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Vermicompost
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Product of the composting process using various species of worms
Vermicompost (vermi-compost, vermiculture) is the product of the composting process using various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to create a mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast.
Vermicast (also called worm castings, worm humus, worm manure, or worm feces) is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by earthworms.[1] These castings have been shown to contain reduced levels of contaminants and a higher saturation of nutrients than the organic materials before vermicomposting.[2]
Vermicompost contains water-soluble nutrients and is an excellent, nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner.[3] It is used in farming and small scale sustainable, organic farming.
Vermicomposting can also be applied for treatment of sewage sludge.[4] A variation of the process is vermifiltration (or vermidigestion) which is used to remove organic matter, pathogens and oxygen demand from wastewater or directly from blackwater of flush toilets.[5][6]
Contents
1 Overview
2 Design considerations
2.1 Suitable worm species
2.2 Large scale
2.3 Small scale
2.4 Climate and temperature
3 Feedstock
3.1 Small-scale or home systems
3.2 Large-scale or commercial
4 Harvesting
5 Properties
6 Benefits
7 Uses
7.1 Soil conditioner
8 Operation and maintenance
8.1 Smells
8.2 Moisture
8.3 Pest species
8.4 Worms escaping
8.5 Nutrient levels
9 Application examples
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Overview[edit]
African Night Crawler (a type of earthworm) as decomposer
Vermicomposting has gained popularity in both industrial and domestic settings because, as compared with conventional composting, it provides a way to treat organic wastes more quickly. It also generates products that have lower salinity levels that are therefore more beneficial to plant mediums.[7]
Food waste with worms
The earthworm species (or composting worms) most often used are red wigglers (Eisenia fetida or Eisenia andrei), though European nightcrawlers (Eisenia hortensis or Dendrobaena veneta) could also be used. Red wigglers are recommended by most vermicomposting experts, as they have some of the best appetites and breed very quickly. Users refer to European nightcrawlers by a variety of other names, including dendrobaenas, dendras, Dutch nightcrawlers, and Belgian nightcrawlers.
Containing water-soluble nutrients, vermicompost is a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner in a form that is relatively easy for plants to absorb.[8] Worm castings are sometimes used as an organic fertilizer. Because the earthworms grind and uniformly mix minerals in simple forms, plants need only minimal effort to obtain them. The worms' digestive systems create environments that allow certain species of microbes to thrive to help create a "living" soil environment for plants.[9] The fraction of soil which has gone through the digestive tract of earthworms is called the Drilosphere.[10]
Design considerations[edit]
Suitable worm species[edit]
One of the species most often used for composting is the red wiggler or tiger worm (Eisenia fetida or Eisenia andrei); Lumbricus rubellus (a.k.a. red earthworm or dilong (China)) is another breed of worm that can be used, but it does not adapt as well to the shallow compost bin as does Eisenia fetida. European nightcrawlers (Eisenia hortensis) may also be used. Users refer to European nightcrawlers by a variety of other names, including dendrobaenas, dendras, and Belgian nightcrawlers. African Nightcrawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae) are another set of popular composters. Lumbricus terrestris (a.k.a. Canadian nightcrawlers (US) or common earthworm (UK)) are not recommended, since they burrow deeper than most compost bins can accommodate.[11]
Blueworms (Perionyx excavatus) may be used in the tropics.[12]
These species commonly are found in organic-rich soils throughout Europe and North America and live in rotting vegetation, compost, and manure piles. They may be an invasive species in some areas.[1][13] As they are shallow-dwelling and feed on decomposing plant matter in the soil, they adapt easily to living on food or plant waste in the confines of a worm bin.
Composting worms are available to order online, from nursery mail-order suppliers or angling shops where they are sold as bait. They can also be collected from compost and manure piles. These species are not the same worms that are found in ordinary soil or on pavement when the soil is flooded by water.
Large scale[edit]
Large-scale vermicomposting is practiced in Canada, Italy, Japan, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, and the United States.[14][15] The vermicompost may be used for farming, landscaping, to create compost tea, or for sale. Some of these operations produce worms for bait and/or home vermicomposting.
There are two main methods of large-scale vermiculture. Some systems use a windrow, which consists of bedding materials for the earthworms to live in and acts as a large bin; organic material is added to it. Although the windrow has no physical barriers to prevent worms from escaping, in theory they should not due to an abundance of organic matter for them to feed on. Often windrows are used on a concrete surface to prevent predators from gaining access to the worm population.
The windrow method and compost windrow turners were developed by Fletcher Sims Jr. of the Compost Corporation in Canyon, Texas. The Windrow Composting system is noted as a sustainable, cost-efficient way for farmers to manage dairy waste.[16]
Movement of castings through a worm bed
The second type of large-scale vermicomposting system is the raised bed or flow-through system. Here the worms are fed an inch of "worm chow" across the top of the bed, and an inch of castings are harvested from below by pulling a breaker bar across the large mesh screen which forms the base of the bed.
Because red worms are surface dwellers constantly moving towards the new food source, the flow-through system eliminates the need to separate worms from the castings before packaging. Flow-through systems are well suited to indoor facilities, making them the preferred choice for operations in colder climates.
Small scale[edit]
Demonstration home scale worm bin at a community garden site (painted plywood)
Diagram of a household-scale worm composting bin
For vermicomposting at home, a large variety of bins are commercially available, or a variety of adapted containers may be used. They may be made of old plastic containers, wood, Styrofoam, or metal containers. The design of a small bin usually depends on where an individual wishes to store the bin and how they wish to feed the worms.
Some materials are less desirable than others in worm bin construction. Metal containers often conduct heat too readily, are prone to rusting, and may release heavy metals into the vermicompost. Styrofoam containers may release chemicals into the organic material.[17] Some cedars, Yellow cedar, and Redwood contain resinous oils that may harm worms,[18] although Western Red Cedar has excellent longevity in composting conditions. Hemlock is another inexpensive and fairly rot-resistant wood species that may be used to build worm bins.[19]
Bins need holes or mesh for aeration. Some people add a spout or holes in the bottom for excess liquid to drain into a tray for collection.[20] The most common materials used are plastic: recycled polyethylene and polypropylene and wood.[21] Worm compost bins made from plastic are ideal, but require more drainage than wooden ones because they are non-absorbent. However, wooden bins will eventually decay and need to be replaced.
Small-scale vermicomposting is well-suited to turn kitchen waste into high-quality soil amendments, where space is limited. Worms can decompose organic matter without the additional human physical effort (turning the bin) that bin composting requires.
Composting worms which are detritivorous (eaters of trash), such as the red wiggler Eisenia fetidae, are epigeic (surface dwellers) and together with symbiotic associated microbes are the ideal vectors for decomposing food waste. Common earthworms such as Lumbricus terrestris are anecic (deep burrowing) species and hence unsuitable for use in a closed system.[22] Other soil species that contribute include insects, other worms and molds.[23]
Climate and temperature[edit]
There may be differences in vermicomposting methods depending on the climate.[24] It is necessary to monitor the temperatures of large-scale bin systems (which can have high heat-retentive properties), as the raw materials or feedstocks used can compost, heating up the worm bins as they decay and killing the worms.
The most common worms used in composting systems, redworms (Eisenia foetida, Eisenia andrei, and Lumbricus rubellus) feed most rapidly at temperatures of 15–25 °C (59-77 °F). They can survive at 10 °C (50 °F). Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) may harm them.[25] This temperature range means that indoor vermicomposting with redworms is possible in all but tropical climates. Other worms like Perionyx excavatus are suitable for warmer climates.[26] If a worm bin is kept outside, it should be placed in a sheltered position away from direct sunlight and insulated against frost in winter.
Feedstock[edit]
There are few food wastes that vermicomposting cannot compost, although meat waste and dairy products are likely to putrefy, and in outdoor bins can attract vermin. Green waste should be added in moderation to avoid heating the bin.
Small-scale or home systems[edit]
Such systems usually use kitchen and garden waste, using "earthworms and other microorganisms to digest organic wastes, such as kitchen scraps".[27] This includes:
All fruits and vegetables (including citrus)
Vegetable and fruit peels and ends
Coffee grounds and filters
Tea bags (even those with high tannin levels)
Grains such as bread, cracker and cereal (including moldy and stale)
Eggshells (rinsed off)
Leaves and grass clippings (not sprayed with pesticides[28])
Newspapers (most inks used in newspapers are not toxic)
Paper toweling (which has not been used with cleaners or chemicals)
Large-scale or commercial[edit]
Such vermicomposting systems need reliable sources of large quantities of food. Systems presently operating[29] use:
Dairy cow or pig manure
Sewage sludge[30][31]
Brewery waste
Cotton mill waste
Agricultural waste
Food processing and grocery waste
Cafeteria waste
Grass clippings and wood chips
Harvesting[edit]
Worms in a bin being harvested
Vermicompost is ready for harvest when it contains few-to-no scraps of uneaten food or bedding.[27] There are several methods of harvesting from small-scale systems: "dump and hand sort", "let the worms do the sorting", "alternate containers" and "divide and dump."[32] These differ on the amount of time and labor involved and whether the vermicomposter wants to save as many worms as possible from being trapped in the harvested compost.
The pyramid method of harvesting worm compost is commonly used in small-scale vermiculture, and is considered the simplest method for single layer bins.[33] In this process, compost is separated into large clumps, which is placed back into composting for further breakdown, and lighter compost, with which the rest of the process continues. This lighter mix is placed into small piles on a tarp under the sunlight. The worms instinctively burrow to the bottom of the pile. After a few minutes, the top of the pyramid is removed repeatedly, until the worms are again visible. This repeats until the mound is composed mostly of worms.
While harvesting, it's also a good idea to try to pick out as many eggs/cocoons as possible and return them to the bin. Eggs are small, lemon-shaped yellowish objects that can usually be seen pretty easily with the naked eye and picked out.[34]
Properties[edit]
Vermicompost has been shown to be richer in many nutrients than compost produced by other composting methods.[35] It has also outperformed a commercial plant medium with nutrients added, but levels of magnesium required adjustment, as did pH.[36]
However, in one study it has been found that homemade backyard vermicompost was lower in microbial biomass, soil microbial activity, and yield of a species of ryegrass[37] than municipal compost.[37]
It is rich in microbial life which converts nutrients already present in the soil into plant-available forms.
Unlike other compost, worm castings also contain worm mucus which helps prevent nutrients from washing away with the first watering and holds moisture better than plain soil.[38]
Increases in the total nitrogen content in vermicompost, an increase in available nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as the increased removal of heavy metals from sludge and soil have been reported.[39] The reduction in the bioavailability of heavy metals has been observed in a number of studies.[40][41]
Benefits[edit]
Soil
Improves soil aeration
Enriches soil with micro-organisms (adding enzymes such as phosphatase and cellulase)
Microbial activity in worm castings is 10 to 20 times higher than in the soil and organic matter that the worm ingests [42]
Attracts deep-burrowing earthworms already present in the soil
Improves water holding capacity[43]
Plant growth
Enhances germination, plant growth, and crop yield
Improves root growth and structure
Enriches soil with micro-organisms (adding plant hormones such as auxins and gibberellic acid)[citation needed]
Economic
Biowastes conversion reduces waste flow to landfills
Elimination of biowastes from the waste stream reduces contamination of other recyclables collected in a single bin (a common problem in communities practicing Single-stream recycling)
Creates low-skill jobs at local level
Low capital investment and relatively simple technologies make vermicomposting practical for less-developed agricultural regions
Environmental
Helps to close the "metabolic gap" through recycling waste on-site
Large systems often use temperature control and mechanized harvesting, however other equipment is relatively simple and does not wear out quickly[citation needed]
Production reduces greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and nitric oxide (produced in landfills or incinerators when not composted or through methane harvest)[44]
Uses[edit]
Mid-scale worm bin (1 m X 2.5 m up to 1 m deep), freshly refilled with bedding
Soil conditioner[edit]
Vermicompost can be mixed directly into the soil.
The dark brown waste liquid, or leachate, that drains into the bottom of some vermicomposting systems as water-rich foods break down, is best applied back to the bin when added moisture is needed due to the possibility of phytotoxin content and organic acids that may be toxic to plants.[18]
The pH, nutrient, and microbial content of these fertilizers varies upon the inputs fed to worms. Pulverized limestone, or calcium carbonate can be added to the system to raise the pH.
Operation and maintenance[edit]
Worms and fruit fly pupas under the lid of a home worm bin.
Smells[edit]
When closed, a well-maintained bin is odorless; when opened, it should have little smell—if any smell is present, it is earthy.[45] Worms require gaseous oxygen.[46] Oxygen can be provided by airholes in the bin, occasional stirring of bin contents, and removal of some bin contents if they become too deep or too wet. If decomposition becomes anaerobic from excess wet feedstock added to the bin, or the layers of food waste have become too deep, the bin will begin to smell of ammonia.
Moisture[edit]
Moisture must be maintained above 50%, as lower moisture content will not support worm respiration and can increase worm mortality. Operating moisture-content range should be between 70-90%, with a suggested content of 70-80% for vermicomposting-oriented vermiculture operations.[47] If decomposition has become anaerobic, to restore healthy conditions and prevent the worms from dying, excess waste water must be reduced and the bin returned to a normal moisture level. To do this, first reduce addition of food scraps with a high moisture content and second, add fresh, dry bedding such as shredded newspaper to your bin, mixing it in well.[48]
Pest species[edit]
Pests such as rodents and flies are attracted by certain materials and odors, usually from large amounts of kitchen waste, particularly meat. Eliminating the use of meat or dairy product in a worm bin decreases the possibility of pests.[49]
Predatory ants can be a problem in African countries.[50]
In warm weather, fruit and vinegar flies breed in the bins if fruit and vegetable waste is not thoroughly covered with bedding. This problem can be avoided by thoroughly covering the waste by at least 5 centimetres (2.0 in) of bedding. Maintaining the correct pH (close to neutral) and water content of the bin (just enough water where squeezed bedding drips a couple of drops) can help avoid these pests as well.
Worms escaping[edit]
Worms generally stay in the bin, but may try to leave the bin when first introduced, or often after a rainstorm when outside humidity is high.[51] Maintaining adequate conditions in the worm bin and putting a light over the bin when first introducing worms should eliminate this problem.[52]
Nutrient levels[edit]
Commercial vermicomposters test, and may amend their products to produce consistent quality and results. Because the small-scale and home systems use a varied mix of feedstocks, the nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus content of the resulting vermicompost will also be inconsistent. NPK testing may be helpful before the vermicompost or tea is applied to the garden.
In order to avoid over-fertilization issues, such as nitrogen burn, vermicompost can be diluted as a tea 50:50 with water, or as a solid can be mixed in 50:50 with potting soil.[53]
Additionally, the mucous layer created by worms which surrounds their castings allows for a "time release" effect, meaning not all nutrients are released at once. This also reduces the risk of burning plants, as is common with the use and overuse of commercial fertilizers.[54]
Application examples[edit]
Vermicomposting (also known as vermiculture) is widely used in North America for on-site institutional processing of food scraps, such as in hospitals, universities, shopping malls, and correctional facilities.[55] Vermicomposting is used for medium-scale on-site institutional organic material recycling, such as for food scraps from universities and shopping malls. It is selected either as a more environmentally friendly choice than conventional disposal, or to reduce the cost of commercial waste removal.
Researchers from the Pondicherry University discovered that worm composts can also be used to clean up heavy metals. The researchers found substantial reductions in heavy metals when the worms were released into the garbage and they are effective at removing lead, zinc, cadmium, copper and manganese.[56]
See also[edit]
Sustainable development portal
Fertilizer
Home composting
Maggot farming
Mary Arlene Appelhof
Vermifilter
Vermiponics, use of wormbin leachate in hydroponics
Waste management
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External links[edit]
Learning materials related to Vermicompost at Wikiversity
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Ashes to Ashes (Star Trek: Voyager)
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"Ashes to Ashes"
Star Trek: Voyager episode
Episode no.
Season 6
Episode 18
Directed by
Terry Windell
Story by
Ronald Wilkerson
Teleplay by
Robert Doherty
Featured music
Dennis McCarthy
Production code
238
Original air date
March 1, 2000 (2000-03-01)
Guest appearance(s)
Kim Rhodes - Lyndsay Ballard / Jhet'laya
Marley S. McClean - Mezoti
Manu Intiraymi - Icheb
Kurt Wetherill - Azan
Cody Wetherill - Rebi
Scarlett Pomers - Naomi Wildman
Kevin Lowe - Q'Ret
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Spirit Folk" Next →
"Child's Play"
List of Star Trek: Voyager episodes
"Ashes to Ashes" is the 138th episode of Star Trek: Voyager, the 18th episode of the sixth season. It has an average fan rating of 4/5 on the official Star Trek web site as of September 2009.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 References
3 Bibliography
4 External links
Plot[edit]
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An alien contacts Voyager, claiming to be a deceased member of the crew, Ensign Lyndsay Ballard / Jhet'leya. She explains that an alien race, the Kobali, reanimated her after her coffin was buried in space. The Kobali reproduce by altering the DNA of dead individuals of other races, although such people are (at least initially) prisoners of the Kobali so that they can more easily adjust to their new lives. Ballard escaped from her 'new' family, stole a ship, and spent 6 months searching for Voyager.
When she finds Voyager, she is under attack from a Kobali vessel. Disabling the pursuing vessel, she makes audio contact with Voyager—only to be disconnected when Mezoti, an adolescent former Borg drone, accidentally closes the channel in an attempt to notify Captain Janeway.
When contact is re-established, Ballard is brought to Sickbay, where she retells the story of her death. Harry Kim, who was involved with Ballard, is present to confirm the details, and the Doctor confirms that the alien's DNA contains portions that match Ballard's medical records.
When the Captain clears Ballard for duty, she attempts to return to her "old" life, but finds adjustment difficult—the Doctor has managed to restore her physical appearance, but biologically, she's still Kobali (as there wasn't enough human DNA in the ensign's body to revert her). She discovers that fact for herself all-too-clearly when she attempts to eat her favorite food in the Mess Hall, and finds that it suddenly tastes 'metallic' and unappealing.
Eventually, Q'Ret - Ballard's Kobali "father" - returns, demanding the return of his "daughter", Jhet'laya. After a tense meeting in the briefing room (which Ballard ends prematurely), she finds herself in the Mess Hall, depressed and isolated. When Harry Kim attempts to console her, and suggests that they alter one of Tuvok's meditation holoprograms as a prank, Ballard suffers a painful "reversion" of her Kobali physiology.
In Sickbay, the Doctor discovers that a pathogen that was introduced into Ballard's bloodstream is forcing Ballard's body to reject the Doctor's improvised "reconstructive surgery". Ballard must visit Sickbay twice daily if the treatments are to remain effective. Ballard loses her temper upon hearing that she would, essentially, be confined to Sickbay for the rest of the 75-year journey, and lashes out vocally and physically, shouting angrily in untranslated Kobali.
Appalled at her new, more "volatile" Kobali personality, Ballard discovers that Voyager is no longer the home she once knew; corridors that she once walked with familiarity are now alien, she is unable to remember her human family due to the Kobali's alterations, and her new Kobali personality is too emotionally volatile.
When Q'Ret returns, with two other vessels, Ballard decides that she needs to leave - she no longer belongs on Voyager, and the ship will be destroyed if she stays. A distraught Harry Kim refuses to lose her again, but Ballard/Jhet'laya tells him that she was already lost to him when she died...but at least this time they got to say "goodbye".
Signalling the Kobali to break off their attack, Harry and Jhet'laya have one final moment together in the transporter room. Harry has been practicing his Kobali as a farewell surprise.
An amused Jhet'laya appreciates his efforts, but points out that instead of a touching farewell, he said "the comets are tiresome". The two share one final laugh and a kiss before Jhet'laya steps up to the transporter pad and beams over to the Kobali ship.
As Harry is seen looking over a hairbrush that used to belong to Ballard, Mezoti comes over to comment it is a pretty brush. Harry explains it belonged to a friend of his and offers it to her. Mezoti questions his action wondering if his friend would mind. Harry explains he is sure she'd want it being used with someone with such pretty hair. Mezoti, being nice and thankful of her gift, offers Harry the chance to join her on the Holodeck. Harry smiles, suggests messing with the Tuvok program, and the two walk off hand in hand.
References[edit]
Bibliography[edit]
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ashes to Ashes
"Ashes to Ashes" on IMDb
"Ashes to Ashes" at TV.com
"Ashes to Ashes" at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
"Ashes to Ashes" at StarTrek.com
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text:
No Sugar Tonight/New Mother Nature
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"No Sugar Tonight"
Single by The Guess Who
from the album American Woman
A-side
"American Woman"
Released
March 1970 (1970-03)
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
1969
Studio
RCA Mid-America Recording Center, Studio B, Chicago
Genre
Blues rock, psychedelic rock
Length
4:54 (album version with "New Mother Nature")
2:04 (single w/o "New Mother Nature")
Label
RCA Victor
Songwriter(s)
Burton Cummings
Randy Bachman
Producer(s)
Jack Richardson
The Guess Who singles chronology
"No Time"
(1969) "No Sugar Tonight"
(1970) "Hand Me Down World"
(1970)
"No Sugar Tonight/New Mother Nature" is a song by the Canadian rock band The Guess Who. It was released on their 1970 album American Woman, and was released on the B-side of the "American Woman" single without the "New Mother Nature" section. The single was officially released as "American Woman/No Sugar Tonight" and peaked at #1 on the RPM magazine charts (three weeks) and #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.[1] In Cash Box, which at the time ranked sides independently, "No Sugar Tonight" reached #39.
According to Randy Bachman, the inspiration for the song arose after an incident when he was visiting California. He was walking down the street with a stack of records under his arm, when he saw three "tough-looking biker guys" approaching. He felt threatened and was looking for a way to cross the street onto the other sidewalk when a little car pulled up to the men. A woman about 5 feet tall got out of the car, shouting at one of them, asking where he'd been all day, that he had left her alone with the kids, didn't take out the trash, and was down here watching the girls. The man was suddenly alone and his buddies walked away. Chastened, he got in the car as the woman told him before pulling away: "And one more thing, you ain't getting no sugar tonight". The words stuck in Bachman's memory.[2]
Bachman then wrote a short song in the key of F♯ called "No Sugar Tonight". When he presented the song to Burton Cummings and the record company, he was told that the song was too short. Bachman and Cummings expanded the song by adding to it a song Cummings had written that was also in the key of F♯, "New Mother Nature". The song was originally written without the "in my coffee" and "in my tea" wording. The band was ordered to alter the lyrics to make the sexual connotation less obvious, though urban legends persist that "no sugar tonight in my coffee" alludes to veiled LSD references, possibly bolstered by the later lyric "a bag of goodies and a bottle of wine". Bachman is well-known for his anti-drug lifestyle.[citation needed]
The song was covered by The Shirelles on their "Happy And In Love" album released in 1971, and by Bang (American band) on their "Mother/Bow to the King" album (Capitol Records, SMAS-11110) released in 1972. Capitol subsequently released the song as a single (cat# 3474), but it failed to chart.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Guess Who, "No Sugar Tonight" U.S. Chart Position Retrieved March 7, 2015
Jump up ^ Randy's Vinyl Tap radio programme; Show 170 Saturday, October 18, 2008
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Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke
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Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke
DVD cover
हम हैं राही प्यार के
Directed by
Mahesh Bhatt
Produced by
Tahir Hussain
Screenplay by
Aamir Khan
Robin Bhatt (also Dialogues)
Story by
Robin Bhatt,
Sujit Sen
Starring
Aamir Khan
Juhi Chawla
Sharokh Bharucha
Kunal Khemu
Baby Ashrafa
Music by
Songs:
Nadeem-Shravan
Background Score:
Shyam Surender
Cinematography
Pravin Bhatt
Edited by
Sanjay Sankla
Production
company
Tahir Hussain Enterprises
Distributed by
T. V. Films Pvt Ltd
Release date
23 July 1993 (1993-07-23)
Running time
155 minutes
Country
India
Language
Hindi
Box office
₹50 million[1]
Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (Hindi: हम हैं राही प्यार के translation: We Are Travelers on the Path of Love) is a 1993 Indian romantic comedy-drama film, directed by Mahesh Bhatt and produced by Tahir Hussain, with screenplay written by Aamir Khan and Robin Bhatt, and with a musical score by Nadeem-Shravan. It stars Aamir Khan and Juhi Chawla in the lead roles, with Sharokh Bharucha and Kunal Khemu in supporting roles. Upon release, the film fetched the Filmfare Best Actress Award for Juhi Chawla. The film has also garnered the National Film Award - Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Feature Film), and the Filmfare Best Film Award.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Soundtrack
4 Box Office
5 Awards
5.1 Awards and nominationes
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Rahul Malhotra (Aamir Khan) is the caretaker of a garment company that has a pending order of one lakh shirts to Mr Bijlani. Rahul is also the guardian of his deceased sister's mischievous kids: Sunny, Munni, and Vicky. He finds it hard to control the kids, as he is new to this. When the kids cause trouble, Rahul punishes them by locking them in their room. However, the children escape and head for a carnival in town.
Vyjayanti (Juhi Chawla) is the bubbly daughter of a South Indian businessman and music-lover. Her father wants her to marry Natarajan, an Iyer-clan music legend, who is somewhat creepy. Vyjayanti refuses to marry him; as punishment, she is also locked up and escapes. She meets the three kids at the carnival and they become friends. Vyjayanti explains that she has no home so the children invite her to stay with them.
The children go to great lengths to hide Vyjayanti from Rahul. In a row of hilarious sequences, they are always one step ahead of Rahul before he can discover Vyjayanti. Two nights later however, Vyjayanti is revealed. Initially angry, Rahul sees that the children love her so he gives her a job as the children's governess. Vyjayanti begins to live with Rahul and the kids and slowly falls in love with him.
And then there enters seductive, glitzy Maya, Bijlani's daughter, is obsessed with Rahul. She wants to marry Rahul, and Rahul approves, deciding that it would benefit the children. When Vyjayanti and the children find out about Maya and Rahul's upcoming engagement ceremony, Vyjayanti is heartbroken and the kids are upset, as they dislike Maya. On the day of the engagement, Vyjayanti explains to the kids that she loves Rahul and wants to marry him. The kids come up with a plan to stop the engagement. They crash the party with a dramatic act, which successfully postpones the engagement but angers Rahul. Back home, he scolds Vyjayanti and she admits that she loves him, shocking him.
The next morning, Bijlani comes with Maya to offer Rahul a second chance. Rahul defends Vyjayanti against their insults, thereby expressing his own love for her. The mischievous kids chase Bijlani and Maya out of the house with rotten eggs and tomatoes. As revenge, Bijlani and Maya set on auctioning Rahul's house. Rahul asks his workers to work overtime to make up for the shirt orders, which the supportive workers agree to. A successful two lakh shirts are made and loaded onto a truck to be delivered to Bijlani. Bijlani hires some thugs to ensure that the truck doesn't arrive on time. Much to their distaste, Rahul arrives on time with the order, and Bijlani and Maya are arrested.
Vyjayanti is reunited with her father, who disapproves of her marrying anyone outside the Iyer clan. All the factory workers, Rahul's colleagues, and the children ask him to allow Rahul and Vyjayanti to marry. With so much persistence, he accepts and Vyjayanti and Rahul are married in a South Indian ceremony.
Cast[edit]
Aamir Khan as Rahul Malhotra
Juhi Chawla as Vyjayanti Iyer/ Vyjayanti Rahul Malhotra
Dalip Tahil as Bijlani
Navneet Nishan as Maya
K.D. Chandran as Mr. Iyer
Veeru Krishnan as Natraj Iyer
Tiku Talsania as Adv. Homi Wadia
Mushtaq Khan as Bhagwati Prasad Mishra "Mishraji"
Javed Khan as Thief Chhotya
Sharokh Bharucha as Vicky
Kunal Khemu as Sunny
Baby Ashrafa as Munni
Soundtrack[edit]
The soundtrack of the movie was composed by the music duo Nadeem Shravan and lyrics were contributed by Sameer. Songs like 'Ghunghat ki aad se'. 'Woh meri neend mera chain' and 'Bombai se gayi Poona' became extremely popular.
No
Title
Singer(s)
Length
1 "Ghunghat Ki Aaad Se Dilbar Ka" Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik 06:17
2 "Mujhse Mohabbat Ka Izhar" Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik 05:07
3 "Yunhi Kat Jaayega Safar Saath" Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik 07:40
4 "Woh Meri Neend Mera Chain Mujhe" Sadhna Sargam 04:48
5 "Bambai Se Gayi Poona" Alka Yagnik 04:23
6 "Chikni Soorat Tu Kahan Tha" Kumar Sanu 04:24
Box Office[edit]
The film was a box office success.[2]
Awards[edit]
Awards and nominationes[edit]
39th Filmfare Awards
Winner
Filmfare Best Film Award - Tahir Hussain
Filmfare Best Actress Award - Juhi Chawla
Filmfare Best Lyricist Award - Sameer for Ghunghat Ki Aad Se
National Film Special Jury Award - Mahesh Bhatt
National Film Award - Best Female Playback Singer - Alka Yagnik for "Goonghat Ki Aad Se"
Nominated
Filmfare Best Director Award - Mahesh Bhatt
Filmfare Best Actor Award - Aamir Khan
Filmfare Best Music Director Award - Nadeem-Shravan
Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Alka Yagnik for Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke
References[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jump up ^ "Box Office 1993". Box Office India. 10 April 2008.
Jump up ^ http://www.koimoi.com/box-office-filmometer/aamir-khan/
External links[edit]
Hum Hain Rahi Pyaar Ke on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
Films and television series by Mahesh Bhatt
Director
Manzilein Aur Bhi Hain (1974)
Naya Daur (1978)
Lahu Ke Do Rang (1979)
Abhimanyu (1980)
Arth (1982)
Saaransh (1984)
Janam (1985)
Aashiana (1986)
Naam (1986)
Aaj (1987)
Kaash (1987)
Thikana (1987)
Siyasat (1988)
Kabzaa (1988)
Daddy (1989)
Awaargi (1990)
Jurm (1990)
Aashiqui (1990)
Swayam (1991)
Saathi (1991)
Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin (1991)
Sadak (1991)
Saatwan Aasman (1992)
Junoon (1992)
Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee (1993)
Gunaah (1993)
Sir (1993)
Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993)
Gumrah (1993)
Tadipaar (1993)
The Gentleman (1994)
Naaraaz (1994)
Milan (1995)
Naajayaz (1995)
Criminal (1995)
Papa Kehte Hai (1996)
Chaahat (1996)
Dastak (1996)
Tamanna (1997)
Duplicate (1998)
Angaaray (1998)
Zakhm (1998)
Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan (1999)
Kartoos (1999)
Writer only
Dushman (1998)
Sangharsh (1999)
Kasoor (2001)
Yeh Zindagi Ka Safar (2001)
Raaz (2002)
Gunaah (2002)
Saaya (2003)
Footpath (2003)
Jism (2003)
Inteha (2003)
Murder (2004)
Rog (2005)
Zeher (2005)
Nazar (2005)
Kalyug (2006)
Woh Lamhe (2006)
Murder 2 (2011)
Jism 2 (2012)
Murder 3 (2013)
Hamari Adhuri Kahani (2015)
Television
Swabhimaan (1995)
A Mouthful of Sky (1995)
Kabhie Kabhie (1997)
Naamkarann (2016)
Tu Aashiqui (2017)
[show]
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t
e
Aamir Khan
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Producer
Lagaan (2001)
Accolades
Soundtrack
Taare Zameen Par (2007)
Accolades
Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na (2008)
Peepli Live (2010)
Dhobi Ghat (2011)
Delhi Belly (2011)
"Bhaag D.K. Bose"
Talaash: The Answer Lies Within (2012)
Dangal (2016)
"Naina"
Secret Superstar (2017)
Director
Taare Zameen Par (2007)
Accolades
TV show
Satyamev Jayate (2012-2014)
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Assistant director
Manzil Manzil (1984)
Zabardast (1985)
Screenwriter
Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988)
Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993)
Rang De Basanti (2006)
Ghajini (2008)
Game
Playback singer
Ghulam (1998)
Mela (2000)
Mangal Pandey: The Rising (2005)
Rang De Basanti (2006)
Taare Zameen Par (2007)
Dangal (2016)
Related articles
Aamir Khan Productions
Khans of Bollywood
Kiran Rao
[show]
v
t
e
Filmfare Award for Best Film
1954–1975
Do Bigha Zamin (1954)
Boot Polish (1955)
Jagriti (1956)
Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje (1957)
Mother India (1958)
Madhumati (1959)
Sujata (1960)
Mughal-e-Azam (1961)
Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai (1962)
Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1963)
Bandini (1964)
Dosti (1965)
Himalay Ki Godmein (1966)
Guide (1967)
Upkar (1968)
Brahmachari (1969)
Aradhana (1970)
Khilona (1971)
Anand (1972)
Be-Imaan (1973)
Anuraag (1974)
Rajnigandha (1975)
1976–2000
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Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki (1979)
Junoon (1980)
Khubsoorat (1981)
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Shakti (1983)
Ardh Satya (1984)
Sparsh (1985)
Ram Teri Ganga Maili (1986)
Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1989)
Maine Pyar Kiya (1990)
Ghayal (1991)
Lamhe (1992)
Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar (1993)
Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1994)
Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1995)
Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1996)
Raja Hindustani (1997)
Dil To Pagal Hai (1998)
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1999)
Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (2000)
2001–present
Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2001)
Lagaan (2002)
Devdas (2003)
Koi... Mil Gaya (2004)
Veer-Zaara (2005)
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3 Idiots (2010)
Dabangg (2011)
Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2012)
Barfi! (2013)
Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2014)
Queen (2015)
Bajirao Mastani (2016)
Dangal (2017)
Hindi Medium (2018)
[show]
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1978–1980
No Award (1978)
No Award (1979)
No Award (1980)
1981–2000
Satyajit Ray (1981)
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Sudha Chandran (1985)
John Abraham (1986)
M. B. Sreenivasan (1987)
Ashok Ahuja (1988)
Amitabh Chakraborty (1989)
Pankaj Kapur, Sunny Deol, and Jayabharathi (1990)
Soumitra Chatterjee (1991)
Sivaji Ganesan and Ketan Mehta (1992)
Shashi Kapoor and Pallavi Joshi (1993)
Radhu Karmakar and Shaji N. Karun (1994)
Shyam Benegal (1995)
Amol Palekar and Kirron Kher (1996)
Jaimala (1997)
Kitchhu Sanlap Kitchhu Pralap (1998)
Kalabhavan Mani (1999)
Soumitra Chatterjee (2000)
2001–present
Janaki Vishwanathan (2001)
Prakash Raj (2002)
Manoj Bajpai and Bhalo Theko (2003)
J. Phillip (2004)
Anupam Kher (2005)
Vishal Bhardwaj (2006)
Gandhi, My Father (2007)
Bioscope (2008)
A. Sreekar Prasad (2009)
Mee Sindhutai Sapkal (2010)
Anjan Dutt (2011)
Rituparno Ghosh and Nawazuddin Siddiqui (2012)
Miss Lovely and Yellow (2013)
Bhaurao Karhade (2014)
Kalki Koechlin (2015)
Mohanlal (2016)
Nagarkirtan (2017)
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I'm Only Human
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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I'm Only Human may refer to:
"I'm Only Human", an episode of Get Smart originally aired in February 1966
"I'm Only Human", a song by Rick Ross from the 2008 album Trilla
It may also refer to:
"Human" (The Human League song), a 1986 song by The Human League
"Human" (Christina Perri song), a 2013 song by Christina Perri from the album Head or Heart
"Human" (Rag'n'Bone Man song), a 2016 song by Rag'n'Bone Man
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title I'm Only Human.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Only_Human&oldid=796411502"
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Life as a House
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Life as a House
Original poster
Directed by
Irwin Winkler
Produced by
Rob Cowan
Irwin Winkler
Written by
Mark Andrus
Starring
Kevin Kline
Kristin Scott Thomas
Hayden Christensen
Jena Malone
Mary Steenburgen
Music by
Mark Isham
Cinematography
Vilmos Zsigmond
Edited by
Julie Monroe
Distributed by
New Line Cinema
Release date
October 26, 2001 (2001-10-26)
Running time
124 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$27 million[1]
Box office
$23,903,791[1]
Life as a House is a 2001 American drama film produced and directed by Irwin Winkler. The screenplay by Mark Andrus focuses on a man who is anxious to repair his relationship with his ex-wife and teenaged son after he is diagnosed with terminal cancer.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
5 Awards and nominations
6 DVD release
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
George Monroe, an architectural model fabricator, is fired when he refuses to use computer technology. At his boss's refusal to let George keep a few models, he destroys all but one of the models with a spindle from an architectural drawing. As he exits the building with the remaining model, he collapses and is rushed to the hospital, where it is revealed he has advanced stage cancer and any treatment would be futile.
George decides to demolish the home left by his father and replace it with a house in keeping with the neighborhood. He enlists his son, Sam, who is alienated from his stepfather Peter and his mother Robin. Sam must spend the summer with George, who has not revealed his terminal condition, and help him with the house, but Sam makes it a point not to help him. When George refuses to give Sam money unless he works for it, Sam toys with becoming a male prostitute, but is nearly caught and flees from his first encounter. This leads him to steal George's Vicodin.
George slowly reconnects with Sam. Robin decides to assist as well, and she finds herself rediscovering George. Also joining in the construction are Alyssa, Sam's classmate who lives next door with her mother Colleen; local policeman Kurt Walker, George's childhood friend; Sam's young half-brothers Adam and Ryan; various neighbors; and eventually Peter, even after separating from Robin when she tells him that her feelings for George have re-awakened. George tells Robin of his disease, sending her into shock. George tells Sam, who is betrayed and accuses George of being selfish and takes refuge at Alyssa's house. George collapses and is found by Robin the following morning. Complications arise when neighbor David Dokos tries to halt construction because the building's height exceeds the allowable limit by six inches. His plans to halt the project are stopped by Sam, who recognizes him from his prostitution attempt and blackmails him.
Sam puts Christmas lights all over the unfinished house and shows George the gleaming house from his hospital window. The next morning, Sam returns to finish the house and Robin sits beside George until his death. Robin goes to the house and tells Sam about his father's death. Sam inherits the house he finished building. Sam gives the property to a woman who has been living in a trailer park. As a girl, she was injured in a car crash caused by his grandfather.
Cast[edit]
Kevin Kline as George Monroe
Kristin Scott Thomas as Robin Kimball
Hayden Christensen as Sam Monroe
Jena Malone as Alyssa Beck
Mary Steenburgen as Colleen Beck
Jamey Sheridan as Peter Kimball
Ian Somerhalder as Josh
Scott Bakula as Kurt Walker
Sam Robards as David Dokos
John Pankow as Bryan Burke
Mike Weinberg as Adam Kimball
Scotty Leavenworth as Ryan Kimball
Production[edit]
In Character Building: Inside Life as a House, a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film, director Irwin Winkler confesses he never realized the rekindling love between George and Robin was a key aspect of the script until he saw the emotion displayed by Kevin Kline and Kristin Scott Thomas in their scenes together. Winkler encouraged his cast to improvise moments leading into and following their scripted dialogue, many of which were included in the final film.
In From the Ground Up, another DVD bonus feature, production designer Dennis Washington discusses how he was required to construct an entire street of houses leading to Sam's house, which was perched on a cliff overlooking the Pacific Ocean in Palos Verdes, California. The new house was built on another site, then dismantled and transported to the film set as each section was needed. Because the film tracked the progress of the dismantling of the old house and the construction of the new one, it had to be shot in sequence. When the film was completed, the house was dismantled, moved, reconstructed, and enlarged to become a library for the Kenter Canyon Elementary School in Brentwood.
The soundtrack includes "What You Wish For" and "Rainy Day" by Guster, "That's the Way" by Gob, "Live a Lie" and "Somewhere" by Default, "Sweet Dreams" by Marilyn Manson, "Water" by ohGr, "Rearranged" by Limp Bizkit, "Both Sides Now" by Joni Mitchell, "Gramercy Park" by Deadsy, and "How to Disappear Completely" by Radiohead.
The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and was shown at the Boston Film Festival before going into limited release in the US on October 26, 2001.
Reception[edit]
Life as a House received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 47% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 105 reviews.
Box office[edit]
The film opened in twenty-nine theaters in the US and grossed $294,056 on its opening weekend. It eventually earned $15,667,270 in the US and $8,236,521 in foreign markets for a total worldwide box office of $23,903,791.[1]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Hayden Christensen was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role and won the National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance by an Actor. Kevin Kline was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role. The film won the Audience Award for Favorite Feature at Aspen Filmfest.
DVD release[edit]
New Line Home Entertainment released the film on DVD on March 26, 2002. It is in anamorphic widescreen format with an audio track and subtitles in English. Bonus features include commentary by director/producer Irwin Winkler, producer Rob Cowan, and screenwriter Mark Andrus; Character Building: Inside Life as a House and From the Ground Up, documentaries about the making of the film; four deleted and/or alternate scenes (one with William Russ, originally cast as Kurt Walker but replaced when he was injured in a motorcycle accident after filming began) with optional commentary; a theatrical press kit; and the original trailer.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c BoxOfficeMojo.com
Jump up ^ The New York Times
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Life as a House
Life as a House on IMDb
Life as a House at Rotten Tomatoes
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Irwin Winkler
Guilty by Suspicion (1991)
Night and the City (1992)
The Net (1995)
At First Sight (1999)
Life as a House (2001)
De-Lovely (2004)
Home of the Brave (2006)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_as_a_House&oldid=812322230"
Categories:
2001 films
English-language films
2000s drama films
American drama films
Films set in California
New Line Cinema films
Films directed by Irwin Winkler
Fiction narrated by a dead person
Films about cancer
Films produced by Irwin Winkler
American films
Films scored by Mark Isham
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This page was last edited on 27 November 2017, at 06:33.
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