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Buck v. Bell
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Buck v. Bell
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued April 22, 1927
Decided May 2, 1927
Full case name
Carrie Buck v. John Hendren Bell, Superintendent of State Colony for Epileptics and Feeble Minded
Citations
274 U.S. 200 (more)
47 S. Ct. 584; 71 L. Ed. 1000; 1927 U.S. LEXIS 20
Prior history
Error to the Supreme Court of Appeals of the State of Virginia
Holding
The Court upheld a statute instituting compulsory sterilization of the unfit "for the protection and health of the state."
Court membership
Chief Justice
William H. Taft
Associate Justices
Oliver W. Holmes, Jr. · Willis Van Devanter
James C. McReynolds · Louis Brandeis
George Sutherland · Pierce Butler
Edward T. Sanford · Harlan F. Stone
Case opinions
Majority
Holmes, joined by Taft, Van Devanter, McReynolds, Brandeis, Sutherland, Sanford, Stone
Dissent
Butler
Laws applied
U.S. Const. amend. XIV
Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927), is a decision of the United States Supreme Court, written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., in which the Court ruled that a state statute permitting compulsory sterilization of the unfit, including the intellectually disabled, "for the protection and health of the state" did not violate the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The decision was largely seen as an endorsement of negative eugenics—the attempt to improve the human race by eliminating "defectives" from the gene pool. The Supreme Court has never expressly overturned Buck v. Bell.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 The case
3 The effect of the ruling
4 In popular culture
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Background[edit]
The concept of eugenics had been put forward in 1883 by Francis Galton, who also coined the name.[1] The trend first became popular in Europe, but also found proponents in the United States by the start of the 20th century. Indiana passed the first eugenic sterilization statute (1907), but it was legally flawed. To remedy this situation, Harry Laughlin of the Eugenics Record Office (ERO) at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, designed a model eugenic law that was reviewed by legal experts. In 1924 the Commonwealth of Virginia adopted a statute authorizing the compulsory sterilization of the intellectually disabled for the purpose of eugenics. This 1924 statute was closely based on Laughlin's model.[2][3] Looking to determine if the new law would pass a legal challenge, on September 10, 1924 Dr. Albert Sidney Priddy, superintendent[4] of the Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded, filed a petition to his Board of Directors to sterilize Carrie Buck, an 18-year-old patient at his institution who he claimed had a mental age of 9.[5] Priddy maintained that Buck represented a genetic threat to society. According to Priddy, Buck's 52-year-old mother possessed a mental age of 8 and had a record of prostitution and immorality. She had three children without good knowledge of their parentage. Carrie, one of these children, had been adopted and attended school for five years, reaching the level of sixth grade.[6] However, according to Priddy, she had eventually proved to be "incorrigible" and eventually gave birth to an illegitimate child. Her adopted family had committed her to the State Colony as "feeble-minded", no longer feeling capable of caring for her. It was later discovered that Carrie's pregnancy was not caused by any "immorality" on her own part. In the summer of 1923, while her adoptive mother was away "on account of some illness," her adoptive mother's nephew raped Carrie, and Carrie's later commitment has been seen as an attempt by the family to save their reputation.[7][8]
The case[edit]
While the litigation was making its way through the court system, Priddy died and his successor, Dr. John Hendren Bell, took up the case.[9] The Board of Directors issued an order for the sterilization of Buck, and her guardian appealed the case to the Circuit Court of Amherst County, which sustained the decision of the Board. The case then moved to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia.
The appellate court sustained the sterilization law as compliant with both the state and federal constitutions, and it then went to the United States Supreme Court. Buck and her guardian contended that the due process clause guarantees all adults the right to procreate which was being violated. They also made the argument that the Equal Protection Clause in the 14th Amendment was being violated since not all similarly situated people were being treated the same. The sterilization law was only for the "feeble-minded" at certain state institutions and made no mention of other state institutions or those who were not in an institution.
On May 2, 1927, in an 8–1 decision, the Court accepted that she, her mother and her daughter were "feeble-minded" and "promiscuous,"[10] and that it was in the state's interest to have her sterilized. The ruling legitimized Virginia's sterilization procedures until they were repealed in 1974.
The ruling was written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. In support of his argument that the interest of "public welfare" outweighed the interest of individuals in their bodily integrity, he argued:[11]
We have seen more than once that the public welfare may call upon the best citizens for their lives. It would be strange if it could not call upon those who already sap the strength of the State for these lesser sacrifices, often not felt to be such by those concerned, to prevent our being swamped with incompetence. It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind. The principle that sustains compulsory vaccination is broad enough to cover cutting the Fallopian tubes.
Holmes concluded his argument by declaring that "Three generations of imbeciles are enough".[12] The sole dissenter in the court, Justice Pierce Butler, a devout Catholic,[13] did not write a dissenting opinion.
Carrie Buck was operated upon, receiving a compulsory salpingectomy (a form of tubal ligation). She was later paroled from the institution as a domestic worker to a family in Bland, Virginia. She was an avid reader until her death in 1983. Her daughter Vivian had been pronounced "feeble minded" after a cursory examination by ERO field worker Dr. Arthur Estabrook.[2] According to his report, Vivian "showed backwardness",[2] thus the "three generations" of the majority opinion. It is worthy noting that the child did very well in school for the two years that she attended (she died of complications from measles in 1932), even being listed on her school's honor roll in April 1931.[2]
Historian Paul A. Lombardo argued in 1985 that Buck was not "feeble-minded" at all, but that she had been put away to hide her rape, perpetrated by the nephew of her adoptive mother.[7] He also asserted that Buck's lawyer, Irving Whitehead, poorly argued her case, failed to call important witnesses, and was remarked by commentators to often not know what side he was on. It is now thought that this was not because of incompetence, but deliberate.[14] Whitehead had close connections to the counsel for the institution and to Priddy. Whitehead was a member of the governing board of the state institution in which Buck resided, and had personally authorized Priddy's sterilization requests and was a strong supporter of eugenic sterilization.[citation needed]
The effect of the ruling[edit]
Dr. John H. Bell was the superintendent at the Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded.
The effect of Buck v. Bell was to legitimize eugenic sterilization laws in the United States as a whole. While many states already had sterilization laws on their books, their use was erratic and effects practically non-existent in every state except for California. After Buck v. Bell, dozens of states added new sterilization statutes, or updated their constitutionally non-functional ones already enacted, with statutes which more closely mirrored the Virginia statute upheld by the Court.[15]
The Virginia statute which the ruling of Buck v. Bell supported was designed in part by the eugenicist Harry H. Laughlin, superintendent of Charles Benedict Davenport's Eugenics Record Office in Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Laughlin had, a few years previously, conducted a number of studies on the enforcement of sterilization legislation throughout the country and had concluded that the reason for their lack of use was primarily that the physicians who would order the sterilizations were afraid of prosecution by patients whom they operated upon. Laughlin saw the need to create a "Model Law"[16] which could withstand a test of constitutional scrutiny, clearing the way for future sterilization operations. Adolf Hitler closely modelled his Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring on Laughlin's "Model Law". The Third Reich held Laughlin in such regard that they arranged for him to receive an honorary doctorate from Heidelberg University in 1936. At the Nuremberg trials after World War II, Nazi doctors explicitly cited Holmes's opinion in Buck v. Bell as part of their defense.[17]
Sterilization rates under eugenic laws in the United States climbed from 1927 until Skinner v. Oklahoma, 316 U.S. 535 (1942). While Skinner v. Oklahoma did not specifically overturn Buck v. Bell, it created enough of a legal quandary to discourage many sterilizations. By 1963, sterilization laws were almost wholly out of use, though some remained officially on the books for many years. Language referring to eugenics was removed from Virginia's sterilization law, and the current law, passed in 1988 and amended in 2013, only authorizes the sterilization of incompetent patients if a Virginia court finds with clear and convincing evidence the sterilization procedure is medically necessary for the patient.[18][19]
The story of Carrie Buck's sterilization and the court case was made into a television drama in 1994, Against Her Will: The Carrie Buck Story. It was also referred to in 1934's sensational film Tomorrow's Children.
Although this opinion and eugenics remains controversial, the decision in this case still stands. Buck v. Bell was cited as a precedent by the opinion of the court (part VIII) in Roe v. Wade, but not in support of abortion rights. To the contrary, Justice Blackmun quoted it to justify that the constitutional right to abortion isn't unlimited.[20]
In the 1996 case of Fieger v. Thomas, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit both recognized and criticized Buck v. Bell by writing "as Justice Holmes pointed out in the only part of Buck v. Bell that remains unrepudiated, a claim of a violation of the Equal Protection Clause based upon selective enforcement 'is the usual last resort of constitutional arguments.'"[21] In 2001, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit cited Buck v. Bell to protect the constitutional rights of a woman coerced into sterilization without procedural due process.[22] The court stated that error and abuse will result if the State does not follow the procedural requirements, established by Buck v. Bell, for performing an involuntary sterilization.[22]
In popular culture[edit]
A portion of the Court's ruling was read and referenced in the film Judgment at Nuremberg.
See also[edit]
Eugenics in the United States
Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942)
Stump v. Sparkman (1978)
Poe v. Lynchburg Training School and Hospital (1981)
Sex-related court cases in the United States
Racial Integrity Act of 1924
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 274
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Galton, Francis (1883), Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development, London: Macmillan, p. 199 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Buck vs. Bell Trial", Eugenics Archive, retrieved October 16, 2009
Jump up ^ "Chapter 46B of the Code of Virginia § 1095h–m (1924)". www.encyclopediavirginia.org. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-23. Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded
Jump up ^ "Buck v. Bell (1927)". www.encyclopediavirginia.org. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
Jump up ^ "Buck, Carrie (1906–1983)". www.encyclopediavirginia.org. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Lombardo, Paul A. (1985), "Three Generations, No Imbeciles: New Light on Buck v. Bell", New York University Law Review, 60 (1): 30–62
Jump up ^ Cohen, Adam; Goodman, Amy; Shaikh, Nermeen, eds. (2016-03-17). Buck v. Bell: Inside the SCOTUS Case That Led to Forced Sterilization of 70,000 & Inspired the Nazis. Democracy Now!. Archived from the original on 2016-03-18. Retrieved 2016-03-18. Lay summary.
Jump up ^ "Bell, John H. (1883–1934)". www.encyclopediavirginia.org. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
Jump up ^ The court's majority opinion states that the court accepted the diagnoses of the Virginia medical personnel, not looking into whether they were correct: "Carrie Buck is a feeble-minded white woman who was committed to the State Colony above mentioned in due form. She is the daughter of a feeble-minded mother in the same institution, and the mother of an illegitimate feeble-minded child." 274 U.S. 200 at page 205
Jump up ^ Buck v. Bell , 274 U.S. 200 (U.S. 1927).
Jump up ^ 274 U.S. 200, at 207, Justia.com U.S. Supreme Court Center.
Jump up ^ [1] "Silent Protest: A Catholic Justice Dissents in Buck v. Bell"
Jump up ^ Murdoch, Stephen (2007), IQ: A Smart History of a Failed Idea, pp. 108–109
Jump up ^ Quinn, Peter (February/March 2003). "Race Cleansing in America" American Heritage. Retrieved 7-27-2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~wellerst/laughlin/ Harvard website
Jump up ^ Bruinius, Harry (2007). Better for All the World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America's Quest for Racial Purity. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-375-71305-7.
Jump up ^ Kaelber, Lutz. "Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States - Virginia". Lutz Kaelber, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Vermont. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Sexual Sterilization, Virginia Code §§ 54.1-2974 - 54.1-2980". General Assembly of Virginia. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 154, 93 S. Ct. 705, 727, 35 L. Ed. 2d 147 (1973)". cornell.edu. The privacy right involved, therefore, cannot be said to be absolute. In fact, it is not clear to us that the claim asserted by some amici that one has an unlimited right to do with one's body as one pleases bears a close relationship to the right of privacy previously articulated in the Court's decisions. The Court has refused to recognize an unlimited right of this kind in the past.
Jump up ^ Fieger v. Thomas, 74 F.3d 740, 750 (6th Cir. 1996) ("This claim of selective prosecution really amounts to a weak equal protection claim. And, as Justice Holmes pointed out in the only part of Buck v. Bell that remains unrepudiated, a claim of a violation of the Equal Protection Clause based upon selective enforcement 'is the usual last resort of constitutional arguments.'”).
^ Jump up to: a b "Vaughn v. Ruoff, 253 F.3d 1124, 1129 (8th Cir. 2001)". Case Text. It is true that involuntary sterilization is not always unconstitutional if it is a narrowly tailored means to achieve a compelling government interest. See Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200, 207–08, 47 S.Ct. 584, 71 L.Ed. 1000 (rejecting due process and equal protection challenges to compelled sterilization of mentally handicapped woman). It is also true that the mentally handicapped, depending on their circumstances, may be subjected to various degrees of government intrusion that would be unjustified if directed at other segments of society. See Cleburne, 473 U.S. at 442–47, 105 S.Ct. 3249; Buck, 274 U.S. at 207–08, 47 S.Ct. 584. It does not follow, however, that the State can dispense with procedural protections, coerce an individual into sterilization, and then after the fact argue that it was justified. If it did, it would invite conduct, like that alleged in this case, that is ripe for abuse and error.
Further reading[edit]
Cohen, Adam (2016), Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics, and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck, Penguin, ISBN 978-1-59420-418-0 .
Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn. Encyclopedia of Women's History in America (Infobase Publishing, 2009) pp 37–38
Breed, Allen G. (August 13, 2011). "Eugenics victim, son fighting together for justice". Winfall, North Carolina: Associated Press. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
Bruinius, Harry (2007). Better for All the World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America's Quest for Racial Purity. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-375-71305-7.
Leuchtenburg, William E. (1995), "Mr. Justice Holmes and Three Generations of Imbeciles", The Supreme Court Reborn: The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt, New York: Oxford, pp. 3–25, ISBN 0-19-511131-1 .
Lombardo, Paul (2008), Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell., Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 365, ISBN 9780801890109
Smith, J. David. The Sterilization of Carrie Buck (New Horizon Press, 1989)
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Buck v. Bell
Text of Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927) is available from: Findlaw Justia
An account of the case from the Dolan DNA Learning Center
Full text of the Supreme Court's opinion courtesy of Professor Thomas D. Russell.
"Eugenics." Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia
“Buck v. Bell (1927)” by N. Antonios and C. Raup at the Embryo Project Encyclopedia
Buck v. Bell at Encyclopedia Virginia
"Noah Feldman on "Buck v. Bell"". Mahindra Humanities Center – via YouTube.
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Scheuer v. Rhodes (1974)
Wood v. Strickland (1975)
O'Connor v. Donaldson (1975)
Paul v. Davis (1976)
Imbler v. Pachtman (1976)
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York (1978)
Procunier v. Navarette (1978)
Owen v. City of Independence (1980)
Harlow v. Fitzgerald (1982)
Felder v. Casey (1988)
Will v. Michigan Department of State Police (1989)
Gonzaga University v. Doe (2002)
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community (2003)
City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams (2005)
Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee (2009)
Ashcroft v. Iqbal (2009)
Los Angeles County v. Humphries (2010)
Connick v. Thompson (2011)
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Holden v. Hardy (1898)
Muller v. Oregon (1908)
Buck v. Bell (1927)
Powell v. Alabama (1932)
West Coast Hotel v. Parrish (1937)
NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Loving v. Virginia (1967)
Epperson v. Arkansas (1968)
In re Winship (1971)
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)
Troxel v. Granville (2000)
Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. (2009)
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Lum v. Rice (1927)
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Perez v. Sharp (1948)
Goesaert v. Cleary (1948)
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla. (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
Hernandez v. Texas (1954)
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County (1964)
Katzenbach v. Morgan (1966)
Loving v. Virginia (1967)
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)
Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson (1971)
Reed v. Reed (1971)
Frontiero v. Richardson (1973)
Craig v. Boren (1976)
Milliken v. Bradley (1974)
Plyler v. Doe (1982)
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Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007)
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Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo
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Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo
Theatrical release poster
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Screenplay by
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Story by
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Starring
Amitabh Bachchan
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Release date
December 24, 2004 (2004-12-24)
Running time
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Budget
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Box office
₹191.66 million[2]
Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo (English: "We entrust this nation in you, O countrymen") is a 2004 Indian war drama film, directed by Anil Sharma and starring Amitabh Bachchan, Akshay Kumar, Bobby Deol, Divya Khosla Kumar, Sandali Sinha and Nagma[3][4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Soundtrack
3.1 Track listing
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Major Amarjeet Singh (Amitabh Bachchan) is a dedicated officer for the Indian Army. His son Lieutenant Commander Vikramjeet Singh (Bobby Deol) follows in his footsteps and joins the Navy. In 1971 during the Indo-Pak war and the formation of Bangladesh, Lt. Commander Vikramjeet Singh has a ship in his command and a regiment of soldiers of the Indian Army, commandeered by his dad, Major General Amarjeet Singh. The ship comes under attack by a submarine of the Pakistani Navy, undergoes damage, and sinks along with Vikramjeet, but not before he courageously rescues about a hundred trapped army soldiers.
Years later, Vikramjeet's son Kunaljeet joins the army as a Captain, but he lacks the values his dad and grandfather had in them about serving the country selflessly. He just wants to be employed with the army for a couple of years, then re-locate to the U.S., run a business, and make lots of money. In order to accomplish this he always makes up excuses of not going to the front. He falls in love with Shweta Bhansali, and decides to stay in the army in order to be close to her. In order to achieve a medal, he fakes heroism; then carelessly jeopardizes a planned attack on terrorists and as a result several terrorist escape to their hideouts. Disciplined and chastised, an injured and humbled Kunaljeet waits to meet his sweetheart - only to find out that she is in love and married to his senior officer Major Rajeev Singh, who was assumed to be dead but actually was a prisoner of war. The only thread binding him to the army is broken, and it is then Kunaljeet finds out that the terrorists in collusion with rebel Pakistani officers are planning to bomb the Bhagwan Shivji's Amarnath Temple in Jammu & Kashmir in order to wipe foment communal strife. Kunaljeet saves everyone and wins his grandfather's heart.
Cast[edit]
Amitabh Bachchan as Amarjeet Singh
Akshay Kumar as Major Rajeev Singh
Bobby Deol as Capt Kunaljeet Singh/Lt Cdr Vikramjeet Singh
Divya Khosla Kumar as Shweta Rajeev Singh
Sandali Sinha as Sakshi
Nagma as Aarti Vikramjeet Singh
Kapil Sharma as Captain Trilok
Danny Denzongpa as Col. Ashfaque Khan
Ashutosh Rana as Sikander Khan
Govind Namdeo as Maqsood Butt
Vivek Shauq
Surendra Pal
Aarti Chabria as Trilok's wife
Arif Zakaria
Rajesh Vivek
Vishwajeet Pradhan
Soundtrack[edit]
The music is composed by Anu Malik. Lyrics are penned by Sameer. The song 'Humein tumse hua hai pyaar' became extremely popular.
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Singer(s)
Length
1. "Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Sathiyo" Alka Yagnik, Kailash Kher, Sonu Nigam, Udit Narayan 7:38
2. "Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Sathiyo - II" Sonu Nigam, Udit Narayan 6:51
3. "Chali Aa Chali Aa" Alka Yagnik, Sonu Nigam 7:12
4. "Dil Rota Hai Baar Baar" Sonu Nigam 4:38
5. "Humein Tumse Hua Hai Pyar" Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan 6:03
6. "Kurti Malmal Di" Anuradha Paudwal, Kailash Kher, Sneha Pant, Sonu Nigam, Sudesh Bhosle 7:11
7. "Mere Sarpe Dupatta" Alka Yagnik, Jaspinder Narula, Udit Narayan 5:30
8. "Mujhe Pyar Do" Anuradha Paudwal, Karsan Sargathia, Sonu Nigam 6:04
9. "Shivji Satya Hai" Sonu Nigam, Sukhwinder Singh 7:38
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=441
Jump up ^ https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=441
Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2004.htm
Jump up ^ "Amitabh: I'm trying to improve".
Jump up ^ Hungama, Bollywood. "Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Sathiyo Review - Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama.
External links[edit]
Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo on IMDb
Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo at AllMovie
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ab_Tumhare_Hawale_Watan_Saathiyo&oldid=826649083"
Categories:
2004 films
Hindi-language films
2000s Hindi-language films
Bollywood war films
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Pakistan Navy in fiction
India–Pakistan relations in popular culture
Films scored by Anu Malik
Indian Army in films
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Hambantota
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The factual accuracy of parts of this article (those related to article) may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2017)
Town in Southern Province, Sri Lanka
Hambantota
හම්බන්තොට
அம்பாந்தோட்டை
Magampura - මාගම්පුර - மாகம்புர
Town
Hambantota Administrative Complex
Hambantota
Location in Sri Lanka
Coordinates: 06°07′28″N 81°07′21″E / 6.12444°N 81.12250°E / 6.12444; 81.12250Coordinates: 06°07′28″N 81°07′21″E / 6.12444°N 81.12250°E / 6.12444; 81.12250
Country
Sri Lanka
Province
Southern Province
District
Hambantota District
Elevation
1 m (3 ft)
Population (2001)
• Total
11,213
Time zone
+05:30
Area code(s)
047
Hambantota (Sinhalese: හම්බන්තොට, Tamil: அம்பாந்தோட்டை) is the main town in Hambantota District, Southern Province, Sri Lanka. This underdeveloped area was hit hard by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and is undergoing a number of major development projects including the construction of a new sea port and international airport finished in 2013. These projects and others such as Hambantota Cricket Stadium are said to form part of the government's plan to transform Hambantota into the second major urban hub of Sri Lanka, away from Colombo.[1]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Ancient Hambantota
1.2 Modern history
1.3 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
2 Climate
3 Economy and infrastructure
3.1 Transportation
3.1.1 Air
3.1.2 Road
3.1.3 Rail
3.2 Energy
3.3 Port
4 Culture
5 Twin cities
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
When the Kingdom of Ruhuna was established it received many travellers and traders from Siam, China and Indonesia who sought anchorage in the natural harbor at Godawaya, Ambalantota. The ships or large boats these traders travelled in were called “Sampans” and "thota" means port or anchorage so the port where sampans anchor came to be known as “Sampantota” (which is now known as Godawaya). After some time the area became to be called “Hambantota”.[2]
Ancient Hambantota[edit]
Hambantota District is part of the traditional south known as Ruhuna. In ancient times this region, especially Hambantota and the neighboring areas was the centre of a flourishing civilization. Historical evidence reveals that the region in that era was blessed with fertile fields and a stupendous irrigation network. Hambantota was known by many names ‘Mahagama’, ‘Ruhuna’ and ‘Dolos dahas rata’.
About 200 BC, the first Kingdom of Sri Lanka was flourishing in the north central region of Anuradhapura.
After a personal dispute with his brother, King Devanampiyatissa of Anuradhapura, King Mahanaga established the Kingdom of Ruhuna in the south of the island. This region played a vital role in building the nation as well as nurturing the Sri Lankan Buddhist culture. Close to Hambantota, the large temple of Tissamaharama was built to house a sacred tooth relic.[3]
Modern history[edit]
Main articles: Colonial history of Sri Lanka and Sri Lanka in the twentieth century
Around the years of 1801 and 1803, the British built a Martello tower on the tip of the rocky headland alongside the lighthouse overlooking the sea at Hambantota. The builder was a Captain Goper, who built the tower on the site of an earlier Dutch earthen fort. The tower was restored in 1999, and in the past, formed part of an office of the Hambantota Kachcheri where the Land Registry branch was housed. Today it houses a fisheries museum.
From 2 August to 9 September 1803, an Ensign J. Prendergast of the regiment of Ceylon native infantry was in command of the British colony at Hambantota during a Kandian attack that he was able to repel with the assistance of the snow ship Minerva.[4] Earlier, HMS Wilhelmina had touched there and left off eight men from the Royal Artillery to reinforce him.[5] This detachment participated in Prendergast's successful defense of the colony.[6] If the tower at Hambantota was at all involved in repelling any attack this would be one of the only cases in which a British Martello tower had been involved in combat.
Leonard Woolf, future husband of Virginia Woolf, was the British colonial administrator at Hambantota between 1908 and 1911.
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[edit]
The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami devastated Hambantota, and reportedly killed more than 4500 people.[7]
Climate[edit]
Hambantota features a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw) under the Köppen climate classification. There is no true dry season, but there is significantly less rain from January–March and again from June–August. The heaviest rain falls in October and November. The city sees on average roughly 1,050 millimetres (41 in) of precipitation annually. Average temperatures in Hambantota change little throughout the year, ranging from 26.3 °C (79.3 °F) in January to 28.1 °C (82.6 °F) in April and May.
hideClimate data for Hambantota (1961–1990, extremes 1869–present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
34.7
(94.5) 35.0
(95) 35.3
(95.5) 36.0
(96.8) 36.4
(97.5) 37.2
(99) 36.2
(97.2) 39.2
(102.6) 36.0
(96.8) 36.9
(98.4) 36.7
(98.1) 34.8
(94.6) 39.2
(102.6)
Average high °C (°F)
29.8
(85.6) 30.2
(86.4) 30.9
(87.6) 31.2
(88.2) 30.7
(87.3) 30.3
(86.5) 30.6
(87.1) 30.1
(86.2) 29.9
(85.8) 30.1
(86.2) 29.9
(85.8) 29.6
(85.3) 30.3
(86.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)
26.3
(79.3) 26.6
(79.9) 27.4
(81.3) 28.1
(82.6) 28.1
(82.6) 27.7
(81.9) 27.6
(81.7) 27.4
(81.3) 27.2
(81) 27.1
(80.8) 26.8
(80.2) 26.5
(79.7) 27.2
(81)
Average low °C (°F)
22.8
(73) 23.0
(73.4) 23.9
(75) 25.0
(77) 25.5
(77.9) 25.1
(77.2) 24.7
(76.5) 24.6
(76.3) 24.5
(76.1) 24.2
(75.6) 23.6
(74.5) 23.3
(73.9) 24.2
(75.6)
Record low °C (°F)
17.7
(63.9) 15.6
(60.1) 17.4
(63.3) 18.9
(66) 19.5
(67.1) 21.2
(70.2) 21.2
(70.2) 20.1
(68.2) 20.6
(69.1) 20.2
(68.4) 19.6
(67.3) 18.2
(64.8) 15.6
(60.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
58
(2.28) 47
(1.85) 66
(2.6) 95
(3.74) 89
(3.5) 59
(2.32) 48
(1.89) 55
(2.17) 71
(2.8) 151
(5.94) 188
(7.4) 118
(4.65) 1,045
(41.14)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
5 3 5 8 8 7 6 5 7 10 12 9 85
Average relative humidity (%) (at Daytime)
71 71 72 75 78 77 75 76 77 76 77 76 75
Mean monthly sunshine hours
207.7 200.6 248.0 237.0 235.6 201.0 204.6 201.5 207.0 192.2 189.0 217.0 2,541.2
Mean daily sunshine hours
6.7 7.1 8.0 7.9 7.6 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.9 6.2 6.3 7.0 7.0
Source #1: NOAA[8]
Source #2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (precipitation days, 1968–1990 and sun, 1962–1977),[9] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[10]
Economy and infrastructure[edit]
A cement grinding and bagging factory is being set up, as well as fertiliser bagging plants. Large salt plains are a prominent feature of Hambantota. The town is a major producer of salt.[3] A Special Economic Zone of 15,000 acres has been proposed by Prime minister Ranil Wickremesinghe out of which approximately 1235 acres will be situated in Hambantota to build factories, LNG plants and refineries while the rest will be in Monaragala, Embilipitiya and Matara.[11][12][13] A Vocational training Center was opened in 2017 by Prime minister Ranil Wickremesinghe with China to train the workforce needed for the SEZs.[14] Prime Minister Ranil Wickramasinghe also came in to an agreement with state-owned China Merchants Port Holdings to lease 70 per cent stake of the strategically-located Hambantota port at $1.12 billion, opening Hambantota to the Belt and Road Initiative.[15]
Transportation[edit]
Air[edit]
Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport (MRIA) is located in the town of Mattala, 18 km (11 mi) north of Hambantota. Opened in March 2013, it is the second international airport in Sri Lanka after Bandaranaike International Airport in Colombo.[16] The Weerawila Airport is also located nearby[17]
Road[edit]
A2 highway connects Colombo with Hambantota town through Galle and Matara. The Southern Expressway from Kottawa to Matara will be connected to Hambantota via Beliatta
Rail[edit]
Construction work started in 2006 on the Matara-Kataragama Railway Line project, a broad gauge railway being implemented at an estimated cost of $91 million.[18]
Energy[edit]
NEG Micon M1500-600 wind turbines in Hambanthota Wind Farm
The Hambantota Wind Farm is the first wind farm in Sri Lanka (there are two more commercial wind farms).[19] It's a pilot project to test wind power generation in the island nation.[20] Wind energy development faces immense obstacles such as poor roads and an unstable power grid.
Port[edit]
Hambantota Port
Hambantota is the selected site for a new international port, the Port of Hambantota. It is scheduled to be built in three phases, with the first phase due to be completed by the end of 2010 at a cost of $360 million.[21] As part of the port, a $550 million tax-free port zone is being started, with companies in India, China, Russia and Dubai expressing interest in setting up shipbuilding, ship-repair and warehousing facilities in the zone. It is expected to be completed by November 2010.[needs update] When all phases are fully complete, it will be able to berth 33 vessels, which would make it the biggest port in South Asia.[22]
Bunkering facility: 14 tanks (8 for oil, 3 for aviation fuel and 3 for LP gas) with a total capacity of 80,000m3.[23]
The involvement of Chinese companies in the development of Hambantota port have provoked claims by some analysts that it is part of China's String of Pearls strategy. Other analysts have argued that it would not be in Sri Lanka's interests to allow the Chinese navy access to the port and in any event the exposed nature of the port would make it of dubious value to China in time of conflict.[24]
Culture[edit]
Hambantota contains the Mahinda Rajapaksa International Stadium for sports activities. It has a capacity of 35,000 seats and was built for the 2011 Cricket World Cup. The cost of this project is an estimated Rs. 900 million (US$7.86m). Sri Lanka Cricket is seeking relief from its debts incurred in building infrastructure for the 2011 Cricket World Cup.[1]
Magam Ruhunupura International Conference Hall (MRICH) was built for local and international events.The MRICH, situated in a 28-acre plot of land in Siribopura, is Sri Lanka’s second international conference hall. The main hall has 1,500 seats and there are three additional halls with a seating capacity of 250 each. The conference hall is fully equipped with modern technical facilities and a vehicle park for 400 vehicles and a helipad for helicopter landing.[25]
On 31 March 2010, a surprise bid was made for the 2018 Commonwealth Games by Hambantota. Hambantota is undergoing a major face lift since the tsunami. On 10 November 2011, the Hambantota bidders claimed they had already secured enough votes to win the hosting rights.[26] However, on 11 November it was officially announced that Gold Coast City had won the rights to host the games.[27][28]
Twin cities[edit]
Hambantota is twinned with Guangzhou, China, since 2007.[29]
See also[edit]
List of cities in Sri Lanka
Municipal councils of Sri Lanka
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Fernando, Andrew Fidel (April 5, 2013). "SLC expects financial assistance from government". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hambantota". Hambantota District Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Hambantota District. Hambantota: Sri Lanka's Deep South
Jump up ^ The Asiatic annual register, or, A View of the history of ..., Volume 8, Issue 1, p.74.
Jump up ^ "No. 15689". The London Gazette. 3 April 1804. p. 405.
Jump up ^ Stubbs, Francis W. (January 2010). History of the Organization, Equipment, and War Services of the Regiment of Bengal Artillery. General Books. p. 165. ISBN 1-150-23818-6.
Jump up ^ "Divisions over tsunami new town". BBC. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Climate Normals for Habantota". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Klimatafel von Hambantota / Sri Lanka (Ceylon)" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Station Hambantota" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "economynext.com". www.economynext.com. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
Jump up ^ Lanka, Gamini Gunaratna, Sri Lanka News Paper by LankaPage.com (LLC)- Latest Hot News from Sri. "Sri Lanka : Sri Lanka launches special industrial zone to attract Chinese industries". www.colombopage.com. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
Jump up ^ "US $ 5 b investment in Hambantota: 1,235 acres for industrial zone". Sunday Observer. 2017-01-07. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
Jump up ^ "Sri Lanka, China open training center to support southern development – Xinhua | English.news.cn". news.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
Jump up ^ http://www.adaderana.lk/news/42225/hambantota-port-agreement-to-be-signed-tomorrow-pm-
Jump up ^ "Overview of Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport (MRIA)". www.airport.lk/.
Jump up ^ "(WRZ) Weerawila Airport". FlightStats. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
Jump up ^ Massive Development in Hambantota District Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine., Media Centre for National Development in Sri Lanka, retrieved 2010-01-19
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-11-24. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-08-31. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
Jump up ^ Shirajiv Sirimane (21 February 2010). "Hambantota port, gateway to world". Sunday Observer. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Ondaatjie, Anusha (2010-03-08). "Sri Lanka to Seek Tenants for $550 Million Tax-Free Port Zone". Business Week. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
Jump up ^ http://www.colombopage.com/archive_14B/Jul08_1404836212CH.php
Jump up ^ David Brewster. "Beyond the String of Pearls: Is there really a Security Dilemma in the Indian Ocean?. Retrieved 11 August 2014".
Jump up ^ http://www.ft.lk/2013/11/08/president-opens-international-convention-center-in-hambantota-ahead-of-chogm/#comment-877716
Jump up ^ Ardern, Lucy (11 November 2011). "Sri Lanka boasting of Games bid win". Gold Coast Bulletin. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Candidate City Manual" (PDF). Commonwealth Games Federation. December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Ardern, Lucy (13 November 2011). "Coast wins 2018 Commonwealth Games". Gold Coast Bulletin. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Guangzhou Sister Cities [via WaybackMachine.com]". Guangzhou Foreign Affairs Office. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
Stubbs, Francis W. (1877) History of the organization, equipment, and war services of the regiment of Bengal artillery : compiled from published works, official records, and various private sources. (Henry S. King & Co.).
External links[edit]
Hambantota District Travel Guide
Hambantota District Chamber of Commerce
2018 Candidate Website
Travelers guide, Tourslanka.com
Tourist information, Deepsouth.lk
Mahinda Rajapaksa National Tele-Cinema Park mrtelecinemapark.com
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Kolonnawa
Kuliyapitiya
Maharagama
Mannar
Minuwangoda
Nawalapitiya
Panadura
Peliyagoda
Point Pedro
Puttalam
Seethawakapura
Talawakelle-Lindula
Tangalle
Valvettithurai
Vavuniya
Wattala
Wattegama
Weligama
Note: * also a Provincial capital, # also a Municipal council
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb13541284x (data)
GND: 4476027-9
LCCN: n88080497
SUDOC: 050721372
VIAF: 131452490
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hambantota&oldid=856040371"
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Port cities and towns in Sri Lanka
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Hambantota
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