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NBA playoffs
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NBA playoffs
Most recent season or competition:
2018 NBA Playoffs
Sport
Basketball
Founded
1946
No. of teams
16
Most recent
champion(s)
Golden State Warriors
Most titles
Boston Celtics (17)
TV partner(s)
ESPN/ABC
TNT
NBA TV
Official website
National Basketball Association
The NBA playoffs are a best-of-seven elimination tournament annually held after the National Basketball Association's regular season to determine the league's champion.
Contents
1 Format
2 History
2.1 2006 NBA playoffs controversy
2.2 Timeline
3 Team roster
4 Records and statistics
5 Playoff appearances
5.1 Appearances by active teams
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Format[edit]
The previous NBA playoffs logo, which was used until 2017
In September 2015, the NBA announced changes to the formula used to determine the format of the 2016 NBA Playoffs. The top eight teams in each conference (East and West), ranked in order by win-loss records, qualify for the playoffs. The tie-break criteria for playoff seeding and home-court advantage have also changed; head-to-head results between the tied teams is the first tie-breaker, and whether a team won its division championship is the second tie-breaker.[1]
These seedings are used to create a bracket that determines the match-ups throughout the series. Once the playoffs start, the bracket is fixed; teams are never "reseeded", unlike in the National Football League (NFL) and Major League Soccer (MLS) where the strongest remaining teams face the weakest teams in subsequent rounds. The first round of the NBA playoffs, or conference quarterfinals, consists of four match-ups in each conference based on the seedings (1–8, 2–7, 3–6, and 4–5). The four winners advance to the second round, or conference semifinals, with a match-up between the 1–8 and 4–5 winners and a match-up between the 2–7 and 3–6 winners. The two winners advance to the third round, or conference finals. The winner from each conference will advance to the final round, or the NBA Finals.
All rounds are best-of-seven series. Series are played in a 2–2–1–1–1 format, meaning the team with home-court advantage hosts games 1, 2, 5, and 7, while their opponent hosts games 3, 4, and 6, with games 5–7 being played if needed. This format has been used since 2014, after NBA team owners unanimously voted to change from a 2–3–2 format on October 23, 2013.[2]
The most common criticism of the current structure is related to parity of conferences. On numerous occasions, Eastern Conference teams with losing records qualified for the playoffs, while Western Conference teams with winning records ended up missing them, including the 2011, 2013 and the 2015 NBA Playoffs.
History[edit]
The National Basketball Association was established in 1949 by merger of the Basketball Association of America (BAA) and National Basketball League but it recognizes the three BAA seasons as part of its own history. In all of its three years the BAA champion was finally determined in a best-of-seven series but its first two tournaments, the 1947 and 1948 BAA Playoffs, were otherwise quite different from the third, which 21st-century NBA playoffs nearly match. In 1947 and 1948, the Eastern and Western Division champions were matched in a best-of-seven series following the regular season, whose winner advanced to the championship round. Meanwhile, four runners-up played best-of-three series to determine the other finalist: the two second-place teams were matched in one short series and the two third-place teams in another; the winners of those two series played another one. In 1947 the Philadelphia Warriors won the runners-up bracket and beat the Western champion Chicago Stags four games to one, which the NBA recognizes as its first championship; in 1948 Baltimore won the runners-up and beat Eastern champion Philadelphia in the final. Both tournaments generated one finalist from the Eastern and one from the Western Division, but only by chance.[3]
In 1949 the third and last BAA tournament matched Eastern teams exclusively and Western teams exclusively, necessarily generating Eastern and Western playoff champions to meet in the final. At the same time, the number of playoff teams was increased from three to four from each Division; two rounds of best-of-three series were played, followed by a best-of-seven championship. The main idea was retained by the NBA. Even the 1950 tournament, following a transitional season with three divisions rather than two, initially determined one playoff champion from each division. The Central champion Minneapolis Lakers became the first league champion under the NBA name by defeating Anderson from the West in a best-of-three, with Syracuse from the East idle, and then knocking off the Syracuse Nationals in six games.[4]
The 1951 through 1953 playoffs changed the division finals into a best-of-five playoff. With only nine league members in 1953–54, the NBA cut its postseason tournament field from eight teams to six (from 1954 through 1966, the period of eight to nine league members). Round robins were played in 1954, uniquely in NBA history—a three-team round robin among the three playoff teams in each division. From 1955 to 1966, the first-place team in each division was idle while its two runners-up faced played a best-of-three. Division finals were expanded to best-of-seven in 1958 and division semifinals to best-of-five in 1961.
With ten league members again for the 1966–67 season, eight teams were again admitted to the tournament, providing a simple three-round knockout (8-team bracket). A year later, the division semifinals were changed to best-of-seven playoff. Then, in 1975 and 1977, respectively, a fifth and sixth team were added to each Division, necessitating an additional first round of best-of-three series.
Finally in 1984, the tournament expanded to its present 16-team, four-round knockout, and the now-complete set of first-round series were expanded to a best-of-five. In 2003 the first round was changed to also be best-of-seven. (Thus all playoff teams from 2003 to present, same as the two Division champions in 1947 and 1948, continue to play at the close of the regular season without idle team ("bye") and may be certain of four playoff games including two at home.)
Beginning with the 2004 season, with the addition of the thirtieth NBA franchise, the Charlotte Bobcats, the NBA realigned its divisions. The result was that each conference would have three divisions of five teams each, and the winner of each division was guaranteed a top-three playoff seed. This would change slightly after the 2005–06 season; while division winners still receive automatic playoff berths, they are guaranteed a top-four seed, as described below.
2006 NBA playoffs controversy[edit]
The previous playoff format, in place for the 2004–05 and 2005–06 NBA playoffs, after the NBA was re-aligned into six divisions, created controversy during the 2005–06 season and playoffs, and would be changed prior to the 2006–07 NBA season.[5]
Prior to 2005, NBA division champions were seeded higher than the other teams in their conference, regardless of their record. Prior to 2004, when the NBA was aligned into two conferences with two divisions each, the division champions were guaranteed the top two seeds. This meant that top two teams in a conference (by record) would be seeded either first and second (if they were in opposite divisions) or first and third (if they were in the same division). Because of the NBA playoffs' preset matchups in the second round, this meant that the top two teams in a conference could never meet until the conference finals, assuming they both made it to that round.
After the NBA realigned its two conferences into three divisions each, the seeding rules remained largely unchanged. The top three seeds would now be reserved for division champions. However, this meant that if the top two teams (by record) in a conference were in the same division, they would be seeded first and fourth. Assuming no first-round upsets, this raised the prospect that the top two teams in the conference would face each other in the conference semifinals, instead of the conference finals.
In the second year of this format, the 2005–06 NBA season, the two teams with the best records in the Western Conference, the San Antonio Spurs and Dallas Mavericks of the Southwest Division, did just that. The Mavericks had the second-best record in the Western Conference and the third-best record in the entire league, behind the Detroit Pistons and San Antonio. However, they were seeded fourth because they finished second in the Southwest behind the Spurs. This turn of events led to the playoff format being criticized by many. Besides the prospect of a team losing earlier in the playoffs than its regular-season record or seeding would suggest, critics claimed that it also created an unfair advantage for teams in the 2-7/3-6 half of the Western Conference playoff bracket, who could advance to the conference finals without playing either of the two best teams in the conference in an earlier round.
The Phoenix Suns, winners of the Pacific Division and possessors of the third best record, were seeded second, while the Denver Nuggets, winners of the Northwest Division and tied for only the seventh-best record in the conference, were seeded third.
The Memphis Grizzlies and Los Angeles Clippers met in the second-to-last game of the regular season, after the top four seeds had been clinched. The two teams were already determined to be the fifth and sixth seeds, and had only to determine which rank higher. The fifth seed would likely need to defeat the best two teams in the conference without home-court advantage to advance to the conference finals, as it would face fourth-seeded Dallas in the first round and likely face first-seeded San Antonio if it managed to defeat Dallas. The sixth seed would play third-seeded Denver in the first round, but would have home-court advantage (since the Grizzlies had the fourth-best record in the conference and the Clippers had the fifth-best), and would not have to face either San Antonio or Dallas until the conference finals at the earliest.
This led to speculation about whether the Grizzlies or the Clippers would have much commitment to winning their match-up in the second-to-last game of the season, since it was clearly most advantageous to lose the game in order to obtain the 6th seed. The Clippers eventually lost to Memphis without much evidence to support the speculation that the Clippers had lost intentionally.[6] In the first round of the playoffs, the Clippers defeated the Nuggets in five games, while Memphis was swept by Dallas. Ultimately, Dallas and San Antonio did meet in the second round, with Dallas winning in seven games and advancing all the way to the NBA finals.
Timeline[edit]
1947: The playoffs were instituted with a three-stage tournament, similar to the Stanley Cup playoffs of the 1930s; the two first-place teams qualified directly to one semifinal where they played each other in a best-of-7 series. Teams finishing second & third qualified for the best-of-3 quarterfinals, where the two second-placed teams were paired in one quarterfinal, as were the two third-placed teams, and the two quarterfinal winners played each other in a best-of-three semifinal. The two semifinal winners played each other in the Basketball Association of America (BAA) best-of-7 final series.
Quarterfinals
Best-of-3 Semifinals
Best-of-3 (one series)
Best-of-7 (one series)
BAA finals
Best-of-7
E3
W3
E3
E2
W2
E2
E2
W1
W1
E1
There were no byes, or idle time, for the division champions – as there would be for higher-seeded playoff teams 1955–66 and 1975–83. All six 1947 participants played their first tournament games on Wednesday, April 2; in 1948 the two Eastern runners-up (E2, E3 in the figure) were idle for a few days only because there was a three-way Western tie to break. Both winners of the runners-up bracket, Philadelphia in 1947 and Baltimore in 1948, reached the final series having played fewer tournament games than their final opponents, Chicago in 1947 and Philadelphia in 1948, had played in the best-of-7 pairings of division champions. And both winners of the runners-up bracket won the final series. The "postseason" actually comprised 11 games played in a span of 21 days for the 1947 Chicago Stags and 13 games in 30 days for 1948 Philadelphia Warriors, the finalists who emerged from the pairing of division champions.[3]
1949: The playoffs were reorganized to match Eastern Division teams exclusively, and Western Division teams exclusively – in two halves of the bracket, so to speak. Thus the BAA tournament generated a playoff champion in each Division. (So did the NBA in each of three 1950 divisions, and so it has done in each half of the league since then.) The top four teams from each of the two divisions qualified. The quarterfinals and semifinals were renamed division semifinals and division finals, respectively, and both rounds were best-of-3. Thus any playoff team might be eliminated in two games, one home game. The best-of-7 final was unchanged.
Division semifinals
Best-of-3 Division finals
Best-of-3 BAA finals
Best-of-7
E1
E4
E1
Eastern Division
E2
E2
E3
E1
W2
W1
W4
W1
Western Division
W2
W2
W3
1950: The BAA was renamed as the National Basketball Association (NBA). With a three-division setup, 12 teams now qualified for the playoffs, with the top four teams from each division meeting in the best-of-3 division semifinals. The winners met in the best-of-3 division finals. With three teams remaining, the surviving team with the best regular season record qualified directly for the finals while the other two teams met in a best-of-3 NBA semifinals.
1951: With the NBA reverting to a two-division setup; the division semifinals reverted to its original 1949 format with only eight teams qualifying. The division finals was extended to a best-of-5 format.
Division semifinals
Best-of-3 Division finals
Best-of-5 NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1
E4
E4
Eastern Division
E2
E2
E3
E2
W3
W1
W4
W1
Western Division
W3
W2
W3
1954: With only nine league members (soon to be eight), the number of playoff teams was cut down to six. The division semifinals was changed to a double round-robin format within the division, with the top three teams from each division qualifying (each team played four games). Following the round-robin games, the top two teams qualified for the best-of-three division finals, followed by the best-of-seven finals.
1955: The number of playoff teams remained at six, but the initial round-robin was dropped after one year in favor of giving the first-place team in each division a bye to the best-of-five division finals. Teams which placed second and third played a best-of-three division semifinal. In 1955 the byes provided five and six extra days idle for the first-place teams.[7]
1958: The division finals was extended to a best-of-seven format.
1961: The division semifinals were extended to a best-of-five format.
Division semifinals
Best-of-3 (1955–1960),
Best-of-5 (1961–1966)
Division finals
Best-of-5 (1955–1957),
Best-of-7 (1958–1966)
NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1
Eastern Division
E3
E2
E3
E3
W1
W1
Western Division
W2
W2
W3
The 1961 to 1966 tournaments alone combined initial byes for seeded teams with best-of-five initial series for unseeded teams. The 1961 byes provided five and seven extra days idle for the first-place teams. By 1966 the schedule provided more rest for the first-round participants with byes of 11 and eight extra days idle.[8]
1967: The number of playoff teams was expanded to eight once more. The division semifinals now included the fourth-best team in each conference. The first-placed teams no longer received a bye. They were matched against the fourth-placed teams in the best-of-5 division semifinals.
1968: The division semifinals was extended to a best-of-seven format.
Division semifinals
Best-of-5 (1967),
Best-of-7 (1968–1970)
Division finals
Best-of-7 (1968–1970) NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1
E4
Eastern Division
E2
E3
W1
W4
Western Division
W2
W3
1970: With an increased number of teams, the divisions were upgraded into conferences, which were then split into two divisions. Eight teams still qualified, four from each conference. The two division winners were guaranteed at least a #2 seed, and the two best non-division winners from each conference qualified as third and fourth seeds. Hence, the division semifinals and division finals came to be known as conference semifinals and conference finals, respectively.
Conference semifinals
Best-of-7 Conference finals
Best-of-7 NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1*
E4
Eastern Conference
E2*
E3
W1*
W4
Western Conference
W2*
W3
1975: The number of playoff teams was expanded from eight to ten. A first round was introduced which matched the fourth and fifth seeds in each conference in a best-of-3 first round series, while the top three seeds received a bye. This is similar to the system currently used in the MLB.
First Round
Best-of-3 Conference semifinals
Best-of-7 Conference finals
Best-of-7 NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1*
E4
E4
E5
Eastern Conference
E2*
E3
W1*
W4
W4
W5
Western Conference
W2*
W3
1977: The number of playoff teams was expanded from 10 to 12. The first round now included the sixth best team in each conference, which was matched against the third seed. Only the division winners received byes to the next round. This is similar to the format currently used by the NFL.
First Round
Best-of-3 Conference semifinals
Best-of-7 Conference finals
Best-of-7 NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1*
E4
E5
Eastern Conference
E3
E6
E2*
W1*
W4
W5
Western Conference
W3
W6
W2*
The 1983 tournament is the latest to incorporate first-round byes for seeded teams. The first-round best-of-three series tapped off on Tuesday and Wednesday, April 19 and 20; the second-round best-of-sevens on Sunday to the following Wednesday, April 27. Counting from Tuesday the byes provided five to eight extra days idle.[9]
1984: The playoffs were expanded from 12 teams to 16 teams. All teams now participated in the first round, which was extended to a best-of-five series.
Conference quarterfinals
Best-of-5 Conference semifinals
Best-of-7 Conference finals
Best-of-7 NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1*
E8
E4
E5
Eastern Conference
E3
E6
E2*
E7
W1*
W8
W4
W5
Western Conference
W3
W6
W2*
W7
2003: The first round was extended to a best-of-seven series. This change arguably benefitted the higher seeds as it reduced the likelihood of an upset by a lower seed. It also meant that a team that swept their series 4–0 might have to wait up to two weeks to play their next series against a team that had won 4–3.
Conference quarterfinals
Best-of-7 Conference semifinals
Best-of-7 Conference finals
Best-of-7 NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1*
E8
E4
E5
Eastern Conference
E3
E6
E2*
E7
W1*
W8
W4
W5
Western Conference
W3
W6
W2*
W7
2005: Each conference was realigned into three divisions with each division winner qualifying for a top-three seed regardless of record. The next best five teams from each conference also qualify for the playoffs.
Conference quarterfinals
Best-of-7 Conference semifinals
Best-of-7 Conference finals
Best-of-7 NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1*
E8
E4
E5
Eastern Conference
E3*
E6
E2*
E7
W1*
W8
W4
W5
Western Conference
W3*
W6
W2*
W7
2007: To address the criticisms of having each division champion guaranteed a top-three seed, regardless of record, the rules were changed such that the division winners are now only guaranteed a top-four seed. The team with the second-best record in the conference is now guaranteed the second seed, even if it finishes second in its own division. This ensures that the two best teams in the conference cannot meet until the conference finals at the earliest. The previous system raised the prospect of the two best teams in the conference being seeded 1 and 4 if they play in the same division, thus forcing them to play each other in the second round (given no upsets).
Note: In the example below, the East's #2 seed is not a division champion.
Conference quarterfinals
Best-of-7 Conference semifinals
Best-of-7 Conference finals
Best-of-7 NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1*
E8
E5
E4*
Eastern Conference
E3*
E6
E2
E7
W1*
W8
W5
W4
Western Conference
W3*
W6
W2*
W7
2016: While the playoff bracketing did not change, qualification criteria were changed. The teams with the eight best records in each conference receive playoff berths, with no automatic berths nor guaranteed top-four seed placement for division champions.
Team roster[edit]
Playoff teams must identify their postseason roster before the playoffs begin. They are allowed up to 15 players and can designate two as inactive for each game.[10] Players are eligible to be on a team's playoff roster provided they were on the team for at least one regular season game, and were not on another NBA team's roster after March 1.[11] Previously[when?], playoff rosters were limited to 12 players who were named before the playoffs began.[10]
Records and statistics[edit]
Only five 8th seeded teams have managed to win a series versus the number 1 seeded team: The Denver Nuggets eliminated the Seattle SuperSonics 3–2 in 1994. The New York Knicks eliminated the Miami Heat 3–2 in 1999. The Golden State Warriors defeated the Dallas Mavericks 4–2 in the 2007 Western Conference First Round (becoming the first 8 seed to beat a 1 seed in the best of 7 format). In 2011, the Memphis Grizzlies beat the San Antonio Spurs, 4–2 and in 2012, the Philadelphia 76ers beat the Chicago Bulls 4–2.
The 1999 Knicks are the only 8th seeded team ever to reach the NBA finals. No 8th seeded team has won the NBA finals.
The 1956–57 St. Louis Hawks, 1958–59 Minneapolis Lakers and the 1980–81 Houston Rockets are the only teams with losing records (34-38, 33–39 and 40–42, respectively) to make it to the NBA finals. In 1981 the Houston Rockets' opponent in the Western Conference Finals, the Kansas City Kings, also had a losing record (40–42).
The 1994–95 Houston Rockets, a sixth seed with a record of 47–35, were the lowest seeded team to win the NBA finals. In the NBA finals, the Rockets swept the Orlando Magic (57–25) in four games. In doing so, the Rockets defeated four teams that had won 50 or more games during the regular season (Utah Jazz at 60–22, Phoenix Suns at 59–23, San Antonio Spurs at 62–20 and Orlando at 57–25), which had never been done before. They are also the only team to have won an NBA title without having home-court advantage during any round of the playoffs.
The Golden State Warriors own the longest NBA playoff winning streak for a single postseason with 15 straight wins in the 2017 playoffs.
Of all the teams with multiple NBA finals appearances, the Chicago Bulls are the only team to have never lost in the finals, winning 6.
The Boston Celtics possess the most overall NBA finals series wins with an overall record of 17–4. The Los Angeles/Minneapolis Lakers have played in the most NBA finals series (31) with an overall record of 16–15.
The longest active playoff appearance streak currently belongs to the San Antonio Spurs with 21 consecutive appearances in the playoffs, beginning in the 1997–98 NBA season. The longest ever streak of playoffs appearances in a row belongs to the Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers, who made the playoffs 22 straight years from the 1949–50 season to the 1970–71 season.
In 1983, under the bye-7-7-7 system, the Philadelphia 76ers attained the best record of 12-1, having only lost in Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Milwaukee Bucks.
In 2001, under the best of 5-7-7-7 system, the Los Angeles Lakers attained the best record of 15-1, having only lost in Game 1 of the Finals against the Philadelphia 76ers.
In 2017, under the best of 7-7-7-7 system, the Golden State Warriors attained the best record of 16-1, having only lost in Game 4 of the Finals against the Cleveland Cavaliers. The Warriors and Cavaliers came into the Finals with a combined record of 24-1, with the Cavaliers having only lost in Game 3 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Boston Celtics.
Playoff appearances[edit]
Current as of 2018 NBA Playoffs
Appearances by active teams[edit]
Team
Appearances[12]
Los Angeles Lakers 60 [A]
Boston Celtics 55
Philadelphia 76ers 48 [B]
Atlanta Hawks 46 [C]
Detroit Pistons 41 [D]
New York Knicks 41
San Antonio Spurs 38 [E]
Chicago Bulls 35
Golden State Warriors 34 [F]
Portland Trail Blazers 34
Houston Rockets 32 [G]
Milwaukee Bucks 30
Oklahoma City Thunder 30 [H]
Phoenix Suns 29
Sacramento Kings 29 [I]
Washington Wizards 29 [J]
Utah Jazz 27 [K]
Indiana Pacers 25 [E]
Denver Nuggets 24 [E]
Cleveland Cavaliers 22
Dallas Mavericks 21
Miami Heat 20
Brooklyn Nets 19 [E][L]
Orlando Magic 14
Los Angeles Clippers 13 [M]
Charlotte Hornets 10 [N]
Memphis Grizzlies 10
Toronto Raptors 10
Minnesota Timberwolves 9
New Orleans Pelicans 7 [N]
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Minneapolis Lakers (1947–1960).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Syracuse Nationals (1946–1963).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Tri-Cities Blackhawks (1946–1951), the Milwaukee Hawks (1951–1955), and the St. Louis Hawks (1955–1968).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Fort Wayne Pistons (1949–1957).
^ Jump up to: a b c d Does not include appearances in the American Basketball Association (ABA) playoffs. Per the conditions of the ABA–NBA merger, the NBA does not officially recognize the ABA history, playoffs and records.
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Philadelphia Warriors (1946–1962) and the San Francisco Warriors (1962–1971).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the San Diego Rockets (1967–1971).
Jump up ^ As part of the 2008 relocation settlement with the City of Seattle, the Thunder officially shares its history with that of the Seattle SuperSonics (1967–2008).[13]
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Rochester Royals (1948–1957), the Cincinnati Royals (1957–1972), the Kansas City-Omaha Kings (1972–1975), and the Kansas City Kings (1975–1985).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Chicago Packers (1961–1962), the Chicago Zephyrs (1962–1963), the Baltimore Bullets (1963–1973), the Capital Bullets (1973–1974), and the Washington Bullets (1974–1997).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the New Orleans Jazz (1974–1979).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the New Jersey Nets (1977–2012).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Buffalo Braves (1970–1978).
^ Jump up to: a b The New Orleans Pelicans were originally named the Charlotte Hornets, and moved to New Orleans in 2002. A new team, the Charlotte Bobcats, was then established in 2004. When the Charlotte team reclaimed the Hornets name in a 2014 agreement, the Charlotte team also reclaimed the history of the original Hornets; as such, the New Orleans Pelicans were established in 2002, and the Bobcats/Hornets rejoined the NBA in 2004.[14]
See also[edit]
NBA Conference Finals
NBA Finals
NBA D-League Playoffs
NBA D-League Finals
List of NBA playoff series
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NBA to seed conference playoff teams by record" (Press release). National Basketball Association. September 8, 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NBA owners change Finals format to 2-2-1-1-1". NBA.com. 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "1946–47 BAA Season Summary".
"1947–48 BAA Season Summary". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
Select "Next Season" from the heading for 1947–48, and so on. Select "Finals" from League Playoffs for the daily schedule of the final series, and so on.
Jump up ^ "1948–49 BAA Season Summary".
"1949–50 NBA Season Summary". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
Jump up ^ "ESPN – NBA announces postseason seeding format change – NBA". ESPN.com. 2006-08-02. Retrieved 2014-01-30.
Jump up ^ "No losers here? Grizzlies win, Clippers get home court". ESPN. 2006-04-19. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
Jump up ^ "1954-55 NBA Season Summary". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
Jump up ^ "1960-61 NBA Season Summary".
"1966-66 NBA Season Summary". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
Jump up ^ "1982–83 NBA Season Summary". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Pastuszek, Jon (April 9, 2013). "Pastuszek: Could Yi Jianlian Help an NBA Playoff Team?". SheridanHoops.com. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Helin, Kurt (March 21, 2011). "Winderman: Still time to add good player (or Eddy Curry) to playoff roster". NBCSports.com. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Franchise History". NBA.com. February 17, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Details of settlement between Bennett, Seattle revealed". ESPN.com. August 20, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Charlotte Hornets Name Returns to Carolinas". Charlotte Hornets. May 20, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2014.
External links[edit]
NBA official website
Playoff Seeding Criteria NBA.com
NBA Playoffs InsideHoops.com coverage
Basketball-Reference.com Index of NBA playoffs seasons
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text:
Batman's Treaty
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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1880s Artist impression of the Treaty being signed
1835 map showing the area of Port Phillip, stating that this is the land "Acquired by Treaty with the Native Chiefs, 6 June 1835"
Batman's Treaty was an agreement between John Batman, an Australian grazier, businessman and explorer, and a group of Wurundjeri elders, for the purchase of land around Port Phillip, near the present site of Melbourne. The document came to be known as Batman's Treaty and is also considered significant as it was the first and only documented time when Europeans negotiated their presence and occupation of Aboriginal lands directly with the traditional owners.[1] The so-called treaty was implicitly declared void on 26 August 1835 by the Governor of New South Wales, Richard Bourke.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Making of the Treaty
2 Location of treaty signing
3 Return to Hobart
4 Disputes over the treaty
5 References
6 External links
7 Notes
8 See also
Making of the Treaty[edit]
In January 1827, John Batman and Joseph Gellibrand applied for a grant of land at Port Phillip,[3] which was at the time part of the colony of New South Wales.[citation needed] The petitioners stated that they were prepared to bring with them sheep and cattle to the value of £4000 to £5000.[3] The application was refused, as inconsistent with the Nineteen Counties Order.
By 1835, Batman prepared to sail to Port Phillip to explore the area. Gellibrand, a lawyer, prepared a draft deed for Batman to take on his trip, in case he found an opportunity to use it. The deed was for a transfer of an interest in land and provided for the payment of an annual tribute. On 10 May 1835 Batman sailed the 23-ton schooner Rebecca from Launceston for the mainland. The expedition included master Harwood, mate Robert Robson, three seamen, seven Aboriginal men from Parramatta, outside Sydney, New South Wales and three other white men, James Gumm, William Todd and Alexander Thomson. The party finally sailed into Port Phillip on 29 May 1835 after being delayed by bad weather. On hearing a native dog howling, they landed at Indented Head to Investigate. After letting his own dogs play with the native dog, they drove it into the sea and shot it. Over the next week, they explored the area around the Bay, first at Corio Bay, near the present site of Geelong, and later moving up the Yarra and Maribyrnong rivers at the north of the Bay.
Batman's party met with Aboriginal people several times, presenting gifts of blankets, handkerchiefs, sugar, apples and other items, and receiving gifts of woven baskets and spears in exchange. On 6 June, Batman met with eight elders of the Wurundjeri, including ngurungaetas Bebejan and three brothers with the same name, Jika Jika or Billibellary, the traditional owners of the lands around the Yarra River.
For 600,000 acres of Melbourne, including most of the land now within the suburban area, Batman paid 40 pairs of blankets, 42 tomahawks, 130 knives, 62 pairs of scissors, 40 looking glasses, 250 handkerchiefs, 18 shirts, 4 flannel jackets, 4 suits of clothes and 150 lb. of flour.[4]
Location of treaty signing[edit]
The meeting with the Aboriginal Elders took place on the bank of a small stream, which Batman described in his diary as a "lovely stream of water". Although the precise waterway and location is not given, 20th century historians suspect a likely location to have been Merri Creek, in what is currently Northcote. Alternative locations have been suggested on the Plenty River near Greensborough,[5] Edgars Creek,[6] and on Darebin Creek.[7] These were generally based on analysis of the description of the journey given in the diary. However, there have been some suggestions that the critical period in the diaries was manipulated to allow for a larger tract of country to be obtained.[8]
Harcourt identifies the treaty signing location as "West Bend", a bend in the Merri Creek at the western end of Cunningham Street, Northcote and opposite Rushall Station. 37°46′57″S 144°59′32″E / 37.782472°S 144.992288°E / -37.782472; 144.992288Coordinates: 37°46′57″S 144°59′32″E / 37.782472°S 144.992288°E / -37.782472; 144.992288. He relies on a range of evidence including oral traditions, the description of the signing location in John Pascoe Fawkner's accounts, previous commemorative markers and ceremonies, interpretation of landmarks in contemporary descriptions, and later depictions such as Burtt's painting of the event,[9] which may have been prepared following discussions with participants in Batman's expedition.[8] In 2004, a 45 square centimetre concrete block was found during works by the City of Darebin which now incorporates Northcote; the top of the white painted block has four upright steel bolts and a coating of glue, which indicate that it had been used as the base for a plaque.[10]
Return to Hobart[edit]
On 8 June, he wrote in his journal: "So the boat went up the large river ... and ... I am glad to state about six miles up found the River all good water and very deep. This will be the place for a village." The last sentence later became famous as the "founding charter" of Melbourne,[11] [12] and named the land "Batmania".[13][14]
After leaving eight of the men, three of whom were white, with three months supply and told to build a hut and start a garden, Batman and the Rebecca returned to Launceston on 14 June. Here Batman showed John Helder Wedge where he had explored and, from these details, Wedge prepared the first map of Melbourne (published in 1836), showing the location Batman had chosen as the site for the "village" and the division of land between association members.
Several days after his return Batman wrote to the Governor of Tasmania, George Arthur, informing him of the treaty and of the Association's plans to run 20,000 sheep on the lands purchased. According to Batman’s petition to George Arthur, Batman and Wedge would proceed immediately to the district with stock and only married servants (with their wives) would be allowed to accompany them. Arthur was not pleased with the Association's actions and wrote to the Governor of New South Wales, Richard Bourke.
Wedge left Launceston on 7 August 1835, to set up a settlement on the Association's new lands. After stopping at the Barwon River, Wedge moved on to the Yarra River, where he encountered a party sent by John Pascoe Fawkner. (Fawkner himself arrived only in October.) Wedge told Fawkner of the treaty, but Fawkner would not leave, dismissing the treaty as worthless.
Disputes over the treaty[edit]
On 26 August 1835, Governor Bourke issued a Proclamation which formally declared that agreements such as Batman's Treaty were "void and of no effect as against the rights of the Crown" and declared any person on "vacant land of the Crown" without authorization from the Crown to be trespassing.[2] The proclamation was approved by the Colonial Office on 10 October 1835. The official objection to the treaty was that Batman had attempted to negotiate directly with the Aboriginal people, whom the British did not recognise as having any claim to any lands in Australia.[15] Also, Batman had purchased the lands for the Association, and not for the Crown.[citation needed]
The validity of the treaty has been widely disputed. It is possible that the marks which Batman claimed were the signatures of the eight Wurundjeri elders were instead made by one of the five Aboriginal men he had brought with him from Parramatta, since they resemble marks commonly used by Aboriginal people from that area. Furthermore, since neither Batman, the Sydney Aboriginal men or the Wurundjeri men spoke anything approaching the same language, it is almost certain that the elders did not understand the treaty, instead probably perceiving it as part of the series of gift exchanges which had taken place over the previous few days amounting to a tanderrum ceremony which allows temporary access to and use of the land.[16] In any case, the European system of understanding property was entirely alien to almost all Aboriginal peoples. Nevertheless, the treaty has been praised as the only documented attempt to reach an agreement for land use between white settlers and the local Aboriginal people. The treaty is significant more broadly as it is the first and only documented time when Europeans in Australia have negotiated their presence in and occupation of Aboriginal lands. Batman maintained until his death in 1839 that the treaty was valid.
Some historians continued to assume that the treaty was a forgery, but the recollections of the Aboriginal elder Barak, who was present at the signing of the treaty as a boy, established that Batman, with the aid of his New South Wales Aborigines, did in fact participate in a signing ceremony.
All the same, although the document has come to be known as "Batman's Treaty", it does not classify itself and its key terminology is of private rather than of public law: "Do for ourselves our Heirs and Successors Give Grant Enfeoff and confirm unto the said John Batman his heirs and assigns". It is—or, more exactly, is the deed which records—what later came to be termed a "private treaty", a sale between private parties on negotiated terms.[17]
On 23 December 2015 a New South Wales solicitor prepared and entered into a private treaty with the Dabee tribe of the Wiradjuri Nation, in which the tribe agreed to the Dixon family staying on traditional Dabee lands on certain conditions. The treaty was not based on the concept of Native Title and was the first of its kind. [18]
References[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Batman's Treaty
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Governor Bourke's Proclamation, 26 August 1835
"Image of John Batman's Treaty". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 27 September 2005.
Clark, Manning (1998). History of Australia (abridged by Michael Cathcart). Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-84523-1.
Harcourt, Rex (2001), Southern Invasion. Northern Conquest. Story of the Founding of Melbourne, Golden Point Press, Blackburn South. ISBN 0-646-40336-2
"The story of Batman's treaty". Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation. Archived from the original on 23 October 2005. Retrieved 27 September 2005.
"Governor Bourke's Proclamation 1835". National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2005.
External links[edit]
Images and transcript of the Batman Treaty at State Library of Victoria
National Museum of Australia: Take a closer look at the Batman Land Deed (requires Flash)
National Museum of Australia: Transcript of the Batman Land Deed
National Museum of Australia: Detailed description of Batman Land Deed
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Richard Broome, pp10-14, Aboriginal Victorians: A History Since 1800, Allen & Unwin, 2005, ISBN 1-74114-569-4, ISBN 978-1-74114-569-4
^ Jump up to: a b National Archives of Australia, Governor Bourke's Proclamation 1835 (UK) Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 3 November 2008
^ Jump up to: a b Joseph Gellibrand "Australian Dictionary of Biography"
Jump up ^ "SOME EARLY MELBOURNE HISTORY.". Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916). WA: National Library of Australia. 21 March 1911. p. 44. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
Jump up ^ James A. Blackburn The locality of Batman's treaty with the Port Phillip natives published by Robert Barr, 1886
Jump up ^ J Stuart Duncan, John Batman's Walkabout Victorian Historical Journal lvii 1986
Jump up ^ Alistair Campbell, John Batman and the Aborigines Malmsbury [Vic.] : Kibble Books 1987
^ Jump up to: a b Harcourt, Rex (2001), Southern Invasion. Northern Conquest. Story of the Founding of Melbourne, Golden Point Press, Blackburn South. ISBN 0-646-40336-2
Jump up ^ Batman's treaty with the aborigines at Merri Creek, 6 June 1835 [art original] / John Wesley Burtt
Jump up ^ "Batman Treaty Memorial Located". Port Phillip Pioneers Group Inc. Retrieved 5 July 2015. Citing Northcote Leader newspaper of Wednesday 21 July 2004, as well as alternative claims published by it on 28 July 2004 and 3 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Brown, P. L. (1966). "Batman, John (1801 – 1839)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
Jump up ^ Serle, Percival. "Batman, John (1801 – 1839)". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Project Gutenberg Australia. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
Jump up ^ Bill Wannan, Australian folklore: a dictionary of lore, legends and popular allusions, Lansdowne, 1970, p.42
Jump up ^ Alexander Wyclif Reed, Place names of Australia, Reed, 1973, p.149
Jump up ^ "On this day: The Batman treaty". Australian Geographic. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Kenny, Robert. 2008. Tricks or treats?A case for Kulin knowing in Batman’s treaty. History Australia 5 (2): pp. 38.1 to 38.14. DOI: 0.2104/ha080038.38.14
Jump up ^ "a sale of property on terms determined by conference of the seller and buyer" (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, "private treaty", recording that the expression is first found in 1858). Retrieved 11 October 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/12/23/whitefella-draws-own-treaty-his-land-traditional-owners
See also[edit]
Meusebach–Comanche Treaty
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