text:
Civil service commission
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A civil service commission is a government agency that is constituted by legislature to regulate the employment and working conditions of civil servants, oversee hiring and promotions, and promote the values of the public service. Its role is roughly analogous to that of the human resources department in corporations. Civil service commissions are often independent from elected politicians-
In Fiji for example, the PSC reviews government statutory powers to ensure efficiency and effectiveness in meeting public sector management objectives. It also acts as the human relations department, or central personnel authority, for the citizens interaction with the government.
The origin of the Public Service Commission in many jurisdictions was the White Paper Colonial 197 issued in 1950, which set out measures which were proposed to improve the quality and efficiency of the Colonial Service of the British Administration. The setting up of Public Service Commission was proposed in its paragraph 21(xi) which mentioned that:[1]
“ Public Service Commissions should be established in the Colonies. Subject to the general overriding powers of the Secretary of State, the selection and appointment of candidates in the Colonies to posts in the local service will lie with the Governor of the Colony. It is desirable that the Governor should be advised in these matters by a Public Service Commission appointed by him and so composed as to command the confidence of the Service and the public; ”
and that:
“ such Commissions should be established in the Colonies to advise the Governor on the selection and appointment of candidates to posts in the local service, and should be so composed as to command the confidence of the Service and the public. ”
List[edit]
Australian Public Service Commission[2]
Bangladesh Public Service Commission[3]
Brunei Public Service Commission[4]
Burma Union Civil Service Board[5]
Public Service Commission of Canada[6]
Examination Yuan of the Republic of China [7]
Fiji Public Service Commission[8]
Hong Kong Public Service Commission[9]
Kenya Public Service Commission[10]
India:
Union Public Service Commission
Karnataka Public Service Commission[11]
Bihar Public Service Commission[12]
Kerala Public Service Commission
Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission[13]
Ireland: Office of the Civil Service and Local Appointments Commissioners abolished 2004; succeeded by:
Commission for Public Service Appointments
Public Appointments Service
Malaysia Public Service Commission (Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Awam)[14]
Mauritius Public Service Commission[15]
Public Service Commission
Nigeria:
Federal Civil Service Commission
Rivers State Civil Service Commission
Pakistan: Federal Public Service Commission
Civil Service Commission of the Philippines[16]
Samoa Public Service Commission[17]
Sri Lanka Public Service Commission[18]
South Africa Public Service Commission[19]
Singapore Public Service Commission
United Kingdom Civil Service Commissioners[20]
United States
United States Civil Service Commission (defunct)
Office of Personnel Management (current)
Zimbabwe Public Service Commission
See also[edit]
Category:National civil service commissions - articles of national civil service commissions
Public Utilities Commission (some government utilities regulation agencies are called Public Service Commissions)
Public Service Commission, Nepal ;constitutional body (according to Constitution of Nepal, Article,242)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.psc.gov.hk/english/ann_rep/files/10rep.pdf
Jump up ^ Australian Public Service Commission Official website
Jump up ^ Bangladesh Public Service Commission Official website
Jump up ^ Brunei Public Service Commission Official website
Jump up ^ http://www.ucsb.gov.mm
Jump up ^ Public Service Commission of Canada Official website
Jump up ^ Official website
Jump up ^ Fiji Public Service Commission Official website
Jump up ^ Hong Kong Public Service Commission Official website
Jump up ^ Kenya Public Service Commission Official website
Jump up ^ Karnataka Public Service Commission Official website
Jump up ^ Bihar Public Service Commission Official website
Jump up ^ Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission Official website
Jump up ^ Malaysia Public Service Commission Official website
Jump up ^ Mauritius Public Service Commission Official website
Jump up ^ Civil Service Commission of the Philippines Official website
Jump up ^ Samoa Public Service Commission Official website
Jump up ^ Sri Lanka Public Service Commission Official website
Jump up ^ South Africa Public Service Commission Official website
Jump up ^ United Kingdom Civil Service Commissioners Official website
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Production–possibility frontier
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A production–possibility frontier (PPF) or production possibility curve (PPC) is the possible tradeoff of producing combinations of goods with constant technology and resources per unit time. One good can only be produced by diverting resources from other goods, and so by producing less of them. This tradeoff is usually considered for an economy, but also applies to each individual, household, and economic organization.
Graphically bounding the production set for fixed input quantities, the PPF curve shows the maximum possible production level of one commodity for any given production level of the other, given the existing state of technology. By doing so, it defines productive efficiency in the context of that production set: a point on the frontier indicates efficient use of the available inputs (such as points B, D and C in the graph), a point beneath the curve (such as A) indicates inefficiency, and a point beyond the curve (such as X) indicates impossibility.
The PSU represented by the point on the PPF where an efficient economy operates (which is obtained by tangency with the highest individual or social indifference curve, not shown in the graph) presents the priorities or choices of the modeled agent, such as the choice of having more butter produced and fewer guns, or vice versa.
An example PPF with illustrative points marked
PPFs are normally drawn as bulging upwards or outwards from the origin ("concave" when viewed from the origin), but they can be represented as bulging downward (inwards) or linear (straight), depending on a number of assumptions. A PPF illustrates several economic concepts, such as scarcity of resources (the fundamental economic problem that all societies face), opportunity cost (or marginal rate of transformation), productive efficiency, allocative efficiency, and economies of scale.
An outward shift of the PPF results from growth of the availability of inputs, such as physical capital or labour, or from technological progress in knowledge of how to transform inputs into outputs. Such a shift reflects, for instance, economic growth of an economy already operating at its full productivity (on the PPF), which means that more of both outputs can now be produced during the specified period of time without sacrificing the output of either good. Conversely, the PPF will shift inward if the labor force shrinks, the supply of raw materials is depleted, or a natural disaster decreases the stock of physical capital.
However, most economic contractions reflect not that less can be produced but that the economy has started operating below the frontier, as typically, both labor and physical capital are underemployed, remaining therefore idle.
Contents
[hide]
1 Indicators
1.1 Efficiency
1.2 Opportunity cost
1.3 Marginal rate of transformation
2 Shape
3 Position
4 Other applications
5 Notes
6 References
Indicators[edit]
Efficiency[edit]
See also: Productive efficiency and Pareto efficiency
A PPF (production possibility frontier) typically takes the form of the curve illustrated above. An economy that is operating on the PPF is said to be efficient, meaning that it would be impossible to produce more of one good without decreasing production of the other good. In contrast, if the economy is operating below the curve, it is said to be operating inefficiently because it could reallocate resources in order to produce more of both goods or some resources such as labor or capital are sitting idle and could be fully employed to produce more of both goods.
For example, if one assumes that the economy's available quantities of factors of production do not change over time and that technological progress does not occur, if the economy is operating on the PPF, production of guns would need to be sacrificed to produce more butter.[1] If production is efficient, the economy can choose between combinations (points) on the PPF: B if guns are of interest, C if more butter is needed, D if an equal mix of butter and guns is required.[1]
In the PPF, all points on the curve are points of maximum productive efficiency (no more output of any good can be achieved from the given inputs without sacrificing output of some good); all points inside the frontier (such as A) can be produced but are productively inefficient; all points outside the curve (such as X) cannot be produced with the given, existing resources.[2] Not all points on the curve are Pareto efficient, however; only in the case where the marginal rate of transformation is equal to all consumers' marginal rate of substitution and hence equal to the ratio of prices will it be impossible to find any trade that will make no consumer worse off.[3]
Any point that lies either on the production possibilities curve or to the left of it is said to be an attainable point: it can be produced with currently available resources. Points that lie to the right of the production possibilities curve are said to be unattainable because they cannot be produced using currently available resources. Points that lie strictly to the left of the curve are said to be inefficient, because existing resources would allow for production of more of at least one good without sacrificing the production of any other good. An efficient point is one that lies on the production possibilities curve. At any such point, more of one good can be produced only by producing less of the other. [4]
Such a two-good world is a theoretical simplification because of the difficulty of graphical analysis of multiple goods. If we are interested in one good, a composite score of the other goods can be generated using different techniques.[5][6] Furthermore, the production model can be generalised using higher-dimensional techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and others.[7]
Opportunity cost[edit]
Increasing butter from A to B carries little opportunity cost, but for C to D the cost is great.
Main article: Opportunity cost
From a starting point on the frontier, if there is no increase in productive resources, increasing production of a first good entails decreasing production of a second, because resources must be transferred to the first and away from the second. Points along the curve describe the tradeoff between the goods. The sacrifice in the production of the second good is called the opportunity cost (because increasing production of the first good entails losing the opportunity to produce some amount of the second). Opportunity cost is measured in the number of units of the second good forgone for one or more units of the first good.[1]
In the context of a PPF, opportunity cost is directly related to the shape of the curve (see below). If the shape of the PPF curve is a straight-line, the opportunity cost is constant as production of different goods is changing. But, opportunity cost usually will vary depending on the start and end points. In the diagram on the right, producing 10 more packets of butter, at a low level of butter production, costs the loss of 5 guns (shown as a movement from A to B). At point C, the economy is already close to its maximum potential butter output. To produce 10 more packets of butter, 50 guns must be sacrificed (as with a movement from C to D). The ratio of gains to losses is determined by the marginal rate of transformation.
Marginal rate of transformation[edit]
Marginal rate of transformation increases when the transition is made from AA to BB.
The slope of the production–possibility frontier (PPF) at any given point is called the marginal rate of transformation (MRT). The slope defines the rate at which production of one good can be redirected (by reallocation of productive resources) into production of the other. It is also called the (marginal) "opportunity cost" of a commodity, that is, it is the opportunity cost of X in terms of Y at the margin. It measures how much of good Y is given up for one more unit of good X or vice versa. The shape of a PPF is commonly drawn as concave to the origin to represent increasing opportunity cost with increased output of a good. Thus, MRT increases in absolute size as one moves from the top left of the PPF to the bottom right of the PPF.[8]
The marginal rate of transformation can be expressed in terms of either commodity. The marginal opportunity costs of guns in terms of butter is simply the reciprocal of the marginal opportunity cost of butter in terms of guns. If, for example, the (absolute) slope at point BB in the diagram is equal to 2, to produce one more packet of butter, the production of 2 guns must be sacrificed. If at AA, the marginal opportunity cost of butter in terms of guns is equal to 0.25, the sacrifice of one gun could produce four packets of butter, and the opportunity cost of guns in terms of butter is 4.
Shape[edit]
The production-possibility frontier can be constructed from the contract curve in an Edgeworth production box diagram of factor intensity.[9] The example used above (which demonstrates increasing opportunity costs, with a curve concave to the origin) is the most common form of PPF.[10] It represents a disparity, in the factor intensities and technologies of the two production sectors. That is, as an economy specializes more and more into one product (such as moving from point B to point D), the opportunity cost of producing that product increases, because we are using more and more resources that are less efficient in producing it. With increasing production of butter, workers from the gun industry will move to it. At first, the least qualified (or most general) gun workers will be transferred into making more butter, and moving these workers has little impact on the opportunity cost of increasing butter production: the loss in gun production will be small. However, the cost of producing successive units of butter will increase as resources that are more and more specialized in gun production are moved into the butter industry.[11]
If opportunity costs are constant, a straight-line (linear) PPF is produced.[12] This case reflects a situation where resources are not specialised and can be substituted for each other with no added cost.[11] Products requiring similar resources (bread and pastry, for instance) will have an almost straight PPF and so almost constant opportunity costs.[11] More specifically, with constant returns to scale, there are two opportunities for a linear PPF: if there was only one factor of production to consider or if the factor intensity ratios in the two sectors were constant at all points on the production-possibilities curve. With varying returns to scale, however, it may not be entirely linear in either case.[13]
With economies of scale, the PPF would curve inward, with the opportunity cost of one good falling as more of it is produced. Specialization in producing successive units of a good determines its opportunity cost (say from mass production methods or specialization of labor).[14]
A common PPF: increasing opportunity cost
A straight line PPF: constant opportunity cost
An inverted PPF: decreasing opportunity cost
Position[edit]
An unbiased expansion in a PPF
The two main determinants of the position of the PPF at any given time are the state of technology and management expertise (which are reflected in the available production functions) and the available quantities of factors of production (materials, direct labor, and factory overhead).
Only points on or within a PPF are actually possible to achieve in the short run. In the long run, if technology improves or if the supply of factors of production increases, the economy's capacity to produce both goods increases; if this potential is realized, economic growth occurs. That increase is shown by a shift of the production-possibility frontier to the right. Conversely, a natural, military or ecological disaster might move the PPF to the left in response to a reduction in an economy's productive capability.[1] Thus all points on or within the curve are part of the production set: combinations of goods that the economy could potentially produce.
If the two production goods depicted are capital investment (to increase future production possibilities) and current consumption goods, the higher the investment this year, the more the PPF would shift out in following years.[15] Shifts of the curve can represent how technological progress that favors production possibilities of one good, say guns, more than the other shifts the PPF outwards more along the favored good's axis, "biasing" production possibilities in that direction. Similarly, if one good makes more use of say capital and if capital grows faster than other factors, growth possibilities might be biased in favor of the capital-intensive good.[16][17]
Other applications[edit]
In microeconomics, the PPF shows the options open to an individual, household, or firm in a two-good world. By definition, each point on the curve is productively efficient, but, given the nature of market demand, some points will be more profitable than others. Equilibrium for a firm will be the combination of outputs on the PPF that is most profitable.[18]
From a macroeconomic perspective, the PPF illustrates the production possibilities available to a nation or economy during a given period of time for broad categories of output. It is traditionally used to show the movement between committing all funds to consumption on the y-axis versus investment on the x-axis. However, an economy may achieve productive efficiency without necessarily being allocatively efficient. Market failure (such as imperfect competition or externalities) and some institutions of social decision-making (such as government and tradition) may lead to the wrong combination of goods being produced (hence the wrong mix of resources being allocated between producing the two goods) compared to what consumers would prefer, given what is feasible on the PPF.[19]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lipsey, Richard G. An introduction to positive economics (fourth ed.). Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 57–8. ISBN 0-297-76899-9.
Jump up ^ Standish, Barry. Economics: Principles and Practice. South Africa: Pearson Education. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-1-86891-069-4.
Jump up ^ Varian, Hal (2006). Intermediate Microeconomics (7th ed.). W. W. Norton. pp. 605–606.
Jump up ^ other, Attainable. Principles of Microeconomics. Canada: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-07-040144-0.
Jump up ^ Samuelson, Paul A. (1947). Foundations of Economic Analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-31300-3.
Jump up ^ Chacholiades, Miltiades (1986). Microeconomics. New York: Macmillan. p. 97. ISBN 0-02-320560-1.
Jump up ^ Ferguson, C. E. (1972). Microeconomic Theory (3rd ed.). Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc. pp. 458–465. ISBN 0-256-02157-0.
Jump up ^ Pindyck, Robert S.; Rubinfeld, Daniel L. (2005). Microeconomics. Pearson Education. ISBN 0-13-713335-9.
Jump up ^ Stolper, Wolfgang F.; Samuelson, Paul A. (1941). "Protection and Real Wages". Review of Economics Studies. The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1. 9 (1): 58–74. doi:10.2307/2967638. JSTOR 2967638.
Jump up ^ Barthwal, R. R. (2007). Industrial Economics: An Introductory Text Book. p. 31.
^ Jump up to: a b c Anderson, David. Cracking the AP Economics Macro Micro Exam. Princeton Review. pp. 37–8. ISBN 978-0-375-76384-7.
Jump up ^ Hall, Robert Ernest; Lieberman, Marc (2008). Macroeconomics: principles and applications. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. p. 466. ISBN 0-324-42146-X.
Jump up ^ Choi, Eun Kwan; Harrigan, James (2003). Handbook of international trade. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. pp. 192–3. ISBN 0-631-21161-6.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Murray C.; Herberg, Horst; Long, Ngo van (1993). Trade, welfare, and economic policies: essays in honor of Murray C. Kemp. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-472-10364-4.
Jump up ^ Samuelson, Paul A., and William D. Nordhaus (2004). Economics. Ch. 1, "Figure 1-5. Investment for Future Consumption Requires Sacrificing Current Consumption."
Jump up ^ Krugman, Paul R. (2004). International economics: theory and policy (sixth ed.). 清华大学出版社. pp. 100–1. ISBN 978-7-302-07889-0.
Jump up ^ Gillespie, Andrew (2007). Foundations of Economics, "The production possibility frontier (curve): the PPF or PPC" (press +). Oxford University Press. Access date 6 January 2010 .
Jump up ^ Coelli, Time; Prasada Rao, D. S.; Battese, George E. (1998). An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis. Springer. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-0-7923-8062-7.
Jump up ^ Farrell, M. J. (1957). "The Measurement of Productive Efficiency". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General), Vol. 120, No. 3. 120 (3): 253–290. JSTOR 2343100.
References[edit]
Economics portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to production possibility frontiers.
Nicholson, Walter (2005). Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. Thomson/South-western. pp. 339–345. ISBN 0-324-27086-0.
Samuelson, Paul A. (1967). "Summary on Factor-Price Equalization". International Economic Review. International Economic Review, Vol. 8, No. 3. 8 (3): 286–295. doi:10.2307/2525536. JSTOR 2525536.
Samuelson, Paul A. (1962). "The Gains from International Trade Once Again". Economic Journal. The Economic Journal, Vol. 72, No. 288. 72 (288): 820–829. doi:10.2307/2228353. JSTOR 2228353.
Samuelson, Paul A. (1971). "Ohlin Was Right". Swedish Journal of Economics. 73 (4): 365–384. doi:10.2307/3439219. JSTOR 3439219.
Samuelson, Paul A. (1947, Enlarged ed. 1983). Foundations of Economic Analysis. Ch. VIII for welfare-theoretical mathematical expression of PPF.
Bator, Francis M. (1957). "The Simple Analytics of Welfare Maximization". American Economic Review. 47 (1): pp. 22–59.
Martin, John P. (1976). "Variable Factor Supplies and the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson Model". Economic Journal. The Economic Journal, Vol. 86, No. 344. 86 (344): 820–83. doi:10.2307/2231455. JSTOR 2231455.
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Post–World War II economic expansion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In the United States and several other countries, the boom was manifested in suburban development and urban sprawl, aided by automobile ownership.
The post–World War II economic expansion, also known as the postwar economic boom, the long boom, and the Golden Age of Capitalism, was a period of strong economic growth beginning after World War II and ending with the 1973–75 recession.[1] The United States, Western Europe and East Asian countries in particular experienced unusually high and sustained growth, together with full employment. Contrary to early predictions, this high growth also included many countries that had been devastated by the war, such as Japan (Japanese post-war economic miracle), West Germany (Wirtschaftswunder), France (Trente Glorieuses), Italy (Italian economic miracle), and Greece (Greek economic miracle).
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 Timeline
3 Global economic climate
4 Causes
4.1 Productivity
4.1.1 New products and services
4.2 Keynesian economics
4.2.1 Infrastructure spending
4.2.2 Military spending
4.3 Financial repression
4.4 Deregulation
4.5 Low oil prices
4.6 International cooperation
4.6.1 Institutional arrangements
4.6.1.1 US Council of Economic Advisers
5 Specific countries
5.1 United States
5.2 Canada
5.3 United Kingdom
5.4 Belgium
5.5 West Germany
5.6 France
5.7 Italy
5.8 Japan
5.9 Soviet Union
5.10 Sweden
6 Effects
7 Decline
8 See also
9 Notes and references
10 Further reading
Terminology[edit]
In academic literature, the period is frequently referred to as the post–World War II economic boom, though this term can refer to much shorter booms in particular markets. It is also known as the Long Boom, though this term is generic and can refer to other periods. The golden age of Capitalism is a common name for this period in both academic and economics books.
The term is also used in other contexts. In older sources and occasionally in contemporary ones, Golden age of Capitalism can refer to the period of the Second Industrial Revolution from approximately 1870 to 1914, which also saw rapid economic expansion. Yet another name for the quarter century following the end of World War II is the Age of Marx, though the Soviet Union's economic statistics were not reliable during this period.[2][3]
Timeline[edit]
Economist Roger Middleton states that economic historians generally agree on 1950 as the start date for the golden age,[4] while Robert Skidelsky states 1951 is the most recognized start date.[5] Both Skidelsky and Middleton have 1973 as the generally recognized end date, though sometimes the golden age is considered to have ended as early as 1970.
This long term business cycle ended with a number of events in the early 1970s:
the collapse of the Bretton Woods monetary system in 1971
the growing international trade in manufactured goods, such as automobiles and electronics
the 1973 oil crisis,
the 1973–1974 stock market crash,
the ensuing 1973–75 recession, and
May Day 1975 the deregulation of fixed fees for trading stocks and market based commissions
While this is the global period, specific countries experienced business expansions for different periods; in Taiwan, the Taiwan Miracle lasted into the late 1990s, for instance, while in France the period is referred to as Trente Glorieuses (30 glorious [years]) and is considered to extend for the 30-year period from 1945 to 1975.
Global economic climate[edit]
In the United States, unemployment fluctuated during the 1950s, but dropped steadily during the 1960s.
Real income in the United States by percentile, normalized to 2007 costs. All social classes grew wealthier during the 1950s and 1960s, but the lower percentiles have only seen marginal improvement since then.
OECD members enjoyed real GDP growth averaging over 4% per year in the 1950s, and nearly 5% per year in the 1960s, compared with 3% in the 1970s and 2% in the 1980s.[6]
Metric
Golden Age
Washington Consensus
Average global growth 4.8% 3.2%
Unemployment (US) 4.8% 6.1%
Unemployment (France) 1.2% 9.5%
Unemployment (Germany) 3.1% 7.5%
Unemployment (Great Britain) 1.6% 7.4%
Globally, the golden age was a time of unusual financial stability, with crises far less frequent and intense than before or after. Martin Wolf reports that between 1945–71 (27 years) the world saw only 38 financial crises, whereas from 1973–97 (24 years) there were 139.[7]
Causes[edit]
Productivity[edit]
See also: Agricultural productivity
High productivity growth from before the war continued after the war and until the early 1970s. Manufacturing was aided by automation technologies such as feedback controllers, which appeared in the late 1930s were a fast-growing area of investment following the war. Wholesale and retail trade benefited from new highway systems, distribution warehouses, and material handling equipment such as forklifts and intermodal containers.[8][9] Oil displaced coal in many applications, particularly in locomotives and ships.[10] In agriculture, the post WW II period saw the widespread introduction of the following:
Chemical fertilizers
Tractors
Combine harvesters
High-yielding variety
Pesticides
New products and services[edit]
Industries that were created or expanded during the post war period included television, commercial aviation and particularly in the US, computer technology.
Keynesian economics[edit]
Keynesian economists argue that the post war expansion was caused by adoption of Keynesian economic policies. Naomi Klein has argued the high growth enjoyed by Europe and America was the result of Keynesian economic policies and in the case of rapidly rising prosperity that this post war period saw in parts of South America, by the influence of developmentalist economics led by Raúl Prebisch.[11]
Infrastructure spending[edit]
Many Western governments funded large infrastructure projects during this period. Here the redevelopment of Norrmalm and the Stockholm Metro, Sweden.
One of Eisenhower's enduring achievements was championing and signing the bill that authorized the Interstate Highway System in 1956.[12] He justified the project through the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 as essential to American security during the Cold War. It was believed that large cities would be targets in a possible war, hence the highways were designed to facilitate their evacuation and ease military maneuvers.
Military spending[edit]
Another explanation for this period is the theory of the permanent war economy, which suggests that the large spending on the military helped stabilize the global economy.
Financial repression[edit]
This period also saw financial repression—low nominal interest rates and low or negative real interest rates (nominal rates lower than inflation plus taxation), via government policy—resulting respectively in debt servicing costs being low (low nominal rates) and in liquidation of existing debt (via inflation and taxation).[13] This allowed countries (such as the US and UK) to both deal with their existing government debt level and reduce the level of debt without needing to direct a high portion of government spending to debt service.
Deregulation[edit]
Historical federal marginal tax rates for income for the lowest and highest income earners in the US.[14]
When World War II ended, Congress lowered taxes and ended economic controls that were enacted prior to and during the Second World War. Some argue that these policies made the economy grow faster in 1946 and 1947 than government experts had expected and stabilized U.S. unemployment at 3.9%.[15]
Low oil prices[edit]
The real oil price was low during the post-war decades, with this ending in the 1973 oil crisis.
In the 1940s, the price of oil was about $17, rising to just over $20 during the Korean War (1951–1953). During the Vietnam War (1950s – 1970s) the price of oil slowly declined to under $20. During the Arab oil embargo of 1973—the first oil shock—the price of oil rapidly rose to double in price.
International cooperation[edit]
Poster for the Marshall Plan.
See also: Aftermath of World War II
Among the causes can be mentioned the rapid normalization of political relations between former Axis powers and the western Allies. After the war, the major powers were determined not to repeat the mistakes of the Great Depression, some of which were ascribed to post–World War I policy errors. The Marshall Plan for the rebuilding of Europe is most credited for reconciliation, though the immediate post-war situations was more complicated. In 1948 the Marshall Plan pumped over $12 billion to rebuild and modernize Western Europe. The European Coal and Steel Community formed the foundation of what was to become the European Union in later years.
Institutional arrangements[edit]
Institutional economists point to the international institutions established in the post-war period. Structurally, the victorious Allies established the United Nations and the Bretton Woods monetary system, international institutions designed to promote stability. This was achieved through a number of policies, including promoting free trade, instituting the Marshall Plan, and the use of Keynesian economics.
US Council of Economic Advisers[edit]
In the United States, the Employment Act of 1946 set the goals of achieving full employment, full production, and stable prices. It also created the Council of Economic Advisers to provide objective economic analysis and advice on the development and implementation of a wide range of domestic and international economic policy issues. In its first 7 years the CEA made five technical advances in policy making:[16]
The replacement of a "cyclical model" of the economy by a "growth model,"
The setting of quantitative targets for the economy,
Use of the theories of fiscal drag and full-employment budget,
Recognition of the need for greater flexibility in taxation, and
Replacement of the notion of unemployment as a structural problem by a realization of low aggregate demand.
Specific countries[edit]
The economies of the United States, Japan, Germany, France, and Italy did particularly well. The United Kingdom experienced the greatest absolute prosperity in its history. In France, this period is often looked back to with nostalgia as the Trente Glorieuses, or "Glorious Thirty", while the economies of West Germany and Austria were characterized by Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle), and in Italy it is called Miracolo economico (economic miracle). Most developing countries also did well in this period.
United States[edit]
Main article: Economic history of the United States § Postwar prosperity: 1945–1973
See also: Economic stagnation § End of stagnation in the U.S. after the Great Depression
The period from the end of World War II to the early-1970s was one of the greatest eras of economic expansion in world history. In the United States, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased from $228,000,000,000 in 1945 to just under $1,700,000,000,000 in 1975. By 1975, the US economy represented some 35% of the entire world industrial output, and the US economy was over 3 times larger than that of Japan; the next largest economy.[17]
$200,000,000,000 in war bonds matured, and the G.I. Bill financed a well-educated workforce. The middle-class swelled, as did GDP and productivity. The US underwent it's own golden age of economic growth. This growth was distributed fairly evenly across the economic classes, which some attribute to the strength of labor unions in this period—labor union membership peaked during the 1950s. Much of the growth came from the movement of low-income farm workers into better-paying jobs in the towns and cities—a process largely completed by 1960.[18]
Canada[edit]
Allied war bonds matured during these years, transferring cash from governments to private households.
United Kingdom[edit]
The national debt of the United Kingdom was at a record high percentage of the GDP as the war ended, but was largely repaid by 1975.
A 1957 speech by UK Prime Minister Harold Macmillan[19] captures what the golden age felt like, even before the brightest years which were to come in the 1960s.
"Let us be frank about it: most of our people have never had it so good. Go round the country, go to the industrial towns, go to the farms and you will see a state of prosperity such as we have never had in my lifetime – nor indeed in the history of this country."
Unemployment figures[20] show that unemployment was significantly lower during the Golden Age than before or after:
Epoch
Date range
Percentage of British labour force unemployed.
Pre Golden Age 1921–1938 13.4
Golden Age 1950–1969 1.6
Post Golden Age 1970–1993 6.7
In addition to superior economic performance, other social indexes were higher in the golden age; for example the proportion of Britain's population saying they are "very happy" has fallen from 52% in 1957 to just 36% in 2005.[21][22]
Belgium[edit]
Main article: Belgian economic miracle
Belgium experienced a brief but very rapid economic recovery in the aftermath of World War II. The comparatively light damage sustained by Belgium's heavy industry during the German occupation and the Europe-wide need for the country's traditional exports (steel and coal, textiles, and railway infrastructure) meant that Belgium became the first European country to regain its pre-war level of output in 1947. Economic growth in the period was accompanied by low inflation and sharp increases in real living standards.
However, lack of capital investment meant that Belgium's heavy industry was ill-equipped to compete with other European industries in the 1950s. This contributed to the start of deindustrialisation in Wallonia and the emergence of regional economic disparities.
West Germany[edit]
Main article: Wirtschaftswunder
Assembly of the Volkswagen Beetle in West Germany.
West Germany, under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and economic minister Ludwig Ehrhard, saw prolonged economic growth beginning in the early 1950s. Journalists dubbed it the Wirtschaftswunder or "Economic Miracle".[23] Industrial production doubled from 1950 to 1957, and gross national product grew at a rate of 9 or 10% per year, providing the engine for economic growth of all of Western Europe. Labor union's support of the new policies, postponed wage increases, minimized strikes, supported technological modernization, and a policy of co-determination (Mitbestimmung), which involved a satisfactory grievance resolution system and required the representation of workers on the boards of large corporations,[24] all contributed to such a prolonged economic growth. The recovery was accelerated by the currency reform of June 1948, US gifts of $1.4 billion Marshall Plan aid, the breaking down of old trade barriers and traditional practices, and the opening of the global market.[25] West Germany gained legitimacy and respect, as it shed the horrible reputation Germany had gained under the Nazis. West Germany played a central role in the creation of European cooperation; it joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community in 1958.
France[edit]
Main article: Trente Glorieuses
Between 1947 and 1973, France went through a boom period (5% growth per year on average) dubbed by Jean Fourastié Trente Glorieuses - the title of a book published in 1979. The economic growth occurred mainly due to productivity gains and to an increase in the number of working hours. Indeed, the working population grew very slowly, the "baby boom" being offset by the extension of the time dedicated to study. Productivity gains came from catching up with the United States. In 1950, the average income in France was 55% of that of an American; it reached 80% in 1973. Among the "major" nations, only Japan had faster growth in this era than France.[26]
The extended period of transformation and modernization also involved an increasing internationalization of the French economy. France by the 1980s had become a leading world economic power and the world's fourth-largest exporter of manufactured products. It became Europe's largest agricultural producer and exporter, accounting for more than 10 percent of world trade in such goods by the 1980s. The service sector grew rapidly and became the largest sector, generating a large foreign-trade surplus, chiefly from the earnings from tourism.[27]
Italy[edit]
Main article: Italian economic miracle
The Italian economy experienced very variable growth. In the 1950s and early 1960s the Italian economy boomed, with record high growth-rates, including 6.4% in 1959, 5.8% in 1960, 6.8% in 1961, and 6.1% in 1962. This rapid and sustained growth was due to the ambitions of several[quantify] Italian businesspeople, the opening of new industries (helped by the discovery of hydrocarbons, made for iron and steel, in the Po valley), re-construction and the modernisation of most Italian cities, such as Milan, Rome and Turin, and the aid given to the country after World War II (notably through the Marshall Plan).[28][page needed][29][need quotation to verify]
Japan[edit]
Main article: Japanese economic miracle
A transistor radio made by Sanyo in 1959. Japan manufactured much of the world's consumer electronics during this period.
After 1950 Japan's economy recovered from the war damage and began to boom, with the fastest growth rates in the world.[30] Given a boost by the Korean War, in which it acted as a major supplier to the UN force, Japan's economy embarked on a prolonged period of extremely rapid growth, led by the manufacturing sectors. Japan emerged as a significant power in many economic spheres, including steel working, car manufacturing and the manufacturing of electronics. Japan rapidly caught up with the West in foreign trade, GNP, and general quality of life. The high economic growth and political tranquility of the mid to late 1960s were slowed by the quadrupling of oil prices in 1973. Almost completely dependent on imports for petroleum, Japan experienced its first recession since World War II. Another serious problem was Japan's growing trade surplus, which reached record heights. The United States pressured Japan to remedy the imbalance, demanding that Tokyo raise the value of the yen and open its markets further to facilitate more imports from the United States.[31]
Soviet Union[edit]
In the 1950s the Soviet Union, having reconstructed the ruins left by the war, experienced a decade of prosperous, undisturbed, and rapid economic growth, with significant technological achievements most notably the first earth satellite. The nation ranked in the top 15 most prosperous countries. However, the growth slowed and ended by 1960, as the Khrushchev regime poured resources into large military and space projects, and the civilian sector languished. While every other major nation greatly expanded its service sector, that sector in the Soviet Union (medicine, for example) was given low priority.[32] Following Khrushchev's ouster, and the appointment of a collective leadership led by Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin, the economy was revitalised.[33] The economy continued to grow apace during the mid-to-late 1960s, during the Eighth Five-Year Plan.[34] However, economic growth began to falter during the early to mid-1970s,[33] beginning an Era of Stagnation.
Sweden[edit]
Further information: History of Sweden (1945–1967)
Sweden emerged almost unharmed from World War II, and experienced tremendous economic growth until the early 1970s, as Social Democratic Prime Minister Tage Erlander held his office from 1946 to 1969. Sweden used to be a country of emigrants until the 1930s, but the demand for labor spurred immigration to Sweden, especially from Finland and countries like Greece, Italy and Yugoslavia. Urbanization was fast, and housing shortage in urban areas was imminent until the Million Programme was launched in the 1960s.
Effects[edit]
The increased free time of adolescents caused the rise of youth subcultures such as Mods.
The post-war economic boom had many social, cultural, and political effects (not least of which was the demographic bulge termed the baby boom). Movements and phenomena associated with this period include the height of the Cold War, postmodernism, decolonisation, a marked increase in consumerism, the welfare state, the space race, the Non-Aligned Movement, import substitution, counterculture of the 1960s, opposition to the Vietnam War, the Civil Rights Movement, the sexual revolution, the beginning of second-wave feminism, and a nuclear arms race. In the United States, the middle-class began a mass migration away from the cities and towards the suburbs. Thus, it can be summed up as a period of prosperity in which most people could enjoy a job for life, a house and a family.
In the West, there emerged a near-complete consensus against strong ideology and a belief that technocratic and scientific solutions could be found to most of humanity's problems, a view advanced by US President John F. Kennedy in 1962. This optimism was symbolized through such events as the 1964 New York World's Fair, and Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs, which aimed at eliminating poverty in the United States.
Decline[edit]
The sharp rise in oil prices (due to the 1973 oil crisis) hastened the transition to the post-industrial economy, and a multitude of social problems began to emerge. During the 1970s steel crisis, demand for steel declined, and the Western world faced competition from newly industrialized countries. This was especially harsh for mining and steel districts such as the North American Rust Belt and the West German Ruhr area.
See also[edit]
Post-war consensus
Four Asian Tigers
Mexican miracle
Spanish miracle
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ http://m.oxfordscholarship.com/mobile/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198287414.001.0001/acprof-9780198287414
Jump up ^ Desai, Meghnad (2002). Marx's Revenge: The Resurgence of Capitalism and the Death of Statist Socialism,. Verso. p. 216. ISBN 1-85984-429-4.
Jump up ^ Ball, Terence; Bellamy, Richard Paul (2002). The Cambridge history of twentieth-century political thought. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 1-85984-429-4.
Jump up ^ Middleton, Roger (2000). The British Economy Since 1945. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 3. ISBN 0-333-68483-4.
Jump up ^ Skidelsky, Robert (2009). Keynes: The Return of the Master. Allen Lane. pp. 116, 126. ISBN 978-1-84614-258-1.
Jump up ^ Marglin, Stephen A.; Schor, Juliet B. The Golden Age of Capitalism. Clarendon Press. p. 1. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
Jump up ^ Wolf, Martin (2009). "3". Fixing Global Finance. Yale University Press. p. 31.
Jump up ^ Field, Alexander J. (2011). A Great Leap Forward: 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth. New Haven, London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15109-1.
Jump up ^ Bjork, Gordon J. (1999). The Way It Worked and Why It Won’t: Structural Change and the Slowdown of U.S. Economic Growth. Westport, CT; London: Praeger. pp. 2, 67. ISBN 0-275-96532-5.
Jump up ^ Grübler, Arnulf (1990). The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures: Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in Transport (PDF). Heidelberg and New York: Physica-Verlag. p. 87<Fig. 3.1.5>
Jump up ^ Klein, Naomi (2008). The Shock Doctrine. Penguin. p. 55.
Jump up ^ "The cracks are showing". The Economist. June 26, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2008.
Jump up ^ The Liquidation of Government Debt, Reinhart, Carmen M. & Sbrancia, M. Belen
Jump up ^ "U.S. Federal Individual Income Tax Rates History, 1913–2011". Tax Foundation. 9 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Folsom, Burton W. and Anita, FDR Goes to War: How Expanded Executive Power, Spiraling National Debt, and Restricted Civil Liberties Shaped Wartime America, Simon and Schuster, 2011, ISBN 9781439183229, S. 311
Jump up ^ Salant, Walter S. "Some Intellectual Contributions of the Truman Council of Economic Advisers to Policy-Making," History of Political Economy, 1973, Vol. 5 Issue 1, pp 36–49
Jump up ^ Countries GDP 1975: GDP annual comparison, CountryEconomy.com
Jump up ^ French, Michael. US Economic History Since 1945 (1997)
Jump up ^ "1957: Britons 'have never had it so good'". BBC. 1957-07-20. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
Jump up ^ Sloman, John (2004). Economics. Penguin. p. 811.
Jump up ^ Mark Easton (2006-05-02). "Britain's happiness in decline". BBC. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
Jump up ^ Nigel Healey, ed., Britain's Economic Miracle: Myth or Reality? (1992) excerpt
Jump up ^ Jurgen Weber, Germany, 1945-1990 (Central European University Press, 2004) pp. 37-60
Jump up ^ Friedrich Fürstenberg, "West German Experience with Industrial Democracy," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 431, (May, 1977), pp. 44–53 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Detlef Junker, ed., The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945-1968 (Cambridge University Press, 2004) vol 1:291-309
Jump up ^ P. Sicsic, and C. Wyplosz. "France: 1945-92." in Economic Growth in Europe since 1945, edited by N. Crafts and G. Toniolo. (Cambridge University Press, 1996)
Jump up ^ Andrea Boltho, "Economic Policy in France and Italy since the War: Different Stances, Different Outcomes?," Journal of Economic Issues 35#3 (2001) pp 713+ online
Jump up ^ Vera Zamagni, Vera, The economic history of Italy 1860-1990 (Oxford University Press, 1993)
Jump up ^ Giangiacomo Nardozzi, "The Italian" Economic Miracle". Rivista di storia economica (2003) 19$2 pp: 139-180, in English.
Jump up ^ James L. McClain, Japan: A Modern History (2002) pp 562-98
Jump up ^ Hans Brinckmann, and Ysbrand Rogge. Showa Japan: The Post-War Golden Age and Its Troubled Legacy (2008)
Jump up ^ Gur Ofer, The service sector in Soviet economic growth (1973) p. 21 online
^ Jump up to: a b Sandle, Mark; Bacon, Edwin (2002). Brezhnev Reconsidered. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-333-79463-0.
Jump up ^ Brown, Archie (2009). The Rise & Fall of Communism. Bodley Head. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-84595-067-5.
Further reading[edit]
Brinckmann, Hans, and Ysbrand Rogge. Showa Japan: The Post-War Golden Age and Its Troubled Legacy (2008)
Bullock, Paul and Yaffe, David [1975] Inflation, the Crisis and the Post-War Boom RC 3/4 November 1975, RCG
Crafts, N. and G. Toniolo, eds. Economic Growth in Europe since 1945 (Cambridge University Press, 1996)
Cairncross, Frances; Cairncross, Alec (1994), The Legacy of the Golden Age: 1960s and Their Economic Consequences, Routledge
Marglin, Stephen A.; Schor, Juliet B. (1992), The Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-828741-4
Webber, Michael John; Rigby, David L. (1996), The golden age illusion: rethinking postwar capitalism
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H1Z1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the battle royale game formerly known as H1Z1: King of the Kill. For the original game known as H1Z1, see Just Survive.
H1Z1
Developer(s)
Daybreak Game Company
Publisher(s)
Daybreak Game Company
Producer(s)
Chris Wynn
Composer(s)
Cris Velasco
Engine
ForgeLight
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Release
Microsoft Windows
February 28, 2018
PlayStation 4
May 22, 2018
Xbox One
TBA
Genre(s)
Battle royale
Mode(s)
Multiplayer
H1Z1 is a free-to-play battle royale game developed and published by Daybreak Game Company. The game's development began after the original H1Z1 was spun off into two separate projects in early 2016: H1Z1: Just Survive and H1Z1: King of the Kill.[1][2] The games were further split as separate projects in October 2017, with Just Survive dropping the H1Z1 name, and King of the Kill becoming simply H1Z1.[3]
After three years of being in early access for Microsoft Windows, it officially released as a free-to-play game in February 2018.[4] H1Z1 was also released for the PlayStation 4 in May 2018, and will be released for the Xbox One at a later date.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Gameplay
3 References
4 External links
Development[edit]
The game was originally released on Steam as an early access title on January 15, 2015.[5] At release, the game suffered from severe technical issues. Players reported that they could not login to their account or enter any active server. Framerate issues, lack of voice chat and AI problems were also reported.[6] A new bug, which made all servers go offline, was also introduced to the game after the developer released a patch to fix other problems.[7] Despite the unstable launch, John Smedley, CEO of Daybreak Game Company, announced that the game had sold over a million copies by March 2015.[8]
In February 2016, it was announced by Daybreak that the game originally known as H1Z1 had been split into two separate projects with their own dedicated development teams, subtitled Just Survive and King of the Kill.[9] Later that year, it was announced that development of the console versions were paused in order to focus on the Windows version of the game, which was given an official release date of September 20, 2016.[10] However, a week prior release, the game's executive producer stated that due to many features remaining unfinished by then, the game would remain in early access until further notice. As a compromise, the game received a large update on September 20, including many of the features intended for the official release.[11]
A televised tournament for the game, titled H1Z1: Fight for the Crown, aired in April 2017 on The CW.[12] In October 2017, it was announced that the game would be dropping its King of the Kill subtitle, becoming known as simply H1Z1.[13] An invitational tournament was held during TwitchCon at the Long Beach Convention Center the same month.[14] Additionally in October 2017, the H1Z1 ProLeague was announced, which is a partnership between Daybreak Games and Twin Galaxies with a "player-first" approach to create a sustainable, professional eSports league for the "one versus all" battle royale genre. League play will begin in Q2 2018.[15]
The game was fully released out of early access on February 28, 2018.[16] The launch included updates to scoring, combat, weapons, gameplay, UI a new gamemode, Auto Royale.[17][18] The update also officially launched Season 1, introducing a new updated scoring system that rewards players who get kills and place well in matches consistently.[19] A week after release, it was announced that the game would be going back to free-to-play.[20] It was released for the PlayStation 4 on May 22, 2018, gaining over 1.5 million players within a few days.[21][22]
Gameplay[edit]
H1Z1 is a battle royale game in which up to 150 players compete against each other in a last man standing deathmatch. Players can choose to play solo, in a duo, or in groups of five, with the goal of being the final person or final team remaining.[23]
Players start each match by parachuting in from a random location above the map. Once they land, they must search for a way to defend themselves. This can take the form of anything from grabbing a weapon and actively hunting other players, to hiding while other players kill one another. Vehicles are placed throughout the world, allowing players to chase down opponents or make a quick getaway. Players can scavenge a variety of supplies from their surroundings, including weapons, equipment, and first aid kits. The game also features a crafting system that allows players to create makeshift tools, such as deconstructing scavenged items into functional bandages or body armor.
As the game progresses, a toxic gas cloud compresses the map, dealing damage to players who remain in it. This effectively makes the playable portion of the map smaller, so that players are eventually forced to confront one another in close quarters. The gas spreads in timed increments, dealing a greater degree of damage in the later stages of the match.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie. "H1Z1 Coming to PS4 and Xbox One This Summer, PC Version Getting Split Into Two Games". GameSpot. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hall, Charlie. "H1Z1 is splitting into two games, headed to consoles". Polygon. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Livingston, Christopher (October 14, 2017). "H1Z1: King of the Kill is now called just H1Z1". PC Gamer. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Livingston, Christopher. "H1Z1 becomes a free-to-play game today". PC Gamer. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Brian Albert (December 8, 2014). "H1Z1 early access date revealed". IGN. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Handrahan, Matthew (January 19, 2015). "Sony's H1Z1 plagued by technical issues at launch". Gameindustry.biz. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Crossley, Rob (January 21, 2015). "Server Woes Worsen Following H1Z1's Disaster Launch". GameSpot. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Crossley, Rob (March 24, 2015). "Zombie MMO H1Z1 Hits 1m Sales". GameSpot. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News: H1Z1 is Evolving". H1Z1.com. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie. "H1Z1 PS4/Xbox One Versions "Paused," as PC Edition Gets Release Date". GameSpot. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "September 20 Game Update". h1z1.com. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hall, Charlie (February 22, 2017). "H1Z1 tournament to air on The CW in prime-time". Polygon. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Look, New Name, All H1Z1". h1z1.com. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Full TwitchCon Invitational Standings". H1Z1. October 24, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "H1Z1 Pro League – H1Z1 Professional Video Game Esports Tournament 2018". www.h1pl.com. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hall, Charlie. "H1Z1 is leaving Steam Early Access right now, adding a new cars-only mode". Polygon. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Game Update: Auto Royale, Season One, Match Rewards & More!". H1Z1. February 27, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Livingston, Christopher. "H1Z1 becomes a free-to-play game today". PC Gamer. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Welcome To Season One!". H1Z1. February 28, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Livingston, Christopher. "H1Z1 becomes a free-to-play game today". PC Gamer. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley. "Battle royale game H1Z1 hits PS4 in May". Eurogamer. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Arif, Shabana. "H1Z1 Sees Over 1.5 Million Players With PS4 Open Beta". IGN. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Home | H1Z1 | Massively Multiplayer Arena Shooter". H1Z1. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
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https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1Z1
H1Z1 – Breton
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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1Z1
H1Z1 – Spanish
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es
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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1Z1
H1Z1 – French
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fr
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https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1Z1
H1Z1 – Polish
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https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1Z1
H1Z1 – Portuguese
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https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1z1
H1z1 – Serbian
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https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1Z1
H1Z1 – Finnish
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H1Z1 – Chinese
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