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List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players
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This article is about ATP number 1 rankings since 1973. For the all-time list, see World number 1 male tennis player rankings.
Rafael Nadal, the current world No. 1
The ATP Rankings are the Association of Tennis Professionals' (ATP) merit-based method for determining the rankings in men's tennis. The top-ranked player is the player who, over the previous 52 weeks, has garnered the most ATP ranking points. Points are awarded based on how far a player advances in tournaments and the category of those tournaments. The ATP has used a computerized system for determining the rankings since 23 August 1973.[1] Starting in 1979, an updated rankings list is released at the beginning of each week.[2]
Since 1973, 26 men have been ranked number 1 by the ATP,[3][4] of which 17 have been year-end number 1. The current world number one is Rafael Nadal.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Ranking method
2 Records and particularities
3 Number 1 ranked players
4 Weeks at No. 1
4.1 By player
4.2 By country
5 Year-end No. 1
6 No. 1 ranked players without a previous Grand Slam tournament title
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Ranking method[edit]
Since the introduction of the ATP rankings the method used to calculate a player's ranking points has changed several times. As of 2011, the rankings are calculated by totaling the points a player wins in his best eighteen tournaments, subject to certain restrictions. For top players the counting tournaments are the four Grand Slam tournaments, the eight mandatory ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments, the player's best four eligible ATP World Tour 500 series tournaments (the non-mandatory ATP Masters 1000 event in Monte Carlo may be substituted for one of these), and his best two results from ATP World Tour 250 series. Lower-ranked players who are not eligible for some or all of the top tournaments may include additional ATP 500 and ATP 250 events, and also ATP Challenger Series, and Futures Series tournaments. The ranking points of players who qualify for the year-end ATP World Tour Finals also include any points gained at that tournament, increasing their counting tournament total to nineteen.[6]
Records and particularities[edit]
Roger Federer holds the records for both the most total weeks at No. 1 (302) and most consecutive weeks at No. 1 (237).[7] Pete Sampras holds the record for the most year-end No. 1 (six, all consecutive).[8][9] Patrick Rafter spent the fewest weeks at No. 1 (one week).
Lleyton Hewitt is both the youngest world No. 1 (20 years, 268 days) and youngest year-end No. 1,[10][11] while Ivan Lendl is the oldest year-end No. 1 (29 years, 299 days). Andre Agassi is the oldest No. 1 (33 years, 131 days).[12][13][14]
Only four players have regained the year end No. 1 ranking after having lost it - Lendl in 1989, Federer in 2009, Nadal in 2010, and Djokovic in 2014. Only one player regained the year end No. 1 ranking a second time, Nadal in 2013.
Rafael Nadal became the ATP player with the longest time span between first and most recent dates at world No. 1 in the history of the ATP Tour. He did so on August 21, 2017 9 years after first becoming No. 1 on August 18, 2008.
Two players, Ivan Lendl and Marcelo Ríos, have reached No. 1 without previously having won a Grand Slam tournament.[15] Lendl reached No. 1 on February 21, 1983, but did not win his first Grand Slam title until the 1984 French Open.[16] Rios reached No. 1 on March 30, 1998 and is the only No. 1 player who never won a Grand Slam singles title.[17][18]
Since 1973 when the ATP ranking started, there have been twelve years when one player held the top spot for the entire year. In contrast, 1999 had the most No. 1 players of any year since the rankings started. There were five players who were No. 1 sometime during that year - Sampras, Carlos Moya, Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Agassi and Rafter. John McEnroe held the No. 1 ranking on a record 14 different occasions and Pete Sampras was the only other player to hold it on 10 or more occasions with 11 different stints.
Number 1 ranked players[edit]
The statistics are updated only when the ATP website revises its rankings (usually every Monday morning except when tournament finals are postponed).
Ilie Năstase became the first ATP No. 1 ranked player on 23 August 1973.
Roger Federer has spent a total of 302 weeks at world No. 1, including 237 consecutive weeks at the top of the ATP rankings, the most of any player.
Pete Sampras spent a total of 286 weeks at the top of the ATP rankings and holds the record of 6 consecutive year end as No. 1
Ivan Lendl spent a total of 270 weeks at the top of the ATP rankings.
Jimmy Connors spent a total of 268 weeks at world No. 1, including 160 consecutive weeks (a record he held for 30 years before being overtaken by R. Federer in 2007).
Novak Djokovic, who spent 223 weeks at world No. 1.
Rafael Nadal became the ATP player with the longest time span between first and most recent dates at world No. 1 in the history of the ATP Tour. He did so on August 21, 2017 9 years after first becoming No. 1 on August 18, 2008.
No.
Country
Player
Start date
End date
Weeks
Total
1 ROM Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase 000000001973-08-23-0000August 23, 1973 000000001974-06-02-0000June 2, 1974 40 40
2 AUS Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe 000000001974-06-03-0000June 3, 1974 000000001974-07-28-0000July 28, 1974 8 8
3 USA Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors 000000001974-07-29-0000July 29, 1974 000000001977-08-22-0000August 22, 1977 160 160
4 SWE Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg 000000001977-08-23-0000August 23, 1977 000000001977-08-29-0000August 29, 1977 1 1
USA Jimmy Connors (2) 000000001977-08-30-0000August 30, 1977 000000001979-04-08-0000April 8, 1979 84 244
SWE Björn Borg (2) 000000001979-04-09-0000April 9, 1979 000000001979-05-20-0000May 20, 1979 6 7
USA Jimmy Connors (3) 000000001979-05-21-0000May 21, 1979 000000001979-07-08-0000July 8, 1979 7 251
SWE Björn Borg (3) 000000001979-07-09-0000July 9, 1979 000000001980-03-02-0000March 2, 1980 34 41
5 USA McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe 000000001980-03-03-0000March 3, 1980 000000001980-03-23-0000March 23, 1980 3 3
SWE Björn Borg (4) 000000001980-03-24-0000March 24, 1980 000000001980-08-10-0000August 10, 1980 20 61
USA McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe (2) 000000001980-08-11-0000August 11, 1980 000000001980-08-17-0000August 17, 1980 1 4
SWE Björn Borg (5) 000000001980-08-18-0000August 18, 1980 000000001981-07-05-0000July 5, 1981 46 107
USA John McEnroe (3) 000000001981-07-06-0000July 6, 1981 000000001981-07-19-0000July 19, 1981 2 6
SWE Björn Borg (6) 000000001981-07-20-0000July 20, 1981 000000001981-08-02-0000August 2, 1981 2 109
USA John McEnroe (4) 000000001981-08-03-0000August 3, 1981 000000001982-09-12-0000September 12, 1982 58 64
USA Jimmy Connors (4) 000000001982-09-13-0000September 13, 1982 000000001982-10-31-0000October 31, 1982 7 258
USA John McEnroe (5) 000000001982-11-01-0000November 1, 1982 000000001982-11-07-0000November 7, 1982 1 65
USA Jimmy Connors (5) 000000001982-11-08-0000November 8, 1982 000000001982-11-14-0000November 14, 1982 1 259
USA John McEnroe (6) 000000001982-11-15-0000November 15, 1982 000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983 11 76
USA Jimmy Connors (6) 000000001983-01-31-0000January 31, 1983 000000001983-02-06-0000February 6, 1983 1 260
USA John McEnroe (7) 000000001983-02-07-0000February 7, 1983 000000001983-02-13-0000February 13, 1983 1 77
USA Jimmy Connors (7) 000000001983-02-14-0000February 14, 1983 000000001983-02-27-0000February 27, 1983 2 262
6 TCH Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl 000000001983-02-28-0000February 28, 1983 000000001983-05-15-0000May 15, 1983 11 11
USA Jimmy Connors (8) 000000001983-05-16-0000May 16, 1983 000000001983-06-05-0000June 5, 1983 3 265
USA John McEnroe (8) 000000001983-06-06-0000June 6, 1983 000000001983-06-12-0000June 12, 1983 1 78
USA Jimmy Connors (9) 000000001983-06-13-0000June 13, 1983 000000001983-07-03-0000July 3, 1983 3 268
USA John McEnroe (9) 000000001983-07-04-0000July 4, 1983 000000001983-10-30-0000October 30, 1983 17 95
TCH Ivan Lendl (2) 000000001983-10-31-0000October 31, 1983 000000001983-12-11-0000December 11, 1983 6 17
USA John McEnroe (10) 000000001983-12-12-0000December 12, 1983 000000001984-01-08-0000January 8, 1984 4 99
TCH Ivan Lendl (3) 000000001984-01-09-0000January 9, 1984 000000001984-03-11-0000March 11, 1984 9 26
USA John McEnroe (11) 000000001984-03-12-0000March 12, 1984 000000001984-06-10-0000June 10, 1984 13 112
TCH Ivan Lendl (4) 000000001984-06-11-0000June 11, 1984 000000001984-06-17-0000June 17, 1984 1 27
USA John McEnroe (12) 000000001984-06-18-0000June 18, 1984 000000001984-07-08-0000July 8, 1984 3 115
TCH Ivan Lendl (5) 000000001984-07-09-0000July 9, 1984 000000001984-08-12-0000August 12, 1984 5 32
USA John McEnroe (13) 000000001984-08-13-0000August 13, 1984 000000001985-08-18-0000August 18, 1985 53 168
TCH Ivan Lendl (6) 000000001985-08-19-0000August 19, 1985 000000001985-08-25-0000August 25, 1985 1 33
USA John McEnroe (14) 000000001985-08-26-0000August 26, 1985 000000001985-09-08-0000September 8, 1985 2 170
TCH Ivan Lendl (7) 000000001985-09-09-0000September 9, 1985 000000001988-09-11-0000September 11, 1988 157 190
7 SWE Wilander, MatsMats Wilander 000000001988-09-12-0000September 12, 1988 000000001989-01-29-0000January 29, 1989 20 20
TCH Ivan Lendl (8) 000000001989-01-30-0000January 30, 1989 000000001990-08-12-0000August 12, 1990 80 270
8 SWE Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg 000000001990-08-13-0000August 13, 1990 000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991 24 24
9 GER Becker, BorisBoris Becker 000000001991-01-28-0000January 28, 1991 000000001991-02-17-0000February 17, 1991 3 3
SWE Stefan Edberg (2) 000000001991-02-18-0000February 18, 1991 000000001991-07-07-0000July 7, 1991 20 44
GER Boris Becker (2) 000000001991-07-08-0000July 8, 1991 000000001991-09-08-0000September 8, 1991 9 12
SWE Stefan Edberg (3) 000000001991-09-09-0000September 9, 1991 000000001992-02-09-0000February 9, 1992 22 66
10 USA Courier, JimJim Courier 000000001992-02-10-0000February 10, 1992 000000001992-03-22-0000March 22, 1992 6 6
SWE Stefan Edberg (4) 000000001992-03-23-0000March 23, 1992 000000001992-04-12-0000April 12, 1992 3 69
USA Jim Courier (2) 000000001992-04-13-0000April 13, 1992 000000001992-09-13-0000September 13, 1992 22 28
SWE Stefan Edberg (5) 000000001992-09-14-0000September 14, 1992 000000001992-10-04-0000October 4, 1992 3 72
USA Jim Courier (3) 000000001992-10-05-0000October 5, 1992 000000001993-04-11-0000April 11, 1993 27 55
11 USA Sampras, PetePete Sampras 000000001993-04-12-0000April 12, 1993 000000001993-08-22-0000August 22, 1993 19 19
USA Jim Courier (4) 000000001993-08-23-0000August 23, 1993 000000001993-09-12-0000September 12, 1993 3 58
USA Pete Sampras (2) 000000001993-09-13-0000September 13, 1993 000000001995-04-09-0000April 9, 1995 82 101
12 USA Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi 000000001995-04-10-0000April 10, 1995 000000001995-11-05-0000November 5, 1995 30 30
USA Pete Sampras (3) 000000001995-11-06-0000November 6, 1995 000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996 12 113
USA Andre Agassi (2) 000000001996-01-29-0000January 29, 1996 000000001996-02-11-0000February 11, 1996 2 32
13 AUT Muster, ThomasThomas Muster 000000001996-02-12-0000February 12, 1996 000000001996-02-18-0000February 18, 1996 1 1
USA Pete Sampras (4) 000000001996-02-19-0000February 19, 1996 000000001996-03-10-0000March 10, 1996 3 116
AUT Thomas Muster (2) 000000001996-03-11-0000March 11, 1996 000000001996-04-14-0000April 14, 1996 5 6
USA Pete Sampras (5) 000000001996-04-15-0000April 15, 1996 000000001998-03-29-0000March 29, 1998 102 218
14 CHI Ríos, MarceloMarcelo Ríos 000000001998-03-30-0000March 30, 1998 000000001998-04-26-0000April 26, 1998 4 4
USA Pete Sampras (6) 000000001998-04-27-0000April 27, 1998 000000001998-08-09-0000August 9, 1998 15 233
CHI Marcelo Ríos (2) 000000001998-08-10-0000August 10, 1998 000000001998-08-23-0000August 23, 1998 2 6
USA Pete Sampras (7) 000000001998-08-24-0000August 24, 1998 000000001999-03-14-0000March 14, 1999 29 262
15 ESP Moyá, CarlosCarlos Moyá 000000001999-03-15-0000March 15, 1999 000000001999-03-28-0000March 28, 1999 2 2
USA Pete Sampras (8) 000000001999-03-29-0000March 29, 1999 000000001999-05-02-0000May 2, 1999 5 267
16 RUS Kafelnikov, YevgenyYevgeny Kafelnikov 000000001999-05-03-0000May 3, 1999 000000001999-06-13-0000June 13, 1999 6 6
USA Pete Sampras (9) 000000001999-06-14-0000June 14, 1999 000000001999-07-04-0000July 4, 1999 3 270
USA Andre Agassi (3) 000000001999-07-05-0000July 5, 1999 000000001999-07-25-0000July 25, 1999 3 35
17 AUS Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter 000000001999-07-26-0000July 26, 1999 000000001999-08-01-0000August 1, 1999 1 1
USA Pete Sampras (10) 000000001999-08-02-0000August 2, 1999 000000001999-09-12-0000September 12, 1999 6 276
USA Andre Agassi (4) 000000001999-09-13-0000September 13, 1999 000000002000-09-10-0000September 10, 2000 52 87
USA Pete Sampras (11) 000000002000-09-11-0000September 11, 2000 000000002000-11-19-0000November 19, 2000 10 286
18 RUS Safin, MaratMarat Safin 000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000 000000002000-12-03-0000December 3, 2000 2 2
19 BRA Kuerten, GustavoGustavo Kuerten 000000002000-12-04-0000December 4, 2000 000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001 8 8
RUS Marat Safin (2) 000000002001-01-29-0000January 29, 2001 000000002001-02-25-0000February 25, 2001 4 6
BRA Gustavo Kuerten (2) 000000002001-02-26-0000February 26, 2001 000000002001-04-01-0000April 1, 2001 5 13
RUS Marat Safin (3) 000000002001-04-02-0000April 2, 2001 000000002001-04-22-0000April 22, 2001 3 9
BRA Gustavo Kuerten (3) 000000002001-04-23-0000April 23, 2001 000000002001-11-18-0000November 18, 2001 30 43
20 AUS Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt 000000002001-11-19-0000November 19, 2001 000000002003-04-27-0000April 27, 2003 75 75
USA Andre Agassi (5) 000000002003-04-28-0000April 28, 2003 000000002003-05-11-0000May 11, 2003 2 89
AUS Lleyton Hewitt (2) 000000002003-05-12-0000May 12, 2003 000000002003-06-15-0000June 15, 2003 5 80
USA Andre Agassi (6) 000000002003-06-16-0000June 16, 2003 000000002003-09-07-0000September 7, 2003 12 101
21 ESP Ferrero, Juan CarlosJuan Carlos Ferrero 000000002003-09-08-0000September 8, 2003 000000002003-11-02-0000November 2, 2003 8 8
22 USA Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick 000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003 000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004 13 13
23 SUI Federer, RogerRoger Federer 000000002004-02-02-0000February 2, 2004 000000002008-08-17-0000August 17, 2008 237 ↑ 237
24 ESP Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal 000000002008-08-18-0000August 18, 2008 000000002009-07-05-0000July 5, 2009 46 46
SUI Roger Federer (2) 000000002009-07-06-0000July 6, 2009 000000002010-06-06-0000June 6, 2010 48 285
ESP Rafael Nadal (2) 000000002010-06-07-0000June 7, 2010 000000002011-07-03-0000July 3, 2011 56 102
25 SRB Novak Djokovic 000000002011-07-04-0000July 4, 2011 000000002012-07-08-0000July 8, 2012 53 53
SUI Roger Federer (3) 000000002012-07-09-0000July 9, 2012 000000002012-11-04-0000November 4, 2012 17 302 ↑
SRB Novak Djokovic (2) 000000002012-11-05-0000November 5, 2012 000000002013-10-06-0000October 6, 2013 48 101
ESP Rafael Nadal (3) 000000002013-10-07-0000October 7, 2013 000000002014-07-06-0000July 6, 2014 39 141
SRB Novak Djokovic (3) 000000002014-07-07-0000July 7, 2014 000000002016-11-06-0000November 6, 2016 122 223
26 GBR Andy Murray 000000002016-11-07-0000November 7, 2016 000000002017-08-20-0000August 20, 2017 41 41
ESP Rafael Nadal (4) 000000002017-08-21-0000August 21, 2017 Present 5 146
No.
Country
Player
Start date
End date
Weeks
Total
Key
* Current number 1 player as of September 18, 2017[update][19][20]
↑ ATP Ranking record
Weeks at No. 1[edit]
By player[edit]
The table on the left shows the total number of weeks that each player has been ranked No. 1 in their career by the ATP.[7]
The table on the right shows the number of consecutive weeks that each indicated player has been ranked No. 1 by the ATP. [7]
Rank
Player
Total
1. Federer, RogerRoger Federer 302
2. Sampras, PetePete Sampras 286
3. Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl 270
4. Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors 268
5. Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic 223
6. McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe 170
7. Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal 146
8. Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg 109
9. Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi 101
10. Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt 80
11. Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg 72
12. Courier, JimJim Courier 58
13. Kuerten, GustavoGustavo Kuerten 43
14. Murray, AndyAndy Murray 41
15. Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase 40
16. Wilander, MatsMats Wilander 20
17. Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick 13
18. Becker, BorisBoris Becker 12
19. Safin, MaratMarat Safin 9
20. Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe 8
Ferrero, Juan CarlosJuan Carlos Ferrero
22. Muster, ThomasThomas Muster 6
Ríos, MarceloMarcelo Ríos
Kafelnikov, YevgenyYevgeny Kafelnikov
25. Moyá, CarlosCarlos Moyá 2
26. Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter 1
* active players - current No. 1 in bold
Rank
Player
Consecutive
1. Federer, RogerRoger Federer 237
2. Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors 160
3. Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl 157
4. Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic 122
5. Sampras, PetePete Sampras 102
6. Jimmy Connors (2) 84
7. Pete Sampras (2) 82
8. Ivan Lendl (2) 80
9. Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt 75
10. McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe 58
11. Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal 56
12. John McEnroe (2) 53
Novak Djokovic (2)
14. Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi 52
15. Roger Federer (2) 48
Novak Djokovic (3)
17. Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg 46
Rafael Nadal (2)
19. Murray, AndyAndy Murray 41
20. Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase 40
* current streak in bold
as of September 18, 2017[update]
By country[edit]
Country
No. of
players
No. of
weeks
Players
Ref
1.
United States
6 896 Jimmy Connors, John McEnroe, Jim Courier, Pete Sampras, Andre Agassi, Andy Roddick [21]
2.
Switzerland
1 302 Roger Federer [21]
3.
Czechoslovakia
1 270 Ivan Lendl [21]
4.
Serbia
1 223 Novak Djokovic [21]
5.
Sweden
3 201 Björn Borg, Mats Wilander, Stefan Edberg [21]
6.
Spain
3 156 Carlos Moyá, Juan Carlos Ferrero, Rafael Nadal * [21]
7.
Australia
3 89 John Newcombe, Patrick Rafter, Lleyton Hewitt [21]
8.
Brazil
1 43 Gustavo Kuerten [21]
9.
United Kingdom
1 41 Andy Murray [21]
10.
Romania
1 40 Ilie Năstase [21]
11.
Russia
2 15 Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Marat Safin [21]
12.
Germany
1 12 Boris Becker [21]
13.
Austria
1 6 Thomas Muster [21]
Chile
1 6 Marcelo Ríos [21]
Active players are in bold.
* Current number 1 as of September 18, 2017[update].
Year-end No. 1[edit]
The ATP year-end No. 1 ranked player is determined as the player at the head of the ATP rankings following the completion of the final tournament of the calendar year, usually in November or December. Pete Sampras holds the record of six year-end No. 1 rankings, which were in consecutive years from 1993 through 1998.
Only 4 players, Ivan Lendl, Roger Federer, Novak Djokovic, and Rafael Nadal, have ever held, lost, and regained the year-end No. 1 ranking. Lendl held it in 1987, lost it in 1988, and regained it in 1989, while Federer held it in 2007, lost it in 2008, and regained it in 2009, and Djokovic held it in 2012, lost it in 2013, and regained it in 2014. Only Nadal has done it twice, he held it in 2008, lost it in 2009, regained it in 2010, lost it in 2011, and regained it again in 2013.[22]
Six players have stayed at ATP No. 1 in the rankings every week of a calendar year. Federer is the only player to have been ranked No. 1 every week for three consecutive calendar years.
Key
(1)
Time as year-end number 1/Total times as year-end number 1
§
Ranked number 1 during every week of the calendar year
Active players [23][24]
John McEnroe finished the year as the No. 1- ranked player for four consecutive years from 1981 to 1984.
Lleyton Hewitt at age 20 became the youngest male player to hold the world No. 1 ranking. He obtained this in November 2001.
Year
Player
Ref(s)
1973
Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase
[25]
1974
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors (1/5)
[26][27]
1975
Jimmy Connors § (2/5)
[26][27]
1976
Jimmy Connors § (3/5)
[26][27]
1977
Jimmy Connors (4/5)
[28]
1978
Jimmy Connors § (5/5)
[28]
1979
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg (1/2)
[28]
1980
Björn Borg (2/2)
[28]
1981
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe (1/4)
[28][29]
1982
John McEnroe (2/4)
[28][29]
1983
John McEnroe (3/4)
[28][29]
1984
John McEnroe (4/4)
[28][29]
1985
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl (1/4)
[28][30]
1986
Ivan Lendl § (2/4)
[30]
1987
Ivan Lendl § (3/4)
[30]
1988
Wilander, MatsMats Wilander
[29]
1989
Ivan Lendl (4/4)
[29]
1990
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg (1/2)
[31]
1991
Stefan Edberg (2/2)
[31][32]
1992
Courier, JimJim Courier
[33]
1993
Sampras, PetePete Sampras (1/6)
[9]
1994
Pete Sampras § (2/6)
[34]
1995
Pete Sampras (3/6)
[9]
1996
Pete Sampras (4/6)
[9]
1997
Pete Sampras § (5/6)
[34]
1998
Pete Sampras (6/6)
[9]
1999
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
[35]
2000
Kuerten, GustavoGustavo Kuerten
[32][36]
2001
Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt (1/2)
[37]
2002
Lleyton Hewitt § (2/2)
[10][38]
2003
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
[39]
2004
Federer, RogerRoger Federer (1/5)
[40]
2005
Roger Federer § (2/5)
[41]
2006
Roger Federer § (3/5)
[42]
2007
Roger Federer § (4/5)
[43][44]
2008
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal (1/3)
[45]
2009
Roger Federer (5/5)
[46]
2010
Rafael Nadal (2/3)
[47][48]
2011
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic (1/4)
[49]
2012
Novak Djokovic (2/4)
[50]
2013
Rafael Nadal (3/3)
[51]
2014
Novak Djokovic (3/4)
[52]
2015
Novak Djokovic § (4/4)
[53][54]
2016
Andy Murray
[55]
Year
Number of Year-end No. 1 Player
6 Sampras, PetePete Sampras
5 Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
4 McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
3 Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
2 Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt
1 Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase
Wilander, MatsMats Wilander
Courier, JimJim Courier
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
Kuerten, GustavoGustavo Kuerten
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
No. 1 ranked players without a previous Grand Slam tournament title[edit]
Player
Date of first No. 1 position
First Grand Slam final reached
First Grand Slam title
Ref
Ivan Lendl
February 28, 1983 1981 French Open (June 1981) (1st of 19) 1984 French Open (1st of 8)
Marcelo Ríos
March 30, 1998 1998 Australian Open (January 1998) None (retired in 2004) [15]
See also[edit]
ATP Rankings
ATP players with highest rank of 2 to 5
ATP Rankings achievements – men's singles
List of ATP number 1 ranked doubles players
ITF World Champions
World number 1 male tennis player rankings (includes rankings before 1973)
List of WTA number 1 ranked players
References[edit]
General
"ATP World Tour – Singles Rankings (searchable database)". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals. Archived from the original on April 14, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2009.
"ATP World Tour – Doubles Rankings (searchable database)". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
Specific
Jump up ^ "How It All Began". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved July 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rankings Explained". www.itftennis.com. International Tennis Federation (ITF).
Jump up ^ "ATP Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Archived from the original on April 14, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "ITF Tennis – How the Rankings Work". International Tennis Federation. August 27, 2003. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/nadal-talks-no-1-cincinnati-2017
Jump up ^ "ATP Ranking and Race Frequently Asked Questions". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved June 11, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "History of No. 1". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Pete Sampras – Career Highlights". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved July 21, 2012. Became first player in ATP Rankings history to finish No. 1 for six consecutive years.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Plus: Tennis — ATP Tour World Championship; Sampras Is Assured Of No. 1 Ranking". The New York Times. November 27, 1998. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lleyton Hewitt – Career Highlights". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved July 21, 2012. [Y]oungest player (20 yrs., 8 mos.)...to finish No. 1 in history of ATP Rankings.
Jump up ^ "Lleyton Hewitt". BBC. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Buddell, James (July 16, 2012). "Federer Rises Above". London: ATP World Tour. Retrieved July 16, 2012. Andre Agassi, who remains the oldest player to have been No. 1 in the South African Airways ATP Rankings, at 33 years and 131 days in 2003, proved to be a great inspiration.
Jump up ^ "Andre Agassi". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. August 19, 2003. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Agassi out, Ferrero world number one". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. September 7, 2003. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Finn, Robin (March 30, 1998). "Tennis; Rios Dismantles Agassi and Seizes No. 1 Ranking". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2012. Rios...is the first man to earn the ranking without winning a Grand Slam tournament since Ivan Lendl in 1983.
Jump up ^ "Worthy of really high fives". Sports Illustrated. CNN. June 18, 1984. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ Wilstein, Steve (February 1, 1998). "Korda takes Australian Open title". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Player biography – Marcelo Ríos". International Tennis Federation. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Singles Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Archived from the original on April 14, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tennis Rankings world No. 1s". CBSSports.com. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Djokovic Becomes 25th Player In History To Rise To No. 1". ATP World Tour. July 4, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "ATP Tour 2013 Season". ATP Tour. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Singles Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Archived from the original on April 14, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tennis Rankings world No. 1s". CBSSports.com. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nastase, Vilas, Cooper to enter Tennis Hall of Fame". The Gainesville Sun. March 27, 1991. p. 2C. Retrieved September 6, 2012. Nastase...finished the 1973 season No. 1 in the world.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Jimmy Connors – Career Highlights". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved September 5, 2012. He was clearly No. 1, a status he enjoyed from July 1974, for 159 straight weeks...
^ Jump up to: a b c Crouse, Karen (February 27, 2007). "Federer's Reign Goes on and History Follows". The New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2012. Jimmy Connors was No. 1 for 160 straight weeks, from July 1974 to August 1977.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Hewitt jubilant as world's No. 1". The Age. November 15, 2002. Retrieved September 6, 2012. Only five other players – Stefan Edberg (1990–91), Ivan Lendl (1985–87), John McEnroe (1981–84), Bjorn Borg (1979–80) and Jimmy Connors (1974–78) – have achieved the mighty feat.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Robson, Douglas (June 29, 2009). "Federer may reclaim No. 1 rank, but can he keep hold of spot?". USA Today. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ford, Bonnie D. (April 9, 2010). "Tennis still imbued in Lendl's blood". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved September 6, 2012. In 1988, [Wilander] won a five-set endurance contest, breaking a six-match losing streak to Lendl. The win interrupted Lendl's three-year reign as world No. 1...
^ Jump up to: a b "Tennis; Winning Courier Stays No. 1". The New York Times. November 21, 1992. Retrieved September 6, 2012. Edberg, the No. 1 player at the end of 1990 and 1991.
^ Jump up to: a b Clarey, Christopher (December 4, 2000). "Tennis; A Victorious Kuerten Clinches No. 1". The New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2012. [Kuerten] is the first non-American to finish on top since the Swede Stefan Edberg in 1991.
Jump up ^ "Courier finishes year ranked No. 1 McNeil posts another upset in Slims". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. NewsBank. November 21, 1992. Retrieved September 6, 2012. Jim Courier became the first American since John McEnroe in 1984 to finish the year as the No. 1 tennis player in the world... (subscription required)
^ Jump up to: a b "Pete Sampras – Career Highlights". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved September 5, 2012. 1997 — Ranked No. 1 every week throughout year for second time (1994)
Jump up ^ Wilansky, Matt (August 31, 2006). "Inside the numbers". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved September 5, 2012. [I]n 1999 he won the French Open title, the only major that had eluded him. He finished the year ranked No. 1 in the world for the first and only time in his career.
Jump up ^ "2000 ATP Tour Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2001 ATP Tour Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2002 ATP Tour Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2003 ATP Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2004 ATP Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2005 ATP Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2006 ATP Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2007 ATP Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Federer will finish year at No. 1 after winning home tourney". CBS Sports. October 28, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2008 ATP Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved January 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2009 ATP World Tour Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2010 ATP World Tour Year End Rankings". atpworldtour.com. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nadal clinches year-end No. 1 for second time". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). September 16, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Djokovic Clinches Year-End No. 1 For First Time". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). October 13, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Djokovic to finish No. 1 in South African Airways ATP Rankings for 2nd straight year". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). October 29, 2012. Retrieved November 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nadal Clinches Year-End No. 1 Emirates ATP Rankings". November 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Djokovic clinches year-end No. 1 ranking at ATP World Tour Finals". tennis.com. 14 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Djokovic Clinches Year-End No. 1 Emirates ATP Ranking For Fourth Time". September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fendrich, Howard (14 September 2015). "Novak Djokovic clinches tennis' year-end No. 1 ranking". CBS Sports. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Murray beats Djokovic in London, finishes as year-end no. 1". November 20, 2016.
External links[edit]
ATP World Tour website
[show]
v
t
e
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) world No. 1 singles players
Ilie Năstase (1973/1974 – 40 w)
John Newcombe (1974 – 8 w)
Jimmy Connors (1974/1983 – 268 w)
Björn Borg (1977/1981 – 109 w)
John McEnroe (1980/1985 – 170 w)
Ivan Lendl (1983/1990 – 270 w)
Mats Wilander (1988/1989 – 20 w)
Stefan Edberg (1990/1992 – 72 w)
Boris Becker (1991 – 12 w)
Jim Courier (1992/1993 – 58 w)
Pete Sampras (1993/2000 – 286 w)
Andre Agassi (1995/2003 – 101 w)
Thomas Muster (1996 – 6 w)
Marcelo Ríos (1998 – 6 w)
Carlos Moyá (1999 – 2 w)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov (1999 – 6 w)
Patrick Rafter (1999 – 1 w)
Marat Safin (2000/2001 – 9 w)
Gustavo Kuerten (2000/2001 – 43 w)
Lleyton Hewitt (2001/2003 – 80 w)
Juan Carlos Ferrero (2003 – 8 w)
Andy Roddick (2003/2004 – 13 w)
Roger Federer (2004/2012 – 302 w)
Rafael Nadal (2008/2017 – 145 w)
Novak Djokovic (2011/2016 – 223 w)
Andy Murray (2016/2017 – 41 w)
ATP singles rankings incepted on August 23, 1973
(year first held/year last held – number of weeks (w))
current No. 1 in bold, as of week of September 11, 2017[update]
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Common Era
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"BCE" redirects here. For other uses, see BCE (disambiguation).
"Era Vulgaris" redirects here. For the Queens of the Stone Age album, see Era Vulgaris (album).
Common Era or Current Era (CE)[1] is one of the notation systems for the world's most widely used calendar era – an alternative to the Dionysian AD and BC system. The era preceding CE is known as before the Common Era or before the Current Era (BCE), while the Dionysian era distinguishes eras as AD (anno Domini, "[the] year of [the] Lord")[2] and BC ("before Christ"). Since the two notation systems are numerically equivalent, "2018 CE" corresponds to "AD 2018" and "400 BCE" corresponds to "400 BC".[2][3][4][a] Both notations refer to the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar). The year-numbering system utilized by the Gregorian calendar is used throughout the world today, and is an international standard for civil calendars.[5]
The expression has been traced back to 1615, when it first appeared in a book by Johannes Kepler as the Latin usage vulgaris aerae,[6][7] and to 1635 in English as "Vulgar Era".[b] The term "Common Era" can be found in English as early as 1708,[8] and became more widely used in the mid-19th century by Jewish academics. In the later 20th century, the use of CE and BCE was popularized in academic and scientific publications, and more generally by authors and publishers wishing to emphasize secularism or sensitivity to non-Christians, by not explicitly referencing Jesus as "Christ" and Dominus ("Lord") through use of the abbreviation[c] "AD".[10][11]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Origins
1.2 Vulgar Era
1.3 History of the use of the CE/BCE abbreviation
2 Contemporary usage
3 Rationale
3.1 Support
3.2 Opposition
4 Conventions in style guides
5 Similar conventions in other languages
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History
Origins
See also: Anno Domini
The year numbering system used with Common Era notation was devised by the Christian monk Dionysius Exiguus in the year 525 to replace the Era of Martyrs system, because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.[12] He attempted to number years from an initial reference date ("epoch"), an event he referred to as the Incarnation of Jesus.[12][13][14] Dionysius labeled the column of the table in which he introduced the new era as "Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi".[15]
Numbering years in this manner became more widespread in Europe with its usage by Bede in England in 731. Bede also introduced the practice of dating years before what he supposed was the year of birth of Jesus,[16] and the practice of not using a year zero.[d] In 1422, Portugal became the last Western European country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius.[17]
Vulgar Era
Johannes Kepler first used "Vulgar Era" to distinguish dates on the Christian calendar from the regnal year typically used in national law.
The term "Common Era" is traced back in English to its appearance as "Vulgar Era"[e] to distinguish dates on the Ecclesiastic calendar from those of the regnal year, the year of reign of a sovereign, typically used in national law.
The first use of the Latin term vulgaris aerae[f] discovered so far was in a 1615 book by Johannes Kepler.[7] Kepler uses it again in a 1616 table of ephemerides,[18] and again in 1617.[19] A 1635 English edition of that book has the title page in English – so far, the earliest-found usage of Vulgar Era in English.[20] A 1701 book edited by John LeClerc includes "Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra, 6".[21] A 1716 book in English by Dean Humphrey Prideaux says, "before the beginning of the vulgar æra, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation."[22][23] A 1796 book uses the term "vulgar era of the nativity".[24]
The first so-far-discovered usage of "Christian Era" is as the Latin phrase aerae christianae on the title page of a 1584 theology book.[25] In 1649, the Latin phrase æræ Christianæ appeared in the title of an English almanac.[26] A 1652 ephemeris is the first instance so-far-found for English usage of "Christian Era".[27]
The English phrase "common Era" appears at least as early as 1708,[8] and in a 1715 book on astronomy is used interchangeably with "Christian Era" and "Vulgar Era".[28] A 1759 history book uses common æra in a generic sense, to refer to the common era of the Jews.[29] The first-so-far found usage of the phrase "before the common era" is in a 1770 work that also uses common era and vulgar era as synonyms, in a translation of a book originally written in German.[30] The 1797 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica uses the terms vulgar era and common era synonymously.[31] In 1835, in his book Living Oracles, Alexander Campbell, wrote: "The vulgar Era, or Anno Domini; the fourth year of Jesus Christ, the first of which was but eight days",[32] and also refers to the common era as a synonym for vulgar era with "the fact that our Lord was born on the 4th year before the vulgar era, called Anno Domini, thus making (for example) the 42d year from his birth to correspond with the 38th of the common era..."[33] The Catholic Encyclopedia (1909) in at least one article reports all three terms (Christian, Vulgar, Common Era) being commonly understood by the early 20th century.[34]
The phrase "common era", in lower case, also appeared in the 19th century in a generic sense, not necessarily to refer to the Christian Era, but to any system of dates in common use throughout a civilization. Thus, "the common era of the Jews",[35][36] "the common era of the Mahometans",[37] "common era of the world",[38] "the common era of the foundation of Rome".[39] When it did refer to the Christian Era, it was sometimes qualified, e.g., "common era of the Incarnation",[40] "common era of the Nativity",[41] or "common era of the birth of Christ".[42]
An adapted translation of Common Era into pseudo-Latin as Era Vulgaris (in Latin this means Common Mistress)[43] was adopted in the 20th century by some followers of Aleister Crowley, and thus the abbreviation "e.v." or "EV" may sometimes be seen as a replacement for AD.[44]
History of the use of the CE/BCE abbreviation
Although Jews have their own Hebrew calendar, they often use the Gregorian calendar.[45]
As early as 1825, the abbreviation VE (for Vulgar Era) was in use among Jews to denote years in the Western calendar.[46]
Common Era notation has also been in use for Hebrew lessons for "more than a century".[when?][47] Some Jewish academics were already using the CE and BCE abbreviations by the mid-19th century, such as in 1856, when Rabbi and historian Morris Jacob Raphall used the abbreviation in his book Post-Biblical History of The Jews.[48][g]
In the 200 years between 1808 and 2008 the ratio of usage of BCE to BC has increased by about 20% and CE to AD by about 50%, primarily since 1980.[50]
Contemporary usage
Some academics in the fields of theology, education and history have adopted CE and BCE notation, although there is some disagreement.[51]
More visible uses of Common Era notation have recently surfaced at major museums in the English-speaking world. Furthermore, several style guides now prefer or mandate its usage.[52] Even some style guides for Christian churches prefer its use: for example, the Episcopal Diocese Maryland Church News.[53]
In the United States, the usage of the BCE/CE notation in textbooks is growing.[47] Some publications have moved over to using it exclusively. For example, the 2007 World Almanac was the first edition to switch over to the BCE/CE usage, ending a 138-year usage of the traditional BC/AD dating notation. It is used by the College Board in its history tests,[54] and by the Norton Anthology of English Literature. Others have taken a different approach. The US-based History Channel uses BCE/CE notation in articles on non-Christian religious topics such as Jerusalem and Judaism.[55]
In 2002, England and Wales introduced the BCE/CE notation system into the official school curriculum.[56]
In June 2006, in the United States, the Kentucky State School Board reversed its decision to use BCE and CE in the state's new Program of Studies, leaving education of students about these concepts a matter of discretion at the local level.[57][58][59]
Also in 2011, media reports suggested that the BC/AD notation in Australian school textbooks would be replaced by BCE/CE notation.[60] The story became national news and drew opposition from some politicians and church leaders. Weeks after the story broke, the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority denied the rumour and stated that the BC/AD notation would remain, with CE and BCE as an optional suggested learning activity.[61]
Rationale
Support
The use of CE in Jewish scholarship was historically motivated by the desire to avoid the implicit "Our Lord" in the abbreviation AD.[citation needed] Although other aspects of dating systems are based in Christian origins, AD is a direct reference to Jesus as Lord.[62][63]
Proponents of the Common Era notation assert that the use of BCE/CE shows sensitivity to those who use the same year numbering system as the one that originated with and is currently used by Christians, but who are not themselves Christian.[64]
Former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan, himself a Protestant,[65] has argued:
[T]he Christian calendar no longer belongs exclusively to Christians. People of all faiths have taken to using it simply as a matter of convenience. There is so much interaction between people of different faiths and cultures – different civilizations, if you like – that some shared way of reckoning time is a necessity. And so the Christian Era has become the Common Era.[66]
Adena K. Berkowitz, when arguing at the Supreme Court opted to use BCE and CE because "Given the multicultural society that we live in, the traditional Jewish designations – B.C.E. and C.E. – cast a wider net of inclusion" [67]
Opposition
Some oppose the Common Era notation for explicitly religious reasons. Because the BC/AD notation is based on the traditional year of the conception or birth of Jesus, some Christians are offended by the removal of the reference to him in era notation.[68] The Southern Baptist Convention supports retaining the BC/AD abbreviations.[69]
There are also secular concerns. English language expert Kenneth G. Wilson speculated in his style guide that "if we do end by casting aside the AD/BC convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system [that is, the method of numbering years] itself, given its Christian basis."[70] The short lived French Republican Calendar, for example, began with the first year of the French First Republic and rejected the seven-day week (with its connections to the Book of Genesis) for a ten-day week. Priest and writer on interfaith issues Raimon Panikkar contends that using the designation BCE/CE is a "return... to the most bigoted Christian colonialism" towards non-Christians, who do not necessarily consider the time period following the beginning of the calendar to be a "common era".[71]
According to a Los Angeles Times report, it was a student's use of BCE/CE notation, inspired by its use within Wikipedia, which prompted the teacher and politician Andrew Schlafly to found Conservapedia, a cultural conservative wiki.[72] One of its "Conservapedia Commandments" is that users must always apply BC/AD notation, since its sponsors perceive BCE/CE notation to "deny the historical basis" of the dating system.[73]
Conventions in style guides
The abbreviation BCE, just as with BC, always follows the year number. Unlike AD, which traditionally precedes the year number, CE always follows the year number (if context requires that it be written at all).[70] Thus, the current year is written as 2018 in both notations (or, if further clarity is needed, as 2018 CE, or as AD 2018), and the year that Socrates died is represented as 399 BCE (the same year that is represented by 399 BC in the BC/AD notation). The abbreviations are sometimes written with small capital letters, or with periods (e.g., "B.C.E." or "C.E.").[74] Style guides for academic texts on religion generally prefer BCE/CE to BC/AD.[75]
Similar conventions in other languages
In Germany, Jews in Berlin seem to have already been using "(Before the) Common Era" in the 18th century, while others like Moses Mendelssohn opposed this usage as it would hinder the integration of Jews into German society.[76] The formulation seems to have persisted among German Jews in the 19th century in forms like vor der gewöhnlichen Zeitrechnung (before the common chronology).[77][78]
In 1938 Nazi Germany, the use of this convention was also prescribed by the National Socialist Teachers League.[79]
However, it was soon discovered that many German Jews had been using the convention ever since the 18th century, and they found it ironic to see "Aryans following Jewish example nearly 200 years later".[76]
In Spanish, Common forms used for "BC" are aC and a. de C. (for antes de Cristo, "before Christ"), with variations in punctuation and sometimes the use of J.C.(Jesucristo) instead of C. In scholarly writing, AEC is the equivalent of the English "BCE", antes de la Era Común or Before the Common Era.[80]
In Welsh, OC can be expanded to equivalents of both AD (Oed Crist) and CE (Oes Cyffredin); for dates before the Common Era, CC (traditionally, Cyn Crist) is used exclusively, as Cyn yr Oes Cyffredin would abbreviate to a mild obscenity.[81]
See also
Ante Christum Natum
Before present
Calendar
Calendar era
Calendar reform
Holocene Era
List of calendars
Notes
Jump up ^ Two separate systems that also do not use religious titles, the astronomical system and the ISO 8601 standard, do use a year zero. The year 1 BCE (identical to the year 1 BC) is represented as 0 in the astronomical system, and as 0000 in ISO 8601. Presently, ISO 8601 dating requires use of the Gregorian calendar for all dates, however, whereas astronomical dating and Common Era dating allow use of either the Gregorian or Julian calendars.
Jump up ^ The word "Vulgar" (from Latin vulgaris) originally meant ordinary, common-place, or not regal or regnal. (See wiktionary:vulgar)
Jump up ^ AD is shortened from anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi ("in the year of Our Lord Jesus Christ").[9]
Jump up ^ As noted in History of the zero, the use of zero in Western civilization was uncommon before the twelfth century.
Jump up ^ from the Latin word vulgus, the common people, i.e., those who are not royalty.[citation needed]
Jump up ^ In Latin, Common Era is written as Vulgaris Aerae. It also occasionally appears as æræ vulgaris, aerae vulgaris, aeram vulgarem, anni vulgaris, vulgaris aerae Christianae, and anni vulgatae nostrae aerae Christianas.
Jump up ^ The term common era does not appear in this book; the term Christian era [lowercase] does appear a number of times. Nowhere in the book is the abbreviation explained or expanded directly.[49]
References
Jump up ^ BBC Team (8 February 2005). "History of Judaism 63 BCE – 1086 CE". BBC Religion & Ethics. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "Anno Domini". Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2003. Retrieved 2011-10-04. Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of the Lord
Jump up ^ "Controversy over the use of the "CE/BCE" and "AD/BC" dating notation/". Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
Jump up ^ "Common Era". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1992.
Jump up ^ Richards, E. G. (2012). "Calendars" (PDF). In Urban, S. E.; Seidelmann, P. K. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (3rd ed.). Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. p. 585.
Jump up ^ Coolman, Robert. "Keeping Time: The Origin of B.C. & A.D." Live Science. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Earliest-found use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1615)". Retrieved 2011-05-18. Johannes Kepler (1615). Joannis Keppleri Eclogae chronicae: ex epistolis doctissimorum aliquot virorum & suis mutuis, quibus examinantur tempora nobilissima: 1. Herodis Herodiadumque, 2. baptismi & ministerii Christi annorum non plus 2 1/4, 3. passionis, mortis et resurrectionis Dn. N. Iesu Christi, anno aerae nostrae vulgaris 31. non, ut vulgo 33., 4. belli Iudaici, quo funerata fuit cum Ierosolymis & Templo Synagoga Iudaica, sublatumque Vetus Testamentum. Inter alia & commentarius in locum Epiphanii obscurissimum de cyclo veteri Iudaeorum. (in Latin). Francofurti:Tampach. anno aerae nostrae vulgaris
^ Jump up to: a b first so-far-found use of common era in English (1708). Printed for H. Rhodes. 1708. Retrieved 2011-05-18. The History of the Works of the Learned. 10. London. January 1708. p. 513.
Jump up ^ Irvin, Dale T.; Sunquist, Scott (2001). History of the World Christian Movement. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. xi. ISBN 0-567-08866-9. Retrieved 2011-05-18. The influence of western culture and scholarship upon the rest of the world in turn led to this system of dating becoming the most widely used one across the globe today. Many scholars in historical and religious studies in the West in recent years have sought to lessen the explicitly Christian meaning of this system without abandoning the usefulness of a single, common, global form of dating. For this reason the terms common era and before the common era, abbreviated as CE and BCE, have grown in popularity as designations. The terms are meant, in deference to non-Christians, to soften the explicit theological claims made by the older Latin terminology, while at the same time providing continuity with earlier generations of mostly western Christian historical research.
Jump up ^ Andrew Herrmann (27 May 2006). "BCE date designation called more sensitive". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2016-09-18. Herrmann observes, "The changes – showing up at museums, in academic circles and in school textbooks – have been touted as more sensitive to people of faiths outside of Christianity." However, Herrmann notes, "The use of BCE and CE have rankled some Christians"
Jump up ^ McKim, Donald K (1996). Common Era entry. Westminster dictionary of theological terms. ISBN 978-0-664-25511-4. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Pedersen, O. (1983). "The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church". In Coyne, G.V. et al. (Eds.). The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar. Vatican Observatory. p. 50. Retrieved 2011-05-18. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Jump up ^ Doggett, L.E., (1992), "Calendars" in Seidelmann, P.K., The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, Sausalito CA: University Science Books, 2.1
Jump up ^ Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-3781-3. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, O., (1983), "The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church" in Coyne, G.V. et al. (Eds.) The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar, Vatican Observatory, p. 52.
Jump up ^ Bede wrote of the Incarnation of Jesus, but treated it as synonymous with birth. Blackburn, B & Holford-Strevens, L, (2003), The Oxford Companion to the Year, Oxford University Press, 778.
Jump up ^ "General Chronology". New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol III. Robert Appleton Company, New York. 1908. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ Kepler, Johann (1616). Second use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1616). Plancus. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Kepler, Johann (1616). Ephemerides novae motuum caelestium, ab Ānno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII en observationibus potissimum Tychonis Brahei hypothesibus physicis, et tabulis Rudolphinis... Plancus.
Jump up ^ Kepler, Johannes; Fabricus, David (1617). Third use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1617). sumptibus authoris, excudebat Iohannes Plancus. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Johannes Kepler, Jakob Bartsch (1617). Ephemerides novae motuum coelestium, ab anno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII[-XXXVI]... Johannes Plancus. Part 3 has title: Tomi L Ephemeridvm Ioannis Kepleri pars tertia, complexa annos à M.DC.XXIX. in M.DC.XXXVI. In quibus & tabb. Rudolphi jam perfectis, et sociâ operâ clariss. viri dn. Iacobi Bartschii ... Impressa Sagani Silesiorvm, in typographeio Ducali, svmptibvs avthoris, anno M.DC.XXX. * Translation of title (per 1635 English edition): New Ephemerids for the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeeres of the Vulgar Era 1617–1636
Jump up ^ Kepler, Johann; Vlacq, Adriaan (1635). Earliest so-far-found use of vulgar era in English (1635). Retrieved 2011-05-18. Johann Kepler; Adriaan Vlacq (1635). Ephemerides of the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeers of the Vulgar Era 1633...
Jump up ^ Clerc, Jean Le (1701). vulgar era in English (1701). Retrieved 2011-05-18. John LeClerc, ed. (1701). The Harmony of the Evangelists. London: Sam Buckley. p. 5. Before Christ according to the Vulgar AEra, 6
Jump up ^ Prideaux, Humphrey (1799). Prideaux use of "Vulgar Era" (1716) (reprint ed.). Retrieved 2011-05-18. reckoning it backward from the vulgar era of Christ's incarnation Humphrey Prideaux, D.D. (1716) [from Oxford University Press 1799 (1716 edition not online, 1749 online is Vol 2)]. The Old and New Testament Connected in the History of the Jews and Neighbouring Nations. 1. Edinburgh. p. 1. This happened in the seventh year after the building of Rome, and in the second year of the eighth Olympiad, which was the seven hundred forty-seventh year before Christ, i. e. before the beginning of the vulgar æra, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation.
Jump up ^ Merriam Webster accepts the date of 1716, but does not give the source. "Merriam Webster Online entry for Vulgar Era". Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ Robert Walker (Rector of Shingham); Newton, Sir Isaac; Falconer, Thomas (1796). "vulgar era of the nativity" (1796). T. Cadell jun. and W. Davies. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Rev. Robert Walker; Isaac Newton; Thomas Falconer (1796). Analysis of Researches Into the Origin and Progress of Historical Time, from the Creation to ... London: T. Cadell Jr. and W. Davies. p. 10. Dionysius the Little brought the vulgar era of the nativity too low by four years.
Jump up ^ "1584 Latin use of aerae christianae". Retrieved 2011-05-18. Grynaeus, Johann Jacob; Beumler, Marcus (1584). De Eucharistica controuersia, capita doctrinae theologicae de quibus mandatu, illustrissimi principis ac domini, D. Iohannis Casimiri, Comites Palatini ad Rhenum, Ducis Bauariae, tutoris & administratoris Electoralis Palatinatus, octonis publicis disputationibus (quarum prima est habita 4 Apr. anno aerae christianae 1584, Marco Beumlero respondente) praeses Iohannes Iacobus Grynaeus, orthodoxae fidei rationem interrogantibus placidè reddidit ; accessit eiusdem Iohannis Iacobi Grynaeus synopsis orationis, quam de disputationis euentu, congressione nona, quae indicit in 15 Aprilis, publicè habuit (in Latin) (Editio tertia ed.). Heidelbergae: Typis Iacobi Mylij. OCLC 123471534. 4 Apr. anno aerae christianae 1584
Jump up ^ "1649 use of æræ Christianæ in English book – 1st usage found in English". Retrieved 2011-05-18. WING, Vincent (1649). Speculum uranicum, anni æræ Christianæ, 1649, or, An almanack and prognosication for the year of our Lord, 1649 being the first from bissextile or leap-year, and from the creation of the world 5598, wherein is contained many useful, pleasant and necessary observations, and predictions ... : calculated (according to art) for the meridian and latitude of the ancient borrough town of Stamford in Lincolnshire ... and without sensible errour may serve the 3. kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. London: J.L. for the Company of Stationers. anni æræ Christianæ, 1649
Jump up ^ first appearance of "Christian Era" in English (1652). Retrieved 2016-11-02. Sliter, Robert (1652). A celestiall glasse, or, Ephemeris for the year of the Christian era 1652 being the bissextile or leap-year: contayning the lunations, planetary motions, configurations & ecclipses for this present year ... : with many other things very delightfull and necessary for most sorts of men: calculated exactly and composed for ... Rochester. London: Printed for the Company of Stationers.
Jump up ^ Gregory, David; John Nicholson; John Morphew (1715). The Elements of Astronomy, Physical and Geometrical. 1. London: printed for J. Nicholson, and sold by J. Morphew. p. 252. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Some say the World was created 3950 Years before the common Æra of Christ Before Christ and Christian Era appear on the same page 252, while Vulgar Era appears on page 250
Jump up ^ Sale, George; Psalmanazar, George; Bower, Archibald; Shelvocke, George; Campbell, John; Swinton, John (1759). 1759 use of common æra. Printed for C. Bathurst. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Sale, George; Psalmanazar, George; Bower, Archibald; Shelvocke, George; Campbell, John; Swinton, John (1759). An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time. 13. London: C. Bathurst [etc.] p. 130. at which time they fixed that for their common era In this case, their refers to the Jews.
Jump up ^ Von), Jakob Friedrich Bielfeld (Freiherr; Hooper, William (1770). First-so-far found English usage of "before the common era", with "vulgar era" synonymous with "common era" (1770). Printed by G. Scott, for J. Robson and B. Law. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Hooper, William; Bielfeld, Jacob Friedrich (1770). The Elements of Universal Erudition: Containing an Analytical Abridgment of the Sciences, Polite Arts, and Belles Lettres. 2. London: G. Scott, printer, for J Robson, bookseller in New-Bond Street, and B. Law in Ave-Mary Lane. pp. 105, 63. in the year of the world 3692, and 312 years before the vulgar era.... The Spanish era began with the year of the world 3966, and 38 years before the common era (p63)
Jump up ^ MacFarquhar, Colin; Gleig, George (1797). "vulgar era" in 1797 EB. A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar. p. 228 v. 14 pt. 1 P (Peter). Retrieved 2011-05-18. St Peter died in the 66th year of the vulgar era
MacFarquhar, Colin; Gleig, George (1797). "common era" in 1797 EB. A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar. p. 50 v. 14 pt. 1 P (Paul). Retrieved 2011-05-18. This happened in the 33rd year of the common era, fome time after our Saviour's death.
George Gleig, ed. (1797). Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature (Third Edition in 18 volumes). Edinburgh. v. 14 pt. 1 P.
Jump up ^ Alexander Campbell (1835). The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition. pp. 16–20. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ Alexander Campbell (1835). The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm#christian "Foremost among these [various eras] is that which is now adopted by all civilized peoples and known as the Christian, Vulgar or Common Era, in the twentieth century of which we are now living".
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia, Popular (1874). "common era of the Jews" (1874). Retrieved 2011-05-18. the common era of the Jews places the creation in BC 3760 A. Whitelaw, ed. (1874). Conversations Lexicon. The Popular Encyclopedia. V. Oxford University Press. p. 207.
Jump up ^ "common era of the Jews" (1858). Wertheim, MacIntosh & Hunt. 1858. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Hence the present year, 1858, in the common era of the Jews, is AM 5618-5619, a difference of more than 200 years from our commonly-received chronology. Rev. Bourchier Wrey Savile, MA (1858). The first and second Advent: or, The past and the future with reference to the Jew, the Gentile, and the Church of God. London: Wertheim, Macintosh and Hunt. p. 176.
Jump up ^ Gumpach, Johannes von (1856). "common era of the Mahometans" (1856). Retrieved 2011-05-18. Its epoch is the first of March old style. The common era of the Mahometans, as has already been stated, is that of the flight of Mahomet. Johannes von Gumpach (1856). Practical tables for the reduction of Mahometan dates to the Christian calendar. Oxford University. p. 4.
Jump up ^ Jones, William (1801). "common era of the world" (1801). F. and C. Rivington. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Jones, William (1801). The Theological, Philosophical and Miscellaneous Works of the Rev. William Jones. London: Rivington.
Jump up ^ Alexander Fraser Tytler, HON (1854). "common era of the foundation of Rome" (1854). Retrieved 2011-05-18. Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee (1854). Universal History: From the Creation of the World to the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century. Boston: Fetridge and Company. p. 284.
Jump up ^ Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1833). "common era of the Incarnation" (1833). A. & C. Black. Retrieved 2011-05-18. The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. V (9 ed.). New York: Henry G. Allen and Company. 1833. p. 711.
Jump up ^ Todd, James Henthorn (1864). "common era" "of the Nativity" (1864). Hodges, Smith & co. Retrieved 2011-05-18. It should be observed, however, that these years correspond to 492 and 493, a portion of the annals of Ulster being counted from the Incarnation, and being, therefore, one year before the common era of the Nativity of our Lord. James Henthorn Todd (1864). St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, A Memoir of his Life and Mission. Dublin: Hodges, Smith & Co, Publishers to the University. pp. 495, 496, 497.
Jump up ^ "common era of the birth of Christ" (1812). printed by A.J. Valpy for T. Payne. 1812. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Heneage Elsley (1812). Annotations on the Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles (2nd edition) (2nd ed.). London: A. J. Valpy for T. Payne. xvi.
Jump up ^ C.f. every good Latin dictionary, e.g., perseus.tufts.edu, freedict.com, pons (English/German) Archived 2013-12-27 at the Wayback Machine., pons (German) or auxilium-online.net (German)
Jump up ^ "What is Thelema?". Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ Tracey R Rich. "Judaism 101". Retrieved 2011-05-18. Jews do not generally use the words "A.D." and "B.C." to refer to the years on the Gregorian calendar. "A.D." means "the year of our L-rd," and we do not believe Jesus is the L-rd. Instead, we use the abbreviations C.E. (Common or Christian Era) and B.C.E. (Before the Common Era).
Jump up ^ "Plymouth, England Tombstone inscriptions". Jewish Communities & Records. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Here is buried his honour Judah ben his honour Joseph, a prince and honoured amongst philanthropists, who executed good deeds, died in his house in the City of Bath, Tuesday, and was buried here on Sunday, 19 Sivan in the year 5585. In memory of Lyon Joseph Esq (merchant of Falmouth, Cornwall). who died at Bath June AM 5585/VE 1825. Beloved and respected. [19 Sivan 5585 AM is June 5, 1825. VE is likely an abbreviation for Vulgar Era.]
^ Jump up to: a b Gormley, Michael (24 April 2005). "Use of B.C. and A.D. faces changing times". Houston Chronicle. p. A–13. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ Raphall, Morris Jacob (1856). Post-Biblical History of The Jews. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=r7CbDH5hTe8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=CE+BCE.
Jump up ^ Raphall, Morris Jacob (1856). Search for era in this book. Moss & Brother. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ "Google Ngram Viewer". books.google.com.
Jump up ^ See, for example, the Society for Historical Archaeology states in its more recent style guide "Do not use C.E. (common era), B.P. (before present), or B.C.E.; convert these expressions to A.D. and B.C." (In section I 5 the Society explains how to use "years B.P." in connection with radiocarbon ages.) Society for Historical Archaeology (December 2006). "Style Guide" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-19. Retrieved 2017-01-16. whereas the American Anthropological Association style guide takes a different approach calling for "C.E." and "B.C.E." American Anthropological Society (2009). "AAA Style Guide" (PDF). p. 3. Retrieved 2015-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Submission Guidelines for The Ostracon". The Ostracon – Journal of the Egyptian Studies Society. Archived from the original on June 12, 2007. Retrieved 2011-05-18. For dates, please use the now-standard "BCE–CE" notation, rather than "BC–AD." Authors with strong religious preferences may use "BC–AD," however.
Jump up ^ "Maryland Church News Submission Guide & Style Manual" (PDF). Maryland Church News. 1 April 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2006. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ "AP: World History". Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ "Jerusalem Timeline". History Channel. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-18. ; "Jerusalem: Biographies". History Channel. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ "AD and BC become CE/BCE". 9 February 2002. Archived from the original on December 20, 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
Jump up ^ "State School Board reverses itself on B.C./A.D. controversy". Family Foundation of Kentucky. Archived from the original on April 27, 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ Joe Biesk (15 June 2006). "School board keeps traditional historic designations". Louisville Courier-Journal. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ "Kentucky Board of Education Report" (PDF). Kentucky Board of Education Report. 10 June 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2006. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ "Australia goes all PC with a ban on BC: Birth of Jesus to be removed as reference point for dates in school history books". Daily Mail. London. 2 September 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
Jump up ^ "AD/BC rock solid in curriculum". The Age. Melbourne. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
Jump up ^ The American and English Encyclopedia of Law and Practice. 1910. p. 1116. It has been said of the Latin words anno Domini, meaning in the year of our Lord [...]
Jump up ^ Michael McDowell; Nathan Robert Brown (2009). World Religions At Your Fingertips. Penguin. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-101-01469-1. Marked by the turn of the Common Era, C.E., originally referred to as A.D., an abbreviation of the Latin Anno Domini, meaning "Year of our God/Lord." This was a shortening of Anno Domini Nostri Jesu Christi, meaning "Year of our God/Lord Jesus Christ."
Jump up ^ "Comments on the use of CE and BCE to identify dates in history". ReligiousTolerance.com. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ Lefevere, Patricia (11 December 1998). "Annan: 'Peace is never a perfect achievement' – United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan". National Catholic Reporter. Archived from the original on 2012-07-13. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
Jump up ^ Annan, Kofi A., (then Secretary-General of the United Nations) (28 June 1999). "Common values for a common era: Even as we cherish our diversity, we need to discover our shared values". Civilization: The Magazine of the Library of Congress. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-18. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/17/magazine/bc-ad-or-bce-ce.html%7Ctitle=B.C./A.D. or B.C.E./C.E.? |author=Safire, William |date=17 August 1997
Jump up ^ Whitney, Susan (2 December 2006). "Altering history? Changes have some asking 'Before what?'". The Deseret News. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 2011-05-18. I find this attempt to restructure history offensive," Lori Weintz wrote, in a letter to National Geographic publishers.... The forward to your book says B.C. and A.D. were removed so as to 'not impose the standards of one culture on others.'... It's 2006 this year for anyone on Earth that is participating in day-to-day world commerce and communication. Two thousand six years since what? Most people know, regardless of their belief system, and aren't offended by a historical fact.
Jump up ^ "On Retaining The Traditional Method Of Calendar Dating (B.C./A.D.)". Southern Baptist Convention. June 2000. Retrieved 2011-05-18. This practice [of BCE/CE] is the result of the secularization, anti-supernaturalism, religious pluralism, and political correctness pervasive in our society... retention [of BC/AD] is a reminder to those in this secular age of the importance of Christ's life and mission and emphasizes to all that history is ultimately His Story.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). The Columbia Guide to Standard American English – A.D., B.C., (A.)C.E., B.C.E. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-06989-2. Retrieved 2011-05-18. A.D. appears either before or after the number of the year... although conservative use has long preferred before only; B.C. always follows the number of the year.... Common era (C.E.) itself needs a good deal of further justification, in view of its clearly Christian numbering. Most conservatives still prefer A.D. and B.C. Best advice: don't use B.C.E., C.E., or A.C.E. to replace B.C. and A.D. without translating the new terms for the very large number of readers who will not understand them. Note too that if we do end by casting aside the A.D./B.C. convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system itself, given its Christian basis.
Jump up ^ Panikkar, Raimon (2004). "Christophany: The Fullness of Man". Maryville, NY: Orbis Books: 173. ISBN 978-1-57075-564-4. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Here is an example of the incarnation's historical-sociological implications among those who feel themselves furthest from Christianity. In certain North American academic circles one can see a return-with repercussions elsewhere-to the most bigoted Christian colonialism, along with the good intention of overcoming it. It has been suggested that the terminology of the Western calendar, Christian in origin, be replaced by one that presumably would be neutral and universal. It is understandable that some would protest the use of A.D. (anno Domini), but by eliminating B.C. (before Christ) and substituting B.C.E. (Before the Common Era) scholars betray the depths of the cultural impact of the historico-Christian event. After all, Jesus was not born in the year 1. We select a single event but without any value judgment. To call our age "the Common Era," even though for the Jews, the Chinese, the Tamil, the Muslims, and many others it is not a common era, constitutes the acme of colonialism.
Jump up ^ Simon, Stephanie (22 June 2007). "A conservative's answer to Wikipedia". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ Conservapedia Commandments at Conservapedia
Jump up ^ "Major Rule Changes in The Chicago Manual of Style, Fifteenth Edition". University of Chicago Press. 2003. Archived from the original on 9 September 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2015. Certain abbreviations traditionally set in small caps are now in full caps (AD, BCE, and the like), with small caps an option.
Jump up ^ SBL Handbook of Style Society of Biblical Literature 1999 "8.1.2 ERAS – The preferred style is B.C.E. and C.E. (with periods). If you use A.D. and B.C., remember that A.D. precedes the date and B.C. follows it. (For the use of these abbreviations in titles, see § 7.1.3.2.)"
^ Jump up to: a b "GERMANY: Jewish Joke". Time. 7 March 1938. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
Jump up ^ Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums. Ein unpartheiisches Organ für alles jüdische Interesse, II. Jahrgang, No. 60, Leipzig, 19. Mai 1838 (19 May 1838). See page 175 in Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums: Ein unpartheiisches Organ für alles jüdische Interesse in Betreff von Politik, Religion, Literatur, Geschichte, Sprachkunde und Belletristik, Volume 2 (Leipzig 1838).
Jump up ^ Julius Fürst, Geschichte des Karäerthums von 900 bis 1575 der gewöhnlichen Zeitrechnung (Leipzig 1862–1869).
Jump up ^ von und zu Guttenberg, Karl Ludwig Freiherr (May 1938). "Weiße Blätter: Monatschrift für Geschichte, Tradition u. Staat" (PDF). p. 149. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 19, 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Writing Dates in Spanish". Retrieved 2012-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Welsh-Termau-Cymraeg Archives". JISCMail. 19 October 2006. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
External links
The dictionary definition of Common_Era#Translations at Wiktionary
Whatever happened to B.C. and A.D., and why? (United Church of Christ)
Response by Awake! to a reader upset by the use of B.C.E. and C.E. (Jehovah's Witnesses)
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