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2014 FIFA World Cup Final
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2014 FIFA World Cup Final
Germany's Mario Götze scores the match-winning goal in the 113th minute
Event
2014 FIFA World Cup
Germany
Argentina
1
0
After extra time
Date
13 July 2014 (2014-07-13)
Venue
Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro
Man of the Match
Mario Götze (Germany)
Referee
Nicola Rizzoli (Italy)
Attendance
74,738
Weather
Partly cloudy
23 °C (73 °F)
65% humidity[1]
← 2010
2018 →
The 2014 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 13 July 2014 at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to determine the 2014 FIFA World Cup champion.[2][3] Germany defeated Argentina 1–0 in extra time, with the only goal being scored by Mario Götze, who collected André Schürrle's cross from the left on his chest before volleying a high left-footed shot into the net. The match was the third final between the two countries, a World Cup record, after their 1986 and 1990 matches, and billed as the world's best player (Lionel Messi) versus the world's best team (Germany).[4][5]
Before the match, Germany had reached the World Cup final seven times (six times as West Germany from 1954 to 1990), winning three (1954, 1974, 1990) and being runners-up four times (1966, 1982, 1986, 2002); Argentina had reached four finals, winning twice (1978, 1986) and placing second twice (1930, 1990).
The result marked Germany's fourth World Cup title and their first World championship as a unified nation. The victory meant that three consecutive World Cups have been won by teams from the same continent, following Italy and Spain in 2006 and 2010 respectively, the first time this has happened in World Cup history. It was also the first time that three consecutive World Cup finals were still tied after 90 minutes. The final marked the first time a World Cup hosted in the Americas was not won by a team from the continent.
In the winning German team, Miroslav Klose, who had become the top scorer in World Cup history in the semi-final victory over Brazil, became one of the very few players ever to have won gold, silver and bronze medals in the World Cup (bronze in 2006 and 2010, silver in 2002 and gold in 2014), joining a club with earlier German players like Franz Beckenbauer,[6] Sepp Maier[7][8] and Wolfgang Overath[9] (1966–1974), as well as Italian Franco Baresi (1982-1994).
According to FIFA, 1.013 billion individuals globally watched the final match of this tournament, making it the most watched sporting event in history.[10]
Contents
1 Background
1.1 Returning players
2 Road to the final
3 Match ball
4 Match officials
5 Match
5.1 Summary
5.2 Details
5.3 Statistics
6 Reaction in Brazil
7 Notable spectators
8 Ceremonies
9 Viewer figures
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Background[edit]
The two teams had met in 20 previous matches, with nine wins for Argentina, six wins for Germany and five draws. In these games, both teams had scored a total of 28 goals. Six of these matches were at a World Cup, two of them in the final. The 2014 final was the seventh World Cup match between them, equalling a tournament record for meetings between two teams (along with Brazil vs Sweden, and Germany vs Yugoslavia). The last three meetings were in three consecutive World Cups, having met in quarter-finals of 2006 and 2010 campaigns.
Previous World Cup matches between the teams
1958 FIFA World Cup Group 1, West Germany defeated Argentina 3–1.[11]
1966 FIFA World Cup Group 2, West Germany and Argentina drew 0–0.[12]
1986 FIFA World Cup Final, Argentina defeated West Germany 3–2 to win their second and most recent title.[13]
1990 FIFA World Cup Final, West Germany defeated Argentina 1–0 to win their third title. It was Germany's last title as West Germany and the last before the 2014 Final.[14]
2006 FIFA World Cup quarter-finals, Germany defeated Argentina 4–2 on penalties (1–1 draw after extra time).[15]
2010 FIFA World Cup quarter-finals, Germany defeated Argentina 4–0.[16]
In the 1966 FIFA World Cup, Argentina and West Germany played a 0–0 draw in the group stage. FIFA cautioned Argentina for its violent style against the Germans which saw Argentine Rafael Albrecht get sent off and suspended for the next match.[17][18]
The 1990 FIFA World Cup Final saw two Argentine players get sent off and West Germany won 1–0 due to a controversial penalty kick late in the match.
The 2006 quarter-final game, where Germany won 4–2 in the shootout after the game ended 1–1, was marred by a post-match brawl caused by the Argentines, which resulted in suspensions for two Argentine players and one German player.[19][20][21][22]
The most recent meeting between the two teams was a friendly match played on 15 August 2012 at Commerzbank-Arena, Frankfurt am Main, won by Argentina 3–1.[23] Before the tournament, a friendly was scheduled for 3 September 2014, being the first match for both teams after the World Cup. Argentina won this meeting 4–2.[24]
Returning players[edit]
Among the players in the 2014 World Cup squads, the following played in the 2006 and 2010 meetings:
Previous appearance of players from the teams
2006
Germany: Miroslav Klose, Philipp Lahm, Per Mertesacker, Lukas Podolski, and Bastian Schweinsteiger;
Argentina: Javier Mascherano, Maxi Rodríguez, Lionel Messi and Rodrigo Palacio
2010
Germany: Jérôme Boateng, Sami Khedira, Miroslav Klose, Toni Kroos (substitute), Philipp Lahm, Per Mertesacker, Thomas Müller, Manuel Neuer, Mesut Özil, Lukas Podolski, and Bastian Schweinsteiger;
Argentina: Sergio Agüero (substitute), Martín Demichelis, Ángel Di María, Gonzalo Higuaín, Javier Mascherano, Lionel Messi, Maxi Rodríguez, and Sergio Romero (Mariano Andújar was an unused substitute)
Klose scored one goal in the 2006 meeting and two goals in the 2010 meeting, while Müller scored one goal in the 2010 meeting.[25] Germany manager Joachim Löw was the assistant manager in 2006 and the manager in 2010.
Road to the final[edit]
Germany
Round
Argentina
Opponent Result Group stage Opponent Result
Portugal 4–0 Match 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2–1
Ghana 2–2 Match 2 Iran 1–0
United States 1–0 Match 3 Nigeria 3–2
Group G winner
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Germany 3 2 1 0 7 2 +5 7
United States 3 1 1 1 4 4 0 4
Portugal 3 1 1 1 4 7 −3 4
Ghana 3 0 1 2 4 6 −2 1
Final standings Group F winner
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Argentina 3 3 0 0 6 3 +3 9
Nigeria 3 1 1 1 3 3 0 4
Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 1 0 2 4 4 0 3
Iran 3 0 1 2 1 4 −3 1
Opponent Result Knockout stage Opponent Result
Algeria 2–1 (aet) Round of 16 Switzerland 1–0 (aet)
France 1–0 Quarter-finals Belgium 1–0
Brazil 7–1 Semi-finals Netherlands 0–0 (aet) (4–2 pen.)
Match ball[edit]
See also: Adidas Brazuca
The match ball for the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final, announced on 29 May 2014, featured a variation of the Adidas Brazuca named the Adidas Brazuca Final Rio.[26] Whilst the technical aspects of the ball were the same, the design was different from the Brazuca balls used in the group stages and other playoffs, with a green, gold and black coloring.[26] It was the third special ball for FIFA World Cup final matches, after the +Teamgeist Berlin (2006) and the Jo'bulani (2010).
Match officials[edit]
Nicola Rizzoli, from Italy, was named as the referee of the final, together with fellow Italians Renato Faverani and Andrea Stefani as the assistant referees, and Carlos Vera and Christian Lescano from Ecuador as the fourth and fifth officials.[27] Earlier in the 2014 World Cup, Rizzoli took charge of the Spain–Netherlands and Nigeria–Argentina matches in the group stage, and the Argentina–Belgium quarter-final. He had previously taken charge of the 2010 UEFA Europa League Final and the 2013 UEFA Champions League Final. He was also one of the referees at the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup, UEFA Euro 2012 and the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He became the third Italian referee to take charge of a World Cup final, after Sergio Gonella in 1978 and Pierluigi Collina in 2002.[27]
Match[edit]
Summary[edit]
Both teams named unchanged starting line-ups from their semi-finals, but German midfielder Sami Khedira withdrew during the warm-up with a calf injury. He was replaced by Christoph Kramer, who had made two brief substitute appearances during the tournament. Kramer himself suffered a head injury after a collision with Ezequiel Garay inside the penalty area, but was initially cleared to continue playing. Fourteen minutes later in the 31st minute however, he collapsed to the ground, apparently suffering from concussion and was replaced by André Schürrle.[28]
Argentina's Lionel Messi (front) battles Germany's Mats Hummels for the ball.
Argentina's Gonzalo Higuaín challenging Germany's Mats Hummels and Manuel Neuer.
Argentina's Gonzalo Higuaín missed a good opportunity in the first half, dragging his shot wide after being put through on goal by a misjudged header from Toni Kroos. He had a goal disallowed later in the first half, when he was ruled offside after tapping in a cross by Ezequiel Lavezzi from the right wing. Lionel Messi missed a chance early in the second half, firing wide of the German goal from inside the penalty area after receiving a through pass. In extra time, Rodrigo Palacio's lob over Manuel Neuer went just wide after the forward received a cross, missed by Mats Hummels, in the German penalty area. Germany had the closest chance when Benedikt Höwedes' header hit the post after a corner.[29][30]
Mario Götze of Germany scored during extra time, in the 113th minute, when he collected Schürrle’s cross from the left on his chest before volleying left-footed into the net.[31] He became the first substitute to score a World Cup-winning goal,[32] as well as the youngest player to score in a World Cup Final since German Wolfgang Weber in 1966 (same age, 22).[33] Prior to Götze's goal, Germany came close to scoring on a number of occasions, including a header by Benedikt Höwedes that struck the Argentine goalpost just before halftime. Schürrle later struck a close-range shot straight at Argentine goalkeeper Sergio Romero early in the first half of extra time, after a pass from Götze. Thomas Müller had a chance to double Germany's lead after dribbling past two defenders, but his shot across the net was too wide.
Late in extra time, Messi had a free kick within goal-scoring distance, which would have equalised, but he hit it over the crossbar.[34]
Details[edit]
13 July 201416:00 UTC−3
Germany
1–0 (a.e.t.)
Argentina
Götze 113'
Report
Estádio do Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro
Attendance: 74,738
Referee: Nicola Rizzoli (Italy)
Germany
Argentina
GK 1 Manuel Neuer
RB 16 Philipp Lahm (c)
CB 20 Jérôme Boateng
CB 5 Mats Hummels
LB 4 Benedikt Höwedes 34'
CM 23 Christoph Kramer 31'
CM 7 Bastian Schweinsteiger 29'
RW 13 Thomas Müller
AM 18 Toni Kroos
LW 8 Mesut Özil 120'
CF 11 Miroslav Klose 88'
Substitutions:
FW 9 André Schürrle 31'
MF 19 Mario Götze 88'
DF 17 Per Mertesacker 120'
Manager:
Joachim Löw
GK 1 Sergio Romero
RB 4 Pablo Zabaleta
CB 15 Martín Demichelis
CB 2 Ezequiel Garay
LB 16 Marcos Rojo
CM 14 Javier Mascherano 64'
CM 6 Lucas Biglia
RW 8 Enzo Pérez 86'
LW 22 Ezequiel Lavezzi 46'
SS 10 Lionel Messi (c)
CF 9 Gonzalo Higuaín 78'
Substitutions:
FW 20 Sergio Agüero 65' 46'
FW 18 Rodrigo Palacio 78'
MF 5 Fernando Gago 86'
Manager:
Alejandro Sabella
Man of the Match:
Mario Götze (Germany)
Assistant referees:
Renato Faverani (Italy)
Andrea Stefani (Italy)
Fourth official:
Carlos Vera (Ecuador)
Fifth official:
Christian Lescano (Ecuador)
Match rules:
90 minutes.
30 minutes of extra-time if necessary.
Penalty shoot-out if still tied.
Twelve named eligible substitutes.
Maximum of three substitutions.
Statistics[edit]
Overall[35]
Germany
Argentina
Goals scored
1 0
Total shots
10 10
Shots on target
7 2
Ball possession
60% 40%
Corner kicks
5 3
Fouls committed
20 16
Offsides
3 2
Saves
2 6
Yellow cards
2 2
Red cards
0 0
Reaction in Brazil[edit]
See also: Argentina–Brazil football rivalry
Due to the Argentina–Brazil football rivalry, the Brazilians in the crowd supported Germany, despite their resounding 7–1 victory over Brazil in the semi-finals, as the Germans had shown respect to the defeated hosts, while Argentine fans had celebrated Brazil's elimination. Most Brazilians were reportedly relieved that their rivals did not win the World Cup in Brazil's iconic home stadium.[36][37][38]
Notable spectators[edit]
Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel (left) attended the final. However, President of Argentina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (right) was absent due to illness.
Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff invited the BRICS leaders to the final ahead of the 6th BRICS summit. Among those who showed up were Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia, the next World Cup hosts,[39] and Jacob Zuma, the President of South Africa, the previous hosts.[40] The Chinese President, Xi Jinping, and the Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, did not attend the event. Other world leaders Viktor Orbán (Hungary), Ali Bongo Ondimba (Gabon) and Gaston Browne (Antigua and Barbuda) also attended the event, which led The Guardian to label the guest list "bizarre and random",[41] as those countries were failed to qualify for this World Cup.
German President Joachim Gauck and Chancellor Angela Merkel were present for the final. Merkel already watched the Germany vs. Portugal match in Salvador, when the German team won 4–0.[42] The President of Argentina, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, did not attend because of both her grandson's birthday and a case of pharyngo-laryngitis.[43]
Russian comedian Vitaly Zdorovetskiy ran onto the pitch during the match with "Natural Born Prankster" written across his torso and attempted to kiss Benedikt Höwedes of Germany.[44] Brazilian authorities arrested him, and he was released hours after the match.
Several celebrities also attended the final, including Rihanna, Mick Jagger, David Beckham, Ashton Kutcher, Daniel Craig, Tom Brady, and LeBron James. Former World Cup winners like Fabio Cannavaro, Lothar Matthäus, Daniel Passarella – who all had won the World Cup as captain – and Pelé were present as well.[45][46][47][48]
Ceremonies[edit]
Germany captain Philipp Lahm lifts the World Cup trophy.
The closing ceremony took place about an hour and forty minutes before the final.[49] A performance of two acts, the ceremony lasted about 20 minutes. The first act featured 22 samba dancers and a host of other performers, with 32 of the dancers wearing dresses decorated in the colours of the 32 participating teams. The second act featured musical performances headlined by Colombian singer Shakira, and included singers Carlinhos Brown, Wyclef Jean, Alexandre Pires, Ivete Sangalo and guitarist Carlos Santana.[45][50][51]
Brazilian supermodel Gisele Bündchen and Carles Puyol, a member of Spain's winning team in 2010, unveiled the FIFA World Cup Trophy.[52]
President Rousseff of Brazil delivered the trophy to German captain Philip Lahm during the awards ceremony on the stands.[53][54] Alongside her during the trophy handover was FIFA president Sepp Blatter.[55] As Lahm raised the trophy, the outro of the tournament's official song "We Are One (Ole Ola)" was played.[56]
Viewer figures[edit]
According to FIFA, 1.013 billion individuals globally watched the final match of this tournament.[10]
See also[edit]
Association football portal
Football in Argentina portal
Football in Germany portal
Brazil portal
2010s portal
FIFA World Cup 2014
1986 FIFA World Cup Final
1990 FIFA World Cup Final
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "The World Cup Final: The Best Team vs. the Best Player". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 15 July 2014
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Jump up ^ "Sepp Maier". Planet World Cup. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "1966 FIFA World Cup England: England – Germany FR match report". FIFA. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Wolfgang Overath". Planet World Cup. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "2014 FIFA World Cup™ reached 3.2 billion viewers, one billion watched final". FIFA.com – Media Release. FIFA. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "1958 FIFA World Cup Match Report: Argentina – Germany FR". FIFA.com.
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Jump up ^ "1986 FIFA World Cup Match Report: Argentina – Germany FR". FIFA.com.
Jump up ^ "1990 FIFA World Cup Match Report: Germany FR – Argentina". FIFA.com.
Jump up ^ "2006 FIFA World Cup Match Report: Germany – Argentina". FIFA.com.
Jump up ^ "2010 FIFA World Cup Match Report: Argentina – Germany". FIFA.com.
Jump up ^ "History of the World Cup". fifaworldcup.webspace.virginmedia.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Alsos, Jan. "1966 – Story of England '66". Planet World Cup. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Walker, Michael (30 June 2006). "World Cup 2006: Mass brawl marrs quarter-final". the Guardian. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Players brawl after penalty heartbreak for Argentina". Mail Online. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Schedule". Deutscher Fussball-Bund. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Miroslav Klose breaks Ronaldo's record to become the top scorer in World Cup history". Daily Mail. 8 July 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "adidas Brazuca Final Rio unveiled". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nicola Rizzoli to referee Final". FIFA.com. 11 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Germany's Christoph Kramer asked referee: 'Is this the final?'". The Guardian. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Germany 1 Argentina 0". BBC Sport. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "World Cup final 2014, Germany vs Argentina: as it happened". Daily Telegraph. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Germany beat Argentina to win World Cup final with late Mario Götze goal". The Guardian. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Presenter: Gary Lineker (13 July 2014). "Match of the Day Live". 2014 FIFA World Cup: World Cup Final. Event occurs at 4:07:29. BBC One. Do you know, that's the first substitute to score a winning goal in a World Cup final?
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Jump up ^ "Messi's World Cup ends on a bitter note". CBS. Associated Press. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Brazilians Go Back to Real Life". The New York Times. 13 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Vladimir Putin to attend World Cup final in Brazil". The Voice of Russia. 20 September 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Zuma to watch World Cup final". The Citizen. South African Press Association. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "World Cup final guest list has bizarre and random look". The Guardian. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Camargo, Marcelo (25 January 2014). "Germany chancellor and president to watch final at Maracanã". Agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
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Jump up ^ "World Cup 2014: Moment streaker invades pitch and attempts to KISS German star". Daily Mirror. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Cup closing ceremony 2014 sees Shakira, Rihanna, David Beckham, Pele, Tom Brady, Vladimir Putin and more in the crowd as celebrities spotted at Maracana in Rio de Janeiro for final". Daily Mail. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
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Jump up ^ 2014 World Cup Final Germany Lifts the Trophy v Argentina July 13, 2014 Live on YouTube
External links[edit]
Media related to 2014 FIFA World Cup Match 64, Germany v Argentina at Wikimedia Commons
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Elephant and Castle
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"E&C" redirects here. For the professional wrestling stable, see Edge and Christian.
For the North American restaurant chain, see Elephant and Castle Pub and Restaurant.
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Elephant and Castle

Statue at the Elephant & Castle tube station
Elephant and Castle
Elephant and Castle shown within Greater London
OS grid reference
TQ319789
London borough
Southwark
Ceremonial county
Greater London
Region
London
Country
England
Sovereign state
United Kingdom
Post town
LONDON
Postcode district
SE1, SE11, SE17
Dialling code
020
Police
Metropolitan
Fire
London
Ambulance
London
EU Parliament
London
London Assembly
Lambeth and Southwark
List of places
UK
England
London
51°29′42″N 0°06′04″W / 51.495°N 0.101°W / 51.495; -0.101Coordinates: 51°29′42″N 0°06′04″W / 51.495°N 0.101°W / 51.495; -0.101
The Elephant and Castle is an area around a major road junction in South London, England, in the London Borough of Southwark. Although the name also informally refers to the areas of Walworth and Newington, the proximity of the London Underground station of the same name has led to the area being more commonly known as "Elephant and Castle". The name is derived from a local coaching inn.
"The Elephant", as locally abbreviated, consists of major traffic junctions connected by a short road called Elephant and Castle, part of the A3. Between these junctions, on the eastern side, is the Elephant and Castle Shopping Centre, with the Hannibal House office block above. To the north of this, bounded by Newington Causeway and New Kent Road is the Metro Central Heights. The Strata residential block lies just south of the shopping centre on Walworth Road.
Traffic runs to and from the south-east of England along the A2 (New Kent Road and Old Kent Road), the south of England on the A3, to the West End via St George's Road, and to the City of London via London Road and Newington Causeway at the northern junction. Newington Butts and Walworth Road adjoin the southern junction. The whole junction forms part of the London Inner Ring Road and part of the boundary of the London congestion charge zone.
The Elephant has two linked London Underground stations, on the Northern and Bakerloo lines, and a National Rail station served by Southeastern (Kentish Town to Sevenoaks via Catford) and Thameslink (suburban loop to Sutton and Wimbledon), and other Thameslink services to Kent.
Local buildings include Skipton House, part of the Department of Health; Perronet House, an award-winning residential block owned by Southwark Council; a large part of the London South Bank University campus; the London College of Communication; the Ministry of Sound nightclub; and the Metropolitan Tabernacle. The Cuming Museum is nearby on Walworth Road.
Contents
[hide]
1 Name
1.1 La Infanta de Castilla
2 History
2.1 Medieval and early modern
2.2 Rise to metropolitan prominence (1750-1900)
2.3 Twentieth century
2.3.1 Peak years: 1900-1939
2.3.2 World War II
2.3.3 Post-war rebuilding (1945-2000)
2.4 21st century: regeneration
2.4.1 Transport
2.4.2 Housing and gentrification
3 Notable residents
4 Transport
4.1 Buses
4.2 London Underground
4.3 National Rail
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Name[edit]
For more details on Elephant and castle symbol, see Howdah § Elephant and castle symbol.
The "elephant and castle" from the 14th century choir stalls at Chester Cathedral
The name "Elephant and Castle" is derived from a coaching inn.[1] The earliest surviving record of this name relating to the area appears in the Court Leet Book of the Manor of Walworth, which met at "Elephant and Castle, Newington" on 21 March 1765.[2] Previously the site was occupied by a blacksmith and cutler – the coat of arms of the Worshipful Company of Cutlers features an elephant with a castle (representing a howdah) on its back, which in turn was used because of the use of elephant ivory in handles.[2]
Shakespeare mentions the Elephant Lodgings in "Twelfth Night". In Act 3 Scene 3 Antonio says "In the south suburbs, at the Elephant, is best to lodge."[3] Although the play is set in Illyria in the Balkans, Shakespeare often used local London references. The theatres were all in Southwark, so Shakespeare's line may represent an advertisement for a local hostelry. "The Elephant" is a common present-day nickname for the Elephant and Castle.[4]
'Newington' is one of the most common place names in England (see Newington Green and Stoke Newington in north London), and from 1750 the area became more important and the informal name, from the pub at this junction, was adopted. Compare 'Angel' at Islington, or Bricklayers Arms, a short distance along New Kent Road.
The inn site was rebuilt in 1816 and again in 1898, and the present Elephant & Castle pub, at the junction of New Kent Road and Newington Causeway, was part of the 1960s comprehensive redevelopment.
La Infanta de Castilla[edit]
An incorrect folk etymology states that "Elephant and Castle" is a corruption of "La Infanta de Castilla" - allegedly a reference to a series of Spanish princesses such as Eleanor of Castile and María, the daughter of Philip III of Spain. However, Eleanor of Castile was not an infanta (the term only appeared in English about 1600). María has a strong British connection because she was once controversially engaged to Charles I, but she had no connection with Castile. "Infanta de Castilla" therefore seems to be a conflation of two Iberian royals separated by 300 years.[2][5] However, Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of Henry VIII, was indeed an Infanta de Castille. She lived well into the 1500s so it is possible that the original name 'Elephant and Castle' is an anglicisation of her title.
History[edit]
Medieval and early modern[edit]
Known previously as Newington (Newington Butts and Newington Causeway are two of the principal roads of the area), in the medieval period it was part of rural Surrey, in the manor of Walworth. This is listed in the Domesday Book as belonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury; the income from its rents and tithes supplied the monks at Christ Church Canterbury with their clothing, and a 'church' is mentioned.[6] The parish was called St Mary, Newington, which church occupied the southwest side of today's southern roundabout, near the Tabernacle, and was first recorded by name in 1222.[6]
In May 1557, William Morant, Stephen Gratwick and a man named King, known as the Southwark Martyrs, were burnt at the stake in St George's Field on the site of the present Tabernacle during the Marian Persecutions.[7]
St Mary's Church was rebuilt in 1720 and completely replaced in 1790, to a design of Francis Hurlbatt. Within another hundred years this too was to be demolished, with its replacement on Kennington Park Road ready in 1876.[8] It was destroyed by bombing in 1940 during the Second World War.[8] The remains of the tower and an arch were incorporated into its replacement of 1958. The open space is still known as St Mary's Churchyard, and the narrow pedestrian walk at its south end is Churchyard Row.
There is record of a 'hospital' before the Reformation. In 1601 the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers erected St Peter's Hospital, i.e. almshouses, on the site of the present London College of Communication. This expanded and survived until 1850, when it was removed to Wandsworth. The Drapers' livery company created Walters' Almshouses on a site now at the southern junction island in 1640, giving the tower block opposite the name Draper House. The almshouses were relocated to Brandon Street in the 1960s as part of the major redevelopment.
Rise to metropolitan prominence (1750-1900)[edit]
Street layout in 1888
The area became increasingly important after the building of Westminster Bridge in 1751 and the improvements to London Bridge in the same period. These required 'by-pass' roads across the south side approaches to each other and also to the main routes to the south and southeast coasts. These road improvements - Great Dover Street, Westminster Bridge, New Kent Road, St George's Road and Borough Road - connect to the older Kennington and Old Kent Roads to facilitate this traffic. In 1769 the new Blackfriars Bridge was connected to this system at what is now St George's Circus and Blackfriars Road (originally Great Surrey Road) and to the Elephant junction with the new London Road. As a result of these improvements, the area became a built-up part of the metropolis during the late Georgian and Victorian periods.[9][10]
The railway arrived here in 1863 and the first deep-level tube line, now part of the Northern line's City Branch, in 1890. The Bakerloo line terminus was created in 1906.[11] Both the middle-class and working-class populations increased, the first settling on the major roads, the latter on the streets behind these. However, the area declined socially at the Walworth side.
In the 19th century the nationally famed Baptist preacher Charles Haddon Spurgeon built the Metropolitan Tabernacle here.[12] The building, designed by William Wilmer Pocock,[12] was finished in 1861 and dedicated on 18 March. It was bombed in the blitz but the portico and basement survived and in 1957 the Tabernacle was rebuilt to a new but much smaller design accommodating surviving original features.
During the late 19th century there was a cemetery in the vicinity,[13] but it was built over during London's rapid expansion. A few gravestones remain in St. Mary's Churchyard.
Twentieth century[edit]
Peak years: 1900-1939[edit]
The area became the location for a thriving shopping area, known as "the Piccadilly (Circus) of South London",[14] with its own department store (William Tarn and Co) and many smaller outlets. Also featured were a shoe factory, a branch of Burton and a renowned hatter.
In 1930, the Trocadero, a monumental neo-Renaissance style picture house seating over 3000 and fitted with the largest Wurlitzer organ imported to the United Kingdom, was built at the northern corner of the New Kent Road (a plaque commemorating the building was unveiled in 2008 by Denis Norden, who had worked there in his youth).[15] This was replaced in 1966 by a smaller cinema (the Odeon, known for a time after closure as an Odeon in 1982 as the Coronet, not to be confused with the Coronet below) which was demolished in 1988.
In 1932, another cinema opened across the street, The Coronet. It is now mostly used as a night-club and concert venue.[16] At the time it seated over 2000 people, and was an art-deco conversion of the Elephant and Castle theatre, opened in 1879 on the site of the short-lived Theatre Royal (built in 1872 and burnt down six years later). It was reconstructed in 1882 and again in 1902.
One monument to cinema still remains just off the Elephant, the Cinema Museum is a volunteer-run museum with screenings of classic cinema and a vast collection of cinema memorabilia. It is located in the old workhouse where Charlie Chaplin spent time as a child.
World War II[edit]
The Elephant was the centre of the target zone for the German air raids on London on 10 May 1941 and suffered "raging fires".[17][18]
Post-war rebuilding (1945-2000)[edit]
The shopping centre, built in the 1960s and was scheduled for demolition in 2010, but still stands as of 2016
The major development of the 1960s consisted of post-war reconstruction to a larger metropolitan plan, much of it replacing properties destroyed by bombing in World War II. Alexander Fleming House (1959), originally a group of government office blocks and now Metro Central Heights residential complex, is a prime example of the work of the Hungarian modernist architect Ernő Goldfinger.
The shopping centre, designed by Boissevain & Osmond for the Willets Group, was opened in March 1965. It was the first covered shopping mall in Europe,[19] with 120 shops on three levels and a two-storey underground car-park. In the sales brochure (1963), Willets claimed it to be the "largest and most ambitious shopping venture ever to be embarked upon in London. In design planning and vision it represents an entirely new approach to retailing, setting standards for the sixties that will revolutionise shopping concepts throughout Britain." When it opened, budget restrictions meant that the proportions and finishes of the building had had to be scaled down and only 29 out of a possible 120 shops were trading.
The Elephant is the location of the London College of Communication, formerly the London College of Printing, an internationally renowned dedicated college, part of University of the Arts London. The present structure was constructed during the redevelopment of the area in the early 1960s.
In 1974 the Brutalist Heygate Estate, designed by Tim Tinker,[20] was completed.[21] It was home to more than 3,000 people.[22] The estate was once a popular place to live, the flats being thought light and spacious,[23] but the estate later developed a reputation for crime, poverty and dilapidation.[24]
21st century: regeneration[edit]
Transport[edit]
The Elephant was to have been served by the Cross-River Tram,[25] which was cancelled in 2008 due to budgetary constraints.[26]
In 2010, the southern roundabout was converted to traffic light operation, with the creation of new cycle lanes and pedestrian crossings.[27] This included the removal of the pedestrian subways, described as "unpopular and imtimidating" by a local councillor.[28]
However, in 2014 the Elephant & Castle junction was still "Britain’s highest cycle casualty roundabout",[29] prompting a TfL proposal to remove the northern roundabout as part of a £4bn package of road improvements targeting cyclists' safety.[30]TfL implemented its proposal in 2015, connecting the roundabout island to the shopping centre, thereby creating a new public space called Elephant Square.
Housing and gentrification[edit]
Construction of the new leisure centre and 'One The Elephant' residential tower, in March 2014. The Strata SE1 tower, completed in 2010, is seen in the background, with Victorian terraced houses in the foreground.
In recent times the area has had a reputation for successful ethnic diversity and centrality. The area's proximity to major areas of employment, including Westminster, the West End and the City, has meant that a certain amount of gentrification has taken place[31]
The area is now subject to a master-planned redevelopment budgeted at £1.5 billion. A Development Framework was approved by Southwark Council in 2004. It covers 170 acres (688,000 m²) and envisages restoring the Elephant to the role of major urban hub for inner South London that it occupied before World War II.[32]
A substantial amount of post-World War II social housing that is deemed to have failed will be demolished, including the Heygate Estate, replaced with developments consisting of a mix of social and private-sector housing. This portion of the site is being developed by Lend Lease. There have also been moves to protect the last of the architecturally important tenement blocks nearby through the creation of a conservation area covering the Pullens buildings.
As of 2014, numerous tall residential buildings have been approved or are under construction, in addition to the 148m Strata SE1 tower completed in 2010. These include One The Elephant (124m),[33] the built-for-rent Highpoint (previously called 360 London) (134m)[34][35] and "Two Fifty One" (on the site of Eileen House) (134m)[36] and "Elephant 1" (a complex of three high-rise buildings on a "podium", formerly known as Oakmayne Plaza and later Tribeca Square).[37] Southwark Council is also building a new leisure centre due to open in 2015, to replace the previous Castle centre, which closed in 2012.[38]
In 2015, after several u-turns from the previous owner, the new owners of the shopping centre, Delancey, announced that the building would be demolished and published redevelopment plans to be completed by the early 2020s. The scheme includes a new home for the nearby London College of Communication on the current site of the Coronet Theatre, a cinema (originally planned for the "Elephant 1" development), retail units and housing.[39]
London's growing Latin American population, which has largely resided at the Elephant since the 1980s, are also taking part in the regeneration project. Plans are being made to build new shops and homes to transform it into a "Latin American corridor".[40][41]
Notable residents[edit]
In the middle of the former northern roundabout, now Elephant Square, is the Michael Faraday Memorial, a large stainless steel box built in honour of Michael Faraday, who was born nearby. It contains an electrical substation for the Northern line of the London Underground.
Famous former residents include Charlie Chaplin[42] and Michael Caine, who were born and grew up locally.[43]
Gay rights activist Peter Tatchell lives on the Rockingham Estate, where the Council installed a blue plaque in his name in 2010.[44]
The rock band The Maccabbees has its studio nearby, while its 4th album, Marks to Prove It, released on 31 July 2015, pays tribute to the area.[45]
Transport[edit]
Buses[edit]
Elephant & Castle is served by London Buses routes 1, 12, 35, 40, 45, 53, 63, 68, 133, 136, 148, 155, 168, 171, 172, 176, 188, 196, 333, 343, 344, 360, 363, 388, 415, 453, 468, C10, P5, N1, N35, N63, N68, N89, N133, N155, N171 and N343.
London Underground[edit]
London Underground Bakerloo and Northern lines serve the area from Elephant & Castle Station.
National Rail[edit]
Southeastern and Thameslink services towards Ashford International, Bedford, Dover Priory, London Blackfriars, Luton, Sevenoaks, St Albans City, St Pancras, Sutton, West Hampstead and Wimbledon serve the area.
See also[edit]
Elephant and Castle Pub and Restaurant, a restaurant chain in North America named after this area in London
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Compare Simpson, Jacqueline (2011). "Elephant and Castle". Green Men & White Swans: The Folklore of British Pub Names. Random House. pp. 90–92. ISBN 9780099520177. Retrieved 11 February 2015. The most famous pub of this name has long been demolished, but the area of London where it once stood is still known as the Elephant. [...] In the Middle Ages the elephant was regularly linked with the 'castle' both in the written descriptions in Bestiaries and in visual art, e.g. in church carvings.
^ Jump up to: a b c Albert Jack (3 September 2009). The Old Dog and Duck: The Secret Meanings of Pub Names. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-0-14-192991-0.
Jump up ^ William Shakespeare. "Twelfth Night". MIT. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "A History of the Elephant & Castle (Part One)". Retrieved 10 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "World Wide Words: Elephant and Castle". World Wide Words.
^ Jump up to: a b Darlington, Ida (1955). "The manor of Walworth and parish of St. Mary, Newington". Survey of London: volume 25: St George's Fields (The parishes of St. George the Martyr Southwark and St. Mary Newington). British History Online. pp. 81–90. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Amos Blanchard (1844). Book of Martyrs: Or, A History of the Lives, Sufferings and Triumphant Deaths of the Primitive and Protestant Martyrs, from the Introduction of Christianity, to the Latest Periods of Pagan, Popish, Protestant, and Infidel Persecutions.. N. G. Ellis. p. 272.
^ Jump up to: a b Darlington, Ida (1955). "Survey of London: volume 25: St George's Fields (The parishes of St. George the Martyr Southwark and St. Mary Newington)". The Church of St Mary, Newington. British History Online. pp. 91–94. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Southwark". ideal-homes.org.uk - A History of South-east London suburbs. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Ida Darlington (editor). "St George's Fields - Enclosure and development". British History Online. Retrieved 2 May 2014. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/culture-and-heritage/londons-transport-a-history/london-underground
^ Jump up to: a b John Richardson (2000). The Annals of London: A Year-by-year Record of a Thousand Years of History. University of California Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-520-22795-8.
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-19825878
Jump up ^ "Heygate Estate residents fight compulsory purchase order". BBC News. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "History". The Trocadero Wurlitzer Trust. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Coronet - The Coronet Theatre London". coronettheatre.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Mortimer, Gavin. The Bombing of London on 10 May 1941. The Berkeley Publishing Group, 2005. p. 18, 251.
Jump up ^ "Blitz WW2 – The Battle of London". Military History Monthly. 22 January 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Reinventing the high street: Elephant and Castle's transformation". The Daily Telegraph. London. 14 October 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Moss, Stephen (4 March 2011). "The death of a housing ideal". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ Collins, Michael (23 December 2001). "The Elephant's grave yard". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Design for Social Sustainability : A Framework for Creating Thriving New Communities" (PDF). Plannig.ri.gov. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Walker, Peter (3 September 2010). "South London's Heygate estate mourned by locals – and Hollywood". 'The Guardian'.
Jump up ^ "Heygate estate". BBC London. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Cross River Tram" (PDF). London Assembly. October 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "TfL scraps projects and cuts jobs". BBC News. 6 November 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Elephant & Castle southern roundabout to be removed by 11 October". London SE1. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Elephant and Castle's 'intimidating' subways closed". BBC News. 17 January 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Matthew Beard (26 February 2014). "£290m plan to make London roundabouts safer and less threatening to cyclists". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "£4bn plan to revamp London's roads announced". BBC News. 4 March 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mapping gentrification". The Economist.
Jump up ^ "Elephant & Castle regeneration". Retrieved 23 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "One The Elephant: Lend Lease aims to cash in on Hyde Park effect". London SE1.
Jump up ^ "Boris: work starts next year on 44-storey Elephant & Castle tower". London SE1.
Jump up ^ "Why build-to-rent could be a boon for architects".
Jump up ^ "Eileen House: Boris Johnson approves Newington Causeway tower". London SE1.
Jump up ^ "Tribeca Square: work starts on New Kent Road homes, cinema & supermarket". London SE1.
Jump up ^ "The Castle leisure centre". southwark.gov.uk.
Jump up ^ "New Elephant & Castle Shopping Centre redevelopment plans on show". London SE1.
Jump up ^ "Lib Dems promise 'Latin American corridor' from Elephant to Stockwell". London-se1.co.uk. 21 April 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Latin Americans must take full part in Elephant & Castle regeneration says London Assembly chair". London-se1.co.uk. 21 April 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Charlie Chaplin". The Workhouse. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Michael Caine interview - for his autobiography The Elephant to Hollywood". The Daily Telegraph. London. 4 October 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Human rights protester Peter Tatchell gets blue plaque". BBC News. London. 29 September 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Maccabees: Why we love Elephant and Castle". BBC News. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elephant and Castle.
Map of Elephant and Castle and surrounding districts
Flickr photo pool
Organizations:
Elephant and Castle regeneration masterplan
Elephant and Castle Roundabout "Making a Space a Place"
Etymology:
A Short History of the Elephant and Castle and Its Name
What is the origin of Elephant and Castle?
The Story of the Elephant and Castle name
The History of Elephant and Castle
Shopping center:
Elephant and Castle Shopping Centre - PostWarBuildings.com
Time Out article about the Shopping centre, September 2006
Clinton praises redevelopment of Elephant and Castle - BBC News, 19 May 2009
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