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R. Budd Dwyer
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For other people with the same name, see Robert Dwyer (disambiguation).
Robert Budd Dwyer
Picture of Dwyer, circa January 1987.
30th Treasurer of Pennsylvania
In office
January 20, 1981 – January 22, 1987
Preceded by
Robert E. Casey
Succeeded by
G. Davis Greene, Jr.
Member of the Pennsylvania Senate
from the 50th district
In office
January 5, 1971 – January 20, 1981[1]
Preceded by
James Willard
Succeeded by
Roy Wilt
Constituency
Parts of Mercer, Crawford, and Erie Counties[2]
Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
from the 6th district
In office
January 7, 1969 – November 30, 1970
Preceded by
District Created
Succeeded by
Harrison Haskell
Constituency
Parts of Crawford County[3]
Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
from the Crawford County district
In office
January 5, 1965 – November 30, 1968
Personal details
Born
Robert Budd Dwyer
(1939-11-21)November 21, 1939
Saint Charles, Missouri, U.S.
Died
January 22, 1987(1987-01-22) (aged 47)
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Cause of death
Suicide by gunshot
Political party
Republican
Spouse(s)
Joanne Grappy (m. 1963; his death 1987)
Children
2
Alma mater
Allegheny College
Profession
Teacher, politician
Robert Budd Dwyer (November 21, 1939 – January 22, 1987) was the 30th State Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He served from 1971 to 1981 as a Republican member of the Pennsylvania State Senate representing the state's 50th district. He then served as the 30th Treasurer of Pennsylvania from January 20, 1981, until his death. On January 22, 1987, Dwyer called a news conference in the Pennsylvania state capital of Harrisburg where he killed himself in front of the gathered reporters, by shooting himself in the mouth with a .357 Magnum revolver.[4] Dwyer's suicide was broadcast later that day to a wide television audience across Pennsylvania.
In the early 1980s, Pennsylvania discovered its state workers had overpaid federal taxes due to errors in state withholding. Many accounting firms competed for a multimillion-dollar contract to determine compensation to each employee. In 1986, Dwyer was convicted of receiving a bribe from the California firm that ultimately won the contract. He was scheduled to be sentenced on those charges on January 23, 1987, the day after his suicide.
Throughout Dwyer's trial and after his conviction, he maintained that he was not guilty of the charges levied against him, and that he had been framed. Decades later, the prosecution's primary witness, William Trickett Smith, whose testimony was largely used to obtain Dwyer's conviction, stated in the documentary Honest Man: The Life of R. Budd Dwyer, as he did at Dwyer's trial, that he offered Dwyer a bribe and that Dwyer accepted the bribe. He expressed regret for the decision to offer Dwyer a bribe and for the role it played in Dwyer's death.[5] James J. West, the former acting United States Attorney who prosecuted Dwyer, affirmed Dwyer’s guilt in 2010.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
2.1 Bribery investigation and conviction
2.2 Dwyer's status as state treasurer
3 January 22 press conference
3.1 Dwyer's press statement
3.2 Public suicide
3.3 Graphic footage and television media
3.4 Letter to Governor Bob Casey
3.5 Response to allegations made by Dwyer in his final press statement
3.6 Death benefits and burial
4 References
5 Notes
6 External links
Early life and education[edit]
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Dwyer with his family
Dwyer graduated from Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania, where he was a member of the Beta Chi chapter of Theta Chi Fraternity. After earning a master's degree in education, he taught social studies and coached football at Cambridge Springs High School.
Career[edit]
Dwyer in the 1970s, with U.S. President Gerald Ford.
Dwyer in 1984, being sworn in for his second term as Pennsylvania state treasurer.
A Republican, Dwyer became active in politics. He was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from the 6th district (although seats were apportioned by county prior to 1969) in 1964 and was reelected in 1966 and 1968. In 1970, while still a sitting State Representative, Dwyer ran for a seat in the Pennsylvania State Senate from its 50th district and won. Shortly after his victory he resigned his seat in the State House and was sworn in as Senator in January 1971.
After being elected to additional terms in 1974 and 1978, Dwyer decided to try for a state office and in 1980 ran for and won the office of Pennsylvania Treasurer that had been held by Robert E. Casey since 1976. He ran for a second and last term in 1984 and won reelection to the seat.
Bribery investigation and conviction[edit]
During the early 1980s, public employees of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania overpaid millions of dollars in Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) taxes. As a result, the state solicited bids from accounting firms to determine refunds for its employees. The contract was eventually awarded to Computer Technology Associates (CTA), a California-based firm, owned by John Torquato, Jr, a native of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Later Pennsylvania Governor Dick Thornburgh received an anonymous memo detailing allegations of bribery that took place during the bidding process for the $4.6 million contract.
An investigation was undertaken by federal prosecutors. Dwyer was charged with agreeing to receive kickbacks worth $300,000 in return for using his office to steer the contract toward CTA. The US Attorney also indicted Torquato, Torquato's attorney William T. Smith, Smith's wife, and Bob Asher, the former Republican Party Chairman for the State of Pennsylvania. In return for lighter sentences, Torquato and the Smiths pleaded guilty and testified on behalf of the federal government against Dwyer and Asher.
It was revealed at Dwyer's trial that Dwyer sought and won approval for special legislation that authorized him to recover the FICA overpayments, and that coded computer tape seized from CTA's office in July 1984 showed that Dwyer was to receive a $300,000 pay-off for awarding CTA the contract.[7] Moreover, Smith and Torquato's claims about Dwyer being bribed were corroborated by four independent and impartial witnesses,[8] and Smith's testimony against Dwyer was virtually identical to written statements Smith made long before entering into a plea agreement.[9]. Dwyer maintained that he awarded CTA the contract on the basis of his task force recommendation, yet this conflicted with the fact that Dwyer himself personally handled all matters relating to the contract six days prior to awarding it to CTA.[10] Moreover, Dwyer awarded the contract to CTA— an obscure Californian firm with few employees and little equipment— despite being informed by the major Pennsylvanian-based accounting firm Arthur Young and Associates that they could perform the FICA recovery as fast as, and at half the price than, CTA. [11][12]
Nevertheless, Dwyer denied any wrongdoing. Dwyer's lawyer spoke to prosecutor West asking him if he would drop all charges against Dwyer if Dwyer resigned as state treasurer. West declined the offer. He instead offered Dwyer a single charge of bribe receiving (which would have meant up to a maximum of five years' imprisonment), resignation from his office as Treasurer of Pennsylvania and full cooperation with the government's investigation but he refused. Instead Dwyer went to trial. At his trial, Dwyer did not take the stand (perhaps to avoid questioning in regards to a 1980 kickback scheme that he was accused of being involved in) and his lawyer presented no defense witnesses.[13] However his defense was curtailed by the prosecution because the case was limited to only those who had been charged. The names of the unindicted co-conspirators who were linked in the bribery scandal but were not on trial were withheld. These unnamed individuals were believed to have been staff members of the Dauphin County Republican Party.[14]
On December 18, 1986, Dwyer was found guilty on 11 counts of conspiracy, mail fraud, perjury and interstate transportation in aid of racketeering, and consequently faced a sentence of up to 55 years imprisonment and a $300,000 fine.[15][16] His sentencing was scheduled for January 23, 1987, to be performed by U.S. District Court Judge Malcolm Muir.[15] One mail-fraud charge against Dwyer was dismissed by Judge Muir.[17] One juror, Carolyn Edwards of Williamsport, found it emotionally difficult to convict Dwyer (and Asher) since they were men of "very high integrity...they just made a mistake".[18]
Bob Asher, Dwyer's co-defendant, was sentenced to one year in jail. He later returned to politics and served as a Republican national committeeman for Pennsylvania.[19]
Dwyer's status as state treasurer[edit]
Pennsylvania law stated that Dwyer could not officially be removed from office until his sentencing in January. Given this, Dwyer stated that until his legal appeal was resolved, he would stay on as Treasurer under leave of absence without pay. In the interim, the treasury department would be run by Deputy Treasurer Donald L. Johnson.[15]
Dwyer continued to profess his innocence after being convicted, as did others close to him.[19] On December 23, he wrote a letter to President Ronald Reagan seeking a presidential pardon,[20] and to Senator Arlen Specter seeking support in this effort.[21]
The week of Dwyer's sentencing, Pennsylvania State Attorney General Leroy Zimmerman and state prosecutors were investigating a provision of the Pennsylvania state constitution where removal of a civil worker from office who has been convicted of a crime is "self executing", thus, automatic upon that person's sentencing. A decision confirming this constitutional point was expected on January 22, the day before Dwyer's sentencing hearing.[15][22]
January 22 press conference[edit]
In a meeting in his home, Dwyer discussed the idea of a press conference with his press secretary James "Duke" Horshock and Deputy Treasurer Don Johnson, on January 15, 1987. At the time, Johnson cautioned Dwyer not to use such a forum to attack the governor or other individuals involved with his criminal conviction, and Dwyer assured him that he would not do so. Both men left assuming Dwyer would ultimately resign if the press conference were held.[23]
Dwyer finally reached Senator Specter by telephone on January 21, two days before his sentencing. A Specter aide stated that the two of them talked for 8 to 10 minutes.[24] Following up on his letter to the senator asking for help, he personally asked for a presidential pardon at that time. The senator's response was that this request was "not realistic" because the judicial process, including appeals, had not yet run its course.[21][24][25]
On the same day, Dwyer asked his press secretary Horshock and deputy press secretary Gregory Penny to set up a news conference for the next day without telling them what he was to discuss.[26][27] Horshock arranged the press conference for 10:30 a.m. EST the next day, January 22. The press secretary called dozens of reporters asking them to attend, and told them he did not know its subject.[15][27]
Initially, Dwyer wanted to ban from the press conference certain reporters who he believed wrote biased accounts about him, and even suggested that a guard should be in attendance to prevent entry to those who were not on his authorized list. Horshock, who was unconvinced about Dwyer's claims that he was being conspired against, objected, stating to Dwyer that he could not "use state government facilities to manipulate the free flow of information".[28]
Leading up to the press conference, acting U.S. Attorney James J. West, who had secured the conviction against him, remarked that a Dwyer resignation "sounds like the appropriate thing to do under the circumstances. It seems like it would save everybody a lot of time and aggravation."[15] Similarly, Harrisburg Patriot-News reporter Kenn Marshall described the consensus among reporters: they would be attending to see Dwyer announce his resignation from office. "My mission was to stay there until he said those words, then call in a new top for our story."[29]
What nobody knew at the time was that Dwyer was considering a much more drastic action. The night before the press conference, Dwyer wrote the following note:
"I enjoy being with Jo so much, the next 20 years or so would have been wonderful. Tomorrow is going to be so difficult and I hope I can go through with it."[30]
Dwyer's press statement[edit]
The next morning, Dwyer went to his press conference as planned. Appearing nervous and agitated, he again professed his innocence and began reading from a 21-page prepared text later described as a "rambling polemic about the criminal justice system".[29] It singled out former Governor Thornburgh, Acting U.S. Attorney West, agents in the FBI, Judge Muir, and others for tarnishing the justice system and ruining him.[21] Dwyer spoke out against the death penalty and expressed regret for voting in favor of it while he was in the Pennsylvania assembly. This speech lasted nearly 30 minutes, and approximately halfway into it, with no apparent end in sight, some of the gathered press began to pack up and leave. Dwyer spotted this and interrupted himself to say, "Those of you who are putting your cameras away, I think you ought to stay because we're not, we're not finished yet."[27]
Given the inflammatory nature of portions of Dwyer's text, press secretary Horshock had considered interrupting him outright to stop him, but concluded that he would hold his own press conference after Dwyer's. "I had to make it known that I was not aware of the content of the statement. I didn't want it to be thought that I wrote that for him."[23]
Upon reaching the final page of his statement, which had not been distributed to the press nor press secretary Horshock in advance, Dwyer paused. "...and I'm on the last page now, and I don't have enough to pass out, but Duke [Horshock], I'll leave this here, and you can make copies for the people; there's a few extra copies here right now."[31] Dwyer continued,
I thank the good Lord for giving me 47 years of exciting challenges, stimulating experiences, many happy occasions and most of all[,] the finest wife and children any man could ever desire.
Now my life has changed for no apparent reason. People who call and write are exasperated and feel helpless. They know I am innocent and want to help, but in this nation, the worlds [sic] greatest democracy, there is nothing they can do to prevent me from being punished for a crime they know I did not commit. Some who have called have said that I am a modern day Job.
Judge Muir is also noted for his medieval sentences. I face a maximum sentence of 55 years in prison and a $305,000 fine for being innocent. Judge Muir has already told the press that he felt "invigorated" when we were found guilty and that he plans to imprison me as a "deterrant" to other public officials. But it wouldn't be a deterrant [sic] because every public official who knows me knows that I am innocent. It wouldn't be legitimate punishment because I've done nothing wrong. Since I'm a victim of political persecution, my prison would simply be an American Gulag.
I ask those that believe in me to continue to extend friendship and prayer to my family, to work untiringly for the creation of a true justice system here in the United States, and to press on with the efforts to vindicate me, so that my family and their future families are not tainted by this injustice that has been perpetrated on me.
We were confident that right and truth would prevail and I would be acquitted and we would devote the rest of our lives working to create a justice system here in the United States. The guilty verdict has strengthened that resolve. But as we've discussed our plans to expose the warts of our legal system[,] people have said, 'Why bother? No one cares, you'll look foolish, 60 Minutes, 20/20, the American Civil Liberties Union, Jack Anderson, and others have been publicizing cases like yours for years and it doesn't bother anyone.'
At this point Dwyer stopped reading from his prepared remarks, with the gathered press still waiting on his expected resignation. There was still a significant portion remaining, which detailed what he was actually planning to do, and it read as follows:
I've repeatedly said that I'm not going to resign as State Treasurer. After many hours of thought and meditation I've made a decision that should not be an example to anyone because it is unique to my situation. Last May I told you that after the trial, I would give you the story of the decade. To those of you who are shallow, the events of this morning will be that story. But to those of you with depth and concern the real story will be what I hope and pray results from this morning–in the coming months and years[,] the development of a true justice system here in the United States. I am going to die in office in an effort to '...see if the shame[-ful] facts, spread out in all their shame, will not burn through our civic shamelessness and set fire to American pride.' Please tell my story on every radio and television station and in every newspaper and magazine in the U.S.. Please leave immediately if you have a weak stomach or mind since I don't want to cause physical or mental distress. Joanne, Rob, DeeDEe [sic] - I love you! Thank you for making my life so happy. Good bye to you all on the count of 3. Please make sure that the sacrifice of my life is not in vain.
After deciding to break from his speech, Dwyer called to three of his staffers, giving each a sealed envelope with the insignia of the treasury department.[23] The first envelope, given to Bob Holste, contained a letter addressed to then-Pennsylvania Governor Bob Casey, who had taken office just two days earlier. The second, given to deputy press secretary Gregory Penny, contained an organ donor card and other related materials. The last, given to Deputy Treasurer Don Johnson, contained materials intended for Dwyer's family, including three letters (one for his wife Joanne, and one for each of his children, Rob and DeeDee) and suggested funeral arrangements.[23][30][32]
Freelance photographer Gary Miller, one of the reporters in attendance, describes the scene to this point, "It was just kind of a long-winded, sad event."[29]
Public suicide[edit]
After he had finished speaking and handing out the notes to his staffers, Dwyer then produced a manila envelope with a blued Smith & Wesson Model 27 .357 Magnum revolver in it. When the crowd in the room saw what Dwyer had pulled out of the envelope, the mood changed immediately from one of waiting to see whether he would resign his office to one of panic as nobody else but Dwyer knew what he was planning to do with the gun. People gasped and he backed up against the wall, pointing the weapon into the air. Dwyer calmly stated to his audience, "Please, please leave the room if this will...if this will affect you."[33]
Some people in the room left to call for help. Among those that stayed, some pleaded with Dwyer to surrender the gun while others tried to approach him and seize the weapon. Dwyer warned against either action, exclaiming, "Don't, don't, don't, this will hurt someone."[34] A moment later, Dwyer fired one shot into his mouth and collapsed to the floor, dead. [35] Five news cameras recorded the events. One of the cameras remained focused on Dwyer and captured close up footage of the aftermath of the shooting; as his body slumped to the floor, blood streamed from the exit wound in the back of his head as well as from his nostrils and mouth.[36] Horshock took the podium and asked the media to leave and for someone to call for medical assistance and the police.
Robert Budd Dwyer died instantly from the gunshot shortly before 11:00 a.m. EST, but was not pronounced dead at the scene until 11:31 a.m.[34] An aide later stated that Dwyer's corneas were made available for transplant per his organ donation wishes, but that no others were usable by the time his body reached a hospital.[27]
Graphic footage and television media[edit]
A number of television stations throughout Pennsylvania broadcast taped footage of Dwyer's suicide to a midday audience. Philadelphia station WPVI (Channel 6) showed Dwyer pulling the trigger and falling backwards, but did not show the bullet path.[37] Over the next several hours, news editors had to decide how much of the graphic footage to air.[38]
Many stations, including WCAU and Pennsylvania's Group W stations KYW and KDKA, froze the action just prior to the gunshot. However, the latter two allowed the audio of the shooting to continue under the frozen image. Group W's news cameraman William L. "Bill" Martin and reporter David Sollenberger had a camera set up at the conference. They chose to air the audio with a freeze frame of the gun in Dwyer's mouth. Only a handful aired the unedited press conference. WPVI in Philadelphia re-broadcast the suicide footage in full on their 5 p.m. and 6 p.m. Action News broadcast without a warning to viewers. That station's broadcast is a source for copies circulating on the Internet. WPXI in Pittsburgh is reported by the Associated Press to have broadcast the footage uncensored on an early newscast. In explaining the decision to air, WPXI operations manager By Williams said, "It's an important event [about] an important man." Williams avoided airing the footage in the evening newscasts, explaining, "Everyone knows by then that he did it. There are children out of school."[39] However, in central Pennsylvania, many children were home from school during the day of Dwyer's suicide due to a snowstorm, and Harrisburg TV station WHTM-TV opted to broadcast uncut video of the suicide twice that day, defending the decision (despite hundreds of viewer complaints afterward) due to the important nature of the story.
Many older students reacted to the event by creating black comedy jokes similar to those that circulated after the Challenger disaster. A study of the incidence of the jokes showed that they were told only in areas where stations showed uncensored footage of the press conference.[40] At least one reporter present at Dwyer's suicide suffered from being a witness. Tony Romeo, a radio reporter, was standing a few feet from Dwyer. After the suicide, Romeo developed depression and took a break from journalism.[41]
Letter to Governor Bob Casey[edit]
Dwyer's deep mistrust of outgoing Republican Governor Thornburgh was spelled out in detail in his press conference statement.[42] The timing of Dwyer's press conference and suicide meant that Thornburgh was not empowered to appoint a Treasurer to replace him. Instead, this fell to Thornburgh's successor, Democrat Bob Casey, who had taken office on January 20, 1987.[43]
The letter Dwyer had sent to Casey stated, among other things, "By the time you receive this letter...the office of State Treasurer of Pennsylvania will be vacant. I stress to you that I did not resign but was State Treasurer of Pennsylvania to the end." It also stated that Casey "will be the great Governor that Pennsylvania needs at this time in our history." He suggested his wife Joanne as the successor to Treasurer of Pennsylvania, describing her as "very talented, personable, organized and hard-working."[44]
Governor Casey did not take Dwyer's suggestion. Regardless of the events of January 22, the governor and legislature of Pennsylvania already expected Dwyer to either resign or be removed from office. As such, a deal had already been brokered wherein the next treasurer, a Democrat, would serve out Dwyer's term and step down at its end. This was G. Davis Greene Jr., who was appointed as the 31st Treasurer of Pennsylvania on January 23, 1987, the day after Dwyer's suicide.[45]
Response to allegations made by Dwyer in his final press statement[edit]
Following Dwyer's public suicide, the National Association of State Treasurers called for Dwyer's allegations (contained in his final press statement) to be reviewed by the United States Department of Justice. After a thorough investigation, The Justice Department's Office of Professional Responsibility cleared Attorney James West, and everyone else involved in Dwyer's investigation and prosecution, of any wrongdoing. The Federal Bureau of Investigation also investigated Dwyer's claims regarding impropriety on behalf of FBI personnel. They ultimately found Dwyer's claims to be lacking "in substance and specificity" and warranting "no further action".[46]
Death benefits and burial[edit]
Since Dwyer died in office, his widow Joanne was able to collect full survivor benefits totaling over $1.28 million, which at the time was the largest death benefit payment ever made by the state system. If Dwyer had been sentenced, state law would have prohibited the payment of his state-provided pension benefits.[47] A spokesman for Dwyer suggested that he may have killed himself to preserve the pension benefits for his family, whose finances had been ruined by legal defense costs.[48] Other statements made by friends and family also suggest that this was Dwyer's motivation.[30]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cox, Harold (2004). "Pennsylvania Senate - 1981–1981" (PDF). Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
Jump up ^ Cox, Harold. "Senate Members "D"". Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
Jump up ^ Cox, Harold. "House Members "D"". Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
Jump up ^ Stevens, William K. (January 23, 1987). "Official calls in press and kills himself". The New York Times. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
Jump up ^ EightyFourFilms (2013-05-27), Honest Man: The Life of R.Budd Dwyer (Directors Cut)
Jump up ^ "Filmmaker on Dwyer: Guilty as charged?". PennLive, PA Media Group. 2 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Jury hears closing arguments in CTA Bribery Conspiracy Trial" Observer-Reporter — Dec 13, 1986. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_XBeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=q2ENAAAAIBAJ&pg=1077%2C1989816
Jump up ^ "CTA Case heads to Jury" The Pittsburgh Press — Dec 13, 1986. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=99QbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KmMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6193%2C2280060
Jump up ^ "CTA defence throws doubt on witnesses" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette — Dec 13, 1986, https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BYBIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5W0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3388%2C5382972
Jump up ^ https://www.dropbox.com/s/v8p2mz0824pe5gi/Dwyer_Indictment.pdf?dl=0
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Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v8pRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4G0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6108%2C196013
Jump up ^ "Dwyer Sought Presidential Pardon, Rejected Plea Bargaining". Associated Press. January 24, 1987.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Dwyer must resign or face dismissal, Zimmerman says". Observer-Reporter. January 22, 1987. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "700 Attend Services For Dwyer Treasurer Recalled As 'Righteous Man'". philly-archives. Retrieved 2015-11-08.
Jump up ^ “Dwyer defense rests, One charge out in CTA trial” The Pittsburgh Press — Dec 9, 1986, https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=89QbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KmMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6324%2C42021
Jump up ^ "CTA Prove to Continue", The Pittsburgh Press — Dec 19, 1986, https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_yQeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G5YEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6441%2C1878698
^ Jump up to: a b Lucas, Dean. "Famous Pictures Magazine — Budd Dwyer".
Jump up ^ "Article Highlight: Budd's letter to Reagan" (PDF). dwyermovie.com. 2010. Archived from the original (Honest Man (Film)) on October 4, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dwyer Rejected Deal, Later Sought Pardon". philly-archives. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Removal From Office" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b c d "He searched in vain for help: State treasurer spent last days seeking peace". The Pittsburgh Press. January 23, 1987. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dwyer Sought Specter's Help To Get A Presidential Pardon". tribunedigital-mcall. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Treasurer may have saved pension for wife". UPI. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
Jump up ^ Kaminski, Joseph. "Case Study: R. Budd Dwyer's Suicide".
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Treasurer Dwyer Kills Self Suicide At News Session". philly-archives. Retrieved 2015-11-08.
Jump up ^ The Bitter End of R. Budd Dwyer, The Pittsburgh Press — Jan 21, 1990 https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=90MgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7ZYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4854%2C2153889
^ Jump up to: a b c Dunkle, David N. "Former Pennsylvania Treasurer R. Budd Dwyer's controversial death re-examined in new film". Archived from the original on 2011-04-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Honest Man: The Life of R.Budd Dwyer (documentary movie)". Eighty Four Films. 2010.
Jump up ^ Video containing audio of final words (link)
Jump up ^ "Robert Dwyer shoots himself in the mouth". LiveLeak. January 22, 1987.
Jump up ^ Muha, Laura (January 21, 1988). "Witnesses to Tragedy" (Newspaper archive). Newsday. Long Island. p. 3. When he saw Dwyer's gun, he dashed from the room calling for help Text Word Count: 1290
^ Jump up to: a b "PA. Treasurer Kills Self at News Conference", Associated Press, January 23, 1987.
Jump up ^ Grossman 2003, p. 108
Jump up ^ "The Case of Robert Budd Dwyer, Pennsylvania State Treasurer". www.documentslide.com. January 1, 2015. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2016. The bullet exited out of the top of his head, leaving a bloody stream ...as more blood flowed through his nostrils and from the exit wound.
Jump up ^ Bianculli, David and Shister, Gail. "How TV Covered The Dwyer Suicide", The Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia, 23 January 1987.
Jump up ^ Firth, Robert (2011). Scoundrels. eBookIt.com. p. 205. ISBN 1456604163.
Jump up ^ "Pictures Raise News Issue". The New York Times. Associated Press. 1987-01-23. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
Jump up ^ Simon Bronner, "Political Suicide: The Budd Dwyer Joke Cycle and the Humor of Disaster." Midwestern Folklore 14 (1988): 81-89.
Jump up ^ Soteropoulos, Jacqueline (December 2000). "Feeling the Heat". American Journalism Review. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
Jump up ^ Dwyer, R. Budd (January 22, 1987). "Dwyer, Final Statements, Press Conference, Pennsylvania Treasurer's Office" (PDF). [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Casey Vows Political Open Door 5,000 View Inaugural Ceremony". philly-archives. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
Jump up ^ Times, William K. Stevens, Special To The New York (1987-01-23). "OFFICIAL CALLS IN PRESS AND KILLS HIMSELF". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-11-08.
Jump up ^ "G. Davis Greene Jr., 81, former state treasurer". philly-archives. Retrieved 2015-11-08.
Jump up ^ https://archive.org/details/BuddDwyer
Jump up ^ Associated Press (April 16, 1987). "Family to Get $1.28-Million Pension in Suicide of Pennsylvania Official". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pennsylvania Official's Suicide May Be Linked to Finances", The Washington Post, January 24, 1987.
Notes[edit]
Grossman, Mark (2003). Political corruption in America: an encyclopedia of scandals, power, and greed (2003 ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-060-4. - Total pages: 466
Keisling, William (2003). The Sins of Our Fathers (2011 ed.). Yardbird Books/yardbird.com. ISBN 978-0-9620251-0-5. - Total pages: 167
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to R. Budd Dwyer.
R. Budd Dwyer at Find a Grave
R. Budd Dwyer on IMDb
Front camera of speech
Political offices
Preceded by
Robert E. Casey Treasurer of Pennsylvania
1981–1987 Succeeded by
G. Davis Greene, Jr.
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
LCCN: n88037119
VIAF: 35995529
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._Budd_Dwyer&oldid=843433334"
Categories:
R. Budd Dwyer
1939 births
1987 deaths
Allegheny College alumni
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Burials in Pennsylvania
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Ford Fox platform
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Ford Fox platform
Overview
Manufacturer
Ford Motor Company
Production
1979–1993 model years
Body and chassis
Class
Compact
Mid-size
Personal luxury car
Pony car
Layout
FR
Body style(s)
two-door convertible
two-door coupe
three-door hatchback
Vehicles
see below
Chronology
Successor
Ford SN-95 platform
Ford D2C platform
Ford MN12 platform
Ford D186 platform
Ford CE14 platform
The Ford Fox platform is an automobile platform that was used by Ford Motor Company in North America for various compact and mid-size vehicles for the Ford, Mercury, and Lincoln divisions. Using a rear-wheel drive, unibody chassis configuration, the Fox platform was used by Ford from 1978 to 1993; a substantial redesign of the Ford Mustang extended its life another eleven years to the 2004 model year. With the exception of the Panther platform, the Fox platform is the longest-produced vehicle architecture by Ford Motor Company.
Designed to be relatively lightweight and simple, the Fox platform was originally intended as the replacement for derivatives of the original Ford Falcon architecture (dating from 1960); the Ford Fairmont and Mercury Zepyhr were introduced to replace the Ford Maverick and Mercury Comet, respectively. As downsizing expanded beyond full-size vehicles at the end of the 1970s and early 1980s, the Fox platform came into wider use, included in many redesigns and central to several Ford product line revisions.
During the mid-1980s, Ford reduced its usage of the Fox platform as mid-size sedans and station wagons were transitioned to front-wheel drive. After the 1988 model year, only the Ford Mustang and Lincoln Mark VII coupes remained. The 2005 Ford D2C platform underpinning the fifth-generation Ford Mustang would become the fifth and final vehicle architecture to serve as a Fox-platform replacement (the second under the Mustang nameplate).
Contents
[hide]
1 Chassis overview
2 Design history
2.1 1983 model year changes
2.2 SN-95
2.3 Discontinuation
3 Vehicles
4 References
Chassis overview[edit]
The Fox platform, like most compact and mid-size cars of the late 1970s, was designed with a rear-wheel drive layout. In contrast to the full-size Fords and Mercurys of the time, the Fox platform used unibody construction.
For the first time in a rear-wheel drive Ford, the Fox platform used MacPherson strut front suspension, continuing the use of a live rear axle suspension configuration. Initially configured with rear drum brakes, 4-wheel disc brakes were added to higher-performance vehicles, including the Lincoln Continental Mark VII, Ford Mustang SVO, 1994-2004 Ford Mustang, and the Ford Thunderbird Turbo Coupe/Mercury Cougar XR7.
Due to the use of strut front suspension, the Fox platform was designed with a wider engine bay than its Falcon-chassis predecessor. As a result, the chassis was flexible in its use of longitudinal engines, accommodating a wide variety of powertrains, including four-cylinder (naturally-aspirated and turbocharged), inline-6, V6, and V8 engines,[1] ranging from a 2.3L inline-4 to a 5.8L V8 (the most powerful Fox-platform car is the 2003-2004 Mustang SVT Cobra with a 390 hp supercharged 4.6L V8). To further improve the fuel economy of Lincoln Fox-platform vehicles in the 1980s, the platform was adapted for the use of BMW diesel inline-6 engines.[2]
The Fox platform was produced in four separate wheelbases, 100.5 inches (for the Ford Mustang/Mercury Capri; lengthened to 101.3 for the SN95 redesign), 104.2 inches (1983-1988 Thunderbird/Cougar), 105.5 inches ("standard"; sedans/wagons), and 108.5 inches ("long"; 1980 Thunderbird/Cougar XR7/ Lincoln Mark VII/ Continental)
Design history[edit]
1983 model year changes[edit]
During the early 1980s, the Fox platform would be involved in major changes to many Ford nameplates. In the marketplace, redesigns of the Ford Granada, Ford Thunderbird, and Mercury Cougar had been poorly received by consumers, leading to a collapse in sales for all three nameplates from 1980 to 1982. In addition, fuel prices had stabilized to the point where consumers had shifted back to full-size cars, leading the company to postpone its planned discontinuation of the full-size Panther-platform vehicles. To rectify the sales collapse and capitalize on the move to full-size vehicles, Ford began a major model shift of many of its best-selling vehicle nameplates in all three divisions.
For 1981, Lincoln saw the first changes, as the Lincoln Continental was rechristened the Lincoln Town Car; the Lincoln Continental nameplate went on hiatus until 1982, reappearing on a mid-size sedan (again giving Lincoln a Cadillac Seville competitor). To eliminate further duplication, the Continental Mark VI lived out its model cycle and was replaced by the far more contemporary Mark VII for 1984.
For 1983, the Ford and Mercury product ranges saw a number of extensive changes. To move its full-size nameplates upmarket, the Ford LTD Crown Victoria and Mercury Grand Marquis became the sole full-size sedans, with the restyled Ford LTD and Mercury Marquis replacing the Granada and Cougar sedan/station wagon. To reverse the sales collapse of the Ford Thunderbird and Mercury Cougar (now solely a coupe), Ford redesigned the two coupes with streamlined aerodynamic bodystyling.
The revision effectively tripled the size of the Lincoln model range while eliminating the duplication of several Ford/Mercury vehicles (the Ford Granada/Fairmont and Mercury Cougar/Cougar XR7/Zephyr); the midsize Fairmont/Zephyr were replaced by the compact Ford Tempo/Mercury Topaz for 1984 and the Cougar reverted to its coupe-only bodystyle.
SN-95[edit]
See also: Ford Mustang (fourth generation)
By the early 1990s, the Ford Mustang had become the sole model produced on the Fox platform. For the 1994 model year, as the Mustang underwent a major redesign (under the body family program code name Fox-4), the Fox platform itself saw major changes to its architecture. As part of the upgrade, nearly 60% of its parts were redesigned, with major changes to the suspension and improvements to noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH); the updated Mustang-specific platform became known as the SN-95 platform.
The 2003-2004 Mustang SVT Cobra became the penultimate development of the Fox/SN95 platform, with a 390 hp supercharged 4.6L DOHC V8. The SN95 platform would be produced for 11 years, extending the life of the Fox platform to 26 years of production.[3] For 2005, the Mustang was completely redesigned, using the all-new Ford D2C platform.
Discontinuation[edit]
As the company entered the 1980s, Ford became part of a growing trend among automobile manufacturers using front-wheel drive in its vehicles. As part of the 1983 changes to the Ford product range, the Ford Fairmont and Mercury Zephyr were phased out in favor of the front-wheel drive Ford Tempo/Mercury Topaz, introduced as 1984 models. Based on a long-wheelbase version of the Ford Escort, the Tempo/Topaz were downsized to compete against the Chevrolet Cavalier and imported sedans such as the Toyota Camry and Honda Accord (of the time).
Introduced in 1982 as the Ford Granada and Mercury Cougar, the Ford LTD and Mercury Marquis were replaced by the Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable in 1986. As the Lincoln Continental shifted to front-wheel drive after the 1987 model year, sedan production of the Fox platform ended.
For 1989, Ford moved the Thunderbird and the Mercury Cougar to the all-new MN12 platform; while still rear-wheel drive, the new chassis introduced a number of suspension advances over the Fox platform. As the Lincoln Mark VII was replaced by the Mark VIII for 1993, the Ford Mustang became the sole Fox-platform produced by Ford. During its 1994 redesign, many upgrades to the suspension and chassis were made, retaining largely the floorpan from the original design.
Vehicles[edit]
In total, a total of fifteen distinct vehicles were produced on the Ford Fox platform, with the Ford Fairmont, Mercury Zephyr, Ford Durango, Ford Mustang SVO, and Lincoln Mark VII produced exclusively on the architecture. The platform would be produced in a variety of body styles, including two-door and four-door sedans, two-door coupes, three-door hatchbacks, five-door station wagons, two-door convertibles (marking the return of the bodystyle to Ford), and a two-door coupe utility (the last coupe utility produced by Ford in North America).
Vehicle name
Image
Production
Predecessor
Successor
Wheelbase
Notes
Fox-platform vehicles (compact)
Ford Fairmont
1978–1983 Ford Maverick Ford Tempo 105.5 in (2,679.7 mm)
Mercury Zephyr
1978–1983 Mercury Comet Mercury Topaz
Ford Durango
1981–1982 Ford Ranchero
The Durango was a limited-production factory-commissioned conversion of the Ford Fairmont Futura two-door by National Coach Corporation.
Approximately 200 were produced.
Fox-platform vehicles (mid-size)
Ford Granada
1981–1982 Ford Granada (1975–80) Ford LTD 105.5 in (2,679.7 mm)
The Granada was updated and took on the LTD name for 1983.
The 1982 Granada was the first American Ford to wear the revived "blue oval" badge.
Ford LTD
1983–1986 Ford Granada Ford Taurus The LTD was an updated version of the 1981–1982 Ford Granada.
Mercury Cougar
(fifth generation; sedan/station wagon)
1981-1982 Mercury Monarch Mercury Marquis Cougar sedan and wagon models were discontinued after the 1982 model year.
Mercury Marquis
1983[4][5]–1986 Mercury Cougar Mercury Sable
Lincoln Continental
(sixth generation)
1982–1987 Lincoln Versailles Lincoln Continental (D186/seventh generation) 108.5 in (2,755.9 mm)
Fox-platform vehicles (Pony car)
Ford Mustang
1979–1993 Ford Mustang II Ford Mustang (SN-95) 100.5 in (2,552.7 mm)
Ford Mustang SVO
1984-1986 none Ford Mustang SVT Cobra (1993) Ford Mustang with 2.3L turbocharged engine and suspension, brake, and bodywork modifications.
Ford Mustang (SN-95)
1994–2004 Ford Mustang Ford Mustang (S197) 101.3 in (2,573.0 mm)
Mercury Capri
1979–1986 Mercury Capri II 100.5 in (2,552.7 mm) Mercury version of Ford Mustang; different rear bodywork from 1983-1986
Fox-platform vehicles (personal luxury car)
Ford Thunderbird
(eighth generation)
1980-1982 Ford Thunderbird (seventh generation) 108.5 in (2,755.9 mm) First Thunderbird produced with 6-cylinder engine as standard.
Ford Thunderbird
(ninth generation)
1983–1988 Ford Thunderbird (tenth generation / MN-12) 104.2 in (2,646.7 mm) Turbo Coupe is first four-cylinder Thunderbird.
Mercury Cougar XR7
(fifth generation)
1980-1982 Mercury Cougar (1977-1979) 108.5 in (2,755.9 mm) Separate wheelbase and bodyshell from Cougar sedan/station wagon; same powertrains as Ford Thunderbird.
Mercury Cougar
(sixth generation)
1983–1988 Mercury Cougar (seventh generation / MN-12) 104.2 in (2,646.7 mm) Return to single model line; Cougar XR7 is sold as Mercury version of Thunderbird Turbo Coupe from 1983-1986, replaced with V8 engine in 1987.
Lincoln Continental Mark VII
1984–1992 Lincoln Continental Mark VI Lincoln Mark VIII 108.5 in (2,755.9 mm) The Mark VII was the first American-market car sold with composite headlamps and anti-lock brakes.
[hide]
v
t
e
Ford Motor Company Fox platform timeline
Type 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
Compact Ford Fairmont
Mercury Zephyr
Pickup Ford Durango
Mid-size Ford Granada (second generation) Ford LTD (fifth generation)
Mercury Cougar (fifth generation) Mercury Marquis (fifth generation)
Lincoln Continental (seventh generation)
Pony car Ford Mustang (third generation) Ford Mustang (fourth generation)
Mercury Capri (second generation)
Personal luxury Ford Thunderbird (eighth generation) Ford Thunderbird (ninth generation)
Mercury Cougar (sixth generation)
Lincoln Continental Mark VII
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lamas, Jonathan. "Third Generation Mustang (1979-1993)". About.com. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Sass, Rob (2013-02-01). "Few Thrills With a Diesel Continental". New York Times. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Lamas, Jonathan. "Fourth Generation Mustang (1994-2004)". About.com. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Mercury Cougar
Jump up ^ Mercury Cougar
[show]
v
t
e
Ford platforms
Ford Motor Company
Subcompact cars
Current
B3
Historic
B
Mazda DA
Compact cars
Current
C1
Historic
CE14
Mazda B
C170
Mid-size cars
Current
CD3
CD4
DEW
EUCD
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Fox
D186
CDW27
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Full-size cars
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Ford D3
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Full-size Ford
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Panther
EA26
EA169
E8
Other cars
Current
S550 (pony car)
Historic
FN10/MN12 (personal luxury car)
SN-95 (pony car)
D2C/S197 (pony car)
Trucks/SUVs/
crossovers/Vans
Current
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T1 (full-size SUV)
D4 (full-size CUV)
V363N (full-size van)
V227 (compact MPV)
Historic
CD2 (compact CUV)
E265 (mid-size CUV)
U2 (mid-size SUV)
V (front-wheel drive minivan)
VN1 (rear/AWD mid-size van)
VN (full-size van)
Mazda S (minivan)
Category
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