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Grace Zabriskie
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Grace Zabriskie
Born
Grace Caplinger[1]
(1941-05-17) May 17, 1941 (age 76)
New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1978–present
Grace Zabriskie (born Grace Caplinger; May 17, 1941) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Sarah Palmer in Twin Peaks (1990–1991; 2017) and its film prequel Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992), as well as in cult films such as two of David Lynch's films: Juana Durango in Wild at Heart (1990) and Visitor #1 in Inland Empire (2006). Other film roles include Nickel Mountain (1984), Child's Play 2 (1990), and The Grudge (2004).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Zabriskie was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, the daughter of Marion Grace (Zabriskie) and Roger Thomas "Tom" Caplinger.[2] Her mother had distant Polish ancestry,[3] and was a relative of James Zabriskie, a 19th-century railroad industrialist and early pioneer of California.[4] Zabriskie has said that her family was visited by Tennessee Williams, Gore Vidal and Truman Capote during her childhood.[5] Her father owned the famous French quarter gay bar, Cafe Lafitte in Exile.[1]
In the early 1960s, Zabriskie was among a circle of Kerry Thornley's New Orleans friends. At one point, Thornley began work on a novel about her called Can Grace Come Out and Play?[1] Thornley later claimed to have had an "eight-year-long, off-again-on-again, affair/friendship/rivalry/ego-game/karmic unraveling" with her, though Zabriskie described it as "four and a half minutes in bed".[6]
Her sister Jane Caplinger worked as a typist in New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison’s office. Caplinger is reputed to have covertly produced all five copies of the first edition of the Principia Discordia in 1965.[7]
Career[edit]
After making her major film debut in 1979's Norma Rae, Zabriskie went on to appear in dozens of other works, including the 1981 Roger Corman horror film Galaxy of Terror, and the 1981 miniseries adaptation of John Steinbeck's East of Eden. She played the nanny in 1980's The Private Eyes, Debra Winger's mother in An Officer and a Gentleman, Heather Langenkamp's mother in Nickel Mountain, and Paul Le Mat's mother in 1984's The Burning Bed (starring Farrah Fawcett). She also appeared in 1989's Drugstore Cowboy and as the ill-fated orphanage owner Grace Poole in Child's Play 2. Other movies include the 1991 film adaptation Fried Green Tomatoes and Philip Ridley's 1995 film The Passion of Darkly Noon.
Zabriskie is perhaps most familiar for her television work. After a recurring role on the soap opera Santa Barbara, she played a major role on the David Lynch series Twin Peaks and its spin-off film, Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me as Sarah Palmer, the eerily psychic mother of the doomed Laura Palmer. Zabriskie also appeared in Lynch's Wild at Heart — notably as the twin sister of a character played by Isabella Rossellini, an actress eleven years her junior. David Lynch later cast her as a sinister Polish neighbour in Inland Empire in 2006.
Zabriskie may best be remembered as Mrs. Ross, a recurring character on the sitcom Seinfeld. She played the mother of another doomed daughter, Susan Ross — George Costanza's fiancée — who died after licking cheap envelope adhesive when mailing out her wedding invitations. Zabriskie's character's husband on the series, who also appeared in a recurring role, was played by her former Twin Peaks co-star, Warren Frost.
She also made a brief but memorable appearance in the episode "S'ain't Valentine's" on the CBS sitcom The King of Queens, as the emotionally disturbed and alcoholic mother of Spence Olchin (played by Patton Oswalt). While the character Veronica Olchin would reappear throughout the series, Zabriskie would not portray her again, having been replaced by Anne Meara. She also stars as Lois Henrickson in Big Love, an HBO drama series that seriously explores the issue of polygamy, and appeared in several episodes of Aaron Spelling's series Charmed as The Crone.
She has worked in radio, collaborating with radio dramatist/monologist Joe Frank several times. In one episode of Frank's show, "Home (Original)", she talks at length about her childhood in New Orleans, with a focus on her father. Zabriskie recently appeared in the American remake of The Grudge, in which she played a senile elderly woman sensitive to the paranormal occurrences in her home.
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1978 They Went That-A-Way & That-A-Way Lem's Wife
1979 Norma Rae Linette Odum
1980 The Private Eyes Nanny
1981 Galaxy of Terror Captain Trantor
1982 An Officer and a Gentleman Esther Pokrifiki
1984 Nickel Mountain Ellie Wells
1984 Body Rock Chilly's Mother
1986 Big Easy, TheThe Big Easy Mama
1987 Rampage Naomi Reece
1987 Leonard Part 6 Jefferson
1988 Boost, TheThe Boost Sheryl
1989 Drugstore Cowboy Bob's Mother
1990 Megaville Mrs. Jessica Palinov
1990 Wild at Heart Juana Durango
1990 Child's Play 2 Grace Poole
1991 Ambition Mrs. Wendy Merrick
1991 Servants of Twilight Grace Spivey
1991 My Own Private Idaho Alena
1991 Fried Green Tomatoes Eva Bates
1992 Waterdance, TheThe Waterdance Pat
1992 FernGully: The Last Rainforest Magi Lune (voice)
1992 Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me Sarah Palmer
1992 Chain of Desire Linda Bailey
1993 Stone Soup Olympia
1993 Even Cowgirls Get the Blues Mrs. Maria Hankshaw
1994 Last Laugh, TheThe Last Laugh Louise Short film
1994 Crew, TheThe Crew Gloria Pierce
1994 Drop Zone Winona
1995 Desert Winds Jackie's Mother
1995 Passion of Darkly Noon, TheThe Passion of Darkly Noon Roxy
1996 Family Thing, AA Family Thing Ruby
1996 Bastard Out of Carolina Granny
1997 Seed Mother's Voice Short film
1997 Psycho Sushi Great Aunt
1997 George B. The Mother
1997 Dead Men Can't Dance Brig. Gen. Burke
1997 Annie's Garden Mrs. Felicity Barnes
1997 Sparkler Sherri
1998 Armageddon Dottie
1998 Dante's View Geraldine
1999 Trash Mrs. Wendy DeMarie
1999 Texas Funeral, AA Texas Funeral Murtis
1999 Me and Will Edith
2000 Home the Horror Story Grace Parkinson
2000 Fate Foretold, AA Fate Foretold Olga Short film
2000 Puppy Love Jeanette Foley Short film
2000 Gone in 60 Seconds Helen Raines
2001 They Crawl Mrs. Gage
2002 R.S.V.P. Mary Franklin
2002 No Good Deed Mrs. Karen Quarre
2003 Wind Effect, TheThe Wind Effect Allison Short film
2004 Last Letter, TheThe Last Letter Mrs. Stella Allison
2004 Chrystal Gladys
2004 Grudge, TheThe Grudge Emma
2004 Sabine and the Two-Headed Baby Sabine Short film
2006 Inland Empire Visitor #1
2007 Careless Adrienne
2007 License to Wed Grandma Jones
2007 Alternate Endings Mom Short film
2008 Brothel, TheThe Brothel Madam
2009 Bob Funk Mrs. June Funk
2009 My Son, My Son, What Have Ye Done? Mrs. Joan McCullum
2013 Wrong Cops Donna
2013 Trancers: City of Lost Angels The Warden Short film
2014 Blind Malice Nanna
2014 The Judge Mrs. Anita Blackwell
2014 The Makings of You Margaret Also producer
2015 Only Child Delores
2015 Rosemont Josephine
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1978 Million Dollar Dixie Deliverance, TheThe Million Dollar Dixie Deliverance Widow Cummins TV movie
1979 Concrete Cowboys Mrs. Kate Barnaby Episode: "Concrete Cowboys"
1979 Freedom Road Ruth Lait TV movie
1980 CBS Afternoon Playhouse Episode: "Lost in Death Valley"
1980 Blinded by the Light TV movie
1981 East of Eden Mrs. Catherine Ames TV miniseries
1981 Hart to Hart Ethyl Episode: "A Couple of Harts"
1982 Executioner's Song, TheThe Executioner's Song Kathryne Baker TV movie
1983 Tales of the Gold Monkey Dr. Clouet Episode: "Last Chance Louie"
1983 M.A.D.D.: Mothers Against Drunk Drivers Silvie Alice Kohler TV movie
1983 Cagney & Lacey Adele Episode: "Affirmative Action"
1984 My Mother's Secret Life Maggie Ryan TV movie
1984 Knots Landing Chambermaid Episode: "Negotiations"
1984 Burning Bed, TheThe Burning Bed Flossie Hughes TV movie
1984 Paper Dolls Cathy Episode: "1.8"
1985 ABC Afterschool Special Mrs. Linton Episode: "One Too Many"
1985 Santa Barbara Theda Bassett 17 episodes
1985 North Beach and Rawhide Hearings Officer TV movie
1985 Shadow Chasers Mary Komatar Episode: "Shadow Chasers: Part 1"
1986 Hill Street Blues Terry Sylvestri Episode: "Das Blues"
Episode: "Scales of Justice"
1986 Cagney & Lacey Eva Sikorski Episode: "Model Citizens"
1987 Falcon Crest Mabel Burton Episode: "When the Bough Breaks"
Episode: "The Cradle Will Fall"
1987 Mistress Deanie TV movie
1988 Bronx Zoo, TheThe Bronx Zoo Mrs. Barris Episode: "Ties That Bind"
1988 My Father, My Son Mouza TV movie
1988 Shooter Sister Marie TV movie
1988 Empty Nest Eva Barrett Episode: "Pilot"
1989 The Ryan White Story Gloria White TV movie
1989 Unsub Alma Episode: "White Bone Demon"
1989 Deadly Silence, AA Deadly Silence Psychologist TV movie
1989 Moonlighting (uncredited) Episode: "In 'N Outlaws"
1990 Tales from the Crypt Mrs. Colbert Episode: "The Secret"
1990 Hometown Boy Makes Good Helen Geary TV movie
1990–1991 Twin Peaks Sarah Palmer 13 episodes
1991 Prison Stories: Women on the Inside Genevieve TV movie
1991 Blood Ties The Woman TV movie
1991 Intimate Stranger Dana P. Ashley TV movie
1992 Freshman Dorm Episode: "Pilot"
1992 House of Secrets and Lies, AA House of Secrets and Lies Ruby TV movie
1992 Seinfeld Mrs. Ross Episode: "The Cheever Letters"
1993 Bonds of Love Emma TV movie
1993 Miracle Child Adeleine Newberry TV movie
1993 Black Widow Murders: The Blanche Taylor Moore Story Ethel TV movie
1993 Banner Times Momma TV movie
1993 Double Deception TV movie
1993 Sirens Female Store Owner Episode: "Keeping the Peace"
1993 Angel Falls Cuema 1 episode
1994 Lifestories: Families in Crisis Sandy Henry Episode: "A Body to Die For: The Aaron Henry Story"
1995 Crazy for a Kiss Pearl Kinross TV movie
1995 Children of the Dust Rose TV movie
1995 Under Suspicion Lily Cassins Episode: "Hostage Standoff"
Episode: "Wrongful Shooting"
1995 Empty Nest Scarlett Episode: "Life Goes On: Part 1"
Episode: "Life Goes On: Part 2"
1995 Fallen Angels Virna Episode: "The Black Bargain"
1995 NYPD Blue Wanda Padzik Episode: "The Bookie and the Kooky Cookie"
1996 Promise to Carolyn, AA Promise to Carolyn Francie Harper TV movie
1996 Second Noah Mrs. Cheval Episode: "Stormy Weather"
1996 Murder at My Door Grandma TV movie
1996 Burning Zone, TheThe Burning Zone Retired CIA Agent Episode: "Touch of the Dead"
1996-1998 Seinfeld Mrs. Ross 4 episodes
1997 NYPD Blue Millie Banks Episode: "A Remington Original"
1997 High Incident Episode: "Remote Control"
1997 Over the Top Dolly Episode: "The Southern Story"
1997 Devil's Child, TheThe Devil's Child Rose DeMarco TV movie
1998 Dharma & Greg Naomi Episode: "It Takes a Village"
1998 Houdini Mrs. Weiss TV movie
1998 Profiler Mrs. Boudreaux Episode: "The Sum of Her Parts"
1999 King of Queens, TheThe King of Queens Veronica Episode: "S'ain't Valentine's"
2000 Jesse Grandma Rose Episode: "Jesse Gives Birth"
2000 West Wing, TheThe West Wing Isabel Episode: "In the Shadow of Two Gunmen: Part II"
2002 Guardian, TheThe Guardian Judith Episode: "The Dead"
2002 Glow, TheThe Glow Sylvia Goodstein TV movie
2002–2003 John Doe Yellow Teeth 6 episodes
2003 Charmed The Crone Episode: "Baby's First Demon"
Episode: "Sense and Sense Ability"
2005 Medium Connie Buckley Episode: "The Other Side of the Tracks"
2006–2011 Big Love Lois Henrickson 52 episodes
2013 The Killing Mama Dips 3 episodes
2015 Ray Donovan Miss Monassian 6 episodes
2016 Outcast Mildred 4 episodes
2017 Santa Clarita Diet Mrs. Baković 2 episodes
2017 Twin Peaks Sarah Palmer 6 episodes
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Gorightly, Adam (2003). The Prankster and the Conspiracy. New York: Paraview Press. p. 265. ISBN 1-931044-66-X.
Jump up ^ http://www.nola.com/tv/index.ssf/2011/03/nola-born_grace_zabriskie_conc.html
Jump up ^ http://polishamericancenter.org/PANews/April12/page10.pdf
Jump up ^ Wanda Tomczykowska. The Silent Heroes: Polish Contributions to California. Polish Arts and Culture Foundation, 1994
Jump up ^ HBO: Big Love - Interviews - Grace Zabriskie
Jump up ^ Gorightly, Adam (3 October 2014). "Kerry Thornley’s Paranoid Flash". Historia Discordia. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Gorightly, Adam (2014). Historia Discordia The Origins of the Discordian Society. New York: RVP Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-61861-321-9.
External links[edit]
Grace Zabriskie on IMDb
Official website
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 61083142
LCCN: no00014573
GND: 1062333721
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_Zabriskie&oldid=798976578"
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Focal point
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Look up focal point in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Focal point may refer to:
Focus (optics), the point at which initially collimated rays of light meet after passing through a convex lens, or reflecting from a concave mirror
In Fine art, a Focal Point focuses specifically on a point of interest which makes a canvas unique. (e.g. Girl with a Pearl Earring by Johannes Vermeer)
In mathematics:
Focus (geometry), a special point used in describing conic sections
Focal point is a Critical point of a distance function
In an antenna (electronics):
The driven element, directly connected to the transmission line or source
The passive radiator, a conductive element which is not electrically connected to anything else
Focal point (game theory), an equilibrium more likely to be chosen by the players because it seems special, natural or relevant to them
In computer programs, Telelogic Focal Point is a configurable Web-based decision support platform for requirements management, product management and project portfolio management.
Focal Point (album), a 1976 studio album by McCoy Tyner
Focal Point, an imprint of National Geographic
In business, the person or organization responsible for the coordination of activities and tasks among several groups or networks
Among science fiction fanzines, a fanzine which in its era was central to the fannish culture of the day
In IT service management, the person or entity responsible for coordinating service delivery and acting as an escalation point for service delivery failures
In computer software category, FocalPoint (software), is a project administration and timesheet registration software by The Access Group.
Focal Point, a hardcore punk band from the 1990s featuring Ryan Clark
The publishing house of controversial historian David Irving
Focal Point ft, a christian singing group, students of BYU
A radio program
See also[edit]
Focal (disambiguation)
Focus (disambiguation)
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Focal point.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focal_point&oldid=798210945"
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100% Love (2011 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the 2012 Bengali film, see 100% Love (2012 film).
100% Love
Movie Poster
Directed by
Sukumar
Produced by
Bunny Vasu
Written by
M J Saikumar
T Ramesh
(dialogue)
Screenplay by
Jakka Hariprasad
Story by
Sukumar
Starring
Naga Chaitanya
Tamannaah Bhatia
Music by
Devi Sri Prasad
Cinematography
Venkat Prasad
Edited by
Srinivasa Karthik
Distributed by
Geetha Arts
Release date
6 May 2011 (2011-05-06) (Telugu)
22 July 2011 (2011-07-22) (Malayalam)
Running time
140 minutes
Country
India
Language
Telugu
100% Love is a 2011 Telugu language Indian romantic drama film directed by Sukumar and produced by Bunny Vasu under Geetha Arts studio. The film features Naga Chaitanya and Tamanna in the lead roles. Production works began in February 2010, while the filming continued for over one year, with the title only being announced in March 2011. The film features music by Devi Sri Prasad and was released on 6 May 2011. The film was dubbed and released in Malayalam with the same title.[1]
The film is said to be the only film of Naga Chaitanya after Ye Maaya Chesave and for Sukumar after Arya, completing 50 days in 65 centres[2] and 100 days on 13 August 2011.[3] It was remade in Bengali in 2016 as Prem Ki Bujhini.[4] It is getting remade in Tamil as 100% Kadhal with GV Prakash.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
5 Awards
6 References
Plot[edit]
Balu (Naga Chaitanya) is always the top ranker in his college. Mahalakshmi (Tamannaah), his cousin comes to Balu’s house to continue her studies. She is in awe of her Mr. Perfect 'Bava' and takes his help to achieve big in studies. Surprisingly, she surpasses him and becomes the first ranker. Balu gets deeply hurt by this and he resorts to cunning ways to deviate Mahalakshmi. But to his surprise Ajith (Anand) stands first this time. Meanwhile, Mahalakshmi's father brings her a marriage proposal, but she doesn’t want to marry him. Balu and Mahalakshmi compromise by agreeing to help each other. Balu helps her in getting the proposal canceled and Mahalakshmi starts deviating Ajith from studies for the sake of Balu, but Balu gets attracted to her. When the couple is heading to fall in love, Mahalakshmi unknowingly hurts the ego of Balu and they get separated.
After three years they meet again in the hospital because their grandmother suddenly falls ill. While trying to find out how Balu is doing, Mahalakshmi realizes he hadn't changed at all. Both argue a lot until their parents try to get them married. Surprisingly, Balu mentions that he has a girlfriend named Swapna that he hopes to marry. While introducing her to his family, Mahalakshmi notices that Swapna is much more than she is. To get back at Balu, she agrees to get married to Ajith, Balu's former rival in college. Ajith turns out to be the head of a company that makes more than Balu's company. Balu, angry that Ajith is greater than he is, puts his company in risk in hopes that he can surpass Ajith's company. Unfortunately, his partner cheats him, and Balu is on the verge of losing his company. Mahalakshmi works hard to help him out of the hard time as his new project manager. Both make an excellent team and Balu's company is saved.
In an after party, Balu credits Mahalakshmi for his success. She again unknowingly hurts Balu's ego. This time, Balu confesses that he felt the need to be great in Mahalakshmi's eyes because he loved her. When she tells him she shares his feelings, Balu refuses to believe her. After the interference of their grandfather, the two are united in the end.
Cast[edit]
Naga Chaitanya as Veera Bahu Sathya Dharma Shiva Shankhara Rama Balu Mahendra alias Balu
Tamannaah as Veera Venkata Satya Sai Naga Durga Sesha Avathara Seetha Mahalakshmi alias Mahalakshmi
Tara Alisha Berry as Swapna
Ananda Krishna Nandu as Ajith Jogi
Ishree Giridhar as Mahalaksmi's father
Naresh as Ramesh (Balu's father)
K. R. Vijaya as Mahalakshmi (Balu & Mahalakshmi's grandmother)
Vijayakumar as Balu Mahendra (Balu & Mahalakshmi's grandfather)
Dharmavarapu Subramanyam as John Acharya (Balu & Mahalakhsmi's uncle)
M. S. Narayana as a College Professor
Satyam Rajesh in a special appearance
Thagubothu Ramesh in a special appearance
Meghna Naidu in a special appearance for the song Diyalo Diyala
Maryam Zakaria in a special appearance for the song Diyalo Diyala
Chitram Seenu in a special Appearance
Jogi naidu as Prakash
Production[edit]
Before the completion of Arya 2, Sukumar had discussed making the film with Geetha Arts with Varun Sandesh and Tamannaah Bhatia in the lead roles, but the film failed to materialize.[5] February 2010, the project was announced with a statement reporting the collaboration of Geetha Arts, Sukumar and Naga Chaitanya for the film mentioned.[6] The subsequent month saw Tamannaah announce that she had signed on to portray the lead female role in the project.[7][8] The film was launched at Annapoorna Studios, Hyderabad on 8 June 2010 with several leading Telugu film personalities being involved with the event. Noted producer D. Ramanaidu rendered the launch, another producer Nagababu switched on the camera and Naga Chaitanya's father actor Nagarjuna clapped the first shot. The formal first shot direction was done by S. S. Rajamouli and Akkineni Nageswara Rao handed over the script to the director.[9]
The film continued its shoot untitled officially until 20 March 2011 when the title 100% Love was formally announced. During the production of the film, several titles were reported in the media for the project including Balu Weds Mahalakshmi,[10] I Love You,[11] I Love You Mahalakshmi,[12] I Hate Mahalakshmi and I am Number One. Despite having an original planned release of December 2010, strikes if the industry pushed the release date to April 2011.[13]
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: 100% Love (soundtrack)
The music and background score was composed by Sukumar's regular associate Devi Sri Prasad. The Album consisted on 8 songs which included 2 bit songs in the first release and 2 another bit songs in the next release. Chandrabose, Ramajogayya Sastry and Sri Mani penned the Lyrics. The Album was released on 11 April 2011 at Rock Gardens in Hyderabad in a star-studded promotional event on Aditya Music label.[14] Upon release, 100% Love received positive response from critics as well as Audience thus making it one of the best selling soundtracks of the year 2011.[15]
Awards[edit]
2012 – CineMAA Awards – Best Actress – Tamannaah Bhatia
2011 – Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "100% Love Malayalam Movie Showtimes". nowrunning.com. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "'100% Love' completes 50 days". IndiaGlitz. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "100% Love completes 100 days". ragalahari.com. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwKDfe3lP6c
Jump up ^ Varun Sandesh Out, Naga Chaitanya In. CineGoer.com (20 March 2010). Retrieved on 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ Naga Chaitanya teams with Sukumar!. Sify.com (22 February 2010). Retrieved on 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ Tamannaah is Kollywood’s busy bee!. Sify.com (17 March 2010). Retrieved on 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ Tamannah to star opposite Chaitanya. Sify.com (17 March 2010). Retrieved on 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ Naga Chaitanya-Tamannaah movie launched. Sify.com (8 June 2010). Retrieved on 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ Naga Chaitanya Tamannah new Film 'Balu weds Mahxaalakshmi. Supergoodmovies.com (18 March 2011). Retrieved on 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ Naga Chaitanya says "I Love You..." to Tamannah!. Entertainment.in.msn.com (6 May 2015). Retrieved on 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ Naga Chaitanya sukumar Movie I Love You Mahalakshmi – Naga Chaitanya Sukumar New Movie. Supergoodmovies.com (14 February 2011). Retrieved on 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ Naga Chaitanya movie in March – Telugu Movie News. IndiaGlitz (29 December 2010). Retrieved on 2015-08-03.
Jump up ^ "Celebrity galore at 100% Love audio launch". Oneindia Entertainment. 12 April 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "100% Love in post production works". way2movies.com. 23 April 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
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The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher
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The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher
Front cover of 1974 Bantam edition, ISBN 0-553-13972-X
Author
Lewis Thomas
Country
United States
Language
English
Subject
Biology
Published
1974 (The Viking Press)
Media type
Print
The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher (1974) is collection of 29 essays written by Lewis Thomas for the New England Journal of Medicine between 1971 and 1973. Throughout his essays, Thomas touches on subjects as various as biology, anthropology, medicine, music (showing a particular affinity for Bach), etymology, mass communication, and computers. The pieces resonate with the underlying theme of the interconnected nature of Earth and all living things.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Summary
3 Reception
4 Further Impact
5 Awards
6 External links
7 References
Background[edit]
Lewis Thomas was a physician, immunology researcher, dean, poet, etymologist, and essayist.[1] He attended Princeton University followed by Harvard Medical School. He was a research fellow at the Thorndike Memorial laboratories, and a researcher at Tulane University and University of Minnesota. He was the head of the pathology department at New York University Medical School for fifteen years as well as the chair for the Department of Medicine at Bellevue Hospital. He became the dean of the New York University Medical School and later of Yale School of Medicine. Thomas began writing a monthly essay “Notes of a Biology Watcher” in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1971 while he was at Yale. In 1973 he became the president of the Sloan-Kettering Institute in New York.
Lewis Thomas published multiple books throughout his career, the first being The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher. In 1979 he published The Medusa and the Snail: More Notes of a Biology Watcher. He wrote an autobiographical book in 1983, The Youngest Science: Notes of a Medicine-Watcher. Also in 1983 he published Late Night Thoughts on Listening to Mahler’s Ninth Symphony followed by Could I Ask You Something? in 1985. In 1990 and 1992 Thomas published Et Cetera Et Cetera: Notes of a Word Watcher and The Fragile Species respectively.[2]
The most influential writer to Thomas’s writing style is Michel de Montaigne. He is quoted as saying “I cannot imagine anyone reading Montaigne carefully, paying attention, concentrating on what he has to say, without smiling most of the time.”[3]
Summary[edit]
The Lives of a Cell
This essay focuses on how connected humanity is to nature and how we must make strides to understand our role. Thomas argues that even our own bodies are not solely ours since the mitochondria and other organelles are descended from other organisms. He creates a metaphor of the Earth as a giant cell itself with humans just as one part of a vast system.
Thoughts for a Countdown
Astronauts must be decontaminated before they are allowed to interact on Earth. Thomas states that this is an act of “human chauvinism.” Most organisms on Earth are symbiotic or, if harmful, have both adapted to warn the other. All organisms on Earth are interdependent and a stray virus or bacteria from the moon will not be adapted to harm us since it is not part of this connection. Bacteria are interconnected to the point where some cannot survive without others and some even live within others. We must recognize how interconnected even the smallest organisms are on Earth; especially if we must interact with life outside our planet.
On Societies as Organisms
Thomas introduces one of his key metaphors of humans behaving like ants. He suggests that this metaphor is not used because humans do not like to be compared to insects that, as a society, can function as an organism. There are many examples of animals acting as a large organism when in large groups from termites and slime molds to birds and fish. Thomas argues that the communication of results in science puts humans in the same model as these other species. As all scientists communicate and build on each other’s work in order to explore that which we do not know.
A Fear of Pheromones
Humans fear pheromones because we believe we have gone above the basic secretion of chemicals in our communication. However, there are signs that point to humans relying on pheromones as well as our most technological forms of communication. Thomas shows pheromones in the animal world with examples of moths and fish. He then goes on to explain what impact pheromones in humans could have on the future such as in the perfume industry and finding histocompatible donors.
The Music of This Sphere
Music is the only form of communication that saves us from an overwhelming amount of small talk. This is not only a human phenomenon, but happens throughout the animal world. Thomas makes examples of animals from termites and earthworms to gorillas and alligators that perform some sort of rhythmic noise making that can be interpreted as music if we had full range of hearing. From the vast number of animals that participate in music it is clear that the need to make music is a fundamental characteristic of biology. Thomas proposes that the animal world is continuing a musical memory that has been going since the beginning of time.
An Earnest Proposal
Thomas argues that even though we have the technological advancements to destroy the Earth that we do not know near enough about the world in which we live. To solve this problem he suggests that we should not be able to fire nuclear weapons without being able to explain one living thing fully. The organism that Thomas proposes is the protozoan Myxotricha paradoxa. There is information known about this protozoan that lives in the digestive tract of Australian termites but with more study it could be a model for how our cells developed. It is seen throughout nature that organisms cooperate and progress into more complex forms. We cannot destroy vast amounts of Earth with nuclear weapons until we understand how interconnected we all are.
The Technology of Medicine
Thomas presents the three levels of technology in medicine: “nontechnology” that helps patients with diseases that are not well understood but does not help solve the underlying mechanisms of the disease, “halfway technology” that makes up for disease or postpones death for diseases whose courses we cannot do much about, and “high technology” that from understanding the mechanism of the disease we are now able to cure. When looking at the costs of the three different technologies they are all needed, but once a “high technology” is found for a disease the benefits outweigh the costs of studying the mechanism of the disease so thoroughly. Thomas suggests that in order to save money in health care, the highest priority in funding should be given to basic research.
Vibes
Humans leave a trace of chemicals in every place they go and on everything they touch. Other animals use signaling mechanisms to leave trails or identify each other. The sense of smell is an important sense in using these mechanisms, but it is still not well understood. Humans, compared to the rest of the animal world, do not have a good olfactory sense though we may be better than we first assume. Johannes Kepler once argued that the Earth is an immense organism itself, with chemical signals spreading across the globe through various organisms in order to keep the world functioning and well informed.
Ceti
Tau Ceti is a nearby sun-like star that we are on the verge of being able to begin making contact with, as well as other celestial bodies, to search for life. We have been attracted to the vast regions of space outside our Earth bubble and what they could hold. If extraterrestrial life is found, it scientifically would make sense, but the social impact of no longer being unique would give humans a new sense of community. The question of what information to send out is answered by Thomas by sending music, specifically Bach. It is timeless and the best language we have to express who we are. If possible Thomas also suggests sending art. However, the questions of what to send will not stop once we receive a reply.
The Long Habit
As humans we always evade death, despite how it is a natural part of our lives. Unless it is far removed, as in war or on television, then we can discuss it without a problem. It is a subconscious effort that by not thinking about death we may continue to live. Nevertheless, even if we cured all diseases we still would die one day. We must not fear death and research the dying process just as we would any other biological process. Most people who have a near death experience do not recall any pain or fear. It is perhaps the loss of consciousness that people fear more than death itself.
Antaeus in Manhattan
Thomas returns to his pondering of the social behaviors of insects in this essay. He discusses the change in behavior of insects in groups and singular insects. We have used insects and their behavior to convey lessons, rules, and virtues and now they have been used in art. Thomas describes an art exhibit with living ants, surrounded by humans who act in a similar manner to the ants themselves.
The MBL
Thomas praises the Marine Biological Laboratory as “a paradigm, a human institution possessed of a life of its own, self-regenerating, touched all around by human meddle but consistently improved, embellished by it.” It attracts the brightest minds and makes great strides in science autonomously. Thomas paints pictures with his description of scientists covering the beach with their diagrams and making “music” of discussion after a lecture at the MBL.
Autonomy
Humans have to learn how to walk, skip, and ride a bicycle but inside our bodies perform specific manipulations from birth that we do not need to learn. There is new research that suggests humans may be able to change these inner processes with teaching. Thomas reasons that his body has been functioning fine without him trying to control every little process so he will let it continue to do so. He suggests to try the exact opposite and try to disconnect from your body altogether.
Organelles as Organisms
The biologic revolution is filling in the gaps in understanding about how our cells function. As we begin to understand more about organelles it is clear that they are not originally created from our cells. Mitochondria and chloroplasts most likely have a bacterial ancestry and flagellae and cilia most likely were once spirochetes. It is not necessarily a master-slave relationship that we have with our organelles, but one where their ancestors found an easy way to stay protected and secure. We have brought them along with us as we evolved and yet we do not understand them completely. Organelles and eukaryotic cells are one of the most established symbiotic relationships.
Germs
We treat bacteria as an ever present enemy even though there are only a small number that actually cause disease, and by accident in most cases. Bacteria normally do not gain anything by causing illness or death in their hosts. Our illness is mostly caused by our immune system doing too great of a job in response to bacteria in our system. The strength of our response is not necessary for most cases, but remains from a primitive time.
Your Very Good Health
Health care has become the new name for medicine though this is a misnomer since illness and death cannot be totally eradicated. Thomas argues that to understand how medicine should be used we should look to those internists that are involved in the system. Most things get better in a short while by themselves, so we should no longer be instilling in the public a constant fear of failed health. This will be the best way to solve the problem of funding health care since people will only use it when it is necessary.
Social Talk
There are different degrees of social behavior in animals. However, it is not clear where humans fit on the scale. Most signs point that we are above the social behavior of ants and bees that go about a singular task as a whole community. Language is the one trait that brings us to the level of such animals. All humans engage in language and are born with the understanding of language. Language, and perhaps along with art and music, is the core of our social behavior.
Information
The human mind comes with the understanding of how to deal with and use language. We store up information as a cell stores energy, though with language, this information can be put to further use. Another main difference between language and other communication systems in biology is the ambiguity that is a necessity in language which would cause the other communication systems to fail.
Death in the Open
Death is not supposed to happen in the open, along highways and in sight of others. Everything is in the process of dying all around us, though we keep it hidden from our sight and minds. Death is part of the cycle and we need to understand we are part of a larger process. The process of dying is necessary for the birth of the new and we will all experience it together.
Natural Science
Thomas explains science as a wild manifestation of human behavior. He explains that science and discovery is a compulsion that scientists seem to have written in their very genes. Science cannot be organized and forced; it must be free to go where the next question leads. It is similar to a bee hive in some sense, but also to animals on a hunt. The activity is never ending and the conglomeration of minds always yearning for the next discovery cannot be kept under control.
Natural Man
How humans approach nature has been changing throughout recent years. We used to view nature as ours to control and use to better mankind. Now we have moved away from this view and seen that we are part of the larger system and not the ruler of it. However Thomas argues that we must see ourselves as “indispensable elements of nature” and work for the betterment of the Earth but also be able to protect ourselves.
The Iks
This essay focuses on the tribe of Iks in northern Uganda. Thomas comments on an anthropologist’s report on the Iks that argues that they represent the basic elements of mankind. Thomas instead thinks that each Ik acts as a group and that by observing the whole tribe of Iks you can see how we behave in groups ranging from committees to nations. In order to improve upon our group interactions, we must stay human even when in masses.
Computers
Computers are approaching humanity, but they will never be able to fully replace us for they will not be able to replicate our collective behavior because we do not understand it ourselves. We are involved in a never ending transfer of information and collective thinking. This is the cause of the unpredictability in our future. The one problem with our information transfer is that we are much better at gaining information than giving output back.
The Planning of Science
Thomas explains in this essay his view on scientific funding and planning. He believes that research should be focused in basic science. Unlike basic science, disease problems do not have the right type of questions to allow for great discoveries. The distinguishing factor of basic science is that there can be an element of surprise that allows for even more discoveries to be made. It is difficult to organize plans for this type of surprise in research even though it may seem a better business model to do so. It is the improbability and maze of puzzles that occur in basic research that Thomas believes will lead us to the most knowledge.
Some Biomythology
Mythical creatures were created by our ancestors but even though we presently have no need for these beasts we continue to use them. The hybridization of animals in mythology is present from multiple ancient people such as the Ganesha, Griffon, Centaur, and Sphinx. Thomas suggests that perhaps we look to replace these mythological creatures which are more biological. He suggests the Myxotricha paradoxa, blepharisma, bacteria, and plant-animal combinations that are either made up of different organisms or set up joint endeavors with more than one organism to survive.
On Various Words
From Thomas’s metaphor on how humans behave like ants, he again argues that language is the quality that best resembles social insects. Without any outside direction, humans continually change language. We build language like ants build their hill, without ever knowing what the final result is and how our minuscule changes affect any other part. Thomas explains how some words have changed and developed different meanings. Two words, gene and bheu, are two words that we have derived a great number of current words from. Their descended words: kind, nature, physics are related in the present but also in its ancestry.
Living Language
Thomas compares language to the social behavior of termites in this essay. He thinks of language as an organism that is alive and changing. The genes of language are how words originated when you look into each of their histories. He traces multiple words to their origins to prove his point. He comments that it would be near impossible to keep track of all roots of words back to Indo-European that you use.
On Probability and Possibility
We should be in awe that we exist and are unique among all the humans on Earth according to probability. Though we are indeed individual organisms, Thomas argues that one’s own self is a myth. He believes we are part of a larger organization of information sharing. Through this system we are adapting and creating. By being more open with communication and less restrictive we will be able to uncover even more surprising discoveries.
The World’s Biggest Membrane
Thomas compares the Earth to a living cell, one with its own membrane that allows it to keep out disorder. He shows how the evolution of cells was closely tied to the “breath” of the Earth, the cycling of oxygen concentration in the atmosphere. The atmosphere is “for sheer size and perfection of function, it is far and away the grandest product of collaboration in all of nature.”[4] It gives us the oxygen we need, protection from UV light, and protection from the millions of meteorites.
Reception[edit]
Reviewers received The Lives of a Cell positively.[5][6][7][8][9] Many praise Thomas’s writing style for its effortless eloquence and wit.[5][6][7][10] Joyce Carol Oates complimented the book not only for the style and language, but also for the vast amount of scientific information that Thomas conveys.[8] It is a pleasure to read, wrote Laura Bernell, even to those who are not as well versed in the sciences.[11] Even though the book consists of 29 essays that were originally published separately there is a pattern that is apparent throughout the book.[7][12]
Not every reviewer was impressed by Thomas’s writings, however. Though Thomas does use elaborate metaphors and smooth language in his writings, some thought that his underlying meaning did not hold up. C.P. Swanson wrote that even though the essays are enjoyable to read, it can be difficult to distinguish the hard scientific fact.[13] Another reviewer, Susan Goldhor, commented that it was repetitive to read all the essays in the book at once, though spacing them out made them more enjoyable.[5]
Further Impact[edit]
The Lives of a Cell has had multiple printings, been translated into eleven languages, and sold over 250,000 copies within five years of publishing.[2] The Lives of the Cell is looked back on as the watershed book for writing on science.[14] It is included in the "100 or so Books that Shaped a Century of Science" compiled by Philip Morrison and Phylis Morrison for American Scientist.[15]
A reviewer, Douglas Kamerow, suggests that the themes in the book are perhaps even more relevant in the present than when the book was first published.[1] The rapid improvement of technology in recent years opens up new ways that we can use science and language to improve our relationship with the Earth and among ourselves. It is also interesting to see Thomas’s view of medicine of the time period since he experienced the beginning of infectious disease control with antibiotics which gave him perspective on other unknown medical areas in his time.[16]
Beyond the impact of his writing on scientific prose, Lewis Thomas has been compared to other writers such as E.B. White,[3][5] Thomas Jefferson,[6] Henry David Thoreau,[17] Muriel Rukeyser (Life of Poetry).[18]
Awards[edit]
The Lives of a Cell won the U.S. National Book Awards for "Arts and Letters" and "The Sciences" in 1975 (both awards were split).[19] It is also ranked 11th on the Modern Library's "100 Best Nonfiction" books of the 20th century list.[20]
External links[edit]
Quotations from The Lives of a Cell
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kamerow, Douglas. “The Lives of a Cell by Lewis Thomas.” British Medical Journal 337.7661 (2008): 117.
^ Jump up to: a b Woodlief, Ann. “Lewis Thomas” Dictionary of Literary Biography: Twentieth-Century American Nature Writers: Prose 275 (2003) Accessed March 20, 2013. [1].
^ Jump up to: a b Shiring, Joan. “Recommended: Lewis Thomas.” The English Journal 73.8 (1984): 55-56.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Lewis (1974). The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher. The Viking Press, Inc, New York, 148.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Goldhor, Susan. “Lives of a Cell.” BioScience 25.1 (1975): 44.
^ Jump up to: a b c Harper, Curt. “The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher by Lewis Thomas.” The American Biology Teacher 27.6 (1975): 378.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher. “The Fun of Being Undermined.” The New York Times, July 29, 1974. Accessed March 5, 2013. [www.nytimes.com/books/99/05/16/specials/tomas-cell.html]
^ Jump up to: a b Oates, Joyce Carol. “Beyond Common Sense: The Lives of a Cell.” New York Times, May 26, 1974. ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851-2002): 277.
Jump up ^ Weinberg, Janet H. “Off the Beat: Not as Smart as His Liver, but a Scientist with a Conscience.” Science News 106.5 (1974): 77.
Jump up ^ P.S., “The Bug Next Door.” Time, July 22, 1974. 104.4 Accessed March 5, 2014. EBSCOhost.
Jump up ^ Bernell, Laura. “Time Out for Wonder.” The Humanist (Jan/Feb 1997): 3-4.
Jump up ^ Nagendra, Harini. “The Lives of a Cell.” Resonance (Feb. 2000): 80-81.
Jump up ^ Swanson, C.P. “The Lives of a Cell. Notes of a Biology Watcher. by Lewis Thomas.” The Quarterly Review of Biology 50.1 (1975):73-64.
Jump up ^ Minus, Ed. “The Best Essays about Science.” The Sewanee Review 122.4 (2004): exxix-exxxi.
Jump up ^ Morrison, Philip and Phylis Morrison. “100 or so Books that Shaped a Century of Science.” American Scientist 87.6 (1999): 542-553.
Jump up ^ Flannery, Maura C. “Notes on a Biology Watcher.” The American Biology Teacher 56.6 (1994): 374-377.
Jump up ^ Green, Martin. “Writing about Science.” College English 43.6 (1981) 569-577.
Jump up ^ Schulman, Grace. “Song of Our Cells.” The Hudson Review 29.1 (1976): 130-138.
Jump up ^ "National Book Awards – 1975". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
(With acceptance speech by Thomas.)
Jump up ^ "100 Best Nonfiction". Modern Library 100 Best Nonfiction.
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Organizational life cycle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The organizational life cycle is the life cycle of an organization from its creation to its termination.[1] It also refers to the expected sequence of advancements experienced by an organization, as opposed to a randomized occurrence of events.[2] The relevance of a biological life cycle relating to the growth of an organization, was discovered by organizational researchers many years ago.[3] This was apparent as organizations had a distinct conception, periods of expansion[4] and eventually, termination.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Stages
3 Phases of growth
3.1 Phase 1: creative expansion → leadership crisis
3.2 Phase 2: directional expansion → autonomy crisis
3.3 Phase 3: expansion through delegation → control crisis
3.4 Phase 4: expansion through coordination → red tape crisis
3.5 Phase 5: expansion through collaboration
4 Implications for growth phases
4.1 Recognizing one's position in the course of expansion
4.2 Recognizing the restricted variety of solutions
4.3 Recognizing that solutions result in crisis
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Development[edit]
Although various theorists and academics were involved in the development of the organizational life cycle model, Mason Haire is commonly identified as one of the pioneers of this concept. He was amid the initial few,[6] who suggested that organizations may adhere to a certain path of uniformity in their course of expansion.[7]
Subsequently, much research has been done on the organizational life cycle theory, and can be found in various literature on organizations.[8] Examples include the various stages in an organization's life cycle, phases of growth experienced by an organization during expansion and implications for these phases of growth.[9]
Stages[edit]
Generally, there are five stages to an organization's life cycle[3]
Stage 1: Existence : Commonly known as the birth[10] or entrepreneurial stage,[11] “existence” signifies the start of an organization’s expansion. The main importance is centered around the acknowledgement of having an adequate number of customers to keep the organization or business active.[3]
Stage 2: Survival : At this stage, organizations look to pursue growth,[12] establish a framework and develop their capabilities.[11] There is a focus on regularly setting targets for the organization, with the main aim being to generate sufficient revenue for survival and expansion.[10] Some organizations enjoy adequate growth to be able to enter the next stage, whilst others are unsuccessful in achieving this and consequently fail to survive.[3]
Stage 3: Maturity : This stage signifies the organization entering a more formal hierarchy of management (hierarchical organization).[11] A frequent problem encountered at this stage would be those associated with “Red Tape”.[13] Organizations look to safeguard their growth as opposed to focusing on expansion. Top and middle level management specialize in different tasks, such as planning and routine work respectively.[3]
Stage 4: Renewal : Organizations experience a renewal in their structure of management, from a hierarchical to a matrix style, which encourages creativity and flexibility.[3]
Stage 5: Decline : This stage initiates the death of an organization. The decline is identified by the focus on political agenda and authority within an organization,[4] whereby individuals start to become preoccupied with personal objectives, instead of focusing on the objectives of the organization itself. This slowly destroys the functionality and feasibility of the entire organization.[3]
Phases of growth[edit]
According to Larry Greiner, there are 5 phases of growth in an organization, each indicated by an evolutionary and subsequently, a revolutionary phase.[14]
An evolutionary phase, refers to an extended duration of expansion enjoyed by the organization with no significant disruptions. Similarly, a revolutionary phase refers to a period of considerable disturbance within an organization.[14]
Phase 1: creative expansion → leadership crisis[edit]
Creative expansion (evolutionary phase) leads to a leadership crisis (revolutionary phase). Initially, the organization enjoys expansion through the creativity and proactive nature of its founders.[15] However, this leads to a crisis of leadership, as a more structured form of management is required. The founding members must either assume this role, or empower a competent manager to fulfill this if they are unable to.[14]
Phase 2: directional expansion → autonomy crisis[edit]
Directional expansion (evolutionary phase) leads to a crisis of autonomy (revolutionary phase). As the organization experiences expansion through directive leadership, a more structured and functional management system is adopted.[11] However, this leads to a crisis of autonomy. Greater delegation of authority to managers of lower levels is required, although at the reluctance of top tier managers who do not wish to have their authority diluted.[14]
Phase 3: expansion through delegation → control crisis[edit]
Expansion through delegation (evolutionary phase) leads to a crisis of control (revolutionary phase). As the organization expands from delegating more responsibilities to lower level managers, top tier directors start to lessen their involvement in the routine operations, reducing the communication between both levels.[3] This eventually leads to a crisis of control, as lower level managers become accustomed to working without the intrusion of top-level directors. This leads to a conflict of interest with the directors, who feel that they are losing control of the expanded organization.[14]
Phase 4: expansion through coordination → red tape crisis[edit]
Expansion through coordination (evolutionary phase) leads to a crisis of red tape (revolutionary phase). As an organization expands from improving its coordination, such as through product group formation and authorized planning systems, a bureaucratic system develops.[3] This eventually leads to a crisis of red tape, where many administrative obstacles reduce efficiency and innovation.[14]
Phase 5: expansion through collaboration[edit]
At this stage, the organization seeks to overcome the barrier of red tape through adopting a more flexible and versatile matrix structure (matrix management). Educational courses are arranged for managers, to equip them with the skills of solving team disputes and to foster greater teamwork. Complex and formal systems are also made simpler, and there is an increased emphasis on the communication between managers, to solve crucial problems. Although Greiner identified expansion through collaboration as the evolutionary phase, he did not specifically identify the succeeding crisis (revolutionary phase), as there was little evidence due to most of the organizations still being in the collaboration phase. However, Greiner predicted that the crisis might involve the exhaustion of members in an organization, due to a strong requirement for innovation and teamwork.[14]
Implications for growth phases[edit]
There are certain implications for managers in organizations with regards to the phases of growth:
Recognizing one's position in the course of expansion[edit]
Top tier managers should be aware of their organization's current stage, to be able to execute relevant solutions to the type of crisis faced.[16] Managers should also not be tempted to surpass their current phase due to eagerness. This is because there may be vital experiences from each phase to be learned, that will be required to tackle future phases.[14]
Recognizing the restricted variety of solutions[edit]
It becomes clear in each phase of revolution that there are only a specific number of solutions that can be applied.[14] Managers should avoid repeating solutions, as this will prevent the evolution of a new phase of growth. It is also important to note that evolution is not a mechanical event, and organizations must actively seek out new solutions to the current crisis that are also suitable for the next stage of growth.[17]
Recognizing that solutions result in crisis[edit]
Managers should realize that past actions are factors of future consequences. This would help managers in formulating solutions to cope with the crisis that develops in the future.[14]
See also[edit]
Enterprise life cycle
Small Business
SME
References[edit]
Jump up ^ R. L. Daft, H. Willmott Murphy (2010), Organization theory and design, p. 356
Jump up ^ Bess, J. (1984). College and university organization. New York: New York University Press, p.43.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Lester, D., Parnell, J. and Carraher, S. (2003). Organizational life cycle: A five-stage empirical scale. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(4), p.339-354.
^ Jump up to: a b Mintzberg, H. (1984). Power and organization life cycles. Academy of Management review, 9(2), pp.207--224.
Jump up ^ Kimberly, J. and Miles, R. (1980). The Organizational life cycle. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Jump up ^ Smith, K., Mitchell, T. and Summer, C. (1985). Top level management priorities in different stages of the organizational life cycle. Academy of management Journal, 28(4), pp.799--820.
Jump up ^ Haire, M. (1959). Modern organization theory. John Wiley.
Jump up ^ Smith, N. and Miner, J. (1983). Type of entrepreneur, type of firm, and managerial motivation: Implications for organizational life cycle theory. Strategic Management Journal, 4(4), pp.325--340.
Jump up ^ Jawahar, I. and McLaughlin, G. (2001). Toward a descriptive stakeholder theory: An organizational life cycle approach. Academy of Management Review, 26(3), pp.397--414.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewis, V. and Churchill, N. (1983). The five stages of small business growth. Harvard business review, 61(3), pp.30--50.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Quinn, R. and Cameron, K. (1983). Organizational life cycles and shifting criteria of effectiveness: Some preliminary evidence. Management science, 29(1), pp.33--51.
Jump up ^ Adizes, I. (1979). Organizational passages—diagnosing and treating lifecycle problems of organizations. Organizational dynamics, 8(1), pp.3--25.
Jump up ^ Miller, D. and Friesen, P. (1984). A longitudinal study of the corporate life cycle. Management science, 30(10), pp.1161--1183.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Greiner, L. (1972). Evolution and revolution as organizations grow. Harvard Business Review, p37-46.
Jump up ^ Bedeian, A. (1990). Choice and determinism: a comment. Strategic Management Journal, 11(7), pp.571--573.
Jump up ^ Cameron, K. and Whetten, D. (1981). Perceptions of organizational effectiveness over organizational life cycles. Administrative Science Quarterly, pp.525--544.
Jump up ^ Lyden, F. (1975). Using Parsons' functional analysis in the study of public organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, pp.59--70.
External links[edit]
Management Help - Basic Overview of Organizational Life Cycles
Reference for Business - Organizational Life Cycle
INC - Organizational Life Cycle
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The Alchemist (novel)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For similarly named works, see Alchemist (disambiguation).
The Alchemist
First English edition cover
Author
Paulo Coelho
Original title
O Alquimista
Country
Brazil
Language
Portuguese
Genre
Quest, adventure, fantasy
Publisher
HarperTorch (English translation)
Publication date
1988
Published in English
1993
Media type
Print (hardback, paperback and iTunes)
Pages
163 pp (first English edition, hardcover), 208 pages(25th Anniversary Edition)
ISBN
0-06-250217-4 (first English edition, hardcover)
OCLC
26857452
Dewey Decimal
869.3
Preceded by
The Pilgrimage (1987)
Followed by
Brida (1990)
The Alchemist (Portuguese: O Alquimista) is a novel by Brazilian author Paulo Coelho which was first published in 1988. Originally written in Portuguese, it became an international bestseller translated into some 70 languages as of 2016.[1][2] An allegorical novel, The Alchemist follows a young Andalusian shepherd in his journey to Egypt, after having a recurring dream of finding treasure there.
The story is a modern retelling of the old classic, The Ruined Man Who Became Rich Again Through a Dream. Over the years there have been film and theatrical adaptations of the work and musical interpretations of it.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 The Novel
2.1 File sharing
3 Reception
4 Cultural influence
4.1 Film adaptations
4.2 Other media
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
The Alchemist follows the journey of an Andalusian shepherd boy named Santiago. Believing a recurring dream to be prophetic, he asks a Romani fortune-teller in a nearby town about its meaning. The woman interprets the dream as a prophecy telling the boy that he will discover a treasure at the Egyptian pyramids.
Early into his journey, he meets an old king named Melchizedek or the king of Salem, who tells him to sell his sheep so as to travel to Egypt and introduces the idea of a Personal Legend. Your Personal Legend "is what you have always wanted to accomplish. Everyone, when they are young, knows what their Personal Legend is."[3] He adds that "when you want something, all the universe conspires in helping you to achieve it." This is the core theme of the book.
The Pyramids of Giza
Along the way, the boy meets an Englishman who has come in search of an Alchemist and continues his travels with him. When they reach an oasis, Santiago meets and falls in love with an Arabian girl named Fatima, whom he asks to marry him. She promises to do so only after he completes his journey. He is frustrated by this, but later learns that true love will not stop nor must one sacrifice to it one's personal destiny, since to do so robs it of truth.
The boy then encounters a wise alchemist who also teaches him to realize his true self. Finally they risk a journey through the territory of warring tribes, where the boy is forced to demonstrate his oneness with "The Soul of the World" by turning himself into a simoom before he is allowed to proceed. When he begins digging within sight of the pyramids, he is robbed but learns accidentally from the leader of the thieves that the treasure he seeks was all the time in the ruined church where he had his original dream.
The Novel[edit]
Coelho wrote The Alchemist in only two weeks in 1987. He explained he was able to write at this pace because the story was "already written in [his] soul."[4]
The book's main theme is about finding one's destiny. According to The New York Times, The Alchemist is "more self-help than literature."[5] An old king tells Santiago that, "when you really want something to happen, the whole universe will conspire so that your wish comes true." This is the core of the novel's philosophy and a motif that plays all throughout Coelho's writing in The Alchemist.[6]
The Alchemist was first released by an obscure Brazilian publishing house. Albeit having sold "well", the publisher of the book told Coelho that it was never going to sell, and that "he could make more money in the stock exchange."[7]
Needing to "heal" himself from this setback, Coelho set out to leave Rio de Janeiro with his wife and spent 40 days in the Mojave Desert. Returning from the excursion, Coelho decided he had to keep on struggling.[7] Coelho was "so convinced it was a great book that [he] started knocking on doors."[4]
File sharing[edit]
Paulo Coelho is a strong advocate of spreading his books through peer-to-peer file sharing networks. He put his own books on file-sharing networks like BitTorrent, and noted that The Alchemist received a boost in sales due to this.[8] He stated that "I do think that when a reader has the possibility to read some chapters, he or she can always decide to buy the book later."[8] Currently, chapters from The Alchemist can be found on Google Books and Coelho's agency Sant Jordi Associados.[9][10]
Reception[edit]
The novel was not an instant bestseller. Published by a small publishing house, The Alchemist, like its predecessor, The Pilgrimage, sold "slowly" in Brazil. Its commercial success took off in France when it became an "unexpected" bestseller early in the 1990s.[11]
The Advertiser, an Australian newspaper, published one of the first English-language reviews of The Alchemist in 1993, saying, "of books that I can recommend with the unshakable confidence of having read them and been entranced, impressed, entertained or moved, the universal gift is perhaps a limpid little fable called The Alchemist... In hauntingly spare prose, translated from the Brazilian original in Portuguese, it follows a young Andalusian shepherd into the desert on his quest for a dream and the fulfillment of his destiny."[12] Since then, the novel has received much praise, making it to the top spot on best-seller lists in 74 countries and winning prestigious awards in Germany and Italy.[13][14][15] It has been called a "charming story", "a brilliant, simple narrative" and "a wonderful tale, a metaphor of life", from people in places as diverse as South Africa, Finland and Turkey.[16] It has been praised by public figures like Will Smith[17] and Jorge Garcia. Arash Hejazi, the Iranian publisher of Paulo Coelho, believes that The Alchemist is exceptional on several counts: he notes that the book has had a "longer than expected life-cycle… It was not supported by high marketing budgets in the first few years after its publication. It was not written in French or Spanish. It did not enjoy a film tie-in and was not recommended by positive reviews and the media, but it is still selling, only relying on the word of mouth as its main marketing tool."[18]
Cultural influence[edit]
Film adaptations[edit]
Coelho said he has been reluctant to sell rights to his books. He believed that a book has a "life of its own inside the reader's mind", and seldom did he find an adaptation that lived up to the book. Despite this, with time, Coelho decided to open up the possibility.[7]
In 2003, Warner Bros. bought the rights to the film adaptation of The Alchemist. The project stalled and the movie never materialized, reportedly because of problems with the script.[19] At one point, the script had a battle sequence with 10,000 soldiers, which was "not what the book is about."[20] Reportedly, Coelho offered US$2 million to Warner Bros. to buy back the film rights to The Alchemist.[21]
During the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, Harvey Weinstein announced that he had bought the rights to the film and will serve as its producer. Laurence Fishburne is set to direct, and to play the eponymous character. It will have a reported budget of $60 million. Weinstein, who rarely personally produces movies, stated that "My loyalty is not to Laurence [Fishburne], my loyalty is not to me, my loyalty is not to anyone other than Paulo Coelho."[22] Coelho added, "I am very happy that my book will be filmed in the way I intended it to be and I hope the spirit and simplicity of my work will be preserved. I am excited my friend Laurence Fishburne and Harvey Weinstein will be working together."[15] In June 2015, it was reported that Idris Elba was set to play the protagonist and that Fishburne would direct the movie instead.[23]
Other media[edit]
HarperOne, a HarperCollins imprint, produced an illustrated version of the novel, with paintings by the French artist Mœbius, but failed to convince Coelho "to consent to the full graphic-novel treatment."[24] In June 2010, HarperOne announced that it would publish a graphic-novel adaptation. The Alchemist: A Graphic Novel was published in 2010, adapted by Derek Ruiz and artwork by Daniel Sampere.
A theatrical adaptation of The Alchemist was produced and performed by the Cornish Collective, which is their most successful production to date.[25] It was staged for the first time in India by Ashvin Gidwani Productions.[26][27] Kajol and Karan Johar launched this book's theatrical adaptation in India.[28][29]
In music, The Alchemist has inspired numerous bands of the same name.[24] In September 2009, an orchestral performance was conducted at the Ansche Chesed Synagogue on the Upper West Side. Inspired by The Alchemist, "an orchestral performance" was composed by One World Symphony for composer and conductor Sung Jin Hong's wedding.[30]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Paulo Coelho in WorldCat database". WorldCat. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Alchemist > Editions". Goodreads. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
Jump up ^ The Alchemist, HarperCollins paperback, 1998, p. 21
^ Jump up to: a b Pool, Hannah (2009-03-19). "Question time". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
Jump up ^ Cowles, Gregory (2009-10-08). "Inside the List". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-01-28.
Jump up ^ Flanagan, Mark. "The Alchemist".
^ Jump up to: a b c "Interview with Paulo Coelho". Goodreads.com. March 2008. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Best-Selling Author Turns Piracy into Profit TorrentFreak. May 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ The Alchemist Book Preview Google Books.
Jump up ^ Extract from The Alchemist Sant Jordi Associados.
Jump up ^ Riding, Alan (2005-08-30). "Paulo Coelho: Writing in a Global Language". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
Jump up ^ Guy, Bill. "Books of the Year." The Advertiser. December 4, 1993.
Jump up ^ Paulo Coelho Biography on PauloCoelho.com.
Jump up ^ A Brief History of the Book Saint Jordi Asociados
^ Jump up to: a b The Weinstein Company to Bring 'The Alchemist' to the Big Screen Zoom In Online: Film & TV.
Jump up ^ The Alchemist: Reviews on Sant Jordi Associados.
Jump up ^ Will Smith Interview Tavis Smiley on PBS. December 13, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Alchemy of the Alchemist: How Paulo Coelho became the most translated living author for the same book". Arashhejazi.com. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Fishburne to direct The Alchemist The Guardian. June 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ Doland, Angela 'The Alchemist' to be made into movie USA Today. May 18, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Paulo Coelho". The Guardian. 2008-07-22. Retrieved 2012-01-28.
Jump up ^ Weinstein to produce 'Alchemist' film adaptation Muzi.com News. May 18, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Idris Elba set for Laurence Fishburne's film of Paulo Coelho's The Alchemist". The Guardian. 2015-06-05. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Itzkoff, David (2010-07-06). "Graphic Novel of ‘The Alchemist’: Words Into Pictures". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
Jump up ^ The Cornish Theatre Collective The Alchemist.
Jump up ^ "The week gone by... (11 Images)". Movies.ndtv.com. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
Jump up ^ "How The Alchemist came alive on theatre". rediff.com. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
Jump up ^ "The week gone by... (11 Images)". Movies.ndtv.com. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Kajol and Karan at the launch of The Alchemist". Nowrunning.com. 2008-07-14. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
Jump up ^ Schweitzer, Vivien (2009-09-15). "Inspiration From Bjork, ‘The Alchemist’ and the Sea". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Alchemist (novel)
A lengthy summary of the book
Review: The Alchemist
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v
t
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Works by Paulo Coelho
Novels
The Manifest of Krig-há (1974)
Theater For Education (1974)
Hell Archives (1982)
Practical Manual of Vampirism (1986)
The Pilgrimage (1987)
The Alchemist (1988)
Brida (1990)
The Greatest Gift (1991)
The Valkyries (1992)
Maktub (1994)
By the River Piedra I Sat Down and Wept (1994)
The Fifth Mountain (1996)
Love Letters from a Prophet (1997)
Manual of the Warrior of Light (1997)
Veronika Decides to Die (1998)
Essential Words (1998)
The Devil and Miss Prym (2000)
Fathers, Sons and Grandsons (2001)
Eleven Minutes (2003)
And on the Seventh Day (2004)
The Genie and the Roses (2004)
Journeys (2004)
The Zahir (2005)
Revived Paths (2005)
Like the Flowing River (2006)
The Witch of Portobello (2006)
Life: Selected Quotations (2007)
The Winner Stands Alone (2008)
Aleph (2010)
Manuscript Found in Accra (2012)
Adultery (2014)
Biographies
The Wizard (2008)
[show]
v
t
e
Jean Giraud
Comics
Airtight Garage (1976)
Arzach (1975)
Blueberry (1963)
The Incal (1975)
"The Long Tomorrow" (1975)
Métal hurlant (1974)
Le Monde d'Edena (1985)
Adaptations
Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland (1989)
Cauchemar Blanc (1991)
Blueberry (2004)
Thru the Moebius Strip (2005)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 204618447
GND: 4705652-6
SUDOC: 076921336
BNF: cb131828003 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Alchemist_(novel)&oldid=800790676"
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