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Bull riding
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Bull riding
Bull riding is a rodeo sport that involves a rider getting on a bucking bull and attempting to stay mounted while the animal tries to buck off the rider.
In the American tradition, the rider must stay on top of the bucking bull while holding onto the bull rope with one hand for eight seconds and not touching the bull or himself with his free hand. A bull rope is a fiber rope wrapped around the chest of the bull directly behind the bull's front legs, which the rider grips while riding. If he does that, it is a qualified ride. If he gets bucked off before eight seconds, it is a no score. In most bull riding circuits, four judges mark scores for the rider and the bull. Two judges score the rider based on his ability up to 25 points each for up to a total of 50 points. The other two judges score the bull on his bucking performance for up to 25 points each for a total of up to 50 points. Thus, the ride is scored up to 100 points. Most professional riders score between the mid-70s and high 80s. American Bull riding has been called "the most dangerous eight seconds in sports."[1]
Outside of the United States, bull riding traditions with varying rules and histories also exist in Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Australia and New Zealand with the majority of them following similar rules, especially with the Professional Bull Riders organization.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Rules and regulations
2.1 Points and scoring
3 Equipment
3.1 Rider equipment
3.2 Bull equipment
3.3 The arena
4 North America
5 Australia and New Zealand
6 Animal welfare
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The taming of bulls has ancient roots in contests dating as far back as Minoan culture.[3] Bull riding itself has its direct roots in Mexican contests of equestrian and ranching skills now collectively known as charreada.[3] During the 16th century, a hacienda contest called jaripeo developed. Originally considered a variant of bull fighting, in which riders literally rode a bull to death, the competition evolved into a form where the bull was simply ridden until it stopped bucking.[3] By the mid-19th century, charreada competition was popular on Texas and California cattle ranches where Anglo and Hispanic ranch hands often worked together.[3]
Many early Texas rangers, who had to be expert horsemen and later went on to become ranchers, learned and adapted Hispanic techniques and traditions to ranches in the United States. Many also enjoyed traditional Mexican celebrations, and H. L. Kinney, a rancher, promoter and former Texas Ranger staged what is thought to be the first Anglo-American organized bullfight in the southwest in 1852. This event also included a jaripeo competition and was the subject of newspaper reports from as far away as the New Orleans Daily Delta.[3] However, popular sentiment shifted away from various blood sports and both bullfighting and prize fighting were banned by the Texas legislature in 1891.[3] In the same time period, however, Wild West Shows began to add steer riding to their exhibitions, choosing to use castrated animals because steers were easier to handle and transport than bulls.[3] Additionally, informal rodeos began as competitions between neighboring ranches in the American Old West. The location of the first formal Rodeo is debated. Deer Trail, Colorado claims the first rodeo in 1869 but so does Cheyenne, Wyoming in 1872.[4]
Although steer riding contests existed into the 1920s, the sport did not gain popularity until bulls were returned to the arena and replaced steers as the mount of choice.[3] The first-known rodeo to use brahma bulls was in Columbia, Mississippi, produced in 1935 by Canadian brothers Earl and Weldon Bascom with Jake Lybbert and Waldo Ross. This rodeo was the first to feature a bull riding event at a night rodeo held outdoors under electric lights. A pivotal moment for modern bull riding, and rodeo in general, came with the founding of the Rodeo Cowboy Association (RCA) in 1936, which later became the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA). Through this organization many hundreds of rodeos are held each year. Since that time, the popularity of all aspects of the rodeo has risen. In addition to the PRCA, which has PRCA ProRodeo with bull riding and the Xtreme Bulls events for bull riding only, there are two separate organizations that promote and produce shows for stand-alone professional bull riding in the United States: Championship Bull Riding (CBR) and Professional Bull Riders (PBR). CBR tours all over the United States and its major league tour, the Road to Cheyenne Tour, is broadcast on Fox Sports Networks. The CBR world championships take place at Cheyenne Frontier Days. The Professional Bull Riders (PBR) stages a large number of events in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, and Australia. For many years the annual PBR World Finals were held at the Thomas and Mack Center in Las Vegas, Nevada. However, starting in 2016, the Finals are now held at the T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas.[5] The PBR's major league tour, currently titled the Unleash the Beast Series, is broadcast on CBS Sports Network, with the primary broadcast network televising selected bonus rounds (known as 15/15 bucking battles). The previous tour name, which ran from 2003 until 2017 was titled the Built Ford Tough Series.[6][7] From these roots, bull riding as a competitive sport has spread to a number of other nations worldwide.
Rules and regulations[edit]
Bull riding at the Calgary Stampede. The "bullfighter" or "rodeo clown" is standing just to the right of the bull
Each bull has a unique name and number used to help identify it. A sufficient number of bulls, each judged to be of good strength, health, agility, and age, are selected to perform. The rider and bull are matched randomly before the competition, although starting in 2008, some ranked riders are allowed to choose their own bulls from a bull draft for selected rounds in PBR events.
A rider mounts a bull and grips a flat braided rope. After they secure a good grip on the rope, the rider nods to signal they are ready. The bucking chute (a small enclosure which opens from the side) is opened and the bull storms out into the arena. The rider must attempt to stay on the bull for at least eight seconds, while only touching the bull with their riding hand. The other hand must remain free for the duration of the ride. Originally, the rules required a 10-second ride, but that was changed to the current eight seconds.
The bull bucks, rears, kicks, spins, and twists in an effort to throw the rider off. This continues for a number of seconds until the rider bucks off or dismounts after completing the ride. A loud buzzer or whistle announces the completion of an eight-second ride.
Throughout the ride, bullfighters, also popularly known as rodeo clowns, stay near the bull to aid the rider if necessary. When the ride ends, either intentionally or not, the bullfighters distract the bull to protect the rider from harm.
Many competitions have a format that involves multiple rounds, sometimes called "go-rounds". Generally, events span two to three nights. The rider is given a chance to ride one bull per night. The total points scored by the end of the event are recorded, and after the first or first two go rounds, the top 20 riders are given a chance to ride one more bull. This final round is called the "short go". After the end of the short go, the rider with the most total points wins the event.
Points and scoring[edit]
The ride is scored from 0–100 points. Both the rider and the bull are awarded points. There are usually two judges, each judge scoring the bull from 0–50 points, and the rider from 0–50 points. The combined point totals from both judges make up the final score for the ride. This system was spearheaded by former PRCA president Dale Smith.[8] Scores of zero are quite common as many riders lose control of the animal almost immediately after the bull leaves the bucking chute. Many experienced professionals are able to earn scores of 75 or more. Scores above 80 are considered excellent, and a score in the 90s exceptional.
Judges award points based on several key aspects of the ride. Judges look for constant control and rhythm in the rider in matching their movements with the bull. Points are usually deducted if a rider is constantly off balance. For points actually to be awarded the rider must stay mounted for a minimum of 8 seconds, and they are scored only for actions during those 8 seconds. The ability to control the bull well allows riders to gain extra style points. These are often gained by spurring the animal. A rider is disqualified for touching the bull, the rope, or themselves with their free arm.[9]
Bulls have more raw power and a different style of movement from bucking horses. One move particular to bulls is a belly roll or sunfishing, in which the bull is completely off the ground and kicks either his hind feet or all four feet to the side in a twisting, rolling motion. Bulls also are more likely than horses to spin in tight, quick circles, while they are less likely to run or to jump extremely high and "break in two".
For the bull, judges look at the animal's overall agility, power and speed; its back end kicks; and its front end drops. In general, if a bull gives a rider a very hard time, more points will be awarded. If a rider fails to stay mounted for at least 8 seconds the bull is still awarded a score.[9] The PBR, CBR, PRCA, IPRA and PRS record bulls' past scores so that the best bulls can be brought to the finals, ensuring that riders will be given a chance to score highly. All five organizations also award one bull the "Bucking Bull of the Year" award, decided by scores and the number of riders it has bucked off. The award brings prestige to the ranch at which the bull was raised.
If a rider scores sufficiently low due to poor bull performance, the judges may offer the rider the option of a re-ride. By taking the option, the rider gives up the score received, waits until all other riders have ridden, and rides again. This can be risky because the rider loses their score and risks being bucked off and receiving no score. A re-ride may also be given if a bull stumbles or runs into the fence or gate.
Equipment[edit]
Rider equipment[edit]
Bull riders use many pieces of equipment both functionally and to ensure maximum safety, both to themselves and to the animals involved.
The primary piece of equipment used is the bull rope. The bull rope is a braided rope made of polypropylene, grass, or some combination. A handle is braided into the center of the rope and is usually stiffened with leather. One side of the rope is tied in an adjustable knot that can be changed for the size of bull. The other side of the rope (the tail) is a flat braid and is usually coated with rosin to keep it from sliding through the rider's hand. A metallic bell is strapped to the knot and hangs directly under the bull throughout the ride. In addition to the sound the bell produces, it also gives the rope some weight, allowing it to fall off the bull once a rider has dismounted.
Chaps are probably the most noticeable piece of bull rider clothing, as their distinctive coloring and patterns add flair to the sport. Usually made of leather, chaps also provide protection for the rider's legs and thighs.
Bull riders are required to wear a protective vest, most usually wear one made of high impact foam that allows the shock to disperse over a wide area, thereby reducing pain and injury.
To prevent a rope burn, riders must wear a protective glove, usually of leather. This glove must be fastened to the rider's hand since the force the animal is able to exert could tear the glove away. The rider often applies rosin to the glove, which allows for additional grip.
Cowboy boots are also worn. The dull and loosely locked spurs help keep the rider balanced and is crucial piece of equipment to the sport as a whole. The bulls are unharmed by the rowels, as their hide is roughly seven times thicker than a human being's skin. Truly skilled riders will often spur the bull in the hope of achieving extra style points from the judges.
Cowboy hats remain the primary headwear used. While the professional organizations permit protective helmets and masks, some riders continue to believe that this equipment can detrimentally affect balance, and many professionals still avoid wearing them. However, the trend is changing, as more champion riders begin to wear helmets for added safety.
Public health researchers found evidence suggesting that bull riding helmets are protective, when riders wearing one particular type of helmet suffered approximately 50% fewer head and facial injuries.[10][11] In 2004, at the 1st International Rodeo Research and Clinical Care Conference in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, a group of top rodeo medicine researchers and clinical care providers came to a consensus on the use of helmets declaring that all youth rodeo participants should wear helmets, and that helmets should be recommended for adult bull riders.[12]
For competitors under the age of 18, protective headgear incorporating a helmet and ice hockey style face mask are worn. While optional at the upper levels of the sport, it has become mandatory at younger levels, and riders who use helmets and face masks as youths tend to continue to wearing them as they reach adulthood and turn professional.[13]
Bull equipment[edit]
This bull is wearing a flank strap.
The flank strap is a rope made of a soft cotton rope at least 5/8” in diameter is acceptable as a flank strap and does not require extra padding with sheepskin or neoprene. It is tied around the bull's flank.[14] Contrary to popular belief, the flank strap is not tied around the bull's testicles. This rope is to encourage the bull to use its hind legs more in a bucking motion, as this is a true test of a rider's skill in maintaining the ride. If it is applied improperly a rider may request to ride again, as the bull will not buck well if the flank strap is too tight. The flank strap is applied by the stock contractor or his designate.
The arena[edit]
The arenas used in professional bull riding vary. Some are rodeo arenas that are used only for bull riding and other rodeo events. Others are event centers that play host to many different sports. Common to all arenas is a large, open area that gives the bulls, bull riders, and bull fighters plenty of room to maneuver. The area is fenced, usually 6 to 7 feet high, to protect the audience from escaped bulls. There are generally exits on each corner of the arena for riders to get out of the way quickly. Riders can also hop onto the fence to avoid danger. One end of the arena contains the bucking chutes from which the bulls are released. There is also an exit chute where the bulls can exit the arena.
North America[edit]
In the United States and Canada, most professional bull riders start out riding in high school rodeo or other junior associations. From there, riders may go on the college rodeo circuit or to one of several semi-pro associations including the Southern Extreme Bull Riding Association (SEBRA), the Southern States Bull Riders Association (SSBR), the International Bull Riders Association (IBR), the Professional Championship Bull Riders Tour (PCB), Bull Riders Canada (BRC), the American Bull Riders Tour (ABT), the International Professional Rodeo Association (IPRA), the Cowboys Professional Rodeo Association (CPRA), the United Professional Rodeo Association (UPRA), the Southern Rodeo Association (SRA), the Professional Western Rodeo Association (PWRA), the Canadian Cowboys Association (CCA), among others. Bull riders compete in these organizations as they are climbing the ladder to the professional ranks and to supplement their income.
The top bull riders in the world compete on the Professional Bull Riders (PBR), Championship Bull Riding (CBR) and Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) circuits. Most of the riders who compete in the CBR tour also compete in the PRCA's rodeos and 'Xtreme Bulls' tour (a small series of one day bull riding events sanctioned by the PRCA), while only a handful of PBR riders also compete in the PRCA. Professional bull riders can win in excess of $100,000 a year while competing in any of these three organizations.
In Mexico, there are several American-style bull riding organizations. The big five include PBR Mexico, Cuernos Chuecos (Crooked Horns), Jinete Supremo (Supreme Bull Rider), Danger Bull Riding Company and Bull Masters Championship. La Federacion Mexicana de Rodeo (Mexican Rodeo Federation) is Mexico’s top organization that includes all of American Rodeo’s standard events, including bull riding. There are also a number of regional associations.
Australia and New Zealand[edit]
There are approximately 200 rodeos and bushmen's carnivals held annually across Australia. At most of these events bull riding is one of the featured competitions.
Initially bullocks and steers were used for roughriding events and these were owned by local graziers that lent them for these events. Nowadays bulls are used for the open events and stock contractors supply the various roughriding associations. Contract stock has produced a more uniform range of bucking stock which is also quieter to handle. The competitions are run and scored in a similar style to that used in the United States.[15]
In May 1992 the National Rodeo Council of Australia (NRCA) was formed to promote and further the sport of rodeo and has represented the following associations, which also control bull riding:
Australian Bushmen’s Campdraft & Rodeo Association (ABCRA)
Australian Professional Bull Riders Association (APBA)
Central Rodeo Cowboys Association (CRCA)
Indigenous Rodeo Riders Australia (IRRA)
National Student Rodeo Association (NSRA)
National Rodeo Association (NRA)
Northern Cowboys Association (NCA)
Queensland Rodeo Association (QRA)
Rodeo Services Association (RSA)
West Coast Rodeo Circuit (WCRC)[16]
There are strict standards for the selection, care and treatment of rodeo livestock, arenas, plus equipment requirements and specifications.[17]
Chainsaw was one of Australia's most famous bucking bulls. Only nine contestants scored on him and he won the Australian national title of Bull of the Year a world record eight times during 1987 to 1994.[18]
Some of Australia’s best bull riders travel and compete internationally in Canada, New Zealand and the United States. Some of Australia's leading bull riders conduct bull riding clinics to assist learners and novice riders.[19]
A World Challenge of Professional Bull Riders (PBR) was held on 29 May 2010 at the Brisbane Entertainment Centre (BEC). The 2010 PBR Finals were held over two nights at the Australian Equine and Livestock Events Centre (AELEC), with five top-ranked professional bull riders from the United States and 25 of Australia’s best bull riders contesting the event.[20]
Rodeo is also popular in country regions of New Zealand where approximately 32 rodeos, which include bull riding contests, are held each summer.[21]
Animal welfare[edit]
It is anatomically impossible for a flank strap to bind the genitals of a bull
Further information: Rodeo § Animal treatment controversies
There is debate between animal rights/welfare organizations and bull riding enthusiasts over many aspects of the sport. One source of controversy is the flank strap. The flank strap is placed around a bull's flank, just in front of the hind legs, to encourage bucking. Critics say that the flank strap encircles or otherwise binds the genitals of the bull. However, the flank strap is anatomically impossible to place over the testicles. Many point out that the bull's genes are valuable and that there is a strong economic incentive to keep the animal in good reproductive health. Further, particularly in the case of bulls, an animal that is sick and in pain usually will not want to move at all, will not buck as well, and may even lie down in the chute or ring rather than buck.[22]
Critics also claim that electric cattle prods ("hot shots") are used to injure and torture bulls, while supporters of bull riding claim that the cattle prod simply gets the bull out of the chute quickly and is only a moderate irritation due to the thickness of the animal's hide. Cattle prods have not been used in the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) tour for several years. However, in smaller associations, a cattle prod is still sometimes used to ensure that the animal leaves the chute as soon as the rider nods their head. Cattle prods are not allowed by any major association.
Spurs are also a source of controversy, though modern rodeo rules place strict regulations on the type and use of spurs and participants point out that they are a tool commonly used in other non-rodeo equestrian disciplines. Spurs used in bull riding do not have a fixed rowel, nor can they be sharpened. The PBR currently allows only two types of rowels to ensure the safety of the animals.
Bull riding has the highest rate of injury to humans of any rodeo sport. It accounts for approximately 50% of all traumatic injuries to rodeo contestants, and the bullfighters have the highest injury rate of any non-contestant group.[23]
See also[edit]
Steer riding
Miniature bull riding
Bucking bull
Mutton busting
Mechanical bull
Jaripeo
Jineteada gaucha
Bronc riding
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Facing the Bull: The Most Dangerous Eight Seconds in Sports". news.nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic News. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Kubke, Jane & Kubke Jessica 2006. "Bull Riding". The Rosen Publishing Group
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h LeCompte, Mary Lou. (1985) "The Hispanic influence on Rodeo" (PDF). (109 KB) . Journal of Sport History. volume 12. Issue 1.
Jump up ^ Melody Groves (2006), Ropes, reins, and rawhide, ISBN 0-8263-3822-4, ISBN 978-0-8263-3822-8 https://books.google.com/books?id=ztGsU7ISp50C&pg=PA51&dq=Cowboy+Up:+The+History+of+Bull+Riding&client=firefox-a#PPA4,M1
Jump up ^ REVIEW-JOURNAL, BETSY HELFAND LAS VEGAS (1 November 2016). "Here are 5 reasons to pay attention to the PBR at T-Mobile Arena". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Professional Bull Riders Usher in 10th Season with Ford Trucks as the New Title Sponsor". Professional Bull Riders. www.pbr.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2002. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Monster Energy Expands Relationship with Professional Bull Riders". Professional Bull Riders. www.pbr.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Wild Ride: The History and Lore of Rodeo - Joel H. Bernstein - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bull Riding Basics" Professional Bull Rider, Inc. Archived February 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Web site accessed February 27, 2008
Jump up ^ Brandenburg1998/ Brandenburg MA, Archer P (April 1998). "A Survey Analysis to Assess the Effectiveness of the Bull Tough Helmet in Preventing Head Injuries in Bull Riders" (PDF). Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine. 31: 360–366. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-12.
Jump up ^ Brandenburg MA, Archer P. Mechanisms of Head Injury in Bull Riders with and without the Bull Tough Helmet- A Case Series. J Okla State Med Assoc, 2005;98(12):591-95[1].pdf |url=http://www.bulltough.com/Medical%20Studies%20PDFs/Bull_Riding_Injury_Mechanisms%7Cdate=November 2016[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Butterwick2005/ Butterwick DJ, Brandenburg MA (April 2005). "Agreement Statement from the 1st International Rodeo Research and Clinical Care Conference Calgary, Alberta, Canada July 7-9, 2004". Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine. 15 (12): 192–195. doi:10.1097/01.jsm.0000160553.87755.2a.
Jump up ^ Texas law mandates competitors under 18 in rodeos, including bull riding, must wear a helmet.
Jump up ^ "Livestock Welfare Rules". www.prorodeo.com. Professional Rodeo Cowboy Association. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Hicks Jenny, “Australian Cowboys, Roughriders & Rodeos”, CQU Press, Rockhampton, QLD, 2000
Jump up ^ NCRA. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
Jump up ^ Code of practice for the welfare of rodeo and rodeo school livestock Archived October 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
Jump up ^ Isa Rotary Rodeo. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2010-12-31. . Retrieved 2010-12-31.
Jump up ^ PBRA Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
Jump up ^ Jock Phillips. 'Rural recreation - Rural horse sports', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 1-Mar-09 URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/rural-recreation/7. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
Jump up ^ "Livestock Welfare Rules". www.prorodeo.com. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Mullen, Frank X. Jr. "Rodeo injuries: Mess with the bull, you get the horns" Reno Gazette-Journal 21 June 2005[permanent dead link]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bull riding.
Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association
Professional Bull Riders
Championship Bull Riding
International Bull Riders
Professional Championship Bullriders
American Bullriders Tour
PBR-Australia
International Professional Rodeo Association
Professional Roughstock Series
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Annie Leibovitz
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 12 August 2018.
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Annie Leibovitz
Leibovitz in February 2008
Born
Anna-Lou Leibovitz
(1949-10-02) October 2, 1949 (age 68)
Waterbury, Connecticut, U.S.
Nationality
American
Education
San Francisco Art Institute
Known for
Photography
Partner(s)
Susan Sontag (1989–2004)
Anna-Lou "Annie" Leibovitz (/ˈliːbəvɪts/; born October 2, 1949) is an American portrait photographer. She photographed John Lennon on the day he was assassinated, and her work has been used on numerous album covers and magazines. She became the first woman to hold an exhibition at Washington's National Portrait Gallery in 1991.[1]
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Rolling Stone
2.2 The Rolling Stones
2.3 John Lennon
2.4 Other projects
2.5 Pirelli calendar
3 Personal life
3.1 Children
3.2 Relationships
3.3 Religion
3.4 Financial troubles
4 Noted photographs
5 Awards
6 Bibliography
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Born in Waterbury, Connecticut, on October 2, 1949,[2] Anna-Lou Leibovitz is the third of six children of Marilyn Edith (née Heit) and Samuel Leibovitz.[3] She is a third-generation American; her father's parents were Romanian Jews.[3] Her mother was a modern dance instructor of Estonian-Jewish heritage. Her father was a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Air Force. The family moved frequently with her father's duty assignments, and she took her first pictures when he was stationed in the Philippines during the Vietnam War.[4] She took photographs around the military base and of nearby locals.[5] Leibovitz's passion of art was born out of her mother's engagement with dance, music, and painting.[5]
At Northwood High School in Silver Spring, Maryland,[6] she became interested in various artistic endeavors and began to write and play music. She attended the San Francisco Art Institute,[6] where she studied painting with the intention of becoming an art teacher.[5] At school, she had her first photography workshop and changed her major after to photography. She was inspired by the work of Robert Frank and Henri Cartier-Bresson, which her school taught about.[7] For several years, she continued to develop her photography skills while holding various jobs, including a stint on a kibbutz in Amir, Israel, for several months in 1969.[8]
Career[edit]
Rolling Stone[edit]
When Leibovitz returned to the United States in 1970, she started her career as staff photographer, working for Rolling Stone magazine. In 1973, publisher Jann Wenner named Leibovitz chief photographer of Rolling Stone, a job she would hold for 10 years. Leibovitz worked for the magazine until 1983, and her intimate photographs of celebrities helped define the Rolling Stone look.[8]
While working for Rolling Stone, Leibovitz learned that she could work for magazines and still create personal work of her family which for her was the most important. “You don’t get the opportunity to do this kind of intimate work except with the people you love, the people who will put up with you. They’re the people who open their hearts and souls and lives to you. You must take care of them.” [9]
She was awarded The Royal Photographic Society's Centenary Medal and Honorary Fellowship (HonFRPS) in recognition of a sustained, significant contribution to the art of photography in 2009.[10]
The Rolling Stones[edit]
Leibovitz photographed the Rolling Stones in San Francisco in 1971 and 1972, and served as the concert-tour photographer for the Rolling Stones' Tour of the Americas '75. Her favorite photo from the tour was a photo of Mick Jagger in an elevator.[11]
John Lennon[edit]
On December 8, 1980, Leibovitz had a photo shoot with John Lennon for Rolling Stone, and she promised him he would make the cover.[12][13] She had initially tried to get a picture with just Lennon alone, as Rolling Stone wanted, but Lennon insisted that both he and Yoko Ono be on the cover. Leibovitz then tried to re-create something like the kissing scene from the couple's Double Fantasy 1980 album cover, a picture Leibovitz loved, and she had John remove his clothes and curl up next to Yoko on the floor. Leibovitz recalls, "What is interesting is she said she'd take her top off and I said, 'Leave everything on'—not really preconceiving the picture at all. Then he curled up next to her and it was very, very strong. You couldn't help but feel that he was cold and he looked like he was clinging on to her. I think it was amazing to look at the first Polaroid and they were both very excited. John said, 'You've captured our relationship exactly. Promise me it'll be on the cover.' I looked him in the eye and we shook on it."[14] Leibovitz was the last person to professionally photograph Lennon—he was shot and killed five hours later.[15]
The photograph was subsequently re-created in 2009 by John and Yoko's son Sean Lennon, posing with his girlfriend Charlotte Kemp Muhl, with male/female roles reversed (Sean clothed, Kemp naked),[16][17] and by Henry Bond and Sam Taylor-Wood in their YBA pastiche October 26, 1993.[18]
In 2011, Leibovitz was nominated alongside Singaporean photographer Dominic Khoo and Wing Shya for Asia Pacific Photographer of the Year.[19][20]
Other projects[edit]
In the 1980s, Leibovitz's new style of lighting and use of bold colors and poses got her a position with Vanity Fair magazine.[21]
Leibovitz photographed celebrities for an international advertising campaign for American Express charge cards, which won a Clio award in 1987.[22]
In 1991, Leibovitz mounted an exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery. She was the second living portraitist and first woman to show there.[15]
In 1991, Leibovitz had been made Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government.[15]
Also in 1991, Leibovitz emulated Margaret Bourke-White's feat by mounting one of the eagle gargoyles on the 61st floor of the Chrysler Building in Manhattan, where she photographed the dancer David Parsons cavorting on another eagle gargoyle. Noted Life photographer and picture editor John Loengard made a gripping photo of Leibovitz at the climax of her danger. (Loengard was photographing Leibovitz for The New York Times that day.)[23]
In 2007, major retrospective of Leibovitz's work was held at the Brooklyn Museum,[24] The retrospective was based on her book, Annie Leibovitz: A Photographer's Life, 1990–2005 and included many of her professional (celebrity) photographs as well as numerous personal photographs of her family, children, and partner Susan Sontag. This show, which was expanded to include three of the official portraits of Queen Elizabeth II, then went on the road for seven stops. It was on display at the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., from October 2007 to January 2008 and at the Palace of the Legion of Honor in San Francisco from March 2008 to May 2008. In February 2009, the exhibition was moved to Berlin, Germany.[25][26] The show included 200 photographs.[27] At the exhibition, Leibovitz showed that she doesn't have two lives, career and personal, but has one wherein assignments and personal pictures are all part of her works. This exhibition and her talk focused on her personal photographs and life.[28]
In 2007, the BBC misrepresented Leibovitz's portrait shooting of Queen Elizabeth II, to take the Queen's official picture for her state visit to Virginia. This was filmed for the BBC documentary A Year with the Queen. A promotional trailer for the film showed the Queen reacting angrily to Leibovitz's suggestion ("less dressy") that she remove her tiara, then a scene of the Queen walking down a corridor, telling an aide "I'm not changing anything. I've had enough dressing like this, thank you very much."[29] The BBC later apologized and admitted that the sequence of events had been misrepresented, as the Queen was in fact walking to the sitting in the second scene.[30] This led to a BBC scandal and a shake-up of ethics training. However a 2015 London Times article published just ahead of the Queen's reign exceeding that of Queen Victoria contradicts this story. It stated that the Queen was both incredulous at being asked to remove her crown as "no-one tells her what to do" and insulted as the item was only a tiara.[31]
In 2007, The Walt Disney Company hired her to do a series of photographs with celebrities in various roles and scenes for the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts "Year of a Million Dreams" campaign.[32][33]
On April 25, 2008, Entertainment Tonight reported that 15-year-old Miley Cyrus had posed topless for a photo shoot with Vanity Fair.[34][35] The photograph and subsequently released behind-the-scenes photographs show Cyrus topless, her bare back exposed but her front covered with a bedsheet. The photo was taken by Leibovitz.[36] The full photograph was published with an accompanying story on The New York Times' website on April 27, 2008. On April 29, 2008, The New York Times clarified: though the pictures left an impression that she was bare-breasted, Cyrus was wrapped in a bedsheet and was actually not topless.[37] Some parents expressed outrage at the nature of the photograph, which a Disney spokesperson described as "a situation [that] was created to deliberately manipulate a 15-year-old in order to sell magazines".[37]
In response to the Internet circulation of the photo and ensuing media attention, Cyrus released a statement of apology on April 27:
I took part in a photo shoot that was supposed to be 'artistic' and now, seeing the photographs and reading the story, I feel so embarrassed. I never intended for any of this to happen and I apologize to my fans who I care so deeply about.[37]
Leibovitz also released a statement saying:
I'm sorry that my portrait of Miley has been misinterpreted... The photograph is a simple, classic portrait, shot with very little makeup, and I think it is very beautiful.[37][38]
In October 2011, Leibovitz had an exhibit in Moscow. In an interview with Rossiya 24, she explained her photography style.[39]
In 2014, Leibovtiz did a shoot of Kim Kardashian West, Kanye West, and their daughter North West for an article in Vanity fair. [40]
In the same year, the New-York Historical Society mounted an exhibit of Leibovitz's work, based on her 2011 book, Pilgrimages.[41]
January 2016 to February 2017, WOMEN: New Portraits, commissioned by UBS and reflecting the changing roles of women, shown in 10 cities worldwide.[42]
In 2017, Leibovitz announced the release of an online photography class entitled "Annie Leibovitz Teaches Photography".[43]
In January 2018, Leibovitz's cover photo for Vanity Fair was criticized online for image manipulation that appeared to show actress Reese Witherspoon with three legs.[44][45]
Pirelli calendar[edit]
In 2015, Leibovitz was the principal photographer for the 2016 Pirelli calendar. Leibovitz took a drastic shift from the calendar traditional style by focusing on admirable women as opposed to sexuality. The calendar included Amy Schumer, Serena Williams and Patti Smith. Leibovitz had previously worked on the 2000 calendar.[46]
Personal life[edit]
Children[edit]
Leibovitz has three daughters. Her first one, Sarah Cameron Leibovitz was born in October 2001 when Leibovitz was 52 years old.[47] Her twin girls, Susan and Samuelle, were born to a surrogate mother in May 2005.[48]
Relationships[edit]
Leibovitz had a close relationship with writer and essayist Susan Sontag from 1989 until Sontag's death in 2004. During Sontag's lifetime, neither woman publicly disclosed whether the relationship was a platonic friendship or romantic. Newsweek magazine in 2006 made reference to Leibovitz's decade-plus relationship with Sontag, stating, "The two first met in the late '80s, when Leibovitz photographed her for a book jacket. They never lived together, though they each had an apartment within view of the other's."[49] Leibovitz, when interviewed for her autobiography A Photographer's Life: 1990–2005, said the book told a number of stories, and "with Susan, it was a love story."[50] While The New York Times in 2009 referred to Sontag as Leibovitz's "companion",[51] Leibovitz wrote in A Photographer's Life that "words like 'companion' and 'partner' were not in our vocabulary. We were two people who helped each other through our lives. The closest word is still 'friend'."[52] That same year, Leibovitz said the descriptor "lover" was accurate.[53] She later reiterated, "Call us 'lovers'. I like 'lovers.' You know, 'lovers' sounds romantic. I mean, I want to be perfectly clear. I love Susan."[48]
Religion[edit]
When asked if being Jewish is important to her, Leibovitz replied, "I'm not a practicing Jew, but I feel very Jewish."[3]
Financial troubles[edit]
In February 2009, Leibovitz borrowed US$15.5 million, after having experienced financial challenges,[54] putting up several houses as well as the rights to all of her photographs as collateral.[55][56] The New York Times noted that "one of the world's most successful photographers essentially pawned every snap of the shutter she had made or will make until the loans are paid off,"[54] and that, despite a US$50 million archive, Leibovitz had a "long history of less than careful financial dealings" and "a recent series of personal issues" including the loss of her parents and the 2004 death of Sontag, as well as the addition of two children to her family, and controversial renovation of three Greenwich Village properties.[51]
The Greenwich Village properties, at 755–757 Greenwich Street, are part of the Greenwich Village Historic District, and thus the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission must review and approve any work done to the buildings. However, work initiated on the buildings in October 2002, without a permit, began a chain of destruction of those buildings and the neighbor's at 311 West 11th Street.[57] Due to pressure from the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation and other groups, the buildings were finally stabilized, though the preservation group criticized the eventual repairs as shoddy and historically insensitive.[58]
In July 2009, the Art Capital Group filed a breach of contract lawsuit against Leibovitz for US$24 million regarding repayment of these loans.[59] In a follow-up article dated September 5, 2009, an Associated Press story quoted legal experts as saying that filing for bankruptcy reorganization might offer Leibovitz her best chance to control and direct the disposition of her assets to satisfy debts.[60] On September 11, Art Capital Group withdrew its lawsuit against Leibovitz and extended the due date for repayment of the US$24 million loan. Under the agreement, Leibovitz retains control over her work and will be the "exclusive agent in the sale of her real property (land) and copyrights".[61]
In March 2010, Colony Capital concluded a new financing and marketing agreement with Leibovitz, paying off Art Capital and removing or reducing the risks to Leibovitz of losing her artistic and real estate.[62] The following month, Brunswick Capital Partners sued Leibovitz, claiming it was owed several hundred thousand dollars for helping her restructure her debt.[63] That December 2012, Leibovitz listed her West Village townhouse for sale at US$33 million, stating she wanted to move closer to her daughter.[64]
Noted photographs[edit]
Leibovitz in front of her More Demi Moore Vanity Fair cover photo, 2008
In 1978 Leibovitz photographed the cover for Joan Armatrading's fifth studio album To the Limit, spending four days at her house capturing the images.[65] Leibovitz also did the photography for Armatrading's live album, Steppin' Out.[66]
Sonia Braga was photographed for an American Express campaign in 1991.[67]
John Lennon and Yoko Ono for the Jan. 22, 1981, Rolling Stone cover, taken the day Lennon was murdered.[68][69]
Prisoners at Soledad State Prison in California, each hugging a visiting family member, with each couple standing a few feet from the next, taken on Christmas 1971.
Linda Ronstadt in a red slip, on her bed, reaching for a glass of water in a 1976 cover story for Rolling Stone magazine.[70]
Demi Moore has been the subject of two highly publicized Vanity Fair covers taken by Leibovitz: More Demi Moore (Aug. 1991) featuring Moore pregnant and nude, and Demi's Birthday Suit (Aug 1992), showing Moore nude with a suit painted on her body.[71]
Marion Cotillard for the Autumn/Winter 2009 collection of the Lady Dior - Lady Rouge handbag campaign[72] and for the November 2009 cover of Vogue with the cast of Nine.[73]
Fleetwood Mac for a 1977 issue of Rolling Stone magazine. Stevie Nicks and Mick Fleetwood are shown lying together, as are Christine McVie and Lindsey Buckingham at the opposite end of the bed. John McVie is shown reading Playboy magazine.[74]
Whoopi Goldberg lying in a bathtub full of milk, shot from above.
Christo, fully wrapped so the viewer must take the artist's word that Christo is actually under the wrapping.[75][76]
David Cassidy on the Rolling Stone cover depicting him naked from his head to his waist.
Dolly Parton vamping for the camera while Arnold Schwarzenegger flexes his biceps behind her, featured in an August 25, 1977, Rolling Stone photo spread.[77]
Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi as The Blues Brothers, with their faces painted blue.[78]
Keira Knightley and Scarlett Johansson, both nude, with a fully clothed Tom Ford, for the cover of Vanity Fair's March 2006 Hollywood Issue.[79]
Knut with Leonardo DiCaprio, a 2007 Vanity Fair cover.[80]
Queen Elizabeth II on occasion of her state visit in United States in 2007, and in 2016 at Windsor Castle to mark her 90th birthday.[81][82]
Jackie and Joan Collins in a limo, Los Angeles 1987.
Sting, with whom she shares a birthday, naked in the desert, covered in mud to blend in with the scenery.[83]
Closeup portrait of Pete Townshend framed by his bleeding hand dripping real blood down the side of his face.[84]
"Fire" portrait and caption "Patti Smith Catches Fire."[85][86]
Cyndi Lauper, She's So Unusual and True Colors album covers[87][88]
Bruce Springsteen, Born in the U.S.A. and Tunnel of Love album cover.[89][90]
Gisele Bündchen and LeBron James on the April 2008 cover of Vogue America.[91][92]
Miley Cyrus's Vanity Fair photo in which the 15-year-old star appeared semi-nude, leading to a controversy.
Michael Jackson twice for the cover of Vanity Fair magazine, including other additional photographs of him that were not featured on the cover of the magazine.
Bill Gates for the cover of Gates' book The Road Ahead.
Family of Barack Obama in the White House.[93]
Johnny Depp and Kate Moss at the Royalton Hotel, New York in 1994. A nude Moss laying on a bed while fully clothed Depp is lying between her legs, covering her abdomen.
Lance Armstrong riding his Trek Madone bicycle in the buff in the rain. It was shown in Vanity Fair's 1999 December issue.
Lady Gaga for Vogue and Vanity Fair.
Rihanna for Vogue in 2011 and 2012.
The cast of Les Misérables (Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Anne Hathaway, Amanda Seyfried, Eddie Redmayne, Helena Bonham Carter and Sacha Baron Cohen) for Vogue in 2012.
Benedict Cumberbatch for Vogue in 2013[94]
Kim Kardashian, Kanye West and their daughter North for Vogue in 2014.[95]
Dane DeHaan for Prada.
Amy Van Dyken posing underwater with a milk mustache as part of the 1996 Milk Mustache campaign.
The cast of Star Wars: The Force Awakens for Vanity Fair in 2015 and the cast of Star Wars: The Last Jedi for Vanity Fair[96] in 2017.
Caitlyn Jenner for Vanity Fair.[97] in 2015.
Mark Zuckerberg and his pregnant wife Priscilla Chan in 2015.[98]
Adele for Vogue in 2016.
Christopher Hitchens at dinner on the night of his marriage to Carol Blue. Used on the cover of Hitchens' book For the Sake of Argument[99]
Serena Williams - Cover of Vanity Fair August 2017, while heavily pregnant.[100]
Awards[edit]
2018 Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts, Rhode Island School of Design[101]
2015 Paez Medal of Art from VAEA.[102]
2013 Prince of Asturias Award for Communication.[103]
The Royal Photographic Society's Centenary Medal and Honorary Fellowship (HonFRPS) in recognition of a sustained, significant contribution to the art of photography in 2009.[104]
Bibliography[edit]
Photographs
Photographs 1970–1990
"Dancers: Photographs by Annie Leibovitz"
"White Oak Dance Project: Photographs by Annie Leibovitz"
Olympic Portraits
Women
American Music
A Photographer's Life 1990–2005 (catalog for a traveling exhibit that debuted at the Brooklyn Museum in October 2006)
Annie Leibovitz: At Work
Pilgrimage
Annie Leibovitz (SUMO-sized book with 250 photographs with a supplementary book featuring essays by Annie Leibovitz, Graydon Carter, Hans Ulrich Obrist, and Paul Roth)
Annie Leibovitz: Portraits 2005–2016
See also[edit]
Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.
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Jump up ^ Kamp, David. "Cover Story: Star Wars: The Last Jedi, the Definitive Preview". HWD. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
Jump up ^ Lisa Respers France, CNN (1 June 2015). "No more Bruce: Meet Caitlyn Jenner". CNN. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Muto, Jordan. "Mark Zuckerberg, Priscilla Chan captured in pregnancy photo by Annie Leibovitz". today.com. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Christopher Hitchens - For the Sake of Argument (1993)". youtube.com.
Jump up ^ "Pregnant Serena Williams poses naked on the cover of Vanity Fair". BBC Newsbeat. BBC. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "RISD Commencement 2017". commencement.risd.edu. Rhode Island School of Design. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Annie Leibovitz is the recipient of VAEA's Paez Medal of Art 2015". VAEA. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
Jump up ^ Desarrollado con webControl CMS por Intermark Tecnologías. "Annie Leibovitz - Premiados - Premios Princesa de Asturias - Fundación Princesa de Asturias". Fundación Princesa de Asturias. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Magezine Publishing Ltd. "Royal Photographic Society Annual Awards". ePHOTOzine. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
External links[edit]
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1996
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1997
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1998
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1999
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2000
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2001
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2002
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2003
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2005
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2006
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2007
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2008
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2009
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2010
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2011
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2012
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Annie Leibovitz
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2013
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2014
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Jennifer Lawton
Marian Salzman
2015
Margaret Bourke-White
Carolyn Miles
Indra Nooyi
2016
Rebecca Lobo
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Joyce Yerwood
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb119122619 (data)
GND: 118816713
ISNI: 0000 0001 1030 3417
LCCN: n83025141
MusicBrainz: 3cea75eb-4ef8-4b5b-8e54-071ccf7e883d
NARA: 10570018
NDL: 00447282
NKC: ola2007364722
PIC: 3221
RKD: 257687
SELIBR: 300520
SNAC: w6g171n3
SUDOC: 02698086X
ULAN: 500092264
VIAF: 85042346
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annie_Leibovitz&oldid=854642520"
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