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Pizza cheese
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Pizza cheese encompasses several varieties and types of cheeses and dairy products that are designed and manufactured for use specifically on pizza. These include processed and modified cheese such as mozzarella-like processed cheeses and mozzarella variants. The term can also refer to any type of cheese suitable for use on pizza.[1] The most popular cheeses used in the preparation of pizza are mozzarella (accounting for about 30%), provolone, cheddar and Parmesan. Emmental, Romano and ricotta are often used as toppings, and processed pizza cheeses manufactured specifically for pizza are mass-produced.[2] Some mass-produced pizza cheeses are frozen after manufacturing and shipped frozen.
Processed pizza cheese is manufactured to produce optimal qualities in browning, melting, stretchiness and fat and moisture content. Several studies and experiments have analyzed the impact of vegetable oil, manufacturing and culture processes,[3] denatured whey proteins[4][5] and other changes to create ideal and economical pizza cheeses.[6] In 1997, it was estimated that annual production of pizza cheese products was 2 billion pounds in the United States and 200 million pounds in Europe, and in 2000 demand for the product in Europe was increasing by 8% per year. The trend of steadily-increasing production and consumption of mozzarella and pizza cheese continued into the first decade of the 21st century in the United States.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Varieties and types
1.1 Processed pizza cheeses
2 Research and development
3 Production and business
4 Use by region
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Varieties and types[edit]
A wrapped frozen pizza
The International Dictionary of Food and Cooking defines pizza cheese as "a soft spun-curd cheese similar to Mozzarella made from cow's milk..." that is "...used particularly for pizzas and contains somewhat less water than real Mozzarella..."[8] Most are at least 95 percent Mozzarella,[9] with different moisture and fat densities.[1][10] Cheese for frozen pizzas may be comminuted, in which the cheese is processed into minute granules or fragments.[11] Low-moisture Mozzarella can be formulated specifically for pizza.[12][13] Cheese may be processed into blocks, from which the product can be grated, made into granules or sliced for use on pizza[14][15] or other foods. Pizza cheese frequently consists of a blend of two or more cheeses, such as low-moisture Mozzarella or Provolone.[1] Low-moisture Mozzarella was first manufactured in dairy factories in the Midwestern United States, and was originally called "pizza cheese".[16] Compared to standard Mozzarella, low-moisture Mozzarella has a firmer texture, is easier to grate, has better browning and melting characteristics, and is less perishable.[16]
Globally, Mozzarella is the most popular pizza cheese.[17] However, it has been estimated that in the United States only 30% of all pizza cheese used is actual Mozzarella.[18] Provolone is the second most popular one.[1] Cheddar may be mixed with Mozzarella to preserve chewiness.[1] Grated Parmesan may be added to the top of a pizza, and typically does not melt well when cooked.[1] A diverse variety of processed pizza cheeses are produced, including analogue cheese. Provel is one example. Other pizza cheeses include Emmental, Romano[19] and Ricotta for calzones or as a topping.[20][21]
Several cheeses may be mixed together in its formulation, and each has individual browning and blistering characteristics.[17] For example, a combination of Mozzarella and Cheddar may blister less when cooked compared to other combinations, because cheddar has less elasticity, while Mozzarella and provolone may brown less compared to other combinations.[17]
Processed pizza cheeses[edit]
Provel pizza cheese in a five-pound block. This product is commonly used in the preparation of St. Louis-style pizza.
A Swedish processed pizza cheese mix prepared with milk and vegetable fat, with a total fat content of 26%
Pasteurized and processed cheese-like products for pizza that are quicker and cheaper to produce than real cheese[22] and designed to melt well and remain chewy are used on many mass-produced pizzas in North America and the United Kingdom.[23][24] These products are referred to as analogue (or analog) pizza cheese;[25] in the UK the term "cheese analogue" is used, making clear that it is not actually cheese. In the book Technology of Cheesemaking, editors Law and Tamimethat state that analogue pizza cheese appears to be the leading type of cheese analogue produced globally.[26] Each year in the United States, 700 million frozen pizzas are sold, three-quarters of which contain cheese substitutes.[27]
Analogue pizza cheeses may be formulated for processing with less sophisticated cheese-making equipment than is required for Mozzarella cheese, such as using simple mixing and molding.[28] They tend to have a soft texture and once melted, may have a slightly "stringy" quality when pulled or bitten into. They may lack in a fusion, or melting together of the shredded product when cooked, in which the cheese gels together.[26] New stabilizer systems have been developed that have helped to enable the creation of analogue pizza cheeses.[29]
An example of a processed pizza cheese is Provel, which uses Cheddar, Swiss, and Provolone cheeses as flavorants.[30] Some analogue types are made with casein, a by-product of milk, and vegetable oil, rather than milk fat.[31] Casein-based Mozzarella-like imitation processed cheeses prepared using rennet are also used as a Mozzarella substitute on frozen pizzas.[26]
In some instances, the production of analogue pizza cheese can be similar to the production of cream cheese, although production may be different and homogenization may be avoided.[31] In some varieties, the product is heated to remain at a specific temperature and for a specific amount of time, which causes the proteins in the mix to gelatinize.[31] During this process, salts in the mix serve to emulsify it and thus improve the meltability of the final product.[31] The heated product is then placed in packaging such as bags-in-boxes while still hot, as it is more easily handled in this state compared to when in a solid state.[31] During packaging, these types of pizza cheeses are then quick-cooled to avoid browning of the product, which can occur vis-a-vis the Maillard reaction.[31]
Research and development[edit]
A cheese pizza
Manufacturers and academics have conducted studies and experiments in an effort to improve the stretchiness, melting characteristics, browning, fat content and water retention of pizza cheese.[32] Several patents exist for specialized varieties of pizza cheese and for its processing.[33][34][35] A study by Rudan and Barbano found that the addition of a thin layer of vegetable oil atop low- and reduced-fat pizza cheese increased meltability and reduced browning and dehydration when the product was cooked, but the texture remained overly chewy and tough.[26] A study by Perry et al. found various methods to heighten the melt of low-fat pizza cheese by increasing its moisture, including the use of pre-acidification, fat-replacers, and exopolysaccharide starter cultures as well as higher pasteurization temperatures.[26]
Manufacturers aim for a moisture content of 50-to-52 percent and a fat-in-dry-matter content of 35-to-40 percent.[4] A study published in the International Journal of Food & Science Technology found that a 12.5:87.5 blend of vetch milk and bovine milk improved stretchiness and melting characteristics.[36] Vetch is a legume that has seeds which are similar to lentils.[37] An experiment published in the International Journal of Dairy Technology suggested that the level of galactose, a monosaccharide sugar that is less sweet than glucose and fructose, can be reduced using different culture techniques.[38] An article in the International Journal of Food Engineering found that trisodium citrate, a food additive used to preserve and add flavor to foods, slightly improved the preferred qualities of pizza cheese.[39] Research published in Dairy Industries International suggested that denatured whey proteins increased moisture retention, but that the improvements were very slight and not economically worthwhile relative to the minor improvements.[4]
Some consumers prefer pizza cheese with less browning, which can be achieved using low-moisture part-skim Mozzarella with a low galactose content.[38][nb 1] Some varieties derived from skim mozzarella variants were designed not to require aging or the use of fermentation starter.[10] Others can be produced through the direct acidification of milk, which may be used in place of bacterial fermentation.[10][40]
Production and business[edit]
In the United States, the production and consumption of Mozzarella and pizza cheese steadily increased in the mid-20th century, and this trend has continued into the first decade of the 21st century.[7] In the U.S., several hundred million pounds of pizza cheese is consumed annually.[18] In 1997, it was estimated that annual production of the product was 1 million tons (2 billion pounds) in the United States and 100,000 tonnes (98,000 long tons; 110,000 short tons, 220,460,000 pounds) in Europe.[41] It has been estimated that 30% of all pizza cheese used in the United States is Mozzarella cheese.[18] As of 2000, demand for the product was growing in Europe by 8 percent per year.[9]
Mass-produced pizza cheese is used by the foodservice industry, quick service restaurants,[2] and other industries and businesses. The world's largest manufacturer of pizza cheese, Leprino Foods Company, processes 600,000 tonnes (590,000 long tons; 660,000 short tons, 1,322,760,000 pounds) a year.[9] Leprino Foods holds patents for some specialized Mozzarella production processes that enable the quick manufacture of the product.[42] One such product is a frozen shredded cheese used for pizza that is created in a few hours from milk.[43] Other U.S. companies also mass-produce pizza cheese, which is shipped in a frozen state.[44][45] As of 2000, Glanbia is the largest producer of pizza cheese in Europe.[46] Some retail and commercially mass-produced frozen pizzas have cheese stuffed into the pizza crust.[47][48][49]
Use by region[edit]
Significant amounts of pizza cheese are used in Europe,[41][46] Australia, New Zealand[41] and the United States. Whole milk mozzarella is popular in pizzas in the East and Southwest regions of the U.S., while one survey showed that Provolone was more popular on the east and west coast.[1] Cheddar may be used more in the Eastern and Southern regions of the U.S.[1] Provel cheese is typically used in the preparation of St. Louis-style pizza in the U.S.[50]
See also[edit]
Food portal
Technology portal
Food processing
List of cheeses
Pasta filata – a technique to produce a stretched curd cheese suitable for pizza.
Pizza in the United States
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Galactose is a type of sugar found in dairy products and other foods that is less sweet than glucose. Sugar in foods can lead to caramelization when they are cooked, which increases their browning.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Correll, John. "Chapter 9 – Pizza Cheese". Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Burke-Kennedy, Eoin (September 4, 2014). "Irish Dairy Board Buys Spanish Pizza Cheese Maker Luxtor". The Irish Times. Retrieved February 12, 2016 – via Highbeam.
Jump up ^ "DuPont Nutrition & Health Hurdles the Process Challenges for Pizza Cheese". Danisco.com (Press release). DuPont Nutrition & Health. April 3, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Whey proteins and pizza cheese". Vol. 66 Issue 9. Dairy Industries International. September 2001. p. 16. Retrieved September 28, 2012. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Effect of incorporation of denatured whey proteins on chemical composition and functionality of pizza cheese". Australian Journal of Dairy Technology. 2001. ISSN 0004-9433. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Guinee, Timothy P. (May 2000). "The compositional and functional properties of commercial mozzarella, cheddar and analogue pizza cheeses". International Journal of Dairy Technology. 53: 51–56. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0307.2000.tb02658.x.
^ Jump up to: a b Kindstedt, P. (2012). Cheese and Culture: A History of Cheese and its Place in Western Civilization. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-60358-412-8.
Jump up ^ Sinclair, Charles G. (1998). International Dictionary of Food and Cooking. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 417. ISBN 1579580572. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Firms unite to drive pizza cheese sales". No. 65(9). Dairy Industries International. September 1, 2000. p. 7 – via Highbeam.
^ Jump up to: a b c McMahon; et al. (September 5, 2000). "Manufacture of Lower-fat and Fat-free Pizza Cheese". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kielsmeier, Lester O.; Barz, Richard L.; Allen, Wesley J. (June 29, 1988). "Pizza Preparation from Comminuted Cheese". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Aikenhead, Charles (June 1, 2003). "Permanently pizza: continuous production of pizza cheese is now a realistic proposition". Dairy Industries International. Retrieved September 30, 2012 – via Highbeam.
Jump up ^ Fox, Patrick F. (1999). "Cheese: Chemistry, Physics and Microbiology (Major Cheese Groups)". Aspen Publishers. ISBN 0412535106. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kielsmeier, Lester O.; Barz, Richard L.; Allen, Wesley J. (March 5, 1991). "Method of baking pizza from coated frozen cheese granules". United States Patent 4997670. Freepatentsonline.com. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Machine for Shredding Cheese and for Depositing the Cheese Onto Pizzas". United States Patent 3662677. Freepatentsonline.com. May 16, 1972. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pizza cheese? It's a drier mozzarella". Chicago Sun-Times. April 29, 1998. Retrieved February 12, 2016 – via Highbeam.
^ Jump up to: a b c Howard, Jacqueline (August 24, 2014). "YUM! Scientists Reveal Key To Making The Perfect Pizza". The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Pizza's Global Footprint". Forbes. February 20, 2007. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bittman, M. (2010). Mark Bittman's Quick and Easy Recipes from the New York Times. Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-307-88548-7.
Jump up ^ Fraioli, J.O. (2009). Pizza & Wine: Authentic Italian Recipes and Wine Pairings. Gibbs Smith, Publisher. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-4236-1250-6.
Jump up ^ Adler, K.; Fertig, J. (2014). Patio Pizzeria: Artisan Pizza and Flatbreads on the Grill. Running Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-7624-4966-8.
Jump up ^ "BBC One - Food Factory, Ready-Made, Fake cheese". BBC. 18 July 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Gates, Stefan (July 18, 2012). "Fake cheese (text and video)". BBC. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hayes, David K.; Miller, Allisha (2011). Revenue Management for the Hospitality Industry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 60. ISBN 9780470393086. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Advanced Dairy Chemistry – P. F. Fox, P. L. H. McSweeney – Google Books
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Law, Barry A (2010). Tamime, A.Y., ed. Technology of Cheesemaking. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781444323757.
Jump up ^ "Star Tribune Archives". Nl.newsbank.com. September 11, 1987. Retrieved September 28, 2012. (Subscription required (help)). About three-fourths of the 700 million frozen pizzas sold each year in the United States contain cheese substitutes. The most common is casein,...
Jump up ^ Gunasekaran, Sundaram; Mehmet Ak, M. (2003). Cheese Rheology and Texture. CRC Press. p. 288. ISBN 1587160218. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kuhl, Rudiger (October 1, 2003). "Stabiliser systems—the key to a great pizza: when it comes to judging the taste and quality of pizza it depends on one critical ingredient—pizza cheese". International Food Ingredients. Retrieved October 16, 2012 – via Highbeam.
Jump up ^ Hulin, Belinda (2007). The Everything Pizza Cookbook: 300 Crowd-Pleasing Slices of Heaven. F+W Publications, Inc. p. 7. ISBN 1598692593. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Continuous Production of Analogue Cheese" (PDF). Danish Dairy & Food Industry Worldwide. 2007. pp. 12–13. Retrieved October 17, 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Kindstedt, P.S. "Recent developments in the science and technology of pizza cheese". Australian Journal of Dairy Technology. Retrieved September 27, 2012. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Reinbold; et al. (April 18, 1978). "Preparation of Pizza Cheese". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Manufacture of lower-fat and fat-free pizza cheese (Patent #6113953)". Google Patents. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Pizza cheese (Patent # EP0920259A1)". Google Patents. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Preparation and evaluation of pizza cheese made from blend of vetch–bovine milk", International Journal of Food Science, 43: 770–778, September 11, 2007, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01512.x, retrieved October 14, 2012
Jump up ^ Halliday, Jess (September 14, 2007). "Vetch blend shows sromise as low-fat pizza topping". William Reed Business Media. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Baskaran, D.; Sivakumar, S. (November 2003). "Galactose concentration in pizza cheese prepared by three different culture techniques". 56 (4). International Journal of Dairy Technology: 229–232. doi:10.1046/j.1471-0307.2003.00109.x.
Jump up ^ Farahmandfar, Reza; Mazaheri Tehrani, Mostafa; Razavi, Seyed Mohammad Ali; Habibi Najafi, Mohammad Bagher (2010). "Effect of Soy Cheese and Trisodium Citrate on Pizza Cheese". International Journal of Food Engineering. 6 (5). doi:10.2202/1556-3758.1777.
Jump up ^ Breene, W.M.; Price, W.V.; Ernstrom, C.A. (November 1964). "Manufacture of Pizza Cheese without Starter". Journal of Dairy Science. 47 (11): 1173–1180. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(64)88877-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fox, Patrick F.; et al. (2000). Fundamentals of Cheese Science. Aspen Pub. p. 482. ISBN 0834212609.
Jump up ^ (Staff) (June 20, 2012). "Leprino Foods a big market for Morgan County dairies". Fort Morgan Times. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Wirthman, Lisa (March 30, 2012). "Denver's Leprino Foods has strong hold on cheese market". Denver Business Journal. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Mielke, Lee (February 2, 2016). "Not a good Groundhog Day for dairy". Capital Press. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Schuman, Sydney (September 4, 2013). "Men arrested with $421,700 of marijuana hidden in pizza cheese". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b World Retail Directory and Sourcebook 1999–2000. Euromonitor. 2000. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-86338-882-8.
Jump up ^ Kirkova, Deni (February 3, 2016). "Get stuffed crust pizza at Europe's first all-vegan Italian restaurant". Metro. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Strutner, Suzy (January 27, 2016). "Pizza Hut's New Creation Looks Too Gooey-Good To Be True". The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ornua develops new 'low-melt' cheese ropes for pizza crusts". Food & Beverage International. February 4, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bonwich, Joe (April 11, 2007). "Family ties pave the way to provel's enduring popularity". St Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved February 12, 2016 – via Highbeam.
Further reading[edit]
Law, Barry A (2010). Tamime, A.Y., ed. Technology of Cheesemaking. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 13–14, 21, 198, 348, 358–381, 383–385, 387, 508. ISBN 9781444323757. Archived from the original on June 2, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
Sherkat, F.; Walker, M. "Functionality and consumer acceptance of pizza cheese analogue". Vol 57, no 2. Dairy Industry Association of Australia. Retrieved October 17, 2012. (Subscription required (help)).
Govindasamy-Lucey, S.; et al. (February 2006). "Influence of Condensed Sweet Cream Buttermilk on the Manufacture, Yield, and Functionality of Pizza Cheese". Journal of Dairy Science. 89 (2): 454–467. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72109-9.
"Chr Hansen and Novozymes develop enzyme for producing pizza cheese from whey". Chemical Business Newsbase. March 9, 2009. Retrieved September 28, 2012. (Subscription required (help)).
Kindstedt, P. S.; et al. (1997). "Chemically-acidified pizza cheese production and functionality". Irish Republic, Dairy Products Research Centre [5th Cheese Symposium]; Irish Republic, Univ. of Cork. Retrieved September 27, 2012. [permanent dead link]
"Better Pizza Cheese Processing". Prepared Foods. May 1, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2016 – via Highbeam.
"G.C. Hahn & Co.: Supplier Spotlight". Dairy Foods. January 1, 2006. Retrieved September 30, 2012 – via Highbeam.
Gunstone, F.D.; et al. (2006). Modifying lipids for use in food. Woodhead. p. 476. ISBN 1855739712. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
External links[edit]
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This is alist of regions commonly used in Latin America.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geopolitical regions
2 Geographic regions
3 Historical regions
4 Cultural regions
5 Ecological regions
Geopolitical regions[edit]
The four common regions of Latin America
Central America
Caribbean (only partially)
The Guianas (only partially)
Andean states
Southern Cone
Geographic regions[edit]
Mexico
Gulf of Mexico
Caribbean
Antilles
Greater Antilles
Lesser Antilles
Bahamas
Central America
Isthmus of Panama
Mosquito Coast
South America
Altiplano
Amazon basin
Andes
Atacama Desert
Brazilian Highlands
Caribbean South America
Gran Chaco
Guianas
Llanos
Pampas
Pantanal
Patagonia
Historical regions[edit]
Las Californias
Cultural regions[edit]
Aridoamerica
Mesoamerica
Oasisamerica
Ecological regions[edit]
See also: List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean
Galápagos
Interandean Valles
Mesoamerican Biological Corridor
By country:
Brazil
Bolivia
Chile
Cuba
Mexico
Peru
[hide]
v
t
e
List of regions of Countries of Latin America and the Caribbean
Caribbean
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba1
Bahamas
Barbados
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Haiti
Jamaica
Puerto Rico1
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
North America
Mexico
Central America
Belize
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
South America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Dependencies not included. 1 Defined as a semi-autonomous territory.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_regions_of_Latin_America&oldid=796341839"
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Lists by region
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text:
List of New Girl characters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
New Girl main cast members: Zooey Deschanel, Jake Johnson, Max Greenfield, Lamorne Morris, Hannah Simone
New Girl is an American television situation comedy created by Elizabeth Meriwether. The show, set in Los Angeles, depicts the interpersonal adventures of offbeat teacher Jess (Zooey Deschanel) after her spontaneous move into an apartment loft with three men, played by Jake Johnson (Nick), Max Greenfield (Schmidt) and Lamorne Morris (Winston). Jess's best friend Cece (Hannah Simone) regularly visits her, and their former roommate Coach (Damon Wayans, Jr.) also appears in some seasons. The show also features a number of characters that appear as love interests, acquaintances, or family members for the characters in multiple episodes in a season or across multiple seasons.
Contents
[hide]
1 Main characters
1.1 Jessica Day
1.2 Nick Miller
1.3 Schmidt
1.4 Coach
1.5 Cece
1.6 Winston Bishop
2 Secondary characters
2.1 Introduced in season 1
2.2 Introduced in season 2
2.3 Introduced in season 3
2.4 Introduced in season 4
2.5 Introduced in season 5
2.6 Introduced in season 6
3 Notes and episodes cited
4 References
5 External links
Main characters[edit]
Summary of character appearances
Character
Portrayed by
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
Jessica Day Zooey Deschanel Main
Nick Miller Jake Johnson Main
Schmidt Max Greenfield Main
Coach Damon Wayans, Jr. Main[a] Recurring Main Special guest
Cece Hannah Simone Main
Winston Bishop Lamorne Morris Main
Jessica Day[edit]
Main article: Jessica Day (New Girl)
Jessica Christopher "Jess" Day[b] (Zooey Deschanel) is a bubbly, offbeat teacher in her early thirties who is originally from Portland, Oregon. After discovering in the pilot episode that her live-in boyfriend, Spencer, is cheating on her, she moves into the guys' apartment where Nick, Schmidt, and Winston help her move on from her break-up. The series follows her adventures as she goes through various relationships and jobs.
Nick Miller[edit]
Jake Johnson plays Nick Miller, 2012 PaleyFest panel
Nicholas Miller (Jake Johnson) is one of Jess's roommates who works as a bartender. He and Winston are childhood friends from Chicago.[c] At the start of the series, he struggles from having broken up with his long-term girlfriend Caroline, At one of the wedding events, he almost tries to reunite with her. In the episode "Bells", it is revealed that he is fairly frugal and prefers to repair things in the apartment by himself rather than hire outside help. He had also dropped out of law school.[d] In the episode "Secrets", it is shown he is not good at keeping secrets, and sweats on his lower back.[e] He is also not good with taking care of plants. After many failed relationships, Nick tries to rekindle his romance with Caroline and almost moves in with her at the end of season 1.[f]
In season 2, he writes a zombie novel called Z Is for Zombie[1] He and Jess become attracted to each other and they kiss in the season 2 episode "Cooler". Afterwards, he and Jess are confused as to how to deal with their relationship, but later have sex in the episode "Virgins". They eventually agree to be a couple at the end of season 2, but break up towards the end of season 3. In season 4, he hooks up with Tran's granddaughter Kai. He and Schmidt revive their business ventures, investing in a share of the bar where he works. In season 5, while Jess is sequested on jury duty, he gets to know their temporary roommate Reagan Lucas, but only get as far as kissing before she leaves. They start dating at the end of season 5. At the beginning of season 6, he returns from New Orleans and works on his novel The Pepperwood Chronicles while maintaining a long-distance and later in-loft relationship with Reagan. However, at the end of season 6 he and Reagan break up, and he reunites with Jess.
Schmidt[edit]
Winston Schmidt (Max Greenfield) is the guy who originally posted the online ad for a new roommate.[g] He is an overly confident ladies' man who is originally from Long Island, New York. While attending Syracuse University, he was very obese, and shared a dorm room with Nick and became life-long friends.[h][i][2] Since then, he has worked hard to lose weight and to be seen as physically attractive and cool. Because of this, he often says offensive or cocky things, as a consequence of which he must put money in the "douchebag jar" of the apartment.[g][h][3] He is relatively wealthy compared to his roommates, having bought the couch and refrigerator, and splurging on things such as an 80-dollar sushi plate; it was also noted that his family spent $30,000 on his Bar Mitzvah. Schmidt is a successful marketing associate, the sole male in a female-dominated office, and is known for his numerous flings with women.[d] Schmidt's other quirks include a fear of feral cats, especially the one on their apartment's roof,[c] and being very controlling and a germophobe when it comes to preparing food and organizing things.[j] He also dislikes damp towels.[6][k] In the second half of season 1, he has a casual but passionate sexual relationship with fashion model and best friend of Jess, Cece. However, in the season 1 finale, he ends his relationship with Cece because he feels she deserves someone better.[f]
In season 2, he continues to have feelings for Cece, being jealous of Cece's date Robby. He has a brief relationship with co-worker Emma who has him sign a sex contract. Towards the end of the season, when he realizes Cece is going to wed Shivrang, he rekindles a relationship with his college girlfriend Elizabeth and tries to sabotage the wedding. In season 3, he tries to date both Elizabeth and Cece but it does not last long. He moves into neighboring apartment 4C allowing for Coach to return as a roommate, but later moves back to 4D after he uses his savings to fund a storefront for Jess's sister, and shares a room with Nick.[7] In season 4, he dates councilwoman Fawn Moscato and tries to keep up with her climbing the social ladder, but eventually breaks up with her. In the season 4 finale "Clean Break", he realizes he can't part ways with Cece and her stuff; he proposes to her.[l] They marry at the end of season 5. In season 6, they purchase a fixer-upper house, and have it renovated. Towards the end of season 6, he is promoted to director of marketing, and in the final episode, he learns that Cece is expecting.
Schmidt's first name is a long-kept secret of the series, until the second-to-last episode of season six "San Diego" in which it is revealed to be Winston.[8]
Coach[edit]
Ernie Tagliaboo[m] (Damon Wayans, Jr.) who goes by the nickname Coach, is a cocky and driven, yet sometime awkward former athlete who works as a personal trainer. He is one of the roommates when Jess first moves into the loft in the pilot, but he moves out before the second episode for then-undisclosed reasons, allowing for Winston to take his place. In season 3, Coach had broken up with his girlfriend Malia and lives with the gang in the loft.[9][10] He has worked as a personal trainer at gyms and as a sports coach and health class teacher at Jess's school.[11] At the end of season 4, Coach moves to New York with his girlfriend May,[l] He makes guest appearances afterwards in season 5 and 6.
Cece [edit]
Cecilia "Cece" Parikh[n] (Hannah Simone) is Jess's best friend since childhood, a street-smart and snarky fashion model. Although she is fairly serious and cool, she does enjoy parties and has gotten drunk on occasion where she acts more wildly. Her parents were born in India.[c] Initially skeptical of Jess's new roommates, Cece becomes interested in Schmidt after seeing him become emotional while preparing Thanksgiving dinner.[j] They have a passionate sexual relationship and try to keep it a secret from the others until they were discovered by Winston when the latter drove to Mexico. Although Schmidt breaks up with her at the end of season 1, she still retains feelings towards him.[f]
In season 2, Cece dates a guy named Robby. She later discovers that she has limited time to conceive a baby and decides to enter an arranged marriage with a man called Shivrang. However, she calls off the wedding in the season 2 finale after realizing that she is still in love with Schmidt and has no feelings for Shivrang, who also turned out to be in love with someone else. At the start of season 3, a confused Schmidt misleads her as he attempts to carry on two distinct relationships. However, she soon discovers the truth and is left to recuperate after the break-up. She starts working part-time as a bartender at the place where Nick works,[13] passes her GED exam and takes community college classes. While Schmidt is dating Fawn Moscato, Cece begins to have feelings for him again. She goes on a hiking trip to Mount Shasta, and when she returns she accepts his marriage proposal in the season 4 finale "Clean Break".[l] They get married in the season 5 finale "Landing Gear", and buy a house, which they fix up in season 6. In addition to bartending, she opens up a modeling agency called Cece's Boys in season 6. In the final episode, "Five Stars for Beezus", Cece learns she is pregnant.
Winston Bishop[edit]
Winston L'Andre Bishop[l] (Lamorne Morris) is a tenacious and somewhat eccentric former basketball player from Chicago and Nick's childhood friend.[d] He first appears in "Kryptonite", where he moves into the apartment, replacing Coach who had vacated. Prior to his stay, he had been a point guard for a team in the Latvian Basketball League, but has been struggling to find meaningful work.[d] He has the ability to master things quickly, as shown in the "Bells" episode, when he rings handbells, but is not so good with interacting with kids when he is asked to lead them in a song.[d] After dabbling in some odd jobs, including being a nanny for Schmidt's boss Gina's son, he gets his break as a research assistant to a sports radio show host,[14] which leads to his own show on the radio's late night shift. He dates Shelby, who he had treated neglectfully in the past.[15] In the season 1 finale, it is revealed he his afraid of the dark,[16] although after spending a night in the desert, he seems to get over it.
In season 2, he breaks up with Shelby in the Halloween episode. He later dates Daisy, but because of their schedule, they only have a small window of time to be with each other. Early in season 3, when he breaks up with Daisy, he takes ownership of her cat Furguson.[17] He later dates a bus driver named Bertie. Having realized that others have been making his career choices for him all his life, he quits his radio host job[18] and enrolls in a police academy. He is partnered with the tough, but kind-hearted colleague, Aly Nelson. They start dating in season 5,[19] and he proposes to her in season 6.[20]
Secondary characters[edit]
Introduced in season 1[edit]
Caroline (Mary Elizabeth Ellis), Nick's ex-girlfriend at the start of the series. She and Nick hook up briefly near the end of season 1, and Nick is about to move into an apartment with her.[21]
Paul Genzlinger (Justin Long), a music teacher at Jess's school whom Jess takes a liking to.[22] The guys remark that he is quirky and emotional like a male version of Jess. Jess thinks he makes a funny face when he cries. He later becomes engaged to Jenn, who Jess thinks is like an Asian version of her.[21] In a season 4 episode "Walk of Shame", it was revealed that he and Jenn had broken up, and that he had been working as a clown entertainer for kids birthday parties, but Jess convinces him to quit that and move forward with his life.
Gina (Michaela Watkins), Schmidt's boss and the Vice President at Associated Strategies. She is described as "tough, domineering, unpleasant".[23] She has a baby shower in season 1 which Schmidt gets himself invited to.[o] She has a son named Elvin whom Winston befriends at the holiday Christmas party,[p] and whom Winston watches over as a nanny prior to his radio show job.
Sadie (June Diane Raphael), Jess's friend who is a lesbian gynecologist.[24] She is pregnant in the second season. Her partner is Melissa, who is played by series writer Kay Cannon.[25]
Kim (Gillian Vigman), Schmidt's other boss and the CFO at Associated Strategies. She has dark blonde hair.[26] Some of her tasks seem like double entendres to Schmidt.[q]
Tanya Lamontagne (Rachael Harris), the vice principal at Jess's school in season 1.[27] She joins Jess on the party bus.[h]
Remy[q] (Jeff Kober), the creepy landlord of the apartment building that the guys wanted to avoid using whenever possible. When Jess befriends him, he assumes she wants to flirt with him. He is also OK with having a threesome with Nick and Jess.[28]
Julia Cleary[r] (Lizzy Caplan), Nick's girlfriend in a story arc in season 1. At first she appears to be the perfect girl to Nick, but later it is revealed she has anger management issues.[22] She is a lawyer who has a contrasting personality to the bubbly Jess.[k]
Shelby (Kali Hawk), Winston's love interest. They had a tryst before Winston went to Latvia, but after much apologizing on Winston's part, she agreed to give him a second chance. She manages a diner.[29][k]
Russell Schiller[s] (Dermot Mulroney), appears in the episodes "Fancyman" as the divorced father of one of Jess's students. He dislikes that her daughter did a weird art project and wanted to pull her out of Jess's class. Jess's boss reveals that Russell was the third largest donor in the city, and the episodes show that he has a fancy car and house, but that he is very generous and kind to Jess because he likes her.[s] Mulroney described his role as being a person half-generation older, but that he had a blast working with the group. Mulroney's role was initially for three episodes but was extended to a fourth episode and also included guest star Jeanne Tripplehorn who played Russell's ex-wife.[30] He is planned to make an appearance in season 7.[31]
Joe Napoli (Phil Hendrie), a sports radio personality who hires Winston as his research assistant. Hendrie himself is a radio personality.[32][33]
Nadia (Rebecca Reid), a Russian model and one of Cece's roommates. On Cece's prompting, she and Schmidt have a date, but it results in an awkward sexual encounter, in which Schmidt injures his penis and has to be hospitalized. Reid auditioned when the show was looking for fashion models that would serve as "intimidatingly taciturn roommates for Cece", and that the character was originally going to just say five words but it got extended into three episodes. Reid said that she had met Russian models who acted like that.[34] In the season 4 episode "Girl Fight", she has a baby shower.[35]
Introduced in season 2[edit]
Robby (Nelson Franklin), Cece's new boyfriend in the season premiere. Laid-back and nice, he represents a contrast to Schmidt,[36] who sees him as a rival, but later tries to ally with him against Shivrang. In season 6, he and Jess form a singles group dedicated to keeping their relationships platonic. He and Jess develop feelings for each other; however, during the episode "The Hike", they discover they are third cousins and break up.[37]
Sam Sweeney (David Walton), Jess's love interest after she was laid off from teaching.[38] Jess had planned to have just a physical relationship with someone who was just as disinterested as her at the time. Although Sam appears to be a spacey guy who likes Creed, he is actually a pediatrician.[39]
Bearclaw (Josh Gad), a beer delivery guy at the bar where Nick works.[40][41][42]
Tran (Ralph Ahn), an elderly Asian man who Nick becomes friends with. He hardly speaks, but smiles a lot at Nick, and helps Nick defuse his anger with water therapy in the "Menzies" episode.[43] The character was thought up by Johnson, but Meriweather and the writers thought he was funny and really easy to write for. He also helps Nick ask Jess out on a date.[44] Tran's granddaughter also has a storyline in the show as Nick's love interest.[45][46][47]
Emma (Carla Gugino) is the Vice President of the North American region of Associated Strategies. She and Schmidt have a brief sexual relationship that was prefaced with Schmidt signing a legal sex contract. Gugino described her character as like Fifty Shades of Grey but more comical.[48]
Joan Day (Jamie Lee Curtis) is Jess's mother. She and Bob are divorced and she shares some personality quirks with Jess.[49]
Bob Day (Rob Reiner) is Jess's father.[49] Though he admits to having many similarities to Nick, he is very protective of Jess and disapproves of their relationship. In season 4, he proposes marriage to Ashley, one of Jess' former schoolmates,[50] and marries her in the episode "Oregon".
Big Schmidt (Rob Riggle), Schmidt's rival cousin, first showing at Thanksgiving.[51] He returns in season 5 for the bachelor party festivities.[52]
Angie (Olivia Munn), a bar patron that Nick falls for as she broke up with a boyfriend. She works as a stripper,[53] but Jess encourages Nick to be with her.[54] When asked about Angie and Nick's abrupt breakup, Munn said that it was more of a practical setting so that she could return to filming episodes for The Newsroom and that she liked seeing Nick and Jess together.[55]
Walt Miller (Dennis Farina), Nick's dad. He is a con man who during his visit in season 2, tries to get Jess to invest in buying a race horse and trying to sell it for studding.[56] The gang later go to Chicago for his funeral, and he appears in a flashback episode afterwards.[57] Farina died several months after his appearances were broadcast on New Girl.[58]
Shivrang (Satya Bhabha), Cece's fiance by arranged marriage.[59]
Daisy (Brenda Song), Winston's love interest. She initially appeared at the bar wearing an engagement ring but that was to fend off guys. She tries to teach Winston to be more confident in picking up girls. Because of their schedules they only have a small window of time to interact.[60] She is described as competitive and intense and disliking quitters.[61] Although they part ways in season 3, Winston takes ownership of Daisy's cat Furguson.[62][63]
Outside Dave (Steve Agee), a homeless man who lives outside of the apartment building and often interacts with Jess and the roommates.[64]
Elizabeth (Merritt Wever), Schmidt's college girlfriend.[65][66][67]
Principal Foster (Curtis Armstrong), the eccentric principal of Coolidge Middle School.[68] Despite his apparent incompetence and frequent oddness, he and Jess have a congenial relationship. His given name is Alan. Although he retires in season 5, he is still named Principal Foster for appearances in season 6.
Introduced in season 3[edit]
Rose (Angela Kinsey), a "snobbish "cool" teacher" at Coolidge Middle School. She is described as "turned off by Jess' diligence and goody-two-shoes approach to her job."[69]
Lorenzo[t] (Brian Posehn), credited as Biology Teacher, works at Coolidge Middle School.[70][71]
Bertie (Jessica Chaffin) is a bus driver who becomes Winston's girlfriend when she found Winston's cat. Winston likes that she's down-to-earth.[72]
Mike (Ben Falcone), the gay owner of the bar where Nick and Cece work.[73][74]
Abby Day (Linda Cardellini), Jess's older sister, described as bit of a wild child. She is frequently in trouble with the law. The writers also used Cardellini as a character reference.[75][76]
Introduced in season 4[edit]
Ryan Geauxinue (Julian Morris) an attractive new science teacher from England who becomes Jess's love interest, although Jess struggles with entering the relationship because of her position as a vice-principal and the school policy of not having relationships with teachers.[77][78][79] In the episode "Landline", the gang are confused as to how to pronounce his name, thinking it sounds more like "goes in you".[80]
Kai (Greta Lee), Tran's granddaughter who becomes Nick's girlfriend.[81] The gang worry that Kai is looking for a sugar daddy but Nick later discovers that she works as a consultant but is fairly well-off with her own apartment.[35] She enjoys staying on the couch with Nick, but eventually breaks up with Nick when he becomes too assertive in his career ambitions.[m]
Fawn Moscato (Zoe Lister-Jones), a city councilwoman who becomes Schmidt's love interest. She is described as controlling and manipulative, using Schmidt mostly as a model boyfriend to advance her causes.[82][83][84]
Aly Nelson (Nasim Pedrad), Winston's officer partner. She is petite, which gets the guys worried that she cannot defend herself, but she quickly proves them wrong. At first, she does not want to be in a relationship with Winston, as she had fallen for a co-worker before and it did not work out, so they start as friends. They start becoming a couple in season 5 and get engaged in season 6.[19]
May (Meaghan Rath), a girl that Coach keeps running into at the Valentine's Day bar crawl.[85] She agrees to be Coach's girlfriend on the condition that he write her a nice letter, but when Coach accidentally sends off a number of rough drafts, she accepts him anyway. She plays the cello in a chamber ensemble, but is accepting of Coach's quirks and flaws, as well as his interests, playing "Heavy Action" (the theme for Monday Night Football) for him. When she accepts a job in New York, she and Coach are about to break up but they both have second thoughts, and Coach agrees to move with her.
Louise Schmidt (Nora Dunn), Schmidt's mother. She is very strict and insists that Schmidt do all his bar mitzvah thank you cards before granting him the money, and nitpicks at his manners. She later proposes to her best friend and roommate Susan toward the end of season 5.[86][87][88]
Introduced in season 5[edit]
J. Cronkite Valley-Forge (Fred Melamed), the CFO at Associated Strategies around the time when Schmidt is engaged.[89]
Reagan Lucas (Megan Fox), a gorgeous, no-nonsense bisexual pharmaceutical sales rep who comes to town on business and shakes things up in the loft when she rents out Jess's room while the latter is sequestered on jury duty (during Zooey Deschanel's parental leave).[90][91] She knows Cece from a previous gig they did together. Reagan starts dating Nick, but they eventually break up at the end of season six.[92]
Gavin Schmidt (Peter Gallagher), Schmidt's father. He is divorced, but made out with Jess in his introductory episode. He owns a vineyard.[93] Nick and Schmidt do not trust him at first because he has been unreliable as a father to Schmidt, but Nick tells him to clean up his act, and he does so.[94] In season 6, he gets in trouble when he dates six women at once.[95]
Introduced in season 6[edit]
Donovan (Trent Garrett), a hunky attractive guy that Cece hires as a bartender.[96] He later becomes Cece's first client for her modeling agency business.

Notes and episodes cited[edit]
Jump up ^ Damon Wayans, Jr. was only credited as a part of the main cast in the "Pilot" episode.
Jump up ^ In the season 4 episode "Oregon", Jess reveals her middle name to be Christopher because her dad wanted a boy.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cece Crashes". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 5. [12]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Bells". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 7. [4][5]
Jump up ^ "Secrets". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 19. April 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "See Ya". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 24. May 8, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pilot". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 1.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Story of the 50". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 10. January 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Wedding". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 3.
^ Jump up to: a b "Thanksgiving". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 6.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Jess and Julia". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 11. January 31, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Clean Break". New Girl. Season 4. Episode 22. May 5, 2015. Event occurs at 06m10s for Winston's middle name, near end of episode for Cece's last name. Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Crawl". New Girl. Season 4. Episode 15. February 10, 2015. Fox.
Jump up ^ The season 5 episode "D-Day" shows an invitation where Cece's last name is spelled Parikh. The season 2 episode "Table 34" the captions spelled her name Parikh. However, it was spelled Parekh in the season 4 finale "Clean Break" and some captions early in season 5. It is also spelled Parekh in the Fox profiles.
Jump up ^ "Bad in Bed". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 8. December 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The 23rd". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 9. December 13, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Landlord". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 12. February 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Valentine's Day". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 13. February 14, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fancyman (Part 1)". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 17. March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Coming Out". New Girl. Season 4. Episode 13. January 13, 2015. Fox.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "See the Cover of Nick From New Girl's Zombie Novel". vulture.com. November 28, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl' features Syracuse University in TV show characters' backstory". syracuse.com. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "What Would You Put in New Girl's 'Douchebag Jar'?". vulture.com. September 21, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Max (November 29, 2011). "New Girl: "Bells" Review". ign.com. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Adams, Erik. "New Girl: "Bells"". avclub.com. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl': Schmidt's Rant About How Living With A Girl Isn't As Cool As He'd Hoped (VIDEO)". February 1, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Huff Post.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl' recap: Schmidt is sued, Coach is fired, Winston is Courtroom Brown". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl' finally reveals Schmidt's surprising first name after six seasons". usatoday.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gelman, Vlada (May 5, 2014). "New Girl Ups Damon Wayans Jr. to Series Regular". TV Line. Retrieved May 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fallon, Kevin (November 6, 2013). "The Return of New Girl's Coach…and of Faith in the Still-Great Comedy". Retrieved December 15, 2017 – via www.thedailybeast.com.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl' recap: Schmidt is sued, Coach is fired, Winston is Courtroom Brown". Entertainment Weekly. 2014-03-12. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Girl recap: The Fat Kid with the Big Dreams". ew.com. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl' recap: Jess and the gang mull career opportunities". ew.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Adams, Erik. "New Girl: "Normal"". avclub.com. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Brief History of Winston's Love Life on 'New Girl'". thenitpic.com. March 10, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl' Winston Watch: The 12 Winstons we've met so far". ew.com. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lamorne Morris Patiently Answers Our Furguson Questions". thewrap.com. September 16, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl' recap: Jess and the gang mull career opportunities". ew.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "'New Girl' Season 7 Spoilers: What Will Happen To Nasim Pedrad's Aly In Final 8 Episodes?". International Business Times. May 25, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pomarico, Nicole. "Winston Proposes To Aly On 'New Girl' & It's Surprisingly Romantic, Thanks To Jess". bustle.com. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "New Girl Recap: The Backslide Brings You Down". vulture.com. May 2, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fox's 'New Girl' Enlists Lizzy Caplan". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ LaScala, Marisa. "What Has Michaela Watkins Been Up To? Her 'New Girl' Guest Role Is 1 of Many Post-'Trophy Wife' Projects". bustle.com. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl': June Raphael cast as lesbian gynecologist". ew.com. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "June Diane Raphael Sets Jess' Biological Clock Ticking on 'New Girl'". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Who Is Schmidt's Boss Kim on 'New Girl'?". 2paragraphs.com. March 29, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl' clip: Zooey Deschanel finds Rachael Harris' pot". ew.com. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Girl recap: 'The Landlord'". ew.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Kali Hawk to Guest Star on New Girl". TV Fanatic. November 6, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl's' Resident 'Fancyman' Dermot Mulroney Praises Show's 'Controlled Improv'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dermot Mulroney is returning to 'New Girl' for its final season". ew.com. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl': Jess, Fancyman's first fight". cnn.com. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Radio Ink Magazine". archive.org. October 5, 2013. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl' Guest Rebecca Reid Has Met Models Like Nadia (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "'New Girl' season 4, episode 10 recap: Talk with your fist". hypable.com. December 2, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Anna Maria Horsford and Nelson Franklin to appear on 'New Girl' season 2". hypable.com. August 2, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stephens, Emily L. (January 24, 2017). "New Girl covers some rocky ground, but brings the story home safe". The A.V. Club. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "David Walton Talks Disrupting 'New Girl' Romance, His New Approach to Pilot Season". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Girl Recap: Jess Likes Sam". vulture.com. October 31, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl': Josh Gad on His Unsuccessful Romancing of Jess in the Season 2 Premiere". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "First Look: What's Olaf from Frozen Doing on New Girl?". people.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Josh Gad creates a musical on 'New Girl'". thecalifornian.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "New Girl Review: "Menzies" (Episode 2.07)". pastemagazine.com. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kornowski, Liat (April 5, 2013). "'New Girl' Recap: Nick And Jess' Courtship Is Now Borderline Annoying In 'First Date'". huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl' Showrunners Discuss the Fun and Frustration of Holiday Episodes". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sastry, Keertana. "Who Plays Nick's Date Kai On 'New Girl'? Greta Lee Is a Newbie, But She's Already Worked With Amy Schumer". bustle.com. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Elvis at a Funeral and More New Girl Scoop From PaleyFest". tvguide.com. March 12, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Carla Gugino on Taming Schmidt as 'New Girl's' Sexually Aggressive Guest Star". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "'New Girl' Finds Zooey Deschanel's Onscreen Parents". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kaitlin Olson To Add Comedy Gold To New Girl's Season 4, With Rob Reiner Returning". cinemablend.com. August 12, 2014. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rob Riggle Heads to New Girl as… a Second Schmidt?". tvguide.com. September 7, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl' recap: Let the bachelor and bachelorette party mayhem begin". ew.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Newsroom's Olivia Munn Hopes New Girl Character Doesn't Come Between Nick and Jess". tvguide.com. December 4, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl' Cast Discusses Olivia Munn's Racy Role". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Why Olivia Munn Was Never a Threat to Nick and Jess's New Girl Romance". vulture.com. February 4, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Adams, Erik. "New Girl: "A Father's Love"". avclub.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl's Season Two Was Great, No Thanks to the Parents". splitsider.com. May 15, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Jake Johnson 'looked up to' his 'New Girl' dad Dennis Farina". ew.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Satya Bhabha on His Status as 'New Girl's' Other Man, Arranged Marriage and Taylor Swift". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl' Taps Brenda Song for Recurring Guest Role". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl' casts Disney Channel star in recurring role". ew.com. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Molly. "'New Girl': Curiosity Killed the Cat, But Winston Came Awfully Close". bustle.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rackham, Casey (September 25, 2013). "'New Girl' Recap: It's Like 'Mean Girls,' But With More Cat Murder (Season 3, Episode 2)". hollywood.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Has New Girl Jumped the Shark?". kqed.org. February 26, 2014. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nurse Jackie's Merritt Wever To Guest Star On New Girl". cinemablend.com. March 12, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Merrit Wever Returning to New Girl!". eonline.com. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl': Merritt Wever Returning in Third Season". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl': 'Winston's Birthday' recap (season 2, episode 24)". ew.com. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Girl Exclusive: Angela Kinsey and Eva Amurri to Mess with Jess and Schmidt". tvguide.com. August 10, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Girl Recap: Black Robot". vulture.com. January 14, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brian Posehn". www.sandiegoreader.com. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl' casts Jessica Chaffin as love interest for Winston". hypable.com. October 22, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jamie Lee Curtis and Rob Reiner Returning to 'New Girl,' Ben Falcone Books Guest Spot (Exclusive)". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "New Girl: Watch Nick Team Up With Denzel Washington". eonline.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Linda Cardellini To Guest As Jess' Sister On 'New Girl'". December 17, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2017 – via Huff Post.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl' Writers on Recruiting Linda Cardellini as Jess' Wild Sister (Video)". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Julian Morris promises a November kiss for Jess, new man on 'New Girl'". ew.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pomarico, Nicole. "Will Jess & Ryan Get Back Together On 'New Girl'? Julian Morris Said He's Done On The Show So Don't Hold Your Breath". bustle.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jess and Ryan on 'New Girl': What went wrong". Hypable. February 14, 2015. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pomarico, Nicole. "13 Julian Morris (AKA Ryan From 'New Girl') GIFs That Prove He Is Totally Irresistible". bustle.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'New Girl' Books 'Girls' Actress for Recurring Role (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Girl: 9 Reasons Why We're Already in Love with Schmidt's New Lady Fawn Moscato". tvguide.com. February 10, 2015. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gallagher, Caitlin. "Schmidt's New Love Interest on 'New Girl' Zoe Lister-Jones Has a Pretty Solid Acting Background". Bustle. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Zoe Lister-Jones on 'Life in Pieces,' Writing Her Own Roles and the Series That Changed Her Life". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ LaScala, Marisa. "Coach's New Lady May on 'New Girl' Is Played By Meaghan Rath, But She'd Better Enjoy It While It Lasts". Bustle. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (January 23, 2015). "New Girl Casts Schmidt's MIA Mother (and There's an SNL Connection)". tvline.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Upadhyaya, Kayla Kumari. "New Girl: "The Right Thing"". avclub.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ ""New Girl" Wraps Up Season 5 with a Lesbian Engagement - AfterEllen". afterellen.com. May 13, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Adams, Erik. "New Girl's "Year of Us" is off to a suitably chaotic start". avclub.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Liz Meriwether on How They Changed New Girl While Zooey Deschanel Is on Maternity Leave". Vulture. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Prudom, Laura (February 8, 2016). "Watch: Megan Fox Makes Her 'New Girl' Debut". variety.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stephens, Emily L. "A name-dropping New Girl makes excellence look easy". avclub.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sage, Alyssa (March 22, 2016). "WATCH: 'The OC's' Peter Gallagher Makes His 'New Girl' Debut as Schmidt's Dad". variety.com. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schremph, Kelly. "Schmidt Reconciles With His Dad On 'New Girl' & It May Finally Be For Keeps". bustle.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stephens, Emily L. "New Girl's Thanksgiving episode is imperfect but stuffed with oomph". avclub.com. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stephens, Emily L. "A rough, ready New Girl doesn't know its own strength". avclub.com. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
External links[edit]
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text:
You Belong to Me (1952 song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"You Belong to Me"
Song
Published
1953
Genre
Pop
Songwriter(s)
Chilton Price, Pee Wee King, Redd Stewart
"You Belong to Me" is a romantic pop music ballad from the 1950s. The singer reminds his or her beloved love interest, soulmate, or sweetheart that whatever exotic locales and sights he/she experiences, "you belong to me" no matter what happens.
Contents
[hide]
1 Conception and composition
2 History
3 Recorded versions
4 See also
5 References
Conception and composition[edit]
"You Belong to Me" is credited to three writers: Pee Wee King, Chilton Price and Redd Stewart.
Price, a songwriting librarian at WAVE Radio Louisville, had written the song in its virtual entirety as "Hurry Home to Me" envisioning the song as an American woman's plea to a sweetheart serving overseas in World War II. Afforded songwriting credit on the song mostly in exchange for their work in promoting it, King and Stewart did slightly adjust Price's composition musically and lyrically, shifting the focus from a wartime background "into a kind of universal song about separated lovers" and changing the title to "You Belong to Me." Price had previously had success with another hit which she had written, "Slow Poke," under a similar arrangement with the two men.[1][2]
History[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The first 1952 recording of the song was by Joni James. She had seen the sheet music in the Woods Building in Chicago and the lyrics attracted her. She recorded the song in February, 1952, in Chicago and it was released in March on the local Sharp Records label as her second single on August 5, 1952, after Jo Stafford, Patti Page and Dean Martin had covered it. James' version also was issued on M-G-M Records for national distribution. The best-known early 1952 version of the song was recorded after James' recording by Sue Thompson on Mercury's country label as catalog number 6407.[3] It was soon covered by Patti Page, whose version was issued by Mercury as catalog number 5899, with "I Went to Your Wedding" (a bigger Patti Page hit, reaching No 1) on the flip side. It entered the Billboard chart on August 22, 1952, and lasted 12 weeks on the chart, peaking at No. 4.[4]
A cover version by Jo Stafford became the most popular version. Issued by Columbia Records as catalog number 39811, it was Stafford's biggest hit, topping the charts in both the United States and the United Kingdom (the first song by a female singer to top the UK Singles Chart).[5] It first entered the US chart on August 1, 1952 and remained there for 24 weeks.[4] In the UK, it appeared in the first ever UK chart of 14 November 1952 (then a top 12) and reached number 1 on 16 January 1953, being only the second record to top such chart,[5] remaining in the chart for a total of 19 weeks.[6] Another cover version, by Dean Martin, released by Capitol Records as catalog number 2165, was also in play at that time. This version first entered the chart on August 29, 1952, and remained on the chart for 10 weeks, reaching No. 12.[4] All the versions were combined in the rankings on the Cash Box charts, and the song reached No. 1 on those charts as well, lasting on the chart for more than half a year.
In 1958, the song crossed over into rock for the first time on the Capitol album Gene Vincent Rocks and the Blue Caps Roll. A later version of the song, by the Duprees, also made the Billboard Top 10, reaching No. 7 in 1962. It was recorded by many other pop vocalists, including Patsy Cline and Bing Crosby. A solo acoustic version was recorded by Bob Dylan for the 1992 album Good as I Been to You but was eventually left off as an out-take; the recording surfaced two years later in the soundtrack for the 1994 film Natural Born Killers.
A loop of Jo Stafford's introduction was used by Caviar in "The Good Times Are Over" repeatedly throughout the song.
The song has also appeared on many soundtracks. Vonda Shepard's cover was used frequently on the TV series Ally McBeal alongside romantic scenes of Ally McBeal and Billy Thomas. A version by Jason Wade was part of the soundtrack to the 2001 animated film Shrek. Singer Tori Amos also recorded the classic for the Julia Roberts film Mona Lisa Smile in 2003. Actress Rose McGowan sang it on the soundtrack for the Planet Terror segment of the 2007 film Grindhouse. While onscreen, Bette Midler sings a fragment of the song (to Nick Nolte) in the 1986 comedy Down and Out in Beverly Hills.
On February 1, 2007, a short rendition of the song was sung by 64-year-old Sherman Pore as an audition piece for the television show American Idol, as a tribute to his wife who had died from cancer two days before.
Mary Higgins Clark referenced the song throughout her novel of the same name, which was published by Pocket Books on April 1, 1999.
In the British film The Deep Blue Sea (released 2011), directed by Terence Davies, the drinkers in a London pub perform the song which later modulates into Jo Stafford's version.
The song was also featured in the 2013 video game BioShock Infinite as part of its Burial at Sea story add-on. In the game the song is performed by the lead character Elizabeth and sung by her voice actress, Courtnee Draper; footage of Draper performing the song in the recording studio is shown during the game's end credits.
Annie Lennox recorded a slow, piano-driven version of the song for her 2014 release, Nostalgia.
Recorded versions[edit]
This section may contain indiscriminate, excessive, or irrelevant examples. Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions.
The Earls
Danny Aiello
Mose Allison
Tori Amos
Paul Anka
Fiona Apple
Gene Austin
Atlas Sound
Pat Boone
Bonnie Bramlett
Michael Bublé
The Alley Cats
Rick Astley
Carla Bruni
Ann Hampton Callaway
Benny Carter & his Orch.
Petula Clark
Patsy Cline
Rosemary Clooney
Alma Cogan
Amie Comeaux
Marshall Crenshaw
Bing Crosby
Mike Curb
Deer Tick
The Duprees
Bob Dylan
Firebirds
Ella Fitzgerald
Flat Duo Jets
Tennessee Ernie Ford
Connie Francis
Stephen Fretwell
Judy Garland
Crystal Gayle
Boris Grebenshchikov
Dan Hicks
Homer and Jethro
Joni James
Eilen Jewell
Pee Wee King
The Lennon Sisters
Peggy Lee
Annie Lennox
Jerry Lee Lewis
Dean Martin
Freddy Martin and His Orchestra Vocal
Johnny Mathis
Gene McDaniels
Maureen McGovern
Rose McGowan
Misfits
Jane Morgan
Anne Murray
OC Times
One AM Radio
The Orioles
Patti Page
Jim Reeves
Kate Rusby
Santo & Johnny
Vonda Shepard
Hank Snow
Jo Stafford
Ringo Starr
Rod Stewart (from the Japanese version of Stardust: The Great American Songbook, Volume III 2004)
Ben Taylor
Sue Thompson
Tommy Tune
Gene Vincent
Jason Wade
Wintergreen
Steve Tran
Courtnee Draper
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles from the 1950s (UK)
List of number-one singles of 1952 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hall, Wade (1996). Hell-Bent For Music: the life of Pee Wee King. University Press of Kentucky.
Jump up ^ Clooney, Nick (2002-09-27). "To Chilton goes all the credit". The Cincinnati Post. E. W. Scripps Company. Archived from the original on 2005-08-17.
Jump up ^ "MERCURY 6000 series 78rpm numerical listing discography". 78discography.com. 2010-11-28. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c Joni James re-recorded the song in 1960 at Abbey Road Studios in London with a symphony orchestra and a soft rock beat. Whitburn, Joel (1973). Top Pop Records 1940-1955. Record Research.
^ Jump up to: a b Rice, Jo & Tim, Gambaccini, Paul and Read, Mike(1982). The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits (1st ed.). Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 7. ISBN 0-85112-250-7
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
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Dean Martin
Discography
Studio albums
Dean Martin Sings
Swingin' Down Yonder
Pretty Baby
Sleep Warm
A Winter Romance
This Time I'm Swingin'!
Dino: Italian Love Songs
Cha Cha de Amor
French Style
Dino Latino
Dean "Tex" Martin: Country Style
Dean "Tex" Martin Rides Again
Dream with Dean
The Door Is Still Open to My Heart
Dean Martin Hits Again
(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You
Houston
Somewhere There's a Someone
Dean Martin Sings Songs from The Silencers
The Hit Sound of Dean Martin
The Dean Martin Christmas Album
The Dean Martin TV Show
Happiness Is Dean Martin
Welcome to My World
Gentle on My Mind
I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am
My Woman, My Woman, My Wife
For the Good Times
Dino
Sittin' on Top of the World
You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me
Once in a While
The Nashville Sessions
Posthumous albums
Live from Las Vegas
Forever Cool
Compilation albums
Hey, Brother, Pour the Wine
The Best of Dean Martin
Dino: The Essential Dean Martin
Singles
"Powder Your Face with Sunshine (Smile, Smile, Smile)"
"If"
"You Belong to Me"
"That's Amore"
"Sway"
"The Naughty Lady of Shady Lane"
"Mambo Italiano"
"Young and Foolish"
"Under the Bridges of Paris"
"Memories Are Made of This"
"Innamorata"
"Standing on the Corner"
"Return to Me"
"Angel Baby"
"Volare"
"On an Evening in Roma"
"Just in Time"
"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?"
"Everybody Loves Somebody"
"The Door Is Still Open to My Heart"
"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You"
"Send Me the Pillow You Dream On"
"(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You"
"Houston"
"I Will"
"Somewhere There's a Someone"
"Come Running Back"
"A Million and One"
"Nobody's Baby Again"
"(Open Up the Door) Let the Good Times In"
"Lay Some Happiness on Me"
"In the Chapel in the Moonlight"
"Little Ole Wine Drinker, Me"
"In the Misty Moonlight"
"You've Still Got a Place in My Heart"
"Not Enough Indians"
"Gentle on My Mind"
"I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am"
"Detroit City"
"She's a Little Bit Country"
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Related
Martin and Lewis
Rat Pack
Deana Martin (daughter)
Dean Paul Martin (son)
Ricci Martin (son)
The Rat Pack (1998 film)
Martin and Lewis (2002 film)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Belong_to_Me_(1952_song)&oldid=801906661"
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values: ユー・ビロング・トゥ・ミー (1952年の曲) – Japanese

values: You Belong to Me (sang fra 1952) – Norwegian

values: You Belong to Me (pjesma 1952) – Serbo-Croatian

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