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Darwin's finches
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Darwin's finches
Large ground finch, Medium ground finch
Small tree finch, Green warbler-finch
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Thraupidae
Genera
Geospiza
Camarhynchus/Platyspiza
Certhidea
Pinaroloxias
Darwin's finches (also known as the Galápagos finches) are a group of about fifteen[1][2][3] species of passerine birds.[4] They are well known for their remarkable diversity in beak form and function.[5] They are often classified as the subfamily Geospizinae or tribe Geospizini. They belong to the tanager family and are not closely related to the true finches. The closest known relative of the Galápagos finches is South-American Tiaris obscurus.[6] They were first collected by Charles Darwin on the Galápagos Islands during the second voyage of the Beagle. Apart from the Cocos finch, which is from Cocos Island, the others are found only on the Galápagos Islands.
The term "Darwin's finches" was first applied by Percy Lowe in 1936, and popularised in 1947 by David Lack in his book Darwin's Finches.[7][8] David Lack based his analysis on the large collection of museum specimens collected by the 1905–06 Galápagos expedition of the California Academy of Sciences, to whom Lack dedicated his 1947 book. The birds vary in size from 10 to 20 cm and weigh between 8 and 38 grams. The smallest are the warbler-finches and the largest is the vegetarian finch. The most important differences between species are in the size and shape of their beaks, which are highly adapted to different food sources. The birds are all dull-coloured.
A long-term study carried out for more than 40 years by the Princeton University researchers Peter and Rosemary Grant have documented micro-evolutionary changes in beak size affected by El Nino/La Nina cycles in the Pacific.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Darwin's theory
1.1 Text from The Voyage of the Beagle
1.2 Text from On the Origin of Species
2 Polymorphism in Darwin's finches
3 Taxonomy
3.1 Family
3.2 Species
4 Molecular basis of beak evolution
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Darwin's theory[edit]
During the survey voyage of HMS Beagle, Darwin was unaware of the significance of the birds of the Galápagos. He had learned how to preserve bird specimens while at the University of Edinburgh and had been keen on shooting, but he had no expertise in ornithology and by this stage of the voyage concentrated mainly on geology.[10] In Galápagos he mostly left bird shooting to his servant Syms Covington.[11] Nonetheless, these birds were to play an important part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
On the Galápagos Islands and afterward, Darwin thought in terms of "centres of creation" and rejected ideas concerning the transmutation of species.[12] From Henslow's teaching, he was interested in the geographical distribution of species, particularly links between species on oceanic islands and on nearby continents. On Chatham Island, he recorded that a mockingbird was similar to those he had seen in Chile, and after finding a different one on Charles Island he carefully noted where mockingbirds had been caught.[10] In contrast, he paid little attention to the finches. When examining his specimens on the way to Tahiti, Darwin noted that all of the mockingbirds on Charles Island were of one species, those from Albemarle of another, and those from James and Chatham Islands of a third. As they sailed home about nine months later, this, together with other facts, including what he had heard about Galápagos tortoises, made him wonder about the stability of species.[13][14]
Following his return from the voyage, Darwin presented the finches to the Zoological Society of London on 4 January 1837, along with other mammal and bird specimens that he had collected. The bird specimens, including the finches, were given to John Gould, the famous English ornithologist, for identification. Gould set aside his paying work and at the next meeting, on 10 January, reported that the birds from the Galápagos Islands that Darwin had thought were blackbirds, "gross-beaks" and finches were actually "a series of ground Finches which are so peculiar [as to form] an entirely new group, containing 12 species". This story made the newspapers.[15][16]
Darwin had been in Cambridge at that time. In early March, he met Gould again and for the first time to get a full report on the findings, including the point that his Galápagos "wren" was another closely allied species of finch. The mockingbirds that Darwin had labelled by island were separate species rather than just varieties. Gould found more species than Darwin had expected,[17] and concluded that 25 of the 26 land birds were new and distinct forms, found nowhere else in the world but closely allied to those found on the South American continent.[16] Darwin now saw that, if the finch species were confined to individual islands, like the mockingbirds, this would help to account for the number of species on the islands, and he sought information from others on the expedition. Specimens had also been collected by Captain Robert FitzRoy, FitzRoy’s steward Harry Fuller and Darwin's servant Covington, who had labelled them by island.[18] From these, Darwin tried to reconstruct the locations from where he had collected his own specimens. The conclusions supported his idea of the transmutation of species.[16]
Seen here is adapted radiation of finch A. (Geospiza magnirostris) into three other species of finches found on the Galapagos Islands. Due to the absence of other species of birds, the finches adapted to new niches. The finches beaks and bodies changed allowing them to eat certain types of foods such as nuts, fruits, and insects.
Geospiza magnirostris
Geospiza parvula
Certhidea olivacea
Geospiza fortis
Text from The Voyage of the Beagle[edit]
At the time that he rewrote his diary for publication as Journal and Remarks (later The Voyage of the Beagle), he described Gould's findings on the number of birds, noting that "Although the species are thus peculiar to the archipelago, yet nearly all in their general structure, habits, colour of feathers, and even tone of voice, are strictly American".[19] In the first edition of The Voyage of the Beagle, Darwin said that "It is very remarkable that a nearly perfect gradation of structure in this one group can be traced in the form of the beak, from one exceeding in dimensions that of the largest gros-beak, to another differing but little from that of a warbler".[20]
By the time the first edition was published, the development of Darwin's theory of natural selection was in progress. For the 1845 second edition of The Voyage (now titled Journal of Researches), Darwin added more detail about the beaks of the birds, and two closing sentences which reflected his changed ideas: "Seeing this gradation and diversity of structure in one small, intimately related group of birds, one might really fancy that from an original paucity of birds in this archipelago, one species had been taken and modified for different ends."[21][22]
The remaining land-birds form a most singular group of finches, related to each other in the structure of their beaks, short tails, form of body and plumage: there are thirteen species, which Mr. Gould has divided into four subgroups. All these species are peculiar to this archipelago; and so is the whole group, with the exception of one species of the sub-group Cactornis, lately brought from Bow Island, in the Low Archipelago. Of Cactornis, the two species may be often seen climbing about the flowers of the great cactus-trees; but all the other species of this group of finches, mingled together in flocks, feed on the dry and sterile ground of the lower districts. The males of all, or certainly of the greater number, are jet black; and the females (with perhaps one or two exceptions) are brown. The most curious fact is the perfect gradation in the size of the beaks in the different species of Geospiza, from one as large as that of a hawfinch to that of a chaffinch, and (if Mr. Gould is right in including his sub-group, Certhidea, in the main group) even to that of a warbler. The largest beak in the genus Geospiza is shown in Fig. 1, and the smallest in Fig. 3; but instead of there being only one intermediate species, with a beak of the size shown in Fig. 2, there are no less than six species with insensibly graduated beaks. The beak of the sub-group Certhidea, is shown in Fig. 4. The beak of Cactornis is somewhat like that of a starling, and that of the fourth subgroup, Camarhynchus, is slightly parrot-shaped. Seeing this gradation and diversity of structure in one small, intimately related group of birds, one might really fancy that from an original paucity of birds in this archipelago, one species had been taken and modified for different ends. In a like manner it might be fancied that a bird originally a buzzard, had been induced here to undertake the office of the carrion-feeding Polybori of the American continent.[23]
Text from On the Origin of Species[edit]
Darwin discussed the divergence of species of birds in the Galápagos more explicitly in his chapter on geographical distribution in On the Origin of Species:
The most striking and important fact for us in regard to the inhabitants of islands, is their affinity to those of the nearest mainland, without being actually the same species. [In] the Galapagos Archipelago... almost every product of the land and water bears the unmistakable stamp of the American continent. There are twenty-six land birds, and twenty-five of these are ranked by Mr. Gould as distinct species, supposed to have been created here; yet the close affinity of most of these birds to American species in every character, in their habits, gestures, and tones of voice, was manifest.... The naturalist, looking at the inhabitants of these volcanic islands in the Pacific, distant several hundred miles from the continent, yet feels that he is standing on American land. Why should this be so? why should the species which are supposed to have been created in the Galapagos Archipelago, and nowhere else, bear so plain a stamp of affinity to those created in America? There is nothing in the conditions of life, in the geological nature of the islands, in their height or climate, or in the proportions in which the several classes are associated together, which resembles closely the conditions of the South American coast: in fact there is a considerable dissimilarity in all these respects. On the other hand, there is a considerable degree of resemblance in the volcanic nature of the soil, in climate, height, and size of the islands, between the Galapagos and Cape de Verde Archipelagos: but what an entire and absolute difference in their inhabitants! The inhabitants of the Cape de Verde Islands are related to those of Africa, like those of the Galapagos to America. I believe this grand fact can receive no sort of explanation on the ordinary view of independent creation; whereas on the view here maintained, it is obvious that the Galapagos Islands would be likely to receive colonists, whether by occasional means of transport or by formerly continuous land, from America; and the Cape de Verde Islands from Africa; and that such colonists would be liable to modification;—the principle of inheritance still betraying their original birthplace.[24]
Polymorphism in Darwin's finches[edit]
Whereas Darwin spent just five weeks in the Galápagos, and David Lack spent three months, Peter and Rosemary Grant and their colleagues have made research trips to the Galápagos for about thirty years, particularly studying Darwin's finches.
Males are dimorphic in song type: songs A and B are quite distinct. Also, males with song A have shorter bills than B males. This is also a clear difference. With these beaks, males are able to feed differently on their favourite cactus, the prickly pear Opuntia. Those with long beaks are able to punch holes in the cactus fruit and eat the fleshy aril pulp, which surrounds the seeds, whereas those with shorter beaks tear apart the cactus base and eat the pulp and any insect larvae and pupae (both groups eat flowers and buds). This dimorphism clearly maximises their feeding opportunities during the non-breeding season when food is scarce.
If the population is panmixic,[25][26] then Geospiza conirostris exhibits a balanced genetic polymorphism and not, as originally supposed, a case of nascent sympatric speciation. The selection maintaining the polymorphism maximises the species' niche by expanding its feeding opportunity. The genetics of this situation cannot be clarified in the absence of a detailed breeding program, but two loci with linkage disequilibrium[27] is a possibility.
Another interesting dimorphism is for the bills of young finches, which are either 'pink' or 'yellow'. All species of Darwin's finches exhibit this morphism, which lasts for two months. No interpretation of this phenomenon is known.[28]
Taxonomy[edit]
Family[edit]
For some decades, taxonomists have placed these birds in the family Emberizidae along with the New World sparrows and Old World buntings (Sulloway 1982). However, the Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy puts Darwin's finches with the tanagers (Monroe and Sibley 1993), and at least one recent work follows that example (Burns and Skutch 2003). The American Ornithologists' Union, in its North American check-list, places the Cocos finch in the Emberizidae but with an asterisk indicating that the placement is probably wrong (AOU 1998–2006); in its tentative South American check-list, the Galápagos species are incertae sedis, of uncertain place (Remsen et al. 2007).
Species[edit]
Genus Geospiza
Española cactus finch (Geospiza conirostris)
Sharp-beaked ground finch (Geospiza difficilis)
Vampire finch (Geospiza difficilis septentrionalis)
Medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis)
Small ground finch (Geospiza fuliginosa)
Large ground finch (Geospiza magnirostris)
Common cactus finch (Geospiza scandens)
Genus Camarhynchus
Large tree finch (Camarhynchus psittacula)
Medium tree finch (Camarhynchus pauper)
Small tree finch (Camarhynchus parvulus)
Woodpecker finch (Camarhynchus pallidus) – sometimes separated in Cactospiza
Mangrove finch (Camarhynchus heliobates)
Genus Certhidea
Green warbler-finch (Certhidea olivacea)
Grey warbler-finch (Certhidea fusca)
Genus Pinaroloxias
Cocos finch (Pinaroloxias inornata)
Genus Platyspiza
Vegetarian finch (Platyspiza crassirostris)
In 1981, a male Española cactus finch arrived at Daphne Major island. Its mating with local Galapagos finches has produced a new population that can exploit previously unexploited food due to its larger size. They do not breed with the other species on the island, as the females do not recognize the songs of the new males. Genetic evidence shows that now, after two generations, it lives in a complete reproductive isolation from the native species. According to professor Leif Andersson of Uppsala University, a taxonomist not aware of its history would consider it a distinct species.[29][30]
Molecular basis of beak evolution[edit]
Developmental research in 2004 found that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), and its differential expression during development, resulted in variation of beak size and shape among finches. BMP4 acts in the developing embryo to lay down skeletal features, including the beak.[31] The same group showed that the development of the different beak shapes in Darwin's finches are also influenced by slightly different timing and spatial expressions of a gene called calmodulin (CaM).[32] Calmodulin acts in a similar way to BMP4, affecting some of the features of beak growth. The authors suggest that changes in the temporal and spatial expression of these two factors are possible developmental controls of beak morphology. In a recent study genome sequencing revealed a 240 kilobase haplotype encompassing the ALX1 gene that encodes a transcription factor affecting craniofacial development is strongly associated with beak shape diversity.[33][34] Moreover, these changes in the beak size have also altered vocalization in Darwin's finches.[5]
See also[edit]
Species flock[35]
Adaptive radiation
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.nature.com/news/darwin-s-iconic-finches-join-genome-club-1.16896
Jump up ^ http://www.uu.se/en/media/news/article/?id=4166.
Jump up ^ http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1543/1093
Jump up ^ Grant & Grant 2008, p. 3
^ Jump up to: a b PODOS, JEFFREY; NOWICKI, STEPHEN (2004). "Beaks, Adaptation, and Vocal Evolution in Darwin's Finches". BioScience. 54 (6): 501. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0501:baavei]2.0.co;2.
Jump up ^ Sato, Akie (2001). "On the Origin of Darwin's Finches". Oxford.
Jump up ^ Lack, David. 1947. Darwin's Finches. Cambridge University Press (reissued in 1961 by Harper, New York, with a new preface by Lack; reissued in 1983 by Cambridge University Press with an introduction and notes by Laurene M. Ratcliffe and Peter T. Boag). ISBN 0-521-25243-1
Jump up ^ Steinheimer 2004, p. 300
Jump up ^ Lewitt, Dan. "Galapagos Finch Evolution – Dan Lewitt – HHMI (2013)". Retrieved 6 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Grant, K. Thalia and Estes, Gregory B. 2009 "Darwin in Galapagos: Footsteps to a New World" Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Jump up ^ Steinheimer 2004, pp. 301–303
Jump up ^ Keynes 2000, p. xix.
Eldredge 2006
Jump up ^ Chancellor, Gordon; Keynes, Randal (October 2006), Darwin's field notes on the Galapagos: 'A little world within itself', Darwin Online
Jump up ^ Eldredge 2006
Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991, pp. 208–209
^ Jump up to: a b c Sulloway 1982, pp. 57–58
Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991, p. 248
Jump up ^ Sulloway 2006
Jump up ^ Darwin 1839, pp. 461–462
Jump up ^ Darwin 1839, p. 462.
Jump up ^ Darwin 1845, pp. 379–380
Jump up ^ Darwin 1887
Jump up ^ Darwin 1845, p. 380.
Jump up ^ Darwin 1859, pp. 397–398.
Jump up ^ B. Rosemary Grant and Peter R. Grant 1989. Evolutionary dynamics of a natural population: the large cactus finch of the Galápagos. Chicago, p241 first para.
Jump up ^ Grant, Peter R. 1999. Ecology and evolution of Darwin's finches. Princeton NJ, p428 in Afterword.
Jump up ^ Maynard Smith J. 1998. Evolutionary genetics. 2nd ed, Chapter 5, Oxford.
Jump up ^ Grant, Peter R. 1999. Ecology and evolution of Darwin's finches. Princeton NJ. (see plate 7)
Jump up ^ "Galapagos finches caught in act of becoming new species". BBC News. 23 Nov 2017.
Jump up ^ "A New Bird Species Has Evolved on Galapagos And Scientists Watched It Happen". ScienceAlert. 24 Nov 2017.
Jump up ^ Abzhanov, Arhat; Protas, Meredith; Grant, B. Rosemary; Grant, Peter R.; Tabin, Clifford J. (September 3, 2004), "Bmp4 and Morphological Variation of Beaks in Darwin's Finches", Science, 305 (5689): 1462–1465, Bibcode:2004Sci...305.1462A, doi:10.1126/science.1098095, ISSN 0036-8075, OCLC 1644869, PMID 15353802
Jump up ^ Abzhanov, Arhat; Kuo, Winston P.; Hartmann, Christine; Grant, B. Rosemary; Grant, Peter R.; Tabin, Clifford J. (August 3, 2006), "The calmodulin pathway and evolution of elongated beak morphology in Darwin's finches", Nature, 442 (7102): 563–567, Bibcode:2006Natur.442..563A, doi:10.1038/nature04843, ISSN 0028-0836, OCLC 1586310, PMID 16885984
Jump up ^ Andersson, Leif; Lamichhaney, Sangeet; Berglund, Jonas; Almén, Markus Sällman; Maqbool, Khurram; Grabherr, Manfred; Martinez-Barrio, Alvaro; Promerová, Marta; Rubin, Carl-Johan; Wang, Chao; Zamani, Neda; Grant, B. Rosemary; Grant, Peter R.; Webster, Matthew T. (February 11, 2015), "Evolution of Darwin's finches and their beaks revealed by genome sequencing", Nature, 518 (7102): 563–7, Bibcode:2006Natur.442..563A, doi:10.1038/nature14181, ISSN 0028-0836, OCLC 1586310, PMID 25686609
Jump up ^ 200 years after Darwin, this is how the iconic Galapagos finches are still evolving 2016 April 22
Jump up ^ Podos & Nowicki, Jeffrey & Stephen (2004). "Beaks, Adaptation, and Vocal Evolution in Darwin's Finches". BioScience. 54: 501–510. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0501:baavei]2.0.co;2 – via Oxford academy.
References[edit]
Darwin, Charles (1839), Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and remarks. 1832–1836, III, London: Henry Colburn
Darwin, Charles (1845), Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N (2nd. ed.), London: John Murray
Darwin, Charles (1859), On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1st ed.), London: John Murray
Darwin, Francis (1887), "Chapter 1, The Foundations of the 'Origin of Species'", in Darwin, Francis, The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter, 2, London: John Murray
Desmond, Adrian; Moore, James (1991), Darwin, London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group, ISBN 0-7181-3430-3, OCLC 185764721
Eldredge, Niles (2006), "Confessions of a Darwinist", The Virginia Quarterly Review (Spring 2006), pp. 32–53, retrieved 2008-11-04
Grant, Peter R.; Grant, B. Rosemary (2008), How and Why Species Multiply: The Radiation of Darwin's Finches, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13360-7
Lack, David (1940), "Evolution of the Galapagos Finches", Nature (published 7 September 1940), 146 (3697), pp. 324–327, Bibcode:1940Natur.146..324L, doi:10.1038/146324a0, retrieved 2013-12-06
Check-list of North American Birds, American Ornithologists' Union, 1998–2006, archived from the original on April 4, 2007, retrieved 2007-04-09
Burns, Kevin J.; Skutch, Alexander F. (2003), "Tanagers and Tanager-Finches", in Christopher Perrins, ed., The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds, Firefly Books, pp. 629–631, ISBN 1-55297-777-3, retrieved 2007-04-09 CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link) It is not clear whether this placement was made by Burns and Skutch or by Perrins.
Keynes, Richard (2000), Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle, Cambridge University Press, retrieved 2008-12-08
Sibley, Charles G. (1993), A World Checklist of Birds, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-07083-7, retrieved 2013-12-06 Monroe and Sibley consider the tanagers to be a tribe (Thraupini) of a big family Fringillidae rather than a family of their own (Thraupidae).
Zimmer, J. (2007-04-05), A classification of the bird species of South America, American Ornithologists' Union, archived from the original on 2009-03-02, retrieved 2007-04-09
Steinheimer, F. D. (2004), "Charles Darwin's bird collection and ornithological knowledge during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, 1831–1836", Journal of Ornithology, 145 (4), pp. 300–320, doi:10.1007/s10336-004-0043-8, retrieved 2008-12-08
Sulloway, Frank J. (1982), "The Beagle collections of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae)", Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical Series, 43 (2), pp. 49–94, retrieved 2008-12-08
Sulloway, Frank J. (Spring 1982), "Darwin and His Finches: The Evolution of a Legend" (PDF), Journal of the History of Biology, 15 (1), pp. 1–53, doi:10.1007/BF00132004, retrieved 2008-12-09
Sulloway, Frank J. (2006), "Why Darwin Rejected Intelligent Design" (PDF), in Brockman, John, Intelligent Thought: Science versus the Intelligent Design Movement, New York: Vintage, pp. 107–126
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Darwin's finches.
Grant, K.T. and Estes, G. B. 2009. "Darwin in Galapagos: Footsteps to a New World" Princeton University Press, Princeton. [1]
Sulloway, F.J. (1982): "Darwin and his finches: the evolution of a legend". J. Hist. Biol. 15: p. 1–53
Different bills and song melodies
Genetics and the Origin of Birds Species, Grant and Grant in PNAS
Sato et al. Phylogeny of Darwin's finches as revealed by mtDNA sequences in PNAS
Sato A, Tichy H, O'hUigin C, Grant PR, Grant BR, Klein J (March 2001), "On the origin of Darwin's finches", Mol. Biol. Evol., 18 (3): 299–311, PMID 11230531
Galápagos Online. Darwin's Finches.
Galapagos Online. List of birds of the Galapagos Islands.
Darwin's Finches Evolve Before Scientists' Eyes: new developments reported 13 July 2006
Fink F.A.Q. Darwin's finches inspired the naming of the Fink project, a collaborative initiative for porting open source software to the Darwin platform to enable its use and evolution in the Apple Mac OS X environment. "Fink" is the German name for "finch."
Aug 2006 Nature Article that shows how modulation of a certain gene during development can account for the differences seen in beak shape.
Speciation Kimball's Biology Pages
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text:
List of Neon Genesis Evangelion episodes
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The Platinum Edition box set released in North America by A.D. Vision.
Neon Genesis Evangelion is an anime series created by Gainax. It began broadcasting in Japan on TV Tokyo on October 4, 1995 and ended on March 27, 1996. WOWOW aired the series again during 2003. It was written and directed by Hideaki Anno and produced by Project Eva, which included TV Tokyo and Nihon Ad Systems (NAS). Evangelion is an apocalyptic[1] anime in the mecha genre. It focuses on a teenage boy recruited by a paramilitary organization named NERV to control a giant cyborg called an Evangelion to fight monstrous beings known as Angels. The show takes place largely in a futuristic Tokyo years after a worldwide catastrophe. It also centers on other Evangelion pilots and members of NERV as they try to prevent another catastrophe.
The series was first aired in North America on San Francisco-area PBS member station KTEH (now KQEH) in 2000. The first two episodes first saw nationwide broadcast in dubbed format on Cartoon Network as part of Toonami's Giant Robot Week on February 24–25, 2003; both episodes were heavily edited for content. Later, the entire series aired nearly unedited on Adult Swim from October 20, 2005, to April 21, 2006.
In 2004, A.D. Vision, the English language licenser, released the director's cut versions of episodes 21 through 24 on its Platinum Edition DVDs. The director's cuts included several new and reworked scenes to better explain the events that occurred in The End of Evangelion.
Contents
1 Airing history
2 Episodes
2.1 Complementary ending
3 Reception
4 See also
5 Notes
Airing history[edit]
After several episodes were produced, the first episode aired on October 4, 1995, long after originally planned. Initially ignored (although received positively by those Gainax fans invited to early screenings), viewership grew slowly and largely by word of mouth.
The 16th episode marked a distinct shift that would characterize the second half of Evangelion as being more psychological than action or adventure.[2] This change in emphasis was partly due to the development of the story, but also partly because by this point, production had begun running out of funding and failing to meet the schedule; this collapse has been identified by at least episode director Kazuya Tsurumaki as the impetus for Evangelion's turn into internal conflict:
I didn't mind it. The schedule was an utter disaster and the number of cels plummeted, so there were some places where unfortunately the quality suffered. However, the tension of the staff as we all became more desperate and frenzied certainly showed up in the film ... About the time that the production system was completely falling apart, there were some opinions to the effect that, "If we can't do satisfactory work, then what's the point of continuing?" However, I didn't feel that way. My opinion was, "Why don't we show them the entire process including our breakdown."[3]
Despite this, by the 18th episode, it had become enough of a sensation that Eva-01's violent rampage "is criticized as being unsuitable on an anime show that is viewed by children", and the 20th episode would be similarly criticized for the offscreen depiction of Misato and Ryoji having sex.[4] With this popularity came the first merchandise, "Genesis 0:1" (containing the first two episodes). Beginning a trend, it sold out. When the series finale aired, the story apparently remained unresolved: Third Impact and the Human Instrumentality Project are implied to have begun or even finished, but the episodes focus largely on the psychology of the characters, leaving deeply unclear what actually happens. The End of Evangelion was meant to replace or complement the original episodes 25 and 26, in order to better explain the events of the ending.
Episodes[edit]
Each episode has two titles: one is the original Japanese title, and the second is an English title that was chosen by Japanese studio Gainax itself. Most often, the official English title is not a direct translation of the Japanese title. For example, the direct translation of the Japanese title of episode 2 is "Unfamiliar Ceiling", but the English title is "The Beast". Sometimes, however, the two titles are either similar or exactly the same, as was the case with episode 10, "Magmadiver". Many tracks on the original soundtracks are named after the English episode names in which they are first used.
No.
Episode title
Director
Writer
Original airdate
1
"Angel Attack"
"Shito, shūrai (Angel Attack)" (使徒、襲来) Kazuya Tsurumaki Hideaki Anno October 4, 1995
In 2000, the first disastrous contact with the mysterious beings known as Angels resulted in the global cataclysm referred to as the Second Impact, which wiped out half of the human race. To defend humanity against future Angel attacks, the United Nations established the NERV organization in Tokyo-3 to develop giant bio-mechanical mecha known as Evangelions. 15 years later in 2015, the Angels have finally returned, and the untested Evangelions can only be piloted by specially selected 14-year-olds. Shinji Ikari, estranged son of the director of NERV, Commander Gendo Ikari, arrives in Tokyo-3 and is dragooned into piloting Evangelion Unit 01 to fight the Angel, Sachiel, which is attacking the city.
2
"The Beast"
"Mishiranu, tenjō (Unfamiliar Ceiling)" (見知らぬ、天井) Kazuya Tsurumaki Hideaki Anno
Yōji Enokido October 11, 1995
Shinji wakes up in the hospital, unable to remember the fight against the Angel the night before. Gendo wants nothing to do with him, so NERV's head of operations, the young and attractive Colonel Misato Katsuragi, becomes his legal guardian. Settling into life in Misato's apartment, he eventually recalls the furious battle.
3
"A Transfer"
"Naranai, denwa (The Phone That Never Rings)" (鳴らない、電話) Hiroyuki Ishido Hideaki Anno
Akio Satsukawa October 18, 1995
Shinji begins school at Tokyo-3 and meets classmates Toji Suzuhara, Kensuke Aida, and Hikari Horaki. Toji resents Shinji because his sister was badly injured in Shinji's first fight against the Angel Sachiel. Another Angel, Shamshel, appears, and Shinji must defeat it. Shinji is pushed to his mental limit during the battle, going berserk during the last seconds, engaging the Angel in close combat and savagely disabling it. Afterwards, he is devastated by the emotions he experienced during the battle. Toji, witnessing the toll Shinji's life as a pilot puts on him, decides to let go of his resentment.
4
"Hedgehog's Dilemma"
"Ame, nigedashita ato (Rain, After Running Away)" (雨、逃げ出した後) Tsuyoshi Kaga Akio Satsukawa October 25, 1995
Overstressed from being made an Evangelion pilot, the previous fight with Shamshel, and fighting with Misato, Shinji runs away from home, soon encountering Kensuke in a field. Shinji is soon recaptured by NERV and reluctantly accepts to resume piloting EVA Unit 01, but Misato states that if he cannot have the right attitude then he should quit being a pilot. She forces his resignation, and after saying goodbye to his classmates Shinji prepares to leave Tokyo-3 by train. However, at the last minute both Shinji and Misato have an epiphany that gives them a deeper understanding of each other. Shinji does not board his train to leave Tokyo-3 and decides to stay. Misato welcomes him back.
5
"Rei I"
"Rei, kokoro no mukō ni (Rei, Beyond the Heart)" (レイ、心のむこうに) Keiichi Sugiyama Hideaki Anno
Akio Satsukawa November 1, 1995
Evangelion Unit 00 is finally repaired after it went berserk during the experiment it was in before the events of the first episode. Shinji tries to get to know the pilot of Unit 00, Rei Ayanami, better but finds that she is incredibly insular, has no friends, and records of her past have been erased. A new and powerful Angel arrives: Ramiel, a floating monolithic metal diamond with a powerful particle beam blast which nearly kills Shinji in Unit 01.
6
"Rei II"
"Kessen, daisan shin Tōkyō-shi (Decisive Battle in Tokyo-3)" (決戦、第3新東京市) Hiroyuki Ishido Hideaki Anno
Akio Satsukawa November 8, 1995
The Angel Ramiel is boring down through the upper layers of Tokyo-3 to reach NERV headquarters in the geofront below. Possessing a strong beam attack and the strongest AT field ever observed, a direct assault by an Evangelion would meet with failure. A plan ("Operation Yashima") is devised in which Shinji in Unit 01 will use an advanced prototype positron rifle to shoot Ramiel from outside its target zone, which must use the entire electrical output of Japan in order to operate, while Rei in Unit 00 shields Unit 01. Shinji's first shot misses while Ramiel retaliates with its energy beam, but Rei steps in front of Unit 01 to shield him. The shield is quickly worn down by the Angel's attack, and Shinji just barely manages to fire the second shot in time, destroying the Angel as Unit 00 is almost destroyed. He then comes out of his Evangelion to open the hatch's to Rei's, finding her alive and crying with relief. When Rei shows her confusion at not knowing how to respond, Shinji just tells her to try smiling.
7
"A Human Work"
"Hito no tsukurishimono (A Human Work)" (人の造りしもの) Keiichi Sugiyama Hideaki Anno
Yōji Enokido November 15, 1995
Dr. Ritsuko Akagi, NERV's chief scientist, explains to Shinji more of the classified real nature of Second Impact, the Angels, and the mission of the Evangelions to defeat them. A rival organization of NERV builds a prototype giant robot, Jet Alone, meant as an alternative to the Evangelions, which this new robot line will supersede. Unlike the Evangelion units, which rely on external or limited battery power, the Jet Alone has an on-board nuclear reactor and can thus function indefinitely without external power. However, during the first public test of Jet Alone, it goes out of control and starts marching toward a nearby city with its reactor building to a meltdown. Shinji keeps the robot at bay in his Evangelion while Misato gets inside and attempts to shut down the reactor, only to find out that the apparent threat of a meltdown was staged by an act of sabotage.
8
"Asuka Strikes!"
"Asuka, rainichi (Asuka Arrives in Japan)" (アスカ、来日) Kazuya Tsurumaki Hideaki Anno
Yōji Enokido November 22, 1995
Misato brings Shinji and his friends Toji and Kensuke on a flight to a United Nations carrier battlegroup which is transporting Evangelion Unit 02 and its fiery German pilot, Asuka Langley Soryu, to Japan. Escorting Asuka to Japan is Misato's old friend, Ryōji Kaji. In the middle of some awkward introductions and reunions, a massive aquatic Angel, Gaghiel, begins attacking the fleet, and Asuka determines that she will fight it using Unit 02, by playing "hopscotch". However for both due to their unfriendly meeting, she takes Shinji with her. The Angel drags Unit 02 underwater, and Misato devises a plan to kill it by lodging two sunken battleships in its mouth and then firing all weapons into it. By cooperating, Asuka and Shinji pull off the plan and the Angel is killed, and it is revealed that both Shinji and Asuka broke their synchronization records. Kaji is seen delivering Adam to Gendo, and Asuka transfers to Shinji's class.
9
"Both of You, Dance Like You Want to Win!"
"Shunkan, kokoro, kasanete (Moment and Heart Together)" (瞬間、心、重ねて) Seiji Mizushima Hideaki Anno
Akio Satsukawa November 29, 1995
Asuka moves into Shinji and Misato's apartment where he and Misato live. As Asuka adjusts to Japan, the Angel Israfel attacks. After apparently being defeated, Israfel splits into two identical copies and defeats both Units 01 and 02. In desperation the UN takes the drastic step of dropping an N² bomb on the Angel, temporarily disabling it and giving NERV six days to find a way to defeat it. They determine that both parts of the Angel must be defeated perfectly simultaneously, so Misato puts Shinji and Asuka in a training regimen which has them spending as much time together as possible in order to synchronize their actions to pull off a coordinated dual attack set to a timed dance routine. Asuka and Shinji do not take well to such close conditions however, and the training is almost deemed a failure. Nevertheless, Shinji and Asuka eventually learn to put aside their differences and are able to pull off the routine almost flawlessly, destroying the Angel.
10
"Magma Diver"
"Magumadaibā (Magmadiver)" (マグマダイバー) Tsuyoshi Kaga
Hiroyuki Ishido Hideaki Anno
Akio Satsukawa December 6, 1995
The Evangelion pilots (save for Rei) are excited about their upcoming class trip to Okinawa, but they are upset to learn that they cannot leave Tokyo-3, since they have to be on standby in case of an Angel attack. A dormant Angel, Sandalphon, is discovered in an embryonic stage nesting deep in the magma of an active volcano, and in the hopes of gaining greater insight into the Angels, Asuka is sent to capture it by lowering Unit 02 into the magma, while it wears a special giant coolant suit for protection. However, the Angel soon awakes and advances beyond its embryonic stage, forcing Asuka to battle Sandalphon while deep beneath the surface of the magma.
11
"The Day Tokyo-3 Stood Still"
"Seishishita yami no naka de (In the Still Darkness)" (静止した闇の中で) Tatsuya Watanabe Hideaki Anno
Yōji Enokido December 13, 1995
The electrical power in Tokyo-3 is completely cut off as a result of sabotage by parties unknown, trapping most NERV personnel inside, and worse, trapping all three Evangelion pilots outside of the base. A new Angel, Matarael, appears and begins to burn its way down to NERV headquarters by using a corrosive acid attack, and everyone inside must struggle to power up the Evangelions, as the pilots try to make their way back into Central Dogma through a maze of closed corridors and air ducts. The pilots then enter their Evas and go into battle. After traversing more vents and passageways, they come face to face with the Angel. Asuka defends Shinji and Rei from Matarael's corrosive acid, while the other two pilots retrieve Shinji's rifle. Shinji then uses the rifle to destroy the Angel.
12
"She said, 'Don't make others suffer for your personal hatred.'"
"Kiseki no kachi wa (The Value of Miracles)" (奇跡の価値は) Hiroyuki Ishido Hideaki Anno
Akio Satsukawa December 20, 1995
A massive Angel, Sahaquiel, appears in Earth's orbit, well beyond the reach of the Evangelions, and launching several N² bombs at it has no effect. The Angel attacks by dropping small pieces of itself onto Earth below, calibrating its aim: once it has zeroed in on Tokyo-3, the main body of Sahaquiel will fall to Earth in a massive kamikaze attack to destroy Tokyo-3. All three Evangelions are deployed at once in a race to reach the Angel before it hits, hold it back by projecting their own AT fields, and destroy it.
13
"Lilliputian Hitcher"
"Shito, shinnyū (Angel Invasion)" (使徒、侵入) Tensai Okamura Hideaki Anno
Mitsuo Iso December 27, 1995
The pilots are undergoing a synchronization test directed by Ritsuko deep within NERV headquarters when a new Angel, Ireul, appears within the base itself, being initially mistaken for corrosion. This Angel is actually a collection of millions of microscopic organisms, which interact to create a living biological computer circuit. Ireul infects NERV's computer network, and then infiltrates two of the three Magi supercomputers that control the base before Ritsuko is able to set up a firewall to slow its advance. Ritsuko comes up with a scheme to use the Angel's rapid adaptive ability against it and force it to evolve into a benign state, but must race to implement the program before the Angel gains control of the base's self-destruct. After successfully pulling off the plan and destroying the Angel, Ritsuko gives Misato some insight about the Magi's workings, relaying the story of how her mother based its design on her own personality.
14
"Weaving a Story"
"Zēre, tamashii no za (Seele, the Throne of Souls)" (ゼーレ、魂の座) Masahiko Ohtsuka
Ken Ando Hideaki Anno January 3, 1996
The first half of this episode is a clip show, in the form of a report by Seele reviewing Gendo's actions, summarizing the first season of episodes and the story up until this point. In the second half, Ritsuko conducts an experiment to determine if pilots can be switched between the Evangelions they normally pilot. Rei can synchronize with Unit 01 fairly well, but when Shinji attempts to synchronize with Unit 00, it goes violently berserk inside of the base, in a manner identical to the failed activation test that took place before Shinji's arrival in Tokyo-3. As before, Unit 00 attacks the hangar's observation booth, smashing the window. However, Rei was standing at the window instead of Gendo, as was the case in the first test, causing Misato Katsuragi to wonder if Unit 00 was trying to kill Rei. Meanwhile, Ritsuko feels that Unit 00 was trying to attack Ritsuko herself. At the end of the episode, Rei uses Unit 00 to bring the Lance of Longinus recovered from Antarctica to the deepest level of NERV's base, Terminal Dogma.
15
"Those women longed for the touch of others' lips, and thus invited their kisses."
"Uso to chinmoku (Lies and Silence)" (嘘と沈黙) Naoyasu Habu Hideaki Anno
Akio Satsukawa January 10, 1996
Kaji begins to make clandestine investigations into NERV's dark secrets, after which he, Misato, and Ritsuko attend a wedding. Meanwhile, Rei and Shinji stay after class to clean up while Asuka goes on a blind date. Shinji meets Gendo at his mother's grave. Later that night, at Misato's apartment, Asuka kisses Shinji, which nearly suffocates him. Misato finds out that Kaji is a spy, but he shows her that NERV is hiding things from her. He shows her what he believes to be Adam, the first Angel, which is being kept in NERV headquarters.
16
"Splitting of the Breast"
"Shi ni itaru yamai, soshite (In sickness unto death, and...)" (死に至る病、そして) Kazuya Tsurumaki Hideaki Anno
Hiroshi Yamaguchi January 17, 1996
A new and extremely bizarre Angel, Leliel, appears in the sky over Tokyo-3, apparently a black and white sphere. All three Evangelions move in to attack, but Shinji's attack is useless, and he along with Unit 01 are absorbed into a growing shadow that has engulfed the city. Ritsuko determines that Leliel exists on a higher dimension of existence, which can only be explained by mathematical concepts. The shadow on the ground, described as being 600 meters wide but only three nanometers thick, is the actual body of the Angel, and the sphere in the sky is its true shadow. Fearing that Unit 01 has been completely lost, NERV prepares to drop all of its remaining N² bombs into the Angel, hoping that this will destroy Leliel even though it could easily kill Shinji as well. While trapped in Leliel, Shinji goes on an introspective mental journey. As the battery power completely drains and life support runs out in Unit 01, Shinji suddenly feels a ghostly woman embracing him, and he realizes that she is his mother. Outside Leliel, Misato and Ritsuko witness Unit 01 violently tear its way out of Leliel's shadow, thereby killing the Angel. Shinji is recovered alive and well, but his experiences inside the Angel have left him deeply unsettled.
17
"Fourth Child[5]"
"Yoninme no tekikakusha (The Fourth Child)" (四人目の適格者) Minoru Ohara Hideaki Anno
Shinji Higuchi January 24, 1996
Disaster strikes unexpectedly when NERV-02, NERV's second branch base in Nevada, mysteriously disappears in a flash, resulting in the loss of everything in a radius of eighty-nine kilometers and thousands of people. The incident coincided with an experiment to install an S² engine, capable of giving an Evangelion an unlimited power supply, into Evangelion Unit 04, one of the two new Evangelions which have recently finished construction in the United States. Panicking after the accident involving Unit 04, the United States government demands that Evangelion Unit 03, built in NERV-01, NERV's first branch base in Massachusetts, be removed from its soil as quickly as possible. As Unit 03 is about to arrive in Tokyo-3, Toji Suzuhara becomes the new pilot for it.
18
"Ambivalence"
"Inochi no sentaku o (The Choice of Life)" (命の選択を) Tensai Okamura Hideaki Anno
Shinji Higuchi January 31, 1996
Unit 03, being transported from the United States to Japan via airplane, flies through a microscopic Angel disguised as an odd cloud, infecting Unit 03. During Toji's first synch test, Unit 03 goes berserk and mutates into the Angel Bardiel. Possessing both the power of an Angel and the form of an Evangelion, Unit 03 destroys the test facility and advances toward Tokyo-3. All three Evangelions are sortied against Bardiel, but the Angel rapidly defeats both Unit 02 and Unit 00. Although Shinji does not know that Toji is trapped inside Bardiel, he refuses to use Unit 01 to attack it, wanting to try to save the pilot. As Unit 03 attacks Unit 01, Gendo orders that Shinji be cut off from control of Unit 01 and that Unit 01's dummy plug autopilot system be activated. Under the control of the dummy plug, Unit 01 savagely attacks Bardiel, tearing the possessed Evangelion to shreds and crushing its entry plug. After the battle, the already emotionally devastated Shinji is even more horrified as he sees Toji being taken from the wreckage of the entry plug.
19
"Introjection"
"Otoko no tatakai (A Man's Battle)" (男の戰い) Masayuki Hideaki Anno
Akio Satsukawa February 7, 1996
Shinji, horrified and emotionally devastated by the battle between Unit 01 and Bardiel and witnessing Toji's near-death, as well as Gendo's indifference to the situation, quits NERV for a second time. However, as he is leaving Tokyo-3, the Angel Zeruel appears and easily defeats the other Evangelions. After speaking with Kaji, who reveals the truth as to why the Evas are necessary to combat the Angels, namely to prevent them from making contact with Adam and thereby trigger the Third Impact which will result in the annihilation of mankind, Shinji returns to NERV just before the Angel penetrates NERV headquarters and engages the Angel in Unit 01. The Angel succeeds in overpowering Unit 01 as its batteries expire and blasts away the Evangelion's chest armor, revealing a core identical to those of the Angels. As the Angel attacks Unit 01's core, Shinji pleads with the Evangelion to start working again. Unit 01 goes "berserk", re-engages and defeats the Angel, and then tears apart and eats the Angel's corpse, absorbing its S² engine in the process.
20
"Weaving a Story 2: oral stage"
"Kokoro no katachi, hito no katachi (Shape of Heart, Shape of Human)" (心のかたち 人のかたち) Masahiko Ohtsuka Hideaki Anno February 14, 1996
During the climax of the massive fight against the Angel Zeruel, Shinji achieved a 400% synchronization ratio with Unit 01, a level thought impossible. However, because of this, Shinji has merged with the Evangelion, and his body has reverted to LCL inside the entry plug. Over the course of thirty days, as Unit 01 stands immobile in its hangar, Ritsuko struggles to come up with a way to restore Shinji. Meanwhile, Shinji's consciousness goes on an introspective odyssey while merged with Unit 01 in which he comes into contact with the soul of his mother, Yui Ikari. After speaking with Yui, Shinji is "reborn" from Unit 01's exposed core. Later that evening, Misato and Kaji resume their love affair. During their meeting, Kaji hands her a chip which details all his findings from spying on NERV, telling her it might be his last gift to her.
21
"He was aware that he was still a child."
"Nerufu, tanjō (The Birth of NERV)" (ネルフ、誕生) Hiroyuki Ishido (TV)
Shunji Suzuki (DC) Hideaki Anno
Akio Satsukawa February 21, 1996
Deputy Commander Kozo Fuyutsuki is kidnapped and interrogated by Seele, who are outraged that in its last battle Unit 01 absorbed the S² engine from an Angel into its body, so that it no longer requires an external power source and can now function indefinitely. Meanwhile, Kaji goes AWOL to try to find out the truth about NERV. As Fuyutsuki is interrogated by Seele, he recounts in flashbacks how he first met Gendo and Yui, the dark events surrounding Second Impact, and how NERV and the Evangelion project were born. Flashbacks also reveal the history of Misato, Ritsuko, and Rei. Fuyutsuki is rescued by Kaji, and Fuyutsuki warns him that Seele will want him dead now. That evening, Kaji is shot by an unseen assassin. Misato receives a voicemail from Kaji, in which he urges her to continue his search for the truth about NERV, and from its nature she deduces that he is dead and breaks down in grief.
22
"Don't Be."
"Semete, ningen rashiku (At Least, Be Human)" (せめて、人間らしく) Akira Takamura (TV)
Kazuya Tsurumaki (DC) Hideaki Anno
Hiroshi Yamaguchi February 28, 1996
After being defeated yet again by an Angel, Asuka's synchronization ratio continues to drop, affecting her ability to pilot Unit 02. Flashbacks reveal Asuka's tragic childhood, which shaped her current abrasive personality. A new Angel, Arael, appears in Earth's orbit, well outside the range of any Earth-based weaponry, including the Evangelions. Asuka is told that she will be Rei's backup for the confrontation with the Angel. Infuriated, she launches herself and confronts Arael on her own. However Arael uses a telepathic attack which forces Asuka to relive traumatic events from her past, causing such mental distress that Asuka completely loses synchronization and Unit 02 shuts down. Gendo orders Rei to retrieve the Lance of Longinus and then use it against the Angel. The Lance succeeds in penetrating Arael's AT field and destroys it, but the Lance achieves escape velocity and enters a lunar orbit. Asuka is again angered by her defeat, worsened by her hatred of Rei.
23
"Rei III"
"Namida (Tears)" (涙) Shoichi Masuo (TV)
Masayuki (DC) Hideaki Anno
Hiroshi Yamaguchi March 6, 1996
Following the last Angel's assault on her mind, Asuka sinks into clinical depression. The next Angel, Armisael, attacks, and attempts to merge itself with Unit 00, causing it to make contact with Rei's mind, as past Angels did with Shinji and Asuka. In order to save Shinji, Rei self-destructs Unit 00 in order to destroy Armisael. Rei is revealed to be "recovered" after a supposed near-death experience. Seele, wanting to get to the bottom of the incident, subjects Ritsuko to a humiliating interrogation with Gendo's consent. Wanting revenge on Gendo, Ritsuko betrays him by revealing several dark truths to Shinji and Misato about the Evangelions and Rei, particularity that the latter is but one of several backup clones.
24
"The Beginning and the End, or 'Knockin' on Heaven's Door'"
"Saigo no shisha (The Final Messenger)" (最後のシ者) Shoichi Masuo (TV)
Masayuki (DC) Hideaki Anno
Akio Satsukawa March 13, 1996
As Asuka's depression has grown to the point that she is reduced to catatonia, Seele sends Kaworu Nagisa to NERV in order to be the replacement pilot for Unit 02. At first Shinji and Kaworu bond and quickly become friends. However, it is soon revealed that Kaworu is in fact the final Angel and has been sent to merge with Adam in Terminal Dogma at the bottom level of NERV headquarters. Kaworu commandeers Unit 02, and Shinji engages it with Unit 01 in a fierce fight while in free-fall as they descend to Terminal Dogma. Kaworu reaches the Angel in Terminal Dogma as Shinji defeats Unit 02, but realizes that the Angel is not Adam but Lilith. Realizing it is the way things are meant to be, he then implores Shinji to kill him to prevent humanity from being destroyed. Shinji hesitates, but finally kills Kaworu. Later, traumatized by the day's events, Shinji tries to talk to Misato, but she is too distracted by her own struggles to be of comfort to him.
25
"Do you love me?"
"Owaru sekai (A World That's Ending)" (終わる世界) Kazuya Tsurumaki Hideaki Anno March 20, 1996
The Human Instrumentality Project begins, merging the souls of humankind into a single entity. Shinji, Rei, Misato, and Asuka struggle with their reasons for existence. Shinji discovers that he has created a solitary existence for himself, a world in which he alone can exist.
26
"Take care of yourself"
"Sekai no chūshin de "ai" o sakenda kemono (The Beast that Shouted "I" at the Heart of the World)[6]" (世界の中心でアイを叫んだけもの) Masayuki
Kazuya Tsurumaki Hideaki Anno March 27, 1996
The Human Instrumentality Project continues as humankind attempts to complete its existence. Shinji continues to struggle with the impact of his personal existence, and eventually views a world (resembling a light-hearted, comedic high school setting) in which he is not an Evangelion pilot. Shinji, now understanding that his existence is not fixed, destroys the constrictive shell which he had formed around himself. He is met by all of the other characters from the series, who applaud and congratulate him, and, in response, he thanks them all.
Complementary ending[edit]
No.
Title
Director
Writer
Original theatrical release date
25'
"Love is Destructive"
"Ea (Air)" (エア) Kazuya Tsurumaki Hideaki Anno July 19, 1997
Second half of the film Neon Genesis Evangelion: Death & Rebirth and first half of the film The End of Evangelion, the latter of which is meant as an alternate ending to the series, complementing or replacing the original episodes 25 and 26.
With the Angels defeated, Commander Gendo Ikari and Seele finally break their relationship and Gendo attempts to start Third Impact with Rei and the Angel Lilith in Terminal Dogma. Seele orders the Japanese Strategic Self Defense Forces (JSSDF) to attack Tokyo-3 and NERV headquarters, eventually leading to Tokyo-3's destruction with an N² mine. Asuka, realizing that her mother's soul was watching over her inside Unit 02 all along, manages to synch up again with the Evangelion and repulses the JSSDF's attack on NERV, prompting Seele to retaliate by sending in the nine Mass Production (MP) Evangelions, Units 05 through 13, to fight Unit 02. Meanwhile, Misato rescues Shinji from advancing JSSDF troops and brings him safely to Unit 01, but is mortally wounded. Ritsuko tries to initiate NERV HQ's self-destruct as an act of petty revenge against Gendo, but it fails due to her mother's programming, at which point Gendo kills her. In a tough battle, Asuka is able to defeat the MP Evangelions, but Unit 02's batteries run out, and the MP Evangelions reactivate despite their wounds because they are fitted with S² engines. The MP Evangelions proceed to brutally eviscerate Unit 02. Shinji leaves the Geofront in Unit 01 and, upon seeing the remains of Unit 02, cries out in anguish.
26'
"ONE MORE FINAL: I need you."
"Magokoro o, kimi ni (Sincerely Yours)[7]" (まごころを、君に) Hideaki Anno Hideaki Anno July 19, 1997
Second half of The End of Evangelion, which is meant as an alternate ending to the series, complementing or replacing the original episodes 25 and 26.
Gendo starts Third Impact with Rei, but she rejects Gendo and merges with Lilith to become a god-like being. The MP Evangelions crucify Unit 01 with their Lance of Longinus replicas, and centering around the Rei/Lilith being, create an Anti-AT field which spreads over the entire world, reducing everyone to the primordial soup of LCL, merging into a single super-being as all souls merge. In a surreal sequence (in which Shinji imagines himself in different scenarios interacting with the people he has come to know and care about during his time as an Eva pilot), Shinji examines his life's meaning with Rei and what he truly wants, and after talking with the soul of his mother in Unit 01, decides to reject Instrumentality, accepting individual existence and the possibility of pain over the painless loss of identity. He is told all living things will have the choice of returning to individual existence if they can remember it. The Rei/Lilith being and the MP Evangelions die. In the end, Shinji wakes up on the beach of the Sea of LCL, which has formed over Earth, and finds that Asuka is lying next to him, inexplicably alive, her injuries sustained during her battle with the Mass-Produced Evas covered in bandages. Shinji, still in an emotionally fragile state, strangles the seemingly comatose Asuka, but stops himself when she caresses his face. At Asuka's action, Shinji comes to his senses and breaks down, crying uncontrollably.
Reception[edit]
While the entire series has received wide attention, individual episodes have also earned praise and occasionally been recipients of awards. For instance, in the 19th Annual Anime Grand Prix, a readers' choice award hosted by Animage magazine, seventeen episodes of Evangelion gained enough votes to be included among the one hundred "Best Loved Single Episodes". Episodes 24 and 26 took first and second place respectively with roughly six hundred votes each.[8]
See also[edit]
Anime and Manga portal
List of Neon Genesis Evangelion chapters
List of Neon Genesis Evangelion media
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "The rise of apocalypticism: What on earth is the world coming to?". The Montreal Gazette. Currently, says DiTommaso, we're in an upswing of apocalypticism, both in traditional forms and in new hybrid varieties. 'Beyond the biblical aspect, it's gained a secular aspect as well ... in music, in videos, in role-playing games, in graphic novels, in fiction,' he says, citing The Matrix, the anime Neon Genesis Evangelion, and books such as Cormac McCarthy's The Road as examples. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Fans liked the concept, praising it for a psychoanalytical look at anime that had never been attempted before. Sato sees Episode 16 was of particular importance. A spherical black Angel called Ririeru (Leliel in English) appears and Shinji's Eva Unit 01 is absorbed into it. Normally, such close contact between an Evangelion and an Angel would have resulted in combat. Instead, in this episode, Shinji is confronted by another version of himself. The two Shinjis engage in conversation as the young boy probes 'himself' about who he really is and the meaning of 'self.' The episode clearly shows how Shinji explores his inner self as he continues asking why it is that he has been selected to pilot the Eva. The series continues in this way with a strong focus on Shinji's internal struggles until Evangelion draws toward its climax." From the Mainichi News article "Evangelion Special: From phenomenon to legacy"
Jump up ^ "A Story of Communication: The Kazuya Tsurumaki Interview". End of Evangelion theatrical program book, translated by Bochan_bird.
Jump up ^ pg 162, Fujie 2004
Jump up ^ According to Matt Greenfield at the 2011 Sydney Supanova Pop Culture Expo, Gainax, who titled the English episodes, kept insisting on calling an individual Evangelion pilot a "Children", as Japanese has no plural to differentiate one from several if a number is not stated. Greenfield says the English team kept correcting it as "child" and that they "eventually won" with their version of the word.
Jump up ^ Alternatively translated as "The Beast that Shouted 'Love' at the Heart of the World" since it is not clear whether the katakana word アイ (ai) in the title refers to the Japanese transliteration of "I" or the Japanese word 愛 (ai), meaning "love" (in reference to Harlan Ellison's book and short story of the same name). The official translation of the short story uses the word and kanji.
Jump up ^ Also known alternately as "My Pure Heart for You", or with the additional bracketed title, "My Purest Heart for You (Sincerely Yours)". The English title is also known simply as "I need you."
Jump up ^ "19th Annual Anime Grand Prix". Animage. Tokuma Shoten (228). June 1996.

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The Price Is Right Live!
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The Price Is Right Live!
Date premiered
September 25, 2003 (2003-09-25)[1]
Place premiered
Harrah's Reno
Original language
English
Subject
The Price Is Right
Official site
The Price Is Right LIVE! is a staged production show based on the television game show The Price Is Right.
The live stage shows are held at Caesars Entertainment casinos, as well as the Foxwoods Resort & Casino in Connecticut and the Seminole Casino Coconut Creek in Coconut Creek, Florida. The show also briefly ran at two Atlantic City casinos in 2005, 2006, 2011 and 2012. The show ran at the Welk Resort in Branson, Missouri in 2012. They are produced in association with FremantleMedia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Game play
1.1 Pricing games
1.2 Showcase Showdown
1.3 Showcase
2 Hosts
3 Announcers
4 References
5 External links
Game play[edit]
In some cases, audience members for each show are asked a series of pricing questions; in some venues, this involves the use of audience response keypads; in others, a pricing game is played at registration prior to the show. The top scorers in both accuracy and speed are called as contestants for the One-Bid. In still other cases (such as the current Las Vegas and Atlantic City productions and the Branson show), contestants are chosen through a random drawing. Unlike on the television show, an entirely new set of contestants are chosen to bid on each One-Bid item and participate in the Showcase Showdown and Showcase. "Contestants not appearing on stage" receive a T-shirt.
A contestant who bids exactly correctly on a One-Bid receives $100 in credits for a "The Price is Right" slot machine in the given casino.
Typically, the pricing games and Showcases are played for lower stakes and smaller prizes than on the TV version. Like the television series, contestants do not have to pay an admission fee to play.[2]
Pricing games[edit]
Only ten of the show's pricing games have been featured in the live show:
Any Number—Played using the original rules, with no repeating digits. The top prize is typically worth around $2,000.
Cliff Hangers
Clock Game—Played using the original rules, with no bonus for winning both prizes.
Hole in One (or Two)—Played for merchandise instead of a car.
It's in the Bag—The top prize is $2,400, with the first four bags worth $150, $300, $600 and $1,200.
One Wrong Price—During some shows, the host will invoke the Monty Hall problem and remove one of the non-selected correctly-priced prizes, then offer the contestant any of the three prizes to keep and end the game. If the contestant turns down this offer, the game's normal all-or-nothing rules apply.
Plinko—The top prize is $3,750, with a value distribution of $50–$100–$200–$500-$750–$500–$200–$100–$50.
Punch-a-Bunch—The top prize is $2,500.
Race Game
Ten Chances—A modified version of the game, dubbed "Ten Chances—Showcase Edition", features four prizes. However, more than one incorrect number can be displayed in the numbers to choose from. The contestant is still told how many numbers make up the price. No more than three chances can be used for any one prize (except the final prize), allowing for at least one chance at the last prize, which is a car normally in the $14,000 range.[citation needed]
Any Number, Cliff Hangers, Hole in One, Plinko, Punch-a-Bunch and Ten Chances are the only games currently played during the touring live show.[citation needed]
Showcase Showdown[edit]
Three contestants are called down to play. Getting $1 in one or two spins awards $100; in the bonus spin, getting a green section awards $500 while the dollar is worth $1,000. The winning contestant (under normal Showcase Showdown rules) receives $250. In the event of a tie, the players get one spin in a spinoff; the higher number won; if the tie involved concurrently with the bonus spin, another spinoff was done but no more money to be won.
Showcase[edit]
Two contestants are called down to play. Both contestants are shown a single showcase and bid on it by writing down their bids. After the bids are checked to ensure neither is duplicated, the contestant closer to the actual retail price of the showcase wins a pre-determined prize from the showcase. The contestant must be within $100 of the actual price of the showcase to win the entire showcase, which typically includes a car, the only time a car is given away on the live show.
Hosts[edit]
The production features a rotating series of hosts. Hosts have included Todd Newton, Marc Summers, David Ruprecht, Pat Finn, Mark L. Walberg, Roger Lodge, Michael Burger, JD Roberto, George Hamilton, Doug Davidson, Bob Goen, Chuck Woolery, Marco Antonio Regil, Alan Thicke, Drew Lachey, Jerry Springer, Joey Fatone, and current television announcer George Gray.
Newton, Summers, Regil, Davidson, and Hamilton were contenders to replace Bob Barker, a job that ultimately went to Drew Carey. Davidson was also the host of a short-lived syndicated spinoff of the show known as The New Price Is Right, which ran for four months in 1994. Regil, who is bilingual, hosted the Mexican version of the show (Atinale al Precio), which has aired at various times since 1997, including the current Warman-style UK Showcase format that debuted in April 2010. Roberto has also been an announcer for the television version in 2010 (episodes taped August 2010 to start Season 39). Gray, who became announcer in 2011, began doing occasional shows starting in 2013.[3]
Announcers[edit]
Announcers for the show include Randy West (who was the regular Las Vegas announcer for several years), Daniel Rosen, David Ruprecht, JD Roberto, Dave Walls and others. West, Rosen, and Roberto have been substitute announcers for select episodes of the CBS version in both daytime and prime time, with West and Rosen during the 2003 announcer search and Roberto in the 2010 search. Roberto was the announcer who debuted the television high-stakes pricing game "Pay the Rent". Andy Taylor, formerly of radio station KTTS in Springfield, MO is the announcer for the Branson show. Chinese-Canadian television presenter Benny Yau was co-announcer with Howard Blank for the show's Canadian debut at Vancouver, Canada in May 2011, where the show was done in English, Cantonese, and Mandarin.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ HARRAH'S GETS GAME SHOW
Jump up ^ "The Price is Right Live Rules". Price is Right Live.
Jump up ^ The Price Is Right Live! at Pearl River Resort, Meridian Star
Jump up ^ Twitter statement from bennyyau66's Twitter account. Retrieved on March 3, 2013.
External links[edit]
Official Website
"Price Is Right Live" at Bally's Las Vegas
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Bryan Dattilo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Bryan Dattilo
Born
Bryan Ronald Dattilo
(1971-07-29) July 29, 1971 (age 47)
Kankakee, Illinois, U.S.
Education
Beverly Hills High School
Santa Monica College
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1986–present
Spouse(s)
Jessica Denay (m. 1999–2001)

Elizabeth Cameron (m. 2011)
Children
Gabriel Dattilo (son, b. 1999)
Delilah Dattilo (daughter, b. 2014)
Bryan Ronald Dattilo (born July 29, 1971)[1] is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Lucas Horton on the NBC daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives.
Contents
1 Personal life
2 Career
3 References
4 External links
Personal life[edit]
Dattilo was born in Kankakee, Illinois, subsequently moving to West Palm Beach, Florida after his parents' divorce. He later moved to Los Angeles. At the age of 9, he began taking acting lessons with his sister, Kristin. A short time later, he landed his first acting job in a re-curring role on HBO's Not Necessarily The News.
Dattilo has one brother, Brent, one sister, Kristin, and three half-sisters, Tiffany, Anna, and Tess.[2]
In 1989, Dattilo graduated from Beverly Hills High School. He attended Santa Monica College in Santa Monica and majored in Psychology.[2]
Dattilo was married to Jessica Denay and they have a son, Gabriel (Gabe), who has high-functioning autism. He is actively involved with Autism charities and "raising Autism awareness".
On July 12, 2011, Dattilo married Elizabeth Cameron in Palos Verdes, California.[3]
Career[edit]
Along with his regular appearance on the soap, he has starred in a number of independent films, including the award-winning short film, Gaydar. He has also had numerous guest starring roles on a variety of television programs including Saved by the Bell, CSI: NY, California Dreams, Doogie Howser, M.D., In the Heat of the Night, and Charles In Charge.
He returned to the role of Lucas Horton on Days Of Our Lives in February 2012.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Soap's Most Exciting Newcomers". Soap Opera Digest. July 20, 1993. p. 107.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bryan Dattilo Bio".
Jump up ^ Di Lauro, Janet (June 23, 2013). "Days of Our Lives Alumnus Bryan Dattilo Marries". Retrieved July 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "It's Official: Dattilo Back To DAYS". Soap Opera Digest. 2011-12-07. Retrieved 2011-12-12.
External links[edit]
Bryan Dattilo on IMDb

This article about a United States film and television actor or actress born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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