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Treaty of 1818
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Treaty of 1818
Convention respecting fisheries, boundary, and the restoration of slaves
United States territorial border changes
Type
Bilateral treaty
Context
Territorial cession
Signed
October 20, 1818
Location
London, United Kingdom
Effective
January 30, 1819
Signatories
United Kingdom
United States
Languages
English
Treaty of 1818 at Wikisource
The Convention respecting fisheries, boundary and the restoration of slaves between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, also known as the London Convention, Anglo-American Convention of 1818, Convention of 1818, or simply the Treaty of 1818, was an international treaty signed in 1818 between the above parties. Signed during the presidency of James Monroe, it resolved standing boundary issues between the two nations. The treaty allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the Oregon Country, known to the British and in Canadian history as the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company, and including the southern portion of its sister district New Caledonia.
The two nations agreed to a boundary line involving the 49th parallel north, in part because a straight-line boundary would be easier to survey than the pre-existing boundaries based on watersheds. The treaty marked both the United Kingdom's last permanent major loss of territory in what is now the Continental United States and the United States' only permanent significant cession of North American territory to a foreign power. Britain ceded all of Rupert's Land south of the 49th parallel and east of the Continental Divide, including all of the Red River Colony south of that latitude, while the United States ceded the northernmost edge of the Missouri Territory north of the 49th parallel.
Contents
[hide]
1 Treaty provisions
2 History
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Treaty provisions[edit]
The treaty name is variously cited as "Convention respecting fisheries, boundary, and the restoration of slaves",[1] "Convention of Commerce (Fisheries, Boundary and the Restoration of Slaves)",[2] and "Convention of Commerce between His Majesty and the United States of America".[3][4]
Article I secured fishing rights along Newfoundland and Labrador for the U.S.
Article II set the boundary between British North America and the United States along "a line drawn from the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods, [due south, then] along the 49th parallel of north latitude..." to the "Stony Mountains"[3] (now known as the Rocky Mountains). Britain ceded the part of Rupert's Land and Red River Colony south of the 49th parallel (including the Red River Basin — which now forms parts of Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota — as well as a small piece of modern-day Montana near Triple Divide Peak). The United States ceded the small portion of the Louisiana Purchase that lay north of the 49th parallel (namely, parts of the Milk River, Poplar River, and Big Muddy Creek watersheds in modern-day Alberta and Saskatchewan).
This article settled a boundary dispute caused by ignorance of actual geography in the boundary agreed to in the 1783 Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolutionary War. That earlier treaty had placed the boundary between the United States and British possessions to the north along a line going westward from the Lake of the Woods to the Mississippi River. The parties had failed to realize that the river did not extend that far north, so such a line would never meet the river. In fixing this problem, the 1818 treaty inadvertently created an exclave of the United States, the Northwest Angle, which is the small section of the present state of Minnesota that is the only part of the United States outside Alaska north of the 49th parallel.
Article III provided for joint control of land in the Oregon Country for ten years. Both could claim land and both were guaranteed free navigation throughout.
Article IV confirmed the Anglo-American Convention of 1815,[5] which regulated commerce between the two parties, for an additional ten years.
Article V agreed to refer differences over a U.S. claim arising from the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812, to "some Friendly Sovereign or State to be named for that purpose." The U.S. claim was for return of, or compensation for, slaves that were in British territory or on British naval vessels when the treaty was signed. The Treaty of Ghent article in question was about handing over property, and the U.S. claimed that these slaves were the property of U.S. citizens.[3]
Article VI established that ratification would occur within at most six months of signing the treaty.
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Albert Gallatin (1848 photograph)
The treaty was negotiated for the U.S. by Albert Gallatin, ambassador to France, and Richard Rush, minister to the UK; and for the UK by Frederick John Robinson, Treasurer of the Royal Navy and member of the privy council, and Henry Goulburn, an undersecretary of state.[4] The treaty was signed on October 20, 1818. Ratifications were exchanged on January 30, 1819.[1] The Convention of 1818, along with the Rush–Bagot Treaty of 1817, marked the beginning of improved relations between the British Empire and its former colonies, and paved the way for more positive relations between the U.S. and Canada, notwithstanding that repelling U.S. invasion was a defence priority in Canada until 1928.[6]
Despite the relatively friendly nature of the agreement, it nevertheless resulted in a fierce struggle for control of the Oregon Country in the following two decades. The British-chartered Hudson's Bay Company, having previously established a trading network centered on Fort Vancouver on the lower Columbia River, with other forts in what is now eastern Washington and Idaho as well as on the Oregon Coast and in Puget Sound, undertook a harsh campaign to restrict encroachment by U.S. fur traders to the area. By the 1830s, with pressure in the U.S. mounting to annex the region outright, the company undertook a deliberate policy to exterminate all fur-bearing animals from the Oregon Country, in order to both maximize its remaining profit and to delay the arrival of U.S. mountain men and settlers. The policy of discouraging settlement was undercut to some degree by the actions of John McLoughlin, Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Vancouver, who regularly provided relief and welcome to U.S. immigrants who had arrived at the post over the Oregon Trail.[citation needed]
By the middle 1840s, the tide of U.S. immigration, as well as a U.S. political movement to claim the entire territory, led to a renegotiation of the agreement. The Oregon Treaty in 1846 permanently established the 49th parallel as the boundary between the United States and British North America to the Pacific Ocean.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, between the U.S. and Spain, resolved borders from Florida to the Pacific Ocean.
The Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842 resolved uncertainties left by the 1818 treaty, including the Northwest Angle problem, which had been created by the use of a faulty map.
Oregon boundary dispute, concerning the joint occupation of the Oregon Country by U.S. and British settlers.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which established most of the southern border between the US and Mexico after the defeat and occupation of Mexico in 1848, ending the Mexican–American War.
The Gadsden Purchase, which completed the acquisition of the southwestern United States and completed the border between Mexico and the US in 1853 at the 32nd parallel and the Rio Grande.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b United States Department of State (2007-11-01). Treaties In Force: A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on November 1, 2007. Section 1: Bilateral Treaties (PDF). Compiled by the Treaty Affairs Staff, Office of the Legal Adviser, U.S. Department of State. (2007 ed.). Washington, DC. p. 320. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
Jump up ^ Lauterpacht, Elihu, et al., ed. (2004). "Consolidated Table of Treaties, Volumes 1-125" (PDF). In Elihu Lauterpacht; C. J. Greenwood; A. G. Oppenheimer; Karen Lee. International Law Reports:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-521-80779-4. Retrieved 2006-03-27. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c LexUM (2000). "Convention of Commerce between His Majesty and the United States of America.--Signed at London, 20th October, 1818". Canado-American Treaties. University of Montreal. Archived from the original on April 11, 2009. Retrieved 2006-03-27. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
^ Jump up to: a b LexUM (1999). "CUS 1818/15 Subject: Commerce". Canado-American Treaties. University of Montreal. Archived from the original on March 25, 2009. Retrieved 2006-03-27. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ Article on "The Convention of 1815", The Marine Journal, June 3, 1922
Jump up ^ Preston, Richard A. The Defence of the Undefended Border: Planning for War in North America 1867–1939, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1977
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Treaty of 1818
"Fisheries Question". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. This article traces British-United States negotiations regarding ocean fisheries from 1783 to 1910.
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Comment (computer programming)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For comments in Wikipedia markup, see Help:Wiki markup#Character formatting and WP:COMMENT.
An illustration of Java source code with prologue comments indicated in red and inline comments in green. Program code is in blue.
In computer programming, a comment is a programmer-readable explanation or annotation in the source code of a computer program. They are added with the purpose of making the source code easier for humans to understand, and are generally ignored by compilers and interpreters.[1][2] The syntax of comments in various programming languages varies considerably.
Comments are sometimes processed in various ways to generate documentation external to the source code itself by documentation generators, or used for integration with source code management systems and other kinds of external programming tools.
The flexibility provided by comments allows for a wide degree of variability, but formal conventions for their use are commonly part of programming style guides.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Uses
2.1 Planning and reviewing
2.2 Code description
2.3 Algorithmic description
2.4 Resource inclusion
2.5 Metadata
2.6 Debugging
2.7 Automatic documentation generation
2.8 Syntax extension
2.9 Stress relief
3 Normative views
3.1 Need for comments
3.2 Level of detail
4 Styles
4.1 Block comment
4.2 Inline comment (End-of-line)
5 Tags
6 Examples
6.1 Comparison
6.1.1 Ada
6.1.2 AppleScript
6.1.3 BASIC
6.1.4 C
6.1.5 Cisco IOS and IOS-XE configuration
6.1.6 ColdFusion
6.1.7 Fortran IV
6.1.8 Fortran 90
6.1.9 Haskell
6.1.10 Java
6.1.11 JavaScript
6.1.12 Lua
6.1.13 MATLAB
6.1.14 OCaml
6.1.15 Pascal
6.1.16 Perl
6.1.17 Perl 6
6.1.18 PHP
6.1.19 PowerShell
6.1.20 Python
6.1.21 Ruby
6.1.22 SQL
6.1.23 Swift
6.1.24 XML
7 Security issues
8 See also
9 Notes and references
10 Further reading
11 External links
Overview[edit]
Comments are generally formatted as either block comments (also called prologue comments or stream comments) or line comments (also called inline comments).[3]
Block comments delimit a region of source code which may span multiple lines. This region is specified with a start delimiter and an end delimiter. Some programming languages (such as MATLAB) allow block comments to be recursively nested inside one another, but others (such as Java) do not.[4][5][6]
Line comments either start with a comment delimiter and continue until the end of the line, or in some cases, start at a specific column (character line offset) in the source code, and continue until the end of the line.[6]
Some programming languages employ both block and line comments with different comment delimiters. For example, C++ has block comments delimited by /* and */ that can span multiple lines and line comments delimited by //. Other languages support only one type of comment. For example, Ada comments are line comments: they start with -- and continue to the end of the line.[6]
Uses[edit]
How best to make use of comments is subject to dispute; different commentators have offered varied and sometimes opposing viewpoints.[7][8] There are many different ways of writing comments and many commentators who offer sometimes conflicting advice.[8]
Planning and reviewing[edit]
Comments can be used as a form of pseudocode to outline intention prior to writing the actual code. In this case it should explain the logic behind the code rather than the code itself.
/* loop backwards through all elements returned by the server (they should be processed chronologically)*/ for (i = (numElementsReturned - 1); i >= 0; i--){ /* process each element's data */ updatePattern(i, returnedElements[i]); }
If this type of comment is left in, it simplifies the review process by allowing a direct comparison of the code with the intended results. A common logical fallacy is that code that is easy to understand does what it's supposed to do.
Code description[edit]
Comments can be used to summarize code or to explain the programmer's intent. According to this school of thought, restating the code in plain English is considered superfluous; the need to re-explain code may be a sign that it is too complex and should be rewritten, or that the naming is bad.
"Don't document bad code – rewrite it."[9]
"Good comments don't repeat the code or explain it. They clarify its intent. Comments should explain, at a higher level of abstraction than the code, what you're trying to do."[10]
Comments may also be used to explain why a block of code does not seem to fit conventions or best practices. This is especially true of projects involving very little development time, or in bug fixing. For example:
' Second variable dim because of server errors produced when reuse form data. No ' documentation available on server behavior issue, so just coding around it. vtx = server.mappath("local settings")
Algorithmic description[edit]
Sometimes source code contains a novel or noteworthy solution to a specific problem. In such cases, comments may contain an explanation of the methodology. Such explanations may include diagrams and formal mathematical proofs. This may constitute explanation of the code, rather than a clarification of its intent; but others tasked with maintaining the code base may find such explanation crucial. This might especially be true in the case of highly specialized problem domains; or rarely used optimizations, constructs or function-calls.[11]
For example, a programmer may add a comment to explain why an insertion sort was chosen instead of a quicksort, as the former is, in theory, slower than the latter. This could be written as follows:
 list = [f (b), f (b), f (c), f (d), f (a), ...]; // Need a stable sort. Besides, the performance really does not matter. insertion_sort (list);
Resource inclusion[edit]
Logos, diagrams, and flowcharts consisting of ASCII art constructions can be inserted into source code formatted as a comment.[12] Further, copyright notices can be embedded within source code as comments. Binary data may also be encoded in comments through a process known as binary-to-text encoding, although such practice is uncommon and typically relegated to external resource files.
The following code fragment is a simple ASCII diagram depicting the process flow for a system administration script contained in a Windows Script File running under Windows Script Host. Although a section marking the code appears as a comment, the diagram itself actually appears in an XML CDATA section, which is technically considered distinct from comments, but can serve similar purposes.[13]
<!-- begin: wsf_resource_nodes --> <resource id="ProcessDiagram000"> <![CDATA[ HostApp (Main_process) | V script.wsf (app_cmd) --> ClientApp (async_run, batch_process) | | V mru.ini (mru_history) ]]> </resource>
Although this identical diagram could easily have been included as a comment, the example illustrates one instance where a programmer may opt not to use comments as a way of including resources in source code.[13]
Metadata[edit]
Main article: Metadata
Comments in a computer program often store metadata about a program file.
In particular, many software maintainers put submission guidelines in comments to help people who read the source code of that program to send any improvements they make back to the maintainer.
Other metadata includes: the name of the creator of the original version of the program file and the date when the first version was created, the name of the current maintainer of the program, the names of other people who have edited the program file so far, the URL of documentation about how to use the program, the name of the software license for this program file, etc.
When an algorithm in some section of the program is based on a description in a book or other reference, comments can be used to give the page number and title of the book or Request for Comments or other reference.
Debugging[edit]
A common developer practice is to comment out a code snippet, meaning to add comment syntax causing that block of code to become a comment, so that it will not be executed in the final program. This may be done to exclude certain pieces of code from the final program, or (more commonly) it can be used to find the source of an error. By systematically commenting out and running parts of the program, the source of an error can be determined, allowing it to be corrected.
An example of commenting out code for exclusion purposes is below:
 if (opt.equals ("e")) opt_enabled = true; /* if (opt.equals ("d")) opt_debug = true; */ if (opt.equals ("v")) opt_verbose = true;
The above code fragment suggests that the programmer opted to disable the debugging option for some reason.
Many IDEs allow quick adding or removing such comments with single menu options or key combinations. The programmer has only to mark the part of text they want to (un)comment and choose the appropriate option.
Automatic documentation generation[edit]
Main article: Documentation generator
Programming tools sometimes store documentation and metadata in comments.[14] These may include insert positions for automatic header file inclusion, commands to set the file's syntax highlighting mode,[15] or the file's revision number.[16] These functional control comments are also commonly referred to as annotations. Keeping documentation within source code comments is considered as one way to simplify the documentation process, as well as increase the chances that the documentation will be kept up to date with changes in the code.[17]
Examples of documentation generators include the programs Javadoc for use with Java, Ddoc for D, Doxygen for C, C++, Java, IDL, Visual Expert for PL/SQL, Transact-SQL, PowerBuilder and PHPDoc for PHP. Forms of docstring are supported by Python, Lisp, Elixir, and Clojure.[18]
C#, F# and Visual Basic implement a similar feature called "XML Comments" which are read by IntelliSense from the compiled .NET assembly.[19]
Syntax extension[edit]
Occasionally syntax elements that were originally intended to be comments are re-purposed to convey additional information to a program, such as "conditional comments". Such "hot comments" may be the only practical solution that maintains backward-compatibility, but are widely regarded as a kludge.[20]
Stress relief[edit]
Sometimes comments in source code are used as a way to relieve stress by commenting about development tools, competitors, employers, working conditions, or the quality of the code itself.[21] The occurrence of this phenomenon can be easily seen from online resources that track profanity in source code.[22]
Normative views[edit]
There are various normative views and long-standing opinions regarding the proper use of comments in source code.[23] Some of these are informal and based on personal preference, while others are published or promulgated as formal guidelines.[24]
Need for comments[edit]
Experts have varying viewpoints on whether, and when, comments are appropriate in source code.[9][25] Some assert that source code should be written with few comments, on the basis that the source code should be self-explanatory or self-documenting.[9] Others suggest code should be extensively commented (it is not uncommon for over 50% of the non-whitespace characters in source code to be contained within comments).[26][27]
In between these views is the assertion that comments are neither beneficial nor harmful by themselves, and what matters is that they are correct and kept in sync with the source code, and omitted if they are superfluous, excessive, difficult to maintain or otherwise unhelpful.[28][29]
Comments are sometimes used to document contracts in the design by contract approach to programming.
Level of detail[edit]
Depending on the intended audience of the code and other considerations, the level of detail and description may vary considerably.
For example, the following Java comment would be suitable in an introductory text designed to teach beginning programming:
    String s = "Wikipedia"; /* Assigns the value "Wikipedia" to the variable s. */
This level of detail, however, would not be appropriate in the context of production code, or other situations involving experienced developers. Such rudimentary descriptions are inconsistent with the guideline: "Good comments ... clarify intent."[10] Further, for professional coding environments, the level of detail is ordinarily well-defined to meet a specific performance requirement defined by business operations.[27]
Styles[edit]
There are many stylistic alternatives available when considering how comments should appear in source code. For larger projects involving a team of developers, comment styles are either agreed upon before a project starts, or evolve as a matter of convention or need as a project grows. Usually programmers prefer styles that are consistent, non-obstructive, easy to modify, and difficult to break.[30]
Block comment[edit]
The following code fragments in C demonstrate just a tiny example of how comments can vary stylistically, while still conveying the same basic information:
/* This is the comment body. Variation One. * /
/***************************\ * * * This is the comment body. * * Variation Two. * * * \***************************/
Factors such as personal preference, flexibility of programming tools, and other considerations tend to influence the stylistic variants used in source code. For example, Variation Two might be disfavored among programmers who do not have source code editors that can automate the alignment and visual appearance of text in comments.
Software consultant and technology commentator Allen Holub[31] is one expert who advocates aligning the left edges of comments:[32]
 /* This is the style recommended by Holub for C and C++. * It is demonstrated in ''Enough Rope'', in rule 29. */
 /* This is another way to do it, also in C. ** It is easier to do in editors that do not automatically indent the second ** through last lines of the comment one space from the first. ** It is also used in Holub's book, in rule 31. */
The use of /* and */ as block comment delimiters was inherited from PL/I into the B programming language, the immediate predecessor of the C programming language.[33]
Inline comment (End-of-line)[edit]
In this form, all the text from the ASCII characters // to the end of the line is ignored.
// begin: Variation Three. // ------------------------- // This is the comment body. // -------------------------
Different styles can be chosen for different areas of code, from individual lines to paragraphs, routines, files, and programs. If the syntax supports both line comments and block comments, one method is to use line comments only for minor comments (declarations, blocks and edits) and to use block comments to describe higher-level abstractions (functions, classes, files and modules).
Sometimes projects try to enforce rules like "one comment every ten lines". These kinds of rules can be counterproductive when too rigorous, but may provide a useful standard of measurement and consistency if the project participants deem it necessary.
Inline comments using the characters // were part of the BCPL language. However, when Dennis Ritchie re-implemented BCPL as the B language, he chose to use PL/I's /* block comments instead. This choice continued in the C language, Ritchie's successor to B.[34] Inline comments using // reappeared in C++ (itself a successor to C), which influenced their adoption in the 1999 standard of the C language.
Tags[edit]
Programmers may use informal tags in comments to assist in indexing common issues. They may then be able to be searched for with common programming tools, such as the Unix grep utility or even syntax-highlighted within text editors. These are sometimes referred to as "codetags"[35][36] or "tokens".[37]
Such tags differ widely, but might include:
BUG – a known bug that should be corrected.
FIXME – should be corrected.
HACK – a workaround.
TODO – something to be done.
UNDONE – a reversal or "roll back" of previous code.
XXX – warn other programmers of problematic or misguiding code
Examples[edit]
Comparison[edit]
Main article: Comparison of programming languages (syntax) § Comments
Typographic conventions to specify comments vary widely. Further, individual programming languages sometimes provide unique variants. For a detailed review, please consult the programming language comparison article.
Ada[edit]
The Ada programming language uses '--' to indicate a comment up to the end of the line.
For example:
  -- the air traffic controller task takes requests for takeoff and landing task type Controller (My_Runway: Runway_Access) is -- task entries for synchronous message passing entry Request_Takeoff (ID: in Airplane_ID; Takeoff: out Runway_Access); entry Request_Approach(ID: in Airplane_ID; Approach: out Runway_Access); end Controller;
AppleScript[edit]
This section of AppleScript code shows the two styles of comments used in that language.
(* This program displays a greeting. * ) on greet(myGreeting) display dialog myGreeting & " world!" end greet -- Show the greeting greet("Hello")
BASIC[edit]
This BASIC code fragment is a completely functioning program in which the REM ("REMark") keyword is used to add comments that describe what the program does.
10 REM This BASIC program shows the use of the PRINT and GOTO statements. 15 REM It fills the screen with the phrase "HELLO" 20 PRINT "HELLO" 30 GOTO 20
Any text on a line after an ' (apostrophe) character is also treated as a comment in Microsoft BASICs, including QuickBasic, QBasic, Visual Basic, Visual Basic .NET, and VBScript - and in descendants such as FreeBASIC and Gambas.
An example in Visual Basic .NET:
Public Class Form1 Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click ' The following code is executed when the user ' clicks the button in the program's window. MessageBox.Show("Hello, World") 'Show a pop-up window with a greeting End Sub End Class
C[edit]
This C code fragment demonstrates the use of a prologue comment or "block comment" to describe the purpose of a conditional statement. The comment explains key terms and concepts, and includes a short signature by the programmer who authored the code.
 /* * Check if we are over our maximum process limit, but be sure to * exclude root. This is needed to make it possible for login and * friends to set the per-user process limit to something lower * than the amount of processes root is running. -- Rik */ if (atomic_read(&p->user->processes) >= p->rlim[RLIMIT_NPROC].rlim_cur && !capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN) && !capable(CAP_SYS_RESOURCE)) goto bad_fork_free;
Since C99, it has also been possible to use the // syntax from C++, indicating a single-line comment.
Cisco IOS and IOS-XE configuration[edit]
The exclamation point (!) may be used to mark comments in a Cisco router's configuration mode. Such comments are not, however, saved to non-volatile memory (which contains the startup-config), nor are they displayed by the "show run" command.[38][39]
By contrast, the following commands insert human-readable content that is actually part of the configuration, and may be saved to the NVRAM startup-config: The "description" command is used to add a description to the configuration of an interface or of a BGP neighbor, and the "name" parameter may be used to add a remark to a static route. Access lists may also contain "remarks."
! Paste the text below to reroute traffic manually
config t
int gi0/2
no shut
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 gi0/2 name ISP2
no ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 gi0/1 name ISP1
int gi0/1
shut
exit
ColdFusion[edit]
ColdFusion uses comments similar to HTML comments, but instead of two dashes, it uses three. These comments are caught by the ColdFusion engine and not printed to the browser.
 <!--- This prints "Hello World" to the browser. ---> <cfoutput> Hello World<br /> </cfoutput>
Fortran IV[edit]
This Fortran IV code fragment demonstrates how comments are used in that language, which is very column-oriented. A letter "C" in column 1 causes the entire line to be treated as a comment.
C C Lines that begin with 'C' (in the first or 'comment' column) are comments C WRITE (6,610) 610 FORMAT(12H HELLO WORLD) END
Note that the columns of a line are otherwise treated as four fields: 1 to 5 is the label field, 6 causes the line to be taken as a continuation of the previous statement; and declarations and statements go in 7 to 72.
Fortran 90[edit]
This Fortran code fragment demonstrates how comments are used in that language, with the comments themselves describing the basic formatting rules.
!* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * !* All characters after an exclamation mark are considered as comments * !* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * program comment_test print '(A)', 'Hello world' ! Fortran 90 introduced the option for inline comments. end program
Haskell[edit]
Line comments in Haskell start with '--' (two hyphens) until the end of line, and multiple line comments start with '{-' and end with '-}'.
{- this is a comment on more lines -} -- and this is a comment on one line putStrLn "Wikipedia" -- this is other comment
Haskell also provides a literate programming method of commenting known as "Bird Style". In this all lines starting with > are interpreted as code, everything else is considered a comment. One additional requirement is that you always leave a blank line before and after the code block:
In Bird-style you have to leave a blank before the code.

> fact :: Integer -> Integer > fact 0 = 1 > fact (n+1) = (n+1) * fact n And you have to leave a blank line after the code as well.
Literate programming can also be done in Haskell, using LaTeX. The code environment can be used instead of the Richard Bird's style: In LaTeX style this is equivalent to the above example, the code environment could be defined in the LaTeX preamble. Here is a simple definition:
\usepackage{verbatim} \newenvironment{code}{\verbatim}{\endverbatim}
later in
% the LaTeX source file The \verb|fact n| function call computes $n!$ if $n\ge 0$, here is a definition:\\ \begin{code} fact :: Integer -> Integer fact 0 = 1 fact (n+1) = (n+1) * fact n \end{code} Here more explanation using \LaTeX{} markup
Java[edit]
This Java code fragment shows a block comment used to describe the setToolTipText method. The formatting is consistent with Sun Microsystems Javadoc standards. The comment is designed to be read by the Javadoc processor.
 /** * This is a block comment in Java. * The setToolTipText method registers the text to display in a tool tip. * The text is displayed when the cursor lingers over the component. * * @param text The string to be displayed. If 'text' is null, * the tool tip is turned off for this component. */ public void setToolTipText(String text) { //This is an inline comment in Java. TODO: Write code for this method. }
JavaScript[edit]
JavaScript uses // to precede comments and /* */ for multi-line comments.
// A single line JavaScript comment var iNum = 100; var iTwo = 2; // A comment at the end of line /* multi-line JavaScript comment */
Lua[edit]
The Lua programming language uses double-hyphens, --, for single line comments in a similar way to Ada, Eiffel, Haskell, SQL and VHDL languages. Lua also has block comments, which start with --[[ and run until a closing ]]
For example:
--[[A multi-line long comment ]] print(20) -- print the result
A common technique to comment out a piece of code,[40] is to enclose the code between --[[ and --]], as below:
--[[ print(10) --]] -- no action (commented out)
In this case, it's possible to reactivate the code by adding a single hyphen to the first line:
---[[ print(10) --]] --> 10
In the first example, the --[[ in the first line starts a long comment, and the two hyphens in the last line are still inside that comment. In the second example, the sequence ---[[ starts an ordinary, single-line comment, so that the first and the last lines become independent comments. In this case, the print is outside comments. In this case, the last line becomes an independent comment, as it starts with --.
Long comments in Lua can be more complex than these, as you can read in the section called “Long strings” c.f. Programming in Lua.
MATLAB[edit]
In MATLAB's programming language, the '%' character indicates a single-line comment. Multi line comments are also available via %{ and %} brackets and can be nested, e.g.
% These are the derivatives for each term d = [0 -1 0]; %{ %{ (Example of a nested comment, indentation is for cosmetics (and ignored).) %} We form the sequence, following the Taylor formula. Note that we're operating on a vector. %} seq = d .* (x - c).^n ./(factorial(n)) % We add-up to get the Taylor approximation approx = sum(seq)
OCaml[edit]
OCaml uses nestable comments, which is useful when commenting a code block.
codeLine(* comment level 1(*comment level 2*)*)
Pascal[edit]
In Niklaus Wirth's pascal family of languages (including Modula-2 and Oberon), comments are opened with '(*' and completed with '*)'.
for example:
(* test diagonals *) columnDifference := testColumn - column; if (row + columnDifference = testRow) or .......
In modern dialects of Pascal, '{' and '}' are used instead.[41]
Perl[edit]
Line comments in Perl, and many other scripting languages, begin with a hash (#) symbol.
# A simple example # my $s = "Wikipedia"; # Sets the variable s to "Wikipedia". print $s . "\n"; # Add a newline character after printing
Instead of a regular block commenting construct, Perl uses Plain Old Documentation, a markup language for literate programming,[42] for instance:[43]
=item Pod::List-E<gt>new() Create a new list object. Properties may be specified through a hash reference like this: my $list = Pod::List->new({ -start => $., -indent => 4 }); See the individual methods/properties for details. =cut sub new { my $this = shift; my $class = ref($this) || $this; my %params = @_; my $self = {%params}; bless $self, $class; $self->initialize(); return $self; }
Perl 6[edit]
Perl 6 uses the same line comments and POD Documentation comments as regular Perl (see Perl section above), but adds a configurable block comment type: "multi-line / embedded comments".[44]
These start with a hash character, followed by a backtick, and then some opening bracketing character, and end with the matching closing bracketing character.[44] The content can not only span multiple lines, but can also be embedded inline.
# `{{ "commenting out" this version toggle-case(Str:D $s) Toggles the case of each character in a string: my Str $toggled-string = toggle-case("mY NAME IS mICHAEL!"); }} sub toggle-case(Str:D $s) #`( this version is used now ){ ... }
PHP[edit]
Comments in PHP can be either in C++ style (both inline and block), or use hashes. PHPDoc is a style adapted from Javadoc and is a common standard for documenting PHP code.
PowerShell[edit]
Comments in Windows PowerShell
# Single line comment Write-Host "Hello, World!" <# Multi Line Comment #> Write-Host "Goodbye, world!"
Python[edit]
Comments in Python use the hash (#) character, as in the two examples in this code:
# This program prints "Hello World" to the screen print("Hello World!") # Note the new syntax
Specific block comments don't exist in Python, but a bare string literal represented by a triple-quoted string could be used.[45] In the examples below, the triple double-quoted strings act in this way as comments, but are also treated as docstrings:
""" Assuming this is file mymodule.py, then this string, being the first statement in the file, will become the "mymodule" module's docstring when the file is imported. """ class MyClass(object): """The class's docstring""" def my_method(self): """The method's docstring""" def my_function(): """The function's docstring"""
Ruby[edit]
Comments in Ruby.
Single line commenting: (line starts with hash "#")
puts "This is not a comment" # this is commented puts "This is not a comment"
Multi-line commenting: (comments goes between keywords "begin" and "end")
puts "This is not a comment" =begin whatever goes in here will be ignored =end puts "This is not a comment"
SQL[edit]
Comments in SQL are in single-line-only form, when using two dashes:
-- This is a single line comment -- followed by a second line SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Authors WHERE Authors.name = 'Smith'; -- Note: we only want 'smith' -- this comment appears after SQL code
The syntax for Transact-SQL also supports alternative formats for specifying comments.[46] One format supported by this syntax is identical to the "block comment" style used in the syntax for C++ and Java.
Swift[edit]
Single-line comments begin with two forward-slashes (//):
// This is a comment.
Multiline comments start with a forward-slash followed by an asterisk (/*) and end with an asterisk followed by a forward-slash (*/):
/* This is also a comment but is written over multiple lines. */
Multiline comments in Swift can be nested inside other multiline comments. You write nested comments by starting a multiline comment block and then starting a second multiline comment within the first block. The second block is then closed, followed by the first block:
/* This is the start of the first multiline comment. /* This is the second, nested multiline comment. */ This is the end of the first multiline comment. */
XML[edit]
Comments in XML (or HTML) are introduced with
<!--
and can spread over several lines until the terminator,
-->
For example,
<!-- select the context here --> <param name="context" value="public"/>
Security issues[edit]
In interpreted languages the comments are viewable to the end user of the program. In some cases, such as sections of code that are "commented out", this may present a security vulnerability.[47]
See also[edit]
Docstring, a specific type of comment that is parsed and retained throughout the runtime of the program.
Shebang, the use of #! as an interpreter directive in scripts on Unix-like systems
HTML comment tag
Literate programming, alternative documentation paradigm
Syntax of comments in various programming languages
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Source code can be divided into program code (which consists of machine-translatable instructions); and comments (which include human-readable notes and other kinds of annotations in support of the program code). Penny Grubb, Armstrong Takang (2003). Software Maintenance: Concepts and Practice. World Scientific. pp. 7, plese start120–121. ISBN 981-238-426-X.
Jump up ^ For purposes of this article, programming language comments are treated as indistinct from comments that appear in markup languages, configuration files and other similar contexts. Moreover, markup language is often closely integrated with programming language code, especially in the context of code generation. See e.g., Ganguli, Madhushree (2002). Making Use of Jsp. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-21974-6. , Hewitt, Eben (2003). Java for Coldfusion Developers. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-13-046180-6.
Jump up ^ Dixit, J.B. (2003). Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C. Laxmi Publications. ISBN 81-7008-882-8.
Jump up ^ Higham, Desmond (2005). MATLAB Guide. SIAM. ISBN 0-89871-578-4.
Jump up ^ Vermeulen, Al (2000). The Elements of Java Style. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77768-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Using the right comment in Java". Retrieved 2007-07-24.
Jump up ^ W. R., Dietrich (2003). Applied Pattern Recognition: Algorithms and Implementation in C++. Springer. ISBN 3-528-35558-1. offers viewpoints on proper use of comments in source code. p. 66.
^ Jump up to: a b Keyes, Jessica (2003). Software Engineering Handbook. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-1479-8. discusses comments and the "Science of Documentation" p. 256.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Elements of Programming Style, Kernighan & Plauger
^ Jump up to: a b Code Complete, McConnell
Jump up ^ Spinellis, Diomidis (2003). Code reading: The Open Source Perspective. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-79940-5.
Jump up ^ "CodePlotter 1.6 - Add and edit diagrams in your code with this 'Visio-like' tool". Retrieved 2007-07-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Niederst, Jennifer (2006). Web Design in a Nutshell: A Desktop Quick Reference. O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00987-9. Sometimes the difference between a "comment" and other syntax elements of a programming or markup language entails subtle nuances. Niederst indicates one such situation by stating: "Unfortunately, XML software thinks of comments as unimportant information and may simply remove the comments from a document before processing it. To avoid this problem, use an XML CDATA section instead."
Jump up ^ See e.g., Wynne-Powell, Rod (2008). Mac Os X for Photographers: Optimized Image Workflow for the Mac User. Oxford: Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-52027-0. page 243
Jump up ^ Lamb, Linda (1998). Learning the VI Editor. Sebastopol: O'Reilly & Associates. ISBN 1-56592-426-6. describes the use of modeline syntax in Vim configuration files.
Jump up ^ See e.g., Berlin, Daniel (2006). Practical Subversion, Second Edition. Berkeley: APress. ISBN 1-59059-753-2. page 168.
Jump up ^ Ambler, Scott (2004). The Object Primer: Agile Model-Driven Development with UML 2.0. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1-397-80521-8.
Jump up ^ Function definition with docstring in Clojure
Jump up ^ Murach. C# 2005. p. 56.
Jump up ^ c2: HotComments
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Programmers Hid A Bunch Of Profanity In Early Software Code", Lisa Eadicicco, Mar 27, 2014, businessinsider.com.au
Jump up ^ (see e.g., Linux Swear Count).
Jump up ^ Goodliffe, Pete (2006). Code Craft. San Francisco: No Starch Press. ISBN 1-59327-119-0. , Smith, T. (1991). Intermediate Programming Principles and Techniques Using Pascal. Belmont: West Pub. Co. ISBN 0-314-66314-2.
Jump up ^ See e.g., Koletzke, Peter (2000). Oracle Developer Advanced Forms & Reports. Berkeley: Osborne/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-212048-7. page 65.
Jump up ^ "Worst Practice - Bad Comments". Retrieved 2007-07-24.
Jump up ^ Morelli, Ralph (2006). Java, Java, Java: object-oriented problem solving. Prentice Hall College. ISBN 0-13-147434-0.
^ Jump up to: a b "How to Write Doc Comments for the Javadoc Tool". Retrieved 2007-07-24. Javadoc guidelines specify that comments are crucial to the platform. Further, the appropriate level of detail is fairly well-defined: "We spend time and effort focused on specifying boundary conditions, argument ranges and corner cases rather than defining common programming terms, writing conceptual overviews, and including examples for developers."
Jump up ^ Yourdon, Edward (2007). Techniques of Program Structure and Design. University of Michigan. 013901702X. Non-existent comments can make it difficult to comprehend code, but comments may be detrimental if they are obsolete, redundant, incorrect or otherwise make it more difficult to comprehend the intended purpose for the source code.
Jump up ^ Dewhurst, Stephen C (2002). C++ Gotchas: Avoiding Common Problems in Coding and Design. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 0-321-12518-5.
Jump up ^ "Coding Style". Retrieved 2007-07-24.
Jump up ^ "Allen Holub". Retrieved 2007-07-24.
Jump up ^ Allen Holub, Enough Rope to Shoot Yourself in the Foot, ISBN 0-07-029689-8, 1995, McGraw-Hill
Jump up ^ Ken Thompson. "Users' Reference to B". Retrieved 2017-07-21.
Jump up ^ Dennis Ritchie. "The Development of the C Language". Retrieved 2017-07-21.
Jump up ^ "PEP 0350 -- Codetags", Python Software Foundation
Jump up ^ "Never Forget Anything Before, After and While Coding", Using “codetag” comments as productive remainders
Jump up ^ "Using the Task List", msdn.microsoft.com
Jump up ^ "Leave a comment in running-config". Cisco Learning Network (discussion forum).
Jump up ^ "Managing Configuration Files Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS XE Release 3S (ASR 900 Series)".
Jump up ^ "Programming in Lua 1.3". www.Lua.org. Retrieved 2017-11-08.
Jump up ^ "Comments". www.freepascal.org. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
Jump up ^ "perlpod - the Plain Old Documentation format". Retrieved 2011-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Pod::ParseUtils - helpers for POD parsing and conversion". Retrieved 2011-09-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Perl 6 Documentation - Syntax (Comments)". Retrieved 2017-04-06.
Jump up ^ "Python tip: You can use multi-line strings as multi-line comments", 11 Sep 2011, Guido van Rossum
Jump up ^ Talmage, Ronald R. (1999). Microsoft SQL Server 7. Prima Publishing. ISBN 0-7615-1389-2.
Jump up ^ Andress, Mandy (2003). Surviving Security: How to Integrate People, Process, and Technology. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-2042-9.
Further reading[edit]
Movshovitz-Attias, Dana and Cohen, William W. (2013) Natural Language Models for Predicting Programming Comments. In Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 2013.
External links[edit]
How to Write Comments by Denis Krukovsky
Source Code Documentation as a Live User Manual by PTLogica
How to Write Comments for the Javadoc Tool
Doxygen, a documentation system for C, C++, Java, Objective-C, Python, IDL and to some extent PHP, C#, and D
Comment-driven development, a personal presentation of good coding practice
How to make comments the most important 'code' you write By David Njoku
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comment_(computer_programming)&oldid=841743820"
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Orange Is the New Black (season 5)
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Orange Is the New Black (season 5)
Promotional poster
Starring
Taylor Schilling
Natasha Lyonne
Uzo Aduba
Danielle Brooks
Jackie Cruz
Lea DeLaria
Michael Harney
Selenis Leyva
Taryn Manning
Adrienne C. Moore
Jessica Pimentel
Dascha Polanco
Elizabeth Rodriguez
Nick Sandow
Yael Stone
Kate Mulgrew
Laura Prepon
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
13
Release
Original network
Netflix
Original release
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 4
Next →
Season 6
List of Orange Is the New Black episodes
The fifth season of the American comedy-drama television series Orange Is the New Black premiered on Netflix on June 9, 2017, at 12:00 am PST in multiple countries. It consists of thirteen episodes, each between 51–60 minutes. The series is based on Piper Kerman's memoir, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), about her experiences at FCI Danbury, a minimum-security federal prison. The series is created and adapted for television by Jenji Kohan.
Contents
1 Episodes
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Special guest stars
2.3 Recurring cast
2.3.1 Inmates
2.3.2 Staff
2.3.3 Others
3 Production
3.1 Cyberhack
4 Reception
4.1 Critical reception
5 References
6 External links
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Orange Is the New Black episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date
53
1 "Riot FOMO" Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
Litchfield Prison erupts into a riot when the inmates are not satisfied with Caputo's handling of Poussey's death. Daya shoots CO Thomas Humphrey in the thigh after he begins begging for his life in Spanish, a language she does not speak. His life is eventually saved by Sophia, who has paramedic training from her days as a firefighter. Piper and Alex try to take Linda hostage, but then feel bad for her and help her disguise herself as an inmate. Taystee, Black Cindy, Janae and Alison force Caputo to read a statement about Poussey's death, which Taystee records on an iPad. Josh, a PR representative from MCC who was visiting Caputo, helps her upload it to Twitter, since he thinks the story of a renegade CO reflects better on the company than out-of-control inmates. Daya attempts to contact Aleida, but an unseen person knocks her unconscious and steals the gun from her.
54
2 "Fuck, Marry, Frieda" Constantine Makris Jordan Harrison Frieda June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
The prison stays under control of the inmates, who are holding several corrections officers hostage. The Hispanics force the COs to strip down to their underwear in front of a packed chapel. The video of Caputo, meant to spark outrage, instead gets mocked with memes featuring the hashtag #BlackLattesMatter because Cindy is shown drinking a latte. Humphrey, who suffered major blood loss, has a stroke in the prison infirmary, which is staffed by only a nurse. Daya, nearing an emotional breakdown worrying over her future, claims she lost the gun, while CO Artesian McCullough suspects the gun is gone. Taystee uploads a photo of all the COs, plus Caputo, in their underwear. It is revealed that Frieda has a secret "bunker" built out of an unused pool that was never filled in, also stocked with food she has hoarded.
Flashback: Frieda's life as a child during the Cuban Missile Crisis reveals her father was paranoid about the Soviet Union and a nuclear war, and had an underground bunker in the woods, also stocked with food and weapons.
55
3 "Pissters!" Phil Abraham Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Linda June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
Worried over the public backlash—and celebrity chef Judy King—MCC decides to give in to the inmates and meet their demands. Linda tries to fit in with the inmates, but is shocked at the substandard conditions of the prison. Piper and Alex, looking at Linda's phone, are shocked to find photos of her kissing Caputo. The inmates work together to compile a list of demands, which includes reinstating the GED program, better healthcare, amnesty for the inmates involved in the riot, the arrest of CO Bayley for Poussey's death, and Flaming Hot Cheetos. Bayley, meanwhile, goes to the police station and tries to confess murder, but the police dismiss him as a drunk veteran back from the Iraq War with PTSD and put him in the drunk tank. A frightened Judy King, a victim of a random pantsing by meth heads Angie and Leanne, attempts to escape but is attacked by the white supremacists. The COs, locked in a room, plot to regain control of the prison after Artesian's tip that the inmates do not have the gun anymore. As they prepare to attack the inmates, Caputo sees Linda among them.
Flashback: Linda's college days in a sorority in the 1990s show that while at a party, she left her drunk friend outside in the snow and she ended up freezing to death.
56
4 "Litchfield's Got Talent" Nick Sandow Josh Koenigsberg, Jenji Kohan & Tara Herrmann Alison June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
The COs, who are preparing to attack once they are brought food, abort the mission on Caputo's command. Meth heads Angie and Leanne try to pants Gloria, and the gun falls to the crowd, which they recover. High, they want the COs to perform a talent show for their enjoyment. The "talents" include singing from CO Dixon; a Mormon-themed magic show from CO Blake; an Italian monologue from Josh; and a strip show from CO Stratman. Leanne declares Josh the winner merely because he is the prettiest. Suzanne, who believes Poussey's spirit is still where she died, sets up a shrine on the spot of her death and organizes a séance. Blanca and Red, high on amphetamines that Blanca claimed were vitamins, raid the administrative files looking for dirt on the COs. They discover that Piscatella was transferred to Litchfield from a male prison after the death of an inmate, who was discovered in the shower with burns on 80% of his body. Judy King is tied to a board, crucifixion-style, by the white supremacists, who think she has a stash of food. She lies to them and says she is expecting a drop of supplies on the roof of the prison from a helicopter. They go up to the roof and realizing she lied, they try to throw her off, and she faints. Then, a helicopter arrives, but it is a news helicopter carrying cameramen, who take photos and record Judy tied up and unconscious.
Flashback: Alison persuades her husband to accept a polygamous lifestyle because she feels overwhelmed by the time constraints of the housework and raising their daughter, Farah. Then, another woman, Sahar, moves in, but Alison gets jealous.
57
5 "Sing It, White Effie" Phil Abraham Molly Smith Metzler Watson June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
Video of Judy King is widely misreported as a terrorist attack against Christians, as the white supremacists had their heads covered and are mistaken for Muslims. The governor is livid about MCC's passive stance and sends his own team to Litchfield. On the outside, Aleida struggles to find employment. Gloria calls her but is unable to tell her about Daya. Janae, Alison, Black Cindy and Taystee free Judy in order to stop the disinformation about the situation. They clean her up and have Josh give her talking points, before all four go outside to face the press. Judy begins to give her statement but Taystee interrupts her with an emotional speech about how Judy was kept separately from them because of her wealth and status. She says their fight is not with Judy but with the system that punishes poor and black people. Meanwhile, Angie and Leanne find Charlie Coates in the laundry room after he had been with Pennsatucky. They plan to take him hostage but Pennsatucky grabs the gun from Angie's waistband. She throws the gun to Charlie and it accidentally fires, shooting Leanne in the finger. Charlie uses the weapon to escape the prison and goes outside, where the CERT greets him with guns drawn; then, he faints.
Flashback: A teenaged Watson tours an elite prep school and is mesmerized by the wealth and depth of education. She witnesses a rehearsal for the school's (all-white) production of Dreamgirls and is shocked by a white girl in an Afro wig performing "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going." Returning to her school, she is discouraged by her poor conditions and develops a negative attitude.
58
6 "Flaming Hot Cheetos, Literally" Andrew McCarthy Lauren Morelli Taystee June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
The inmates organize a mock trial for Pennsatucky, with Big Boo acting as her representative. Using Saved by the Bell episodes, Big Boo casts doubt on Angie's credibility, and Pennsatucky is given community service as a sentence. Aleida appears on the local news to talk about Litchfield, but it is a disaster. Morello has sex with Nicky and realizes she is pregnant. The inmates receive boxes of Flaming Hot Cheetos and tampons from the governor, who wants them to release the hostages. They refuse to do so until the rest of their demands are met. Then, they have a bonfire of Cheetos in front of the press.
Flashback: Taystee celebrates her 18th birthday in a group home. She meets her birth mother, who was 15 when she first got pregnant. Her mother now has a husband and a young daughter and does not want to tell them about Taystee. Then, Taystee, who mistakenly believed she was going to go live with her mother, runs away from the group home.
59
7 "Full Bush, Half Snickers" Uta Briesewitz Anthony Natoli none June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
Morello's husband leaves her after she announces her pregnancy. The imprisoned guards are forced to clean bunks. Poussey's friends try to think of the best way to honor her memory; Soso wants it to be something Poussey herself would have wanted, and they reinvigorate the library by putting books all over the prison. Red, with help from Blanca, tries to entice Piscatella into the prison. Linda has sex with Big Boo. Red tries to guess Humphrey's smartphone password, and cuts off his fingertip to access it using his thumbprint. Another riot breaks out, but this time it is because the inmates are out of coffee.
60
8 "Tied to the Tracks" Michael Trim Carolina Paiz Daya June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
Red and Blanca send text messages from Humphrey's phone to Piscatella claiming the inmates are not armed anymore and encouraging him to break into the prison via a window at night. He takes the information to the CERT, who blow him off. Aleida does a live TV interview with Meredith Vieira and Judy King, who breaks the news about Humphrey being shot. She does not remember the shooter's name but describes Daya, leaving Aleida in shock. The news reaches Piscatella, who is mocked by the CERT members. Figueroa returns to the prison, this time as a negotiator for MCC. She claims they cannot afford to meet the inmates' demands, but Taystee—who has done her research via the Internet and Caputo's files—shuts her down. However, once Figueroa receives a phone call about Humphrey, she says amnesty for all the inmates is off the table. After a discussion with Piper and others, Taystee agrees to hand over Daya, who first calls Mendez's mother to ask her to adopt her daughter out of foster care and asks her to give the child some space due to Aleida's control she received when she was younger. Gloria learns that her son is in the ICU after being severely beaten. Piscatella, after texting "Humphrey" that he was going to stand down, enters the prison after dark instead.
Flashback: A 14-year-old Daya pursues a boy based on her mother's insistence, despite her best friend's feelings for him. Daya ends up rejected by the boy and dumped by her friend.
61
9 "The Tightening" Erin Feeley Jordan Harrison Red June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
Red, coming down from her drug high, is nursed by Nicky, who thinks her warnings about Piscatella being in the prison are hallucinations. Piscatella, in full riot gear, attacks Blanca in a utility room, where she had gone to set a boobytrap in case he showed up anyway. Inmates begin disappearing one by one, including Nicky and Boo, but nobody believes Red. Gloria begs Caputo—locked in a Porta-Potty—to let her out on furlough to see her son, but Caputo says he cannot help her until she lets the hostages go. After Boo disappears, Linda desperately seeks out Caputo, who was let out to back up the inmates' claim of slave labor to Figueroa. Zirconia, who had turned Linda's high heels into shivs after Piper and Alex first found her, recognizes her as a hostage, but Linda runs away with one of the shoe shivs. Morello, hurt by Nicky's comments that her pregnancy is all in her head, convinces Suzanne to stop taking her psych medicine. Red finds Frieda's map to the "bunker" in her cooking book and discovers Piscatella prisoners on her way there by accident. However, while trying to free them, Piscatella arrives.
Flashback: In the late 1970s, Red is a young woman in the Soviet Union working a menial factory job. Her rebellious friend Nadezhda introduces her to the world of underground discos and black-market Levi's jeans, but Nadezhda soon vanishes. Red's ex-boyfriend, Dmitri—whom she had dumped for being too dull—proposes they lie about being Jewish in order to escape to the United States, as Jews were being allowed to immigrate to countries other than Israel.
62
10 "The Reverse Midas Touch" Laura Prepon Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Piscatella June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
Piscatella has Red, Piper, Alex and other inmates tied up in a room, where he uses a knife to cut off Red's hair. Piper gets the duct tape off her mouth and yells for help, which is heard by Gina, who is holed up playing cards in Frieda's basement "bunker" with Yoga Jones, Anita and other inmates. The entrance to the room they are in leads to where Piscatella is. Gloria tries to free the prison guards but is interrupted. Maureen, who has still not recovered from the beating, is found delirious in the bathroom by Suzanne, who takes her to the infirmary. Suzanne, by now in a psychotic state, finds Humphrey dead. Gina lures Piscatella into the basement, where Frieda knocks him out with a homemade poison dart.
Flashback: At his earlier job as CO in a male prison, Piscatella, then soft at heart, and inmate Driscoll are having an affair. Driscoll is supportive and loving of Piscatella, whose mother had hoped to "fix" him. Another inmate, Resado, spies on them together in the kitchen, and later, he and other inmates beat and rape Driscoll in a bathroom. Piscatella handcuffs Resado to the shower and leaves him under scalding hot water to die.
63
11 "Breaking the Fiberboard Ceiling" Wendey Stanzler Lauren Morelli none June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
The inmates drag the unconscious Piscatella into Frieda's "bunker", where they argue about what should be done. Once Red says she wants revenge, they end up tying her up too, which makes her despair that Piscatella will never see justice. Gina reveals she recorded a video of Piscatella brutally breaking Alex's arm, and they post it on the Internet. Gloria, desperate to see her son in the hospital, tries sneaking each of the hostage guards outside one at a time while the other inmates, including Ouija, get high on drugs. Claiming she is going to teach them a lesson, she drags them out and locks them in the Porta-Pottys. Taystee, after 12 hours of trying to get Figueroa to see the benefits of improving prison conditions, discovers she truly has a knack for advocacy. Boo continues her romance with Linda, but is crushed when she sees a photo of her with Caputo on her phone and discovers her whole story is a lie. Suzanne goes into a psychotic break, but Morello, in the dispensary, refuses to say what medicine Suzanne takes; she is overpowered by Cindy, who takes a bottle of lithium that she believes to help calm people down. Morello finds a pregnancy test and takes it, confirming her suspicion that she is pregnant. As her unconscious son is taken to have a brain surgery, Gloria confesses her plan to Maria, who gives her full support; Maria says she always thinks of her little girl and understands that parents would do anything for their children. Gloria sneaks Luschek, the final guard, outside, but discovers that her plan of delivering the guards to Caputo has been dashed when she sees that there is a hole in the fence and the guards have escaped. Gloria breaks down and tries to escape through the hole, crying about her son, which makes the other inmates realize what she had been planning.
64
12 "Tattoo You" Mark A. Burley Tara Herrmann & Carolina Paiz Piper & Alex June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
The guards—except Luschek—are led to the MCC management, but are led by Maria, who wants to get out to see her little girl. Maria explains the "deal" to shorten her sentence if she lets the guards go, but is told by a state employee that that is not possible. The MCC learns that it was not Taystee who sent out the guards as part of an acceptance of the negotiation, and decide to send the CERT in to end the riot. Morello shows half a dozen positive pregnancy tests to a stunned Nicky, who calls her husband and convinces him to take responsibility. Linda makes excuses to Big Boo, telling her that she now understands the inmates are not living in a decent environment, but Big Boo is unmoved and demands Linda send her US$5,000 via PayPal to keep the secret of her affair with Caputo. A distraught Bayley travels by bus to meet Poussey's father and confess that her death was his fault. Her father angrily tells him that he is not going to give Bayley the peace he seeks by forgiving him, nor punish him by beating him, and that his punishment will be having to live the rest of his life with what he has done—which is a better fate, he says, than the fate Poussey got. Pennsatucky escapes from the prison via the hole in the fence and breaks into Charlie's cabin. In Frieda's "bunker", Piper proposes to Alex, who says yes. Taystee discovers the guards escaped and tries to go to the prison doors to talk to the CERT officers, but it is too late as they immediately swarm Litchfield.
Flashback: Piper and her then-boyfriend, Larry Bloom, get tattoos. She later drunk dials Alex, saying that she is still on her mind and misses her.
65
13 "Storm-y Weather" Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli none June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
Dozens of CERT members in riot gear break down the prison doors, with smoke bombs, stun guns and batons in hand, causing pandemonium as they handcuff all the inmates. The CERT members discover the dead Humphrey, and escalate their tactics to "by any means necessary." Black Cindy and Taystee panic as Suzanne is unconscious from the lithium. They eventually get help from Nicky, who takes them down to Frieda's hiding place, where they inject her with the only thing they can find, an epi-pen, which finally revives Suzanne. Angie and Leanne burn all the prison records to erase their history of infractions. Deciding not to go down without a fight, Ouija, Pidge and the white supremacists barricade themselves inside a dorm and manage to injure some of the CERT members with booby traps before being restrained. The inmates are led outside in handcuffs in front of a crowd of families and the press. Maritza and Flaca are thrilled to see rabid fans of their beauty tutorials on the Internet cheering for them. Linda tries to tell an officer she is from MCC, but she is ignored after Big Boo and other inmates mock her by also claiming the same thing. The count of the inmates leaves them 10 short, and Caputo tells them about the old pool that Figueroa never got filled. The CERT chief assumes the fact that the remaining inmates are hiding "strategically" means they are planning an offensive against the officers, and says that the governor has already approved any casualties necessary. Pennsatucky and Charlie watch TV together inside his cabin. Nicky brings Taystee, Black Cindy and Suzanne to Frieda's "bunker", where Taystee is shocked to see Piscatella tied up. She takes Frieda's gun and points it at him, telling him he is to blame for Poussey's death. Instead of killing him, she breaks down crying. Red, surprisingly, releases Piscatella and tells him to leave without touching anyone. Piscatella slowly walks out into one of the prison halls, only to be shot and killed by an inexperienced CERT officer, who did not recognize him through the smokebombs. As night falls, the inmates outside are loaded onto buses and figure they are headed to new prisons; Flaca and Maritza are separated. In the "bunker", the remaining inmates—Alex, Piper, Taystee, Nicky, Red, Black Cindy, Frieda, Suzanne, Blanca, and Gloria—link arms as the CERT blows the doors off.
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of Orange Is the New Black characters
Main cast[edit]
Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman, inmate
Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols, inmate
Uzo Aduba as Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren, inmate
Danielle Brooks as Tasha "Taystee" Jefferson, inmate
Jackie Cruz as Marisol "Flaca" Gonzales, inmate
Lea DeLaria as Carrie "Big Boo" Black, inmate
Michael Harney as Sam Healy, correctional officer[a]
Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza, inmate
Taryn Manning as Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett, inmate
Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy "Black Cindy" Hayes, inmate
Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz, inmate
Dascha Polanco as Dayanara "Daya" Diaz, inmate
Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz, former inmate
Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo, warden
Yael Stone as Lorna Morello, inmate
Kate Mulgrew as Galina "Red" Reznikov, inmate
Laura Prepon as Alex Vause, inmate
Jump up ^ Michael J. Harney was credited as main cast for season 5 but did not make a single appearance.
Special guest stars[edit]
Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom
Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington
Recurring cast[edit]
Main article: List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters
Inmates[edit]
Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset
Annie Golden as Norma Romano
Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores
Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos
Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson
Julie Lake as Angie Rice
Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor
Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy
Constance Shulman as Erica "Yoga" Jones
Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang
Tamara Torres as Gerrman "Weeping Woman"
Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco
Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso
Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin
Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio
Blair Brown as Judy King
Rosal Colon as Carmen "Ouija" Aziza
Francesca Curran as Helen "Skinhead Helen" Van Maele
Daniella De Jesus as Irene "Zirconia" Cabrera
Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps
Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight
Arianda Fernandez as Michelle Carreras
Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey
Miriam Morales as Ramona "Pidge" Contreras
Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka
Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah
Staff
Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell
Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill
Matt Peters as Joel Luschek
Alysia Reiner as Natalie "Fig" Figueroa
Alan Aisenberg as Baxter "Gerber" Bayley
Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson / "Amelia Von Barlow"
Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson
James McMenamin as Charlie "Donuts" Coates
Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake
Evan Arthur Hall as Stratman
Mike Houston as Lee Dixon
Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella
John Palladino as Josh
Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough
Michael Torpey as Thomas "Humps" Humphrey
Others
Berto Colon as Cesar
Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman
Ian Paola as Yadriel
John Magaro as Vince Muccio
Mary Steenburgen as Delia Powell-Mendez (guest)
Production[edit]
In February 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth, and seventh season.[1] The fifth season was released on June 9, 2017.[2]
Cyberhack[edit]
In April 2017, it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company. Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands, and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online. Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement.[3][4] Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven-day period following the leak of the episodes. It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June.[5]
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
The fifth season has received "generally favorable reviews".[6] On Metacritic, it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews.[6] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 76% rating with an average score of 7.47 out of 10 based on 33 reviews.[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia (February 5, 2016). "'Orange Is the New Black' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix". Variety. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan (February 8, 2017). "Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Set for June Release at Netflix". TVLine. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hacker Releases New Episodes of 'Orange Is the New Black". The Hollywood Reporter. Associated Press. April 28, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Perlroth, Nicole; Haag, Matthew (April 29, 2017). "Hacker Leaks Episodes From Netflix Show and Threatens Other Networks". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Baumgartner, Jeff (May 10, 2017). "Demand for 'Orange Is the New Black' Spiked Following Hack". Multichannel News. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Orange Is the New Black: Season 5". Metacritic. 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Orange Is the New Black: Season 5". Rotten Tomatoes. 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Orange Is the New Black on IMDb
hide
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Orange Is the New Black
Characters
Piper Chapman
Alex Vause
Crazy Eyes
Nicky Nichols
Tiffany Doggett
Lorna Morello
Miss Rosa
recurring characters
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
Episodes
"Lesbian Request Denied"
Related articles
Piper Kerman
Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison
"You've Got Time"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_Is_the_New_Black_(season_5)&oldid=862339789"
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