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Best Day of My Life
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For the upcoming film, see Best Day of My Life (film).
"Best Day of My Life"
Single by American Authors
from the album Oh, What a Life
Released
March 19, 2013 (2013-03-19)
Recorded
2012
Genre
Indie rock, indie folk, alternative rock
Length
3:14
Label
Mercury, Island
Songwriter(s)
Aaron Accetta, Zachary Barnett, Shep Goodman, David Rublin, Matthew Sanchez, James Shelley
Producer(s)
Aaron Accetta, Shep Goodman
American Authors singles chronology
"Believer"
(2013) "Best Day of My Life"
(2013) "Luck"
(2014)
"Believer"
(2013) "Best Day of My Life"
(2013) "Luck"
(2014)
Music video
"Best Day of My Life" on YouTube
Oh, What a Life track listing
[show]
11 tracks
"Believer"
"Think About It"
"Best Day of My Life"
"Luck"
"Trouble"
"Hit It"
"Home"
"Love"
"Heart of Stone"
"Ghost"
"Oh, What a Life"
"Best Day of My Life" is a song by American indie rock band American Authors. The song was written by band members Zac Barnett, Dave Rublin, Matt Sanchez, and James Adam Shelley, along with producers Aaron Accetta and Shep Goodman. "Best Day of My Life" was originally recorded for release as a single by Mercury Records and Island Records on March 19, 2013, and later appeared as the second track on the band's third extended play American Authors (2013) and the third track on their debut studio album, Oh, What a Life (2014). "Best Day of my Life", was the official song of the 2017 Maltese Labour Party's General Election Campaign, entitled "L-aqwa żmien ta' pajjiżna." (The Best time for our country).
Contents
[hide]
1 Music and lyrics
2 Packaging
3 Commercial performance
4 Usage in media
5 Music video
6 Track listing
7 Personnel
8 Charts
8.1 Weekly charts
8.2 Year-end charts
9 Certifications
10 Release history
11 References
12 External links
Music and lyrics[edit]
Zac Barnett told an interviewer for Blueprint Magazine, "Recently we have been experimenting with a lot of different instruments including banjo, mandolin and various percussion toys. Africa-influenced rhythms have been taking more of a prominent role in our songs which has then opened up our ideas on melodies. We're always open to trying new things and we get very excited to learn new instruments and experiment with new sounds. ... "Best Day of My Life" was an idea that James and I had been messing around with. We had the pre-chorus and chorus but once we showed the idea to the rest of the guys they came in and restructured the verses and added the stuttered "life" chorus. Looking back on it, the song changed a lot from the initial idea but that's what I love so much about it. I'll always remember that song being started on acoustic guitars in my tiny Bushwick bedroom, but all of us together as a band really took the song to a completely different place."[1]
(Barnett mentions "the stuttered 'life' chorus"—as in "the best day of my li-i-i-i-ife"; the "stuttering" also occurs in a recurrent "whoa-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh"—by which he refers to a lyrical tradition of stuttering in rock music, popularized by Buddy Holly,[2][3] David Bowie ("Ch-Ch-Changes"),[4] Elton John,[5] and others.)
Bill Lamb, writing for About.com, praised the song's "opening banjo lick" as "a perfect first hook," its "irrepressibly upbeat lyrics," and "a blend of key elements from across a wide range of current successful pop music." He added, "The bass drum heavy backing percussion sounds a little like Imagine Dragons, and backed by a pop-punk style "Whoa Oh" chorus, "Best Day Of My Life" takes some of the most distinctive elements of a variety of current pop hit genres and blends them into something new."[6]
Packaging[edit]
The single art for the "Best Day of My Life" single features a photograph of the skyline of Midtown Manhattan, with the Empire State Building in the center of the shot, from Brooklyn looking north. The photograph is overwritten by the American Authors logo on the majority of the photograph and the words "American Authors", with "Best Day of My Life" written underneath it.
Commercial performance[edit]
The song received significant airplay on the radio for it to debut at No. 49 in the Hot Rock Songs and No. 40 in the Adult Top 40 for charts dated October 5, 2013. It began climbing the various rock charts and became a crossover hit on both alternative rock and Top 40 stations, becoming big hits on those formats and peaking at No. 2, No. 18 and No. 4 on the Hot Rock Songs, Alternative Songs, and Mainstream Top 40 charts.[7] It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 93 for the chart dated November 30, 2013, and eventually peaked at No. 11 on the charts dated April 19 and May 10, 2014. By March, 2014 it had reached No. 1 on the Adult Top 40. The song reached its first million sales mark in the U.S. in March, 2014,[8] and its second million in August, 2014.[9] The song was certified double platinum on July 16, 2014 by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[10] The song was ranked number one on Billboard's chart of Adult Pop Songs for 2014.[11] To date this remains to be the only single by the American Authors to break the Top 40 in the United States.
Usage in media[edit]
In media, the song has been featured in television advertisements for retail home improvement store Lowe's in the United States, which were aired during the Super Bowl,[12] automotive manufacturer Hyundai in the United Kingdom and France, an alcohol retailer in Australia and communications service provider Telecom New Zealand in New Zealand.[13]
The song additionally appears in the opening sequence for ESPN's coverage of the 2013 and 2014 World Series of Poker.
It appears in the movie trailer for the films Delivery Man, The Secret Life of Walter Mitty[14] in addition to the TV spots for St. Vincent.
The song has also been used in the Vampire Diaries episode "Total Eclipse of the Heart".[15]
The song was covered by Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) and Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet) in the 2014 Glee episode "New New York".
NHL on NBC has been using this song as a theme song for the 2014 Stanley Cup Playoffs.
"Best Day Of My Life" was played at the conclusion of the 2015 Miss America pageant, during Kira Kazantsev's crowning moment.
The song is used in advertisements for Petron,[16] Datsun Go, Lays, Center Parcs, Graton Casinos
The Oklahoma City Thunder (NBA) use the song in the 2014-15 pregame activities.
"Best Day of My Life" was part of the FIFA 14 soundtrack before being removed shortly after the game's release.
"Best Day of My Life" appeared as a playable track for the video game Guitar Hero Live.
"Best Day of My Life" also appeared as a soundtrack in Konami video game Pro Evolution Soccer 2015 as opening track.
A portion of "Best Day of My Life" can also be heard in the animated film Alpha and Omega: The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave and in the 2015 film, Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2.
Alvin and the Chipmunks and The Chipettes covered the song for their 2015 live stage tour Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Musical.
This song was covered by Steve Aoki, Jennifer Hudson, Luan Santana, Pixie Lott, Tan Weiwei, and Yemi Alade for Shell's campaign, "Make The Future".
American Authors performed the song while in Human Centipede position on Season 4 premiere of The Eric Andre Show.
The BBC used the track during their closing montage for their 2016 US Presidential Election coverage.
The song was used in commercials for Best Western hotels.
The song was used in the 2015 film Top Cat Begins, and also plays during the credits.
The song is a mainstay on most Muzak stations, featured in American retail locations of all types.
Music video[edit]
The music video was released on October 18, 2013, via YouTube.[17] The video was filmed in Brooklyn, New York. It depicts a man engaging in various activities with a large furry monster, such as drinking in a bar called Sweet & Vicious in Nolita,[18] playing basketball, looking at the Brooklyn Bridge, getting matching tattoos, visiting a strip club, and going to a playground. At the end of the video it is implied that the monster is his imaginary friend, but then the puzzled bartender finds a photo of the two.
Zac Barnett, in an interview with the Jim & Kim Morning Show (Fresh 102.7 FM, New York, NY), explained that the video starts in Nolita and ends up in Brooklyn, and the journey of the man and his monster pal is the focus of the video. That journey is interweaved with shots of the band playing and singing as they also stroll through New York. "We started in Manhattan and walked across the bridge to the party which was down in DUMBO. What it was, we were kind of trying to do a reverse Where The Wild Things Are type thing. You know, instead of a human going into a monster dream world, what would it be like if a monster came into our world and experienced New York City and Brooklyn and all of these things. And playing off of that, it was kind of like an alter ego of a dude and these two, together, just showing each other the best days of their lives."[18]
Common Sense Media reviewed the video for parents: "There's nothing iffy to worry about in the song's upbeat, clean lyrics about having a positive outlook on life and never giving up, but the official music video shows a man and his furry monster friend drinking in a bar, going to a strip club, and getting tattoos. Kids will be more entertained by the adorable dog-version music video for Best Day of My Life, which shows one lucky bulldog's adoption day in an effort to promote pet adoption."[19]
Track listing[edit]
Digital download
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "Best Day of My Life" Aaron Accetta, Zachary Barnett, Shep Goodman, David Rublin, Matthew Sanchez, James Shelley Accetta, Goodman 3:14
Personnel[edit]
Adapted from Oh, What a Life liner notes.[20]
American Authors
Zac Barnett – lead vocals, guitar
James Adam Shelley – banjo
Dave Rublin – bass
Matt Sanchez – drums
Technical personnel
Aaron Accetta - production
Michael Goodman - production
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2013–14)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[21]
10
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[22]
20
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[23]
36
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[24]
15
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[25]
5
Canada AC (Billboard)[26]
3
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[27]
7
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[28]
3
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[29]
21
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[30]
13
Germany (Official German Charts)[31]
34
Ireland (IRMA)[32]
28
Japan (Japan Hot 100)[33]
95
Mexico Ingles Airplay (Billboard)[34]
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[35]
72
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[36]
13
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) [37]
8
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[38]
15
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[39]
17
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[40]
13
Slovenia (SloTop50)[41]
6
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[42]
10
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[43]
65
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[44]
17
US Billboard Hot 100[45]
11
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[46]
2
US Rock Airplay (Billboard)[47]
15
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[48]
2
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[49]
1
US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[50]
25
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[51]
4
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Position
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[52]
77
Chart (2014)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[53]
58
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[54]
24
Italy (FIMI)[55]
65
Slovenia (SloTop50)[56]
24
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[57]
24
US Billboard Hot 100[58]
31
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[59]
5
US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard)[60]
22
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[61]
4
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[62]
1
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[63]
28
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[64]
Platinum 70,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[65]
Platinum 80,000^
Italy (FIMI)[66]
Platinum 30,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[67]
Silver 200,000^
United States (RIAA)[10]
3× Platinum 3,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
United States[68][69][70][71]
March 19, 2013 Digital download Mercury Records
August 20, 2013 Modern rock radio Mercury Records, Island Def Jam
August 26, 2013 Hot adult contemporary radio
December 3, 2013 Contemporary hit radio Island Def Jam
United Kingdom[72]
March 7, 2014 Digital download (Gazzo remix)
United States[73]
United Kingdom[74]
April 29, 2014 Digital download (Just A Gent remix)
United States[75]
Germany[76]
May 9, 2014 Compact disc Island Records
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dersch, Alexandra (2013). "American Authors". Blueprint Magazine. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Valdez, Stephen (2013). "Buddy Holly". In Stacy, Lee. Encyclopedia of Music in the 20th Century. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 296. ISBN 1-57958-079-3. The Buddy Holly sound was unmistakable. His hiccuping, stuttering vocals...
Jump up ^ Jones, Chris (2009). "Buddy Holly, The Very Best of Buddy Holly and the Crickets: Review". BBC. Retrieved September 12, 2014. ...topped off with Holly's amazing nasal stutter. Quite literally, nothing had ever sounded like this before.
Jump up ^ "Changes by David Bowie". Song Facts. Retrieved September 12, 2014. Bowie's stuttered vocals in this song ("Ch-Ch-Changes") are some of the most famous stutters in rock.
Jump up ^ "Bennie and the Jets by Elton John". Song Facts. Retrieved September 12, 2014. It was Elton's idea to stutter the vocal: "B-B-B-Bennie..." Bernie Taupin thought this worked very well with the futuristic, robotic theme of his lyrics.
Jump up ^ Lamb, Bill (2013). "Review: American Authors "Best Day Of My Life"". About.com. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Geller, Wendy (February 26, 2014). "Hear It First! American Authors Premiere Track From Debut Studio Album". Yahoo Music.
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Jump up ^ 2013 Telecom NZ Advertisement on YouTube
Jump up ^ "American Authors Release Debut Album 'Oh, What A Life' On March 4th 2014". Contact Music.
Jump up ^ Theo (February 10, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries Music Playlist For Season 5 Episode 13: "Total Eclipse of the Heart"". Alloy Entertainment. Retrieved September 12, 2014. Best Day of My Life by American Authors: Plays while Katherine (pretending to be Elena) is writing in her doppelganger's diary and rejoicing over how wonderful the world is and how she finally has everything she's ever wanted.
Jump up ^ Petron Fuel Happy on YouTube
Jump up ^ American Authors - Best Day Of My Life (Official Music Video) on YouTube
^ Jump up to: a b Steagall, Cameron (March 12, 2014). "American Authors Take Us Behind The Scenes Of Best Day Of My Life". Fresh 102.7 FM. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nojadera, Amanda (2014). "Best Day of My Life (CD Single)". Common Sense Media. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Oh, What a Life (liner notes). American Authors. Mercury Records. 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – American Authors – Best Day Of My Life". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Best Day of My Life". 7digital (US). Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Best Day of My Life (Gazzo Remix) – Single by American Authors". iTunes Store (US). Apple. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Best Day of My Life (Just A Gent Remix) – Single by American Authors". iTunes Store (GB). Apple. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Best Day of My Life (Just A Gent Remix) – Single by American Authors". iTunes Store (US). Apple. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Best Day of My Life (2-Track)" (in German). Amazon.de. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
External links[edit]
"Best Day of My Life" Official Music Video on YouTube
[hide]
v
t
e
American Authors
Zac Barnett
James Adam Shelley
Dave Rublin
Matt Sanchez
Studio albums
Oh, What a Life
What We Live For
Singles
"Believer"
"Best Day of My Life"
"Trouble"
"Luck"
"In a Big Country"
"Go Big or Go Home"
"Pride"
"What We Live For"
"I'm Born to Run"
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Arjuna
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Arjuna (disambiguation).
"Parth" and "Partha" redirect here. For the racehorse, see Parth (horse). For the film, see Partha (film).
"Savyasachi" redirects here. For the 1995 film, see Savyasachi (1995 film). For the 2018 film, see Savyasachi (2018 film).
It has been suggested that Brihannala be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2017.
Arjuna
Arjuna statue in Bali, Indonesia
Information
Parent(s)
Indra
Arjuna (in Devanagari: अर्जुन arjuna) along with Krishna is the protagonist of the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata and plays a key role in the Bhagavad Gita alongside Krishna. Arjuna was the son of Indra, the king of the celestials, born of Kunti, the first wife of King Pandu in the Kuru Kingdom. In a previous birth he was a saint named Nara who was the lifelong companion of another saint Narayana an incarnation of Lord Vishnu who took rebirth as Lord Krishna. He was the third of the Pandava brothers and was married to Draupadi, Ulupi, Chitrangada and Subhadra (Krishna's sister) at different times. His children included Srutakarma, Iravan, Babruvahana, and Abhimanyu.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology and other names
2 Birth and youth
3 Tutelage under Drona
4 Marriage to Draupadi
5 Burning of Khandava Vana
5.1 Saving Mayasura
6 Arjuna's Tirtha-yatra and Indraprastha
6.1 Chitrangadaa at Manipura
6.2 Reaching Dwarka and Subhadra
7 Conquest for Rajasuya
8 Exile
8.1 Penance for Pashupatastra
8.2 Nivata-kavachas and Hiranyapura
8.3 Meeting Hanuman
8.4 Eunuch at Virata's Kingdom
9 Kurukshetra War
9.1 Bhagavad Gita
9.2 Battles fought at Kurukshetra
9.3 Arjuna's Chariot burns after war
10 Conquest for Ashvamedha
10.1 Manipur and death by Babruvahana
11 Death
12 In popular culture
13 Modern references
14 In modern television
15 Notes
16 Bibliography
Etymology and other names[edit]
The name Arjuna has among its meanings "white"/"clear" and "silver".[1] Cognates of "Arjuna" are Latin "regens" meaning "ruler", Hindi "raj" meaning "king", and English "regal".[citation needed]
The Mahabharata refers to Arjuna by twelve different names. In the story, these names are given when Prince Uttara of Matsya asks Arjuna to prove his identity. The first ten names are spoken by Arjuna himself, while the name "Kapi Dhwaja" is also used to refer to his chariot, the "Nandi Ghosha". The names and their meanings are as follows:[2][3][4]
Arjuna (अर्जुन) – shining or famous like silver
Phalguna (फाल्गुन) – one born under the star named 'Uttara Phalguni'
Jishnu (जिष्णु) – triumphant
Kiritin (किरीटिन्) – one who wears the celestial diadem, Kiriti, presented by Indra
Shwetavahana (श्वेतवाहन) – one with white horses drawing his chariot
Bibhatsu (बीभत्सु) – one who created terror(bibhatsa) in war to his enemies[5]
Vijaya (विजय) – always victorious in war
Partha (पार्थ) – son of Pritha, another name for Kunti
Savyasachin (सव्यसाचिन्) – ambidextrous
Dhananjaya (धनञ्जय) – one who brings prosperity and wealth in the land he goes to
Gudakesha (गुडाकेश) – someone who has thick hair[5]
Kapidhwaja (कपिध्वज) – having the flag of Kapi (monkey) in his chariot (Arjuna's flag displayed an image of Hanuman from a previous encounter.)
Parantapa (परन्तप) – one who concentrates the most, destroyer of enemies by his concentration
Gandivadhanvan (गाण्डीवधन्वन्) – one who possessed the mighty bow named 'Gandiva' which was created by Lord Brahma
Gandivadhara (गाण्डीवधर) – Gandiva holder
Madhyapandava (मध्यपाण्डव) – the third of Pandavas, younger than Yudhishthira and Bhima and older than Nakula and Sahadeva
Brihannala (बृहन्नला) - he assumed to be a eunuch and he taught the ladies of the city ( Virata Kingdom) to dance and song.
Birth and youth[edit]
Indra bestows a favor on Kunti
After the death of Pandu (and Madri's subsequent sati), the Pandavas and their mother lived in Hastinapura, where they were brought up together with their cousins, the Kaurava brothers. Along with his brothers, Arjuna was trained in religion, science, administration and military arts by Bhishma.[6]
One day, when the princes were playing a game, they lost their ball in a well. When the rest of the children gave up the ball as being lost, Arjuna stayed behind trying to get it. A stranger came by and extracted the ball for him by making a chain of "sarkanda" (a wild grass). When an astonished Arjuna related the story to Bhishma, Bhishma realised that the stranger was none other than Drona. Bhishma asked Drona to become the Kuru princes' teacher. Seeking refuge from Panchala, Drona agreed.[7] Many asuras were killed by him.
Tutelage under Drona[edit]
Under Drona's tutelage, the Kauravas and the Pandavas, along with the princes of Hastinapura's allies and vassals, learned weaponry. Arjuna became Drona's favorite and most accomplished pupil; specifically, he became a master in using the bow and the arrow. In a famous incident, Drona deemed that out of all his students, even his own son Ashwatthama, none but Arjuna had the steadfast focus to shoot the eye of a bird on a tree; he was proven right.[8]
Marriage to Draupadi[edit]
the Swayamvara of Panchala's princess, Draupadi
Still in hiding, the Pandavas disguise themselves as brahmins and attend the Swayamvara of Panchala princess Draupadi. Out of all of the great kings and other Kaurava princes, only Karna and Arjuna are able to do the established challenge. The test is to lift, string, and fire Pinakin to pierce the eye of a golden fish whilst only looking at its reflection; Drupada had designed this test with Arjuna in mind. At first Karna is able to lift and string the bow, but when he is aiming to fire the shot, Draupadi rejects Karna (in some depictions with Krishna's prodding) for his low-birth. Afterwards, the disguised Arjuna accomplished the stringing and shooting of the bow.[citation needed]
In some versions of the story, Arjuna is the only prince (of the Kaurava/Pandava party) to have interacted with Draupadi before. When attacking Drupada, Draupadi, trained in martial arts due to Panchal's attitudes towards gender neutrality, fights with Arjuna, but Arjuna after some while stops and evades Draupadi, saying that he cannot fight a woman.
In some versions of the Swayamvara, Arjuna is forbidden by Kunti to attend the Swayamvara. Kunti's reasoning is that only Yudhishthira and Duryodhana would be acceptable candidates for Draupadi's hand; anyone else, not set to inherit the throne, would be an insult to Panchal. She allows Bhima to attend because he is Yudhishthira's heir and could win Draupadi for his brother without controversy. When Arjuna disobeys her anyway, as he is firing the arrow, he swears to God that if he wins Draupadi's hand, he would never disobey his mother's commands.
When the brothers returned with Draupadi, Arjuna joked to his mother that they had brought alms. Dismissively, and without looking because she was preoccupied, Kunti asks him to share it with his brothers. Holding his mother's orders as a divine command, he requested his elder brother to accept Draupadi. Draupadi had to marry all five of the Pandavas. Her five sons, one from each of the Pandava brothers, are known as the Upapandavas.[citation needed] Srutakarma is the son of Arjuna.
The brothers follow Vyasa's advice on a sharing arrangement with regard to Draupadi: each brother would have exclusive rights over her for a year, after which the mantle would shift to the next brother. Moreover, any brother intruding on the privacy of the couple would have to go on a twelve-year Tirtha-yatra.
At this point in the Mahabharata, the Pandavas revealed that they were alive. With both Duryodhana and Yudhishthira being crown princes, tensions are high. Under Bhishma's advice, the kingdom is split, with the Kauravas getting Hastinapur and the Pandavas getting Khandavaprastha. Khandavaprastha, however, was an extremely underdeveloped land and had infertile soil, requiring extensive tilling, so the Pandavas set to work rebuilding the land. Their cousins Krishna and Balarama gave them aid.[citation needed]
Burning of Khandava Vana[edit]
In some versions of the story, this was the first time Arjuna meets Krishna. In any case, Khandavaprastha was where Arjuna and Krishna's friendship is truly forged. Once when roaming in the Khandava Vana, Arjuna and Krishna met the god of fire, Agni. Agni was in great hunger and needed to burn down the entire Khandava Vana to quench his hunger. But Takshaka, the serpent-king lived in the same forest and was a friend of Indra's. So the latter brought down heavy rains to thwart Agni's plans to burn the woods. Agni requested Krishna and Arjuna to help him realise his goal.[9]
The three of them then invoked Varuna, the God of the oceans, who blessed Arjuna with the Gandiva – the agni-moon bow created by Brahma. In this way, Arjuna came into possession of his famous bow. Agni also gave Arjuna an incandescent chariot with four horses yoked, and bearing a flag that would one-day be occupied by Hanuman. Arjuna also obtained his famous conch.[citation needed]
With Krishna using the Sudarshana Chakra[10] Arjuna and Krishna waged a successful battle against Indra and helped Agni burn down the entire Khandava Vana including all its demons and evil spirits. Indra's pride in Arjuna's success overcame his anger, and he bestowed greater powers on him.
Saving Mayasura[edit]
Sri Krishna tells Mayasura to build a palace.
In their demolition of Khandava, Krishna and Arjuna had saved one demon, Mayasura.[9] Thus owing Arjuna a favor, and after being so directed by Krishna, Mayasura said that he would build a palace for Yudhishtra. As Mayasura was a great architect of the Asuras, he soon constructed the Maya assembly hall – a gigantic palace for the Pandavas, filled with ancient books, artifacts, and jewels. This hall was famous for visual illusions. Thus, Khandavaprastha was renamed Indraprastha.[11]
Arjuna's Tirtha-yatra and Indraprastha[edit]
Arjuna enters Dharma's Boudoir
During an incident when Takshaka stole Brahmins cows, Arjuna was forced to violate Yudhishthira and Draupadi's privacy while they were playing the game of dice, as he had left the Gandiva in their room. Despite the understanding of all and being forgiven by both Yudhishthira and Draupadi, Arjuna accepted the punishment agreed with Narada and set off on a twelve-year tirtha-yatra.
Chitrangadaa at Manipura[edit]
Arjuna visited other Tirthas in India, including Kalinga and the ashrams of the Saptarishis, Agastya, Vasishta and Bhrigu. Finally he reached the palace of Manipur. Here he met King Chitravahana's daughter, Chitrangadaa. Arjuna fell in love with her and requested that the king let them marry. Upon discovering Arjuna's true identity, the king readily agreed. Since Chitrangadaa was his oldest child and Manipur practiced equal primogeniture, which Hastinapur did not practice, the king sought a promise from Arjuna that Chitrangadaa and any of her and Arjuna's children would remain in Manipur as Chitravahana's heirs. Arjuna thought for some while and agreed. They had a son, who survived the Mahabharata war and ruled the small kingdom peacefully.[12]
Reaching Dwarka and Subhadra[edit]
Arjuna and Subhadra,
Painting by Raja Ravi Varma.
Arjuna moved to other Tirthas, including the southern regions in Kerala. Finally he reached Dwarka, the place where his cousin Krishna resided. Arjuna had, in his childhood, heard about Krishna's sister, Subhadra. Krishna, wishing to further tie their families, knew of Arjuna's visit and devised a plan to arrange their meeting. Accordingly, Arjuna disguised himself as a Yati and stayed at Krishna's palace. Arjuna fell in love with Subhadra and desired to marry her. Because Balarama had already promised Subhadra to his favorite disciple, Duryodhana, Krishna advised Arjuna to kidnap Subhadra. Balarama became furious upon learning of the abduction but was pacified by Krishna, after he showed that the Mangala sutra was in Subhadra's hand, which showed her consent. The couple stayed in Dwaraka for a year, and then another year in Pushkar. However, Draupadi had made it clear that no other Pandava wife would be allowed to stay in her city, so Arjuna, as Krishna had advised, tricked Draupadi into meeting Subhadra as a milkmaid. Draupadi realized she had been tricked, but she forgave Subhadra and let her stay in Indraprastha, allowing her to keep company with Arjuna in the four years when he was not with Draupadi. In due course, the union of Arjuna and Subhadra produced a son, Abhimanyu.[13][14]
Conquest for Rajasuya[edit]
Arjuna on his way to the Rajasuya Yaga
Possible route taken by Arjuna for the Rajasuya sacrifice.
Arjuna was sent south by Yudhishthira to subjugate kingdoms for the Rajasuya Yagya, so that he could be crowned Emperor of Indraprastha. The Mahabharata mentions several kingdoms to the east of Indraprastha which were conquered (or otherwise peacefully bent-the-knee) by Arjuna.[15] Most notably, he defeats Bhagadatta of Pragjyotisha who repelled Arjuna for eight days straight but impressed with Arjuna's skill agreed to pay tribute. Bhagadatta was also a great friend of Pandu.
Exile[edit]
After Yudhishthira succumbed to Shakuni's challenge in the game of dice, the Pandavas were forced to be in exile for 13 years, which included one year in anonymity.
Penance for Pashupatastra[edit]
From the epic poem Kiratarjuniya: Arjuna recognizes Shiva and surrenders to him. Painting by Raja Ravi Varma, 19th century.
After the battle at Khandava Indra had promised Arjuna to give him all his weapons as a boon for matching him in battle with the requirement that Shiva is pleased with him. Sensing an impending war with the Kauravas, Sage Vyasa advised Arjuna that he obtain the Pashupatastra from Lord Shiva. Following the advice of Sage Vyasa to go on a meditation or "tapasya" to attain this divine weapon, Arjuna left his brothers for a penance.
Arjuna traveled for a while before reaching the mountain Indra keeladri, Vijayawada. Here he sat in meditation in the name of Lord Shiva. Shiva appeared soon enough in the guise of a hunter, who challenged Arjuna to a fight. While being thoroughly dominated by Shiva, Arjuna became confused as to how an ordinary hunter could beat a warrior like himself. He prays to Shiva for strength, and then sees the offerings he made to Shiva around the hunter's neck. Shiva was very pleased with the bravery and prowess of the prince. Consequently, Shiva transformed himself to show his real avatar and blessed Arjuna with the Pashupatastra. Shiva lectures Arjuna on the abilities of the weapon, as well as the judgement he must use while wielding it.
After Shiva left, the Lokapalas appeared before Arjuna and then Kubera, Yama, and Varuna also blessed each of their potent weapons to Arjuna. Indra then invited his son to his palace in heaven.
Arjuna was amazed at the splendor of his father's palace at Amaravati. Dancers like Urvashi, Tilottama, Rambha and Menaka entertained him. There was a huge banquet serving different varieties of heavenly dishes. Arjuna learnt song and dance from the Gandharva, Chitrasena and Indra himself taught him all the divine weapons and also gave him his Vajra.[16]
Nivata-kavachas and Hiranyapura[edit]
Arjuna got the opportunity to test his skill when Indra asked him to defeat his enemy as the price of his training. Arjuna was taken to the palace of the Nivata-kavachas, a tribe of Rakshasas who had a magnificent palace under the oceans. Arjuna used the Mohini-astra and the Madhava-astra to demolish these asuras.
He was also taken to Hiranyapura, a palace in the sky created by a witch Puloma and his asura tribe of the Kalakanjas. Here Arjuna uses the Raudra-astra and annihilates the demons.[17]
Meeting Hanuman[edit]
Continuing his quest, Arjuna visits the site of Rama Setu in Dhanushkodi. There, he openly questions why, if Rama had been such a great archer, he hadn't simply built the bridge out of arrows. Angered at Arjuna's tone and his apparent questioning of Rama's prowess, Hanuman confronts Arjuna in the form of an ordinary monkey and challenges him to prove his superiority by building a bridge of arrows that could bear his (Hanuman's) weight. Tensions escalate until Arjuna pledges to defeat Hanuman or kill himself, going so far as to frivolously use divine weapons to build bridge after bridge, while Hanuman uses his god-given strength to destroy them all. Eventually, Krishna intervenes, chiding Arjuna for his excessive pride and Hanuman for allowing his love of Rama to overcome his pacifism. Regaining his composure, Hanuman pledges to reside in Arjuna's battle standard (flag) during the Kurukshetra war.[18]
Eunuch at Virata's Kingdom[edit]
Brihannala – Eunuch at Virata's Kingdom
Main article: Brihannala
Along with his brothers, Arjuna spent his last year of exile in the kingdom of Matsya. This is the place where Urvashi's curse is implemented and Arjuna becomes a eunuch called Brihannala (within themselves Pandavas called him Vijaya).[19] At the palace, he teaches song and dance, qualities he had learnt from Chitrasena [King of the Gandharvas in Devalok], to the King Virata's daughter, Uttarā. Later, Arjuna arranges for Uttara to become his daughter-in-law by marrying his son Abhimanyu to her. At the same time, he prevents Subhadra from marrying Abhimanyu to Balarama's daughter Vatsala, as the Kurus find marriages between cousins taboo. But Arjuna and Subhadra are cousins too since Kunti (Arjun's Mother) and Vasudeva (Subhadra's father) are brother and sister.
Hearing about the death of Kichaka, Duryodhana surmises that the Pandavas were hiding in Matsya. A host of Kaurava warriors attack Virata, presumably to steal their cattle, but in reality, desiring to pierce the Pandavas' veil of anonymity. Full of bravado, Virata's son Uttar attempts to take on the army by himself while the rest of the Matsya army has been lured away to fight Susharma and the Trigartas. As suggested by Draupadi, Uttar takes Brihannala with him, as his charioteer. When he sees the Kaurava army, Uttar loses his nerve and attempts to flee. There, Arjuna reveals his identity and those of his brothers'. Switching places with Uttar, Arjuna takes up the Gandiva and Devadatta. Eager to defend the land that had given him refuge, Arjuna (dressed up as Brihannala) engaged the legion of Kaurava warriors, leading Matsya to victory and giving all credit for the victory to Uttar in his place.[20][21][22]
Kurukshetra War[edit]
Bhagavad Gita[edit]
Arjuna and Lord Krishna, with Krishna as the sarathi or charioteer
Main article: Bhagavad Gita
As the battle draws close, Arjuna is overcome with self-doubt about the righteousness of the war against his own kith and kin. He is distraught at the thought of having to fight with his friends and family such as his dear teacher, Drona and grandsire Bhishma. It was then that Krishna took charge and explained the necessity and inevitability of the war to Arjuna. This conversation is a key part of the Mahabharata known as Bhagavad gita, and is considered as a holy scripture of Hinduism.
Arjuna plays the role of the reader in the Bhagavad Gita. As Krishna dispenses the advice, Arjuna asks the questions.
The Bhagavad Gita primarily takes the form of philosophical dialogue between Arjuna and Krishna.
Battles fought at Kurukshetra[edit]
Defeat of Jayadratha
Arjuna was a key Pandava warrior and played a huge role in the Pandava victory in the Kurukshetra war. His flag bore the symbol of Hanuman.[citation needed]
Some of the crucial battles fought by Arjuna are as follows:
Fall of Bhishma: Throughout the first nine days of battle, Arjuna was unable to defeat Bhishma. Arjuna was able to compel Bhishma to retreat on the 3rd day of the war, however, this was not a decisive victory for him. This was partially due to his own reluctance to fight his grandsire, as well as Bhishma's terrific skill. As Krishna became frustrated with Arjuna, he took up arms against Bhishma himself, at least twice. Not wanting history to blame Arjuna for forcing Krishna to break his vow of non-aggression, Arjuna managed to talk Krishna down and fought with renewed vigor. On the tenth day of the war, after asking Bhishma himself how to decisively defeat him, Arjuna took Shikhandi in his chariot. As Bhishma would not raise weapons against a woman, Arjuna was able to attack Bhishma unimpeded. Tears flowing from his eyes, Arjuna pierced Bhishma's entire body with arrows, eventually forcing Bhishma to fall down with Arjuna's arrows acting as a bed, thus breaking the rule of battle. As per Bhishma's request, he provided a pillow of arrows for his head, as well as water by piercing the earth and allowing Ganga to nourish her son. Bhishma praised Arjuna for this and asked Duryodhana to make peace with the Pandavas.[23]
Death of Bhagadatta: On the 12th day of the war, Arjuna was busy fighting Bhagadatta, the king of Pragjyotisha, who had earlier defeated Bhima and Satyaki. During the battle, Bhagadatta shot an irresistible weapon called Vaishnavastra, which could have killed Arjuna, but he was saved by Krishna's timely intervention; Krishna stood up covering Arjuna, and the weapon fell on Krishna and formed a garland. Bhagadatta was later decapitated by Arjuna's arrow.
Killing of the Trigartas: Attempting to distract him so that Drona could capture Yudhishthira, Susharma and the Trigartas challenged Arjuna to a fight to the death. On the 12th and 13th days of battle, Arjuna succeeded in killing most of them, however, he fought against remaining units of the Trigarta army on the 16th and 17th days as well, and finally on the 18th day of the war, Susharma was defeated and killed by Arjuna.[citation needed] And on the eighteenth day, Arjuna killed Susharma with an arrow which ended the Trigarta saga.
Death of Jayadratha: Arjuna held Jayadratha responsible for Abhimanyu's death on the 13th day of the war. He vowed to kill him the very next day before sunset, failing which he would kill himself by jumping in a pyre. The Kauravas hid Jayadratha from Arjuna in a formation, knowing that Arjuna's death would result in a Kaurava victory. However, Krishna created an artificial eclipse by using his Sudarshana Chakra to hide the sun, forcing Kauravas to believe it was sunset and Arjuna's death was imminent. (In some versions, it is said that Lord Krishna used his yogic power to hide the sun). Overjoyed, they started celebrating, and using that opportunity, Arjuna caught them unprepared, reached near Jayadratha, and made his arrows to carry away Jayadratha's head. This was because Jayadratha had a boon from his father that whoever would be responsible for his head falling to the ground would have his own head blown up. That is why Arjuna carried the severed head of Jayadratha to his father, who was awoken from his meditation by the sudden landing of a severed head on his body and since he ended up dropping it to the ground, he had his head blown up.
[24]
Arjuna Slays Karna, page from a copy of the Razmnama, Mughal period
Death of Karna:Karna was at least Arjuna's equal in Mahabharata one upon whom Duryodhana chiefly rested his hopes for victory against the Pandavas. On the 17th day of the war, the final combat between Arjuna and Karna took place, with both of them being evenly matched. The warriors on the battlefield and the gods in heaven watched the battle in speechless amazement and terrified admiration of the strength and skill of these two greatest of warriors. At one point, Karna used Nagastra in an attempt to kill Arjuna, but at the last minute Krishna bade the horses of Arjuna's chariot to bend at their knees lowering the whole chariot. This caused the Nagastra only to knock off Arjun's diadem saving Arjun's life. The battle between the two continued fiercely with each of them alternately gaining the upper hand. Eventually, one of the wheels of Karna's chariot got stuck in the mud resulting from a prior curse on Karna from Bhudevi. Further, owing to a curse Karna received from his Guru Parashurama, Karna forgot the mantra to invoke the Brahmastra. Karna got down from his chariot to free the wheel and asked Arjuna to pause, reminding him of the etiquette of war. But Krishna reminded Arjuna of all the incidents suffered by the Pandavas, Draupadi’s insult and Abhimanyu’s death; and convinced Arjuna to attack the defenseless Karna. Remembering his son's treacherous death at the hands of seven warriors including Karna, and the humiliation of his wife and family at Karna's hands, Arjuna's passions stirred up and he renewed his attack on Karna with fresh vigor as the latter was trying to lift his sunken chariot wheel.killed the unarmed, afoot Karna with the Anjalika weapon.
Some interpretations claim that it is actually Krishna who killed Karna, using Arjuna as his vessel, thereby freeing Arjuna of the shame of blatantly violating the rules of war.
Arjuna's Chariot burns after war[edit]
After the eighteenth day of war at Kurukshetra, King Duryodhana was slain in a mace fight with Bhima by unfair means. Soon after Duryodhana's fall, the Pandavas went to celebrate their victory by entering the palaces of the Kauravas. When they reached the pavilion of the Kauravas, Lord Krishna advised Arjuna to take his divine bow Gandiva and get down from his chariot immediately. After Arjuna did so, Lord Hanuman disappeared from his flag and Lord Krishna also got down from the chariot. Soon after Lord Krishna releases the horses and then gets down from the chariot. The chariot explodes into pieces. That was due to the devastating effect of the astras such Brahmastras which were used by Karna and Drona and other warriors in the battle. Arjuna wondered at seeing such a horrible scene and asked Krishna about the reason. Lord Krishna said that the divine chariot of Arjuna had already been burnt by consuming diverse kinds of weapons, including the Brahmastras , that they had shot against Arjuna during the fighting. It was because of his power that the divine chariot of it remained un-burnt throughout the battle. [25] [26]
Conquest for Ashvamedha[edit]
After the conclusion of the war, the Pandavas take charge of Hastinapura, the undivided realm of their ancestors. Yudhishira appointed Arjuna as the Yuvaraj of Hastinapura.[27]
Yudhishthira decided to hold the Ashvamedha Yagna, or "horse sacrifice", to grant them the title of Chakravarti ("Emperor"). Arjuna led the armed forces which followed the horse around its random wanderings. He received the submission of many kings, either without or following an armed confrontation. He was thus instrumental in the expansion of the Pandava domains.
Arjuna built the Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple during his conquest in South India. Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple is one of the "Divya Desams", the 108 temples of Vishnu revered by the 12 poet saints, or Alwars[28] located near Aranmula, a village in Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, South India. The temple is dedicated to Parthasarathy, Lord Krishna's role as Arjuna's Charioteer in the Mahabharata war.[29] Legend has it that Arjuna built this temple, to expiate for the sin of having killed Karna on the battlefield, against the dharma of killing an unarmed enemy.
Manipur and death by Babruvahana[edit]
Arjuna is killed by his son Babhruvahana in battle – a composite Razmnama illustration circa 1616
Arjuna went to Manipur, where the king was Babruvahana, his own son with Chitrangadaa. Seeing his father Babruvahana came all the way to receive Arjuna. Arjuna was very upset that Babruvahana did not respect the duties worthy of a King and did not ask for war. He cursed his son as a coward and asked him to prepare for war. In the fight between father and son Babruvahana killed Arjuna, but Ulupi, the snake-princess, used the Mritasanjivani, a boon from Ganga Devi to bring Arjuna back to life. It is later stated that the defeat was because of Arjuna's using of Shikhandi to plot Bhishma's death and the unethical killing of Karna.[30]
Death[edit]
Arjuna throws his weapons in water as advised by Agni
After Sri Krishna left his mortal body, Arjuna took the citizens of Dwaraka, including 16,000 women that had formed Krishna's harem, to Indraprastha. On the way, they were attacked by a group of bandits. Arjuna fought with them but he had already lost his divine energy and even lost the power to wield the celestial bow Gandiva. Arjuna forgot all his celestial weapons and soon his inexhaustible quiver became empty due to the disappearance of divine energy owing to the death of Krishna.[31][32]
Upon the onset of the Kali yuga and acting on the advice of Vyasa, Arjuna and other Pandavas retired, leaving the throne to their only descendant to survive the war of Kurukshetra, Arjuna's grandson Parikshit. Giving up all their belongings and ties, the Pandavas, accompanied by a dog, made their final journey of pilgrimage to the Himalayas. It is also to be noted that the listener of the Mahabharata is Janamejaya, Parikshit's son.[33]
Except for Yudhishthira, all of the Pandavas grew weak and died before reaching heaven (only Yudhishthira is allowed to keep his mortal body). Arjuna was the fourth one to fall after Draupadi, Sahadeva and Nakula. When Bhima asks Yudhishthira why Arjuna isn't permitted the same, the reason given is Arjuna's extreme pride in his skills as an archer. Draupadi also falls because while she claimed to love all the Pandavas equally, she had a soft spot for Arjuna .[34]
In popular culture[edit]
Arjuna is a popular choice of name for a Hindu male child in the Indian subcontinent. As told in the verses in Harivamsha or Harivamsha Purana, the name Arjuna is cursed by the sage Parashurama. After the defeat of the mighty and evil king Kartavirya Arjuna or otherwise called Sahasra Arjuna, Sage Parashurama pronounced the curse that whoever holds the name Arjuna will never become a king and always be a servant of others.[35]
Modern references[edit]
Arjuna Wijaya monument in Jakarta, Indonesia
Arjuna's extraordinary talents and skills have made him a common name in popular culture.
The American astronomer Tom Gehrels named a class of asteroids with low inclination, low eccentricity and earth-like orbital period as Arjuna asteroids.[36][37][38]
The Arjuna Award is presented every year in India to one talented sportsman in every national sport.
Arjun is a third generation main battle tank developed for the Indian Army.
Mayilpeeli Thookkam is a ritual art of dance performed in the temples of Kerala. It is also known as Arjuna Nrithyam (lit. Arjuna's dance) as a tribute to his dancing abilities.
There have been a serial and a film based on Arjuna's life and exploits.
Earth Maiden Arjuna is a Japanese animated television series created by Shoji Kawamori. This series is based on Arjuna and the Mahabharata. Arjuna: Into the Another World is the soundtrack produced for the series.
Arjun: The Warrior Prince is a 2012 mythological action film narrating the events in Arjuna's life.
"Arjuna" is a character in Orson Scott Card's "Earth Afire" and "Earth Awakens" made in 2013 and 2014 respectively.
Additionally, the protagonist in Steven Pressfield's book The Legend of Bagger Vance, Rannulph Junuh, is based in part on Arjuna (R. Junuh).[39]
Arjuna is also an Archer class Servant in the mobile game Fate/Grand Order. He is a minor antagonist in the E Pluribus Unum story chapter, where he wishes to fight Karna again.
In modern television[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In B.R.Chopra's Mahabharat, Arjuna's role is played by Arjun (Firoz Khan).
In 2013 Mahabharat television series, Arjuna is portrayed by Shaheer Sheikh.
Mani Ratnam's 1991 blockbuster Thalapathi was loosely based on the Mahabharata. In the film, Arvind Swamy's character was loosely based on Arjuna.
In Dharmakshetra 2014, actor Ankit Arora portrayed Arjuna.
In 2015 Sony TV serial Suryaputra Karn, actor Navi bhangu played the role of Arjuna.
In Nagarjuna 2015 serial, Rahul Sharma (actor) played Arjuna.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). A Sanskrit-English dictionary : etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to cognate Indo-European languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Jump up ^ Fowler, Jeaneane Fowler, Merv. Bhagavad Gita : a text & commentary for students. Brighton: Sussex Academic. p. 10. ISBN 9781845193461.
Jump up ^ Kapoor, Subodh, ed. (2002). The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific (1st ed.). New Delhi: Cosmo Publications. p. 1927. ISBN 9788177552577.
Jump up ^ Sarma, Bharadvaja (2008). Vyasa's Mahabharatam in eighteen parvas : the great epic of India in summary translation. Kolkata, India: Academic Publishers. p. 372. ISBN 9788189781682.
^ Jump up to: a b "Different names of Arjuna in Mahabharata". www.speakingtree.in. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
Jump up ^ Johnson, W. J (2009). "A Dictionary of Hinduism". Oxford Reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001. (Subscription required (help)). (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Jump up ^ Leeming, W. J (2009). "The Oxford Companion to World Mythology". Oxford Reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195156690.001.0001. (Subscription required (help)). (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Jump up ^ Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2001). Encyclopaedic dictionary of Purāṇas (1st ed.). New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. pp. 512–513. ISBN 9788176252263.
^ Jump up to: a b Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa. Teddington, Middlesex: The Echo Library. 2008. pp. 518–520. ISBN 9781406870459.
Jump up ^ Menon, [translated by] Ramesh (2006). The Mahabharata : a modern rendering. New York: iUniverse, Inc. pp. 302–304. ISBN 9780595401871.
Jump up ^ Verma, retold by Virendra; Verma, Shanti (1989). The Mahābhārata : (the great epic of ancient India). New Delhi: Pitambar Pub. Co. p. 28. ISBN 9788120907324.
Jump up ^ "Mahabharata Text".
Jump up ^ "Mahabharata Text".
Jump up ^ "Mahabharata Text".
Jump up ^ "Mahabharata Text".
Jump up ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Indralokagamana Parva: Section XLIV". Retrieved 3 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section CLXXII". Retrieved 3 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hanuman and Arjuna".
Jump up ^ Kapoor, edited by Subodh (2002). The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific (1st ed.). New Delhi: Cosmo Publications. p. 4462. ISBN 9788177552577. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Arvind Sharma (1991). Essays on the Mahābhārata. Brill.
Jump up ^ Wendy Doniger O’Flaherty. Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions. Berkeley University of California Press.
Jump up ^ K M Ganguly(1883–1896)The Mahabharat Book 3: Virata Parva Section LXV aryabharati.org, October 2004, Retrieved 2015-12-23
Jump up ^ Ganguly, Kisari. "The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa".
Jump up ^ Kisori Mohan Ganguly translation of Mahabharat P-321 Drona Parv, Chapter 146
Jump up ^ [1] Shalya Parva chapter 62 Arjuna's chariot burns
Jump up ^ [2] Shalya Parva chapter 61 Arjuna's chariot burns, BORI sanskrit version mahabharat
Jump up ^ "Mahabharata Text".
Jump up ^ 108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Malai Nadu and Vada Nadu. M. S. Ramesh, Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam.
Jump up ^ David Abram; Nick Edwards (2004). The Rough Guide to South India. Rough Guides. p. 348. ISBN 1843531038.
Jump up ^ "Mahabharata Text".
Jump up ^ "Death of Krishna and Aftermaths".
Jump up ^ "Defeat of Arjuna".
Jump up ^ Bowker, John (2000). "The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions". Oxford Reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001. (Subscription required (help)). (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Jump up ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 17: Mahaprasthanika Parva: Section 2". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Ramachandrashastri, K.S (1936). Harivamsha. Pune: Chitrashala Press.
Jump up ^ S. Lewis, John (1996). Rain of iron and ice: the very real threat of comet and asteroid bombardment. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. pp. 82–83.
Jump up ^ Lee, Ricky J. Law and regulation of commercial mining of minerals in outer space. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9789400720398.
Jump up ^ de la Fuente Marcos, C.; de la Fuente Marcos, R. (12 February 2015). "Geometric characterization of the Arjuna orbital domain". Astronomische Nachrichten. 336 (1): 5–22. arXiv:1410.4104  . Bibcode:2015AN....336....5D. doi:10.1002/asna.201412133.
Jump up ^ Gita on the Green: The Mystical Tradition Behind Bagger Vance – Steven Rosen – Google Boeken. Books.google.com. 2002-05-30. ISBN 9780826413659. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
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values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjunus
Arjunus – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values: അർജ്ജുനൻ – Malayalam

values: अर्जुन – Marathi

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjuna
Arjuna – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjoena
Arjoena – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: अर्जुन – Nepali

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjuna
Arjuna – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjuna
Arjuna – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Арджуна – Russian

values: अर्जुनः – Sanskrit

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzuna
Arzuna – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjuna
Arjuna – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjuna
Arjuna – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjuna
Arjuna – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: அருச்சுனன் – Tamil

values: అర్జునుడు – Telugu

values: อรชุน – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjuna
Arjuna – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjuna
Arjuna – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Arjuna rootpage-Arjuna vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view