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List of oldest trees
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Pando, an 80,000-year-old colony of quaking aspen, is the oldest known clonal tree, located in Utah, United States
This is a list of the oldest known trees, as reported in reliable sources. Definitions of what constitutes an individual tree vary. In addition, tree ages are derived from a variety of sources, including documented "tree-ring" count core samples, and from estimates. For these reasons, this article presents three lists of "oldest trees," each using varying criteria.
There are three tables of trees, which are listed by age and species. The first table includes trees for which a minimum age has been directly determined, either through counting or cross-referencing tree rings or through radiocarbon dating. Many of these trees may be even older than their listed ages, but the oldest wood in the tree has rotted away. For some old trees, so much of the centre is missing that their age cannot be directly determined. Instead, estimates are made based on the tree's size and presumed growth rate. The second table includes trees with these estimated ages. The last table lists clonal colonies in which no individual tree trunks may be remarkably old but in which the organism as a whole is thought to be very old.
The current record-holders for individual, non-clonal trees are the Great Basin bristlecone pine trees from California and Nevada, in the United States. Through tree-ring cross-referencing, they have been shown to be more than five millennia old.
A clonal colony can survive for much longer than an individual tree. A colony of 47,000 quaking aspen trees (nicknamed "Pando"), covering 106 acres (43 ha) in the Fishlake National Forest of Utah, is considered one of the oldest and largest organisms in the world. The colony has been estimated to be 80,000 years old, although tree ring samples date individual, above-ground, trees at only an average of about 130 years.[1][2][3][4] A colony of Huon pine trees covering 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) on Mount Read, Tasmania is estimated to be around 10,000 years old, as determined by DNA samples taken from pollen collected from the sediment of a nearby lake. Individual trees in this group date to no more than 4,000 years old, as determined by tree ring samples.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Individual trees with verified ages
2 Old trees with estimated ages
3 Clonal trees
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Individual trees with verified ages[edit]
Name
Age
(years)
Species
Location
Country
Notes
? 7003506700000000000♠5,067 Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva White Mountains, California United States Oldest known currently living tree. Tree cored by Edmund Schulman, age determined by Tom Harlan.[6]
Methuselah 7003484900000000000♠4,849[nb 1] Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva Inyo County, California United States Until 2012 it was the oldest living tree in the world[8]
Prometheus
(WPN-114) 4844 !4,844 Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva Wheeler Peak, Nevada United States Cut down in 1964.[6]
Gran Abuelo 7003364600000000000♠3,646 Patagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos Chile Alive.[6][9] Located within Alerce Costero National Park.[10]
Oliveira do Mouchão (KNJ1/601) 3,350 European olive tree
Olea europea L. var. europaea
Mouriscas, Abrantes Portugal Alive.[11][12]
CBR26 3266 !3,266 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[6]
D-21 3220 !3,220 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[6]
The President 3200 !3,200 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum Sierra Nevada, California United States Alive.[6]
D-23 3075 !3,075 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[6]
CMC 3 3033 !3,033 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[6]
Scofield Juniper 2675 !2,675 Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[6]
CB-90-11 7003246000000000000♠2,460 Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine
Pinus aristata central Colorado United States [6][13]
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 2302 !2,302 Sacred fig
Ficus religiosa Anuradhapura, North Central Province Sri Lanka A sapling from the historical Bodhi tree under which the Buddha became enlightened. It was planted in 288 BC and is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.[6]
? 2200 !2,200 Coast Redwood
Sequoia sempervirens northern California United States Dead.[6]
Bennett Juniper 2200 !2,200 Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis Sierra Nevada, California United States [6]
SHP 7 2110 !2,110 Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana Sierra Nevada California United States [6]
? 7003194300000000000♠1,943 Subalpine Larch
Larix lyallii Kananaskis, Alberta Canada [6][14]
CRE 175 1889 !1,889 Rocky Mountain Juniper
Juniperus scopulorum northern New Mexico United States [6]
Miles Juniper 7003182900000000000♠1,829 Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis Sierra Nevada, California United States [6][15]
? 7003180500000000000♠1,805 Sugi
Cryptomeria japonica Yakushima Island Japan [16]
KET 3996 7003171900000000000♠1,719 Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis Ketchum, Idaho United States [6][17]
BFR-46 1697 !1,697 Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis Wasatch Mountains, Utah United States [6]
FL117 7003167900000000000♠1,679 Northern Whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis Ontario Canada [6][18]
ERE 1670 !1,670 Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis northern New Mexico United States [6]
RCR 1 1666 !1,666 Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana Sierra Nevada, California United States [6]
? 1661 !1,661 Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis South Park, Colorado United States [6]
BBL 2 1649 !1,649 Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana Sierra Nevada, California United States [6]
BCK 69 7003165100000000000♠1,651 Baldcypress
Taxodium distichum Bladen County, North Carolina United States [6][19]
? 1636 !1,636 Nootka Cypress
Callitropsis nootkatensis Vancouver Island Canada [6]
FL101 1567 !1,567 Northern Whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis Ontario Canada [6]
? 1542 !1,542 Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis central Colorado United States [6]
Old trees with estimated ages[edit]
Note: The ages of the trees in this list are speculative and probably unreliable.
Name
Age
(years)
Species
Location
Country
Notes
? 4,112 Yew
Taxus baccata Zonguldak Turkey Alive, found in 2016.[20]
Llangernyw Yew 4,000–5,000 Common Yew
Taxus baccata Llangernyw, Conwy North Wales Girth of 10.75 m. Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain's Church in Llangernyw village. One of the 50 Great British Trees.
Sarv-e Abarkuh 4,500 Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens Abarkuh, Yazd Iran Also called "Zoroastrian Sarv",[21][22]
The Senator 3,500 Pond cypress
Taxodium ascendens Longwood, Florida United States Destroyed by fire on January 16, 2012[23][24]
Alishan Sacred Tree 3,000 Formosan cypress
Chamaecyparis formosensis Alishan National Scenic Area, Chiayi Taiwan Collapsed on July 1, 1997, following heavy rainstorms.[25]
S’Ozzastru 3,000–4,000 Olive
Olea europaea Luras, Sardinia Italy [26]
Patriarca da Floresta 3,000 Cariniana legalis Santa Rita do Passa Quatro Brazil Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil. Its name translates as "Patriarch of the Forest".
Raintree 3,000 Great Basin bristlecone pine Spring Mountains, Nevada United States Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada, USA. Estimated 3000 years old but never cored.
Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia 2,850 Olive
Olea europaea Santa Iria de Azóia (pt), Loures, Lisbon Portugal Magnificent Olive tree, probably the last one from a large olive grove. Studied by UTAD University and now classified "Public interest tree" by the Portuguese National Forest Authority ; Tree ID [27]
Mother of the Forest 2520 !2,520 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum Calaveras Big Trees State Park, California United States Dead.
Kayano Ōsugi 2,300 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica Yamanaka Onsen, Ishikawa Japan Girth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine. Its name translates as "Great Sugi of Kayano".
Jōmon Sugi 2,170–7,200 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica Yakushima Japan Girth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk. Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory.[28][29][30]
Koca Katran 2022 !2,022 Lebanon Cedar
Cedrus libani Antalya Turkey Alive.[31]
Ballyconnell Yew 2,000–5,000 Yew
Taxus baccata Ballyconnell, Annagh Ireland Oldest tree in Ireland and possibly in Europe.[citation needed]
Fortingall Yew 2,000–3,000 Yew
Taxus baccata Fortingall, Perthshire Scotland Possibly the oldest tree in Britain[32]
Elia Vouvon 2,000–5,000 Olive
Olea europaea Kolymvari, Crete Greece Its name translates as "Olive Tree of Vouves".[33]
Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi 2,000–4,000 Sweet chestnut
Castanea sativa Sicily Italy Its name translates as the "Hundred Horse Chestnut".
Ulleungdo Hyangnamu 2,000–3,000 Chinese Juniper
Juniperus chinensis Ulleung-gun, Gyeongbuk South Korea Girth of 4.5 m. One of the main branch was broken in 1985 by typhoon "Brenda".
Lady Liberty 2,000 Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum Longwood, Florida United States Sometimes called the "Companion Tree" to 'Senator".
Tnjri 2,000 Oriental plane
Platanus orientalis Martuni Region Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Oldest tree in Nagorno-Karabakh. Its trunk is hollow. Also known as "Sose's Tree".
Stara Maslina 2,000 Olive
Olea europaea Stari Bar, Bar Montenegro
The Pechanga Great Oak Tree 2,000 Coast live oak
Quercus agrifolia Temecula, California United States Oldest oak tree in the United States, possibly in the world.
? 2,000 Olive
Olea europaea Tavira, Algarve Portugal Possibly oldest olive tree in Portugal.[34]
? 2,000 Olive
Olea europaea Exo Hora, Zakynthos Greece [35]
? 2,000 Yew
Taxus Sochi, Krasnodar Krai Russia A grove known to possess several 2,000-year-old specimens.[36]
Houkisugi at Nakagawa 2,000 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica Nakagawa Settlement, Yamakita town, Ashigarakami District, Kanagawa Prefecture Japan
Methuselah 1,800 Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens Woodside, California United States [37]
Araucaria Madre 1,800 Araucaria Araucana Araucanía Chile Located in Parque Nacional Conguillío. 1.800 rings account for at least 1.800 years.[38]
Granit oak 1,700 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur Granit Bulgaria
Kongeegen 1,500–2,000 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur Jægerspris Nordskov, Zealand Denmark [39]
Stelmužė Oak 1,500-2,000 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur Stelmužė, Zarasai Lithuania Oldest tree in the Baltic states. Supposedly oldest oak in Europe.
Aubépines 1,500 Common hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne France Oldest tree in France.[citation needed]
Angel Oak 1,500 Southern live oak
Quercus virginiana Charleston, South Carolina United States Highly speculative, live oaks are extremely difficult to age, and rarely live more than 500 years.[40]
Seven Sisters Oak 1,500 Southern live oak
Quercus virginiana Mandeville, Louisiana United States Highly speculative, live oaks are extremely difficult to age, and rarely live more than 500 years.[40]
Jardine Juniper 1,500 Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum Logan Canyon, Utah United States [41]
Árbol del Tule 1,433–1,600 Montezuma cypress
Taxodium mucronatum Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca Mexico Stoutest tree trunk in the world. Its name translates as the "Tule Tree".
Cedars of God 1000+ Cedrus libani
Cedars of Lebanon Mount Lebanon Lebanon Oldest forest of cedars in Lebanon[42]
Te Matua Ngahere 1,200–4,000 Kauri
Agathis australis Waipoua Forest, Northland New Zealand Oldest tree in New Zealand. Its name translates as "Father of the Forest".
Algarrobo Abuelo + 1,200 Algarrobo blanco
Prosopis chilensis Merlo Forest, Merlo, San Luis Argentina Oldest tree in Central Argentina.
Clonal trees[edit]
As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire clone. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.[citation needed]
Name
Age
(years)
Species
Location
Country
Notes
Pando 80,000[43]–1,000,000[44] Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides Fishlake National Forest, Utah United States Covers 107 acres (0.43 km2) and has around 47,000 stems (average age 130 years), which continually die and are renewed by its roots. Is also the heaviest known organism, weighing 6,000 tonnes.
Jurupa Oak[45] 13,000[46] Palmer oak
Quercus palmeri Jurupa Mountains, California United States Quercus palmeri Engelm. = Quercus dunnii Kellogg.[46]
Old Tjikko 9,550 Norway spruce
Picea abies Fulufjället National Park, Dalarna Sweden The tree's stems live no more than 600 years, but its root system's age[47][48] was established using carbon dating and genetic matching.[49] Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains, 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years.[50]
Old Rasmus 9,500 Norway spruce
Picea abies Sonfjället, Härjedalen Sweden [51]
? 3,000[52]–10,000[53] Huon Pine
Lagarostrobos franklinii Mount Read, Tasmania Australia Several genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively. Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old, the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years.[5]
See also[edit]
Ecology portal
Trees portal
King Clone
List of largest giant sequoias
List of longest-living organisms
List of old-growth forests
List of notable trees
List of superlative trees
Oldest viable seed
Veteran tree
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ It is uncertain when Methuselah's age was determined, but "it seems likely the tree had 4,789 rings (crossdated) in the summer of 1957".[7] The age given here is based on this reference point.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Botanical Record-Breakers". W.P Armstrong. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Quaking Aspen". National Park Service - Bryce Canyon. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "SPECIES: Populus tremuloides". USDA - United States Forest Service. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Native Conifers of Tasmania". Paks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, OLDLIST". Retrieved January 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pinus longaeva". Gymnosperm Database. March 15, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
Jump up ^ "RMTRR OLDLIST". www.rmtrr.org. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
Jump up ^ Lara, Antonio; Villalba, Ricardo (21 May 1993). "A 3620-Year Temperature Record from Fitzroya cupressoides Tree Rings in Southern South America". Science. 260 (5111): 1104–1106. PMID 17806339. doi:10.1126/science.260.5111.1104.
Jump up ^ "Parque Nacional Alerce Costero". Conaf.cl (in Spanish). National Forest Corporation. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.icnf.pt/portal/florestas/aip/resource/docs/certificados/KNJ1-478-Declaracao.pdf
Jump up ^ "FLORESTAS — ICNF" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2016-11-03.
Jump up ^ Brunstein, F. Craig; Yamaguchi, David K. (Aug 1992). "The Oldest Known Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pines (Pinus aristata Engelm.)". Arctic and Alpine Research. 24 (3): 253–256. JSTOR 1551666. doi:10.2307/1551666.
Jump up ^ Worrall, John (1990). "Subalpine Larch: Oldest Trees in Canada?". The Forestry Chronicle. 66: 478–479. doi:10.5558/tfc66478-5.
Jump up ^ Miles, D.H.; Worthington, M.J. (17–21 June 1998). "Sonora Pass junipers from California USA: construction of a 3,500-year chronology". In Stravinskiene, V.; Juknys, R. Dendrochronology and Environmental Trends - Proceedings of the International Conference. Kaunas, Lithuania: Vytautas Magnas University Department of Environmental Sciences.
Jump up ^ Suzuki, Eizi; Tsukahara, Jun (1987). "Age structure and regeneration of old growth Cryptomeria japonica forests on Yakushima Island". J. of Plant Research. 100 (3): 223–241. doi:10.1007/BF02492832.
Jump up ^ Schulman, E. (1956). Dendroclimatic Changes in Semiarid America. Tucson: Univ. of Ariz. Press.
Jump up ^ Larson, D. W.; Kelly, P. E. (1991). "The extent of old-growth Thuja occidentalis on cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment". Canadian Journal of Botany. 69 (7): 1628–1636. doi:10.1139/b91-206.
Jump up ^ Stahle, D. W.; Cleaveland, M. K.; Hehr, J. G. (10 June 1988). "North Carolina Climate Changes Reconstructed from Tree Rings: A.D. 372 to 1985". Science. 240 (4858): 1517–1519. Bibcode:1988Sci...240.1517S. PMID 17798982. doi:10.1126/science.240.4858.1517.
Jump up ^ "Oldest yew tree found in Turkey’s north,". Retrieved July 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Iranica, s.v. [1]
Jump up ^ "Trees in ancient Iran". Earthwatchers. Archived from the original on 2013-01-11. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
Jump up ^ Pavuk, Amy. "'The Senator' Catches Fire". Orlando Sentinel. Times Newspaper. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Scheper, J. "Florida's Big Tree". Floridata.com. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Alishan Forest Recreation area has new "tree king"". Taipei Times. 2006-07-02. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
Jump up ^ "A Luras il patriarca degli olivastri millenari d'Europa" (PDF) (in Italian). COMUNE DI LURAS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-11.
Jump up ^ "UTAD classificou oliveira com 2.850 anos!" (in Portuguese). CienciaPT. 2011-07-08. Archived from the original on 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
Jump up ^ Hobson, Jake (2007). Niwaki: Pruning, Training and Shaping Trees the Japanese Way. Timber Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-88192-835-8. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
Jump up ^ Flora and Fauna Fact Sheet (Web Japan)
Jump up ^ Miyazaki, Makoto. "The old men of the mountains". The Yomiuri Shimbun. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "Locals want quarries out of Çığlıkara Forest,". Retrieved July 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bevan-Jones, Robert (2004). The ancient yew: a history of Taxus baccata. Bollington: Windgather Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 0-9545575-3-0.
Jump up ^ "The Olive Tree and Olive Oil". Sfakia-crete.com. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
Jump up ^ "The oldest olive tree in Europe". Waymarking.com. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
Jump up ^ "the-oldest-olive-tree pictures, videos and albums". Webshots.com. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
Jump up ^ "О Кавказе". Wwf.ru. 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
Jump up ^ ""Methuselah" Redwood - Woodside, California". Waymarking.com. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
Jump up ^ ""Parque de Araucarias Araucanas" - Chile: La edad milenaria e indefinida de las Araucarias Araucanas". parquedearaucarias.blogspot.cl. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
Jump up ^ "Kong Frederik den Syvendes Stiftelse Paa Jægerspris". Kongfrederik.dk. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Koder, K Live Oak, Pillars of a Nation. http://www.urbanforestrysouth.org/resources/library/citations/live-oak-pillars-of-a-nation/fss_get/file
Jump up ^ "Jardine Juniper Trail". Utahmountainbiking.com. 2001-08-31. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
Jump up ^ The Gymnosperm Database - Cedrus libani (December, 2011) http://www.conifers.org/pi/Cedrus_libani.php
Jump up ^ Quaking Aspen by the Bryce Canyon National Park Service
Jump up ^ Genetic Variation and the Natural History of Quaking Aspen, Mitton, J. B. & Grant, M. C. (1996). BioScience 46 (1): 25-31.
Jump up ^ Connor, Steve (Science Editor), "At 13,000 years, tree is world's oldest organism", The Independent (newspaper), United Kingdom, December 23, 2009, online article December 22, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b May, Michael R.; Provance, Mitchell C.; Sanders, Andrew C.; Ellstrand, Norman C.; and Ross-Ibarra, Jeffrey, "A Pleistocene Clone of Palmer's Oak Persisting in Southern California", PLoS ONE, Vol. 4, Issue 12, December, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Swedes find 'world's oldest tree'". BBC News. 17 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Owen, James (14 April 2008). "Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden". National Geographic.
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Jump up ^ "Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden". National Geographic News. 2008-04-08. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
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Star Trek uniforms
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Star Trek uniforms are worn by crew members in the Star Trek science fiction franchise. While the Star Trek television series and motion pictures feature various costumes, those worn by actors portraying enlisted personnel and officers from the fictitious organization Starfleet are the ones most closely associated with Star Trek costuming. Though design varied among the successive costume designers, the uniforms' costumes and insignia remained consistent within any one series or film. Costumes were re-designed to improve appearance when filmed and to improve the comfort for actors. Deliberately mixing styles of uniforms from the various series was occasionally used to enhance the sense of time travel or alternative universes.
The original concept of the Starfleet uniform as worn by Captain Christopher Pike was different from what eventually became the standard design. Men are in ribbed turtlenecks and women in cowl neck variations. Both had a gray jacket
Contents
[hide]
1 Rank and insignia
2 Original Series
2.1 Pilots
2.2 Star Trek: The Original Series
2.3 Star Trek: The Animated Series
3 Original film franchise
3.1 The Motion Picture
3.2 Star Trek II through Star Trek VI and Star Trek: Generations
4 The Next Generation
4.1 Star Trek: The Next Generation
4.2 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
4.3 Star Trek: Generations
4.4 Star Trek: Voyager
4.5 Movies from Star Trek: First Contact on and later DS9 seasons
4.6 Ancillary uniform
4.7 Alternative timelines
5 Prequel era
5.1 Star Trek: Enterprise
5.2 Star Trek: Discovery
6 Alternate reality
6.1 Star Trek (2009 film)
6.2 Star Trek Into Darkness (2013 film)
7 Other publications
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Rank and insignia[edit]
The rank system of the Star Trek universe resembles that of the United States Navy in contrast to other science fiction franchises that use an army ranking system. In Star Trek: The Original Series (TOS) and Star Trek: The Motion Picture, ranks are indicated by sleeve stripes; in later movies based on The Original Series, ranks are indicated by pins on a shoulder strap and the left sleeve. In later television series, ranks are indicated by varying numbers of pips or bars on the individuals' uniform collars.
The insignia are worn on the left breast by all personnel. Originally they were metallic gold, with a black border, in color. However, the specific shape differed, based on the ship or base to which the person was assigned, as seen in such TOS episodes as "Court-Martial" or "The Doomsday Machine." In the case of the Enterprise, the insignia was an arrowhead shape. A black symbol within the insignia also indicated the wearer's division — a star with an elongated top point indicated command, a circle crossed by an oval (as a ringed planet) science and medical, and an angular spiral (a galaxy shape) operations and engineering. These same symbols were used on most of the different insignia. In the second pilot, the science/medical and engineering/operations symbols were reversed ("Where No Man Has Gone Before"),[1] and there were other slight variations between the insignia as used in the pilots and in the regular series. [2]
Original Series[edit]
The original uniform designs were the product of designer William Ware Theiss. The original series uniforms consisted of a colored top and dark pants, with significant variations between the designs used in the pilot episodes and the rest of the series.
Pilots[edit]
The first uniforms, as seen in the unaired pilot "The Cage" (footage was re-used in a later episode, "The Menagerie") and again in the second pilot "Where No Man Has Gone Before", are somewhat different from the Starfleet uniform seen in the rest of the original series. The original concept used a heavy, ribbed turtle neck collar of the same color as the tunic for the men, with a cowl neck variation for the women, each in three colors: gold, beige("sand"), and light blue.
Officers in the first Star Trek pilot, "The Cage," wore a single gold sleeve stripe, and only the officer grades of "lieutenant" and "captain" were used in dialog. A "chief" was also visible, but wearing a different sleeve stripe. Characters addressed as "crewman" wore no sleeve insignia. In the first pilot, the uniforms also included gray coats with silver rank stripes on the sleeves, worn on away missions and identical for men and women, and an optional gray cap. In the second pilot episode, "Where No Man Has Gone Before," most officers again wore a single stripe; Captain James T. Kirk wore two stripes.
These differences between the rank indicators used in the pilots and those used in the main series could be explained by the fact that creator Gene Roddenberry and wardrobe designer William Ware Theiss had not yet worked out a consistent system for officer-grade indicator markings on the uniforms. This they would work out after the second pilot, "Where No Man Has Gone Before," succeeded in selling the series.
Star Trek: The Original Series[edit]
Examples of uniforms from the Original Series, showing them holding tribbles
The "red shirt" worn by security personnel who often got killed in the Original Series
Beginning with the first regular series episode "The Man Trap", the department colors were slightly altered from the pilot versions: command and helm personnel wear gold shirts; operations, engineering and security personnel wear red; and science and medical personnel wear blue, all with black collars and undershirts.[notes 1] The crew wore a triangular assignment patch that identified them as being with the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) (with slight variations based on their department). Personnel from other Starfleet vessels or Starfleet Command wore different assignment patches. Certain operations and engineering personnel wore red jumpsuits with black undershirts. The frequent death of red-uniformed security officers led to the coining of the popular term "redshirt". The most commonly used Command Section shirts ("tunics") were actually olive-green in color, but they appeared to be a golden-yellow color called "tenne" both under the lights used on the set and in the post-development film stock. In later series, the gold color was "canonized" in dialog. However, some uniforms – the alternate tunics worn by Captain Kirk, and the Command Section dress uniforms – were made of a different material which, while the same color, showed up as olive-green even under the lights and when photographed.[3][4][notes 2] The "green" tunics (seen in TOS: "The Trouble with Tribbles", "Charlie X" and "The Immunity Syndrome") may have the rank stripes on the sleeves or on the collar (TOS: "The Enemy Within"), and always feature the Enterprise assignment patch near the waist as a belt fastener.
The differently colored tunics were worn with dark gray trousers — which appeared black on camera[5] — for the men. Miniskirt length dresses (of the same materials and colors as the tunics) with dark tights were worn by the women. Black boots were worn by both sexes. Nichelle Nichols did not believe that the miniskirts were unusually short or revealing:
I was wearing them on the street. What's wrong with wearing them on the air? I wore 'em on airplanes. It was the era of the miniskirt. Everybody wore miniskirts.[6]
On certain occasions, the characters wear dress uniforms (TOS: first shown in "Court-Martial" and later used in "Space Seed," "Journey to Babel," and "The Savage Curtain") that are made of a shinier fabric, presumably a polyester satin, and are decorated with gold piping and colored badges that vary depending on rank. Montgomery Scott's dress uniform, especially as seen in "The Savage Curtain," includes a Scottish tartan. Specifically, it is the tartan of the Clan Scott, one of Scotland's oldest clans.
The original shirt and skirt material was velour. This was used in the first and second seasons because it was cheap and easy to care for, but it shrank after it was dry-cleaned, and it tore easily. Thus, it was replaced, in the third season, by a nylon fabric used in professional baseball uniforms.
Star Trek: The Animated Series[edit]
Based on the success and increasing popularity of Star Trek in syndication, an animated version of the series was produced from 1973 to 1974. The uniforms depicted in this series matched the general parameters and appearance of those used in the live action series. The perception by fans of the command uniforms being yellow/gold instead of green, thanks to set lighting and other factors, resulted in the producers committing to a definitive gold-color for animation purposes. The command dress uniforms remained green to match the perceived colors represented by the live action series, though the uniform pants were gray as they were in the live action series.
Original film franchise[edit]
The original plans for the aborted Star Trek: Phase II television series involved retaining TOS uniforms but when the project became Star Trek: The Motion Picture, they were replaced by a new design.[7] Robert Fletcher continued this system when he designed the uniforms for Star Trek: The Motion Picture.
The Motion Picture[edit]
The film has multiple uniform styles, including one-piece jumpsuits, matching shirt and pants, and tunics either with buttons or a sash around the waist. All uniform variants include shoes ("foot coverings") built into the legs of the trousers. Some uniforms have short sleeves, while others are long-sleeved, with either standing, v-neck, or turnover collars. Uniforms come in gray, white, gray and white, blue, brown, and beige.
On the Enterprise, the arrowhead still remains the symbol for all staff members, but the elongated star replaces the science department's circle and oval crossover and the ops department's 6-sided spiral. With the uniform colors no longer representing departmental affiliation("Section assignment"), division is indicated by a colored circle set behind the arrowhead: red is for engineering, pale green for medical, orange for science, white for command, pale gold for operations and gray for security.
Most of the uniforms in the first movie also included a noticeable "perscan" (short for personal scanner) medical monitoring device, mentioned in the Gene Roddenberry novelization of The Motion Picture, which appears on the uniforms in the position where one would expect to see a belt buckle.
Rank is indicated by braids on long sleeves or on shoulder boards, identical to TOS. However, in a departure from the TV series, a new ensign rank is indicated, as a dotted braid around the sleeves and on the shoulder boards, as opposed to TOS, where there were no ensign rank indicators of any kind; a rank for non-commissioned officers is a hollow gold square, on the shoulder boards but not at the sleeves, as, again, the show had no rank indicators for NCO's; and a new rank for admirals is shown, in the shape of three solid braids side-by-side, followed by another solid braid, on its own, with an 8-pointed star on the shoulder boards. There are fewer stripes than on U.S. Navy uniforms, because four stripes for a captain would have looked "too militaristic," [8] reflecting Roddenberry's insistence (often disputed[by whom?]) that the role of Starfleet was expressly not supposed to be military.
Security guards wear white uniforms with brown helmets and breastplates. Engineers wear thick white spacesuits with large, black, ribbed collars.
In The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Susan Sackett and Gene Roddenberry wrote that the uniforms were redesigned because the bright colors of the 1960s original, so vibrant on television, would distract viewer attention on the big screen. But the designs proved unpopular with their wearers, and when he took over as producer of the motion pictures, Harve Bennett ordered the uniforms redesigned because he did not want "an all-gray crew on an all-gray ship."[citation needed]
Star Trek II through Star Trek VI and Star Trek: Generations[edit]
Uniform exemplar from The Wrath of Khan on display at Star Trek: The Experience
Fletcher redesigned the costumes for Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. This design is used in the following movies, up to Star Trek Generations, and variations appear in some flashback scenes of Star Trek: The Next Generation and Star Trek: Voyager. In this costume/uniform, Starfleet officers wear rank insignia on the uniform shoulder strap and left sleeve just above the armband. A service bar is worn just below the sleeve rank pin, denoting how many years of service the officer has devoted to Starfleet in five-year and ten-year increments.
The second movie-era uniform consists of a burgundy ("blood") single-breasted jacket with a black stripe along a sealing mechanism (admirals also had smaller gold stripes below, the number depending on rank), with a colored strip, used to close the tunic, over the right shoulder designating division, attached to which is a rank pin. All uniforms include the arrowhead insignia from TOS, now adopted as the Starfleet emblem, on the left chest. Characters also wear a black belt with a buckle shaped like the Starfleet arrowhead.
In these films, insignia representing departments are not worn; it is instead indicated by the color of the shoulder strap, arm band, and undershirt.[2]The colors include white, gold, gray, dark green, light green, dark blue, light blue and red. All officer uniforms have a division colored stripe on the outside of the legs on the trousers or skirt that matches the shoulder strap and service bar, except for command branch, whose leg stripes are red, rather than white. Instead of the foot coverings built into the legs of the trousers, the footgear used with this uniform design consisted of black boots whose uppers had heights of eight or ten inches. This costume was nicknamed "The Monster Maroon" uniform[citation needed] because of the difficulty fans often encountered duplicating it.
The Starfleet insignia as seen in the second through seventh Star Trek films
An alternate "bomber" jacket was worn by Kirk and Scott, as well as Admiral Morrow (Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, Star Trek V: The Final Frontier). In later years Scotty would often remove the jacket all together, simply wearing a black vest, with numerous pockets useful for an engineer, with his undershirt. Scotty's undershirt itself was inconsistent - wearing a white shirt (consistent with his rank of Captain) with the vest or bomber, but a gold one (used by Engineering crew) with his formal duty tunic.
Security and engineering personnel wear armor and radiation suits, respectively, similar to those worn in The Motion Picture, although security guards wear a red, turtle-necked uniform underneath (Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country). The engineering radiation suits have a colored collar (Star Trek II): black indicates officer, red indicates cadet. There is also a field jacket for away missions with several large pockets, arm patches, white ribbing and a large white turnover collar. Starfleet cadets in The Wrath of Khan wear the same uniforms as officers, but with bright red undershirts and a red shoulder strap instead of one indicating department.
Enlisted personnel wear a one-piece red jumpsuit (similar color to the officer uniform) with tan shoulders and upper chest and black undershirts. Enlisted trainees wore the same uniform, substituting a red undershirt for the black one. (Star Trek II).
Uniforms similar to this style are shown in the "Next Generation" television series, although without the turtle-neck or belt (TNG: "Yesterday's Enterprise", "Dark Page", "Family, "Violations").
The Next Generation[edit]
Star Trek: The Next Generation[edit]
The Starfleet officers and crewmembers seen in The Next Generation wear a jumpsuit with a Starfleet communicator badge (or 'combadge' as it was sometimes called) on the left chest and rank insignia on the right side of the collar. The black areas are seen on the shoulders and the pants and the uniforms's sleeves and abdominal area are colored to indicate the individual's branch, with red indicating command and helm; gold for engineering, security, and operations; and blue for science and medical (TNG: "Encounter at Farpoint"). The division colors for command and operations switched from those used in Enterprise and TOS. In early episodes, some crew members can be seen wearing a tunic version of the uniform with bare legs and boots, a homage to the women's uniforms in TOS.
Beverly Crusher often wears a blue laboratory coat over her standard uniform, beginning in TNG: "The Naked Now." The lab coat was primarily developed to hide the pregnancy of Gates McFadden. The blue tended to appear teal under certain lighting conditions in the later seasons and subsequent spinoffs. In some episodes of the later seasons, Jean-Luc Picard would sometimes wear a different uniform that consisted of a gray shirt with ribbed black shoulders and collar with a "bomber jacket" that was red overall with black ribbed shoulders, often worn open or very loosely fastened. The uniforms could be fitted with pouches for carrying tricorders and Type 2 phasers on the waist, and the early versions had a small pocket built in on the left side of the waist for carrying a smaller Type 1 phaser when appearing openly armed was not desired. The removable gear pouches were also incorporated into the uniforms used in DS9 and the TNG-era films from First Contact onward.
We hated our space suits. There were no pockets in them. As much as they call it a stretch fabric, spandex in that configuration doesn't give all that much. It hid nothing.
LeVar Burton, on the first two seasons' uniforms[9]
In the show's early seasons, the uniforms were one-piece jumpsuits made of Spandex, and sized slightly too small so that they would be stretched when worn and provide a smooth appearance. But the cast members hated the uniforms's painfully tight fit and lack of pockets,[9] and after Patrick Stewart's chiropractor warned that they risked permanent injury, the actors persuaded the costumers to gradually replace them with wool uniforms.[10] The wool uniforms, which most main cast members wear from the third season onward, are two-piece (shirt and pants) designs that lack colored piping on the shoulders and edges of the pant leg cuffs and have a raised collar. The collar of the shirt has a colored edge of a width similar to that of the original diamond-shaped shoulder piping. The spandex uniforms continued to make appearances throughout TNG, usually worn by extras in various scenes. These were later altered to lack the piping on the shoulders and trouser hems and include a raised collar as a cost-cutting measure.
Admirals wore numerous different uniform variations in the early years of TNG - beginning in the sixth season, a final design was settled on, featuring an untucked jacket with gold piping along a centered enclosure on the front, and rank pips (indicating the number of "stars"), encased in a gold square, on both sides of the collar.
The TNG dress uniform, which continued to be used in Deep Space Nine and Voyager, is a colored wraparound robe-like coat of a solid division color, save for black shoulders. The edges of the robe-like coats are piped in silver for field officers and in gold for flag officers.
Other uniform designs appeared briefly in individual episodes - always following the theme of a colored or differentiated shoulder yoke. Examples include cadet uniforms in several episodes (including "The First Duty"). Wesley Crusher's 'Acting Ensign' gray costume was never specifically identified as a uniform, but it also exhibited a shoulder yoke design.
Theiss, the costume designer from the original series, returned to design the initial TNG uniforms; they marked his last contribution to Star Trek wardrobe before he died. The costumes adopted from season 3 onwards and later series' costumes were designed by Robert Blackman.
TNG, DS9, Voyager captain insignia
During all the shows set in the 24th century, a consistent insignia scheme is used for officers: a series of gold pips, either a solid color or an outline, worn on each officer's right collar. After the first season of Star Trek: The Next Generation, a consistent scheme is also used for admiral insignia: a series of gold circles inside a black rectangle with a gold border worn on both collars.[2]
For the first season of TNG, admirals wear a different insignia, consisting of a triangle or stripe resembling gold weave along the right collar; one or two gold pips are sometimes underneath the weave. Three variants are visible in "Conspiracy": Admiral Quinn's insignia has no pips, Admiral Savar's has one, and Admiral Aaron's has two.
A Starfleet insignia is worn on the left breast: this also functions as a communicator badge. This combadge insignia was redesigned for the movie Star Trek Generations (the only surviving part of a planned redesign of the uniforms), replacing the oval with a trapezoid with a cutout oval in the center.[11] This new combadge is also used in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine from season three onward, and in Star Trek: Voyager.
Cadet ranks are rarely ever seen, with the exception of the various visits from Wesley Crusher to the Enterprise in TNG. As it appears in those instances, it can be surmised that the insignia of a Cadet consists of 1, 2, 3, or 4 copper and black bars, similar to those of a modern Lieutenant in the United States Army. It can also be surmised that if a cadet has 1 bar, he has 1 year at the academy. 2 for 2 years, and so on.
Enlisted ranks are seen even less; their insignia are unclear.
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine[edit]
Deep Space Nine introduced a new style of uniform that appeared to run in parallel to the one seen on TNG. The new uniform comprised a single-piece open-necked jumpsuit with the colored and black areas of the TNG uniform reversed (black torso and colored shoulders) and the science division is now blue-green. A grayish-indigo mock turtleneck undershirt was added, to which rank pips are affixed. The characters of Major Kira and Odo did not wear Starfleet uniforms, as they were part of the Bajoran forces. Throughout the run of DS9, ship-based Starfleet personnel continue to wear the older uniform design. Sisko also wore the TNG uniform on certain formal occasions, during his first arrival at DS9 (in the series pilot episode, "Emissary"), and when he was temporarily given the duties of "Head of Security" for Starfleet Headquarters on Earth (in the Season 4 episode, "Paradise Lost"). Admirals also retained the TNG style. A uniform similar to that appearing in the DS9 series can be seen in the TNG Season 3 episode "Allegiance", worn by the alien masquerading as a Starfleet cadet.
Following the release of Star Trek: First Contact, the new gray movie uniform design also appeared in DS9's fifth season and for the remainder of the series.
Star Trek: Generations[edit]
New uniforms were designed and made for the movie Star Trek Generations, but were abandoned at the last minute. These included a fastening on the right side of the chest and a slightly more militaristic approach with rank bandings on the sleeves and a colored collar. The costumes for the female crew-members were different - instead of the additional fastening, there was a higher than previously seen black band around the waist. Nonetheless, Playmates released a number of action figures wearing these planned uniforms. Generations instead has the crew wearing both TNG and DS9/VOY uniforms, sometimes in the same scene (for instance, Worf and Riker in the battle against the Duras Sisters' Bird of Prey or Data and Geordi scanning the Amargosa Observatory for trilithium) as Jonathan Frakes and Levar Burton had to borrow Avery Brooks and Colm Meaney's costumes respectively since the time was so short.[12]
As the movie progresses, some characters alternate between the two different designs. This would act as an introduction of the new design as standard shipboard wear for Star Trek: Voyager.
The new style combadge (with the previous gold oval background replaced by a rectangular gold background with a cutout in the center) was also introduced for all uniform types. This combadge was subsequently adopted for DS9 (at the beginning of its third season) and Star Trek: Voyager.
Star Trek: Voyager[edit]
The crew in Star Trek: Voyager use the same uniforms seen in the early episodes of Deep Space Nine throughout the show's run. Stuck in the Delta Quadrant and out of contact with Starfleet, unlike the TNG crew and the DS9 crew, the Voyager crew never makes the switch to the updated uniform seen in later DS9 episodes and the rest of the TNG films, although in the episode "Message in a Bottle" in season 4 of the series the EMH mark II is wearing the updated "DS9"/movie gray TNG uniform. Starfleet personnel back in the Alpha Quadrant are seen wearing this uniform in later seasons of the show as well, when Voyager manages to reestablish contact with home. The crew also wears the TNG-style dress uniforms (VOY: "Course: Oblivion", "Someone to Watch Over Me", "One Small Step", "Ashes to Ashes").[10]
B'Elanna Torres is sometimes seen wearing an overcoat over her normal uniform which matches the colors of her normal uniform, but has a pocket on the right breast for carrying small tools. The jacket was used in an attempt to hide actress Roxann Dawson's pregnancy. She wore it again when her character became pregnant, beginning in the episode "Q2".
Voyager provisional Captain insignia
Voyager used the new-style combadge and introduced 'provisional' rank insignia which consisted of a solid strip with varying markings to signify rank instead of the traditional pips. Provisional ranks were worn by the Maquis members of Voyager's crew, as they were ineligible to wear official Starfleet ranks. All ranks up to Captain appeared on screen; The Star Trek Encyclopedia showed them all to be analogous to the normal rank system.[2]
The crew aboard the USS Equinox also wear the same uniforms seen in the early episodes of Deep Space Nine (VOY: "Equinox (Parts I and II)").
The 29th-century officers in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Relativity" wear chevron-like collar insignia.
In "Living Witness",[13][14] the crew was shown to be wearing black undershirts with a high collar (turtleneck style), no combadges or rank insignia, while some were wearing black gloves including Captain Kathryn Janeway. This was in the context of historical records that wrongly asserted that Voyager’s crew had acted in a malign manner, until corrected by The Doctor who was brought back to life 700 years in the future after a “relic” (containing a backup copy of his program) was discovered among wreckage and his program was recovered.[14]
Movies from Star Trek: First Contact on and later DS9 seasons[edit]
Star Trek: First Contact introduces a new uniform style later adopted in DS9 (DS9: "Rapture"). This uniform features a colored turtleneck undertunic (with the same departmental color scheme as in earlier shows) covered by a black jacket with colored bands on the lower sleeves near the cuffs showing the wearer's division, the shoulders and upper chest of which are ribbed and made of thick, violet-gray material. Like the last two uniforms, the communicator badge is worn on the jacket, while rank pins are worn on the undertunic's collar. The pants are black. Star Trek: Insurrection also introduced a new dress uniform, consisting of a white jacket and black pants both with gold trim, a gray ribbed tunic (white tunic for flag officers and captains), and rank insignia on the collar of the tunic with the combadge worn in the customary location on the jacket. Unlike the previous uniform, it was the same color regardless of the wearer's division, save for colored bands on the lower sleeves like the standard uniform. It also appeared in the DS9 episode "Inter Arma Enim Silent Leges". Captains also had the option of a more casual uniform vest of the same basic design, though the violet-gray extended much lower.
Ancillary uniform[edit]
Starfleet personnel fighting in ground battles appear in the DS9 episodes "...Nor the Battle to the Strong" and "The Siege of AR-558". They wear one-piece black uniforms with divisional stripes across the chest.
Alternative timelines[edit]
In the TNG episode "All Good Things...", an alternate timeline showed a uniform with the full color shirt (including shoulders). The same colors were used and the rank insignia would be shown above the right breast over a black line which cut off the shoulder area. These uniforms would also make an appearance in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "The Visitor" and the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Endgame". These episodes also included a new combadge design where the starfleet arrow was just an outline. This badge was also worn by Geordi La Forge in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Timeless" but on the gray shoulder uniform used in the last three TNG movies and later DS9.[15]
The Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Parallels" used an alternate combadge design where rank was denoted by the number of bars behind the arrowhead.
Variations in uniforms and insignia are occasionally used as plot devices in the various series. In the episode "Future Imperfect", the insignia are slightly altered so as to convince a character that 16 years have passed. In the episode, "Parallels", variations in uniforms and insignia suggest a meeting of characters from different parallel universes.
Prequel era[edit]
Star Trek: Enterprise[edit]
Sailors of the Year for the year 2001 in Enterprise uniforms with members of the cast. Photo courtesy of US Navy
In Enterprise, field officers and crewmembers wear duty uniforms consisting of a dark long-sleeved undershirt and blue jumpsuit with colored piping around the shoulders and, occasionally, baseball caps. There is also a desert uniform with khaki pants and white shirt. Both uniforms have a United Earth Starfleet patch (featuring the stylized arrowhead emblem) on the right upper arm, and a patch left upper arm denoting the ship one is serving on. Enterprise, set before all other incarnations, did not include characters who hold the ranks of lieutenant commander or lieutenant, junior grade. The highest-ranking admiral seen wears two sets of three-pip insignia.
Division colors follow the original TOS scheme, with command and flight control officers wearing gold piping, engineering, communications, and security officers wearing red piping, and medical and science officers (including linguists) wearing blue piping. Throughout the series, men and women wear the same type of uniform. Unlike the other series' uniforms, standard uniforms on Enterprise include zip-up pockets, and the undershirt is buttoned at the neck - while Gene Roddenberry had explicitly forbidden such devices as buttons and zippers on Starfleet uniforms, believing they would be obsolete in the future, designer Bob Blackman consciously used them as a way of dating the series, implying that closures Roddenberry envisioned had not been invented yet. Blackman described the jumpsuits as "more like a NASA flight suit" than the previous Starfleet costumes,[16] and actors from other Star Trek shows envied the Enterprise actors' much more comfortable and conventional outfits.[17][18]
On certain occasions, Enterprise characters wear dress uniforms similar to the blue jumpsuit, decorated with the same pattern of colored piping, but lacking the zip-up pockets and combined with a white long-sleeved undershirt and, sometimes depending on rank, a white tie.
Rank insignia on duty uniforms are worn on right side of shoulders only, but rank insignia on dress uniforms are worn on both sides.
Also, there are two different kinds of field jackets worn on away missions. They have zippered pockets and the same colored pipings as the jumpsuits, as well as cold weather gear, pressure suits, spacesuits, an EV undersuit, and a royal blue undergarment with slight differences on male and female garments.
During the series, T'Pol is almost never seen wearing the standard uniform although she is a commissioned officer in Starfleet, and often considered to be the first officer. The only times she wears the uniform is in the episode "Twilight" (featuring an alternate timeline) and briefly (as a disguise) in "Hatchery".
Star Trek: Discovery[edit]
In 2017's Star Trek: Discovery, set ten years prior to Star Trek: The Original Series, the uniform underwent another redesign. Like its Enterprise predecessor, a blue uniform was worn, with a shirt-trouser combination with a single collar on the left side. Repeating patterns of tiny delta insignias ran down the sides of the uniforms, its colours denoting the wearer's division. The classic red, blue, yellow combination was eschewed in favour of gold, silver and copper for command, sciences and operations respectively. Ranks were embedded onto the Starfleet Delta, along with gold shoulder stripes for captains and shoulder stripes plus gold shoulder markings for admirals, and following the same standard as Star Trek: The Next Generation style rank insignias.[19]
Alternate reality[edit]
Star Trek (2009 film)[edit]
The 2009 Star Trek film features uniforms reminiscent of the original television series but with some cosmetic changes. The badge (already the logo of the full Starfleet instead of specific to the Enterprise) is now a pin rather than sewn on, and is also silver instead of gold. The tops are now in two layers: a wide-collared colored over-shirt (gold, blue, or red just as in the original series) with a quilted pattern and a colored hem-line from the neck to the armpit, and a black undershirt, visually imitating the black collar of the original TOS design. The over-shirt has the division delta badge shape printed onto the fabric providing a textured appearance. As in the original series, female officers wear skirts, some with short sleeves (seen on Lt. Uhura), others with long sleeves (as seen on some of the background extras). In an unexplained change from previous series, many female crew members wear nail polish (Uhura wears black polish, while many extras wear red). Also, a number of females onboard can be seen wearing the long sleeve top and pants uniform similar to those worn in "The Cage". Unlike other Trek, this uniform is worn only aboard starships - other personnel wear black one-piece uniforms of a much more "military" appearance. Dress uniforms are red, and admirals use a design similar to that in The Motion Picture, stated by designer Michael Kaplan in the book Star Trek: The Art of the Film to be a deliberate homage.
Star Trek Into Darkness (2013 film)[edit]
The uniforms in the second J. J. Abrams Star Trek film are developed further. The formal uniform for Starfleet officers on the ground is shown to be a mid-gray in color and a similar style to the red uniforms worn by the Academy cadets in the first film. A more informal uniform jumpsuit is worn at various points by several characters (including Kirk and Scotty). These jumpsuits have high collars and are made of a dark gray fabric, with triangles of transparent plastic at the collarbones which show the color of the officer's regular uniform shirt beneath. The personnel on the USS Vengeance wear a different uniform from the norm, consisting of black trousers and undershirt, with either a blue chest section on the shirt itself or a blue waistcoat-like garment worn over the shirt.
Other publications[edit]
Some licensed Star Trek publications present some insignia that contradict the ones shown on screen or in other publications. For example, the second and third editions of The Star Trek Encyclopedia offer differing insignia for various Starfleet ranks.[20] Additionally, some Star Trek publications, including officially licensed ones, posit additional ranks that are not seen or mentioned in live-action productions.
See also[edit]
United States Navy officer rank insignia
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Man Trap"
Jump up ^ "The Cage" and "Where No Man Has Gone Before"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2245-2265 Divisions". St-spike.org. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Okuda, Michael; Okuda, Denise (1999). The Star Trek Encyclopedia: A Reference Guide to the Future (Updated and expanded ed.). New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-03475-8.
Jump up ^ Gurian, Gerald (May 4, 2008). "Bill Theiss Lost Interview". Startrekpropauthority.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
Jump up ^ Gurian, Gerald (May 17, 2008). "Special Photostudy Star Trek TOS Command Tunic". Startrekpropauthority.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
Jump up ^ Gurian, Gerald (March 8, 2009). "Star Trek Exhibition In Detroit - Original Series Captain Kirk Uniform". Startrekpropauthority.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Nichelle Nichols - Communications expert Uhuru from Star Trek's Original series". BBC. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
Jump up ^ Reeves-Stevens, Judith; Reeves-Stevens, Garfield (1997). Star Trek, Phase II: The Lost Series. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 9780671568399.
Jump up ^ Sackett, Susan (1980). The Making of Star Trek. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-671-79109-4.
^ Jump up to: a b "Star Trek: TNG: An Oral History". Entertainment Weekly. September 25, 2007. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
^ Jump up to: a b "BBC Two - Star Trek". Bbc.co.uk. 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
Jump up ^ "New Movie Costumes Planned". Star Trek Monthly. Titan Magazines. June 1996. p. 7.
Jump up ^ Jose, Maria; Tenuto, John (December 23, 2013). "Collecting Trek: Toys, Cards & More Depicting Deleted Scenes". Star Trek.com. Retrieved 2013-12-25.
Jump up ^ Star Trek Voyager - The Complete Fourth Season (DVD). Paramount. 28 September 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b Braga, Brannon; Menosky, Joe; Berman, Rick (April 28, 1998). "Living Witness". Star Trek: Voyager. Season 4. Episode 23. UPN.
Jump up ^ "Star Trek Timeless". Startrek.com. November 18, 1998. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Bob Blackman on uniforms in Enterprise". BBC. Retrieved 2006-12-31.
Jump up ^ "Garret Wang - Voyager's ever-dependable Ensign Harry Kim". BBC. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Jonathan Frakes - The Next Generation's Number One, Will Riker, and Trek director". BBC. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
Jump up ^ Harvey, Aaron (2017-06-22). "A Close-Up Look At ‘Star Trek: Discovery’ Uniforms [INFOGRAPHIC]". TrekMovie.com. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ Michael Okuda; Denise Okuda; Debbie Mirek (May 17, 2011). The Star Trek Encyclopedia. Pocket Books/Star Trek. ISBN 978-1-4516-4688-7. Retrieved 2013-05-06. Images accessible at "Rank Comparison". Spike's Star Trek Page Rank Chart. Retrieved 2006-12-26.
External links[edit]
Starfleet uniform at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
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