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Hong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships
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Hong Kong Convention
Hong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships
Signed
15 May 2009
Location
Hong Kong
Effective
not effective
Condition
15 ratifications, representing 40% of the world merchant shipping by gross tonnage, and on average 3% of recycling tonnage for the previous 10 years
Signatories
5
Parties
6
Depositary
Secretary-General of IMO
Languages
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
The Hong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships, or Hong Kong Convention is a mulitateral convention adopted in 2009, which has not entered into force. The conference that created the convention was attended by 63 countries, and overseen by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), which is a specialist agency of the United Nations (U.N).[1]
The convention has been designed to try to improve the health and safety of current ship breaking practices. Ship breaking is considered to be "amongst the most dangerous of occupations, with unacceptably high levels of fatalities, injuries and work-related diseases"[2] by the ILO as large ships are often beached and then dismantled by hand by workers with very little personal protective equipment (PPE). This is most common in Asia, with India, Bangladesh, China, and Pakistan holding the largest ship breaking yards.[3]
The Hong Kong Convention recognised that ship recycling is the most environmentally sound way to dispose of a ship at the end of its life, as most of the ship's materials can be reused. However, it sees current methods as unacceptable. The work sees many injuries and fatalities to workers, as they lack the correct safety equipment to handle the large ship correctly as it is dismantled and most vessels contain a large amount of hazardous materials such as asbestos, PCBs, TBT, and CFCs, which can also lead to highly life-threatening diseases such as mesothelioma and lung cancer.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Inventory of Hazardous Materials
2 Signature, Ratification and accession
3 Relation to EU instruments
4 References
Inventory of Hazardous Materials[edit]
The Inventory of Hazardous Materials has been designed to try to minimise the dangers of these hazards. The Convention defines a hazard as: “any material or substance which is liable to create hazards to human health and/or the environment".[5]
All vessels over 500 gross tonnes (GT) that are in commercial service (the convention does not apply to warships or naval auxiliary or ships operating their whole life only in waters subject to the sovereignty or jurisdiction of the State whose flag the ship is entitled to fly) will have to comply with the convention once it comes into force. Each party that does wish to comply must restrict the use of hazardous materials on all ships that fly the flag of that party.[6]
New ships must all carry an Inventory of Hazardous Materials. The inventory will list all 'hazardous materials' on board the vessel, including their amounts and locations. Existing ships must comply no later than five years after the convention comes into force, or prior to being recycled if this occurs before the five-year period. The inventory will remain with a vessel throughout its lifespan, being updated as all new installations enter the ship, as these may potentially contain hazards. The presence of the inventory will then ensure the safety of crew members during the vessel's working life, and also the safety of workers during the recycling process.
Signature, Ratification and accession[edit]
The convention was open for signature between 1 September 2009 and 31 August 2010, and remained open for accession afterwards. It will enter into force two years after "15 states, representing 40% of the world merchant shipping by gross tonnage, and on average 3% of recycling tonnage for the previous 10 years, have either signed it without reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval, or have deposited instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession with the Secretary General".[7] None of these conditions was met as of 2017:
Criterion
Requirement
Status
Number of Parties 15 6
Gross Tonnage of Merchant Shipping 40% 21.23%
Recycling tonnage in past 10 years 3% 0.0423%
The convention was signed by 5 states, 1 of which as ratified it. In addition, 5 states have acceded tot he convention.
State
Signature
Ratification/
Accession
Entry into Force
Territorial
Application
Belgium 000000002016-03-07-00007 March 2016
Denmark 000000002017-06-14-000014 June 2017 not applicable to Greenland and Faroe Islands
France 000000002009-11-19-000019 November 2009 000000002014-07-02-00002 July 2014 full territory
Italy 000000002010-08-02-00002 August 2010
Netherlands 000000002010-04-21-000021 April 2010
Norway 000000002013-06-26-000026 June 2013
Panama 000000002016-09-19-000019 September 2016
Republic of the Congo 000000002014-05-19-000019 May 2014
Saint Kitts and Nevis 000000002010-08-27-000027 August 2010
Turkey 000000002010-08-26-000026 August 2010
Relation to EU instruments[edit]
The EU Ship Recycling Regulation [8] entered into force on 30 December 2013. Although this regulation closely follows the Hong Kong convention, there are important differences. The Regulation sets out a number of requirements for European ships, European ship owners, ship recycling facilities willing to recycle European ships, and the relevant competent authorities or administrations. It also requires the Commission to adopt a number of acts implementing the Regulation (in particular the European List of ship recycling facilities authorized to recycle ships flying the Union flag). For the Inventory of Hazardous Materials required by the EU regulation, there are additional substances listed as prohibited.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "International Maritime Organization". imo.org. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "IShip-breaking: a hazardous work". ilo.org. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Mikelis, Nikos.http://www.imo.org/includes/blastDataOnly.asp/data_id%3D23449/shiprecycling.pdf "A statistical overview of ship recycling", September 2007. Retrieved on 22 September 2010
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2010. Retrieved on 22 September 2010
Jump up ^ http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/ships/pdf/Convention.pdf Retrieved on 22 September 2010
Jump up ^ International Maritime Organisation http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/ships/pdf/Convention.pdf 'agenda item 8' Retrieved on 11 March 2015
Jump up ^ http://www.imo.org/Environment/mainframe.asp?topic_id=818 Retrieved on 22 September 2010
Jump up ^ "Ship recycling - Waste - Environment - European Commission". europa.eu. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "EUR-Lex - 52012PC0118 - EN - EUR-Lex". europa.eu. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
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Phase-gate process
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A phase-gate process (also referred to as a stage-gate process[1] or waterfall process), is a project management technique in which an initiative or project (e.g., new product development, software development, process improvement, business change) is divided into distinct stages or phases, separated by decision points (known as gates).
At each gate, continuation is decided by (typically) a manager, steering committee, or governance board. The decision is made on forecasts and information available at the time, including the business case, risk analysis, and availability of necessary resources (e.g., money, people with correct competencies).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Phases
3 Gates
4 Phases in detail
4.1 Phase 0: discovery or ideation
4.2 Phase 1: scoping
4.3 Phase 2: building the business case and plan
4.3.1 Product definition and analysis
4.3.2 Building the business case
4.3.3 Building the project plan
4.3.4 Feasibility review
4.4 Phase 3: development
4.5 Phase 4: testing and validation
4.5.1 Near testing
4.5.2 Field testing
4.5.3 Market testing
4.6 Phase 5: product launch
5 Effective gates
6 Advantages and disadvantages
7 Opportunity management
8 References
History[edit]
A phased approach to investment decisions for development arose in large-scale projects for mechanical and chemical engineering, particularly since the 1940s.[citation needed] One source described eight phases.[2] In 1958, the American Association of Cost Engineers created four standard cost estimate type classifications to match these development and approval phases.[3] Other industries with complex products and projects picked up on the process. For example, NASA practiced the concept of phased development in the 1960s with its phased project planning or what is often called phased review process. The phased review process was intended to break up the development of any project into a series of phases that could be individually reviewed in sequence. Review points at the end of each phase required that a number of criteria be met before the project could progress to the next phase.[4] The phased review process consisted of five phases with periodic development reviews between phases.[5] NASA's phased review process is considered a first generation process because it did not take into consideration the analysis of external markets in new product development.[4]
A variation of the phase-gate process, known as the stage-gate process, arose from the work of Robert G. Cooper.[6]
The waterfall process variant arose through publication of Winston Royce's paper on large developments, as it illustrated work cascading down from each phase as a series of waterfalls from which work could not return to an earlier phase.[7]
Phase-gate processes are often called front-end loading or big design up front.
Phases[edit]
The traditional phase-gate process has five phases with four gates. The phases are:[8]
Scoping
Build business case
Development
Testing and validation
Launch
Ahead of this process there is often a preliminary phase called ideation or discovery, and after the fifth phase the process typically ends with the post-launch review. Major new products go through the full five-phase process. Moderate risk projects (such as extensions and enhancements) often use a reduced 3-phase version, which combines the scoping with the business case phase, and developing with the testing phase.[citation needed] Very simple changes (such as a marketing request) may be executed using a light two-phase process, where the launch is rolled into development and testing too.[citation needed]
Gates[edit]
Gates provide a point during the process where an assessment of the quality of an idea is undertaken. It includes three main issues:
Quality of execution: Checks whether the previous step is executed in a quality fashion.
Business rationale: Does the project continue to look like an attractive idea from an economic and business perspective.
Action plan: The proposed action plan and the requested resources reasonable and sound.
A gate can lead to one of five possible results: go, kill, hold, recycle, or conditional go.[9]
Gates have a common structure and consist of three main elements:
Inputs: What the project manager and team deliver to the decision point. These deliverables are decided at the output of the previous gate, and are based on a standard menu of deliverables for each gate.
Criteria: Questions or metrics on which the project is judged in order to determine a result (go/kill/hold/recycle) and make a prioritization decision.
Outputs: Results of the gate review—a decision (go/kill/hold/recycle), along with an approved action plan for the next gate, and a list of deliverables and date for the next gate.
Phases in detail[edit]
Phase 0: discovery or ideation[edit]
Deciding what projects the company wants and is capable to pursue. During this phase it is common for companies to take part in idea generation activities such as brainstorming or other group thinking exercises. Once the idea generation team has selected a project that they would like to go forward with, it must be passed on to the first gate and therefore screened by the organization's decision makers.
When searching for new product ideas it is beneficial for an organization to look to the outside world to suggest business opportunities. Using methods such as those found in empathic design can be quite helpful. Communicating with customers to understand how and why they use products can produce great strides in idea generation. Specifically, communicating with lead users can provide great feedback to the developers, as these customers are most likely to feel most passionately about the product. In addition to communication with lead users, it may be helpful for developers to communicate with suppliers. By understanding all of the types of business that their materials are being used for, developers may be able to act upon previously untapped possibilities.
Phase 1: scoping[edit]
The second phase of the product development process is scoping. During this step the main goal is to evaluate the product and its corresponding market. The researchers must recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the product and what it is going to offer to the potential consumer. The competition must also be evaluated during this phase. It is important for the researchers to understand who and what is already in the market as well as what can potentially be developed. By determining the relative level of threat from competitors, the management team will be able to recognize whether or not they should go forward with the production of the product.
Phase 2: building the business case and plan[edit]
Once the new product passes through the gate at the end of the scoping phase, the next phase in the phase-gate process is building the business case and plan. This is the last phase of concept development where it is crucial for companies to perform a solid analysis before they begin developing the product. This phase is generally difficult, complex, and resource-intensive. However, companies must put forth a strong effort in this phase for it is directly related to the success and development of a new product. There are four main steps that comprise this phase: product definition and analysis, building the business case, building the project plan, and feasibility review.
Product definition and analysis[edit]
The first step, product definition and analysis, is composed of a series of activities that will provide the information to define and justify the development of a new product. One of the first of these activities is the user needs and wants study where customer value is determined. This addresses questions about the product such as what benefits does the product provide and what features should the product have. During this time the company should conduct surveys and interviews with existing and potential customers, along with staff members. Next, the company must conduct a market analysis. They must determine the market size and segmentation, rate of growth, customer trends and behavior, and what channels reach these customers. Once the market analysis is complete the company must then conduct a competitive analysis. It is important to know how your competitors operate in addition to their strengths and weaknesses. This will not only help you build a great product, but will also help in determining how and where to launch your new product. Together these activities will help define the product and provide a foundation for the marketing strategy. Next, the company must build a technically feasible product concept, which includes the substance and methods needed to produce the new product. Once this is completed the company can then produce a production and operations cost analysis along with a market and launch costs analysis. Next, the company can begin to test the concept they have developed. This is when early prototypes are developed and presented to staff and consumers to gain feedback and gauge customer reaction. From this the company can make the necessary changes and see the sales potential of the product. This feedback will also help the company build a solid product definition. Lastly, the company will then conduct the business analysis, risk analysis, and financial analysis of the new product.
Building the business case[edit]
The business case is a document that defines the product and provides the rationale for developing it. This document will vary in format amongst companies, but the primary components are the following: results of the activities of product definition and analysis; legal and regulatory requirements; safety, health, and environmental considerations; assumptions needed to draw the conclusions made, and why it is believed they are valid and reasonable; and out-of-bounds criteria that indicate certain changes/events which will mandate an emergency business case review. This document will be referred to throughout the development process and edited when necessary.
Building the project plan[edit]
The project plan includes: a scheduled list of tasks and events along with timelines for milestones throughout the development process; the personnel, time, and financial resources needed to complete the project; and an expected launch date for the release of the new product.
Feasibility review[edit]
The last step of building the business case and plan is the feasibility review. This is when management, along with other departments of the company, reviews the rationale for pursuing the product. They analyze the information provided by the previous steps in this process to decide whether or not the product should move forward. If it is decided to be pursued then it passes through gate two and moves on to the product development phase.
Phase 3: development[edit]
During the development phase, plans from previous steps are actually executed. The product's design and development is carried out, including some early, simple tests of the product and perhaps some early customer testing. The product's marketing and production plans are also developed. It is important that the company adheres to their overall goal of the project, which is reflected in these production and marketing plans. Doing this will allow them to definitively decide who they will market their product to and how they will get the product to that target audience. The development team maps out a realistic timeline with specific milestones that are described as SMART: specific, measurable, actionable, realistic, and time-bound. The timeline is frequently reviewed and updated, helping the team stay on task and giving management information about the product's progress. In the development phase, the product builds momentum as the company commits more resources to the project and makes full use of cross-functional teamwork as the marketing, technical, manufacturing, and sales departments all come together to offer their expert opinions. Having a diversified and parallel development phase ensures that the product continues to meet the company's technical and financial goals. A diverse team allows specific roles and leadership positions to develop as team members make contributions using their strongest attributes. With members having clearly defined roles, tasks can be performed concurrently ensuring a much more efficient development process. The ultimate deliverable of the development phase is the prototype, which will undergo extensive testing and evaluation in the next phase of the process.
Phase 4: testing and validation[edit]
This phase provides validation for the entire project. Areas that will be evaluated include: the product itself, the production/manufacturing process, customer acceptance, and the financial merit of the project. This phase includes three types of testing: near testing, field testing, and market testing.[citation needed]
Near testing[edit]
The main objective of near testing is to find any bugs or issues with a product. A key point to remember here is that the product is no longer a prototype and that it has almost all the features of the commercial product.[citation needed] Testing will be done initially by in-house staff, and customers and partners who are close to the firm. It is important to ensure that those testing have an understanding of how the product should perform, so they know what it should or shouldn't be doing. Members of the research and development team are usually present to observe the participants using the product and take any notes or data that may be useful.
Field testing[edit]
Field testing, or beta testing, is done by those who can provide valuable feedback on the product. This usually lasts a long period of time and the participants can include customers, partners, or anyone who is not familiar with the producing company.[citation needed] At this juncture the product fully resembles its planned launch version in all aspects; therefore the participants' interaction rate will be higher because they know all the features and benefits. During this phase there are three primary objectives to be achieved. The first objective is to see how much the participant is interested. It is also worthwhile to note which individual attribute they prefer and if they would buy the product. Next, determine how the customer uses the product and evaluate its durability. Confirm the environment in which the customers will be using the product. Recording and analyzing customer feedback is the final step in the field testing phase. This feedback may be used to help inform any minor design improvements that need to be made. The sales and marketing team will also be a beneficiary of field testing feedback; they can use this information to help focus their sales presentation.
Market testing[edit]
Unlike the other two test activities, market testing is considered optional.[citation needed] A solid marketing and launch plan along with confidence in the product's ability to sell helps to inform the key decision makers at the test and validation gate. If there is any uncertainty in the marketing or launch plans there are two options to consider. First, a simulated market test may be run, in which customers will be exposed to new products in an advertising and purchasing situation. The goal of this test is to obtain an early forecast of sales and make any necessary adjustments to the marketing plan. The second test involves trial sales, and is done through specific channels, regions, or consumer demographics.[citation needed]
Phase 5: product launch[edit]
The product launch is the culmination of the product having passed all previous gates. The producer must come up with a marketing strategy to generate customer demand for the product. The producer must also decide how large they anticipate the market for a new product to be and thus determine the size of their starting volume production.[citation needed] Part of the launch phase is training sales and support personnel to be familiar with the product so that they can assist in sales of this product. Setting a product price is an aspect of the product launch that the producer must consider. They should avoid either undershooting or overpricing the potential market. Finally, distribution is a major decision making part of the launch process. Selecting a distributor or value-added reseller for a product must be done with careful thought and potential sales in mind.
Having a smooth launch process that includes effective marketing and a knowledgeable and prepared sales force may result in faster time to profit due to early customer acceptance.
Effective gates[edit]
Most firms suffer from having far too many projects in their product development pipelines, for the limited resources available. "Gates with teeth" help to prune the development portfolio of weak projects and deal with a gridlocked pipeline. Also, a robust innovation strategy, coupled with strategic buckets, refocuses resources on high value development initiatives.
Note that gates are not merely project review points, status reports or information updates. Rather, they are tough decision meetings, where the critical go/kill and prioritization decisions are made on projects. Thus the gates become the quality control check points in the process ensuring that you do the right projects and also do the projects right.
Gates must have clear and visible criteria so that senior managers can make go/kill and prioritization decisions objectively. Most importantly, these criteria must be effective—that is, they must be operational (easy to use), realistic (make use of available information) and discriminating (differentiate the good projects from the mediocre ones). These criteria can be:
Must meet: Knock-out questions in a check list, designed to kill poor projects outright
Should meet: Highly desirable characteristics which are rated and added in a point-count scheme
A sample list of criteria is shown below, from which a scorecard can be developed that can then be used to score projects at a gate meeting.
Must meet (checklist - yes/no)
Strategic alignment (fits business unit strategy)
Reasonable likelihood of technical feasibility
Meet EH&S policies
Positive return versus risk
Should meet (scored on 0-10 scale)
Strategic
Degree to which projects aligns with business unit strategy
Strategic importance
Product advantage
Unique benefits
Meets customer needs better than existing or competing product
Value for money
Market attractiveness
Market size
Market growth
Competitive situation
Synergies (leverages core competencies)
Marketing synergies
Technological synergies
Manufacturing / processing synergies
Technical feasibility
Technical gap
Complexity
Technical uncertainty
Operational viability
Go to market
Sales, marketing, and billing
Support and operation
Risk versus return
Expected profitability (e.g., net present value)
Return (e.g., internal rate of return)
Payback period
Certainty of return
If the answers are "no" or "low" to many of these questions, the decision should be to send the project back for reconsideration, (such as, to adjust the scope, timelines, funding, or solution) or to kill it off altogether.[10]
Advantages and disadvantages[edit]
There are a number of advantages to using the phase-gate process for product development, which typically result from its ability to identify problems and assess progress before the project's conclusion. Poor projects can be quickly rejected by disciplined use of the process. When using the phase-gate process on a large project, the process can help reduce complexity of what could be a large and limiting innovation process into a straightforward rule-based approach. When a phase-gate process incorporates cost and fiscal analysis tools such as net present value, the organization can potentially be provided with quantitative information regarding the feasibility of developing potential product ideas. Finally, the process is an opportunity to validate the updated business case by a project's executive sponsors.[11]
One problem with the phase-gate process is the potential for structural organization to interfere with creativity and innovation, as overly structured processes may cause creativity to be reduced in importance and to hinder the largely iterative process of innovation.[citation needed]
Opportunity management[edit]
The opportunity management funnel is a visual representation of phase-gate decision making. Opportunity management has been defined as "a process to identify business and community development opportunities that could be implemented to sustain or improve a local economy."[12] The components of opportunity management are:
Identifying opportunities.
Evaluating and prioritizing these opportunities - This may involve developing criteria, deliberating, and ranking the alternatives.
Driving opportunities - Involves assigning leads, accountability, action plans, and project management
Constant monitoring - May require one of the following actions:
Advance - Commit additional resources to move the idea forward
Rework - More investigation/ rethinking
Kill - Stop working on the idea and move on
The goal of the opportunity management funnel is to eliminate weak or bad ideas before money or resources are contributed to realize these opportunities. The benefit of the opportunity management funnel when utilizing phase-gate decision making is that the funnel generates efficiencies where weak ideas are efficiently eliminated leaving a strong set of viable alternatives. To fulfill its mandate, the opportunity management funnel filters the broadest range of opportunities and ensures that all priority sectors are represented. When selecting which opportunities to filter through the process, economic developers should be aware that initially, there are no bad ideas or limits. The unviable alternatives will be filtered out throughout the process using phase-gate decision making process
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Definition of Stage Gate". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Chemical & Engineering News. 29: 3246. 1951. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "AACE Bulletin". April 1958.
^ Jump up to: a b Hine, Damian; Kapeleris, John (2006). Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Biotechnology, An International Perspective: Concepts, Theories and Cases. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-84376-584-4.
Jump up ^ Chao, L.P.; Tumer, I.; Ishii, K. (2005). "Design Process Error-Proofing: Benchmarking Gate and Phased Review Life-Cycle Models". Proceedings of the ASME Design Engineering Technical Conference. Long Beach, California.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Robert G. (1986). Winning at new products. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0201136651.
Jump up ^ Royce, Winston W. (1987). "Managing the development of large software systems: concepts and techniques". Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Software Engineering.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Robert G. (1993). Winning at New Products: Accelerating the Process from Idea to Launch (2 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-201-56381-8.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Robert G.; Edgett, Scott J. (1 March 2012). "Best Practices in the Idea-to-Launch Process and Its Governance". Research-Technology Management. 55 (2): 43–54. doi:10.5437/08956308X5502022.
Jump up ^ Dinsmore, Paul C. (2012). Enterprise project governance : a guide to the successful management of projects across the organization. Rocha, Luiz,. New York: AMACOM. ISBN 0814417469. OCLC 780445038.
Jump up ^ Nielsen, Dave (11 November 2008). "Conducting Successful Gate Meetings". pmhut.com. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Innovation, Business and Rural Development. "What is Opportunity Management?" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
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text:
How Will I Know
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"How Will I Know"
Single by Whitney Houston
from the album Whitney Houston
B-side
"Someone for Me"
"Saving All My Love for You"
Released
November 22, 1985 (1985-11-22)
Format
7"
12"
cassette single
CD single
Recorded
1984
Genre
Dance-pop
R&B
Length
4:33 (album version)
4:10 (7" version)
6:35 (dance remix)
Label
Arista
Songwriter(s)
George Merrill
Shannon Rubicam
Narada Michael Walden
Producer(s)
Narada Michael Walden
Whitney Houston singles chronology
"Saving All My Love for You"
(1985) "How Will I Know"
(1985) "The Greatest Love of All"
(1986)
"Saving All My Love for You"
(1985) "How Will I Know"
(1986) "The Greatest Love of All"
(1986)
Whitney Houston track listing
"Nobody Loves Me Like You Do"
(5) "How Will I Know"
(6) "All at Once"
(7)
Music video
"How Will I Know" on YouTube
"How Will I Know" is a song recorded by American recording artist Whitney Houston for her eponymous debut album, which was released in February 1985. The song was released by Arista Records in November that year, as the album's third single. Composed by George Merrill and Shannon Rubicam, the song was originally intended for Janet Jackson, but she passed on it. Houston then recorded the song with altered lyrics and production from Narada Michael Walden. The lyrics speak about the protagonist trying to discern if a boy she likes will ever like her back.
"How Will I Know" received mainly positive reviews. The song became Houston's second number one single on the United States Billboard Hot 100. It spent two weeks atop the chart and also became Houston's first chart topper on the Canadian RPM Singles Chart. Its success was worldwide: it reached the top 10 in Sweden, Ireland, Norway, and the United Kingdom, and the top 20 in the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Switzerland.
The song's music video features scenes of Houston dancing in a setting of video screens and colored partitions. The music video gave Houston exposure to the teens and MTV. It also received nominations at the 1986 MTV Video Music Awards in the categories of Best Female Video and Best New Artist in a Video, winning the former category. The song was performed on many of her tours including Greatest Love Tour (1986) and her Nothing but Love World Tour (2009–10). "How Will I Know" is also featured as a remix on Houston's compilation album Whitney: The Greatest Hits (2000), whereas the original version is featured on The Ultimate Collection (2007) and I Will Always Love You: The Best of Whitney Houston (2012; remastered).
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and recording
2 Composition
3 Reception
3.1 Critical reception
3.2 Chart performance
4 Music video
5 Live performances
6 Track listing
7 Credits and personnel
8 Charts and certifications
8.1 Weekly charts
8.2 Year-end charts
8.3 Certifications
9 See also
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
Background and recording[edit]
Originally, songwriters George Merrill and Shannon Rubicam had written the song's demo for Janet Jackson, employed by A&M Records executive, John McClain.[1] However, after hearing the song, Jackson's management passed on the song, feeling it was too weak in comparison to her other material. In an interview with Fred Bronson, Merrill expressed his feelings after learning of Jackson's decision. "We were pretty upset because we thought it was perfect for her at the time. We had written it with her completely in mind."[1] During this period, Brenda Andrews, at Almo-Irving Music, Merrill and Rubicam's publisher, played the song for Gerry Griffith, the director for R&B music at A&M and Arista Records. Griffith, who was compiling material for Houston's debut at the time, felt the song perfectly matched her sound. He soon contacted Andrews and the song's two writers and implored that they should relinquish the song to him for Houston's debut album.[1] Griffith described his discovery of the song, and what he and Clive Davis thought of it:
"We had a lot of R&B-based tunes, we had a few ballads, but we didn't have a pop crossover song. So when I heard 'How Will I Know,' I said 'this is absolutely perfect.' I played it for Clive [and] he fell in love with it. I wasn't very familiar with her family background; I didn't realize that, even at that time, there was a pretty big industry buzz about her future."[1]
After getting permission to use the song from Merrill, Griffith quickly turned to Narada Michael Walden, who was producing Aretha Franklin's "I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)", for her album Who's Zoomin' Who?, at the time.[1] After getting in touch with Walden, Griffith frantically implored him to produce the song, describing how important the song would be for Houston's future album. After hearing the song's demo, Walden agreed to fly down to San Rafael, California to arrange it. He was not much impressed with the demo and requested permission to change some of the song's lyrics and chord progression. Flustered by his request, Merrill and Rubicam denied him the right to their song.[1] After a lot of back-and-forth with Griffith, they compromised and allowed Walden to de-construct the song and change the key and tempo. After completing the song, Houston came into the studio to record her vocals. Cissy Houston, the singer's mother, joined her daughter to perform the song's background vocals. Griffith explained:
"I asked Whitney to sing on the background session. She was reluctant because she wanted to enjoy hearing her mother sing. I said, 'No, get out there and sing,' so she did. The background sounded incredible...Clive Davis heard the mix and immediately gave it a 10, which is outrageous for him, because he doesn't like anything!"[1]
The tenor saxophone is played by Premik Russell Tubbs.[2]
Composition[edit]
"How Will I Know" (1985)
A sample of the song's chorus, where Houston sings "How will I know if he really loves me?". It also makes use of drums.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"How Will I Know" is composed in a 1980s dance beat.[3] Rolling Stone described the song as "perky synth-funk".[4] According to Kyle Anderson of MTV, the song found Houston hitting an "incredible groove".[5] It is written in the key of G flat major.[3] The beat is set the time signature of common time and moves at a fast tempo of 120 beats per minute.[3] The song also has the sequence of G♭-B♭m7-G♭/C♭-D♭-E♭m-D♭ as its chord progression.[3] Houston's vocals in the song span from the note of D♭4 to the high note of G5.[3] Lyrically, the song speaks about the protagonist trying to discern whether a boy she likes will ever like her back.[6] She is also hesitant, because her friends tell her "love can be deceiving", and she is so shy that she cannot phone him.[6] Later, she feels that it might be a dream, but realizes that "there's no mistaking", and that what she feels is really love.[6]
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
The song mainly garnered positive reviews from critics, with some noting it as a standout on the album.[7] Don Shewey of Rolling Stone commented "Although it's awfully reminiscent of the Pointer Sisters' 'He's So Shy', 'How Will I Know' is still irresistibly danceable."[8] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote "...what really impresses some 20-plus years on are the lighter tracks, particularly the breakthrough single 'How Will I Know'."[7] While listing Houston's top five songs of the 1980s, Steve Peake of About.com gave the song a positive review, writing, "Houston's boppy, peppy numbers tend to suffer from a particularly dated sound compared to her ballads, but this song still works remarkably well because of its lush melody throughout the verse, bridge and chorus." "[t]his track helps Houston prove that she knows how to interpret, with great skill, tunes that display solid craftsmanship," he added.[9] While reviewing the Deluxe Anniversary Edition of the album, Mikael Wood of Entertainment Weekly commented on the a cappella version of the song noting, "a cappella mix of 'How Will I Know' [that] displays the singer's precision long before the advent of Auto-Tune."[10] While reviewing The Ultimate Collection, Nick Levine of Digital Spy added, "Houston's floor-fillers have aged a little more gracefully, although their clunky, thudding drum sounds are as unmistakably eighties as Joan Collins' Dynasty wardrobe."[11] The song was voted number twelve in VH1's List of Greatest Songs of the 1980s.[12][13]
Chart performance[edit]
"How Will I Know" was released by Arista Records in November 1985 as the third single from Houston's self-titled debut. It debuted at number 60 on the US Billboard Hot 100, on the December 7, 1985 issue.[14] Nine weeks later, it peaked at number one on the issue dated February 15, 1986, becoming Houston's second number one single in the US.[1] It displaced Dionne Warwick's "That's What Friends Are For", and was displaced by "Kyrie" by Mr. Mister.[1] It stayed on the peak for two weeks.[1] The song also debuted on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop songs at number 60 and later peaked at number one, a peak it maintained for one week.[14] On the issue dated January 25, 1986, "How Will I Know" entered the Hot Dance Club Play charts at number 30 and later peaked at number three on the February 22, 1986 issue.[14] It also peaked at number one on the Adult Contemporary charts.[14] Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the single Gold on December 6, 1995, for shipments of 500,000 copies or more.[15] It ranked number six on the Billboard Year-End charts. In Canada, the song debuted at number 80 on the RPM Singles chart on the issue dated December 14, 1985.[16] It later peaked at number one on the week dated March 1, 1986, becoming Houston's first number one single in Canada.[17] It was later certified Gold by Canadian Recording Industry Association on May 1, 1986, for shipments of 200,000 copies or more.[18]
The song performed well in other countries. In United Kingdom, the song debuted at number 36, during the week of January 25, 1986, and later peaked at a position of number five.[19] It was also certified Silver by British Phonographic Industry (BPI).[20] According to MTV UK and Ireland, the single has sold about 280,000 copies in the United Kingdom.[21] In New Zealand, the song debuted at number 35 on the Singles chart and later peaked at number 19.[22] In Austria, the song reached a peak position of number 28,[22] while reaching a peak of number 12 in the Netherlands.[22] The song also reached number two in Norway and Sweden, while charting at number 11 in Switzerland.[22] According to Allmusic, "How Will I Know" has sold about 1.5 million copies worldwide.[23]
In Australia, "How Will I Know" was released as the first single from the album, in mid 1985. It spent a solitary week in the Kent Music Report top 100 chart at number 97 in July 1985,[24] before re-entering the chart in February 1986, eventually peaking at number two.[25]
Music video[edit]
The music video for "How Will I Know", directed by Brian Grant and choreographed by Arlene Phillips,[26] was filmed prior to the release of the single and album.[27] Unlike her previous music videos, Houston was given the opportunity to move beyond the staged performance settings to demonstrate elementary dance moves.[27] The video is set against a strikingly designed, vividly colored setting of video screens and partitions.[27] Houston's hair is dyed a honey color, and is held up by a dazzling colored bow.[27] She is also seen accented by a tight, sleeveless gray dress made of metal mesh, reaching almost to her knees, accessorized with matching arm-bracelets.[27][28] Houston is also seen interacting with animated dancers, in black outfits and wearing French-style makeup.[28] The video also has a scene of splattering of paint and it's dripping down the screen.[28] Houston's label-mate and family friend Aretha Franklin also makes a cameo appearance in the music video.[28] In 2011, Kyle Anderson of MTV wrote that the video was "eye-opening to watch her cut loose in a fun environment," since her previous songs were ballads.[5]
The music video was her first to receive heavy rotation on MTV.[29] [30] Also, the video was nominated for two awards at the 1986 MTV Video Music Awards, in the categories of Best New Artist in a Video and Best Female Video, winning the latter.[31]
Live performances[edit]
Houston performing on her "Nothing but Love World Tour", in Milan, Italy
Houston performed the song throughout the entire run of her Greatest Love Tour (1986), Moment of Truth World Tour (1987–1988), Feels So Right Japan Tour (1990), I'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour (1991), The Bodyguard World Tour (1993–1994), and My Love Is Your Love World Tour (1999). She also recently performed the song on her Nothing but Love World Tour (2009–2010). Apart from the concert tour performances, Houston has performed the song on various other occasions like the Third MTV Video Music Awards (1986), where she sang "How Will I Know" and "Greatest Love of All",[31][32][33] Thirteenth Annual American Music Awards (1986),[34] and 1987 BRIT Awards.[35] The latter performance is included in the 2014 CD/DVD release, Whitney Houston Live: Her Greatest Performances.[36] On May 15, 1987, during her European promotion for then-new album, Whitney, Houston sang the song at the Montreux Golden Rose Rock Festival: IM&MC Gala with two other 1986 released songs, "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)" and "Where Do Broken Hearts Go".[37] She appeared on The Mike Douglas Show, taped in Philadelphia, and performed "How Will I Know".[38] On her Moment of Truth World Tour, she participated in the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute Concert and performed the song with other seven songs. She also performed the song on "Welcome Home Heroes", a concert dedicated to the US troops, their families, and military and government dignitaries in honor of those returning from the Gulf War, which aired on HBO on March 31, 1991.[39][40] The concert was taped and later released as a VHS on May 14, 1991.[39] She also performed the song on The Concert for a New South Africa, three concerts to honor President Nelson Mandela, in 1994. Houston later performed the song on the closing ceremonies of the 1994 World Cup along with five of her other songs.[41] In 2000, she performed the song on Arista's 25th Anniversary, along with "I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)".[42]
Track listing[edit]
US vinyl/7"[43]
A "How Will I Know" – 4:10
B "Someone for Me" – 4:57
German vinyl/12"[44]
A "How Will I Know" (dance remix) – 6:35
B1 "How Will I Know" (instrumental version) – 4:42
B2 "How Will I Know" (LP version) – 4:28
German vinyl/12"[45]
A "How Will I Know" (dance mix) – 6:10
B1 "Saving All My Love for You" – 3:55
B2 "How Will I Know" (dub mix) – 5:36
Japan CD single/3"[46]
1 "How Will I Know" – 4:34
2 "Someone for me" – 5:00
Credits and personnel[edit]
How Will I Know[6]
George Merrill – writer
Shannon Rubicam – writer
Narada Michael Walden – writer, vocal producer
Whitney Houston – vocals
Bill Schnee – mixer, Firewire synth trumpet, drum kit
Michael Barbiero – engineer
Cissy Houston – background vocals
Someone for Me[6]
Freddie Washington – writer
Raymond Jones – writer
Jermaine Jackson – vocal producer
Bill Schnee – mixer
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1985–86, 1991 and 2012)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[25] 2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[47] 28
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[48] 28
Canada (The Record Singles Chart)[49] 1
Canada (RPM 100 Singles)[17] 1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[50] 5
Germany (Official German Charts)[51] 26
Iceland (RÚV)[52] 1
Ireland (IRMA)[53] 3
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[54] 12
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[55] 19
Norway (VG-lista)[56] 2
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[57] 2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[58] 11
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[59] 5
US Billboard Hot 100[60] 1
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[61] 1
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[62] 3
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[63] 1
Chart (2012)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[64] 67
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[54] 100
France (SNEP)[65] 111
South Korea International Singles (Gaon)[66] 139
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[67] 56
US Billboard Hot 100[68] 46
Chart (2016)
Peak
position
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) [69] 58
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1986)
Position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[25] 67
Finnish Singles Chart[70] 40
US Billboard Hot 100 6
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs[71] 29
US Top Adult Contemporary Singles 19
US Hot Dance Club Songs[72] 46
Certifications[edit]
Country (Provider)
Certifications
Sales
Canada (CRIA)[18] Gold 200,000
United Kingdom (BPI)[20] Silver 220,000
United States (RIAA)[15] Gold 500,000
See also[edit]
List of RPM number-one singles of 1986
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1986 (U.S.)
List of number-one R&B singles of 1986 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1986 (U.S.)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Bronson 2003, p. 628
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Whitney Houston – How Will I Know Sheet music (Digital Download)". Music Notes. Alfred Music Publishing. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Whitney Houston Knows Hot To Get To Number One: Wake-Up Video". MTV Newsroom. MTV Networks (Viacom). 2011-02-15. Archived from the original on 2011-02-18. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Whitney Houston (CD). Whitney Houston. United States: Arista. 1985.
^ Jump up to: a b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Whitney Houston – Whitney Houston". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ Shewey, Don. "Whitney Houston by Whitney Houston Review". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media LLC. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ Peake, Steve. "'80s Whitney Houston Songs". About.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ Wood, Mikael (2010-01-20). "Whitney Houston: The Deluxe Anniversary Edition". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ Levine, Nick. "Whitney Houston: 'The Ultimate Collection'". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi (UK) Ltd. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
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Jump up ^ How Will I Know (12" Vinyl). Whitney Houston. Arista. 1985. 607 952.
Jump up ^ How Will I Know (12" Vinyl). Whitney Houston. Arista. 1985. 602 126.
Jump up ^ How Will I Know (cd-single). Whitney Houston. BMG Victor Inc. 1988. A10D-102.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Whitney Houston – How Will I Know" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Whitney Houston – How Will I Know" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Singles Chart from Nanda Lwin; Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide (2000)"
Jump up ^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin: Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972. Finland: Otava. p. 161. ISBN 951-1-21053-X.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Whitney Houston – How Will I Know". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "Whitney Houston Chart History". RÚV. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". Irish Recorded Music Association. Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nederlandse Top 40 – Whitney Houston" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Whitney Houston – How Will I Know". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Whitney Houston – How Will I Know". VG-lista. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Whitney Houston – How Will I Know". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Whitney Houston – How Will I Know". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Whitney Houston Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Whitney Houston Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Whitney Houston Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Whitney Houston Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts: The ARIA Report week commencing 20 February 2012 - Issue #1147" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association Ltd. Retrieved 2015-09-19.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Whitney Houston – How Will I Know" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "South Korea Gaon International Chart (Week: February 12, 2012 to February 18, 2012)". Gaon Chart. January 5, 2013. Archived from the original on December 19, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/artist/431329/whitney+houston/chart
Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin: Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972. Finland: Otava. p. 40. ISBN 951-1-21053-X.
Jump up ^ "Year-end Charts – Top Black Singles of 1986". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. December 31, 1986. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Year-end Charts – Top Dance/Club-Play Singles of 1986". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. December 31, 1986. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
Bibliography[edit]
Parish, James Robert (2003), Whitney Houston: The Unauthorized Biography, Aurum Press, ISBN 978-1-85410-921-7
Bowman, Jeffery (1995), Diva: The Totally Unauthorized Biography of Whitney Houston, Harper Collins Publishers, ISBN 0-06-100853-2
Bronson, Fred (2003), The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, Billboard Books, ISBN 0-8230-7677-6
External links[edit]
How Will I Know at Discogs
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"Dance with Somebody"
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Will_I_Know&oldid=848093488"
Categories:
Whitney Houston songs
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