text:
Area codes 272 and 570
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Pennsylvania (blue) with numbering plan area 570 shown in red. Note that this map is clickable; click on any area code to go to the page for that area code.
Area codes 570 and 272 are telephone area codes serving the northeast quadrant of Pennsylvania, including the cities/towns of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Williamsport, Stroudsburg, East Stroudsburg, Pittston, Carbondale, Hazleton, Clarks Summit, Towanda, Bloomsburg, Sayre, Tunkhannock, Berwick, Milford, Montrose, Honesdale, Mount Pocono, Nanticoke, Tamaqua, Mahanoy City, Sunbury, Jim Thorpe, as far south as Pottsville and as far west as Lock Haven. 570 is the main area code, while 272 is an overlay covering the same territory as 570.
570 was split from area code 717 on December 5, 1998. It was the first new Pennsylvania area code created outside Philadelphia and Pittsburgh since the implementation of the area code system.
In 2009, it was projected that 570 would run out of numbers in the third quarter of 2011. The Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission considered four options—an overlay plan and three split plans. All but one of the splits would have left Scranton and Wilkes-Barre, the two largest cities in the 570 territory, within the same area code.[1] On July 15, 2010, the PUC decided the new area code, 272, would be implemented as an overlay. 272 officially entered service on March 28, 2013. Ten-digit dialing became mandatory in northeastern Pennsylvania on September 21, 2013.[2]
In 2015 there were 11 available prefixes in 570. By 2017, 570 had been completely exhausted; only one prefix was left in February, and that prefix was exhausted by May.
Contents
[hide]
1 Locations that use 570/272
1.1 Counties
1.2 Municipalities
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Locations that use 570/272[edit]
Counties[edit]
Locations are approximate. Area code 570/272 may only cover a portion of these counties, and it may spill into neighboring areas not listed. Bradford County, Carbon County, Centre County, Clinton County, Columbia County, Dauphin County, Juniata County, Lackawanna County, Luzerne County, Lycoming County, Monroe County, Montour County, Northampton County, Northumberland County, Pike County, Potter County, Schuylkill County, Snyder County, Susquehanna County, Sullivan County, Tioga County, Union County, Wayne County, Wyoming County
Municipalities[edit]
Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Hazleton, Pottsville, Kingston, Williamsport, Stroudsburg, Pittston, Jim Thorpe, Sunbury, Shamokin, Mt. Pocono, Tunkhannock, Tamaqua, Lansford, Orwigsburg, Avoca, East Stroudsburg, Nesquehoning, Dallas, Montoursville, Elysburg, Shenandoah, Portland, Frackville, Hallstead, Towanda, Honesdale, Great Bend, Brodheadsville, Carbondale, Sayre, Clarks Summit, Plains, Mountain Top, Mahanoy City, West Hazleton, Drums, Nescopeck, Berwick, Lake Wallenpaupack, Tannersville, Milford, Weatherly, Tamaqua, Pine Grove, Susquehanna Depot, Freeland, Moscow
See also[edit]
List of Pennsylvania area codes
List of NANP area codes
North American Numbering Plan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.puc.state.pa.us/telecom/pdf/areacode/570_Relief-FS.pdf
Jump up ^ Denise McCracken (March 28, 2013). "PUC Announces Ten-Digit Dialing Procedures Begin in 570 Area Code". pa.gov. Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission.
External links[edit]
North American Numbering Plan Administration
NANPA Area Code Map of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania area codes: 215, 223, 267, 272, 412, 484, 570, 610, 717, 724, 814, 878
North: 607
West: 814 area code 570/272 East: 845, 862/973, 908
South: 484/610, 717/223
New Jersey area codes: 201, 551, 609, 732, 848, 856, 862, 908, 973
New York area codes: 212, 315, 332, 347, 516, 518, 585, 607, 631, 646, 680, 716, 718, 838, 845, 914, 917, 929, 934
Coordinates: 41°25′05″N 76°06′47″W / 41.418°N 76.113°W / 41.418; -76.113
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Politics of Norway
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Kingdom of Norway
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Norway
Constitution
Monarchy[show]
King Harald V
Crown Prince Haakon
Government[show]
Council of State (current cabinet)
Prime Minister (list)
Erna Solberg
List of governments
Parliament[show]
Storting
President: O. Thommessen
Political parties
Politicians
Recent elections[show]
Parliamentary: 2013
2009
2005
Local: 2015
2011
2007
Local government[show]
Administrative divisions
Counties (Fylker)
Municipalities (Kommuner)
Sámi Parliament
Foreign relations[show]
European Union relations
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
Politics in Norway take place in the framework of a parliamentary representative democratic constitutional monarchy. Executive power is exercised by the King's council, the cabinet, led by the Prime Minister of Norway. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Storting, elected within a multi-party system. The Judiciary is independent of the executive branch and the legislature.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Constitutional development
3 Executive branch
3.1 Governments 1935–1981
3.2 Governments 1981–2005
3.3 Cabinet 2005-2013
3.4 Current Cabinet
4 Legislative branch
5 Political parties and elections
6 Judicial branch
7 Impeachment
8 Administrative divisions
9 Dependent areas
10 International organization participation
11 References
History[edit]
Further information: Hereditary Kingdom of Norway
Constitutional development[edit]
The Norwegian constitution, signed by the Eidsvoll assembly on 17 May 1814, transformed Norway from being an absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy. The 1814 constitution granted rights such as freedom of speech (§100) and rule of law (§§ 96, 97, 99). Important amendments include:
November 4, 1814: Constitution reenacted in order to form a personal union with the king of Sweden
1851: Constitutional prohibition against admission of Jews lifted
1884: Parliamentarism has evolved since 1884 and entails that the cabinet must not have the parliament against it (an absence of mistrust, but an express of support is not necessary), and that the appointment by the King is a formality when there is a clear parliamentary majority. This parliamentary rule has the status of constitutional custom. All new laws are passed and all new governments are therefore formed de jure by the King, although not de facto. After elections resulting in no clear majority, the King appoints the new government de facto
1887: Prohibition against monastic orders lifted
1898: Universal male suffrage established
1905: Union with Sweden dissolved
1913: Universal suffrage established
1956: Religious freedom formalised and prohibition against Jesuits lifted
2004: New provision on freedom of expression, replacing the old § 100
2007: Removed the old system of division of Stortinget into the Odelsting and Lagting (took effect after the 2009 general election). Changes to the Court of Impeachment. Parliamentary system now part of the Constitution (previously this was only a constitutional custom) (new § 15)
Executive branch[edit]
Further information: Cabinet of Norway
Harald V has been King of Norway since 1991. The Norwegian king has mainly symbolic powers.
Erna Solberg, Prime Minister of Norway (2013-) and leader of the Conservative Party.
Main office holders
Office
Name
Party
Since
King Harald V 17 January 1991
Prime Minister Erna Solberg Conservative Party 16 October 2013
Norway is a constitutional monarchy, where the King has a mainly symbolic power. The Royal House is a branch of the princely family of Glücksburg, originally from Schleswig-Holstein in Germany. The functions of the King, Harald V, are mainly ceremonial, but he has influence as the symbol of national unity. Although the constitution of 1814 grants important executive powers to the King, these are always exercised by the Council of State in the name of the King (King's Council, or cabinet). The King is also High Protector of the Church of Norway (the state church), Grand Master of The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav, and symbolically Supreme Commander of the Norwegian armed forces.
The Council of State is formally convened by the reigning monarch. The Council of State consists of a Prime Minister and his/her council, formally appointed by the King. Parliamentarism has evolved since 1884 and entails that the cabinet must not have the parliament against it, and that the appointment by the King is a formality. The council must have the confidence of the Norwegian legislative body, known as the Storting. In practice, the monarch will ask the leader of a parliamentary block that has a majority in the Storting to form a government. After elections resulting in no clear majority to any party or coalition, the leader of the party most likely to be able to form a government is appointed Prime Minister. Since World War II, most non-Socialist governments have been coalitions, and Labour Party governments have often relied on the support of other parties to retain the necessary parliamentary votes.
The executive branch is divided into the following Ministries:
Main article: List of Norwegian ministries
Office of the Prime Minister (Statsministerens kontor)
Ministry of Agriculture and Food (Landbruks- og matdepartementet)
Ministry of Children and Equality (Barne- og likestillingsdepartementet)
Ministry of Culture and Church Affairs (Kultur- og kirkedepartementet)
Ministry of Defence (Forsvarsdepartementet)
Ministry of Education and Research (Kunnskapsdepartementet)
Ministry of the Environment (Miljøverndepartementet)
Ministry of Finance (Finansdepartementet)
Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs (Fiskeri- og kystdepartementet)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Utenriksdepartementet)
Ministry of Government Administration and Reform (Fornyings- og administrasjonsdepartementet)
Ministry of Health and Care Services (Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet)
Ministry of Justice and the Police (Justis- og politidepartementet)
Ministry of Labour and Social Inclusion (Arbeids- og inkluderingsdepartementet)
Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development (Kommunal- og regionaldepartementet)
Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (Olje- og energidepartementet)
Ministry of Trade and Industry (Nærings- og handelsdepartementet)
Ministry of Transport and Communications (Samferdselsdepartementet)
Governments 1935–1981[edit]
The Labour Party has been the largest party in Parliament ever since the election of 1927 up to the recent 2013 election. Labour formed their first brief minority government in 1928 which lasted for 18 days only. After the 1936 election the Labour Party formed a new minority government, which had to go into exile 1940–45 because of the German occupation of Norway. After a brief trans-party government following the German capitulation in 1945, Labour gained a majority of the seats in parliament in the first post-war election of 1945.
Norway was ruled by Labour governments from 1945 to 1981, except for three periods (1963, 1965–71, and 1972–73). The Labour Party had a single party majority in the Storting from 1945 to 1961. Since then no party has single-handedly formed a majority government, hence minority and coalition governments have been the rule. After the centre-right Willoch government lost its parliamentary majority in the election of 1985, there were no majority governments in Norway until the second Stoltenberg government was formed after the 2005 election.
Governments 1981–2005[edit]
Kåre Willoch (Conservative Party) was Prime Minister from 1981 until 1986.
From 1981 to 1997, governments alternated between minority Labour governments and Conservative-led centre-right governments. The centre-right governments gained power in 3 out of 4 elections during this period (1981, 1985, 1989), whereas Labour toppled those governments twice between elections (1986, 1990) and stayed in power after one election (1993). Elections take place in September and governments change in October of election years.
Conservative leader Kåre Willoch formed a minority government after the election of 1981. In 1983, midway between elections, this government was expanded to a majority three-party coalition of the Conservatives, the Centre Party and the Christian Democrats. In the election of 1985 the coalition lost its majority but stayed in office until 1986, when it stepped down after losing a parliamentary vote on petrol taxes.
Labour leader Gro Harlem Brundtland served three periods as Prime Minister. First briefly from February 1981 until the election the same year, then from May 1986 to the election of 1989, and last from November 1990 until October 1996 when she decided to step out of domestic politics. Brundtland strongly influenced Norwegian politics and society during this period and was nicknamed the "national mother".
After the election of 1989 a centre-right coalition was formed with the same three parties as in 1983–1986, this time headed by Conservative leader Jan P. Syse. This coalition governed from 1989 to November 1990 when it collapsed from inside over the issue of Norwegian membership in the European Economic Area.
Thorbjørn Jagland (Labour) was Prime Minister 1996–97. He has later become Secretary General of the Council of Europe.
When Brundtland resigned in 1996, Labour leader Thorbjørn Jagland formed a new Labour government that stayed in office until October 1997 when he, after the September 1997 election, declared that his government would step down because the Labour Party failed to win at least 36.9% of the national vote – the percentage Labour had won in the 1993 election.
A three-party minority coalition of the Centre, Christian Democratic, and Liberal parties, headed by Christian Democrat Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik, moved into office in October 1997. That government fell in March 2000 over the issue of proposed natural gas plants, opposed by Bondevik due to their impact on climate change.
The Labour Party's Jens Stoltenberg, a Brundtland protégé, took over in a minority Labour government but lost power in the September 2001 election when Labour posted its worst performance since World War I.
Bondevik once again became Prime Minister in 2001, this time as head of a minority coalition of the Conservatives, Christian Democrats and Liberals, a coalition dependent on support from the Progress Party. This coalition government was the first to stay in office for a complete four-year election period since Per Borten's coalition government of 1965–69.
Cabinet 2005-2013[edit]
A coalition between the Labour Party, Socialist Left Party, and Centre Party, took over from 17 October 2005[update] after the 2005 general election, where this coalition obtained a majority of 87 out of 169 seats in the Storting. Jens Stoltenberg became Prime Minister and formed a cabinet known as Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet.
This was a historical coalition in several aspects. It was the first time the Socialist Left sat in cabinet, the first time the Labour Party sat in a coalition government since the 1945 four-month post-war trans-party government (otherwise in government alone), and the first time the Centre Party sat in government along with socialist parties (otherwise in coalition with conservative and other centre parties).
In the 2009 general election the coalition parties kept the majority in the Storting by winning 86 out of 169 seats.[1] Stoltenberg's second cabinet thus continued. There have been several reshuffles in the cabinet during its existence.
Current Cabinet[edit]
In the 2013 election, the incumbent red–green coalition government obtained 72 seats and lost its majority. The election ended with a victory for the four opposition non-socialist parties, winning a total of 96 seats out of 169 (85 needed for a majority). Following convention, Stoltenberg's government resigned and handed over power in October 2013. The Labour Party, however, remained the largest party in parliament with 30.8% of the popular vote. The Progress Party also lost ground, but nevertheless participates in the new cabinet. Among the smaller parties, the centrist Liberal Party and Christian Peoples Party hold the balance of power. Both campaigned on a change in government. On September 30 the two smaller parties announced that they would support a minority coalition of the Conservative and Progress parties, but they would not take seats in the cabinet themselves. The new Erna Solberg government was re-elected in 2017.
See also the category Norwegian politicians and list of Norwegian governments.
Legislative branch[edit]
Norway has a unicameral Parliament, the Storting ("Great Council"), with members elected by popular vote for a four-year term (during which it may not be dissolved) by proportional representation in multi-member constituencies. Voting rights are granted in the year a person turns 18.
Stortinget, Oslo
The Storting currently has 169 members (increased from 165, effective from the elections of 12 September 2005). The members are elected from the 19 counties for 4-year terms according to a system of proportional representation. Until 2009, the Storting divided itself into two chambers, the Odelsting and the Lagting for the sole purpose of voting on legislation. Laws were proposed by the government through a Member of the Council of State or by a member of the Odelsting and decided on by the Odelsting and Lagting, in case of repeated disagreement by the joint Storting. In practice, the Lagting rarely disagreed and mainly just rubber-stamped the Odelsting's decision. In February 2007, the Storting passed a constitutional amendment to repeal the division, which abolished the Lagting for the 2009 general election, thereby establishing a fully unicameral system.[2]
Political parties and elections[edit]
Further information: Norwegian parliamentary election, 2013
Further information: Norwegian parliamentary election, 2009
Further information: Norwegian parliamentary election, 2005
For other political parties, see List of political parties in Norway. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Norway.
Elections are to be held every 4 years on the second Monday of September.
Monthly national election poll results.
Monthly national election poll results for the smaller parties.
Siv Jensen, Minister of Finance (2013-) and leader of the Progress Party.
Jens Stoltenberg (Labour) was Prime Minister of Norway 2005-2013.
Distribution of seats after the election:
Socialist Left Party (7)
Labour Party (55)
Centre Party (10)
Green Party (1)
Liberal Party (9)
Christian Democratic Party (10)
Conservative Party (48)
Progress Party (29)
e • d Summary of the 9 September 2013 Norwegian parliamentary election results
Parties
Votes
Seats
#
%
∆pp
#
∆#
%
Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 874,769 30.8 −4.5 55 −9 32.5
Conservative Party (Høyre) 760,232 26.8 +9.6 48 +18 28.4
Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 463,560 16.3 −6.6 29 −12 17.2
Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 158,475 5.6 0.0 10 0 5.9
Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 155,357 5.5 −0.7 10 −1 5.9
Liberal Party (Venstre) 148,275 5.2 +1.4 9 +7 5.3
Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 116,021 4.1 −2.1 7 −4 4.1
Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 79,152 2.8 +2.4 1 +1 0.6
Red Party (Rødt) 30,751 1.1 −0.3 0 0
The Christians (De Kristne) 17,731 0.6 +0.6 0 0
Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 11,865 0.4 0.0 0 0
Pirate Party (Piratpartiet) 9,869 0.3 +0.3 0 0
Coastal Party (Kystpartiet) 3,311 0.1 −0.1 0 0
Democrats in Norway (Demokratene i Norge) 2,214 0.1 +0.1 0 0
Christian Unity Party (Kristent Samlingsparti) 1,722 0.1 −0.1 0 0
Liberal People's Party (Det Liberale Folkepartiet) 909 0.0 0.0 0 0
Communist Party of Norway (Norges Kommunistiske Parti) 611 0.0 0.0 0 0
Hospital to Alta (Sykehus til Alta) 467 0.0 0.0 0 0
Society Party (Samfunnspartiet) 295 0.0 0.0 0 0
LoVeSe (Folkeliste mot oljeboring i Lofoten, Vesterålen og Senja) 268 0.0 0.0 0 0
People's Power (Folkemakten) 175 0.0 0.0 0 0
Centre-right coalition
(Conservative Party, Progress Party, Christian Democratic Party, Liberal Party) 1,530,542 54.0 +4.4 96 +13 56.8
Red–green coalition
(Labour Party, Centre Party, Socialist Left Party) 1,146,147 40.4 −7.3 72 −14 42.6
Total 2,836,029 100.0 – 169 – 100.0
Blank votes 12,874 0.5 +0.1
Invalid votes 3,255 0.1 0.0
Turnout 2,851,014 78.3 +1.9
Electorate 3,641,753
Source: KRD
Judicial branch[edit]
Main article: Judiciary of Norway
The Norwegian legal system is a mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; the Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations.
The regular courts include the Supreme Court (Høyesterett) with 18 permanent judges and a president, courts of appeal (court of second instance in most cases), city and county courts (court of first instance in most cases), and conciliation councils (court of first instance in most civil-code cases). Judges attached to the regular courts are appointed by the King in council after nomination by the Ministry of Justice.
The special High Court of the Realm (Riksrett) hears impeachment cases against members of the Government, Parliament, or Supreme Court. Following an amendment to the Norwegian constitution in February 2007, impeachment cases are heard by the five highest ranking Supreme Court justices and six lay members in one of the Supreme Court courtrooms The High Court of the Realm had generally lost most of its significance after 1884, and this institution has been passive ever since 1927. The new system is meant to restore the Riksrett to its earlier significance.
Impeachment[edit]
Impeachment may be brought against Members of the Council of State, or of the Supreme Court or of the Storting, for criminal offenses which they may have committed in their official capacity. Indictments are raised by the Storting and judged by five Supreme Court justices and six lay judges.
Administrative divisions[edit]
The mainland of Norway is divided into 19 counties (fylker, singular fylke): Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, Møre og Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trøndelag, Oppland, Oslo, Østfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Sør-Trøndelag, Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, and Vestfold. In addition are the island group Svalbard and the island Jan Mayen.
Counties and municipalities have local autonomy, but this autonomy is circumscribed by national controls. Counties and municipalities are subject to the oversight of a governor (fylkesmann) appointed by the King in the Council of State. One governor exercises authority in both Oslo and the adjacent county of Akershus. Each county has a directly elected county assembly, led by a mayor, which decides upon matters falling within purview of the counties (upper secondary and vocational education, some culture, transport and social services). There is also a governor (sysselmann) on Svalbard, who is under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and not the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development as the other counties.
The counties are divided into 428 municipalities (kommuner, singular kommune). The municipalities are led by directly elected assemblies, which elect a board of aldermen and a mayor. Some municipalities, most notably Oslo, have a parliamentary system of government, where the city council elects a city government that is responsible for executive functions. Some municipalities are also divided into municipal districts or city districts (again, Oslo is one of these) responsible for certain welfare and culture services. These districts are also headed by political assemblies, in some cases elected directly by the citizens. The municipalities deal with a wide range of planning issues and welfare services, and are mostly free to engage in activities which are not explicitly restricted by law. Lately, the functions of the counties and municipalities have been the subject of debates, and changes may take place in the near future.
Dependent areas[edit]
Norway has three dependent areas, all in or near Antarctica: Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic Ocean, Queen Maud Land in Antarctica, and Peter I Island off West Antarctica. The Norwegian Act of 27 February 1930 declares these areas are subject to Norwegian sovereignty as dependencies.
An attempt to annex East Greenland ended in defeat at the Hague Tribunal in 1933.
International organization participation[edit]
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, International IDEA, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, International Maritime Organization, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, Zangger Committee.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Walter Gibbs: Norway Keeps Leftists in Power New York Times, September 15, 2009
Jump up ^ "Norway to have single chamber parliament". Norden. 2007-02-22. Retrieved 2007-09-05.
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Education in France
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Education in France
Ministry of National Education
Minister
Deputy Minister
Jean-Michel Blanquer
General details
Primary languages
French
System type
Central
Literacy (2003)
Total
991
Male
99
Female
99
Enrollment
Total
15.0 million2
Primary
6.7 million
Secondary
4.9 million
Post secondary
2.3 million3
Attainment
Secondary diploma
79.7%
Post-secondary diploma
27%
1As of 2004, literacy rates are no longer collected within INSEE censuses.
2Includes private education.
3Includes universities, CPGE, and technical schools.
School system in France
The French educational system is highly centralized and organized, with many subdivisions. It is divided into the three stages of enseignement primaire (primary education), enseignement secondaire (secondary education), and enseignement supérieur (higher education). In French higher education, the following degrees are recognized by the Bologna Process (EU recognition): Licence and Licence Professionnelle (bachelor's degrees), and the comparably named Master and Doctorat degrees.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Governance
3 School year
4 Primary school
5 Middle school and high school
6 International education
7 Higher education
7.1 Tuition costs
7.2 Universities in France
7.3 Grandes écoles
7.4 Preparatory classes (CPGEs)
7.4.1 Scientific CPGEs
7.4.2 Business CPGEs
7.4.3 Humanities CPGEs (Hypokhâgne and Khâgne)
7.4.4 Colles
7.5 Recruitment of teachers
8 Religion
9 Statistics
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main article: History of education in France
Jules Ferry
While the French trace the development of their educational system to Napoleon, the modern era of French education begins at the end of the nineteenth century. Jules Ferry, a Minister of Public Instruction in the 1880s, is widely credited for creating the modern school (l'école républicaine) by requiring all children between the ages of 6 and 12, both boys and girls, to attend. He also made public instruction mandatory, free of charge, and secular (laïque). With these laws, known as French Lubbers, Jules Ferry laws, and several others, the Third Republic repealed most of the Falloux Laws of 1850–1851, which gave an important role to the clergy.
Governance[edit]
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2016)
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
All educational programmes in France are regulated by the Ministry of National Education (officially called Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de la Jeunesse et de la Vie associative). The head of the ministry is the Minister of National Education.
The teachers in public primary and secondary schools are all state civil servants, making the ministère the largest employer in the country. Professors and researchers in France's universities are also employed by the state.
The different Académies and school zones in France
Zone
Académies/Cites
A
Besançon, Bordeaux, Clermont-Ferrand, Dijon, Grenoble, Limoges, Lyon, Poitiers
B
Aix-Marseille, Amiens, Caen, Lille, Nancy-Metz, Nantes, Nice, Orléans-Tours, Reims, Rennes, Rouen, Strasbourg
C
Créteil, Montpellier, Paris, Toulouse, Versailles
At the primary and secondary levels, the curriculum is the same for all French students in any given grade, which includes public, semi-public and subsidised institutions. However, there exist specialised sections and a variety of options that students can choose. The reference for all French educators is the Bulletin officiel de l'éducation nationale, de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche (B.O.) which lists all current programmes and teaching directives. It is amended many times every year.[1]
School year[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In Metropolitan France, the school year runs from early September to early July. The school calendar is standardised throughout the country and is the sole domain of the ministry.
In May, schools need time to organise exams (for example, the baccalauréat). Outside Metropolitan France, the school calendar is set by the local recteur.
Major holiday breaks are as follows:
All Saints (la Toussaint), two weeks (since 2012) around the end of October and the beginning of November;
Christmas (Noël), two weeks around Christmas Day and New Year's Day;
winter (hiver), two weeks starting in mid February;
spring (printemps) or Easter (Pâques), two weeks starting in mid April;
summer (été), two months starting in early July. (mid-June for high school students).
Primary school[edit]
Schooling in France is mandatory from age 6. Most parents start sending their children at age 3, at kindergarten classes (maternelle), which are usually affiliated to a borough's primary school. Some even start earlier at age 2 in pré-maternelle or très petite section classes, which are essentially daycare centres. The last year of kindergarten, grande section ("big form") is an important step in the educational process, as it is the year in which pupils are introduced to reading.
After kindergarten, the young students move on to the école élémentaire (literally the "elementary school"). It is in the first year that they will learn to write and develop their reading skills. Much akin to other educational systems, French primary school students usually have a single teacher (or perhaps two) who teaches the complete curriculum, such as French, mathematics, science and humanities to name a few. Note that the French word for a teacher at the primary school level is maître, or its feminine form maîtresse (previously called instituteur, or its feminine form institutrice).
Children stay in elementary school for 5 years until they are 10–11 years-old. The classes are named : CP (cours préparatoire), CE1 (cours élémentaire 1), CE2 (cours élémentaire 2), CM1 (cours moyen 1) and CM2 (cours moyen 2). [2]
Middle school and high school[edit]
Further information: Secondary education in France
After primary school, two educational stages follow:
collèges (middle school), which cater for the first four years of secondary education from the ages of 11 to 15.
lycées (high school), which provide a three-year course of further secondary education for children between the ages of 15 and 18. Pupils are prepared for the baccalauréat (baccalaureate, colloquially known as le bac). The baccalauréat can lead to higher education studies or directly to professional life.
International education[edit]
As of January 2015, the International Schools Consultancy (ISC)[3] listed France as having 105 international schools.[4] ISC defines an 'international school' in the following terms "ISC includes an international school if the school delivers a curriculum to any combination of pre-school, primary or secondary students, wholly or partly in English outside an English-speaking country, or if a school in a country where English is one of the official languages, offers an English-medium curriculum other than the country’s national curriculum and is international in its orientation."[4] This definition is used by publications including The Economist.[5]
France has its own international school regulator, the AEFE (Association de l'éducation Francaise a l'étranger).
Higher education[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
See also: List of colleges and universities in France and Academic ranks in France
Higher education in France is organized in three levels, which correspond to those of other European countries, facilitating international mobility: the Licence and Licence Professionnelle (bachelor's degrees), and the Master's and Doctorat degrees.[citation needed] The Licence and the Master are organized in semesters: 6 for the Licence and 4 for the Master.[6][7] These levels of study include various "parcours" or paths based on UE (Unités d’Enseignement or Modules), each worth a defined number of European credits (ECTS); a student accumulates these credits, which are generally transferable between paths.[citation needed] A Licence is awarded once 180 ECTS have been obtained; a Master is awarded once 120 additional credits have been obtained.[6][7]
Licence and master's degrees are offered within specific domaines and carry a specific mention. Spécialités which are either research-oriented or professionally oriented during the second year of the Master. There are also Professional Licences whose objective is immediate job integration. It is possible to later return to school through continuing education or to validate professional experience (through VAE, Validation des Acquis de l’Expérience[8]).
Higher education in France is divided between grandes écoles and public universities. The grandes écoles admit the graduates of the level Baccalauréat + 2 years of validated study (or sometimes directly after the Baccalauréat) whereas universities admit all graduates of the Baccalauréat.
A striking trait of French higher education, compared with other countries, is the small size and multiplicity of establishments, each specialised in a more-or-less broad spectrum of areas. A middle-sized French city, such as Grenoble or Nancy, may have 2 or 3 universities (focused on science or sociological studies) and also a number of engineering and other establishments specialised higher education. In Paris and its suburbs there are 13 universities, none of which is specialised in one area or another, and a large number of smaller institutions that are highly specialised.
It is not uncommon for graduate teaching programmes (master's degrees, the course part of PhD programmes etc.) to be operated in common by several institutions, allowing the institutions to present a larger variety of courses.
In engineering schools and the professional degrees of universities, a large share of the teaching staff is often made up of non-permanent professors; instead, part-time professors are hired to teach one only specific subject. The part-time professors are generally hired from neighbouring universities, research institutes or industries.
Another original feature of the French higher education system is that a large share of the scientific research is carried out by research establishments such as CNRS or INSERM, which are not formally part of the universities. However, in most cases, the research units of those establishments are located inside universities (or other higher education establishments) and jointly operated by the research establishment and the university.
Tuition costs[edit]
Since higher education is funded by the state, the fees are very low; the tuition varies from €150 to €700 depending on the university and the different levels of education. (licence, master, doctorate). One can therefore get a master's degree (in 5 years) for about €750-3,500. Additionally, students from low-income families can apply for scholarships, paying nominal sums for tuition or textbooks, and can receive a monthly stipend of up to €450 per month.
The tuition in public engineering schools is comparable to universities, albeit a little higher (around €700). However it can reach €7000 a year for private engineering schools, and some business schools, which are all private or partially private, charge up to €15000 a year.
Health insurance for students is free until the age of 20 so only the costs of living and books have to be added. After the age of 20, the health insurance for students costs €200 a year and cover most of the medical expenses.
Some public schools have other ways of gaining money. Some do not receive sufficient funds from the government for class trips and other extra activities and so these schools may ask for a small (optional) entrance fee for new students.
Universities in France[edit]
See also: List of public universities in France and University reform in France
The public universities in France are named after the major cities near which they are located, followed by a numeral if there are several. Paris, for example, has thirteen universities, labelled Paris I to XIII. Some of these are not in Paris itself, but in the suburbs. In addition, most of the universities have taken a more informal name which is usually that of a famous person or a particular place. Sometimes, it is also a way to honor a famous alumnus, for example the science university in Strasbourg is known as "Université Louis Pasteur" while its official name is "Université Strasbourg I" (however, since 2009, the three universities of Strasbourg have been merged).
The French system has undergone a reform, the Bologna process, which aims at creating European standards for university studies, most notably a similar time-frame everywhere, with three years devoted to the bachelor's degree ("licence" in French), two for the Master's, and three for the doctorate. French universities have also adopted the ECTS credit system (for example, a licence is worth 180 credits). However the traditional curriculum based on end of semester examinations still remains in place in most universities. This double standard has added complexity to a system which also remains quite rigid. It is difficult to change a major during undergraduate studies without losing a semester or even a whole year. Students usually also have few course selection options once they enroll in a particular diploma.
France also hosts various branch colleges of foreign universities. These include Baruch College, the University of London Institute in Paris, Parsons Paris School of Art and Design and the American University of Paris.
Grandes écoles[edit]
Main article: Grandes écoles
The grandes écoles of France are elite higher-education establishments. They are generally focused on a single subject area (e.g., engineering or business), have a small size (typically between 100 and 300 graduates per year), and are highly selective. They are widely regarded as prestigious,[9][10] and most of France's scientists and executives have graduated from a grande école.
National rankings are published every year by various magazines.[11][12][13][14] While these rankings slightly vary from year to year, the top grandes écoles have been very stable for decades:
science and engineering: Écoles Normales Supérieures, Ecole Polytechnique, Mines ParisTech, ISAE-Supaéro and CentraleSupélec;
humanities: three Écoles Normales Supérieures and Ecole des Chartes;
business: HEC Paris, ESSEC Business School, ESCP Europe, EMLyon, Audencia and EDHEC;[15]
administration and political sciences: ENA and Sciences Po.
Preparatory classes (CPGEs)[edit]
Main article: Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles
The Preparatory classes (in French "classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles" or CPGE), widely known as prépas, is a prep course with the main goal of training students for enrollment in a grande école. Admission to CPGEs is based on performance during the last two years of high school, called Première and Terminale. Only 5% of a generation is admitted to a prépa. CPGEs are usually located within high schools but pertain to tertiary education, which means that each student must have successfully passed their Baccalauréat (or equivalent) to be admitted in a CPGE. Each CPGE receives applications from hundreds of applicants worldwide[citation needed] every year in April and May, and selects students based on its own criteria. A few CPGEs, mainly the private ones (which account for 10% of CPGEs), also have an interview process or look at a student's involvement in the community.
The ratio of CPGE students who fail to enter any grande école is lower in scientific and business CPGEs than in humanities CPGEs.
Scientific CPGEs[edit]
The oldest CPGEs are the scientific ones, which can only be accessed by scientific Bacheliers. Scientific CPGE are called TSI ("Technology and Engineering Science"), MPSI ("Mathematics, Physics and Engineering Science"), PCSI ("Physics, Chemistry, and Engineering Science") or PTSI ("Physics, Technology, and Engineering Science") in the first year, MP ("Mathematics and Physics"), PSI ("Physics and Engineering Science"), PC ("Physics and Chemistry") or PT ("Physics and Technology") in the second year and BCPST ("Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Life and Earth Sciences").
First year CPGE students are called the "Math Sup"—or Hypotaupe—(Sup for "Classe de Mathématiques Supérieures", superior in French, meaning post-high school), and second years "Math Spé"—or Taupe—(Spés standing for "Classe de Mathématiques Spéciales", special in French). The students of these classes are called Taupins. Both the first and second year programmes include as much as sixteen hours of mathematics teaching per week, ten hours of physics, two hours of philosophy, two to four hours of (one or two) foreign languages teaching and two to three hours of minor options: either SI, Engineering Industrial Science or Theoretical Computer Science (including some programming using the Pascal or CaML programming languages, as a practical work). With this is added several hours of homework, which can rise as much as the official hours of class. A known joke among those students is that they are becoming moles for two years, sometimes three. This is actually the origin of the nicknames taupe and taupin (taupe being the French word for a mole).
Business CPGEs[edit]
There are also CPGE which are focused on economics (who prepare the admission in business schools). These are known as "Prépa EC" (short for Economiques et Commerciales) and are divided into two parts ("prépa EC spe mathematics", generally for those who graduated the scientific baccalaureat and "prépa EC spe éco", for those who were in the economics section in high school).
Humanities CPGEs (Hypokhâgne and Khâgne)[edit]
The literary and humanities CPGEs have also their own nicknames, Hypokhâgne for the first year and Khâgne for the second year. The students are called the khâgneux. These classes prepare for schools such as the three Écoles Normales Supérieures, the Ecole des Chartes, and sometimes Sciences Po.
There are two kinds of Khâgnes. The Khâgne de Lettres is the most common, and focuses on philosophy, French literature, history and languages. The Khâgne de Lettres et Sciences Sociales (Literature and Social Sciences), otherwise called Khâgne B/L, also includes mathematics and socio-economic sciences in addition to those literary subjects.
The students of Hypokhâgne and Khâgne (the humanities CPGE) are simultaneously enrolled in universities, and can go back to university in case of failure or if they feel unable to pass the highly competitive entrance examinations for the Écoles Normales Supérieures.
Colles[edit]
The amount of work required of the students is exceptionally high. In addition to class time and homework, students spend several hours each week completing exams called colles (sometimes written 'khôlles' to look like a Greek word, this way of writing being initially a khâgneux's joke[clarification needed]). The colles are unique to French academic education in CPGEs.
In scientific and business CPGEs, colles consist of oral examinations twice a week, in French, foreign languages (usually English, German, or Spanish), maths, physics, philosophy, or geopolitics — depending on the type of CPGE. Students, usually in groups of three or four, spend an hour facing a professor alone in a room, answering questions and solving problems.
In humanities CPGEs, colles are usually taken every quarter in every subject. Students have one hour to prepare a short presentation that takes the form of a French-style dissertation (a methodologically codified essay, typically structured in 3 parts: thesis, counter-thesis, and synthesis) in history, philosophy, etc. on a given topic, or the form of a commentaire composé (a methodologically codified commentary) in literature and foreign languages. In Ancient Greek or Latin, they involve a translation and a commentary. The student then has 20 minutes to present his/her work to the teacher, who finally asks some questions on the presentation and on the corresponding topic.
Colles are regarded as very stressful, particularly due to the high standards expected by the teachers, and the subsequent harshness that may be directed at students who do not perform adequately. But they are important insofar as they prepare the students, from the very first year, for the oral part of the highly competitive examinations, which are reserved for the happy few who successfully pass the written part.
Recruitment of teachers[edit]
Decades ago[when?], primary school teachers were educated in Ecoles Normales and secondary teachers recruited through the "Agrégation" examination. The situation has been diversified by the introduction in the 1950s of the CAPES examination for secondary teachers and in the 1990s by the institution of "Instituts Universitaires de Formation des Maîtres" (IUFM), which have recently been renamed Écoles Supérieures du Professorat et de l’Éducation (ESPE). University teachers are recruited by special commissions, and are divided between:
"teachers-researchers" (enseignants-chercheurs), with at least a doctorate: they teach classes and conduct research in their field of expertise with a full tenure. They are either Maître de Conférences (Senior lecturers), or Professeurs (Professors). Only a Professor can be the director of studies for a PhD student. The net pay is from 2300 to 8800 (with extra duties) euros per month. Net salaries of over 4000 euros per month (2011 level) are however very unusual, and limited to the small minority of teacher-researchers who have held the grade of first class full professor for at least seven years, which is rare. The maximum possible net salary for second-class full professors and chief senior lecturers (maître de conférence hors classe)—the end of career status for most full-time teacher-researchers in French universities—is 3760 Euros a month (2011)—and only a minority of this group ever reach this level.
Secondary school teachers who have been permanently assigned away from their original school position to teach in a university. They are not required to conduct any research but teach twice as many hours as the "teachers-researchers". They are called PRAG (professeurs agrégés) and PRCE (professeurs certifiés). Their weekly service is 15 or 18 hours. The net pay is from 1400 to 3900 euros per month.
CPGE teachers are usually "agrégés" or "chaire sup", assigned by the Inspection Général according to their qualifications and competitive exam rank as well as other factors. Their weekly service is about 9 hours a week, 25 or 33 weeks a year. Net pay : from 2000 to 7500 euro (extra hours)
Primary school and kindergarten teachers (Professeurs des écoles), educated in "Instituts Universitaires de Formation des Maîtres" (IUFM), have usually a "master" (Bac+5). Their weekly service is about 28 hours a week.
Religion[edit]
Religious instruction is not given by public schools (except for 6- to 18-year-old students in Alsace-Moselle under the Concordat of 1801). Laïcité (secularism) is one of the main precepts of the French republic.
In a March 2004 ruling, the French government banned all "conspicuous religious symbols" from schools and other public institutions with the intent of preventing proselytisation and to foster a sense of tolerance among ethnic groups. Some religious groups showed their opposition, saying the law hindered the freedom of religion as protected by the French constitution.
See also: French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools
Statistics[edit]
The French Republic has 67 million inhabitants, living in the 13 regions of metropolitan France and four overseas departments (2.7 million). Despite the fact that the population is growing (up 0.4% a year), the proportion of young people under 25 is falling. There are now[when?] fewer than 19 million young people in metropolitan France, or 32% of the total population, compared with 40% in the 1970s and 35% at the time of the 190 census. France is seeing a slow aging of the population—less marked however than in other neighbouring countries (such as Germany and Italy), especially as the annual number of births is currently increasing slightly.
Eighteen million pupils and students, i.e. a quarter of the population, are in the education system. Of these, over 2.4 million are in higher education.[16] The French Education Minister reported in 2000 that 39 out of 75,000 state schools were "seriously violent" and 300 were "somewhat violent".[17]
See also[edit]
Academic grading in France
Agency for French Teaching Abroad (Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger)
Campus France (Agency for the promotion of French Higher Education)
Conférence des Grandes Écoles (CGE)
Commission des Titres d'Ingénieur
Comité d'études sur les formations d'ingénieurs
Conference of the Directors of French Engineering Schools (Conférence des directeurs des écoles françaises d'ingénieurs (CDEFI))
Homeschooling in France
Open access in France
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Le Bulletin officiel". Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche.
Jump up ^ https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/N54
Jump up ^ "International School Consultancy Group > Home". Iscresearch.com. Retrieved 2016-07-07.
^ Jump up to: a b "International School Consultancy Group > Information > ISC News". Iscresearch.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-07-07.
Jump up ^ "The new local". The Economist. 17 December 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "La Licence". enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr (in French). 2016-07-19. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
^ Jump up to: a b "Le Master". enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr (in French). 2016-07-19. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
Jump up ^ "Validation des acquis de l'expérience (VAE)". Vosdroits.service-public.fr (in French). 2011-05-02. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
Jump up ^ Understanding the "Grandes Ecoles", retrieved 2009-06-07
Jump up ^ "grande école". French to English translation by CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved November 02, 2012.
Jump up ^ L'Étudiant, Palmarès des grandes écoles de commerce.
Jump up ^ L'Étudiant, Palmarès des écoles d'ingénieurs.
Jump up ^ Le Figaro, Classement des écoles de commerce.
Jump up ^ L'Usine nouvelle, Palmarès des écoles d'ingénieurs.
Jump up ^ "Classement SIGEM des écoles de commerce | Bloom6". bloom6.free.fr. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
Jump up ^ Kabla-Langlois, Isabelle; Dauphin, Laurence (2015). "Students in higher education". Higher education & research in France, facts and figures - 49 indicators. Paris: Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Lichfield, J. (2000, January 27). Violence in the lycees leaves France reeling. The Independent. London.
External links[edit]
Eurydice France, Eurydice: Portal for European education systems
French Ministry of National Education, Higher Education and Research (English)
School Education in France, Eduscol: the French portal for Education players (English)
Education in France, a webdossier by the German Education Server (English)
French tutor in London, The Language machine – Let Us Find the Right French Lessons for You(English)
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