text:
Apprehension (understanding)
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This article is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, which was produced in 1911. It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk page. (November 2017)
In psychology, apprehension (Lat. ad, "to"; prehendere, "to seize") is a term applied to a model of consciousness in which nothing is affirmed or denied of the object in question, but the mind is merely aware of ("seizes") it.[1]
"Judgment" (says Reid, ed. Hamilton, i. p. 414) "is an act of the mind, specifically different from simple apprehension or the bare conception of a thing". "Simple apprehension or conception can neither be true nor false." This distinction provides for the large class of mental acts in which we are simply aware of, or "take in" a number of familiar objects, about which we in general make no judgment, unless our attention is suddenly called by a new feature. Or again, two alternatives may be apprehended without any resultant judgment as to their respective merits.[1]
Similarly, G.F. Stout stated that while we have a very vivid idea of a character or an incident in a work of fiction, we can hardly be said in any real sense to have any belief or to make any judgment as to its existence or truth. With this mental state may be compared the purely aesthetic contemplation of music, wherein apart from, say, a false note, the faculty of judgment is for the time inoperative. To these examples may be added the fact that one can fully understand an argument in all its bearings, without in any way judging its validity. Without going into the question fully, it may be pointed out that the distinction between judgment and apprehension is relative. In every kind of thought, there is judgment of some sort in a greater or less degree of prominence.[1]
Judgment and thought are in fact psychologically distinguishable merely as different, though correlative, activities of consciousness. Professor Stout further investigates the phenomena of apprehension, and comes to the conclusion that "it is possible to distinguish and identify a whole without apprehending any of its constituent details." On the other hand, if the attention focuses itself for a time on the apprehended object, there is an expectation that such details will, as it were, emerge into consciousness. Hence, he describes such apprehension as "implicit", and insofar as the implicit apprehension determines the order of such emergence, he describes it as "schematic".[1]
A good example of this process is the use of formulae in calculations; ordinarily the formula is used without question; if attention is fixed upon it, the steps by which it is shown to be universally applicable emerge, and the "schema " is complete in detail. With this result may be compared Kant's theory of apprehension as a synthetic act (the "synthesis of apprehension") by which the sensory elements of a perception are subjected to the formal conditions of time and space.[1]
See also[edit]
Eureka effect#The Aha! effect and scientific discovery
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Apprehension". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 227–228.
G.F. Stout, Analytic Psychology (London, 1896)
F. Brentano, Psychologie (bk. ii. ch. vii.)
F. Brentano, Vom Ursprung sittlicher Erkenntnis
B. Titchener, Outlines of Psychology (New York, 1902); and
B. Titchener, Text-books of psychology.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apprehension_(understanding)&oldid=808456791"
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Stranger in Town (album)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Stranger in Town (disambiguation).
Stranger in Town
Studio album by Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band
Released
May 5, 1978 (1978-05-05)
Recorded
1976-78
Studio
Criteria Sound Studios, Miami, Florida; Muscle Shoals Sound Studios, Sheffield, Alabama; Cherokee Studios, Capitol Records Studios, Sound Suite Studios, Detroit, Michigan
Genre
Heartland rock, hard rock
Length
39:28
Label
Capitol
Producer
Bob Seger, Punch Andrews, Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section
Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band chronology
Night Moves
(1976) Stranger in Town
(1978) Against the Wind
(1980)
Singles from Stranger in Town
"Still the Same"
Released: April 1978
"Hollywood Nights"
Released: 1978
"We've Got Tonite"
Released: October 1978
"Old Time Rock and Roll"
Released: March 1979
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [1]
The Village Voice B–[2]
"Old Time Rock and Roll"
Bob Seger's "Old Time Rock and Roll" from Stranger in Town
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Stranger in Town is the tenth studio album by American rock singer Bob Seger and his second with the Silver Bullet Band, released by Capitol Records in May 1978 (see 1978 in music). Like its predecessor, the Silver Bullet Band backed Seger on about half of the songs and the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section backed Seger on the other half.
The album became an instant success in the United States, being certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America less than a month after the album's release, and, like its predecessor Night Moves, it would later go 6× Platinum.[3] It was also his first album to chart in the UK, where limited editions were released on silver vinyl and in picture disc format as well as standard black vinyl.
Contents
1 Track listing
2 Personnel
2.1 Production
3 Charts
3.1 Album
3.2 Singles
4 Certifications
5 References
Track listing[edit]
Side one, track 3 written by George Jackson and Thomas Earl Jones III
Side two, track 1 written by Frankie Miller
All other tracks written by Bob Seger
Side One
No.
Title
Length
1. "Hollywood Nights" 4:59
2. "Still the Same" 3:18
3. "Old Time Rock and Roll" 3:14
4. "Till It Shines" 3:50
5. "Feel Like a Number" 3:42
Side Two
No.
Title
Length
1. "Ain't Got No Money" 4:11
2. "We've Got Tonite" 4:38
3. "Brave Strangers" 6:20
4. "The Famous Final Scene" 5:09
Notes The Silver Bullet Band plays on side one tracks 1, 2, & 5 and on side two track 3
The Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section plays on side one tracks 3 & 4 and on side two tracks 1, 2, & 4
Personnel[edit]
The Silver Bullet Band
Bob Seger – guitar, vocals
Drew Abbott – guitar
Robyn Robbins – keyboard
Alto Reed – tenor saxophone and alto saxophone
Chris Campbell – bass
David Teegarden – percussion, drums
The Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section
Barry Beckett – keyboard
Pete Carr – guitar
Jimmy Johnson – guitar
David Hood – bass
Roger Hawkins – percussion, drums
Additional Musicians
Glenn Frey – guitar solo on "Till It Shines"
Don Felder – guitar solo on "Ain't Got No Money"
Bill Payne – organ, synthesizer, piano, keyboards on "Hollywood Nights"
Doug Riley – piano, keyboard on "Feel Like a Number" and "Brave Strangers"
Background singers
"We've Got Tonite" and "Still the Same"
Venetta Fields – vocals, background vocals
Clydie King – vocals, background vocals
Sherlie Matthews – vocals, background vocals
"Hollywood Nights"
Julia Waters – background vocals
Luther Waters – vocals, background vocals
Maxine Waters – background vocals
Oren Waters – vocals, background vocals
"Still the Same" and "Brave Strangers"
Brandye – vocals, background vocals
"Old Time Rock"
James Lavell Easley – background vocals
Stanley Carter – background vocals
George Jackson – vocals, background vocals
Jim Ed Norman – strings arranged and conducted by
Production[edit]
Producers: Punch Andrews, Bob Seger
Engineers: John Arrias, Mark Calice, David Cole, Hugh Davies, Gregg Hamm, Steve Melton, George Tutko
Mixing: Punch Andrews, John Arrias, Bob Seger
Mastering: Wally Traugott
Remastering: Robert Vosgien
String arrangements: Jim Ed Norman
Art direction: Roy Kohara
Design: Ken Anderson
Photography: Terrence Bert, Bob Siedemann
Charts[edit]
Album[edit]
Chart (1978)
Peak
position
French Top Albums[4] 14
German Albums Chart[5] 28
Swedish Top 60 Albums[6] 45
UK Albums Chart[7] 31
US Billboard 200[8] 4
Chart (1979)
Peak
position
New Zealand Top 40 Albums[9] 4
Singles[edit]
Year
Single
Chart
Position
1978 "Still The Same" Billboard Hot 100 4
1978 "Hollywood Nights" Billboard Hot 100 12
1978 "We've Got Tonite" Billboard Hot 100 13
1979 "Old Time Rock and Roll" Billboard Hot 100 28
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[10]
4× Platinum 400,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[11]
Gold 100,000^
United States (RIAA)[12]
6× Platinum 6,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band: Stranger in Town > Review at AllMusic. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert (June 26, 1978). "Christgau's Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Gold & Platinum Searchable Database" (PHP). Recording Industry Association of America.
Jump up ^ "Le Détail des Albums de chaque Artiste (S)". InfoDisc (in French). Archived from the original (PHP) on 2013-05-06. Search for "Bob SEGER & The SILVER BULLET Band" on the drop-down menu to see results.
Jump up ^ "Album – Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band, Stranger in Town" (ASP). Media Control Charts (in German). Retrieved July 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band – Stranger in Town (Album)" (ASP). Swedish Charts. Hung Medien. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chart Archive: Top 40 Official UK Albums Archive – 3rd June 1978". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bob Seger: Charts & Awards – Billboard Albums". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band – Stranger in Town (Album)" (ASP). New Zealand Charts. Hung Medien. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Canadian album certifications – Bob Seger – Stranger in Town". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "British album certifications – Bob Seger – Stranger in Town". British Phonographic Industry. Select albums in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Type Stranger in Town in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Bob Seger – Stranger in Town". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH.
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Seger solo albums
Brand New Morning
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"2 + 2 = ?"
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"Still the Same"
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"Fire Lake"
"Against the Wind"
"You'll Accomp'ny Me"
"Tryin' to Live My Life Without You"
"Hollywood Nights"
"We've Got Tonite"
"Shame on the Moon"
"Even Now"
"Roll Me Away"
"American Storm"
"Like a Rock"
"Shakedown"
"C'est La Vie"
"Landing in London"
"Downtown Train"
"Hey, Hey, Hey, Hey (Going Back to Birmingham)"
Related articles
Discography
Gibson/Miller Band
Book
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Jabba the Hutt
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Jabba the Hutt
Star Wars character
Jabba as he appears in Return of the Jedi (1983).
First appearance
Legends: Six Against the Galaxy (1977, Comic)
Canon: Return of the Jedi (1983)
Created by
George Lucas
Portrayed by
Declan Mulholland (Episode IV; deleted scene, later restored and overlapped with CGI for 1997 Special Edition and subsequent releases)
David Alan Barclay/Toby Philpott/Mike Edmonds (puppeteers in Episode VI)
Voiced by
Larry Ward (Episode VI)
Ed Asner (Return of the Jedi radio drama)
Randy Thornton (read-along storybook CDs)
Uncredited actor (Star Wars post-1997 versions and Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace)
Clint Bajakian (Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (video game), Star Wars: Demolition, Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds, Star Wars: Bounty Hunter)
Kevin Michael Richardson (Star Wars: The Clone Wars film and TV series, and Disney Infinity 3.0)
David W. Collins (Star Wars: The Force Unleashed)
Michael Donovan (Lego Star Wars: The Yoda Chronicles)
Information
Full name
Jabba Desilijic Tiure
Gender
Male
Occupation
Crime lord
Affiliation
Hutt Cartel
Spouse(s)
None
Children
Rotta the Hutt (son)
Homeworld
Nal Hutta; resident of Tatooine
Jabba Desilijic Tiure,[1] commonly known as Jabba the Hutt, is a fictional character and an antagonist in the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas. He is depicted as a large, slug-like[2] alien. His appearance has been described by film critic Roger Ebert as a cross between a toad and the Cheshire Cat.[3]
In the original theatrical releases of the original Star Wars trilogy, Jabba the Hutt first appeared in Return of the Jedi (1983), though he is mentioned in Star Wars (1977) and The Empire Strikes Back (1980), and a previously deleted scene involving Jabba the Hutt was added to the 1997 theatrical re-release and subsequent home media releases of Star Wars. A scene shot for Star Wars featuring Declan Mulholland as a humanoid Jabba was never used. Jabba is introduced as the de facto leader of the Desilijic-Hutt Cartel, and the most powerful crime boss on Tatooine, who has a bounty on Han Solo's head. Jabba employs a retinue of career criminals, bounty hunters, smugglers, assassins and bodyguards to operate his criminal empire. He keeps a host of entertainers at his disposal at his palace: slaves, droids and alien creatures. Jabba has a grim sense of humor, an insatiable appetite, and affinities for gambling, slave girls, and torture.[1]
The character was incorporated into the Star Wars merchandising campaign that corresponded with the theatrical release of Return of the Jedi. Besides the films, Jabba the Hutt is featured in Star Wars Legends literature. Jabba the Hutt's image has since played an influential role in popular culture, particularly in the United States. The name is used as a satirical literary device and a political caricature to underscore negative qualities such as morbid obesity and corruption.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Appearances
1.1 Star Wars films
1.2 Jabba the Hutt anthology film
1.3 Legends
2 Characterization
3 Concept and creation
3.1 Episode IV: A New Hope
3.2 Episode VI: Return of the Jedi
3.3 Production and design
3.4 Portrayal
4 Cultural impact
4.1 Mass media
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Appearances[edit]
Jabba the Hutt appears in three of the eight live-action Star Wars films (The Phantom Menace, A New Hope and Return of the Jedi) and The Clone Wars. He has a recurring role in Star Wars expanded universe literature and stars in the comic book anthology Jabba the Hutt: The Art of the Deal (1998), a collection of comics originally published in 1995 and 1996.
Star Wars films[edit]
Jabba is first seen in 1983 in Return of the Jedi, the third installment of the original Star Wars trilogy. Directed by Richard Marquand and written by Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas, the first act of Return of the Jedi features the attempts of Princess Leia Organa (Carrie Fisher), the Wookiee Chewbacca (Peter Mayhew), and Jedi Knight Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill) to rescue their friend, Han Solo (Harrison Ford), who had been imprisoned in carbonite in the previous film, The Empire Strikes Back.[6]
The captured Han is delivered to Jabba by the bounty hunter Boba Fett (Jeremy Bulloch) and placed on display in the crime lord's throne room. Lando Calrissian (Billy Dee Williams), droids C-3PO (Anthony Daniels) and R2-D2 (Kenny Baker), Leia, and Chewbacca infiltrate Jabba's palace to save Han. Leia is able to free Han from the carbonite, but she is caught and enslaved by the Hutt. Chained to Jabba, she is forced to wear her iconic metal bikini. Luke arrives to "bargain for Solo's life", but Jabba attempts to feed him to his Rancor. Luke kills the Rancor, and he, Han, and Chewbacca are condemned to be devoured by the Sarlacc. At the Great Pit of Carkoon, Luke escapes execution with the help of R2-D2, and defeats Jabba's guards. During the subsequent confusion, Leia strangles Jabba to death; whereafter Luke, Leia, Han, Lando, Chewbacca, C-3PO, and R2-D2 escape.[6]
The second film appearance of Jabba the Hutt is in the Special Edition of Star Wars which was released in 1997 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the original Star Wars. Here (as in the original), Han Solo disputes with the alien bounty hunter Greedo (Paul Blake and Maria De Aragon), whom he kills; and Jabba confirms Greedo's last words and demands that Han pay the value of the payload lost by him. Han promises to compensate Jabba as soon as he receives payment for delivering Obi-Wan Kenobi (Alec Guinness), Luke Skywalker, R2-D2, and C-3PO to Alderaan; Jabba agrees, but threatens to place a price on Solo’s head if he fails. This conversation was an unfinished scene of the original 1977 film, in which Jabba was played by Declan Mulholland in human form. In the 1997 Special Edition version of the film, a CGI rendering of Jabba replaces Mulholland, and his voice is redubbed in the fictional language of Huttese.[7]
Jabba the Hutt makes his third film appearance in the 1999 prequel, Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, set 36 years before Return of the Jedi. Jabba gives the order to begin a podrace at Mos Espa on Tatooine. With this done, Jabba falls asleep, and misses the race's conclusion.[8][9]
Jabba makes his most recent appearance in Star Wars: The Clone Wars, wherein his son Rotta is captured by Separatists; Anakin Skywalker and Ahsoka Tano return him to Jabba, in exchange for the safe passage of Republic ships through his territory. Jabba has also appeared in three episodes of the third season of the series: In the episode "Sphere of Influence", Jabba is faced by Chairman Papanoida, whose daughters were kidnapped by Greedo, and Jabba allows a sample of Greedo's blood to be taken to prove him the kidnapper. In the episode "Evil Plans", Jabba hires the bounty hunter Cad Bane to bring him plans for the Senate building. When Bane returns successful, Jabba and the Hutt Council send Bane to free Ziro the Hutt from prison. Jabba makes one short appearance in the episode "Hunt for Ziro" in which he is seen laughing at Ziro's death at the hand of Sy Snootles, and pays her for delivering Ziro's holo-diary. In the fifth season's episode "Eminence", Jabba and the Hutt Council are approached by Darth Maul, Savage Oppress, and Pre Vizsla; and when disappointed by these, Jabba sends bounty hunters Embo, Sugi, Latts Razzi, and Dengar to capture them. After a battle, the Shadow Collective confront Jabba at his palace on Tatooine, where Jabba agrees to an alliance.
Jabba the Hutt anthology film[edit]
In August 2017, a Jabba the Hutt anthology film was announced to be in development alongside an Obi-Wan Kenobi film.[10] Although no cast or crew have been announced, Guillermo del Toro has expressed interest in serving as the director.[11]
Legends[edit]
With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014.[12][13][14]
Jabba as he appears in Marvel Comic's adaptation of the first Star Wars film
The first appearances of Jabba the Hutt in Star Wars Legends literature were in Marvel Comics' adaptations of A New Hope. In Six Against the Galaxy (1977) by Roy Thomas, What Ever Happened to Jabba the Hut? (1979) and In Mortal Combat (1980), both by Archie Goodwin, Jabba the Hutt (originally spelled Hut) appeared as a tall humanoid with a walrus-like face, a topknot, and a bright uniform. The official "Jabba" was not yet established as he had yet to be seen.
While awaiting the sequel to Star Wars, Marvel kept the monthly comic going with their own stories, one of which includes Jabba tracking Han Solo and Chewbacca down to an old hideaway they use for smuggling. However, circumstances force Jabba to lift the bounty on Solo and Chewbacca, thus enabling them to return to Tatooine for an adventure with Luke Skywalker—who has returned to the planet in order to recruit more pilots for the Rebel Alliance. In the course of another adventure, Solo kills the space pirate Crimson Jack and busts up his operation, which Jabba bankrolled. Jabba thus renews the reward for Solo's head and Solo later kills a bounty hunter who tells him why he is hunted once more. He and Chewbacca return to the rebels. (Solo mentions an incident with a "bounty hunter we ran into on Ord Mantell" in the opening scenes of The Empire Strikes Back.)
The Marvel artists based this Jabba on a character later named Mosep Binneed, an alien visible only briefly in the Mos Eisley cantina scene of A New Hope.[15][16][17][18] The 1977 mass market paperback novelization of Lucas's Star Wars script describes Jabba as a "great mobile tub of muscle and suet topped by a shaggy scarred skull", but gives no further detail as to the character's physical appearance or species.[19]
Later Star Wars Legends novels and comics adopt a version of the character's image as seen in the film. They also elaborate on his background prior to the events of the Star Wars films. For example, Zorba the Hutt's Revenge (1992), a young adult novel by Paul and Hollace Davids, reveals that Jabba's father is a powerful crime lord named Zorba the Hutt and that Jabba was born 596 years before the events of A New Hope, making him around 600 years old at the time of his death in Return of the Jedi.[20] Ann C. Crispin's novel The Hutt Gambit (1997) explains how Jabba the Hutt and Han Solo become business associates and portrays the events that lead to a bounty being placed on Han's head.[21] Other Expanded Universe stories—especially the anthology of Dark Horse comics by Jim Woodring titled Jabba the Hutt: The Art of the Deal (1998)—likewise detail Jabba the Hutt's rise to the head of the Desilijic clan, his role in the criminal underworld of the Star Wars universe, and the establishment of his crime syndicate on Tatooine in the Star Wars galaxy's Outer Rim Territories.[22]
Tales From Jabba's Palace (1996), a collection of short stories edited by science fiction author Kevin J. Anderson, pieces together the lives of Jabba the Hutt's various minions in his palace and their relationship to him during the last days of his life. The stories reveal that few of the Hutt's servants are loyal to him and most are in fact plotting to have him assassinated. When Jabba the Hutt is killed in Return of the Jedi, his surviving former courtiers join forces with his rivals on Tatooine and his family on the Hutt homeworld Nal Hutta make claims to his palace, fortune, and criminal empire.[23] Timothy Zahn's novel Heir to the Empire (1991) reveals that a smuggler named Talon Karrde eventually replaces Jabba as the "big fish in the pond", and moves the headquarters of the Hutt's criminal empire off Tatooine.[24]
Characterization[edit]
Jabba the Hutt exemplifies lust, greed, and gluttony.[25] The character is known throughout the Star Wars universe as a "vile gangster"[26] who amuses himself by torturing and humiliating his subjects and enemies. He surrounds himself with scantily-clad slave girls of all species, chained to his dais. The Star Wars Databank—an official online database of Star Wars information—remarks that residents of his palace are not safe from his desire to dominate and torture:[27] in Return of the Jedi, the Twi'lek slave dancer Oola is fed to the rancor monster.[28]
Jabba the Hutt's physical appearance reinforces his personality as a criminal deviant: in Return of the Jedi, Han Solo entitles Jabba a "slimy piece of worm-ridden filth"; and film critic Roger Ebert describes him as "a cross between a toad and the Cheshire Cat";[3] and astrophysicist and science fiction writer Jeanne Cavelos gives Jabba the "award for most disgusting alien".[29] Science fiction authors Tom and Martha Veitch write that Jabba's body is a "miasmic mass", and that "The Hutt's lardaceous body seemed to periodically release a greasy discharge, sending fresh waves of rotten stench" into the air.[30] Jabba's appetite is insatiable, and some authors portray him threatening to eat his subordinates.[31][32]
Nonetheless, in one Expanded Universe story, Jabba prevents a Chevin named Ephant Mon from freezing to death on an ice planet; whereafter Ephant Mon becomes his servant.[33] In Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Jabba seems to have genuine affection for his son Rotta, and is worried by his kidnapping and angered by his supposed death.
Lucas has noted that there was a potential role for Jabba in future Star Wars films.[34]
Concept and creation[edit]
Episode IV: A New Hope[edit]
The original script to A New Hope describes Jabba as a "fat, slug-like creature with eyes on extended feelers and a huge ugly mouth",[18] but Lucas stated in an interview that the initial character he had in mind was much furrier and resembled a Wookiee. When filming the scene between Han Solo and Jabba in 1976, Lucas employed Northern Irish actor Declan Mulholland to stand-in for Jabba the Hutt, wearing a shaggy brown costume. Lucas planned to replace Mulholland in post-production with a stop-motion creature. The scene was meant to connect Star Wars to Return of the Jedi and explain why Han Solo was imprisoned at the end of The Empire Strikes Back.[35] Nevertheless, Lucas decided to leave the scene out of the final film on account of budget and time constraints and because he felt that it did not enhance the film's plot.[36] The scene remained in the novelization, comic book, and radio adaptations of the film.
Harrison Ford (left) and Declan Mulholland, Jabba the Hutt's original actor, in an uncompleted scene from A New Hope in 1976
Lucas revisited the scene in the 1997 Special Edition release of A New Hope, restoring the sequence and replacing Mulholland with a CGI version of Jabba the Hutt and the English dialogue with Huttese, a fictional language created by sound designer Ben Burtt. Joseph Letteri, the visual effects supervisor for the Special Edition, explained that the ultimate goal of the revised scene was to make it look as if Jabba the Hutt was actually on the set talking to and acting with Harrison Ford and that the crew had merely photographed it. Letteri stated that the new scene consisted of five shots that took over a year to complete.[37][38] The scene was polished further for the 2004 release on DVD, improving Jabba's appearance with advancements in CGI techniques, although neither release looks exactly like the original Jabba the Hutt puppet.[39]
At one point of the original scene, Ford walks behind Mulholland. This became a problem when adding the CGI Jabba, since he had a tail that happened to be in the way. Eventually, this problem was solved by having Han stepping on Jabba's tail, causing the Hutt to yelp in pain.
Lucas confesses that people were disappointingly upset about the CGI Jabba's appearance, complaining that the character "looked fake". Lucas dismisses this, stating that whether a character is ultimately portrayed as a puppet or as CGI, it will always be "fake" since the character is ultimately not real. He says he sees no difference between a puppet made of latex and one generated by a computer.[40]
By the 2004 DVD, Jabba's appearance was modified yet again to match his appearance in Episode I. When Han steps on Jabba's tail, Jabba reacts more strongly, winding up as if to punch him. Also, in order to make Jabba look more convincing, shadows of Han can be seen on his body.
Episode VI: Return of the Jedi[edit]
Concept artwork of Jabba the Hutt for Return of the Jedi designed by Industrial Light & Magic
Image of Bibendum. Figure used is at viewer's right
Lucas based the CGI on the character as he originally appeared in Return of the Jedi. In this film, Jabba the Hutt is an immense, sedentary, slug-like creature designed by Lucas's Industrial Light & Magic Creature Shop. Design consultant Ralph McQuarrie claimed, "In my sketches Jabba was huge, agile, sort of an apelike figure. But then the design went into another direction, and Jabba became more like a worm kind of creature."[41] According to the 1985 documentary From Star Wars to Jedi, Lucas rejected initial designs of the character. One made Jabba appear too human—almost like a Fu Manchu character—while a second made him look too snail-like. Lucas finally settled on a design that was a hybrid of the two, drawing for further inspiration on an O'Galop cartoon figure flanking an early depiction of Bibendum (also known as the "Michelin Man").[42] Return of the Jedi costume designer Nilo Rodis-Jamero commented,
My vision of Jabba was literally Orson Welles when he was older. I saw him as a very refined man. Most of the villains we like are very smart people. But Phil Tippett kept imagining him as some kind of slug, almost like in Alice in Wonderland. At one time he sculpted a creature that looked like a slug that's smoking. I kept thinking I must be really off, but eventually that's where it led up to."[43]
Production and design[edit]
Designed by visual effects artist Phil Tippett,[44] Jabba the Hutt was inspired by the anatomy of several animal species. His body structure and reproductive processes were based on annelid worms, hairless animals that have no skeleton and are hermaphroditic. Jabba's head was modeled after that of a snake, complete with bulbous, slit-pupilled eyes and a mouth that opens wide enough to swallow large prey. His skin was given moist, amphibian qualities. Jabba's design would come to represent almost all members of the Hutt species in subsequent Star Wars fiction.[45]
In Return of the Jedi, Jabba is portrayed by a one-ton puppet that took three months and half a million dollars to construct. While filming the movie, the puppet had its own makeup artist. The puppet required three puppeteers to operate, making it one of the largest ever used in a motion picture.[42] Stuart Freeborn designed the puppet, while John Coppinger sculpted its latex, clay, and foam pieces. Puppeteers included David Alan Barclay, Toby Philpott, and Mike Edmonds, who were members of Jim Henson's Muppet group. Barclay operated the right arm and mouth and read the character's English dialogue, while Philpott controlled the left arm, head, and tongue. Edmonds, the shortest of the three men (he also played the Ewok Logray in later scenes) was responsible for the movement of Jabba's tail. Tony Cox, who also played an Ewok, would assist as well. The eyes and facial expressions were operated by radio control.[18][40][42]
Design of the Jabba the Hutt puppet for Return of the Jedi
Lucas voiced displeasure in the puppet's appearance and immobility, complaining that the puppet had to be moved around the set to film different scenes. In the DVD commentary to the Special Edition of Return of the Jedi, Lucas notes that if the technology had been available in 1983, Jabba the Hutt would have been a CGI character similar to the one that appears in the Special Edition scene of A New Hope.[40]
Jabba the Hutt only speaks Huttese on film, but his lines are subtitled in English. His voice and Huttese-language dialogue were performed by voice actor Larry Ward, whose work is not listed in the end credits. A heavy, booming quality was given to Ward's voice by pitching it an octave lower than normal and processing it through a subharmonic generator.[46] A soundtrack of wet, slimy sound effects was recorded to accompany the movement of the puppet's limbs and mouth.[47]
Jabba the Hutt's musical theme throughout the film, composed by John Williams, is played on a tuba. One reviewer of Return of the Jedi's soundtrack comments, "Among the new thematic ideas [of the score is] Jabba the Hutt's cute tuba piece (playing along the politically incorrect lines of tubas representing fatness) ...."[48] The theme is very similar to one Williams wrote for a heavyset character in Fitzwilly (1967), though the theme does not appear on that film's soundtrack album. Williams later turned the theme into a symphonic piece performed by the Boston Pops Orchestra featuring a tuba solo by Chester Schmitz. The role of the piece in film and popular culture has become a focus of study by musicologists such as Gerald Sloan, who says Williams' piece "blends the monstrous and the lyrical."[49]
According to film historian Laurent Bouzereau, Jabba the Hutt's death in Return of the Jedi was suggested by script writer Lawrence Kasdan. Lucas decided Leia should strangle him with her slave chain. He was inspired by a scene from The Godfather (1972) where an obese character named Luca Brasi (Lenny Montana) is garroted by an assassin.[50]
Portrayal[edit]
Jabba the Hutt was played by Declan Mulholland in scenes cut from the 1977 release of Star Wars. In Mulholland's scenes as Jabba, Jabba is represented as a rotund human dressed in a shaggy fur coat. George Lucas has stated his intention was to use an alien creature for Jabba, but the special effects technology of the time was not up to the task of replacing Mulholland. In 1997, the "Special Edition" re-releases restored and altered the original scene to include a computer generated portrayal of Jabba. In Return of the Jedi, he was played by puppeteers Mike Edmonds, Toby Philpott, David Alan Barclay[51] and voiced by Larry Ward. Jabba is played by an uncredited voice-actor in post-1997 editions of Star Wars and in The Phantom Menace. In The Phantom Menace's end credits, Jabba is credited as playing himself. His puppeteers have appeared in the documentaries From Star Wars to Jedi: The Making of a Saga and Classic Creatures: Return of the Jedi. David Alan Barclay, who was one of the puppeteers for Jabba in the film, voiced Jabba in the Super NES video game adaptation of Return of the Jedi. In the radio drama adaption of the original trilogy, Jabba is played by Ed Asner. In the film Star Wars: The Clone Wars and the following television series, Jabba is portrayed by Kevin Michael Richardson. All other video game appearances of Jabba were played by Clint Bajakian. Jabba was supposed to appear in Star Wars: The Force Unleashed, but was left out due to time constraints. A cutscene was produced featuring a conversation between Jabba and Juno Eclipse (voiced by Nathalie Cox), which was scrapped from the game. He appears in the Ultimate Sith Edition.
Cultural impact[edit]
With the premiere of Return of the Jedi in 1983 and the accompanying merchandising campaign, Jabba the Hutt became an icon in American popular culture. The character was produced and marketed as a series of action figure play sets by Kenner/Hasbro from 1983 to 2004.[52] In the 1990s, Jabba the Hutt starred in his own comic book series collectively titled Jabba the Hutt: The Art of the Deal.[53]
Jabba's role in popular culture extends beyond the Star Wars universe and its fans. In Mel Brooks' Star Wars spoof film Spaceballs (1987), Jabba the Hutt is parodied as the character Pizza the Hutt, a cheesy blob shaped like a slice of pizza whose name is a double pun on Jabba the Hutt and the restaurant franchise Pizza Hut. Like Jabba, Pizza the Hutt is a loan shark and mobster. The character meets his demise at the end of Spaceballs when he becomes "locked in his car and [eats] himself to death."[54] The Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., included a display on Jabba the Hutt in the temporary exhibition Star Wars: The Magic of Myth, which closed in 1999. Jabba's display was called "The Hero's Return," referencing Luke Skywalker's journey toward becoming a Jedi.[55]
Mass media[edit]
Since the release of Return of the Jedi, the name Jabba the Hutt has become synonymous in American mass media with repulsive obesity. The name is utilized as a literary device—either as a simile or metaphor—to illustrate character flaws. For example, in Under the Duvet (2001), Marian Keyes references a problem with gluttony when she writes, "wheel out the birthday cake, I feel a Jabba the Hutt moment coming on."[56] Likewise, in the novel Steps and Exes: A Novel of Family (2000), Laura Kalpakian uses Jabba the Hutt to emphasize the weight of a character's father: "The girls used to call Janice's parents Jabba the Hutt and the Wookiee. But then Jabba (Janice's father) died, and it didn't seem right to speak of the dead on those terms."[57] In Dan Brown's first novel Digital Fortress, an NSA technician is affectionately nicknamed Jabba the Hutt.
In his book of humor and popular culture The Dharma of Star Wars (2005), writer Matthew Bortolin attempts to show similarities between Buddhist teachings and aspects of Star Wars fiction. Bartolin insists that if a person makes decisions that Jabba the Hutt would make, then that person is not practicing the proper spiritual concept of dharma. Bortolin's book reinforces the idea that Jabba's name is synonymous with negativity:
One way to see if we are practicing right livelihood is to compare our trade with that of Jabba the Hutt. Jabba has his fat, stubby fingers in many of the pots that led to the dark side. He dealt largely in illegal "spice" trade—an illicit drug in the Star Wars galaxy. He also transacts business in the slave trade. He has many slaves himself, and some he fed to the Rancor, a creature he kept caged and tormented in his dungeon. Jabba uses deception and violence to maintain his position.[58]
Outside literature, the character's name has become an insulting term of disparagement. To say that someone "looks like Jabba the Hutt" is commonly understood as a slur to impugn that person's weight and/or appearance.[4] The term is often employed by the media as an attack on prominent figures.
In another sense of the term, Jabba the Hutt has come to represent greed and anarchy, especially in the business world.[5] Jabba the Hutt ranked #4 on the Forbes Fictional 15 list of wealthiest fictional characters in 2008.
Jabba the Hutt has likewise become a popular means of caricature in American politics. William G. Ouchi uses the term to describe what he sees as the inefficient bureaucracy of the public school system: "With all of these unnecessary layers of organizational fat, school districts have come to resemble Jabba the Hutt—the pirate leader in Star Wars."[59]
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ TIME magazine review, May 23, 1983 [1]. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Ebert, Roger (May 25, 1983). "Return of the Jedi review". Chicago Sun-Times. Chicago, Illinois: Sun-Times Media Group. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b For example, see "Fat Wars: The Obesity Empire Strikes Back" at Center for Consumer Freedom.
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^ Jump up to: a b Return of the Jedi, dir. Richard Marquand (DVD, 20th Century Fox, 2005), disc 1.
Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, Special Edition, dir. George Lucas (DVD, 20th Century Fox, 2005), disc 1.
Jump up ^ "Mos Espa Grand Arena" at the Star Wars Databank.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Jabba the Hutt, Behind the Scenes, Star Wars Databank. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
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Jump up ^ Paul Davids and Hollace Davids, Zorba the Hutt's Revenge (New York: Bantam Spectra, 1992), ISBN 0-553-15889-9.
Jump up ^ A. C. Crispin, The Hutt Gambit (New York: Bantam Spectra, 1997), ISBN 0-553-57416-7.
Jump up ^ Jim Woodring, Jabba the Hutt: The Art of the Deal (Dark Horse Comics, 1998), ISBN 1-56971-310-3.
Jump up ^ Kevin J. Anderson, ed., Tales from Jabba's Palace (paperback; New York: Bantam Spectra, 1996), ISBN 0-553-56815-9.
Jump up ^ Timothy Zahn, Heir to the Empire (paperback; New York: Bantam Spectra, 1991), p. 27, ISBN 0-553-29612-4.
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Jump up ^ From the title crawl of Return of the Jedi; also a description from the Return of the Jedi novelization at Del Rey[permanent dead link]. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
Jump up ^ Jabba the Hutt, The Movies, Star Wars Databank. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
Jump up ^ Kathy Tyers, "A Time to Mourn, A Time to Dance: Oola's Tale", in Anderson, ed., Tales from Jabba's Palace, p. 80.
Jump up ^ Jeanne Cavelos, "Just Because It Goes 'Ho Ho Ho' Doesn't Mean It's Santa", The Science of Star Wars: An Astrophysicist's Independent Examination of Space Travel, Aliens, Planets, and Robots as Portrayed in the Star Wars Films and Books (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), p. 57, ISBN 0-312-20958-4.
Jump up ^ Tom Veitch and Martha Veitch, "A Hunter's Fate: Greedo's Tale", in Kevin J. Anderson, ed., Tales from the Mos Eisley Cantina (paperback; New York: Bantam Spectra, 1995), pp. 49–53, ISBN 0-553-56468-4.
Jump up ^ Ryder Windham, This Crumb for Hire, in A Decade of Dark Horse #2 (Dark Horse Comics, 1996).
Jump up ^ Esther M. Friesner, "That's Entertainment: The Tale of Salacious Crumb", in Anderson, ed., Tales from Jabba's Palace, pp. 60–79.
Jump up ^ Ephant Mon, Expanded Universe Star Wars Databank. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
Jump up ^ Return of the Jedi: The rewards of myth. AA Berger – Society, 1984 – Springer
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Jump up ^ Joseph Letteri interview, Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, Special Edition (VHS, 20th Century Fox, 1997).
Jump up ^ "A New Hope: Special Edition — What has changed?: Jabba the Hutt", January 15, 1997, at "A New Hope: Special Edition – What has changed?". Archived from the original on March 1, 2008. Retrieved October 3, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) . Retrieved July 3, 2006. "A New Hope: Special Edition – What has changed?". Archived from the original on February 29, 2008. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
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^ Jump up to: a b c George Lucas commentary, Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi, Special Edition, dir. Richard Marquand (DVD, 20th Century Fox, 2004).
Jump up ^ Ralph McQuarrie, quoted in Laurent Bouzereau, Star Wars: The Annotated Screenplays (New York: Del Rey, 1997), p. 239, ISBN 0-345-40981-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c From Star Wars to Jedi: The Making of a Saga, narrated by Mark Hamill (1985; VHS, CBS Fox Video, 1992).
Jump up ^ Nilo Rodis-Jamero, quoted in Bouzereau, Annotated Screenplays, p. 239.
Jump up ^ Biography of Phil Tippett at StarWars.com. Retrieved July 3, 2006. Archived July 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Hutt", in Stephen J. Sansweet, Star Wars Encyclopedia (NewYork: Del Rey, 1998), p. 134, ISBN 0-345-40227-8.
Jump up ^ Tomlinson Holman, Sound for Film and Television (Burlington, Mass.: Focal Press, 2002), p. 11, ISBN 0-240-80453-8.
Jump up ^ Ben Burtt commentary, Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi, Special Edition, dir. Richard Marquand (DVD, 20th Century Fox, 2004).
Jump up ^ Review of Return of the Jedi soundtrack by Filmtracks.com. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
Jump up ^ Gerald Sloan, "Yuba Meets Jabba: The Expanding Role of Tuba in Film Music", TUBA Journal, quoted in "Evening The Score: UA Professor Explores Tuba Music In Film", June 27, 2000, at University of Arkansas Daily Digest. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
Jump up ^ Bourezeau, Annoted Screenplays, p. 259.
Jump up ^ "Dave Barclay". davebarclay.com.
Jump up ^ A complete Jabba the Hutt play sets sold by Kenner in 1983 was valued at $70 in 2003 by collectors if in mint condition and with original packaging. See Geoffrey T Carlton, Star Wars Super Collector's Wish Book: Identification & Values (Paducah, Ky.: Collector Books, 2003), p. 13, ISBN 1-57432-334-2.
Jump up ^ Richard von Busack, "Jabba the Hutt slimes her way through a new graphic novel," review of Jabba the Hutt: The Art of the Deal at Metroactive Books.
Jump up ^ Spaceballs, Dr. Mel Brooks (MGM, 1987).
Jump up ^ "The Hero's Return", Star Wars: The Myth of Magic exhibition at National Air and Space Museum Archived March 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Keyes, Marian. Under the Duvet: Shoes, Reviews, Having the Blues, Builders, Babies, Families and Other Calamities (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), p. 199, ISBN 0-06-056208-0.
Jump up ^ Kalpakian, Laura. Steps and Exes: A Novel of Family (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), p. 58, ISBN 0-380-80659-2.
Jump up ^ Bortolin, Matthew. The Dharma of Star Wars (Somerville, Mass.: Wisdom Publications, 2005), p. 139. ISBN 0-86171-497-0
Jump up ^ Ouchi, William G. Making Schools Work: A Revolutionary Plan to Get Your Children the Education They Need (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003), p. 96. ISBN 0-7432-4630-6
Further reading[edit]
Star Wars portal
Fictional characters portal
Mangels, Andy. The Essential Guide to Characters. New York: Del Rey, 1995. ISBN 0-345-39535-2.
Reynolds, David West. Star Wars Episode I: The Visual Dictionary. New York: DK Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0-7894-4701-0.
Wallace, Daniel and Kay How. The New Essential Guide to Characters. New York: Del Rey, 2002. ISBN 0-345-44900-2.
Wallace, Daniel, and Kevin J. Anderson. The New Essential Chronology. New York: Del Rey, 2005. ISBN 0-345-49053-3.
Wixted, Martin. Star Wars Galaxy Guide 7: Mos Eisley. Honesdale, Penn.: West End Games, 1993. ISBN 0-87431-187-X.
External links[edit]
Jabba the Hutt in the StarWars.com Databank
Jabba Desilijic Tiure on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
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text:
2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group A
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group A was one of the nine UEFA groups for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The group consisted of six teams: Netherlands, France, Sweden, Bulgaria, Belarus, and Luxembourg.
The draw for the first round (group stage) was held as part of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw on 25 July 2015, starting 18:00 MSK (UTC+3), at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna, Saint Petersburg, Russia.[1][2]
The group winners, France, qualified directly for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The group runners-up, Sweden, advanced to the play-offs as one of the best 8 runners-up, where they defeated Italy and thus qualified too.[1]
Contents
1 Standings
2 Matches
3 Goalscorers
4 Discipline
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Standings[edit]
show2018 FIFA World Cup qualification tiebreakers
In league format, the ranking of teams in each group is based on the following criteria (regulations Articles 20.6 and 20.7):[3]
Points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss)
Overall goal difference
Overall goals scored
Points in matches between tied teams
Goal difference in matches between tied teams
Goals scored in matches between tied teams
Away goals scored in matches between tied teams (if the tie is only between two teams in home-and-away league format)
Fair play points
first yellow card: minus 1 point
indirect red card (second yellow card): minus 3 points
direct red card: minus 4 points
yellow card and direct red card: minus 5 points
Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
France 10 7 2 1 18 6 +12 23 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup — 2–1 4–0 4–1 0–0 2–1
2
Sweden 10 6 1 3 26 9 +17 19 Advance to second round 2–1 — 1–1 3–0 8–0 4–0
3
Netherlands 10 6 1 3 21 12 +9 19 0–1 2–0 — 3–1 5–0 4–1
4
Bulgaria 10 4 1 5 14 19 −5 13 0–1 3–2 2–0 — 4–3 1–0
5
Luxembourg 10 1 3 6 8 26 −18 6 1–3 0–1 1–3 1–1 — 1–0
6
Belarus 10 1 2 7 6 21 −15 5 0–0 0–4 1–3 2–1 1–1 —
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
Matches[edit]
The fixture list was confirmed by UEFA on 26 July 2015, the day following the draw.[1][4] Times are CET/CEST,[note 1] as listed by UEFA (local times are in parentheses).[5]
6 September 2016 (2016-09-06)20:45
(21:45 UTC+3)
Belarus
0–0
France
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Borisov Arena, Barysaw
Attendance: 12,920
Referee: Ovidiu Hațegan (Romania)
6 September 2016 (2016-09-06)20:45
(21:45 UTC+3)
Bulgaria
4–3
Luxembourg
Rangelov 16'
Marcelinho 65'
I. Popov 79'
Tonev 90+2'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Joachim 60', 62'
Bohnert 90+1'
Vasil Levski National Stadium, Sofia
Attendance: 4,202
Referee: Gediminas Mažeika (Lithuania)
6 September 2016 (2016-09-06)20:45
(20:45 UTC+2)
Sweden
1–1
Netherlands
Berg 43'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Sneijder 67'
Friends Arena, Solna
Attendance: 36,128
Referee: Daniele Orsato (Italy)
7 October 2016 (2016-10-07)20:45
(20:45 UTC+2)
France
4–1
Bulgaria
Gameiro 23', 59'
Payet 26'
Griezmann 38'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
M. Aleksandrov 6' (pen.)
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
Attendance: 65,475
Referee: Luca Banti (Italy)
7 October 2016 (2016-10-07)20:45
(20:45 UTC+2)
Luxembourg
0–1
Sweden
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Lustig 58'
Stade Josy Barthel, Luxembourg City
Attendance: 5,057
Referee: Ivan Bebek (Croatia)
7 October 2016 (2016-10-07)20:45
(20:45 UTC+2)
Netherlands
4–1
Belarus
Promes 15', 31'
Klaassen 56'
Janssen 64'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Rios 47'
De Kuip, Rotterdam
Attendance: 41,200
Referee: Craig Thomson (Scotland)
10 October 2016 (2016-10-10)20:45
(21:45 UTC+3)
Belarus
1–1
Luxembourg
Savitski 80'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Joachim 85'
Borisov Arena, Barysaw
Attendance: 9,011
Referee: Tobias Welz (Germany)
10 October 2016 (2016-10-10)20:45
(20:45 UTC+2)
Netherlands
0–1
France
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Pogba 30'
Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam
Attendance: 50,220
Referee: Damir Skomina (Slovenia)
10 October 2016 (2016-10-10)20:45
(20:45 UTC+2)
Sweden
3–0
Bulgaria
Toivonen 39'
Hiljemark 45'
Lindelöf 58'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Friends Arena, Solna
Attendance: 21,777
Referee: Michael Oliver (England)
11 November 2016 (2016-11-11)[note 2]20:45
(20:45 UTC+1)
France
2–1
Sweden
Pogba 58'
Payet 65'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Forsberg 55'
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
Attendance: 80,000
Referee: Milorad Mažić (Serbia)
13 November 2016 (2016-11-13)18:00
(19:00 UTC+2)
Bulgaria
1–0
Belarus
I. Popov 10'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Vasil Levski National Stadium, Sofia
Attendance: 1,994
Referee: Stephan Klossner (Switzerland)
13 November 2016 (2016-11-13)18:00
(18:00 UTC+1)
Luxembourg
1–3
Netherlands
Chanot 44' (pen.)
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Robben 36'
Depay 58', 84'
Stade Josy Barthel, Luxembourg City
Attendance: 8,000
Referee: Anthony Taylor (England)
25 March 2017 (2017-03-25)18:00
(18:00 UTC+1)
Sweden
4–0
Belarus
Forsberg 19' (pen.), 49'
Berg 57'
Kiese Thelin 78'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Friends Arena, Solna
Attendance: 31,243
Referee: Harald Lechner (Austria)
25 March 2017 (2017-03-25)20:45
(21:45 UTC+2)
Bulgaria
2–0
Netherlands
Delev 5', 20'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Vasil Levski National Stadium, Sofia
Attendance: 10,900
Referee: Willie Collum (Scotland)
25 March 2017 (2017-03-25)20:45
(20:45 UTC+1)
Luxembourg
1–3
France
Joachim 34' (pen.)
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Giroud 28', 77'
Griezmann 37' (pen.)
Stade Josy Barthel, Luxembourg City
Attendance: 8,000
Referee: Andris Treimanis (Latvia)
9 June 2017 (2017-06-09)20:45
(21:45 UTC+3)
Belarus
2–1
Bulgaria
Sivakow 33' (pen.)
Savitski 80'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Kostadinov 90+1'
Borisov Arena, Barysaw
Attendance: 6,150
Referee: Matej Jug (Slovenia)
9 June 2017 (2017-06-09)20:45
(20:45 UTC+2)
Netherlands
5–0
Luxembourg
Robben 21'
Sneijder 34'
Wijnaldum 62'
Promes 70'
Janssen 84' (pen.)
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
De Kuip, Rotterdam
Attendance: 41,300
Referee: Bartosz Frankowski (Poland)
9 June 2017 (2017-06-09)20:45
(20:45 UTC+2)
Sweden
2–1
France
Durmaz 43'
Toivonen 90+4'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Giroud 37'
Friends Arena, Solna
Attendance: 48,783
Referee: Martin Atkinson (England)
31 August 2017 (2017-08-31)20:45
(21:45 UTC+3)
Bulgaria
3–2
Sweden
Manolev 12'
Kostadinov 33'
Chochev 79'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Lustig 29'
Berg 44'
Vasil Levski National Stadium, Sofia
Attendance: 12,121
Referee: Paolo Tagliavento (Italy)
31 August 2017 (2017-08-31)20:45
(20:45 UTC+2)
France
4–0
Netherlands
Griezmann 14'
Lemar 73', 88'
Mbappé 90+1'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
Attendance: 79,551
Referee: Gianluca Rocchi (Italy)
31 August 2017 (2017-08-31)20:45
(20:45 UTC+2)
Luxembourg
1–0
Belarus
Da Mota 60'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Stade Josy Barthel, Luxembourg City
Attendance: 2,752
Referee: Clayton Pisani (Malta)
3 September 2017 (2017-09-03)18:00
(19:00 UTC+3)
Belarus
0–4
Sweden
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Forsberg 18'
Nyman 24'
Berg 37'
Granqvist 84' (pen.)
Borisov Arena, Barysaw
Attendance: 6,431
Referee: Tobias Stieler (Germany)
3 September 2017 (2017-09-03)18:00
(18:00 UTC+2)
Netherlands
3–1
Bulgaria
Pröpper 7', 80'
Robben 67'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Kostadinov 69'
Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam
Attendance: 47,079
Referee: Anastasios Sidiropoulos (Greece)
3 September 2017 (2017-09-03)20:45
(20:45 UTC+2)
France
0–0
Luxembourg
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Stade Municipal, Toulouse
Attendance: 31,177
Referee: Aleksandar Stavrev (Macedonia)
7 October 2017 (2017-10-07)18:00
(18:00 UTC+2)
Sweden
8–0
Luxembourg
Granqvist 10' (pen.), 67' (pen.)
Berg 18', 37', 54', 71'
Lustig 60'
Toivonen 76'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Friends Arena, Solna
Attendance: 50,022
Referee: Hüseyin Göçek (Turkey)
7 October 2017 (2017-10-07)20:45
(21:45 UTC+3)
Belarus
1–3
Netherlands
Valadzko 55'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Pröpper 25'
Robben 84' (pen.)
Depay 90+3'
Borisov Arena, Barysaw
Attendance: 6,850
Referee: Michael Oliver (England)
7 October 2017 (2017-10-07)20:45
(21:45 UTC+3)
Bulgaria
0–1
France
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Matuidi 3'
Vasil Levski National Stadium, Sofia
Attendance: 12,921
Referee: Antonio Mateu Lahoz (Spain)
10 October 2017 (2017-10-10)20:45
(20:45 UTC+2)
France
2–1
Belarus
Griezmann 27'
Giroud 33'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Saroka 44'
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
Attendance: 74,037
Referee: Halis Özkahya (Turkey)
10 October 2017 (2017-10-10)20:45
(20:45 UTC+2)
Luxembourg
1–1
Bulgaria
O. Thill 3'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Chochev 68'
Stade Josy Barthel, Luxembourg City
Attendance: 2,936
Referee: István Vad (Hungary)
10 October 2017 (2017-10-10)20:45
(20:45 UTC+2)
Netherlands
2–0
Sweden
Robben 16', 40'
Report (FIFA)
Report (UEFA)
Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam
Attendance: 41,244
Referee: Sergei Karasev (Russia)
Goalscorers[edit]
There were 93 goals scored in 30 matches, for an average of 3.1 goals per match.
8 goals
Marcus Berg
6 goals
Arjen Robben
4 goals
Olivier Giroud
Antoine Griezmann
Aurélien Joachim
Emil Forsberg
3 goals
Georgi Kostadinov
Memphis Depay
Quincy Promes
Davy Pröpper
Andreas Granqvist
Mikael Lustig
Ola Toivonen
2 goals
Pavel Savitski
Ivaylo Chochev
Spas Delev
Ivelin Popov
Kevin Gameiro
Thomas Lemar
Dimitri Payet
Paul Pogba
Vincent Janssen
Wesley Sneijder
1 goal
Alexei Rios
Anton Saroka
Mikhail Sivakow
Maksim Valadzko
Mihail Aleksandrov
Stanislav Manolev
Marcelinho
Dimitar Rangelov
Aleksandar Tonev
Blaise Matuidi
Kylian Mbappé
Florian Bohnert
Maxime Chanot
Daniel da Mota
Olivier Thill
Davy Klaassen
Georginio Wijnaldum
Jimmy Durmaz
Oscar Hiljemark
Isaac Kiese Thelin
Victor Lindelöf
Christoffer Nyman
Discipline[edit]
A player is automatically suspended for the next match for the following offences:[3]
Receiving a red card (red card suspensions may be extended for serious offences)
Receiving two yellow cards in two different matches (yellow card suspensions are carried forward to the play-offs, but not the finals or any other future international matches)
The following suspensions were served during the qualifying matches:
Player
Team
Offence(s)
Suspended for match(es)
Kevin Malget Luxembourg vs Sweden (7 October 2016) vs Belarus (10 October 2016)
Dirk Carlson Luxembourg vs Belarus (10 October 2016) vs Netherlands (13 November 2016)
Kevin Strootman Netherlands vs Sweden (6 September 2016)
vs France (10 October 2016) vs Luxembourg (13 November 2016)
Paul Pogba France vs Netherlands (10 October 2016)
vs Sweden (11 November 2016) vs Luxembourg (25 March 2017)
Alexander Hleb Belarus vs Bulgaria (13 November 2016) vs Sweden (25 March 2017)
Aleksandar Aleksandrov Bulgaria vs Sweden (10 October 2016)
vs Belarus (13 November 2016) vs Netherlands (25 March 2017)
Alyaksandr Martynovich Belarus vs Luxembourg (10 October 2016)
vs Sweden (25 March 2017) vs Bulgaria (9 June 2017)
Daniel da Mota Luxembourg vs Sweden (7 October 2016)
vs France (25 March 2017) vs Netherlands (9 June 2017)
Aurélien Joachim Luxembourg vs Belarus (10 October 2016)
vs France (25 March 2017) vs Netherlands (9 June 2017)
Chris Philipps Luxembourg vs Sweden (7 October 2016)
vs France (25 March 2017) vs Netherlands (9 June 2017)
Svetoslav Dyakov Bulgaria vs Belarus (13 November 2016)
vs Belarus (9 June 2017) vs Sweden (31 August 2017)
Kevin Malget Luxembourg vs Sweden (7 October 2016)
vs Netherlands (9 June 2017) vs Belarus (31 August 2017)
Christopher Martins Pereira Luxembourg vs Bulgaria (6 September 2016)
vs Netherlands (9 June 2017) vs Belarus (31 August 2017)
Bozhidar Chorbadzhiyski Bulgaria vs Belarus (9 June 2017)
vs Sweden (31 August 2017) vs Netherlands (3 September 2017)
Kevin Strootman Netherlands vs France (31 August 2017) vs Bulgaria (3 September 2017)
Ola Toivonen Sweden vs Luxembourg (7 October 2016)
vs Bulgaria (31 August 2017) vs Belarus (3 September 2017)
Egor Filipenko Belarus vs Bulgaria (9 June 2017)
vs Sweden (3 September 2017) vs Netherlands (7 October 2017)
Nikita Korzun Belarus vs Luxembourg (10 October 2016)
vs Sweden (3 September 2017) vs Netherlands (7 October 2017)
Ivaylo Chochev Bulgaria vs Sweden (31 August 2017)
vs Netherlands (3 September 2017) vs France (7 October 2017)
Ivelin Popov Bulgaria vs Luxembourg (6 September 2016)
vs Netherlands (3 September 2017) vs France (7 October 2017)
Christoffer Nyman Sweden vs Netherlands (6 September 2016)
vs Belarus (3 September 2017) vs Luxembourg (7 October 2017)
Paul Pogba France vs Sweden (9 June 2017)
vs Luxembourg (3 September 2017) vs Bulgaria (7 October 2017)
Laurent Jans Luxembourg vs Netherlands (9 June 2017)
vs France (3 September 2017) vs Sweden (7 October 2017)
Syarhey Balanovich Belarus vs Luxembourg (31 August 2017)
vs Netherlands (7 October 2017) vs France (10 October 2017)
Alexei Rios Belarus vs Netherlands (7 October 2016)
vs Netherlands (7 October 2017) vs France (10 October 2017)
Mikalay Signevich Belarus vs Luxembourg (10 October 2016)
vs Netherlands (7 October 2017) vs France (10 October 2017)
Georgi Kostadinov Bulgaria vs Sweden (31 August 2017)
vs France (7 October 2017) vs Luxembourg (10 October 2017)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ CET (UTC+1) for matches on 11 and 13 November 2016 and 25 March 2017, and CEST (UTC+2) for all other matches.
Jump up ^ The France v Sweden match was moved from the original scheduled date of 13 November 2016 as it fell on the anniversary of the 2015 Paris terrorist attacks.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "FIFA World Cup qualifying draw format". UEFA.com. 16 June 2015. Archived from the original on 26 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "European teams learn World Cup qualifying fate". UEFA.com. 25 July 2015. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Regulations – 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia" (PDF). FIFA.com.
Jump up ^ "World Cup European Qualifiers fixtures confirmed". UEFA.com. 26 July 2015. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fixture List – 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition" (PDF). UEFA.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2015.
External links[edit]
Official FIFA World Cup website
Qualifiers – Europe: Round 1, FIFA.com
FIFA World Cup, UEFA.com
Standings – Qualifying round: Group A, UEFA.com
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2018 FIFA World Cup qualification
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CAF
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CONCACAF
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Round Robin
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First Round
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