Culinary Game Show Hosted By Adam Richman & Produced By Electus". Deadline. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Dockterman, Alan, "Man v. Food’s Adam Richman Begs Forgiveness After ‘#Thinspiration’ Controversy", Time Magazine, July 2, 2014
Jump up ^ Yahr, Emily; Yahr, Emily (30 June 2014). "Adam Richman's new show pulled from Travel Channel in wake of crude Instagram rant" – via washingtonpost.com.
Jump up ^ "Adam Richman's new show pulled from Travel Channel in wake of crude Instagram rant". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jenn Selby, "Man v. Food's Adam Richman: 'I've been vegan for three months'" The Independent, 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chocolate Breakfast - Epic Meal Time". YouTube. 2013-03-19. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
Jump up ^ https://amp.usatoday.com/amp/1746107
Jump up ^ "Famous Fin Fan: Adam Richman". miamidolphins.com. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
Jump up ^ Ella Alexander (9 June 2014). "Adam Richman loses Man vs Food weight and makes Soccer Aid debut". The Independent.
External links[edit]
Adam Richman's official website
Adam Richman on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0000 7679 5058
LCCN: no2010003557
VIAF: 106855955
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_Richman&oldid=852709355"
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