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List of World Heavyweight Champions (WWE)
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This article is about a list of wrestlers who have held the now-retired "World Heavyweight Championship". For a list of wrestlers who have held the current WWE Championship, see List of WWE Champions.
Four-time, youngest, and final champion Randy Orton
The World Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship in WWE. It was established by WWE in 2002 after WWE bought out World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), and split its roster into two brands, Raw and SmackDown!, in a brand extension.[1][2]
WWE's original world title, the WWE Championship, with which the WCW World Heavyweight Championship had been unified in 2001, was designated to the SmackDown! brand; as a result the World Heavyweight Championship was established for the Raw brand.[3] The World Heavyweight Championship is not a continuation of the WCW World Heavyweight Championship, but rather its indirect successor.[4][5] For a list of champions who have held those titles, see the list of WCW World Heavyweight Champions and list of NWA World Heavyweight Champions respectively.
At the TLC pay-per-view on December 15, 2013, when WWE Champion Randy Orton defeated World Heavyweight Champion John Cena, the World Heavyweight Championship was unified with the WWE Championship, resulting in the retiring of the former,[6] and the renaming of the latter to the WWE World Heavyweight Championship.
The championship was contested in professional wrestling matches, in which participants execute scripted finishes. The first champion was Triple H, who was awarded the title on September 2, 2002 by Eric Bischoff, then-General Manager of Raw, and he also holds the record for longest combined reign at 616 days. Overall, there have been 25 different official champions, with Edge having the most reigns at seven. The longest single reign was held by Batista, lasting 282 days. The final holder was Randy Orton, who was also the youngest champion at the age of 24 when he first won the championship. The Undertaker was the oldest champion when he won the title for the third time at the age of 44 years.
Contents
[hide]
1 Title history
2 Combined reigns
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Title history[edit]
Reign
The reign number for the specific champion
Location
The city in which the title was won
Event
The event promoted by the respective promotion in which the title was won
No.
Champion
Reign
Date
Days held
Location
Event
Notes
Ref.
1
Triple H 1 000000002002-09-02-0000September 2, 2002 7001760000000000000♠76 Milwaukee, WI Raw After the WWE Undisputed Championship became exclusive to the SmackDown! brand, Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff created the World Heavyweight Championship to be the world title of Raw and awarded it to Triple H, who was originally the number one contender for the WWE Undisputed Championship, which dropped the "Undisputed" moniker.
At No Mercy on October 20, 2002, Triple H defeated Intercontinental Champion Kane to unify the Intercontinental Championship into the World Heavyweight Championship. [7][8]
2
Shawn Michaels 1 000000002002-11-17-0000November 17, 2002 7001280000000000000♠28 New York, NY Survivor Series This was the first ever Elimination Chamber match, also involving Chris Jericho, Booker T, Rob Van Dam, and Kane. [9][10]
3
Triple H 2 000000002002-12-15-0000December 15, 2002 7002280000000000000♠280 Sunrise, FL Armageddon This was a Three Stages of Hell match.
On May 5, 2003, the Intercontinental Championship was reactivated for Raw. [11][12]
4
Goldberg 1 000000002003-09-21-0000September 21, 2003 7001840000000000000♠84 Hershey, PA Unforgiven This was a career vs. title match. [13][14]
5
Triple H 3 000000002003-12-14-0000December 14, 2003 7001910000000000000♠91 Orlando, FL Armageddon This was a triple threat match, also involving Kane. [15][16]
6
Chris Benoit 1 000000002004-03-14-0000March 14, 2004 7002154000000000000♠154 New York, NY WrestleMania XX This was a triple threat match, also involving Shawn Michaels. [17]
7
Randy Orton 1 000000002004-08-15-0000August 15, 2004 7001280000000000000♠28 Toronto, ON SummerSlam [18][19]
8
Triple H 4 000000002004-09-12-0000September 12, 2004 7001850000000000000♠85 Portland, OR Unforgiven [20][21]
— Vacated — 000000002004-12-06-0000December 6, 2004 — Baltimore, MD Raw The championship was vacated after a double fall occurred in a triple threat match, also involving Chris Benoit and Edge. [22][23]
9
Triple H 5 000000002005-01-09-0000January 9, 2005 7001840000000000000♠84 San Juan, PR New Year's Revolution Defeated Chris Benoit, Chris Jericho, Randy Orton, Batista, and Edge in an Elimination Chamber match for the vacant title. Shawn Michaels was guest referee. [22][24]
10
Batista 1 000000002005-04-03-0000April 3, 2005 7002282000000000000♠282 Los Angeles, CA WrestleMania 21 The title became exclusive to the SmackDown brand following the 2005 WWE draft lottery. [25][26]
— Vacated — 000000002006-01-10-0000January 10, 2006 — Philadelphia, PA SmackDown! Batista vacated the title after he was sidelined with a legit triceps injury.
Aired on tape delay on January 13, 2006. [27][28]
11
Kurt Angle 1 000000002006-01-10-0000January 10, 2006 7001820000000000000♠82 Philadelphia, PA SmackDown! This was a 20-man battle royal for the vacant title.
Aired on tape delay on January 13, 2006. [27][28]
12
Rey Mysterio 1 000000002006-04-02-0000April 2, 2006 7002112000000000000♠112 Rosemont, IL WrestleMania 22 This was a triple threat match, also involving Randy Orton. The championship was referred to as the "World Championship", due to Mysterio not being a heavyweight. [29][30]
13
King Booker 1 000000002006-07-23-0000July 23, 2006 7002126000000000000♠126 Indianapolis, IN The Great American Bash [31][32]
14
Batista 2 000000002006-11-26-0000November 26, 2006 7002126000000000000♠126 Philadelphia, PA Survivor Series This was a Last Chance match. [33][34]
15
The Undertaker 1 000000002007-04-01-0000April 1, 2007 7001370000000000000♠37 Detroit, MI WrestleMania 23 [35][36]
16
Edge 1 000000002007-05-08-0000May 8, 2007 7001700000000000000♠70 Pittsburgh, PA SmackDown! Cashed in his Money in the Bank contract that he had won from Mr. Kennedy on that week's episode of Raw. Following the win, Edge transferred from Raw to SmackDown!.
Aired on tape delay on May 11, 2007. [37][38]
— Vacated — 000000002007-07-17-0000July 17, 2007 — Laredo, TX SmackDown! Edge vacated the title after he was sidelined with a legit pectoral injury.
Aired on tape delay on July 20, 2007. [39][40]
17
The Great Khali 1 000000002007-07-17-0000July 17, 2007 7001610000000000000♠61 Laredo, TX SmackDown! This was a 20-man battle royal for the vacant title.
Aired on tape delay on July 20, 2007. [39][40]
18
Batista 3 000000002007-09-16-0000September 16, 2007 7001910000000000000♠91 Memphis, TN Unforgiven This was a triple threat match, also involving Rey Mysterio. [41][42]
19
Edge 2 000000002007-12-16-0000December 16, 2007 7002105000000000000♠105 Pittsburgh, PA Armageddon This was a triple threat match, also involving The Undertaker.
WWE recognizes Edge's reign as lasting 106 days. [43][44]
20
The Undertaker 2 000000002008-03-30-0000March 30, 2008 7001300000000000000♠30 Orlando, FL WrestleMania XXIV WWE recognizes The Undertaker's reign as lasting 33 days, ending on May 2, 2008, when the following episode aired on tape delay. [45][46]
— Vacated — 000000002008-04-29-0000April 29, 2008 — Atlantic City, NJ SmackDown SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero stripped The Undertaker of the title for using the Hell's Gate submission hold, which she deemed to be dangerous.
Aired on tape delay on May 2, 2008. [47][48]
21
Edge 3 000000002008-06-01-0000June 1, 2008 7001290000000000000♠29 San Diego, CA One Night Stand Defeated The Undertaker in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match to win the vacant title. Per the pre-match stipulation, Undertaker was (kayfabe) banished from WWE. [47][49]
22
CM Punk 01 !1 000000002008-06-30-0000June 30, 2008 7001690000000000000♠69 Oklahoma City, OK Raw Cashed in his Money in the Bank contract.
The title moved to Raw due to Punk's status as a Raw wrestler. [50][51]
23
Chris Jericho 1 000000002008-09-07-0000September 7, 2008 7001490000000000000♠49 Cleveland, OH Unforgiven This was a Championship Scramble match, also involving John "Bradshaw" Layfield, Batista, Rey Mysterio, and Kane. Jericho was a late replacement for champion CM Punk, who was attacked by Legacy prior to the match. [52][53]
24
Batista 4 000000002008-10-26-0000October 26, 2008 7000800000000000000♠8 Phoenix, AZ Cyber Sunday Stone Cold Steve Austin was the guest referee. [54][55]
25
Chris Jericho 2 000000002008-11-03-0000November 3, 2008 7001200000000000000♠20 Tampa, FL Raw This was a steel cage match. [56][57]
26
John Cena 1 000000002008-11-23-0000November 23, 2008 7001840000000000000♠84 Boston, MA Survivor Series [58][59]
27
Edge 4 000000002009-02-15-0000February 15, 2009 7001490000000000000♠49 Seattle, WA No Way Out This was an Elimination Chamber match, also involving Chris Jericho, Rey Mysterio, Mike Knox, and Kane. Edge, a member of the SmackDown roster, attacked Kofi Kingston and replaced him in the match.
The title became exclusive to SmackDown due to Edge's status as a SmackDown wrestler.
WWE recognizes Edge's reign as lasting 48 days. [60][61]
28
John Cena 2 000000002009-04-05-0000April 5, 2009 7001210000000000000♠21 Houston, TX WrestleMania XXV This was a triple threat match, also involving Big Show.
The title became exclusive to the Raw brand due to Cena's status as a Raw wrestler. [62][63]
29
Edge 5 000000002009-04-26-0000April 26, 2009 7001420000000000000♠42 Providence, RI Backlash This was a Last Man Standing match.
The title was returned to SmackDown due to Edge's status as a SmackDown wrestler. [64][65]
30
Jeff Hardy 1 000000002009-06-07-0000June 7, 2009 <1 New Orleans, LA Extreme Rules This was a ladder match. [66][67]
31
CM Punk 2 7001490000000000000♠49 Cashed in his Money in the Bank contract. [67][68]
32
Jeff Hardy 2 000000002009-07-26-0000July 26, 2009 7001280000000000000♠28 Philadelphia, PA Night of Champions [69][70]
33
CM Punk 3 000000002009-08-23-0000August 23, 2009 7001420000000000000♠42 Los Angeles, CA SummerSlam This was a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match. [71][72]
34
The Undertaker 3 000000002009-10-04-0000October 4, 2009 7002140000000000000♠140 Newark, NJ Hell in a Cell This was a Hell in a Cell match.
At TLC: Tables, Ladders and Chairs on December 13, 2009, Batista defeated The Undertaker for the title. Later that night, SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long restarted the match and Undertaker defeated him, nullifying Batista's reign and continuing Undertaker's. [73][74]
35
Chris Jericho 3 000000002010-02-21-0000February 21, 2010 7001370000000000000♠37 St. Louis, MO Elimination Chamber This was an Elimination Chamber match, also involving John Morrison, R-Truth, CM Punk, and Rey Mysterio.
WWE recognizes Jericho's reign as lasting 40 days, ending on April 2, 2010, when the following episode aired on tape delay. [75]
36
Jack Swagger 1 000000002010-03-30-0000March 30, 2010 7001820000000000000♠82 Las Vegas, NV SmackDown Cashed in his Money in the Bank contract. Swagger transferred from Raw to SmackDown upon winning the title.
WWE recognizes Swagger's reign as lasting 79 days, beginning on April 2, 2010, when the episode aired on tape delay. [76][77]
37
Rey Mysterio 2 000000002010-06-20-0000June 20, 2010 7001280000000000000♠28 Uniondale, NY Fatal 4-Way This was a fatal four-way match, also involving Big Show and CM Punk. The championship was referred to as the "World Championship" due to Mysterio not being a heavyweight. [78]
38
Kane 1 000000002010-07-18-0000July 18, 2010 7002154000000000000♠154 Kansas City, MO Money in the Bank Cashed in his Money in the Bank contract. [79]
39
Edge 6 000000002010-12-19-0000December 19, 2010 7001580000000000000♠58 Houston, TX TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs This was a fatal four-way Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match, also involving Alberto Del Rio and Rey Mysterio.
WWE recognizes Edge's reign as lasting 61 days, ending on February 18, 2011, when the following episode aired on tape delay. [80]
— Vacated — 000000002011-02-15-0000February 15, 2011 — San Diego, CA SmackDown 600th Episode Edge was stripped of the title by SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero as a result of using the spear (which had been banned) in a previous match.
Aired on tape delay on February 18, 2011. [81]
40
Dolph Ziggler 1 000000002011-02-15-0000February 15, 2011 <1 San Diego, CA SmackDown 600th Episode SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero awarded the title to Ziggler.
Aired on tape delay on February 18, 2011, the date WWE recognizes for the reign. [81]
41
Edge 7 7001560000000000000♠56 Edge was awarded a rematch the same night by returning General Manager, Theodore Long.
WWE recognizes Edge's reign as lasting 55 days, beginning on February 18, 2011 and ending on April 15, 2011, both episodes of which aired on tape delay. [82]
— Vacated — 000000002011-04-12-0000April 12, 2011 — Albany, NY SmackDown Title declared vacant due to Edge's retirement.
Aired on tape delay on April 15, 2011. [83]
42
Christian 1 000000002011-05-01-0000May 1, 2011 7000200000000000000♠2 Tampa, FL Extreme Rules Defeated Alberto Del Rio in a ladder match to win the vacant title.
WWE recognizes Christian's reign as lasting 5 days, ending on May 6, 2011, when the following episode aired on tape delay. [84]
43
Randy Orton 2 000000002011-05-03-0000May 3, 2011 7001750000000000000♠75 Orlando, FL SmackDown WWE recognizes Orton's reign as lasting 72 days, beginning on May 6, 2011, when the episode aired on tape delay. [85]
44
Christian 2 000000002011-07-17-0000July 17, 2011 7001280000000000000♠28 Rosemont, IL Money in the Bank Defeated Randy Orton by disqualification after being hit with a low-blow. The stipulations of the match allowed the title to change hands via disqualification. [86][87]
45
Randy Orton 3 000000002011-08-14-0000August 14, 2011 7001350000000000000♠35 Los Angeles, CA SummerSlam This was a No Holds Barred match. [88]
46
Mark Henry 1 000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011 7001910000000000000♠91 Buffalo, NY Night of Champions On the November 25 episode of SmackDown, Daniel Bryan cashed in his Money in the Bank contract and pinned Henry. However, SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long revealed that Henry was not medically cleared to compete and voided the match. Henry remained champion and the briefcase was returned to Bryan.
WWE recognizes Henry's reign as lasting 92 days. [89]
47
Big Show 1 000000002011-12-18-0000December 18, 2011 <1 Baltimore, MD TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs This was a chairs match [90]
48
Daniel Bryan 1 7002105000000000000♠105 Cashed in his Money in the Bank contract. [91]
49
Sheamus 1 000000002012-04-01-0000April 1, 2012 7002210000000000000♠210 Miami, FL WrestleMania XXVIII WWE recognizes Sheamus's reign as lasting 211 days. [92]
50
Big Show 2 000000002012-10-28-0000October 28, 2012 7001720000000000000♠72 Atlanta, GA Hell in a Cell WWE recognizes Big Show's reign as lasting 73 days. [93]
51
Alberto Del Rio 1 000000002013-01-08-0000January 8, 2013 7001900000000000000♠90 Miami, FL SmackDown This was a Last Man Standing match.
Aired on tape delay on January 11, 2013. [94]
52
Dolph Ziggler 2 000000002013-04-08-0000April 8, 2013 7001690000000000000♠69 East Rutherford, NJ Raw Cashed in his Money in the Bank contract.
WWE recognizes Ziggler's reign as lasting 70 days. [95]
53
Alberto Del Rio 2 000000002013-06-16-0000June 16, 2013 7002133000000000000♠133 Rosemont, IL Payback WWE recognizes Del Rio's reign as lasting 134 days. [96]
54
John Cena 3 000000002013-10-27-0000October 27, 2013 7001490000000000000♠49 Miami, FL Hell in a Cell WWE recognizes Cena's reign as lasting 50 days. [97]
55
Randy Orton 4 000000002013-12-15-0000December 15, 2013 <1 Houston, TX TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs This was a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs title unification match, where Orton also defended his WWE Championship. [98]
— Unified — 000000002013-12-15-0000December 15, 2013 — Houston, TX TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs Randy Orton defeated John Cena to unify the World Heavyweight Championship with the WWE Championship. The World Heavyweight Championship was retired and the WWE Championship became the WWE World Heavyweight Championship. [99]
Combined reigns[edit]
Inaugural and five-time champion Triple H
Record seven-time champion Edge
Rank
Wrestler
No. of
reigns
Combined days
Combined days
recognized by WWE
1
Triple H 5 616
2
Batista 4 507
3
Edge 7 409 411
4
Alberto Del Rio 2 223 224
5
Sheamus 1 210 211
6
The Undertaker 3 207 210
7
CM Punk 3 160
8
John Cena 3 154 155
Chris Benoit 1 154
Kane 1 154
11
Rey Mysterio 2 140
12
Randy Orton 4 138 135
13
King Booker 1 126
14
Chris Jericho 3 106 109
15
Daniel Bryan 1 105
16
Mark Henry 1 91 92
17
Goldberg 1 84
18
Jack Swagger 1 82 79
Kurt Angle 1 82
20
Big Show 2 72 73
21
Dolph Ziggler 2 69 70
22
The Great Khali 1 61
23
Christian 2 30 33
24
Jeff Hardy 2 28
Shawn Michaels 1 28
See also[edit]
List of former championships in WWE
References[edit]
General
"History of the World Heavyweight Championship". WWE. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
Specific
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Jump up ^ Keller, Wade (2009-08-23). "WWE Summerslam PPV Report 8/23: Keller's report on John Cena vs. Randy Orton, DX vs. Legacy, Jeff Hardy vs. CM Punk, Rey Mysterio vs. Dolph Ziggler...". PW Torch. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
Jump up ^ "Undertaker's third Reign". WWE. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
Jump up ^ Keller, Wade (2009-10-04). "WWE Hell in a Cell Results: Keller's ongoing "virtual time" coverage of John Cena vs. Randy Orton, DX vs. Legacy, Undertaker vs. C.M. Punk". PW Torch. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
Jump up ^ "Chris Jericho's third reign". WWE. Archived from the original on 2012-12-10. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
Jump up ^ Caldwell, James (2010-03-30). "WWE News: Major Spoiler at tonight's Smackdown TV taping for Friday's show". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Jack Swagger's first reign". WWE. Archived from the original on 2014-07-31. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
Jump up ^ "Rey Mysterio's second reign.". WWE. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
Jump up ^ "Kane's first Reign.". WWE. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
Jump up ^ "Edge's sixth Reign". WWE. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dolph Ziggler's first reign". WWE. Archived from the original on 2011-02-22. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
Jump up ^ "Edge's seventh reign". WWE. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
Jump up ^ "vacant". WWE. Retrieved 2011-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Christian's first reign". WWE. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Randy Orton's second reign". WWE. Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Christian def. Randy Orton (New World Heavyweight Champion)". WWE. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Christian's second reign". WWE. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Randy Orton's third reign". WWE. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
Jump up ^ "Mark Henry's first reign". WWE. Retrieved 2011-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Big Show's first reign". WWE. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
Jump up ^ "Daniel Bryan's first reign". WWE. Archived from the original on 2012-01-08. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
Jump up ^ "Sheamus' first reign". WWE. Archived from the original on 2012-05-13. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
Jump up ^ "Big Show's second reign". WWE. Archived from the original on 2012-11-15. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Alberto Del Rio's first reign". WWE. Archived from the original on 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2013-01-09.
Jump up ^ "Dolph Ziggler's second reign". WWE. Archived from the original on 2013-04-12. Retrieved 2013-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Alberto Del Rio's second reign". WWE. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
Jump up ^ "John Cena's third reign". WWE. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Randy Orton's fourth reign". WWE. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "WHC Retired". WWE. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
External links[edit]
Professional wrestling portal
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World Heavyweight Championship history at Wrestling-Titles.com
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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Established
1983
Location
1100 Rock and Roll Boulevard
(East Ninth Street at Lake Erie)
Cleveland, Ohio 44114
United States
Coordinates
41°30′30.2″N 81°41′43.8″W / 41.508389°N 81.695500°W / 41.508389; -81.695500
Visitors
441,290 (2013)[1]
President
Greg Harris
Public transit access
North Coast station
(RTA Rapid Transit)
Website
rockhall.com
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, recognizes and archives the history of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, engineers, and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20, 1983, by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame's permanent home. Since opening in September 1995, the "Rock Hall" – part of the city's redeveloped North Coast Harbor – has hosted more than 10 million visitors and had a cumulative economic impact estimated at more than $1.8 billion.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Foundation and museum
1.1 Economic impact
1.2 Layout
1.3 Architecture
2 Exhibit history
2.1 Public programs
2.2 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll
2.2.1 Artists with four or more songs
2.3 25th anniversary concert
3 Inductees
3.1 Performers
3.2 Early Influences
3.3 Ahmet Ertegun Award for Lifetime Achievement
3.4 Award for Musical Excellence
4 Library and archives
5 Criticism
5.1 2007 vote controversy
5.2 The Monkees controversy
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Foundation and museum[edit]
Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans, Rolling Stone magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner, attorney Allen Grubman, and record executives Seymour Stein, Bob Krasnow, and Noreen Woods. The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia (home of Bill Haley and American Bandstand), Memphis (home of Sun Studios and Stax Records), Detroit (home of Motown Records), Cincinnati (home of King Records), New York City, and Cleveland.[citation needed]
Cleveland lobbied for the museum, citing that WJW disc jockey Alan Freed both coined the term "rock and roll" and heavily promoted the new genre—and that Cleveland was the location of Freed's Moondog Coronation Ball, the first major rock and roll concert. In addition, Cleveland cited radio station WMMS, which played a key role in breaking several major acts in the U.S. during the 1970s and 80s, including artist David Bowie, who began his first U.S. tour in the city, Bruce Springsteen, Roxy Music, and Rush among many others.[4] Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands.
Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in public money to fund the construction. A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis, and Cleveland ranked first in a 1986 USA Today poll asking where the Hall of Fame should be located. On May 5, 1986, the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland. "The hall of fame should've been in Memphis, certainly," wrote Peter Guralnick, author of an acclaimed two-volume Elvis Presley biography.[5]
Cleveland may also have been chosen as the organization's site because the city offered the best financial package. As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted, "It was $65 million... Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money." Co-founder Jann Wenner later said, "One of the small sad things is we didn't do it in New York in the first place," but then added, "I am absolutely delighted that the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is in Cleveland."
During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum, the Foundation's board considered the Cuyahoga River. Ultimately, the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie, east of Cleveland Stadium.
At one point in the planning phase when a financing gap existed, planners proposed locating the Rock Hall in the then-vacant May Company Building, but finally decided to commission architect I. M. Pei to design a new building. Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I. M. Pei in designs for the site. Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it. The museum tower was initially planned to stand 200 ft (61 m) high, but had to be cut down to 162 ft (49 m) due to its proximity to Burke Lakefront Airport. The building's base is approximately 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2). The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7, 1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking.
The museum was dedicated on September 1, 1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, before a crowd of more than 10,000 people. The following night an all-star concert was held at the stadium. It featured Chuck Berry, Bob Dylan, Al Green, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, Iggy Pop, John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, and many others.
In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees, the museum documents the entire history of rock and roll, regardless of induction status. Hall of Fame inductees are honored in a special exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie.[6]
Economic impact[edit]
Since 1986, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees. The formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 26 times (1986–92, 1994–96, 1998–2008, 2010–11, 2014, 2016, and 2017); twice in Los Angeles (1993 and 2013); and four times in the Hall of Fame's home in Cleveland (1997, 2009, 2012, and 2015). Beginning in 2018, the induction ceremonies will alternate each year between Cleveland and New York.[7]
The 2009 and 2012 induction weeks were made possible by a public–private partnership between the City of Cleveland, the State of Ohio, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and local foundations, corporations, civic organizations and individuals. Collectively these entities invested $5.8 million in 2009 and $7.9 million in 2012 to produce a week of events, including free concerts, a gospel celebration, exhibition openings, free admission to the museum, and induction ceremonies filled with both fans and VIPs at Public Hall.[8]
Millions viewed the television broadcast of the Cleveland inductions; tens of thousands traveled to Ohio during induction week to participate in Induction-related events. The economic impact of the 2009 induction week activities was more than $13 million, and it provided an additional $20 million in media exposure for the region. The 2012 induction week yielded similar results.[9]
Layout[edit]
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (left) sits on the Lake Erie shore next to the Great Lakes Science Center (right) in Cleveland's North Coast Harbor.
There are seven levels in the building. On the lower level is the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall, the museum's main gallery. It includes exhibits on the roots of rock and roll (gospel, blues, rhythm & blues and folk, country and bluegrass). It also features exhibits on cities that have had a major impact on rock and roll: Memphis, Detroit, London and Liverpool, San Francisco, Los Angeles, New York and Seattle. There are exhibits about soul music, the Fifties, Sun Records, Atlantic Records, hip hop music, Cleveland's rock and roll legacy, the music of the Midwest, rock and roll radio and dee-jays, and the many protests against rock and roll. This gallery also has exhibits that focus on individual artists, including the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix and others. Finally, the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall includes two theaters, one of which features a film about the roots of rock and roll and one that features films on various subjects.[10]
The first floor of the museum is the entrance level. It includes a cafe, a stage that the museum uses for various special performances and events throughout the year, and a section called "Backstage Stories." The second floor includes several interactive kiosks that feature programs on one-hit wonders and the Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll. This level also includes a gallery with artifact-filled exhibits about Les Paul, Alan Freed, Sam Phillips and the evolution of audio technology.[11]
Visitors enter the Hall of Fame section of the museum on the third floor. This section includes "The Power of Rock Experience," which includes one of Jonathan Demme's final works, a film shown in the Connor Theater. The film includes musical highlights from some of the Hall's induction ceremonies.[12] Visitors exit the Hall of Fame section on the fourth floor. That level features the Foster Theater, a state-of-the-art 3-D theater that is used for special events and programs.[13][14]
Finally, the top two levels of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame feature large, temporary exhibits. Over the years, numerous exhibits have been installed on these two levels, including exhibits about Elvis Presley, hip-hop, the Supremes, the Who, U2, John Lennon, the Clash, Bruce Springsteen, Women Who Rock, and the Rolling Stones.
Architecture[edit]
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, showing Lake Erie in the foreground
Designed by I. M. Pei, and structurally engineered by Leslie E. Robertson Associates, the building rises above the shores of Lake Erie. It is a combination of bold geometric forms and dynamic cantilevered spaces that are anchored by a 162-foot tower. The tower supports a dual-triangular-shaped glass "tent" that extends (at its base) onto a 65,000-square-foot plaza that provides a main entry facade.
The building houses more than 55,000 square feet of exhibition space, as well as administrative offices, a store, and a café.
"In designing this building," Pei said, "it was my intention to echo the energy of rock and roll. I have consciously used an architectural vocabulary that is bold and new, and I hope the building will become a dramatic landmark for the city of Cleveland and for fans of rock and roll around the world." [15]
Exhibit history[edit]
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Since 1997, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has featured numerous temporary exhibits that range in size from major exhibits that fill the top two floors of the museum to smaller exhibits that are often installed in the main exhibition hall on the lower level.
The museum's first major exhibit opened on May 10, 1997. It was called I Want to Take You Higher: The Psychedelic Era, 1965 – 1969. It included artifacts from numerous artists, including John Lennon, Eric Clapton, John Sebastian, the Jefferson Airplane, and Janis Joplin, as well as artifacts related to the Monterey International Pop Festival and Woodstock.
That exhibit was followed by Elvis is in the Building, an exhibit about the "King of Rock and Roll", which ran from August 8, 1998, to September 5, 1999. This year-long tribute was the first ever special exhibit devoted to a single artist, Elvis Presley, the first inductee into the RRHOF in 1986. Graceland supplied a significant selection of representative artifacts for this special tribute spanning Elvis' life and legendary career. (see Larry G. Keeter, "Elvis Is In the Building," "Elvis International Forum," Summer 2000, pp. 28–29) Next, the museum curated Roots, Rhymes and Rage: The Hip-Hop Story. That was the first major museum exhibit to focus on hip-hop. It ran from November 11, 1999, to August 6, 2000. It was followed by Rock Style, an exhibit that focused on rock and roll and fashion. It featured clothing from Buddy Holly to Alice Cooper, from Ray Charles to David Bowie and from Smokey Robinson to Sly Stone. After it closed in Cleveland, Rock Style traveled to other museums in the U.S.
The former Annex in Soho in New York City (now closed)
Other temporary exhibits have included Lennon: His Life and Work, which ran from October 20, 2000, to January 1, 2003. It was followed by In the Name of Love: Two Decades of U2 and then Reflections: The Mary Wilson Supreme Legacy Collection. A major exhibition on display during the Republican National Convention in Cleveland in 2016 was Louder than Words: Rock, Power, Politics.[16]
Other large temporary exhibits have focused on the Clash (Revolution Rock: The Story of the Clash), the Doors (Break on Through: The Lasting Legacy of the Doors), the Who's Tommy (Tommy: The Amazing Journey), and Bruce Springsteen (From Asbury Park to the Promised Land: The Life and Music of Bruce Springsteen). Another thematic temporary exhibit focused on the role of women in rock and roll (Women Who Rock: Vision, Passion, Power). Many of these exhibits travel to other museums after closing in Cleveland. The museum's current major temporary exhibit is about the history of the magazine Rolling Stone.[17]
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame also curates many smaller temporary exhibits. Over the years, these exhibits have focused on such topics as the Vans Warped Tour, the Concert for Bangladesh, Woodstock's 40th anniversary, Austin City Limits, the Monterey International Pop Festival, Roy Orbison, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Marty Stuart, Paul Simon, Graham Nash, and John Mellencamp.
The museum also devotes exhibits to photography and artwork related to rock and roll. Among the photographers whose work has been featured at the Hall of Fame are George Kalinsky, Alfred Wertheimer, Tommy Edwards, Kevin Mazur, Janet Macoska, Lynn Goldsmith, Mike McCartney, Robert Alford,[18] and George Shuba. The museum also featured the artwork of Philip Burke in one of its temporary exhibits, and a later exhibit featured Herb Ritts.[19][20]
Public programs[edit]
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum produces numerous public programs, including concerts, interviews, lectures, film screenings, and other events that help tell the story of rock and roll. Every February, the museum celebrates Black History Month[21] by hosting concerts, film screenings and lectures that illustrate the important role African-Americans have played in the history of rock and roll. Since the program began in 1996, such artists as Robert Lockwood, Jr., the Temptations, Charles Brown, Ruth Brown, the Ohio Players, Lloyd Price, Little Anthony and the Imperials, and Al Green have appeared at the museum during Black History Month.
Another program is the Hall of Fame Series. This series began in April 1996 and features interviews with Hall of Fame inductees in a rare and intimate settings, most often in the Museum's Foster Theater. The interviews are usually followed by a question-and-answer session with the audience and, often, a performance by the inductee. Among the inductees who have taken part in this series are Darryl "DMC" McDaniels of Run-D.M.C., Lloyd Price, Marky Ramone, Seymour Stein, Ray Manzarek of the Doors, Ronnie Spector, Bootsy Collins, Ann and Nancy Wilson of Heart, and Jorma Kaukonen of the Jefferson Airplane.
A similar program is the Legends Series. The only real difference between this program and the Hall of Fame Series is that it features artists who have not yet been inducted into the Hall of Fame. Peter Hook of Joy Division, Spinderella of Salt n Pepa, Tommy James, and the Chi-Lites are among the artists who have participated in the Legends Series.
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum's most acclaimed program is the annual American Music Masters series. Each year the museum celebrates one of the Hall's inductees with a week-long series of programs that include interviews, film screenings, and, often, a special exhibit. The celebration ends with an all-star concert held at a Cleveland theater. The concerts include a diverse mix of artists, from Hall of Fame inductees to contemporary musicians.
The American Music Masters series began in 1996 with Hard Travelin': The Life and Legacy of Pete Seeger. Since then, the programs have honored the following inductees: Jimmie Rodgers (1997), Robert Johnson (1998), Louis Jordan (1999), Muddy Waters (2000), Bessie Smith (2001), Hank Williams (2002), Buddy Holly (2003), Lead Belly (2004), Sam Cooke (2005), Roy Orbison (2006), Jerry Lee Lewis (2007), Les Paul (2008),[22] Janis Joplin (2009),[23] Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew (2010), Aretha Franklin (2011),[24] and Chuck Berry (2012).[25]
Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll [edit]
Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke, along with "the museum's curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts", created an unordered list of "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll".[26][27] The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum, and was envisioned as part of the museum from its opening in 1995.[28] It contains songs recorded from the 1920s through the 1990s. The Beatles with seven songs was the most represented on the 500–song list. The oldest song on the list is "Wabash Cannonball", written circa 1882 and credited to J. A. Roff. Since then, however, an additional 155 songs have been added, and the list is now simply referred to as "The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll." The most recent songs on the list are Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy" and My Chemical Romance's "Welcome to the Black Parade," both released in 2006.[29] The Beatles and the Rolling Stones are the most represented on the 655–song list, with eight songs each.
Artists with four or more songs[edit]
8 The Beatles
8 The Rolling Stones
7 Elvis Presley
5 The Beach Boys
5 Chuck Berry
5 Bob Dylan
5 Led Zeppelin
5 Bruce Springsteen
5 Stevie Wonder
4 David Bowie
4 James Brown
4 Ray Charles
4 The Drifters
4 Aretha Franklin
4 Jimi Hendrix
4 Robert Johnson
4 The Kinks
4 Bob Marley
4 The Miracles
4 Prince
4 U2
4 Muddy Waters
4 The Who
25th anniversary concert[edit]
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame celebrated its 25th anniversary with a concert series over two days on October 29 and 30, 2009 at Madison Square Garden in New York. The celebration included performances by Jerry Lee Lewis, U2, Patti Smith, Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band, Simon & Garfunkel, Dion DiMucci, Metallica, James Taylor, Bonnie Raitt, Fergie, Mick Jagger, Lou Reed, Ray Davies, Ozzy Osbourne, Paul Simon, Jeff Beck, Buddy Guy, Aretha Franklin, Stevie Wonder, Sting, Little Anthony & the Imperials, and Crosby, Stills and Nash. The first night ran almost six hours with Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band closing the concert with special guests John Fogerty, Darlene Love, Tom Morello, Sam Moore, Jackson Browne, Peter Wolf, and Billy Joel.[30][31][32]
Inductees[edit]
English guitarist, singer, and songwriter Eric Clapton is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
See also: List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
Artists are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at an annual induction ceremony. Over the years, the majority of the ceremonies have been held at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. However, on January 12, 1993, the ceremony was held in Los Angeles, and was held there again in 2013. On May 6, 1997, about a year and a half after the opening of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, the ceremony was held in Cleveland. It returned to Cleveland in 2009 and again in 2012. Current plans call for the ceremony to be in Cleveland every three years. Generally, the number of inductees ranges from about a half-dozen to a dozen. Virtually all living inductees have attended the ceremonies, and they are presented with their Hall of Fame award by an artist who was influenced by that inductee's music. Both the presenter and the inductee speak at the ceremonies, which also include numerous musical performances, by both the inductees and the presenters. The first group of inductees, inducted on January 23, 1986, included Elvis Presley, James Brown, Little Richard, Fats Domino, Ray Charles, Chuck Berry, Sam Cooke, the Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly, and Jerry Lee Lewis. Robert Johnson, Jimmie Rodgers, and Jimmy Yancey were inducted as Early Influences, John Hammond received the Lifetime Achievement Award and Alan Freed and Sam Phillips were inducted as Non-Performers.
Performers[edit]
A nominating committee composed of rock and roll historians selects names for the "Performers" category (singers, vocal groups, bands, and instrumentalists of all kinds), which are then voted on by roughly five hundred experts across the world. Those selected to vote include academics, journalists, producers, and others with music industry experience. Artists become eligible for induction 25 years after the release of their first record. Criteria include the influence and significance of the artists' contributions to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll. To be selected for induction, performers must receive the highest number of votes, and also greater than 50% of the votes. Around five to seven performers are inducted each year.[33]
In 2012, six additional groups, the Miracles, the Famous Flames, the Comets, the Blue Caps, the Midnighters, and the Crickets, were inducted as performers by a special committee due to the controversial exclusions when their lead singer was inducted. "There was a lot of discussion about this," said Terry Stewart, a member of the nominating committee. "There had always been conversations about why the groups weren't included when the lead singers were inducted. Very honestly, nobody could really answer that question – it was so long ago... We decided we'd sit down as an organization and look at that. This is the result."[34]
Early Influences[edit]
Early Influences includes artists from earlier eras, primarily country, folk, and blues, whose music inspired and influenced rock and roll artists. Other notable artists that have been inducted as Early Influences include Bill Kenny & The Ink Spots, country musicians Jimmie Rodgers and Hank Williams, blues musicians Howlin' Wolf and Muddy Waters, and jazz musicians Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong. After Nat King Cole and Billie Holiday in 2000, no one was inducted in this category until 2009, when rockabilly singer Wanda Jackson was selected. Unlike earlier inductees in this category, Jackson's career almost entirely took place after the traditional 1955 start of the "rock era".
Ahmet Ertegun Award for Lifetime Achievement[edit]
Formerly the "Non-Performers" award, this category encompasses those who primarily work behind the scenes in the music industry, including record label executives, songwriters, record producers, disc jockeys, concert promoters and music journalists. This category has had at least one inductee every year except 2007 and 2009. Following the death of the Hall of Fame's co-founder Ahmet Ertegun, this award was renamed in his honor in 2008.[35]
Award for Musical Excellence[edit]
Formerly the "Sidemen" award, this category was introduced in 2000 and honors veteran session and concert players who are selected by a committee composed primarily of producers. The category was dormant from 2004 through 2007 and re-activated in 2008. This honor was renamed the "Award for Musical Excellence" in 2010. According to Joel Peresman, the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation, "This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized."[36]
Library and archives[edit]
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio November 2015
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum's Library and Archives is the world's most comprehensive repository of materials related to the history of rock and roll. The Library and Archives is located in a new building on the Metro Campus of Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland's Campus District.
The Library and Archives' mission is to collect, preserve and provide access to these materials. The Library and Archives operates on two levels: people may come into the library and read the books and magazines, listen to music and other recordings, and watch videos and films. More serious scholars, historians and journalists may also make an appointment for access to the archival collections under the supervision of the staff archivists.
The library is composed of books, academic dissertations, and other references. It also includes popular magazines, scholarly journals and trade publications; commercial audio and video recordings, and research databases.
The archival collections include music-business records from record executives, artist managers, labels, historic venues, recording studios, specialists in stage design and lighting, and long-running concert tours. The collections also contain important individual items, such as personal letters penned by Aretha Franklin and Madonna, handwritten working lyrics by Jimi Hendrix and LL Cool J, papers from music journalists such as Sue Cassidy Clark, and rare concert recordings from CBGB in the 1970s.[37][38][39]
Criticism[edit]
The most frequent criticism of the Hall of Fame is that the nomination process is controlled by a few individuals who are not themselves musicians, such as founder Jann Wenner (co-founder and editor-in-chief of Rolling Stone magazine), former foundation director Suzan Evans, and writer Dave Marsh, reflecting their personal tastes rather than the views of the rock world as a whole. A former member of the nominations board once commented that "At one point Suzan Evans lamented the choices being made because there weren't enough big names that would sell tickets to the dinner. That was quickly remedied by dropping one of the doo-wop groups being considered in favor of a 'name' artist ... I saw how certain pioneering artists of the '50s and early '60s were shunned because there needed to be more name power on the list, resulting in '70s superstars getting in before the people who made it possible for them. Some of those pioneers still aren't in today."[40] Sister Rosetta Tharpe is often considered "The Godmother/Grandmother of Rock & Roll",[41][42] but has yet to be inducted. Also, the influential soul/funk group Tower of Power has not yet been honored. Velvet Underground drummer Maureen Tucker has dismissed the Hall of Fame as the "Hall of Lame".[43]
There is also controversy in the lack of transparency in the selection process. Janet Morrissey of The New York Times wrote:
"With fame and money at stake, it's no surprise that a lot of backstage lobbying goes on. Why any particular act is chosen in any particular year is a mystery to performers as well as outsiders – and committee members say they want to keep it that way."[44]
Jon Landau, the chairman of the nominating committee, says they prefer it that way. "We've done a good job of keeping the proceedings nontransparent. It all dies in the room."[44]
According to Fox News, petitions with tens of thousands of signatures were also being ignored, and some groups that were signed with certain labels or companies or were affiliated with various committee members have even been put up for nomination with no discussion at all.[40] The committee has also been accused of largely ignoring certain genres.[45] According to author Brett Milano, "entire genres get passed over, particularly progressive rock, '60s Top 40, New Orleans funk and a whole lot of black music."[46] In contrast, since the mid-2000s (decade), numerous hip hop artists have been inducted, including Tupac Shakur (class of 2017), N.W.A (class of 2016) and Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five (class of 2007).[47]
Another criticism is that too many artists are inducted. In fifteen years, 97 different artists were inducted.[48] A minimum of 50% of the vote is needed to be inducted; although, the final percentages are not announced and a certain number of inductees (five in 2011) is set before the ballots are shipped.[48] The committee usually nominates a small number of artists (12 in 2010) from an increasing number of different genres. Several voters, including Joel Selvin, himself a former member of the nominating committee, did not submit their ballots in 2007 because they did not feel that any of the candidates were truly worthy.[49]
Members of the British punk rock band The Sex Pistols, inducted in 2006, refused to attend the ceremony, calling the museum "a piss stain" and "urine in wine".[50]
In BBC Radio 6 Music's Annual John Peel Lecture in 2013, the singer Charlotte Church accused the museum of gender bias, stating, "Out of 295 acts and artists in the Rock n' Roll Hall of Fame, 259 are entirely male, meaning that Tina Weymouth's part in Talking Heads makes them one of the 36 female acts."[51][52] In fact, the actual percentage of woman inductees is 8.5%.[53] Combining all the categories, there have been 719 inductees, out of which only 61 have been women, none of which has been inducted more than once or awarded the Lifetime Achievement.[54]
2007 vote controversy[edit]
On March 14, 2007, two days after that year's induction ceremony, Roger Friedman of Fox News published an article claiming that the Dave Clark Five should have been the fifth inductee, as they had more votes than inductee Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. The article went on to say "Jann Wenner used a technicality about the day votes were due in. In reality, The Dave Clark Five got six more votes than Grandmaster Flash. But he felt we couldn't go another year without a rap act."[47]
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation would later deny fixing the vote, although they did not deny that late votes were received, saying, "No. There is a format and rules and procedure. There is a specific time when the votes have to be in, and then they are counted. The bands with the top five votes got in."[55] The Dave Clark Five was subsequently nominated again and then inducted the following year.[56]
The Monkees controversy[edit]
In June 2007, Monkee Peter Tork complained to the New York Post that Wenner had blackballed the Monkees, commenting:
[Wenner] doesn't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit. It is an abuse of power. I don't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame, but it's pretty clear that we're not in there because of a personal whim. Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else, and now, 40 years later, everybody says, 'What's the big deal? Everybody else does it.' [Uses studio artists or backing bands.] Nobody cares now except him. He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968 is supposed to serve in 2007.
In a Facebook post, fellow Monkee Michael Nesmith stated that he does not know if the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame because he can only see the impact of the Monkees from the inside, and further stated: "I can see the HOF (Hall of Fame) is a private enterprise. It seems to operate as a business, and the inductees are there by some action of the owners of the Enterprise. The inductees appear to be chosen at the owner's pleasure. This seems proper to me. It is their business in any case. It does not seem to me that the HOF carries a public mandate, nor should it be compelled to conform to one."[57]
Various magazines and news outlets, such as Time,[58] NPR radio,[59] The Christian Science Monitor,[60] Goldmine magazine,[61][62] Yahoo Music[63] and MSNBC [64] have argued that the Monkees belong in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
See also[edit]
Rock and Roll portal
Cleveland portal
List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Heaton, Michael (March 12, 2015). "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame welcomes 10 millionth visitor". The Plain Dealer via Cleveland.com. Plain Dealer Publishing Co. and Northeast Ohio Media Group. Archived from the original on March 13, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ WMMS: A Cleveland Legend Turns 40 | The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Rockhall.com. Retrieved on July 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Peter Guralnick (author of Sam Phillips: The Man Who Invented Rock 'n' Roll), an interview, "Bostonia," Winter-Spring 2016, pp. 52-54.
Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff. "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum Timeline: 1995–2010". Article. The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Grzegorek, Vince (April 8, 2016). "Rock Hall President: Induction to Take Place in Cleveland Every Other Year Beginning in 2018". CleveScene.com. Cleveland Scene. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Soeder, John. "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is going strong, 15 years after opening". Article. The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Soeder, John. "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions, done 'the Cleveland way,' are a hit". Article. The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff. "A look inside the redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum: Interactive Graphic". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland.com. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Swank, Niki. "Rock & Roll Hall of Fame: the heart of rock and roll". Builders Exchange Magazine. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Smith, Troy L. (June 29, 2017). "Rock Hall premieres its spellbinding 'The Power of Rock Experience'". Cleveland.com. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ McGregor, Ellen (June 8, 2011). "First Major redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum nears completion". Scripps Media/News Net 5/ABC News (Cleveland). Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Associated Press. "Redesigned Rock Hall opens exhibit on The Beatles". Article. NBC News/AP. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
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Jump up ^ Smith, Troy. "Rock Hall exhibit lays out Rolling Stone magazine's remarkable impact". Article. The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Yarborough, Chuck. ""Just Can't Get Enough: The Photography of Robert Alford" opens Sept. 19 at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum". Article. The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum / Past Exhibits". Official Website. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Yarborough, Chuck. "'Herb Ritts: The Rock Portraits': Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's captivating exhibit spotlights photographer's skill at capturing stars' essence (review)". The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hake, A. "Rock Hall Announces Black History Month Events". Article. WOIO/19 Action News. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ D.X., Ferris. "Slash, Billy Gibbons Jam for Les Paul at Rock Hall's American Music Master's Concert". Article. Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ DeMarco, Laura. "Rock Hall to honor Janis Joplin in American Music Masters series". Article. The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Soeder, John. "Aretha Franklin Honored in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame American Music Masters Tribute". Article. The Plain Dealer/Cleveland.com. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Patrick. "Chuck Berry Praises Obama, Laments Fading Health". Article. Rolling Stones Magazine. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "500 Songs That Shaped Rock". Retrieved 24 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Artcom Museums Tour: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame & Museum, Cleveland, OH - Moving Companies".
Jump up ^ "Experience The Music: One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
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Jump up ^ Soeder, John (February 9, 2012). "Crickets, Famous Flames, Comets, Miracles, Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ WENN. "Late Ertegun Honoured With New Hall Of Fame Award". Contactmusic.com.
Jump up ^ Soeder, John (December 15, 2010). "Neil Diamond, Alice Cooper, Dr. John, Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, Roger (April 4, 2001). "Rock Hall of Fame Fallout: 'There Is Resentment Building Up'". Fox News. Retrieved April 4, 2001.
Jump up ^ "The Godmother of Rock & Roll: Sister Rosetta Tharpe". BBC Four. May 24, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Godmother of Rock and Roll: Sister Rosetta Tharpe". PBS. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Morrissey, Janet (December 3, 2011). "Battle of the Bands (and Egos) for the Rock Hall of Fame". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Boehm, Mike (December 29, 2009). "Getting progressive: The Rock Hall votes in Genesis. Is Yes or Procol Harum next?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gundersen, Edna (March 12, 2007). "Dispute rocks the hall". USA Today. Retrieved January 20, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, Roger (March 14, 2007). "Rock Hall Voting Scandal: Rock Group Actually Won". Fox News. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, Roger (January 12, 2007). "Three strikes, they're in". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ Selvin, Joel (November 14, 2007). "View: Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame". Sex Pistols – The Filth and the Fury. February 24, 2006. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Transcript: Paul Resnikoff, "I'm Charlotte Church. And This Is How Women Are Routinely Demoralized by the Music Industry…," Digital Media News, October 15, 2013
Jump up ^ "BBC Radio 6 Music - The John Peel Lecture - Downloads". BBC.
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Jump up ^ "Madonna leads list of Rock Hall inductees". CNN. Associated Press. 2007. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007. Retrieved January 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Nesmith, Michael. ""Should The Monkees be included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame?", you ask". Facebook. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ McCombs, Joseph (April 19, 2012). "Hey, Hey Let Them In: 10 Reasons The Monkees Should Be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame". Time Magazine. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hirsh, Marc. "NOW Can We Induct The Monkees Into The Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame?". NPR Radio. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: The top 5 biggest omissions". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marder, Phill. "No Monkee business allowed in the Rock Hall of Fame?". Goldmine Magazine. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marder, Phill. "10 more bands snubbed by the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame". Goldmine Magazine. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hoskyns, Barney. "Why Aren't the Monkees In the Rock and Roll of Fame?". Yahoo Music. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sclafani, Tony. "Hey hey, it's the fans who want the Monkees in the Rock Hall". MSNBC. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
External links[edit]
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Naomi Grossman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Naomi Grossman
Grossman in May 2015
Born
(1975-02-06) February 6, 1975 (age 43)
Denver, Colorado, U.S.
Nationality
American
Alma mater
Northwestern University
Occupation
Actress
writer
producer
Years active
1990–Present
Website
www.naomigrossman.net
Naomi Grossman (born February 6, 1975) is an American actress, writer, and producer best known for her role as Pepper in the second and fourth seasons of the FX horror television series American Horror Story.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Grossman was born in Denver, Colorado. In her early life, she performed in community theatre shows. After attending high school in Argentina, she attended and graduated from Northwestern University with a theatre major, as the only university she applied to.[1][2] She was a member of improvisational and sketch comedy troupe The Groundlings in Los Angeles, California, and wanted to ultimately perform on Saturday Night Live. When the group cut ties with her, she began teaching the Spanish language and separating herself from her acting career.[3] Grossman also writes and produces and has cited Lily Tomlin, Tracy Ullman, Gilda Radner and Carol Burnett as inspirations.[1]
Career[edit]
Grossman began her career in 1990 with minor television roles, along with commercial and theatre appearances.[1]
Not knowing what role she was auditioning for, Grossman sent in an audition for American Horror Story: Asylum in mid-2012 and was cast in soon after as Pepper, a microcephalic; the season premiered later that year on October 17.[4] In preparation for the role, she shaved her head bald.[3] In 2014, it was revealed that Grossman would return to the series in its fourth season, American Horror Story: Freak Show, reprising her role as Pepper from the second season, making her the first to play the same role in two different seasons of the show. She spoke of her casting in the fourth season saying that reprising her role was "the last thing from [her] mind" since it had never been done before.[5]
Filmography[edit]
Grossman at PaleyFest 2013 for American Horror Story: Asylum
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2000 Marisa, Where Art Thou? Wendy Short film
2005 Over the Shoulder Goth Girl Short film
2007 Bubbles Mama Short film
Wacky Spoof Commercials People's Bank Gal 2 Short film
2008 Yes Bonnie Short film
Men at Work Woman
2009 Represent Shania Short film
Table for Three Actress
The Hollywood Housesitter Waitress Short film
My Boyfriend Is a Blimp Suzy Short film
Jesus's Secretary Mary Short film
Hot Yoga Amani Short film
Food Poisoning Naomi Short film
Burka Girls Gone Wild Unknown
2010 Random Chapters in the Life of Some Guy Wife Short film
Paradrunken Activity Katie Short film
2011 Chubduction Hilary Q.
Teat the Parents Girlfriend Short film
2012 Kev Jumba Dances with the Stars! Dot
Touch My Junk Traveler Short film
2013 Bakersfield, Earth Unknown Short film
Rip Bella Tiavas Stylized as #RIP
2014 Just Me and All of You Katrina Short film
2015 The Ones Dance Instructor Post-production
The Chair Mother Pre-production
2016 Fear, Inc. Cat
2018 Painkillers Nurse Sheralyn
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1990 Father Dowling Mysteries Confirmation Kid Episode: "The Passionate Painter Mystery"
1998 Sabrina, the Teenage Witch Cheerleader Episode: "The Pom Pom Incident"
2007 Destination Truth Herself/Translator 3 episodes
2012 FammGlamm Gazelda Episode: "Quality Control"
2012–13 American Horror Story: Asylum Pepper 7 episodes
2014 American Horror Story: Freak Show 10 episodes
2017 Hell's Kitchen Herself Episode: "Leaving It on the Line"
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams, Tenere. "Naomi Grossman: Actress - "I Could Be On A Desert Island with a Pen, Paper, a Camera, and YouTube and Be Happy"". Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Renken, Charlotte (November 2, 2014). "Santa Fe Comic Con: Naomi Grossman "Play With Me! Inside American Horror Story"". Hush Comics. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Hayne, Michael (October 24, 2014). "Naomi Grossman of "American Horror Story": "I've never been told I was so pretty until played the ugliest person on TV"". Salon. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "American Horror Story : Season 2". Metacritic. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Branch, Chris (December 12, 2014). "'American Horror Story' Star Naomi Grossman: Pepper Made Ryan Murphy Break His Own Rule". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
External links[edit]
Naomi Grossman on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naomi_Grossman&oldid=832681940"
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