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Platypus
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For other uses, see Platypus (disambiguation).
Platypus[1]
Temporal range: 9–0 Ma
PreЄ
Є
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Miocene to Recent
Conservation status

Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Monotremata
Family: Ornithorhynchidae
Genus: Ornithorhynchus
Blumenbach, 1800
Species: O. anatinus
Binomial name
Ornithorhynchus anatinus
(Shaw, 1799)
Platypus range
(red — native, yellow — introduced)
The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), sometimes referred to as the duck-billed platypus, is a semiaquatic egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. Together with the four species of echidna, it is one of the five extant species of monotremes, the only mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth. The animal is the sole living representative of its family (Ornithorhynchidae) and genus (Ornithorhynchus), though a number of related species have been found in the fossil record. The first preserved platypus body was thought to have been a fake, made of several animals sewn together,[3] when it was first looked at by scientists in 1799.[4]
The unusual appearance of this egg-laying, duck-billed, beaver-tailed, otter-footed mammal baffled European naturalists when they first encountered it, with some considering it an elaborate hoax. It is one of the few species of venomous mammals: the male platypus has a spur on the hind foot that delivers a venom capable of causing severe pain to humans. The unique features of the platypus make it an important subject in the study of evolutionary biology and a recognisable and iconic symbol of Australia; it has appeared as a mascot at national events and is featured on the reverse of its 20-cent coin. The platypus is the animal emblem of the state of New South Wales.[5]
Until the early 20th century, it was hunted for its fur, but it is now protected throughout its range. Although captive breeding programs have had only limited success and the platypus is vulnerable to the effects of pollution, it is not under any immediate threat.
Contents
[hide]
1 Taxonomy and etymology
2 Description
2.1 Venom
2.2 Electrolocation
2.3 Eyes
3 Ecology and behaviour
3.1 Diet
3.2 Reproduction
4 Evolution
5 Conservation
5.1 Platypus in wildlife sanctuaries
5.1.1 Queensland
5.1.2 New South Wales
5.1.3 Victoria
5.1.4 International
6 Cultural references
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Taxonomy and etymology
When the platypus was first encountered by Europeans in 1798, a pelt and sketch were sent back to Great Britain by Captain John Hunter, the second Governor of New South Wales.[6] British scientists' initial hunch was that the attributes were a hoax.[7] George Shaw, who produced the first description of the animal in the Naturalist's Miscellany in 1799, stated it was impossible not to entertain doubts as to its genuine nature,[8] and Robert Knox believed it might have been produced by some Asian taxidermist.[7] It was thought that somebody had sewn a duck's beak onto the body of a beaver-like animal. Shaw even took a pair of scissors to the dried skin to check for stitches.[9]
The common name "platypus" is the latinisation of the Greek word πλατύπους (platupous), "flat-footed",[10] from πλατύς (platus), "broad, wide, flat"[11] and πούς (pous), "foot".[12][13] Shaw assigned the species the Linnaean name Platypus anatinus when he initially described it, but the genus term was quickly discovered to already be in use as the name of the wood-boring ambrosia beetle genus Platypus.[14] It was independently described as Ornithorhynchus paradoxus by Johann Blumenbach in 1800 (from a specimen given to him by Sir Joseph Banks)[15] and following the rules of priority of nomenclature, it was later officially recognised as Ornithorhynchus anatinus.[14] The scientific name Ornithorhynchus anatinus is derived from ορνιθόρυγχος (ornithorhynkhos), which literally means "bird snout" in Greek; and anatinus, which means "duck-like" in Latin.
There is no universally agreed plural of "platypus" in the English language. Scientists generally use "platypuses" or simply "platypus". Colloquially, the term "platypi" is also used for the plural, although this is technically incorrect and a form of pseudo-Latin;[9] the correct Greek plural would be "platypodes". Early British settlers called it by many names, such as "watermole", "duckbill", and "duckmole".[9] The name platypus is occasionally prefixed with the adjective "duck-billed" to form duck-billed platypus.
Description
Platypus in Broken River, Queensland
In David Collins's account of the new colony 1788 – 1801, he describes coming across "an amphibious, mole like" animal. His account includes a drawing of the animal.[16]
The body and the broad, flat tail of the platypus are covered with dense, brown fur that traps a layer of insulating air to keep the animal warm.[9][14] The fur is waterproof, and the texture is akin to that of a mole.[17] The platypus uses its tail for storage of fat reserves (an adaptation also found in animals such as the Tasmanian devil[18]). It has webbed feet and a large, rubbery duck-like snout. The webbing is more significant on the front feet and is folded back when walking on land.[14] Unlike a bird's beak (in which the upper and lower parts separate to reveal the mouth), the snout of the platypus is a sensory organ with the mouth on the underside. The nostrils are located on the dorsal surface of the snout, while the eyes and ears are located in a groove set just back from it; this groove is closed when swimming.[14] Platypuses have been heard to emit a low growl when disturbed and a range of other vocalisations have been reported in captive specimens.[9]
A colour print of platypuses from 1863
Weight varies considerably from 0.7 to 2.4 kg (1.5 to 5.3 lb), with males being larger than females; males average 50 cm (20 in) in total length, while females average 43 cm (17 in),[14] with substantial variation in average size from one region to another, and this pattern does not seem to follow any particular climatic rule and may be due to other environmental factors, such as predation and human encroachment.[19]
The platypus has an average body temperature of about 32 °C (90 °F) rather than the 37 °C (99 °F) typical of placental mammals.[20] Research suggests this has been a gradual adaptation to harsh environmental conditions on the part of the small number of surviving monotreme species rather than a historical characteristic of monotremes.[21][22]
Modern platypus young have three teeth in each of the maxillae (one premolar and two molars) and dentaries (three molars), which they lose before or just after leaving the breeding burrow;[14] adults have heavily keratinised pads in their place.[14] The first upper and third lower cheek teeth of platypus nestlings are small, each having one principal cusp, while the other teeth have two main cusps.[23] The platypus jaw is constructed differently from that of other mammals, and the jaw-opening muscle is different.[14] As in all true mammals, the tiny bones that conduct sound in the middle ear are fully incorporated into the skull, rather than lying in the jaw as in cynodonts and other premammalian synapsids. However, the external opening of the ear still lies at the base of the jaw.[14] The platypus has extra bones in the shoulder girdle, including an interclavicle, which is not found in other mammals.[14] As in many other aquatic and semiaquatic vertebrates, the bones show osteosclerosis, increasing their density to provide ballast.[24] It has a reptilian gait, with the legs on the sides of the body, rather than underneath.[14] When on land, it engages in knuckle-walking on its front feet, to protect the webbing between the toes.[25]
Venom
Main article: Platypus venom
The calcaneus spur found on the male's hind limb is used to deliver venom.
While both male and female platypuses are born with ankle spurs, only the male's spurs deliver venom,[26][27][28] composed largely of defensin-like proteins (DLPs), three of which are unique to the platypus.[29] The DLPs are produced by the immune system of the platypus. The function of defensins is to cause lysis in pathogenic bacteria and viruses, but in platypuses they also are formed into venom for defense. Although powerful enough to kill smaller animals such as dogs, the venom is not lethal to humans, but the pain is so excruciating that the victim may be incapacitated.[29][30] Oedema rapidly develops around the wound and gradually spreads throughout the affected limb. Information obtained from case histories and anecdotal evidence indicates the pain develops into a long-lasting hyperalgesia (a heightened sensitivity to pain) that persists for days or even months.[31][32] Venom is produced in the crural glands of the male, which are kidney-shaped alveolar glands connected by a thin-walled duct to a calcaneus spur on each hind limb. The female platypus, in common with echidnas, has rudimentary spur buds that do not develop (dropping off before the end of their first year) and lack functional crural glands.[14]
The venom appears to have a different function from those produced by nonmammalian species; its effects are not life-threatening to humans, but nevertheless powerful enough to seriously impair the victim. Since only males produce venom and production rises during the breeding season, it may be used as an offensive weapon to assert dominance during this period.[29]
Similar spurs are found on many archaic mammal groups, indicating that this is an ancient characteristic for mammals as a whole, and not exclusive to the platypus or other monotremes.[33]
Electrolocation
Platypus shown to children.
Monotremes (for the other species, see Echidna) are the only mammals (apart from at least one species of dolphin)[34] known to have a sense of electroreception: they locate their prey in part by detecting electric fields generated by muscular contractions. The platypus' electroreception is the most sensitive of any monotreme.[35][36]
The electroreceptors are located in rostrocaudal rows in the skin of the bill, while mechanoreceptors (which detect touch) are uniformly distributed across the bill. The electrosensory area of the cerebral cortex is contained within the tactile somatosensory area, and some cortical cells receive input from both electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors, suggesting a close association between the tactile and electric senses. Both electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the bill dominate the somatotopic map of the platypus brain, in the same way human hands dominate the Penfield homunculus map.[37][38]
The platypus can determine the direction of an electric source, perhaps by comparing differences in signal strength across the sheet of electroreceptors. This would explain the characteristic side-to-side motion of the animal's head while hunting, seen also in the Hammerhead shark while foraging. The cortical convergence of electrosensory and tactile inputs suggests a mechanism that determines the distance of prey that, when they move, emit both electrical signals and mechanical pressure pulses. The platypus uses the difference between arrival times of the two signals to sense distance.[36]
The platypus feeds by neither sight nor smell,[39] closing its eyes, ears, and nose each time it dives.[40] Rather, when it digs in the bottom of streams with its bill, its electroreceptors detect tiny electric currents generated by muscular contractions of its prey, so enabling it to distinguish between animate and inanimate objects, which continuously stimulate its mechanoreceptors.[36] Experiments have shown the platypus will even react to an "artificial shrimp" if a small electric current is passed through it.[41]
The evolution of monotreme eloctrolocation probably evolved in order to allow the animals to forage in murky waters, and may be tied to their tooth loss.[42] The extinct Obdurodon was electroreceptive, but unlike the modern platypus it foraged pelagically.[42]
Eyes
In recent studies it has been suggested that the eyes of the platypus are more similar to those of Pacific hagfish or Northern Hemisphere lampreys than to those of most tetrapods. The eyes also contain double cones, which most mammals do not have.[43]
Although the platypus' eyes are small and not used under water, several features indicate that vision played an important role in its ancestors. The corneal surface and the adjacent surface of the lens is flat while the posterior surface of the lens is steeply curved, similar to the eyes of other aquatic mammals such as otters and sea-lions. A temporal (ear side) concentration of retinal ganglion cells, important for binocular vision, indicates a role in predation, while the accompanying visual acuity is insufficient for such activities. Furthermore, this limited acuity is matched by a low cortical magnification, a small lateral geniculate nucleus and a large optic tectum, suggesting that the visual midbrain plays a more important role than the visual cortex like in some rodents. These features suggest that the platypus has adapted to an aquatic and nocturnal lifestyle, developing its electrosensory system at the cost of its visual system; an evolutionary process paralleled by the small number of electroreceptors in the short-beaked echidna, which dwells in dry environments, whilst the long-beaked echidna, which lives in moist environments, is intermediate between the other two monotremes.[37]
Ecology and behaviour
Dentition, as illustrated in Knight's Sketches in Natural History
The platypus is very difficult to spot even on the surface of a river.
Platypus swimming
Play media
Swimming underwater at Sydney Aquarium, Australia
The platypus is semiaquatic, inhabiting small streams and rivers over an extensive range from the cold highlands of Tasmania and the Australian Alps to the tropical rainforests of coastal Queensland as far north as the base of the Cape York Peninsula.[44] Inland, its distribution is not well known; it is extinct in South Australia (apart from an introduced population on Kangaroo Island)[45] and is no longer found in the main part of the Murray-Darling Basin, possibly due to the declining water quality brought about by extensive land clearing and irrigation schemes.[46] Along the coastal river systems, its distribution is unpredictable; it appears to be absent from some relatively healthy rivers, and yet maintains a presence in others, for example, the lower Maribyrnong, that are quite degraded.[47]
In captivity, platypuses have survived to 17 years of age, and wild specimens have been recaptured when 11 years old. Mortality rates for adults in the wild appear to be low.[14] Natural predators include snakes, water rats, goannas, hawks, owls, and eagles. Low platypus numbers in northern Australia are possibly due to predation by crocodiles.[48] The introduction of red foxes in 1845 for hunting may have had some impact on its numbers on the mainland.[19] The platypus is generally regarded as nocturnal and crepuscular, but individuals are also active during the day, particularly when the sky is overcast.[49][50] Its habitat bridges rivers and the riparian zone for both a food supply of prey species, and banks where it can dig resting and nesting burrows.[50] It may have a range of up to 7 km (4.3 mi), with a male's home range overlapping those of three or four females.[51]
The platypus is an excellent swimmer and spends much of its time in the water foraging for food. When swimming, it can be distinguished from other Australian mammals by the absence of visible ears.[52] Uniquely among mammals, it propels itself when swimming by an alternate rowing motion of the front feet; although all four feet of the platypus are webbed, the hind feet (which are held against the body) do not assist in propulsion, but are used for steering in combination with the tail.[53] The species is endothermic, maintaining its body temperature at about 32 °C (90 °F), lower than most mammals, even while foraging for hours in water below 5 °C (41 °F).[14]
Dives normally last around 30 seconds, but can last longer, although few exceed the estimated aerobic limit of 40 seconds. Recovery at the surface between dives commonly takes from 10 to 20 seconds.[54][55]
When not in the water, the platypus retires to a short, straight resting burrow of oval cross-section, nearly always in the riverbank not far above water level, and often hidden under a protective tangle of roots.[52]
The average sleep time of a platypus is said to be as long as 14 hours per day, possibly because it eats crustaceans, which provide a high level of calories.[56]
Diet
The platypus is a carnivore: it feeds on annelid worms, insect larvae, freshwater shrimp, and freshwater yabby that it digs out of the riverbed with its snout or catches while swimming. It uses cheek-pouches to carry prey to the surface, where it is eaten.[52] The platypus needs to eat about 20% of its own weight each day, which requires it to spend an average of 12 hours daily looking for food.[54]
Reproduction
Platypus' nest with eggs replica
When the platypus was first encountered by European naturalists, they were divided over whether the female laid eggs. This was not confirmed until 1884, when William Hay Caldwell was sent to Australia, where, after extensive searching assisted by a team of 150 Aborigines, he managed to discover a few eggs.[14][29] Mindful of the high cost per word, Caldwell tersely wired London, "Monotremes oviparous, ovum meroblastic." That is, monotremes lay eggs, and the eggs are similar to those of reptiles in that only part of the egg divides as it develops.
The species exhibits a single breeding season; mating occurs between June and October, with some local variation taking place between different populations across its range.[48] Historical observation, mark-and-recapture studies, and preliminary investigations of population genetics indicate the possibility of both resident and transient members of populations, and suggest a polygynous mating system.[57] Females are thought likely to become sexually mature in their second year, with breeding confirmed still to take place in animals over nine years old.[57]
Outside the mating season, the platypus lives in a simple ground burrow, the entrance of which is about 30 cm (12 in) above the water level. After mating, the female constructs a deeper, more elaborate burrow up to 20 m (66 ft) long and blocked at intervals with plugs (which may act as a safeguard against rising waters or predators, or as a method of regulating humidity and temperature).[58] The male takes no part in caring for its young, and retreats to his year-long burrow. The female softens the ground in the burrow with dead, folded, wet leaves, and she fills the nest at the end of the tunnel with fallen leaves and reeds for bedding material. This material is dragged to the nest by tucking it underneath her curled tail.[9]
The female platypus has a pair of ovaries, but only the left one is functional.[49] The platypus' genes are a possible evolutionary link between the mammalian XY and bird/reptile ZW sex-determination systems because one of the platypus' five X chromosomes contains the DMRT1 gene, which birds possess on their Z chromosome.[59] It lays one to three (usually two) small, leathery eggs (similar to those of reptiles), about 11 mm (0.43 in) in diameter and slightly rounder than bird eggs.[60] The eggs develop in utero for about 28 days, with only about 10 days of external incubation (in contrast to a chicken egg, which spends about one day in tract and 21 days externally).[49] After laying her eggs, the female curls around them. The incubation period is divided into three phases.[61] In the first phase, the embryo has no functional organs and relies on the yolk sac for sustenance. The yolk is absorbed by the developing young.[62] During the second phase, the digits develop, and in the last phase, the egg tooth appears.[61]
Most mammal zygotes go though holoblastic cleavage, meaning that following fertilization the ovum is split due to cell divisions into multiple, divisible daughter cells. This is in comparison to meroblastic division in birds and platypuses, which causes the ovum to split but not completely. This causes the cells at the edge of the yolk to be cytoplasmically continuous with the egg’s cytoplasm. This allows the yolk, which contains the embryo, to exchange waste and nutrients with the cytoplasm.[63]
The newly hatched young are vulnerable, blind, and hairless, and are fed by the mother's milk. Although possessing mammary glands, the platypus lacks teats. Instead, milk is released through pores in the skin. The milk pools in grooves on her abdomen, allowing the young to lap it up.[9][48] After they hatch, the offspring are suckled for three to four months. During incubation and weaning, the mother initially leaves the burrow only for short periods, to forage. When doing so, she creates a number of thin soil plugs along the length of the burrow, possibly to protect the young from predators; pushing past these on her return forces water from her fur and allows the burrow to remain dry.[64] After about five weeks, the mother begins to spend more time away from her young and, at around four months, the young emerge from the burrow.[48] A platypus is born with teeth, but these drop out at a very early age, leaving the horny plates it uses to grind food.[65]
Evolution
Reconstruction of ancient platypus relative Steropodon
The platypus and other monotremes were very poorly understood, and some of the 19th century myths that grew up around them—for example, that the monotremes were "inferior" or quasireptilian—still endure.[66] In 1947, William King Gregory theorised that placental mammals and marsupials may have diverged earlier, and a subsequent branching divided the monotremes and marsupials, but later research and fossil discoveries have suggested this is incorrect.[66][67] In fact, modern monotremes are the survivors of an early branching of the mammal tree, and a later branching is thought to have led to the marsupial and placental groups.[66][68] Molecular clock and fossil dating suggest platypuses split from echidnas around 19–48 million years ago.[69]

Platypus

Echidnas

live birth

Marsupials

true placenta
Eutherians

Evolutionary relationships between the platypus and other mammals.[70]
The oldest discovered fossil of the modern platypus dates back to about 100,000 years ago, during the Quaternary period. The extinct monotremes Teinolophos and Steropodon were once thought to be closely related to the modern platypus,[67] but are now considered more basal taxa.[71] The fossilised Steropodon was discovered in New South Wales and is composed of an opalised lower jawbone with three molar teeth (whereas the adult contemporary platypus is toothless). The molar teeth were initially thought to be tribosphenic, which would have supported a variation of Gregory's theory, but later research has suggested, while they have three cusps, they evolved under a separate process.[72] The fossil is thought to be about 110 million years old, making it the oldest mammal fossil found in Australia. Unlike the modern platypus (and echidnas), Teinolophos lacked a beak.[71]
Monotrematum sudamericanum, another fossil relative of the platypus, has been found in Argentina, indicating monotremes were present in the supercontinent of Gondwana when the continents of South America and Australia were joined via Antarctica (up to about 167 million years ago).[72][73] A fossilized tooth of a giant platypus species, Obdurodon tharalkooschild, was dated 5–15 million years ago. Judging by the tooth, the animal measured 1.3 meters long, making it the largest platypus on record.[74]
Platypus skeleton
Because of the early divergence from the therian mammals and the low numbers of extant monotreme species, the platypus is a frequent subject of research in evolutionary biology. In 2004, researchers at the Australian National University discovered the platypus has ten sex chromosomes, compared with two (XY) in most other mammals (for instance, a male platypus is always XYXYXYXYXY),[75] The sex chromosomes of the platypus have been found to have great homology to the bird Z chromosome.[76] The platypus genome also has both reptilian and mammalian genes associated with egg fertilisation.[39][77] Though the platypus lacks the mammalian sex-determining gene SRY, a study found that the mechanism of sex determination is the AMH gene on the oldest Y chromosome.[78][79] A draft version of the platypus genome sequence was published in Nature on 8 May 2008, revealing both reptilian and mammalian elements, as well as two genes found previously only in birds, amphibians, and fish. More than 80% of the platypus' genes are common to the other mammals whose genomes have been sequenced.[39]
Conservation
A depiction of a platypus from a book for children published in Germany in 1798
Except for its loss from the state of South Australia, the platypus occupies the same general distribution as it did prior to European settlement of Australia. However, local changes and fragmentation of distribution due to human modification of its habitat are documented. Its current and historical abundance, however, are less well-known and it has probably declined in numbers, although still being considered as common over most of its current range.[50] The species was extensively hunted for its fur until the early years of the 20th century and, although protected throughout Australia since 1905,[64] until about 1950 it was still at risk of drowning in the nets of inland fisheries.[46] The platypus does not appear to be in immediate danger of extinction, because conservation measures have been successful, but it could be affected by habitat disruption caused by dams, irrigation, pollution, netting, and trapping. Reduction of watercourse flows and water levels through excessive droughts and extraction of water for industrial, agricultural, and domestic supplies are also considered a threat. The IUCN lists the platypus on its Red List as "Near Threatened".[2]
Platypuses generally suffer from few diseases in the wild; however, public concern in Tasmania is widespread about the potential impacts of a disease caused by the fungus Mucor amphibiorum. The disease (termed mucormycosis) affects only Tasmanian platypuses, and has not been observed in platypuses in mainland Australia. Affected platypuses can develop skin lesions or ulcers on various parts of their bodies, including their backs, tails, and legs. Mucormycosis can kill platypuses, death arising from secondary infection and by affecting the animals' ability to maintain body temperature and forage efficiently. The Biodiversity Conservation Branch at the Department of Primary Industries and Water are collaborating with NRM north and University of Tasmania researchers to determine the impacts of the disease on Tasmanian platypuses, as well as the mechanism of transmission and current spread of the disease.[80]
Much of the world was introduced to the platypus in 1939 when National Geographic Magazine published an article on the platypus and the efforts to study and raise it in captivity. The latter is a difficult task, and only a few young have been successfully raised since, notably at Healesville Sanctuary in Victoria. The leading figure in these efforts was David Fleay, who established a platypusary—a simulated stream in a tank—at the Healesville Sanctuary, where breeding was successful in 1943.[81] In 1972, he found a dead baby of about 50 days old, which had presumably been born in captivity, at his wildlife park at Burleigh Heads on the Gold Coast, Queensland.[82] Healesville repeated its success in 1998 and again in 2000 with a similar stream tank.[83] Since 2008, platypus has bred regularly at Healesville,[84] including second-generation (captive born themselves breeding in captivity).[85] Taronga Zoo in Sydney bred twins in 2003, and breeding was again successful there in 2006.[83]
Platypus in wildlife sanctuaries
The platypus is kept, for conservation purposes, in special aquariums at the following Australian wildlife sanctuaries:
Queensland
Platypus House at Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary in Brisbane, Queensland
David Fleay Wildlife Park, Gold Coast, Queensland.
Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary, Fig Tree Pocket, Brisbane, Queensland.[86]
Walkabout Creek Wildlife Centre, The Gap, Brisbane, Queensland.[87]
The Australian Platypus Park at Tarzali Lakes, Millaa Millaa, Queensland[88]
New South Wales
Taronga Zoo, Sydney, New South Wales
Sydney Aquarium, Sydney, New South Wales
Australian Reptile Park, Somersby, New South Wales
Victoria
Healesville Sanctuary, near Melbourne, Victoria, where the platypus was first bred in captivity by naturalist David Fleay in 1943.[81] The first platypus "born" in captivity was named "Corrie" and was quite popular with the public. In 1955, three months before a new "platypussary" (after "aviary") was opened, she unfortunately escaped from her pen into the nearby Badger Creek and apparently was never recovered.
International
As of 2017[update], there is no platypus in captivity outside of Australia.[85] Three attempts were made to bring the animals to the Bronx Zoo, in 1922, 1947, and 1958; of these, only two of the three animals introduced in 1947 lived longer than eighteen months.[89]
Cultural references
Big Platypus at the Australian Axeman's Hall of Fame
The platypus has been featured in the Dreamtime stories of indigenous Australians, who believed the animal was a hybrid of a duck and a water rat.[90]:57–60 According to one story, the major animal groups, the land animals, water animals and birds, all competed for the platypus to join their respective groups, but the platypus ultimately decided to not join any of them, feeling that he did not need to be part of a group to be special.[90]:83–85
A platypus fur cape. Made in 1890. Gifted to the National Gallery of Victoria by Mrs F Smith in 1985
The platypus has been used several times as a mascot: "Syd" the platypus was one of the three mascots chosen for the Sydney 2000 Olympics along with an echidna and a kookaburra,[91] "Expo Oz" the platypus was the mascot for World Expo 88, which was held in Brisbane in 1988,[92] and Hexley the platypus is the mascot for Apple Computer's BSD-based Darwin operating system, Mac OS X.[93]
The platypus has also been featured in songs, such as Green Day's "Platypus (I Hate You)" and Mr. Bungle's "Platypus". It is the subject of a children's poem by Banjo Paterson.
9d postage stamp from 1937
The platypus has frequently appeared in Australian postage stamps and coins. The earliest appearance is the 9d Australian stamp from 1937. The platypus re-appeared in the 1960–64 Australian Native Animal Series. Souvenir sheet of "from" Laos and Equatorial Guinea has also featured the animal. The platypus has appeared on a 1987 36 cent stamp and an Australian 1996 95 cent stamp. The 2006 Australian Bush Babies stamp series features a $4.65AUD stamp of a young platypus. A 5 cent stamp also produced in 2006 features the platypus also. Since the introduction of decimal currency to Australia in 1966, the embossed image of a platypus, designed and sculpted by Stuart Devlin, has appeared on the reverse (tails) side of the 20-cent coin.
In the animated series Phineas and Ferb, the title characters own a pet platypus, named Perry the Platypus, who unknown to them, is a secret agent. The choice of a platypus was inspired by media underuse, as well as to exploit the animal's striking appearance.[94] As a character, Perry has been well received by both fans and critics.[95][96]
See also
Henry Burrell
Fauna of Australia
Wildlife Treasury – The duck-billed platypus was mentioned prominently in the television commercial for the animal card products.
Notes
Jump up ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). "Order Monotremata". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Jump up to: a b Woinarski, J. & Burbidge, A.A. (2016). "Ornithorhynchus anatinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T40488A21964009. Retrieved 28 September 2017. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Walters, Martin; Johnson, Jinny (2003). Encyclopedia of Animals. Marks and Spencer p.l.c. p. 192. ISBN 1-84273-964-6.
Jump up ^ "Discovery and naming". Australian Platypus Conservancy. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Government of New South Wales (2008). "Symbols & Emblems of NSW". Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Hall, Brian K. (March 1999). "The Paradoxical Platypus". BioScience. 49 (3): 211–8. JSTOR 1313511. doi:10.2307/1313511.
^ Jump up to: a b "Duck-billed Platypus". Museum of hoaxes. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Shaw, George (1799). Naturalist's Miscellany, vol.10. pp. 227–232. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Platypus facts file". Australian Platypus Conservancy. Retrieved 13 September 2006.
Jump up ^ πλατύπους, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
Jump up ^ πλατύς, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
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References
Books
Augee, Michael L. (2001). "Platypus". World Book Encyclopedia.
Burrell, Harry (1974). The Platypus. Adelaide SA: Rigby. ISBN 0-85179-521-8.
Fleay, David H. (1980). Paradoxical Platypus: Hobnobbing with Duckbills. Jacaranda Press. ISBN 0-7016-1364-5.
Grant, Tom (1995). The platypus: a unique mammal. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 0-86840-143-9.
Griffiths, Mervyn (1978). The Biology of the Monotremes. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-303850-2.
Hutch, Michael; McDade, Melissa C., eds. (2004). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 12. Gale.
Moyal, Ann Mozley (2004). Platypus: The Extraordinary Story of How a Curious Creature Baffled the World. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8052-1.
Strahan, Ronald; Van Dyck, Steve (April 2006). Mammals of Australia (3rd ed.). New Holland. ISBN 978-1-877069-25-3.
Documentary
"Southern Exposure". Eye of the Storm. 2000. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Platypus DVD EAN 9398710245592
"El Niño". Eye of the Storm. 2000. Archived from the original on 28 February 2013. Platypus
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ornithorhynchus anatinus.
Wikispecies has information related to: Ornithorhynchus anatinus
Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography for Ornithorhynchus anatinus
Platypus facts
View the platypus genome in Ensembl
[show]
v
t
e
Extant Monotremata species by family
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
(unranked) Australosphenida
Tachyglossidae
(Echidnas)
Tachyglossus
Short-beaked echidna (T. aculeatus)
Zaglossus
(Long-beaked echidnas)
Sir David's long-beaked echidna (Z. attenboroughi)
Eastern long-beaked echidna (Z. bartoni)
Western long-beaked echidna (Z. bruijni)
Ornithorhynchidae
Ornithorhynchus
Platypus (O. anatinus)
Category
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q15343
ADW: Ornithorhynchus_anatinus
EoL: 323858
Fossilworks: 166835
GBIF: 2433376
iNaturalist: 43236
ITIS: 552524
IUCN: 40488
MSW: 10300020
NCBI: 9258
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Platypus&oldid=803064370"
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Venomous mammals
Extant Miocene first appearances
Quaternary animals of Australia
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Mammals described in 1799
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Rick and Morty (season 3)
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Rick and Morty (season 3)
Promotional poster
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
10
Release
Original network
Adult Swim
Original release
April 1 (2017-04-01)[a] – October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 2
List of Rick and Morty episodes
The third season of the animated television series Rick and Morty originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. It premiered with "The Rickshank Rickdemption," which aired unannounced on April 1, 2017 and was replayed every half hour from 8pm to 12am ET, as part of Adult Swim's annual April Fools' prank. The episode was also simulcast as a looping live stream on Adult Swim's site.[1] The remaining episodes began airing four months later and concluded on October 1, 2017 with "The Rickchurian Mortydate". This season aired a total of ten episodes, despite co-creator Justin Roiland stating that they were "supposed to do 14 this season".[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Guest cast
1.3 Other cast members
2 Episodes
3 Production
4 Reception
5 Notes
6 References
Cast and characters[edit]
See also: List of Rick and Morty characters
The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters.
Main cast[edit]
Justin Roiland as Rick Sanchez and Morty Smith, the two main characters of the show; Rick is an eccentric mad scientist and Morty is his kind but easily distressed grandson.[3]
Chris Parnell as Jerry Smith, Rick's son-in-law and Morty's father; a simple-minded and insecure person, who disapproves of Rick's influence over his family.[3]
Spencer Grammer as Summer Smith, Rick's granddaughter and Morty's sister; a conventional teenager who worries about improving her status among her peers.[3]
Sarah Chalke as Beth Smith, Rick's daughter and Morty's mother; a generally level-headed person, who is dissatisfied with her marriage.[3]
Guest cast[edit]
Nathan Fillion as Cornvelious Daniel, a galactic federation agent.[4]
Tony Hale as Eli, Summer's neighbor in a post-apocalyptic version of Earth.[5]
Joel McHale as Hemorrhage, the leader of the post-apocalyptic scavenger group Death Stalkers.[5]
Susan Sarandon as Dr. Wong, a family therapist.[6]
Danny Trejo as Jaguar, a human held prisoner by foreign government agents.[6]
Peter Serafinowicz as a foreign government agency director.[6]
Christian Slater as Vance Maximus Renegade Star Soldier, the leader of the superhero group The Vindicators.[7]
Gillian Jacobs as Supernova, a member of The Vindicators.[7]
Logic (Bobby Hall) as himself, a performer at a party.[7]
Lance Reddick as Alan Rails, a member of The Vindicators.[7]
Thomas Middleditch as King Tommy, a childhood friend of Beth.[8]
Keith David as President of the United States.[9]
Other cast members[edit]
Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or more characters, include: Dan Harmon, Brandon Johnson, Tom Kenny, Maurice LaMarche, Nolan North, Cassie Steele, Kari Wahlgren, Laura Bailey, John DiMaggio, Ryan Ridley, Scott Chernoff, Dan Benson, Clancy Brown, Echo Kellum, Melique Berger, William Holmes, Tara Strong, Jeff B. Davis, Jonas Briedis, Phil Hendrie, Rob Paulsen, Alex Jayne Go, Jennifer Hale and Mariana Wise.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Rick and Morty episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
22
1 "The Rickshank Rickdemption" Juan Meza-León Mike McMahan April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01) 0.68[10][b]
Rick is interrogated via a mind-computer link, inside a galactic federal prison. Summer and Morty attempt to rescue him, but they are captured by SEAL Team Ricks, who take them to the Citadel of Ricks and decide to assassinate Rick. Back at the prison, Rick tricks both the federal agents and his aspiring assassins by switching bodies with them. He then teleports the entire Citadel into the federal prison, prompting a massive battle. Amid the confusion, Rick rescues Morty and Summer and uses the Galactic Federation's mainframe to make its currency worthless. The Federation falls into chaos and collapses as a result, with the aliens leaving Earth. Rick, Morty, and Summer return home, where Jerry gives Beth an ultimatum to choose between him and Rick. She chooses Rick. After the new status quo is established, Rick reveals to Morty that his ulterior motive was to become his de facto male influence. This escalates into a nonsensical angry rant that parallels the final scene of the pilot, but this time it is centered around Rick's desire to find more of the discontinued McDonald's Szechuan sauce, a promotional product for the 1998 Disney film Mulan.
Post-credit scene: Tammy observes Bird Person's resurrection as a cyborg dubbed "Phoenix Person".
23
2 "Rickmancing the Stone" Dominic Polcino Jane Becker July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30) 2.86[11]
Rick takes Morty and Summer to a Mad Max-esque version of Earth, where they are chased by a group of scavengers, known as Death Stalkers. Rick notices that the group is carrying a valuable rock of Isotope 322, so he and the kids join them in hope of stealing it. Summer falls in love with the Death Stalkers' leader, while Morty is given the strength of a giant arm, which takes him in search of its previous owner's killer. Rick leaves and replaces the kids with androids to fool Beth. When he returns, he helps the Death Stalkers use the Isotope to power a more advanced civilization. Summer doesn't like how the change softens the Death Stalkers, and she decides to follow Rick and Morty back home. Before leaving, Rick steals the Isotope. The experience helps the kids overcome their parents' divorce. Summer reconciles with Jerry, and Morty realizes he must live his own life.
Post-credit scene: As Jerry receives his unemployment check, a growling wolf appears and bullies him into handing it over. The wolf eats the check and regurgitates it, thus further ruining Jerry's new life.
24
3 "Pickle Rick" Anthony Chun Jessica Gao August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06) 2.31[12]
Rick turns himself into a pickle to get out of attending school-ordered family therapy, but Beth takes Rick's serum which would revert the transformation. Left alone, Rick eventually rolls down into an open sewer drain, where he manages to manipulate the nervous systems of dead roaches and rats to build himself a mobile exoskeleton, with added weapons such as razors and drills. He unwittingly escapes into a foreign government agency. The guards try to kill Rick, under orders from the agency director, but Rick kills them all. In the process, Rick battles and ultimately befriends a prisoner named Jaguar. Rick changes his mind and decides to attend the therapy session, arriving towards the end. Dr. Wong gives her diagnosis, observing that Rick crafts relationships that punish emotions and vulnerability. On their way home, Rick apologizes to Beth for deceiving her and uses the serum to turn human again. Morty and Summer wish to continue seeing Dr. Wong, but Rick and Beth ignore them.
Post-credit scene: Jaguar saves Rick and Morty from being killed in an elaborate piano death machine by a villain named "Concerto".
25
4 "Vindicators 3: The Return of Worldender" Bryan Newton Sarah Carbiener & Erica Rosbe August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13) 2.66[13]
At Morty's insistence, Rick agrees to join the Vindicators, a group of intergalactic superheroes, to fight their arch-nemesis, Worldender. Rick cannot hide his disdain for the superheroes, while Morty is thrilled. The next morning, the Vindicators enter Worldender's base, only to find that the previous night a blackout drunk Rick had killed him and set up a variety of puzzles that the Vindicators must solve to survive. They start arguing and kill one another, while Morty solves all the puzzles, as he knows what Rick had in mind when he put them up. After all puzzles are solved, the only ones left alive are Rick, Morty and Supernova, a member of the Vindicators. Supernova tries to kill Rick and Morty, but before she can do so, the three of them are transported to a party that Rick also set up while blackout drunk, where she gets away.
Post-credit scene: Gearhead tries to use a Vindicators vest to pick up some young girls, but when an alien terrorist attack strikes, he runs away eventually tripping and falling, breaking into pieces.
26
5 "The Whirly Dirly Conspiracy" Juan Meza-León Ryan Ridley August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20) 2.29[14]
To bolster Jerry's self-esteem, Rick takes him on an adventure at Morty's request. They visit an otherworldly resort within an immortality field so Jerry won't be harmed while away. Jerry encounters Risotto Groupon, an alien who blames Rick for his kingdom being usurped. Risotto enlists Jerry in a plot to kill Rick, but Jerry backs out after Rick apologizes for ruining his marriage. Meanwhile, Summer deals with self-esteem issues as well. Her boyfriend, Ethan, leaves her for a larger-breasted girlfriend, and Summer attempts to enlarge her own breasts using one of Rick's devices. Her aim is off, and she grows to freakish proportions. Morty wants to call Rick for assistance, but Beth refuses. Arrogantly trying to prove her own self-worth, Beth repeatedly fails to fix the problem and is tricked into releasing three tiny technical support workers that were trapped inside the machine. Once Morty figures out how the machine works, he restores Summer's size and spitefully uses it to deform Ethan in an act of vengeance.
Post-credit scene: The three tiny workers are enjoying their retirement next to a river. As an extremely deformed Ethan walks by, one of them is snatched by an eagle.
27
6 "Rest and Ricklaxation" Anthony Chun Tom Kauffman August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27) 2.47[15]
After a six-day outer space adventure that leaves them on the verge of psychological collapse, Rick and Morty decide to spend some time at an alien spa. There, they use a machine that extracts a person's negative personality traits. However, without Rick and Morty knowing, those traits are transposed into toxic physical counterparts, characterized by Rick's arrogance and Morty's self-loathing. On the other hand, the true Rick becomes more considerate, and Morty's confidence soars, which allows him to start dating girls. Toxic Rick uses a moonlight tower to remake the whole Earth in his own image, but the true Rick reverts the situation by merging back with him. Morty avoids merging back with his toxic counterpart and goes on to live a life as a stock broker in New York City. Rick tracks him down with the help of Jessica, Morty's classmate, and restores order by re-injecting the negative personality traits into him.
Post-credit scene: A tour of the same moonlight tower releases Stacy, one of the girls Morty dated in the episode, who had been inadvertently trapped inside the toxin machine.
28
7 "The Ricklantis Mixup"
"Tales from the Citadel" Dominic Polcino Dan Guterman & Ryan Ridley September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10) 2.38[16]
As Rick and Morty adventure to Atlantis, the episode shifts focus towards the Ricks and Mortys living at the Citadel. A group of Mortys, reminiscent of the protagonists in Stand by Me, journey to a portal to have their wishes granted. A rookie cop Rick starts working with an experienced Morty cop to take down drug dealers, in a plot-line reminiscent of Training Day. A Rick working at Simple Rick's wafer factory, where the key ingredient comes from said Simple Rick hooked up to a machine to re-experience his best memories, holds Simple Rick hostage after he doesn't get a promotion. An election is held for the new president of the Citadel. Despite being the underdog, the Morty Party candidate manages to secure the presidency thanks to his views on Ricks and Mortys. His former campaign manager fails to assassinate him after discovering that the new president is actually Evil Morty from "Close Rick-counters of the Rick Kind".
Post-credit scene: Rick and Morty come back from Atlantis satisfied with their trip. Morty wonders what happened on the Citadel, but Rick tells him it'll likely have no effect on their lives.
29
8 "Morty's Mind Blowers" Bryan Newton Mike McMahan, James Siciliano, Ryan Ridley,
Dan Guterman, Justin Roiland & Dan Harmon September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17) 2.51[17]
After Morty requests to have a traumatic memory deleted, Rick reveals a room where he has been storing a number of memories he has removed from Morty. However, as it turns out, besides the memories that Morty didn't want to keep from their adventures, the room also contains memories of moments where Rick was made to look foolish and had them forcibly removed. This revelation prompts a fight, during which Rick and Morty have their memories accidentally erased. Morty scours the memories to replace the ones he lost, but is displeased with the truth he finds, and convinces Rick to both kill themselves. Summer enters the room moments before they commit suicide. At this point, it is revealed that Rick has a contingency plan should this happen. Summer, following written instructions, tranquilizes Rick and Morty, restores their memories and drags them to the living room. Rick and Morty wake up on the couch, believing that they slept through an entire "Interdimensional Cable" episode.
Post-credit scene: Jerry shows up in Rick's garage and discovers a box containing "Jerry's Mind Blowers" where, in a twisted homage to E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, he discovers he accidentally left an alien the family was trying to help to die in his car.
30
9 "The ABC's of Beth" Juan Meza-León Mike McMahan September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24) 2.49[18]
Rick and Beth enter Froopyland, a fantasy world created by Rick for young Beth. Their goal is to recover Tommy, Beth's childhood friend who's been trapped in Froopyland, and prevent the execution of his father, who is being falsely accused of eating him. Tommy, who has survived all these years by resorting to bestiality, incest and cannibalism, refuses to return to the real world. Rick and Beth manage to save his father's life by creating a clone of Tommy. Back at home, Beth is presented with the option of having a replacement clone of her created, so that she will be free to travel the world. Meanwhile, Jerry dates an alien hunter named Kiara, to Morty and Summer's dismay. When he decides to get out of the relationship, Kiara is enraged and tries to kill the kids, whom she holds responsible. The situation is resolved following the revelation that Kiara was using Jerry to get over her previous boyfriend, much like Jerry was doing with her.
Post-credit scene: Jerry's answering machine plays messages warning him that Kiara's boyfriend is coming to kill him, and Rick saying that he has killed Kiara's boyfriend, but also had sex with her.
31
10 "The Rickchurian Mortydate" Anthony Chun Dan Harmon October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01) 2.60[19]
The President calls on Rick and Morty to defeat a monster in the tunnels underneath the White House, which they do with little effort. Annoyed that he constantly calls on them without any gratitude, they go back home, with the President quickly finding out. The resulting argument leads to a battle of egos that culminates in a fight in the White House between Rick and the President's security. Meanwhile, fearing she might be a clone made by Rick, Beth reunites with Jerry to figure out the truth. Shortly after, the entire family gets together to hide from Rick, but he tracks them down. Rick eventually submits to Jerry once again being a family-member. Rick ends his conflict with the President by pretending to be Fly Fishing Rick, a Rick from a different reality, and calling a truce. The episode ends with the family happy to be together again, except for Rick who is disappointed by this outcome.
Post-credit scene: Mr. Poopybutthole returns to apologize for not appearing in Season 3, but he has gotten married and has a wife and son. He ends the scene by saying that it will be a long wait until Season 4.
Production[edit]
On August 12, 2015, Adult Swim announced that the series had been renewed for a third season.[20] Roiland reportedly began writing on November 2, 2015.[21] Mike McMahan announced that the first episode was recorded on February 18, 2016.[22] On February 5, 2017, Dan Harmon, answering questions regarding the delayed release, announced on his podcast, Harmontown, that the show was in the animation process, after a long period of writing.[23] On June 24, 2017, Harmon wrote a series of posts on Twitter, explaining that the writing process took that long to complete because of his perfectionism.[24]
Reception[edit]
The season currently holds a 98% approval rating from review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes based on ten reviews, with an average rating of 8.85 out of 10 and an audience score average of 4.7 out of 5.[25]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Season 3 premiered unannounced on April 1, 2017 as part of Adult Swim's annual April Fools' prank.
Jump up ^ "The Rickshank Rickdemption" premiered unannounced and re-ran for four hours straight with improving ratings. This is the viewership of only the first broadcast of the episode.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Matar, Joe (April 3, 2017). "Rick and Morty Season 3 Air Date Released, Episode Currently Streaming on Adult Swim". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kettley, Sebastian (2017-08-16). "Rick and Morty season 3: How many episodes does the new season have?". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Framke, Caroline (August 6, 2017). "In season 3, Rick and Morty is still one of TV’s most inventive shows". Vox. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Virtue, Graeme (April 3, 2017). "Rick and Morty: how the world's most ingenious animation punk'd its fans". The Guardian. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Greene, Steve (July 30, 2017). "‘Rick and Morty’ Review: Summer Takes Center Stage in a ‘Mad Max: Fury Road’ Therapy Session". IndieWire. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Starkey, Adam (July 19, 2017). "Rick And Morty: Susan Sarandon, Danny Trejo and more set to star in season 3". Metro. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Greene, Steve (August 14, 2017). "‘Rick and Morty’ Review: ‘Guardians of the Galaxy’ Gets a Deadly Twist in ‘Vindicators 3: The Return of Worldender’". IndieWire. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Greene, Steve (September 25, 2017). "‘Rick and Morty’ Review: ‘The ABCs of Beth’ is a Touching Father-Daughter Adventure Drenched in Plenty of Alien Blood". IndieWire. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (October 2, 2017). "Rick and Morty Wage War With the President in Season 3 Finale". TVLine. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 4, 2017). "Saturday cable ratings: Surprise ‘Rick & Morty’ premiere gets solid numbers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 1, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Rick & Morty' returns strong, more highs for 'Insecure' and 'Ballers'". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 8, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Sharknado 5' lacks bite, 'Game of Thrones' hits total-viewer high". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 15, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: ‘Game of Thrones’ scores another series high". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 22, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: ‘Survivor’s Remorse’ premiere steady, ‘Game of Thrones’ down a little". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 29, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: VMAs hit all-time low opposite ‘Game of Thrones’ finale". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 13, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'The Deuce' starts off on par with 'The Night Of'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 19, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: ‘Outlander’ and ‘The Deuce’ steady with second episodes". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 26, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: ‘Outlander’ hits total-viewer high, ‘Fear the Walking Dead’ ticks up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 3, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: ‘Curb Your Enthusiasm’ returns, ‘Outlander’ ticks up again". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Denise Petski (August 12, 2015). "‘Rick And Morty’ Renewed For Season 3 By Adult Swim". Deadline. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kazem Sedighzadeh (November 15, 2015). "‘Rick and Morty’ Co-Creator Justin Roiland Starts Writing Work for Season 3 of TV Series!". Master Herald. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mike McMahan [@MikeMcMahanTM] (February 18, 2016). "We're recording episode #301 today." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Rick and Morty Creators Give Season 3 Update: They're Drawing It". The Interrobang. February 7, 2017. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cabin, Chris (June 24, 2017). "'Rick and Morty' Season 3: Dan Harmon Explains Delay". Collider. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rick and Morty: Season 3". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on April 5, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
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