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State-owned enterprises of South Africa
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In South Africa the Department of Public Enterprises is the shareholder representative of the South African Government[1] with oversight responsibility for state-owned enterprises in key sectors. Some companies are not directly controlled by the Department of Public Enterprises, but by various other Departments.
State-owned enterprises play a significant role in the South African economy. In key sectors such as electricity, transport (air, rail, freight, and pipelines), and telecommunications, SOEs play a lead role, often defined by law, although limited competition is allowed in some sectors (i.e., telecommunications and air). The government’s interest in these sectors often competes with and discourages foreign investment.[2]
The Department of Public Enterprises minister has publicly stated that South Africa’s SOEs should advance economic transformation, industrialization and import substitution. DPE has oversight responsibility in full or in part for six of the approximately 700 SOEs that exist at the national, provincial, and local levels: Alexkor (diamonds), Denel (military equipment), Eskom (electricity generation), South African Express Airways, South African Forestry Company (SAFCOL) (forestry), and Transnet (transportation). These six SOEs employ approximately 105,000 people. The SOEs share of the investment was 21% while private enterprise contributed 63% (government spending made up the remainder of 16%). The IMF estimates that the debt of the SOEs would add 13.5% to the overall national debt.[2]
Contents
1 History
2 List
3 See also
4 References
History[edit]
Many state-owned firms were established during the apartheid era to counter the impact of international sanctions against the country.[3] The ANC government initially sold stakes in the companies, and lowered import tariffs. Those measures were reversed following opposition from COSATU and the South African Communist Party.[3] By 2007, an alliance of unions and leftist factions within the ANC had unseated President Thabo Mbeki, replacing him with Jacob Zuma.[3] The new ANC policy aimed at expanding the role of SOEs in the economy, following the example of China.[3]
Although in 2015 and 2016, senior government leaders discussed allowing private-sector investment into some of the more than 700 state-owned enterprises and recently released a report of a presidential review commission on SOE, which called for rationalization of SOEs, no concrete action has been taken on the topic yet.[2]
List[edit]
Airports Company of South Africa (ACSA) – Owner of major airports in South Africa
Alexkor – Mining sector (diamond mining)
Armscor (South Africa) – Defence sector (arms procurement agency for the South African Defence Force)
Broadband Infraco – Telecommunications sector (long distance and international internet connectivity)
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
Central Energy Fund – Energy development
Denel – Aerospace and Defence sector (armaments manufacturer)
Development Bank of Southern Africa
Eskom – Energy sector (national electricity utility)
National Parks Board – Nature conservation
PBMR – Energy sector (development of Pebble Bed Modular Reactor nuclear energy technology)
Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa PRASA – Transport sector (passenger railway services)
PetroSA – National oil and gas company
Post Office – Postal sector
Rand Water – Water utility (Most based in the northern region)
Sentech – Telecommunications infrastructure
South African Airways – Transport sector (international airline)
South African Broadcasting Corporation – Telecommunications sector
South African Bureau of Standards
SA Express – Transport sector (regional and feeder airline)
South African Forestry Company – Forestry sector (manages forestry on state owned land)
South African National Roads Agency – responsible for the maintenance and development of the national road network
Transnet – Transport and related infrastructure sector (railways, harbours, oil/fuel pipelines and terminals)
Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority – Water transport authority

The South African Government has a share in the following companies:
Telkom SA – Telecommunications sector (national telephone network (PSTN)) (39.8%)[4]
Vodacom – Telecommunications sector (cellular services) (13.9%)[4]
Sasol – Fuel sector (oil, petroleum, gas and coal) (27.3%)[5]
Various other smaller state-owned companies exist in South Africa.
See also[edit]
Minister of Public Enterprises
Department of Public Enterprises
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "State Owned Companies", Department of Public Enterprises, Republic of South Africa. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c "South Africa - State Owned Enterprises". US State Department's Office of Investment Affairs. Retrieved 21 February 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Commanding plights". The Economist. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Here is Government’s shareholding in South African telecoms companies", mybroadband.co.za, 23 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Major shareholders", sasol.co.za. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
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Niger
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text:
Jemima (Bible)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other people with the same name, see Jemima (disambiguation).
Job with his three daughters by William Blake
Jemima (also written Jemimah, Hebrew: יְמִימָה, Yemimah) was the oldest of the three beautiful daughters of Job, named in the Bible as given to him in the later part of his life, after God made Job prosperous again. Jemima's sisters are named as Keziah and Keren-Happuch. Job's sons, in contrast, are not named.
Jemima, along with her sisters, was described as the most beautiful women in the land. Also, unusually and in common with her sisters, Jemima was granted an inheritance by her father, with her brothers as might have been expected (Job 42:15). Apart from these brief references at the end of the Book of Job, Jemima is not mentioned elsewhere in the Bible.
Modern scholarship has cast doubt on the historical existence of the events described in the Book of Job.[1][2][3]
The name Jemima means "turtledove".[4]
In Job 42:14 (ESV):
And he called the name of the first daughter Jemimah, and the name of the second Keziah, and the name of the third Keren-happuch
Possible Arabian queen[edit]
The Christian theologian John Gill notes that Jemima may mean either "day" or "dove", the latter by association with the Arabic word يمامة yamāmah. Noting that there is a land in Arabia with the name al-Yamama, which had a queen called Zarqāʼ al-Yamāmah, he conjectures that the Biblical Jemima may be connected with the Yamamah of Arabic folklore.[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Carol A. Newsom (29 June 2009). The Book of Job: A Contest of Moral Imaginations. Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-19-973115-2.
Jump up ^ Tremper Longman III (4 February 2010). How to Read Exodus. InterVarsity Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8308-7865-9.
Jump up ^ Niels Peter Lemche (19 November 2015). Ancient Israel: A New History of Israel. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-567-66280-4.
Jump up ^ Chad Brand; Archie England; Charles W. Draper (1 October 2003). Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary. B&H Publishing Group. p. 1254. ISBN 978-1-4336-6978-1.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-09-13. Retrieved 2010-09-09.
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text:
Doing a Leeds
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Leeds United's historical League position; their fall from grace follows the 2000–01 Champions League semi-final.
"Doing a Leeds" is an English football phrase which has become synonymous with the potential dire consequences for domestic clubs of financial mismanagement, following the rapid decline in the 2000s of Leeds United F.C., a Premier League club that invested heavily to reach the semi-finals of the lucrative Champions League European competition, but in the process built up large debts. The club suffered a "financial meltdown" after failing to continue to qualify for the competition, and subsequently dropped down two levels of the football pyramid, into the third tier, Football League One, for the first time in their history.
Since the creation of the Premier League, a total of 21 of its former clubs have been relegated to the third tier (League One), of which five fell down further into the fourth tier (Football League Two). Because they had never experienced relegation to League One or its predecessors until it actually happened in 2007, Leeds was the object of careful observation by media and derision by rival fans.
Contents
[hide]
1 The fall of Leeds United
2 Similar cases
3 "Doing a Leeds"
4 See also
5 References
The fall of Leeds United[edit]
Further information: Leeds United F.C. § 2001–2007: Financial implosion and relegation
As champions of the final First Division season, Leeds United were one of the inaugural 22 clubs of the Premier League, the breakaway top division league competition formed in 1992. Leeds had sustained success in the league in late 1990s, and ultimately reached the semi-finals of the 2000–01 Champions League. Their level of spending to do so however had exceeded all other clubs, and the club's debt level rose annually from £9m to £21m, £39m, £82m and peaked at around £119m, much of the money having been spent on transfer fees and players' wages. After the club failed to qualify for the 2002–03 Champions League by only finishing fifth in the Premier League, it had to make drastic savings by selling players as it could no longer sustain the debt repayments, which relied on the ticket sales and television income from the European competition.[1]
At the end of the 2003–04 FA Premier League season, Leeds United were relegated to the Football League Championship. The financial effects continued, and with one game to go in the 2006–07 season, the club voluntarily entered administration, incurring a 10-point league penalty, resulting in relegation to League One, the first time the club had ever been in the third tier of English football.[2] Subsequent breaches of financial rules in the summer nearly resulted in the club being expelled from the Football League altogether (a fate which coincidentally had befallen the club's predecessors, Leeds City), but they were ultimately re-admitted with a 15-point penalty to apply to the 2007–08 season. Despite further appeals, the penalty stood and ultimately cost the club promotion that season.
At the end of the 2009–10 season, the club was promoted back to the Championship after a final day victory. They have been in the Championship ever since, coming closest to earning promotion back to the Premier League in the 2016–17 season, where the club under the management of Garry Monk narrowly missed out on a play-off spot, finishing 7th in the league and earning their highest points total in a Championship season throughout their most recent period of tenure in the division.
Similar cases[edit]
Leeds United's decline was not entirely without historical precedent, as Wolverhampton Wanderers had suffered a similarly high-profile decline in the 1980s, finishing 6th in the old First Division and winning the Football League Cup in 1980, before eventually dropping into the old Fourth Division by 1986 on the back of three consecutive relegations. Bristol City had become the first league team suffer three successive relegations when they went down to the Fourth Division in 1982, although their decline was less dramatic as that of Wolves, as they had spent just four seasons in the First Division and not been as successful or spent as much money on players.
However, the decline of Wolverhampton Wanderers was widely seen as the culmination of decades of financial mismanagement rather than an extreme amount of short-term spending as was the case with Leeds. Wolves had paid a national record fee of nearly £1.5million to sign striker Andy Gray from Aston Villa in 1979, while spending an even greater sum of money of rebuilding one side of the ground to create a large all-seater stand at around the same time.
Contemporaneous to Leeds, Luton Town, who were relegated from the Championship alongside them in 2007, suffered an even more severe decline and underwent three consecutive relegations, ending up in the Football Conference by 2009; they too had been hit by financial problems. Luton had been in the top tier of English Football as recently as the 1991-92 season. They did not reclaim their league status for five seasons.
Swansea City, who climbed from the Fourth Division to the First Division between 1978 and 1981, finished sixth in the 1981-82 season, having led the league several times that season. However, they were relegated a year later and went down again in 1984, suffering a third relegation in four seasons in 1986 after they had almost gone out of business.
Wimbledon, who matched Swansea's record of climbing three divisions in four seasons in 1986, survived in the top flight of English football for 14 years and won the FA Cup in 1988 before being relegated from the Premier League in 2000. They were relegated from Division One four years later, after which they were renamed Milton Keynes Dons following their relocation to Milton Keynes. The renamed club suffered relegation to the league's fourth tier in 2006; and would have gone down a year earlier had it not been for a 10-point deduction imposed on financially troubled Wrexham, whose financial situation would have seen them expelled from the Football League on 3 June 2006 but for the club's administrators reaching a deal with local car dealer Neville Dickens for him to take over the club but they were eventually relegated to the Conference in 2008 and are yet to return.
In 1998, Manchester City's relegation to Division Two made them the second former winners of a European trophy to be relegated to the third tier of their domestic league (after 1974 Cup Winners Cup winners Magdeburg in 1991, though that had happened because the league system of the former East Germany had contributed with less clubs in proportion to the unified system after 1990; the English system by contrast remained the same); they had been European Cup Winners' Cup winners in 1970. City had faced constant struggles in the league since heavy spending on players in the late 1970s and early 1980s had failed to translate into silverware; they were relegated from the First Division twice during the 1980s, returning after two seasons on both occasions. Similar heavy spending on players in the early 1990s again failed to deliver silverware, and City went down from the FA Premier League at the end of its fourth season in 1996 after narrowly avoiding relegation in the previous two seasons. A second relegation took them down to Division Two in 1998, but this was followed by two consecutive promotions.
In 2005, Nottingham Forest became the first former winners of the European Cup (which they had won in 1979 and 1980) to be relegated to the third tier of their domestic league. Having also won a league title and four League Cups between 1978 and 1990, they had been relegated at the end of the first Premier League season in 1993, promoted back at the first attempt, gone down again in 1997 and achieved an instant return to the Premier League in 1998, only to be relegated a year later. They have not returned to the Premier League since their 1999 relegation, although they did climb out of the third tier (League One) after three seasons.
In 2004, Carlisle United became the first former members of the English top flight to be relegated from the Football League; their solitary season in the top flight was in the Football League First Division in the 1974-75 season, and they in fact led the English league after winning their opening three games of that league campaign.
In 2006, the 1986 Football League Cup winners Oxford United became the first former winners of a major trophy to be relegated from the Football League. They returned to the league four years later. Other clubs who have fallen from the old First Division to the National League include the aforementioned Luton Town, Grimsby Town and Leyton Orient.
"Doing a Leeds"[edit]
The term "doing a Leeds" or to "do a Leeds" has since become synonymous with financial mismanagement of a football club with potential dire consequences. It can refer specifically to any club that fails to plan adequately for the financial impact of either failure to qualify for the Champions League, or of not adequately restructuring following relegation from the Premier League to avoid a further drop, or more generally, to the rapid demise in the relative standing of any club.[1][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
Managers and chairmen, although sometimes obliged to "chase the dream"[10][11] (the inevitable precursor of "doing a Leeds"), are often forced to deny they are "doing a Leeds" in the wake of a large investment that some analysts predict cannot be afforded by their club and may overstretch their budget.[12][13] Similarly, fans may fear their club will "do a Leeds" if its expensively acquired and maintained team is unable to qualify for the Champions League[14] or is relegated from the Premier League, thereby failing to "live the dream".[15]
Conversely, the avoidance of "doing a Leeds" has been invoked by managers to justify selling their best players in order to raise funds to stave off going into administration, which might lead to a relegation-inducing penalty.[16] Failure to invest at the expected "normal" rate in order to maintain a particular club's league position can even be labelled as "doing a Leeds".[17]
The phrase was notably used during the relegation of Newcastle United in 2009, one of the largest clubs to be relegated from the Premier League. Having bought the club, new owner Mike Ashley stated that his investment had in fact saved the club from "doing a Leeds".[18] In spite of this Newcastle suffered relegation at the end of the 2008-09 season, sparking fears both before and after that the club could "do a Leeds" and drop further, into League One, without restructuring.[19][20] However, the club avoided this and bounced back the following season with automatic first place promotion.
The 2010 announcement of Manchester United's need to refinance their large debt as a bond issue following their purchase by Malcolm Glazer led to questions in the media whether even Manchester United, as the most successful Premier League-era club, could be in danger of "doing a Leeds".[21]
Shelbourne were referred to as the "Irish version of Leeds United" after winning the League of Ireland Premier Division in 2006 but being automatically demoted into the League of Ireland First Division for financial reasons.
The term has been applied to Portsmouth, who amassed debts which eventually saw them become the first Premier League club to enter administration in February of the 2009-10 season, leading to relegation in the same season after the subsequent nine-point penalty. Portsmouth were relegated to League One after the 2011-12 season of the Football League Championship, due to a 10-point deduction for entering administration; a near-identical scenario to what occurred to Leeds five years previously. They were again relegated after a 10-point deduction due to failing to pay footballing creditors, this time to League Two, in the 2012-13 season.
Bolton Wanderers are another team guilty of "Doing a Leeds", after enjoying a successful stint in the Premier League under Sam Allardyce, which culminated in qualifying for both the 2006-2007 and 2007-08 UEFA Cup, reaching the last 16 in the latter, which included a draw and a victory against Atlético Madrid, and draws against Bayern Munich,and Sporting Lisbon. After Allardyce's departure, the club began a steady decline, with relegation battles being a regular feature. Owen Coyle led Bolton on a successful cup campaign of the 2010-2011 FA Cup, reaching the semi-final stage where Stoke City despatched The Trotters 5-0. This began a rapid decline that ultimately led to relegation on the last day of the 2011-12 season. The club mounted a late charge for the playoffs in 2012-13 season, falling just short after a final day 2-2 draw to Blackpool at home. Since then, the club announced debts of £172.9m in 2015[22] and were relegated to League One in 2016.[23]
A similar phrase, "Doing a Bradford" was coined by former Blackburn Rovers player Simon Garner in 2012, a scenario that he was worried could befall his former club following their relegation from the Premier League. Garner was referring to Leeds's neighbours Bradford City, who were a Premier League club in 2001, but had fallen three divisions to League Two in 2007 and were not promoted back to League One until the end of the 2012-2013 season; the only other former Premier League clubs to have fallen to League Two are Swindon Town (in 2006 and then 2011, and unlike Bradford they immediately gained promotion back to League One on both occasions), Portsmouth, Blackpool and Coventry City.[24]
Ralf Rangrick, sporting director of Red Bull Leipzig, compared in March 2017 the mismanagement of TSV 1860 Munich to that of Leeds United, drawing direct parallels between the ownership and resulting fan dissatisfaction at both clubs.[25] The two clubs in fact met in a Champions League fixture in 2000, before both experiencing relegation from their respective top flight leagues in the following seasons. Neither club has returned to the highest division in their country since.[26]
See also[edit]
History of Leeds United F.C.
List of Leeds United F.C. seasons
Premier League–Football League gulf
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Road to ruin". The Herald. Newsquest. 17 February 2007. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. The first thing which comes to mind about Leeds United today is...their freefall, the collapse into the state they are in now because of Ridsdale's ruinous decision-making. They have become the biggest victim of all the money which has washed around English football in the Premiership era. Every other board of directors in the land is frightened of "doing a Leeds".
Jump up ^ "Relegated Leeds in administration". BBC Sport. 4 May 2007. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Lovejoy, Joe (20 February 2005). "Everton 0 Manchester 2: Irresistible United march on". London: The Times. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. those erstwhile fans turning on him now should ponder the fact that his £28m transfer probably saved their club from “doing a Leeds”, as financial meltdown has come to be known
Jump up ^ Robson, Leo (25 March 2009). "Damned to football". London: The Times. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. This is the fate to which Peter Ridsdale, the chairman from 1997 until 2003, consigned the club with his profligacy and risk-taking; the phrase “doing a Leeds” is now a recognized one to describe a major club that fades away
Jump up ^ Wilson, Paul (23 March 2003). "Catchy Toon could be a classic". London: The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. ...'doing a Leeds' has entered the language of English football. There is now an understandable worry that any club trying to haul themselves up on the Champions League ladder will crash spectacularly to earth in a couple of seasons.
Jump up ^ "North East’s elite outfits fear a fate as ‘next Leeds’". The Journal. njcMedia. 24 March 2009. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. the "L" word sends them into a cold sweat. What they most fear is "doing a Leeds". Leeds United famously chased the dream and fell flat on their face, a monument to mismanagement lurking in League One as a warning
Jump up ^ "Birmingham City in danger of 'doing a Leeds'". Daily Mirror. 28 May 2008. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. David Gold fears relegated Birmingham could end up dropping another division to League One - like Leeds - unless the club's mutinous mood changes
Jump up ^ "City Diary". London: The Telegraph. 29 April 2004. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. He's trying to raise £450,000 by selling a quarter of the company and as his spokesman put it: "We're doing a Leeds." What, selling all the players and going down? "No, I mean a Wimbledon."
Jump up ^ Dickinson, Matt (16 January 2007). "Bates still focused on grand vision". London: The Times. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. But were Chelsea not hugely in debt and on the brink of “doing a Leeds” when Roman Abramovich made Bates an offer he could not refuse?
Jump up ^ "Pompey pay for chasing the dream", BBC Sport, 11 February 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2010
Jump up ^ "Manchester City making their voice heard as United pushed all the way in Carling Cup">, telegraph.co.uk, 28 January 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2010. "The cocky pretenders always seem to push it too far when they are chasing the dream, but they are not always left eating their words."
Jump up ^ "Sullivan: Bitter manager wouldn't have been good for Birmingham City". Birmingham Mail. Trinity Mirror. 24 November 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2010. As for a lack of funds, Sullivan said: "We've spent all the money we can afford as a club, without doing a Leeds United.
Jump up ^ Kinsella, Ben (12 January 2005). "Dean is no Messiah". London: The Sun. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. Worthington denied Norwich were mortgaging their future by signing England Under-21 star Ashton. The club plan to use part of their parachute payments if they are relegated to help fund the deal. Worthy added: “We are not doing a Leeds because the board would not put the club in that position.
Jump up ^ "Parry Vows To Keep Top Players". Daily Post. Trinity Mirror. 6 February 2003. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. RICK PARRY has promised Liverpool will not be forced into `doing a Leeds' by selling off their best players - even if they fail to qualify for next season's Champions League.
Jump up ^ "Crunched creditors call time on living the dream", guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "More Big Footie News". London: The Sun. 6 February 2004. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. Chelsea saved West Ham from doing a Leeds this season according to Hammers boss Alan Pardew...Pardew says the club could have gone into administration, or worse, if Chelsea owner Roman Abramovich had not bankrolled a £12.6m raid for Cole and Johnson.
Jump up ^ "No compensation for Robbie amid a rising tally of missed sitters". Irish Independent. 7 December 2008. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. Liverpool fans may think that if they had not lost Fernando Torres for much of the season they would now be 12 points clear. This would, however, increase the possibility of them "doing a Newcastle" something that cannot be countenanced while their American owners appear intent on "doing a Leeds".
Jump up ^ Stewart, Rob (15 September 2008). "Mike Ashley pledges to do 'what’s best for Newcastle’". London: The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. Ashley insisted that he had saved Newcastle from “doing a Leeds”. “Unless I had come into the club then it might not have survived,”
Jump up ^ "Geordies need another messiah to justify immaculate deception". Irish Independent. 2 August 2009. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. People warn that Newcastle United are in danger of "doing a Leeds" but it can be argued that when it comes to hubris, Newcastle United make Leeds look as modest as Dario Gradi's Crewe Alexandra
Jump up ^ "What the back pages say: The world ponders Alan Shearer's future as he cites a million reasons for Newcastle's relegation while Sbragia quits Sunderland". London: Daily Mail. 25 May 2009. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. Daily Star - Alan Shearer will tell Newcastle's money men to swing the axe and make massive changes to stop the relegated club doing a Leeds.
Jump up ^ "Are Manchester United doing a Leeds?". London: The Guardian. 12 January 2010. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. Scrutiny of the Premier League champions' financial results makes for eerily familiar reading. Will the weight of their debts drag them out of the Premier League in the next five seasons?
Jump up ^ "Bolton Wanderers: Debt figure up to £172.9m after losses". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
Jump up ^ "Derby County 4-1 Bolton Wanderers - BBC Sport". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Neil. "Former Blackburn striker Simon Garner raises fresh fears". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
Jump up ^ Nash, Mathew. "Ralf Rangnick compares 1860 Munich troubles to those at Leeds United". Here Is The City. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
Jump up ^ "BBC SPORT | LEEDS UNITED | 1860 Munich v Leeds clockwatch". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
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Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
Agency overview
Formed
March 10, 1979 (1979-03-10)
Agency executive
Martin Gruenberg, chairman
Key document
FIRA
Website
www.ffiec.gov
The Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) is a formal U.S. government interagency body composed of five banking regulators that is "empowered to prescribe uniform principles, standards, and report forms to promote uniformity in the supervision of financial institutions".[1] It also oversees real estate appraisal in the United States.[2] Its regulations are contained in title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 History
2.1 Housing and real estate
2.2 Cybersecurity
3 Members
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Composition[edit]
FFIEC includes five banking regulators—the Federal Reserve Board of Governors (FRB), the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA), the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB).
History[edit]
FFIEC was established March 10, 1979, pursuant to title X of the Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978 (FIRA).[1]
Housing and real estate[edit]
The FFIEC was given additional statutory responsibilities by section 340 of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1980 to facilitate public access to data that depository institutions must disclose under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975 (HMDA) and the aggregation of annual HMDA data, by census tract, for each metropolitan statistical area (MSA). In accordance with HMDA, the FFIEC established an advisory State Liaison Committee composed of five representatives of state supervisory agencies.[2] The HMDA requires "most lenders to identify the race, sex, and income of loan applicants and borrowers",[2] so the FFIEC is able to deduce things like "the number of mortgages issued to black and Hispanic borrowers rose sharply", as it did in 1993.[3] In 2006, the State Liaison Committee was added to the Council as a voting member.[4]
The Appraisal Subcommittee (ASC) was established within the FFIEC pursuant to title XI of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA). The ASC oversees The Appraisal Foundation, whose work is accomplished by three independent boards—the Appraiser Qualifications Board (AQB), the Appraisal Standards Board (ASB), and the Appraisal Practices Board (APB), who collectively regulate real estate appraisal in the United States.
Cybersecurity[edit]
Comptroller of the Currency and FFIEC Chair Thomas J. Curry stated on May 8, 2014, that "helping to make banks less vulnerable and more resilient to cyber-attacks" has been one of his top priorities.[5][6] In June 2014 FFIEC launched a new webpage on cybersecurity and announced that it was initiating a pilot for 500 member institutions that will focus on how these institutions manage cybersecurity and how prepared they are to mitigate cyber risks.[7]
On June 30, 2015 the FFIEC released the FFIEC Cybersecurity Assessment Tool [8] to enable regulated financial institutions to assess their cybersecurity readiness. This tool may be used as a self-assessment. Regulators may also review the completed assessment during their examination.[9]
Members[edit]
The FFIEC has six voting representatives of member agencies.[10] As of April 2018, FFIEC members include:[11]
Chair, Martin J. Gruenberg, Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Vice Chair, Mick Mulvaney, Acting Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
J. Mark McWatters, Chairman of the National Credit Union Administration
Joseph M. Otting, Director of the Comptroller of the Currency
Randal K. Quarles, Vice Chairman for Supervision of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
Greg Gonzalez, Commissioner of Banks, Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions (as chair of the State Liaison Committee)
See also[edit]
Economic Growth and Regulatory Paperwork Reduction Act
Systemically important financial institution (SIFI)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "About the FFIEC". FFIEC. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "History of the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act". Retrieved 7 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Bradsher, Keith (29 July 1994). "Minorities Get More Mortgages".
Jump up ^ "Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council". Federal Register. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Curry, Thomas J. (8 May 2014). "Remarks by Thomas J. Curry, Comptroller of the Currency, Before RMA's Governance, Compliance, and Operational Risk Conference, Cambridge, Massachusetts" (PDF). Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. p. 7.
Jump up ^ Hoar, Sean B. (1 July 2014). "Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Launches Cybersecurity Webpage and Begins Cybersecurity Assessments". Privacy & Security Law Blog. Davis Wright Tremaine LLP.
Jump up ^ "FFIEC Launches Cybersecurity Web Page, Promotes Awareness of Cybersecurity Activities". FFIEC Press Release. 24 June 2014.
Jump up ^ FFIEC. Cybersecurity Assessment Tool. Retrieved from https://www.ffiec.gov/cyberassessmenttool.htm
Jump up ^ NCUA. FFIEC Releases Cybersecurity Assessment Tool. Press release. [Online] Available: https://www.ncua.gov/newsroom/Pages/NW20150630FFIEC.aspx
Jump up ^ Werthan, Jeffrey M. (11 May 2014). "Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) Member Agencies and State of New York to Focus Attention on Cybersecurity". National Law Review.
Jump up ^ "Members of the FFIEC". FFIEC. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
12 U.S.C. ch. 34 (Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council)
12 U.S.C. ch. 34A (Appraisal Subcommittee)
Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council in the Federal Register
[hide]
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WorldCat Identities
LCCN: n81116472
VIAF: 265888088
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Financial_Institutions_Examination_Council&oldid=842480769"
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values: Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services

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values: Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council – Italian

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