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Drug discovery
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In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. Historically, drugs were discovered through identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Later chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology. Since sequencing of the human genome which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be disease modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy.
Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/potency, metabolic stability (to increase the half-life), and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve computer-aided drug design. Modern drug discovery is thus usually a capital-intensive process that involves large investments by pharmaceutical industry corporations as well as national governments (who provide grants and loan guarantees). Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, "expensive, difficult, and inefficient process" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery.[1] In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity was about US$1.8 billion.[2] Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, with research assistance from universities. The "final product" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials.
Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success, or a public health success, involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing and the need to balance secrecy with communication.[3] Meanwhile, for disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial success or public health effect can be expected, the orphan drug funding process ensures that people who experience those disorders can have some hope of pharmacotherapeutic advances.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Targets
3 Screening and design
4 Nature as source
4.1 Plant-derived
4.2 Microbial metabolites
4.3 Marine invertebrates
4.4 Chemical diversity
4.5 Screening
4.6 Structural elucidation
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
The idea that the effect of a drug in the human body is mediated by specific interactions of the drug molecule with biological macromolecules, (proteins or nucleic acids in most cases) led scientists to the conclusion that individual chemicals are required for the biological activity of the drug. This made for the beginning of the modern era in pharmacology, as pure chemicals, instead of crude extracts of medicinal plants, became the standard drugs. Examples of drug compounds isolated from crude preparations are morphine, the active agent in opium, and digoxin, a heart stimulant originating from Digitalis lanata. Organic chemistry also led to the synthesis of many of the natural products isolated from biological sources.
Historically, substances, whether crude extracts or purified chemicals, were screened for biological activity without knowledge of the biological target. Only after an active substance was identified was an effort made to identify the target. This approach is known as classical pharmacology, forward pharmacology,[4] or phenotypic drug discovery.[5]
Later, small molecules were synthesized to specifically target a known physiological/pathological pathway, avoiding the mass screening of banks of stored compounds. This led to great success, such as the work of Gertrude Elion and George H. Hitchings on purine metabolism,[6][7] the work of James Black[8] on beta blockers and cimetidine, and the discovery of statins by Akira Endo.[9] Another champion of the approach of developing chemical analogues of known active substances was Sir David Jack at Allen and Hanbury's, later Glaxo, who pioneered the first inhaled selective beta2-adrenergic agonist for asthma, the first inhaled steroid for asthma, ranitidine as a successor to cimetidine, and supported the development of the triptans.[10]
Gertrude Elion, working mostly with a group of fewer than 50 people on purine analogues, contributed to the discovery of the first anti-viral; the first immunosuppressant (azathioprine) that allowed human organ transplantation; the first drug to induce remission of childhood leukaemia; pivotal anti-cancer treatments; an anti-malarial; an anti-bacterial; and a treatment for gout.
Cloning of human proteins made possible the screening of large libraries of compounds against specific targets thought to be linked to specific diseases. This approach is known as reverse pharmacology and is the most frequently used approach today.[11]
Targets[edit]
The definition of "target" itself is something argued within the pharmaceutical industry. Generally, the "target" is the naturally existing cellular or molecular structure involved in the pathology of interest that the drug-in-development is meant to act on. However, the distinction between a "new" and "established" target can be made without a full understanding of just what a "target" is. This distinction is typically made by pharmaceutical companies engaged in discovery and development of therapeutics. In an estimate from 2011, 435 human genome products were identified as therapeutic drug targets of FDA-approved drugs.[12]
"Established targets" are those for which there is a good scientific understanding, supported by a lengthy publication history, of both how the target functions in normal physiology and how it is involved in human pathology. This does not imply that the mechanism of action of drugs that are thought to act through a particular established target is fully understood.[citation needed] Rather, "established" relates directly to the amount of background information available on a target, in particular functional information.[citation needed] The more such information is available, the less investment is (generally) required to develop a therapeutic directed against the target.[citation needed] The process of gathering such functional information is called "target validation" in pharmaceutical industry parlance.[citation needed] Established targets also include those that the pharmaceutical industry has had experience mounting drug discovery campaigns against in the past; such a history provides information on the chemical feasibility of developing a small molecular therapeutic against the target and can provide licensing opportunities and freedom-to-operate indicators with respect to small-molecule therapeutic candidates.[citation needed]
In general, "new targets" are all those targets that are not "established targets" but which have been or are the subject of drug discovery campaigns. These typically include newly discovered proteins, or proteins whose function has now become clear as a result of basic scientific research.[citation needed]
The majority of targets currently selected for drug discovery efforts are proteins. Two classes predominate: G-protein-coupled receptors (or GPCRs) and protein kinases.[citation needed]
Screening and design[edit]
The process of finding a new drug against a chosen target for a particular disease usually involves high-throughput screening (HTS), wherein large libraries of chemicals are tested for their ability to modify the target. For example, if the target is a novel GPCR, compounds will be screened for their ability to inhibit or stimulate that receptor (see antagonist and agonist): if the target is a protein kinase, the chemicals will be tested for their ability to inhibit that kinase.[citation needed]
Another important function of HTS is to show how selective the compounds are for the chosen target, as one wants to find a molecule which will interfere with only the chosen target, but not other, related targets.[citation needed] To this end, other screening runs will be made to see whether the "hits" against the chosen target will interfere with other related targets – this is the process of cross-screening.[citation needed] Cross-screening is important, because the more unrelated targets a compound hits, the more likely that off-target toxicity will occur with that compound once it reaches the clinic.[citation needed]
It is very unlikely that a perfect drug candidate will emerge from these early screening runs. One of the first steps is to screen for compounds that are unlikely to be developed into drugs; for example compounds that are hits in almost every assay, classified by medicinal chemists as "pan-assay interference compounds", are removed at this stage, if they were not already removed from the chemical library.[13][14][15] It is often observed that several compounds are found to have some degree of activity, and if these compounds share common chemical features, one or more pharmacophores can then be developed. At this point, medicinal chemists will attempt to use structure-activity relationships (SAR) to improve certain features of the lead compound:
increase activity against the chosen target
reduce activity against unrelated targets
improve the druglikeness or ADME properties of the molecule.
This process will require several iterative screening runs, during which, it is hoped, the properties of the new molecular entities will improve, and allow the favoured compounds to go forward to in vitro and in vivo testing for activity in the disease model of choice.
Amongst the physico-chemical properties associated with drug absorption include ionization (pKa), and solubility; permeability can be determined by PAMPA and Caco-2. PAMPA is attractive as an early screen due to the low consumption of drug and the low cost compared to tests such as Caco-2, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and Blood–brain barrier (BBB) with which there is a high correlation.
A range of parameters can be used to assess the quality of a compound, or a series of compounds, as proposed in the Lipinski's Rule of Five. Such parameters include calculated properties such as cLogP to estimate lipophilicity, molecular weight, polar surface area and measured properties, such as potency, in-vitro measurement of enzymatic clearance etc. Some descriptors such as ligand efficiency[16] (LE) and lipophilic efficiency[17][18] (LiPE) combine such parameters to assess druglikeness.
While HTS is a commonly used method for novel drug discovery, it is not the only method. It is often possible to start from a molecule which already has some of the desired properties. Such a molecule might be extracted from a natural product or even be a drug on the market which could be improved upon (so-called "me too" drugs). Other methods, such as virtual high throughput screening, where screening is done using computer-generated models and attempting to "dock" virtual libraries to a target, are also often used.[citation needed]
Another important method for drug discovery is de novo drug design, in which a prediction is made of the sorts of chemicals that might (e.g.) fit into an active site of the target enzyme. For example, virtual screening and computer-aided drug design are often used to identify new chemical moieties that may interact with a target protein.[19][20] Molecular modelling[21] and molecular dynamics simulations can be used as a guide to improve the potency and properties of new drug leads.[22][23]. Increasingly accurate computational platforms for modelling interactions are being developed[24].
There is also a paradigm shift in the drug discovery community to shift away from HTS, which is expensive and may only cover limited chemical space, to the screening of smaller libraries (maximum a few thousand compounds). These include fragment-based lead discovery (FBDD)[25][26][27][28] and protein-directed dynamic combinatorial chemistry.[29][30][31][32][33] The ligands in these approaches are usually much smaller, and they bind to the target protein with weaker binding affinity than those hits that are identified from HTS. Further modified through organic synthesis into lead compounds are often required. Such modifications are often guided by protein X-ray crystallography of the protein-fragment complex.[34][35][36] The advantages of these approaches are that they allow more efficient screening and the compound library, although small, typically covers a large chemical space when compared to HTS.
Once a lead compound series has been established with sufficient target potency and selectivity and favourable drug-like properties, one or two compounds will then be proposed for drug development. The best of these is generally called the lead compound, while the other will be designated as the "backup".[citation needed]
Nature as source[edit]
Traditionally many drugs and other chemicals with biological activity have been discovered by studying allelopathy – chemicals that organisms create that affect the activity of other organisms in the fight for survival.[37]
Despite the rise of combinatorial chemistry as an integral part of lead discovery process, natural products still play a major role as starting material for drug discovery.[38] A 2007 report[39] found that of the 974 small molecule new chemical entities developed between 1981 and 2006, 63% were natural derived or semisynthetic derivatives of natural products. For certain therapy areas, such as antimicrobials, antineoplastics, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory drugs, the numbers were higher.[citation needed] In many cases, these products have been used traditionally for many years.[citation needed]
Natural products may be useful as a source of novel chemical structures for modern techniques of development of antibacterial therapies.[40]
Despite the implied potential, only a fraction of Earth’s living species has been tested for bioactivity.[citation needed]
Plant-derived[edit]
Further information: Medicinal plant
Until the Renaissance, the vast majority of drugs in Western medicine were plant-derived extracts.[41] This has resulted in a pool of information about the potential of plant species as an important source of starting material for drug discovery.[42] A different set of metabolites is sometimes produced in the different anatomical parts of the plant (e.g. root, leaves and flower), and botanical knowledge is crucial also for the correct identification of bioactive plant materials.[citation needed]
Microbial metabolites[edit]
Microbes compete for living space and nutrients. To survive in these conditions, many microbes have developed abilities to prevent competing species from proliferating. Microbes are the main source of antimicrobial drugs. Streptomyces isolates have been such a valuable source of antibiotics, that they have been called medicinal molds. The classic example of an antibiotic discovered as a defense mechanism against another microbe is penicillin in bacterial cultures contaminated by Penicillium fungi in 1928.[citation needed]
Marine invertebrates[edit]
Main article: Sponge isolates
Marine environments are potential sources for new bioactive agents.[43] Arabinose nucleosides discovered from marine invertebrates in 1950s, demonstrated for the first time that sugar moieties other than ribose and deoxyribose can yield bioactive nucleoside structures. It took until 2004 when the first marine-derived drug was approved.[citation needed][dubious – discuss] For example, the cone snail toxin ziconotide, also known as Prialt treats severe neuropathic pain. Several other marine-derived agents are now in clinical trials for indications such as cancer, anti-inflammatory use and pain. One class of these agents are bryostatin-like compounds, under investigation as anti-cancer therapy.[citation needed]
Chemical diversity[edit]
As above mentioned, combinatorial chemistry was a key technology enabling the efficient generation of large screening libraries for the needs of high-throughput screening. However, now, after two decades of combinatorial chemistry, it has been pointed out that despite the increased efficiency in chemical synthesis, no increase in lead or drug candidates has been reached.[39] This has led to analysis of chemical characteristics of combinatorial chemistry products, compared to existing drugs or natural products. The chemoinformatics concept chemical diversity, depicted as distribution of compounds in the chemical space based on their physicochemical characteristics, is often used to describe the difference between the combinatorial chemistry libraries and natural products. The synthetic, combinatorial library compounds seem to cover only a limited and quite uniform chemical space, whereas existing drugs and particularly natural products, exhibit much greater chemical diversity, distributing more evenly to the chemical space.[38] The most prominent differences between natural products and compounds in combinatorial chemistry libraries is the number of chiral centers (much higher in natural compounds), structure rigidity (higher in natural compounds) and number of aromatic moieties (higher in combinatorial chemistry libraries). Other chemical differences between these two groups include the nature of heteroatoms (O and N enriched in natural products, and S and halogen atoms more often present in synthetic compounds), as well as level of non-aromatic unsaturation (higher in natural products). As both structure rigidity and chirality are both well-established factors in medicinal chemistry known to enhance compounds specificity and efficacy as a drug, it has been suggested that natural products compare favourable to today's combinatorial chemistry libraries as potential lead molecules.
Screening[edit]
Two main approaches exist for the finding of new bioactive chemical entities from natural sources.
The first is sometimes referred to as random collection and screening of material, but in fact the collection is often far from random in that biological (often botanical) knowledge is used about which families show promise, based on a number of factors, including past screening. This approach is based on the fact that only a small part of earth’s biodiversity has ever been tested for pharmaceutical activity. It is also based on the fact that organisms living in a species-rich environment need to evolve defensive and competitive mechanisms to survive, mechanisms which might usefully be exploited in the development of drugs that can cure diseases affecting humans. A collection of plant, animal and microbial samples from rich ecosystems can potentially give rise to novel biological activities worth exploiting in the drug development process. One example of a successful use of this strategy is the screening for antitumour agents by the National Cancer Institute, started in the 1960s. Paclitaxel was identified from Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel showed anti-tumour activity by a previously undescribed mechanism (stabilization of microtubules) and is now approved for clinical use for the treatment of lung, breast and ovarian cancer, as well as for Kaposi's sarcoma. Early in the 21st century, Cabazitaxel (made by Sanofi, a French firm), another relative of taxol has been shown effective against prostate cancer, also because it works by preventing the formation of microtubules, which pull the chromosomes apart in dividing cells (such as cancer cells). Other examples are: 1. Camptotheca (Camptothecin · Topotecan · Irinotecan · Rubitecan · Belotecan); 2. Podophyllum (Etoposide · Teniposide); 3a. Anthracyclines (Aclarubicin · Daunorubicin · Doxorubicin · Epirubicin · Idarubicin · Amrubicin · Pirarubicin · Valrubicin · Zorubicin); 3b. Anthracenediones (Mitoxantrone · Pixantrone).
The second main approach involves ethnobotany, the study of the general use of plants in society, and ethnopharmacology, an area inside ethnobotany, which is focused specifically on medicinal uses.
Both of these two main approaches can be used in selecting starting materials for future drugs. Artemisinin, an antimalarial agent from sweet wormtree Artemisia annua, used in Chinese medicine since 200BC is one drug used as part of combination therapy for multiresistant Plasmodium falciparum.
Structural elucidation[edit]
The elucidation of the chemical structure is critical to avoid the re-discovery of a chemical agent that is already known for its structure and chemical activity. Mass spectrometry is a method in which individual compounds are identified based on their mass/charge ratio, after ionization. Chemical compounds exist in nature as mixtures, so the combination of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is often used to separate the individual chemicals. Databases of mass spectras for known compounds are available, and can be used to assign a structure to an unknown mass spectrum. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is the primary technique for determining chemical structures of natural products. NMR yields information about individual hydrogen and carbon atoms in the structure, allowing detailed reconstruction of the molecule’s architecture.
See also[edit]
Antitarget
Bioinformatics
Biomedical informatics
Cheminformatics
Drug discovery hit to lead
Drug metabolism
Fragment-based drug discovery
High content screening
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacognosy
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling
Pre-clinical development
Protein-directed dynamic combinatorial chemistry
Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors
Discovery and development of melatonin receptor agonists
Discovery and development of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Discovery and development of Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Discovery and development of antiandrogens
Discovery and development of cephalosporins
Retrometabolic drug design
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Further reading[edit]
Gad SC (2005). Drug Discovery Handbook. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-21384-5.
Madsen U, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T (2002). Textbook of Drug Design and Discovery. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-28288-8.
Rasmussen N (2014). Gene Jockeys: Life Science and the rise of Biotech Enterprise. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-42141-340-2.
External links[edit]
Drug Discovery at Curlie (based on DMOZ)

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Showtime at the Apollo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Showtime at the Apollo
Genre
Reality
talent show
music competition
Presented by
(See hosts)
Opening theme
"It's Showtime at the Apollo"
Composer(s)
Barry Fasman
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
21
No. of episodes
1,093
Production
Executive producer(s)
Percy Sutton (1987–2002)
Bob Banner (1987–1996)
Blake Bradford (2007–2008)/Jim Roush (2016-present)/Chris Wagner (2016-present)
Location(s)
New York City
Running time
60 minutes
Production company(s)
Apollo Theatre Productions (1987–2008; 2016-present)
Bob Banner Associates (1987-1996)
Inner City Theater Group (1987–2002)
The Heritage Networks (2002–2008)
De Passe Entertainment (2002–2008; 2016–present)
Telepictures Productions (2003–2008), The Roush Wagner Company (2016-present)
Distributor
Raymond Horn Television (1987-1989)
Western International Syndication (1989-2002)
The Heritage Networks (2002-2003)
Warner Bros. Television (2003-2008)
Release
Original network
Syndication (1987-2008)
Fox (2016-2017; 2018-present)
Original release
September 12, 1987 (1987-09-12) – May 24, 2008 (2008-05-24) (original series)
March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01) – present (present) (revival)
External links
Website
Showtime at the Apollo (formerly It's Showtime at the Apollo and Apollo Live) is a syndicated music television show, first broadcast on September 12, 1987 to May 24, 2008 with 1093 episodes,[1][2] and is produced by the Apollo Theater. In 2018, the series returned on Fox with Steve Harvey hosting.[3] The show features live performances from both professional and up-and-coming artists, and also features the Amateur Night competition made popular at the famous Apollo Theater in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, where the show is recorded. The series was rebooted as Apollo Live and hosted by comedian Tony Rock.[4] In many cities such as New York (where it aired on WNBC), it often aired after Saturday Night Live on early Sunday mornings, and was often paired with the similarly-syndicated Soul Train.
While there is also a live version of the show every Wednesday (which is the original Apollo Amateur Night competition that has been running for over 70 years), the taped version of the show for television usually airs on weekends.
Contents
[hide]
1 Hosts
2 Amateur Night competition
2.1 Change of production
3 BET revival
4 Fox specials/revival
5 List of notable guest performers
6 Awards and nominations
7 Broadcasting on television stations
8 References
9 External links
Hosts[edit]
Many famous R&B, soul, and hip hop performers have appeared on the show, which has had a number of hosts, including Whoopi Goldberg, Rick Aviles, Martin Lawrence, Sinbad, Mark Curry, Steve Harvey, Mo'Nique, Christopher "Kid" Reid, and Anthony Anderson. Kiki Shepard served as co-host from 1987 until 2002.
From 1989 to 1991, Sinbad served as the permanent host. After Sinbad left, the show reverted to a series of special guest hosts. In 1993, Steve Harvey began a seven-year stint as the permanent host. At the start of the 1998–99 season,[5] Harvey and Kiki Sheppard hosted a series of "Best of..." episodes until late October because production was delayed due to a labor dispute. After Harvey left in 2000, he was replaced by Rudy Rush. Rush was joined by new comedic dancer C.P. Lacey, who replaced Howard "Sandman" Sims, who had died. Steve Harvey has hosted the Fox revival of Showtime at the Apollo beginning on March 1, 2018.[6]
Amateur Night competition[edit]
The highlight of the show was the Amateur Night competition, a singing contest. Upon entering the stage, contestants would rub a log made from the "Tree of hope [1]" which formerly stood outside the Lafayette Theatre, placed on a pedestal for good luck. Contestants' singing (or occasionally comic) ability was immediately judged by the audience. Talented singers or comedians were rewarded by vigorous applause, but those perceived as lacking were harshly booed. If it was clear that the audience disapproved, a siren was sounded and the stage lights dimmed. This prompted a hobo known as "Sandman" to remove the contestant from the stage with a cane.[7]
Change of production[edit]
The original show was created by veteran television producer Bob Banner in conjunction with Percy Sutton and was produced and directed by BBA senior producer Don Weiner. After a dispute with the Apollo Theater Foundation in 2002, the original producers minus Bob Banner, who was no longer with the show after 1996[8][9] left to start a rival show called Showtime in Harlem[10][11][12] later known simply as Showtime.[13] Showtime in Harlem was produced at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. The show was later moved to California and renamed Live in Hollywood, lasting one season in 2003 with Shepard as host. It's Showtime at the Apollo was subsequently produced by de Passe Entertainment. It was for a time, hosted once again by Sinbad, who briefly returned to the show in 2006 while Mo'nique was on maternity leave. Whoopi Goldberg became the new host for the 2006–2007 season. At times, comedian and actor Anthony Anderson hosted during the 2006–2007 season.
BET revival[edit]
It was announced on September 30, 2011 that the BET cable network would produce a similar show titled Apollo Live[14] starting in 2012 with Tony Rock as the host.[15] The judges are the legendary Gladys Knight; famed beatboxer Doug E Fresh, and Michael Bivins of the 1980s group New Edition and early 1990s group Bell Biv DeVoe.[16]
Fox specials/revival[edit]
Showtime at the Apollo was revived by Fox Broadcasting Company in 2016-2017 with a pair of specials hosted by Steve Harvey. The first, a two-hour showcase, aired on December 5, 2016, while the second aired on February 1, 2017. A Christmas special aired on December 14, 2017.[17] It was later announced that Fox would start airing it as a weekly series beginning in the 2017-18 television season, beginning March 1, 2018.[18]
List of notable guest performers[edit]
1 Life 2 Live
112
3LW
3rd Bass
702
A Tribe Called Quest
Aaliyah
Adam Sandler
After 7
Al B. Sure!
Al Jarreau
Another Bad Creation
Ashanti
B2K
B5
Beastie Boys
BeBe Winans
Big Daddy Kane
Billy Paul
The Boys
Boyz II Men
Brandy Norwood
Breakfast Club
Cam'ron
CeCe Peniston
CeCe Winans
Chris Rock
Christina Aguilera
Chubb Rock
Chuckii Booker
Ciara
Corina
Crucial Conflict
D'Angelo
David Alan Grier
David Peaston Peaston won several Amateur Night contests in 1988
David Sanborn
Destiny's Child
Digital Underground
DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince
Donna Summer
Dru Hill
Eartha Kitt
Eddie Levert
El DeBarge
En Vogue
Exposé
Faith Evans
The Fat Boys
Floetry
Foxy Brown
Freddie Jackson
Fifth Harmony
Fugees (group member Lauryn Hill was an Amateur Night contestant in 1988)
Gabriel Iglesias
Gerald Levert
Gia Farrell
G.Soul
Guy
Hall & Oates
Hurricane Chris
Hootie & the Blowfish
II D Extreme
India.Arie
James Brown
Jason Derulo
Jazmine Sullivan
Jeffrey Osborne
Jessica Sanchez
Jim Jones
Jimmie Walker
Jodeci
John Henton
Keith Sweat
Keith Washington
Kelly Rowland
Kenichi Ebina (Amateur Night contestant)
Kim Coles
Kirk Franklin
Kool Moe Dee
Kris Kross
Kurtis Blow
LeToya Luckett
LeVert
Lil' Kim
Lisa Stansfield
LL Cool J
Lloyd
Lyfe Jennings
Malcolm-Jamal Warner
Mariah Carey
Marques Houston
Martin Lawrence
Mary J. Blige
Mary Wilson
Mase
Maxwell
MC Hammer
Melba Moore
Miri Ben-Ari
Mint Condition
Monie Love
Nappy Roots
Nas
Natalie Cole
Naughty by Nature
New Edition
New Kids on the Block
Ne-Yo (Amateur Night contestant)
Notorious B.I.G.
N.W.A
Omarion
Onyx
Patti LaBelle
Paula Abdul
Pebbles
Pretty Ricky
R. Kelly
Raven-Symoné
Regina Belle
Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock
Run-D.M.C.
Sarah Ikumu
Sean Paul
Sean Kane (Amateur Night contestant)
Sevyn Streeter
Shanice
Silk
Shooby Taylor (Amateur Night contestant)
Soulja Boy Tell 'Em
Stephanie Mills
Styles P
Surface
SWV
Taurus
Thia Megia
Trevor Jackson
T.I.
Teena Marie
Tevin Campbell
Tiffany Evans
TLC
Total
Tracie Spencer
Trey Songz
Trina
Troop
Tyrese Gibson
Vanessa L. Williams
Vesta Williams
Xscape
The Whispers
Whodini
Zhane
Awards and nominations[edit]
Showtime at the Apollo has won a NAACP Image Award for "Outstanding Variety Series/Special" in 1991. The show was nominated in 1996, 1998, and 1999 for the same category. In 2000, the show was nominated by the NAACP Image Awards for "Outstanding Youth or Children's Series/Special" for the "Apollo Kids Finals" special episode. However, that same year, former host Steve Harvey has won an Image Award for "Outstanding Performance in a Variety Series/Special".[19]
Broadcasting on television stations[edit]
Atlanta – WSB-TV Channel 2 (ABC)
Birmingham – WBMG-TV (now WIAT) Channel 42 (CBS), then WABM Channel 68 (UPN) (now MyNetworkTV), later WVTM-TV Channel 13 (NBC)
Chicago – WMAQ-TV Channel 5 (NBC)
Dallas
Houston – KTXH-TV Channel 20 (UPN), (now MyNetworkTV)
Los Angeles - KNBC-TV Channel 4 (NBC)
New York City – WNBC-TV Channel 4 (NBC)
San Francisco – KNTV Channel 11 (NBC)
Washington D.C. – WBDC (now WDCW) Channel 50 (The WB), (now The CW)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Premiered: September 12, 1987
Jump up ^ It's Showtime at the Apollo began its successful 15-year run in 1987, but the show's beginnings reach all the way back to 1913.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik. "Deadline Hollywood". ‘Showtime At The Apollo’: Fox Orders Weekly Series For Next Season; Steve Harvey Hosts. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Apollo Live". BET.com. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Season 12 Archived January 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Macke, Johnni. "Steve Harvey Announces The Return Of A Classic Series On FOX". People's Choice. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Mahalo.com
Jump up ^ Percy Sutton .... executive producer (unknown episodes, 1987–2002)
Jump up ^ Bob Banner Associates
Jump up ^ "Showtime in Harlem" (2002)
Jump up ^ When "Showtime at the Apollo" was revamped in 2002, Rudy Rush and Kiki Shepard were ousted and given their own show, "Showtime in Harlem."
Jump up ^ "Official site of Showtime in Harlem". Archived from the original on September 26, 2003. Retrieved September 25, 2007. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ SHOWTIME Starring: Rudy Rush and Kiki Shepard
Jump up ^ http://www.centrictv.com/shows/apollo-live
Jump up ^ "Apollo Live | Shows". BET. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.centrictv.com/shows/apollo-live/cast-members Apollo Live Cast
Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/steve-harvey-to-host-showtime-at-the-apollo-revival-on-fox-1201886943/ Steve Harvey to Host ‘Showtime at the Apollo’ Revival on Fox
Jump up ^ "All-New Weekly Series "Showtime at the Apollo," Hosted by Steve Harvey, to Premiere Following Spring Return of "Gotham" Thursday, March 1, on FOX". The Futon Critic. January 25, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Showtime at the Apollo" (1987) – Awards – IMDb (accessed October 16, 2011)
External links[edit]
Showtime at the Apollo on IMDb
It's Showtime at the Apollo at TV.com
FOX site
Official Apollo Theater website
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Showtime_at_the_Apollo&oldid=836295765"
Categories:
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2008 American television series endings
1980s American television series
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American music television series
African-American television
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American television series revived after cancellation
2018 American television series debuts
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