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The Last Starfighter
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This article is about the film. For the stage musical adaptation, see The Last Starfighter (musical).
The Last Starfighter
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Nick Castle
Produced by
Gary Adelson
Edward O. Denault
Written by
Jonathan R. Betuel
Starring
Lance Guest
Dan O'Herlihy
Catherine Mary Stewart
Robert Preston
Music by
Craig Safan
Cinematography
King Baggot
Edited by
Carroll Timothy O'Meara
Production
company
Lorimar Productions
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
July 13, 1984 (1984-07-13)
Running time
101 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$15 million
Box office
$28,733,290 (North America)[1]
The Last Starfighter is a 1984 American space opera film directed by Nick Castle. The film tells the story of Alex Rogan (Lance Guest), an average teenager recruited by an alien defense force to fight in an interstellar war. It also features Robert Preston, Dan O'Herlihy, Catherine Mary Stewart, Norman Snow, and Kay E. Kuter.
The Last Starfighter, along with Disney's Tron, has the distinction of being one of cinema's earliest films to use extensive computer-generated imagery (CGI) to depict its many starships, environments and battle scenes. It is one of the first films to use CGI to represent "real-life" objects instead of digital graphics.
The Last Starfighter was Preston's final role on the big screen (though he would do cameos in TV movies afterwards until his death in 1987). His character, a "lovable con-man", was a nod to his most famous role as Harold Hill in The Music Man.[2] There was a subsequent novelization of the film by Alan Dean Foster, as well as a video game based on the production. In 2004, it was also adapted as an off-Broadway musical.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Music
5 Reception
6 Adaptations
6.1 Video games
6.1.1 Arcade
6.1.2 Home computer and console
7 Sequel
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Alex Rogan is a teenager living in a trailer park with his mother and younger brother, Louis. After being disapproved for a scholarship application, Alex becomes angry at his go-nowhere existence. The only entertainment in the trailer park comes from an arcade game, called "Starfighter", in which the player defends "the Frontier" from Xur and the Ko-Dan Armada in a space battle. After Alex becomes the game's highest-scoring player, he is approached by the game's inventor, Centauri, who invites him to take a ride in his fancy car as a prize for winning the game. Centauri is actually an alien and his car a spacecraft; Alex is essentially abducted, and a doppelganger android named Beta is used to cover Alex's absence.
Alex learns that the Starfighter arcade game represents a real-life conflict between the Rylan Star League and the Ko-Dan Empire; the latter is led by Xur, a native Rylan traitor to whom the Ko-Dan Emperor has promised control of Rylos. The game was designed as a test to find those "with the gift"; Alex, expected to be the gunner for a Starfighter spacecraft called the Gunstar, befriends a reptilian pilot named Grig. He also learns that the Frontier is a forcefield protecting Rylos and its surrounding planets from invasion; Xur has given the Ko-Dan the means to breach it.
Xur reveals he has discovered an infiltrator in his ranks and broadcasts the spy's execution to the Star League. He then proclaims that once Rylos' moon is in eclipse, the Ko-Dan Armada will begin their invasion. Unnerved by everything he has seen, Alex asks to be taken home. On Earth, Centauri tells Alex to contact him should he change his mind. Meanwhile, a saboteur eliminates the Starfighter base defenses, causing heavy damage, killing the Starfighters, and destroying the Gunstars. Only Grig and an advanced prototype Gunstar survive.
Alex discovers Beta and contacts Centauri to retrieve him. Centauri arrives just as Alex and Beta are attacked by an alien assassin, a Zando-Zan, in Xur's service; Centauri shoots off its right arm. He then explains that more Zando-Zan will be coming and the only way for Alex to protect his family (and Earth) is to embrace his ability as a Starfighter. Before Alex can reply, the assassin (mentally controlling its severed arm) attempts to shoot Alex. Centauri jumps in the way, taking the hit and killing the alien. Alex and Centauri fly back to the Starfighter base, where Centauri succumbs to his injuries. Alex finds Grig and they prepare the Gunstar to battle the Ko-Dan Armada.
While Grig trains Alex, Beta finds it difficult to maintain his impersonation of Alex, particularly with Maggie, Alex's girlfriend. After discovering that a group of Zando-Zan have set up a communication center from their spaceship outside the trailer park, Beta reveals everything to Maggie. She does not believe him until the Zando-Zan discover the pair and Beta is shot, exposing damaged circuitry. They steal a friend's pickup truck and charge it at the Zando-Zan ship; Beta has Maggie jump out before sacrificing himself by crashing into the ship, destroying it.
Alex and Grig attack the Ko-Dan mothership, crippling its communications. Once Alex's weapons are depleted, he desperately activates a secret weapon on the Gunstar, the "Death Blossom", that destroys the remaining Ko-Dan fighters. With the fleet destroyed, Lord Kril orders Xur executed for his arrogance and failure to ensure victory, but Xur escapes the mothership just before Alex cripples its guidance controls, causing it to crash into Rylos' moon.
Alex is proclaimed the savior of Rylos and invited to help rebuild the Star League, as it is still vulnerable: the Frontier has collapsed and Xur escaped. An unknown alien approaches, revealing himself as Centauri and explaining he was in a healing stasis. Alex agrees to stay, but he returns to Earth, landing his Gunstar in the trailer park. Grig tells Alex's mother and the people of the trailer park of Alex's heroism, and Alex asks Maggie to come with him; she agrees. Louis is inspired to join Alex and begins playing the Starfighter game.
Cast[edit]
Lance Guest as Alex Rogan / Beta Alex
Dan O'Herlihy as Grig
Catherine Mary Stewart as Maggie Gordon
Robert Preston as Centauri
Norman Snow as Xur
Kay E. Kuter as Enduran
Barbara Bosson as Jane Rogan
Chris Hebert as Louis Rogan
Dan Mason as Lord Kril
Vernon Washington as Otis
John O'Leary as Rylan Bursar
George McDaniel as Kodan Officer
Charlene Nelson as Rylan Technician
John Maio as Friendly Alien
Al Berry as Rylan Spy
Scott Dunlop as Tentacle Alien
Peter Nelson as Jack Blake
Peggy Pope as Elvira
Meg Wyllie as Granny Gordon
Ellen Blake as Clara Potter
Britt Leach as Mr. Potter
Bunny Summers as Mrs. Boone
Owen Bush as Mr. Boone
Marc Alaimo as Hitchhiker
Wil Wheaton as Louis' friend
Cameron Dye as Andy
Geoffrey Blake as Gary
Production[edit]
Rio Groceries, filming location of The Last Starfighter, in 2014
Shelley Lake at Digital Productions in 1983 choreographing a scene from The Last Starfighter. Pictured at the IMI-500 workstation is a simulation of the Starcar.
The Last Starfighter is one of the earliest films to make extensive use of computer graphics for its special effects. In place of physical models, 3D rendered models were used to depict space ships and many other objects. The Gunstar and other spaceships were the design of artist Ron Cobb, who also worked on Alien, Star Wars and Conan the Barbarian.
The computer graphics for the film were rendered by Digital Productions on a Cray X-MP supercomputer. The company created 27 minutes of effects for the film. This was considered an enormous amount of computer generated imagery at the time.[3] For the 300 scenes containing computer graphics in the film, each frame of the animation contained an average of 250,000 polygons, and had a resolution of 3000 × 5000 36-bit pixels. Digital Productions estimated that using computer animation required only half the time, and one half to one third the cost of traditional special effects. The result was a cost of $14 million for a film that made about $21 million at the box office.[3]
Not all special effects in the film were done with computer animation. The depiction of the Beta unit before it had taken Alex's form was a practical effect, created out of materials and produced on-set. The Starcar created by Gene Winfield and driven by Centauri was also a real prop.[4]
Because the test audiences responded positively to the Beta Alex character, director Nick Castle added more scenes of Beta Alex interacting with the trailer park community. Because Lance Guest had cut his hair short after initial filming had completed and he contracted an illness during the re-shoots, his portrayal of Beta Alex in the added scenes has him wearing a wig and heavy makeup. Wil Wheaton had some scenes filmed before they were ultimately deleted from the final print.[4]
Music[edit]
Main article: The Last Starfighter (soundtrack)
Composer Craig Safan wanted to go "bigger than Star Wars" and thereby utilized a "Mahler-sized" orchestra, resulting in an unusual breadth of instruments, including "quadruple woodwinds" and "eight trumpets, [trombones], and horns!"[5]
Reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2017)
The Last Starfighter earned over $28 million on an estimated budget of $15 million.[6]
Based on 29 reviews, Rotten Tomatoes ranks The Last Starfighter at a 76% "fresh" rating.[7] Roger Ebert gave the film two-and-a-half out of four stars, stating that while the actors were good, The Last Starfighter was "not a terrifically original movie," but was nonetheless "well-made".[8] Halliwell's Film Guide described the film as "a surprisingly pleasant variation on the Star Wars boom, with sharp and witty performances from two reliable character actors and some elegant gadgetry to offset the teenage mooning."[9] Gene Siskel included the film on his list of "Guilty Pleasures", describing it as "a Star Wars rip-off, but the best one". Over time it has developed a cult following.[10]
Adaptations[edit]
The Last Starfighter's popularity has resulted in several non-film adaptations of the storyline and uses of the name. Alan Dean Foster wrote a novelization of the film shortly after it was released (ISBN 0-425-07255-X). In the same year as the release of the film, Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer Bill Mantlo and artists Bret Blevins and Tony Salmons in Marvel Super Special #31.[11] The adaptation was also available as a three issue limited series.[12] In 2004, it was also adapted as an off-Broadway musical debuting at the Storm Theatre in New York City.
In 1984, FASA, a noted sci-fi tabletop game maker, created a gaming system for The Last Starfighter.
Video games[edit]
Arcade[edit]
A real The Last Starfighter arcade game by Atari, Inc. is promised in the end credits, but was never released. If released, the game would have been Atari's first 3D polygonal arcade game to use a Motorola 68000 as the CPU. Gameplay would have been taken from game scenes and space battle scenes in the film and would have included the same controller that was used on the first Star Wars arcade game. The game was abandoned once Atari representatives saw the film in post-production and decided it was not going to be a financial success.[13]
Home computer and console[edit]
Home versions of the game for the Atari 2600 and Atari 5200[14] consoles and Atari 8-bit home computers were also developed, but never commercially released under the Last Starfighter name. The home computer version was eventually renamed and released (with some minor changes) as Star Raiders II.[15] A prototype exists for the Atari 2600 Last Starfighter game, which was in actuality a game already in development by Atari under the name Universe. This game was eventually released as Solaris.[16]
In 1990, an NES game titled The Last Starfighter was released, but it was actually a conversion of Uridium for Commodore 64, with modified sprites, title screen and soundtrack.[17]
A freeware playable version of the game, based on what is seen in the film, was released for PC in 2007. This is a faithful reproduction of the arcade game from the film and features full sound effects and music from the game. The creators of this game, Rogue Synapse, have also built a working arcade cabinet of the game.[18]
Sequel[edit]
In February 2008, production company GPA Entertainment added "Starfighter – The sequel to the classic motion picture Last Starfighter" to its list of projects and two months later the project was reported to be "stuck in the pre-production phase".[19] It was still there as of January 2012.[20] Hollywood directors including Seth Rogen and Steven Spielberg, as well as screenwriter Gary Whitta, have expressed interest in creating a sequel or remake, but Jonathan R. Betuel has allegedly indicated that he does not want another film made.[21]
The rights to the film have not been clearly defined due to conflicting information. Multiple sources say Universal Pictures still owns the theatrical and home media distribution rights while Warner Bros., which absorbed Lorimar Pictures in 1992, has the international distribution rights. Another source states that Universal has the option to remake the film while Betuel has sequel rights. Further complicating the situation is a claim that both Universal and Warner Bros. each have remake and sequel rights.[22]
In July 2015, it was reported that Betuel will write a TV reboot of the film.[23]
On April 4, 2018, Whitta posted concept art for The Last Starfighter sequel on his Twitter account.[24] In the same tweet he also indicated that Betuel will be collaborating with him on the project. In a follow-up interview with Gizmodo, Whitta referred to the project as "a combination of reboot and sequel that we both think honors the legacy of the original film while passing the torch to a new generation."[25]
See also[edit]
Moon Master
Armada
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Last Starfighter (1984)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Crossing the Frontier: Making "The Last Starfighter" (behind-the-scenes retrospective), Universal Studios Home Video, 1999.
^ Jump up to: a b "ID 797 – History of Computer Graphics and Animation". design.osu.edu.
^ Jump up to: a b Plummer, Ryan (2014-07-10). "Everything You Never Knew About the Making of The Last Starfighter". Io9. Retrieved 2015-03-23.
Jump up ^ Danny Gonzalez, "Celebrating the 30th Anniversary of The Last Starfighter' with Craig Safan, June 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Last Starfighter (1984) – Business". The Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2015-03-23.
Jump up ^ "The Last Starfighter (1984)". Rotten Tomatoes/Flixster. Retrieved 2015-03-23.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1984). "The Last Starfighter review". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Halliwell's Film Guide, 13th edition – ISBN 0-00-638868-X.
Jump up ^ Blevins, Joe (14 July 2014). "Enter a backstage history of The Last Starfighter". a.v. club.
Jump up ^ "GCD :: Issue :: Marvel Super Special #31". www.comics.org.
Jump up ^ The Last Starfighter at the Grand Comics Database
Jump up ^ "PDF article about the game".
Jump up ^ Reichert, Matt. "The Last Starfighter (Atari 5200)". AtariProtos.com. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Reichert, Matt. "The Last Starfighter (Atari 8-bit)". AtariProtos.com. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Reichert, Matt. "The Last Starfighter (Atari 2600)". AtariProtos.com. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Last Starfighter for NES (1990) – MobyGames". MobyGames.
Jump up ^ Download page for freeware version of The Last Starfighter videogame
Jump up ^ "The Next Starfighter?". FSR. April 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ "George Paige Associates, Inc". Archived from the original on January 27, 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
Jump up ^ Lussier, Germain (2014-11-24). "Steven Spielberg Couldn't Even Do a Starfighter Remake". /Film. Retrieved 2015-03-23.
Jump up ^ Zakarin, Jordan (2015-05-15). "How 'The Last Starfighter' Became a Cult Classic — and Why a Sequel May Finally Take Flight". Yahoo!. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
Jump up ^ Schaefer, Sandy. "'Last Starfighter' TV Reboot 'Starfighter Chronicles' In The Works". Screenrant.com. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Gary Whitta on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
Jump up ^ Whitbrook, James. "Rogue One's Gary Whitta Tells Us His Plans for a Last Starfighter Reboot". io9. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Last Starfighter
The Last Starfighter on IMDb
The Last Starfighter at the TCM Movie Database
The Last Starfighter at AllMovie
The Last Starfighter at Rotten Tomatoes
Animation Timeline from Brown University
The Last Starfighter video game
Arcade game specifications by Atari
Podcast about the Last Starfighter by the Retroist
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International English food terms
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The following list of international English food terms points out differences in food terminology between some different dialects of English:
Contents
[hide]
1 List
2 Digestive biscuits and Graham crackers
3 Chips and French fries
4 Apple juice, cider and hard cider
5 See also
List[edit]
United States
Canada
UK
Australia
Dairy, eggs & meat
whole milk homogenized or 3% milk full fat or whole milk full-cream milk
skim, fat free, or nonfat milk skimmed milk, skim milk skimmed milk skim milk
2% milk 2% milk semi-skimmed milk "hilo"
large egg large egg medium egg large egg
ground meat or chopped (usually beef) ground or minced meat mince or minced meat mince
Produce/vegetables
green onion or scallion green onion spring onion (scallion in some areas) spring onion
cilantro cilantro or coriander coriander coriander
cantaloupe cantaloupe cantaloupe or rockmelon
zucchini zucchini courgette zucchini
squash squash marrow or squash — marrow specifically refers to a large, green elongated squash with white flesh pumpkin or squash
eggplant eggplant aubergine eggplant
garbanzo or chickpea chickpea chickpea chickpea
navy beans haricots haricot beans haricot beans
chard chard silverbeet or chard silverbeet
bell peppers or green/red/yellow peppers green peppers or bell peppers peppers, or green peppers (or red/yellow/orange peppers) capsicum — bell peppers sometimes describe a much smaller, sweeter pepper
chili peppers, hot peppers, chiles or by individual name (jalapeño, e.g.) chillis chillies, or by individual name (jalapeño, e.g.)
Prepared foods
pickle pickle (gherkin refers specifically to a "dwarf" pickle) gherkin gherkin
bouillon or stock cube stock cube stock cube stock cube
French fries or fries, or steak fries (for thicker versions), also "fish and chips" French fries, fries, or chips, depending on region, also "fish and chips" chips chips
chips or potato chips chips or potato chips crisps chips or potato chips
apple crisp or apple crumble apple crisp or apple crumble apple crumble apple crumble
ketchup or catsup ketchup tomato ketchup or tomato sauce or red sauce tomato sauce
Baking and baked goods
bread flour bread flour strong flour bread flour
all-purpose flour all-purpose flour plain flour plain flour
self-rising flour self-rising flour self-raising flour self-raising flour
cornstarch or corn starch cornstarch corn flour cornflour
golden raisins sultana raisins sultanas sultanas
corn syrup or KaroR syrup corn syrup corn syrup corn syrup
molasses molasses molasses – treacle describes a lighter molasses molasses – treacle describes a lighter molasses
powdered sugar or confectioner's sugar icing sugar or confectionery sugar icing sugar icing sugar
superfine sugar caster/castor sugar caster sugar
bread pudding Bread and butter pudding no equivalent
Steamed sponge pudding Sponge pudding (when made with currants, raisins or sultanas it is called Spotted dick) no equivalent
Drinks
lemonade lemonade traditional, cloudy or still lemonade (NB traditional/cloudy lemonade can also be fizzy); lemon squash lemon squash
soda, pop, soda pop, cola, coke, or soft drink pop soft drink (although this refers to any non-alcoholic drink or fruit juice), fizzy drink, fizzy pop, pop or juice (Scotland) soft drink
lemon-lime soda/pop, or a brand name (e.g. Sprite) lemon or lemon-lime drink lemonade lemonade
fruit drink concentrate fruit concentrate squash or cordial cordial
apple juice or cider apple juice or cider apple juice sparkling apple juice
hard cider cider or hard cider cider cider
vermouth martini vermouth vermouth
Sweets
dessert dessert dessert or pudding (in addition to the use describing pudding) dessert
Jell-o, Jello, jello or gelatin Jell-o, Jello, jello or gelatin jelly jelly
cookie cookie (unless referring to tea biscuits, for example) biscuit; also cookie, which refers to large soft "American-style" biscuits biscuit; also cookie, same definition as UK
biscuit biscuit, scone scone scone
digestive cookie digestive cookie digestive or digestive biscuit digestive biscuit
Digestive biscuits and Graham crackers[edit]
These two items are fairly different, but are used similarly (e.g. to make crumb crusts for a cheesecake). Graham crackers are sweeter, and are available in different flavors (e.g. cinnamon, chocolate). Digestive biscuits are richer, and while slightly sweet, are used with cheese by a small minority. They are also available coated on one side with milk chocolate or dark chocolate. Digestive biscuits are common in the Northeast United States, served with tea. Peek Frean is a common brand in the United States, however the original producer McVities still produces the biscuit in the UK.
Chips and French fries[edit]
In Ireland and the UK, deep fried potato sticks or "french fries" are called "fries", while "chips" are thicker potato sticks which can be deep fried or oven baked.
Apple juice, cider and hard cider[edit]
In America, fermented apple juice is called "hard cider". "Apple cider" refers to unfiltered (un-fermented) apple juice, typically pasteurized to make it shelf-stable. In New England and parts of Canada, "fresh cider" or sweet cider refers to fresh pressed apple juice; this is unlike any commercial product, and can be found at farm stands and orchards.
American cider (both fresh and hard) is sometimes also made from pears. This is referred to as "pear cider," and is equivalent to perry.
See also[edit]
Food portal
Language portal
American and British English differences
British Approved Name
Gourmet Library and museum
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Orange Is the New Black
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
American comedy-drama series
Orange Is the New Black
Genre
Comedy-drama
Created by
Jenji Kohan
Based on
Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison
by Piper Kerman
Starring
Taylor Schilling
Laura Prepon
Michael Harney
Michelle Hurst
Kate Mulgrew
Jason Biggs
Uzo Aduba
Danielle Brooks
Natasha Lyonne
Taryn Manning
Selenis Leyva
Adrienne C. Moore
Dascha Polanco
Nick Sandow
Yael Stone
Samira Wiley
Jackie Cruz
Lea DeLaria
Elizabeth Rodriguez
Jessica Pimentel
Laura Gómez
Matt Peters
Dale Soules
Theme music composer
Regina Spektor
Opening theme
"You've Got Time"
Composer(s)
Scott Doherty
Brandon Jay
Gwendolyn Sanford
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
6
No. of episodes
78 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Jenji Kohan
Liz Friedman (pilot)
Sara Hess
Tara Herrmann
Producer(s)
Neri Kyle Tannenbaum
Production location(s)
New York
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
51–92 minutes
Production company(s)
Lionsgate Television
Tilted Productions
Distributor
Lionsgate Television
Netflix
Release
Original network
Netflix
Picture format
1080p (16:9 HDTV)
4K
Audio format
Dolby Digital Plus 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track
Original release
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11) – present
External links
Website
Orange Is the New Black (sometimes abbreviated to OITNB) is an American comedy-drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix.[1][2] The series is based on Piper Kerman's memoir, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), about her experiences at FCI Danbury, a minimum-security federal prison. Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11, 2013 on the streaming service Netflix; it was third premiered show produced by Netflix Originals.[3] In February 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth, and seventh season.[4] The fifth season was released on June 9, 2017.[5] The sixth season was released on July 27, 2018.[6] The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television.
Orange Is the New Black has become Netflix's most-watched original series.[4][7] It has received critical acclaim and many accolades. For its first season, the series garnered 12 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series, winning three. A new Emmy rule in 2015 forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama.[8] For its second season, the series received four Emmy nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, and Uzo Aduba won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. Orange Is the New Black is the first series to score Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories.[9] The series has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations, six Writers Guild of America Award nominations, a Producers Guild of America Award, an American Film Institute award, and a Peabody Award.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Recurring cast
2.2.1 Inmates
2.2.2 Staff
2.2.3 Others
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Accolades
5 Broadcast
5.1 Ratings
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Main article: List of Orange Is the New Black episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally released
1 13 July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)
2 13 June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
3 13 June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
4 13 June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)
5 13 June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
6 13 July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)
This section needs expansion with: Main storyline(s) of seasons 1-4. You can help by adding to it. (August 2018)
The series begins revolving around Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary, a minimum-security women's federal prison (initially operated by the "Federal Department of Corrections". This is a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. In later seasons, it was acquired by the Management & Correction Corporation (MCC), a private prison company) in upstate New York. Chapman was convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause (Laura Prepon), an international drug smuggler. The offense had occurred 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet, law-abiding life among New York's upper middle class. Her sudden and unexpected indictment disrupts her relationships with her fiancé, family and friends. In prison, Chapman is reunited with Vause (who named Chapman in her trial, resulting in Chapman's arrest) and they re-examine their relationship. Simultaneously, Chapman, along with the other inmates, attempt to grapple with prison's numerous, inherent struggles. Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates' and prison guards' pasts. These flashbacks typically depict how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character's backstory.
The fifth season shows the prisoners revolting against the guards, wardens and the system after MCC's failed handling of an inmate's death at the hands of a guard. This followed a peaceful protest and subsequent instigation of an inmate fight by another guard in the fourth season. Fueled by the conditions the inmates are forced to tolerate, as well as grudges against the prison guards, a three-day riot ensues, during which some inmates attempt to negotiate better living conditions and seek justice for the death of the inmate, while others pursue their own interests and entertainment, and a few seek no involvement in the riot. At the emergence of the riot, the guard that incited the fight in the prior season is critically shot by an inmate who took the gun the guard illegally brought into the prison. At the end of the season, SWAT raids the prison to end the riot and remove all inmates from the facility. During this raid, a correctional officer is fatally shot by a corrupt "strike team", which then conspires to blame the guard's death on inmates that hid in an underground bunker and had taken hostage of the guard. All inmates are transported to other prisons.
The consequences of the riot are shown in the sixth season. A number of the inmates, including Chapman and Vause, are transported to Litchfield Maximum Security. Most of these inmates are interrogated, and several of them charged and sentenced for their involvement in the riot. In max, new inmates are introduced, alliances are made, and a gang-like war emerges between two prison blocks, spearheaded by a longstanding feud between two sisters and a grudge harbored by them toward a former maximum-security inmate that returned. Inmates that arrived from the minimum security prison are either caught up or willingly participate in the war between prison blocks. The season portrays further corruption and guard brutality.
Throughout the series, it is shown how various forms of corruption, funding cuts, privatization of prison, overcrowding, guard brutality and racial discrimination, among other issues, affect the prisoners' safety, health and well-being, the correctional officers, and the prison's basic ability to fulfill its fundamental responsibilities and ethical obligations as a corrections institution.[citation needed] One of the show's key conflicts involves the minimum-security prison's Director of Human Activities, Joe Caputo, whose efforts and aims as a warden constantly conflict with the corporate interests of MCC, which acquired the facility when it was about to be shut down.
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of Orange Is the New Black characters
Main cast[edit]
Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman, inmate
Laura Prepon as Alex Vause, inmate
Michael Harney as Sam Healy, correctional officer (seasons 1–4; guest season 6)[a]
Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage, inmate (season 1)
Kate Mulgrew as Galina "Red" Reznikov, inmate
Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom, Piper's fiancé (seasons 1–2; guest season 5)
Uzo Aduba as Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren, inmate
Danielle Brooks as Tasha "Taystee" Jefferson, inmate
Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols, inmate
Taryn Manning as Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett, inmate
Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza, inmate
Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy "Black Cindy" Hayes, inmate
Dascha Polanco as Dayanara "Daya" Diaz, inmate
Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo, Captain of the Guard, later Director of Human Activities
Yael Stone as Lorna Morello, inmate
Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington, inmate (seasons 1–4; guest season 5)
Jackie Cruz as Marisol "Flaca" Gonzales, inmate
Lea DeLaria as Carrie "Big Boo" Black, inmate (seasons 1–5; guest season 6)
Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz, former inmate
Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz, inmate
Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores, inmate
Matt Peters as Joel Luschek, correctional officer
Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin, inmate (season 2–present)
Recurring cast[edit]
Main article: List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters
Inmates[edit]
Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset
Annie Golden as Norma Romano (seasons 1–5)
Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos (seasons 1–5)
Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson (seasons 1–5)
Julie Lake as Angie Rice (seasons 1–5)
Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor (seasons 1–5)
Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy (seasons 1–5)
Constance Shulman as Erica "Yoga" Jones (seasons 1–5)
Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang (seasons 1–5)
Tamara Torres as Gerrman "Weeping Woman" (seasons 1–5)
Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco (seasons 1–5)
Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls (seasons 1–4)
Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa "Miss Rosa" Cisneros (seasons 1–2; guest season 3)
Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller (season 1)
Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso (seasons 2–5)
Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill (seasons 2–4, 6)
Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne "Vee" Parker (season 2)
Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio (seasons 3–5)
Blair Brown as Judy King (seasons 3–5)
Ruby Rose as Stella Carlin (season 3; guest season 4)
Daniella De Jesus as Irene "Zirconia" Cabrera (season 4–present)
Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight (seasons 4–present)
Rosal Colon as Carmen "Ouija" Aziza (seasons 4–5; guest season 6)
Francesca Curran as Helen "Skinhead Helen" Van Maele (seasons 4–5; guest season 6)
Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps (seasons 4–5)
Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey (seasons 4–5)
Miriam Morales as Ramona "Pidge" Contreras (seasons 4–5)
Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka (seasons 4–5)
Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah (seasons 4–5)
Amanda Fuller as Madison "Badison" Murphy (season 6–present)
Vicci Martinez as Dominga "Daddy" Duarte (season 6–present)
Sipiwe Moyo as Adeola (season 6–present)
Besanya Santiago as Raquel "Creech" Munoz (season 6–present)
Finnerty Steeves as Beth Hoefler (season 6–present)
Mackenzie Phillips as Barbara "Barb" Denning (season 6)
Henny Russell as Carol Denning (season 6)
Staff[edit]
Alysia Reiner as Natalie "Fig" Figueroa
Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell (seasons 1–5)
Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill (seasons 1–5)
Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson (seasons 1–4)
Pablo Schreiber as George "Pornstache" Mendez (seasons 1–3; guest season 5)
Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell (seasons 1–3)
Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford (seasons 1–3)
Matt McGorry as John Bennett (seasons 1–3)
Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer (seasons 1–2)
Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson (season 3–present)
James McMenamin as Charlie "Donuts" Coates (season 3–present)
Alan Aisenberg as Baxter "Gerber" Bayley (seasons 3–5)
Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson (seasons 3–5)
Mike Birbiglia as Danny Pearson (seasons 3–4)
Marsha Stephanie Blake as Berdie Rogers (season 3)
Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake (season 4–present)
Mike Houston as Lee Dixon (season 4–present)
Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough (season 4–present)
Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella (seasons 4–5; guest season 6)
Evan Arthur Hall as B. Stratman (seasons 4–5)
John Palladino as Josh (seasons 4–5)
Michael Torpey as Thomas "Humps" Humphrey (seasons 4–5)
Hunter Emery as Rick Hopper (season 5–present)
Shawna Hamic as Virginia "Ginger" Copeland (season 6–present)
Susan Heyward as Tamika Ward (season 6–present)
Josh Segarra as Stefanovic (season 6–present)
Greg Vrotsos as Hellman (season 6–present)
Nicholas Webber as Alvarez (season 6–present)
Branden Wellington as Jarod Young (season 6–present)
Others[edit]
Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman (seasons 1–4; guest season 6)
Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset (seasons 1–4; guest season 6)
Berto Colon as Cesar Velazquez (seasons 1–3; guest season 5)
Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman (seasons 1–3; guest season 5)
Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman (seasons 1–3)
Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper (seasons 1–2)
Ian Paola as Yadriel (seasons 2–5)
John Magaro as Vince Muccio (seasons 3–5)
Mary Steenburgen as Delia Mendez-Powell (season 3; guest season 5)
Miguel Izaguirre as Diablo (seasons 4–present)
Michael J. Burg as Detective Mark Bellamy (season 6)
Jason Altman as Main Officer Herrmann (seasons 5-6)
Production[edit]
The series cast at The Paley Center For Media's PaleyFest 2014 event honoring the show
Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman's memoir after a friend sent it to her. She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation, which she notes she "screwed up" as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show. This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation.[10] Kohan would later go on to describe the main character, Piper Chapman, as a "trojan horse" for the series, allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV.[11]
In July 2011, it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13-episode TV adaptation of Kerman's memoirs with Kohan as creator.[12] In November 2011, negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit.[13] Kohan had initially wanted to cast Katie Holmes in the role of Piper Chapman, and met with the actress to discuss it, but Holmes had other commitments.[14] Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling, the first to be cast, as Piper Chapman,[15] followed by Jason Biggs as Piper's fiancé Larry Bloom.[16]
Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series, as Alex Vause and Lorna Morello, respectively.[2] Abigail Savage, who plays Gina, and Alysia Reiner, who plays Fig, had auditioned for role of Alex Vause.[10][17] Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman,[18] however Kohan felt she would not worry about her [in prison], noting a "toughness and a presence to her that wasn’t right for the character." Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex.[10] Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols, but she was not considered "tough enough" for the character;[19] she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead.[20] Likability was important for Morello, whom casting director Jen Euston deemed "a very helpful, nice, sweet Italian girl."[20] Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex, but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols; "[Kohan knew] she could do Nicky with her eyes closed. She was perfect," said Euston.[20] Laverne Cox, a black transgender woman, was cast as Sophia Burset, a transgender character. The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women-in-prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role.[21] Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren.[20][22] Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett.[20] This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host, but he declined. The role instead went to Robert Stanton, who plays the fictional host Maury Kind.[23]
The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield, New York, which is a real town in upstate New York, but it does not have a federal penitentiary.[24] The series began filming in the old Rockland Children's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County, New York, on March 7, 2013.[25] The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself.[26]
On June 27, 2013, prior to the series premiere, Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes.[27] For the second season, Uzo Aduba, Taryn Manning, Danielle Brooks, and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars.[28] Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts, but returned for season 3 as a regular.[29] On May 5, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season, as revealed by actress Laura Prepon.[30] For the third season, several actors were promoted to series regulars, including Selenis Leyva, Adrienne C. Moore, Dascha Polanco, Nick Sandow, Yael Stone, and Samira Wiley.[31] Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season, but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season.[32][33][34] The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15, 2015, prior to its third-season premiere.[35][36] For the fourth season, Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season's sixth episode.[37] On February 5, 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth and seventh season.[4] In season six, Dale Soules, Laura Gómez, and Matt Peters were promoted to series regulars.
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Season
Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
1 94% (47 reviews) 79 (32 reviews)
2 98% (45 reviews) 89 (31 reviews)
3 95% (58 reviews) 83 (24 reviews)
4 96% (47 reviews) 86 (19 reviews)
5 73% (41 reviews) 67 (20 reviews)
6 84% (32 reviews) 69 (14 reviews)
Members of the cast and crew with their Peabody Award, May 2014
Orange Is the New Black has received critical acclaim. It has been particularly praised for humanizing prisoners[38][39] and for its depiction of race, sexuality, gender and body types.[40][41][42][43][44][45][46]
The first season received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating favorable reviews.[47] On Rotten Tomatoes, season one has a 94% approval rating based on 47 reviews, with an average rating of 8.24 out of 10 . The site's critical consensus is "Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft, with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure."[48]
Hank Stuever, television critic for The Washington Post, gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score. In his review of the series, he stated: "In Jenji Kohan's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series, Orange Is the New Black, prison is still the pits. But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories, all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat."[49] Maureen Ryan, of The Huffington Post, wrote: "Orange is one of the best new programs of the year, and the six episodes I've seen have left me hungry to see more."[50]
The second season also received critical acclaim. Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98%, with an average rating of 9.17 out of 10 based on 45 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama, Orange Is the New Black's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor's standard for female-led television excellence."[51] Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."[52] David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review, calling the first six episodes "not only as great as the first season, but arguably better."[53]
The third season received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 24 reviews.[54] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 95% rating with an average score of 8.15 out of 10 based on 58 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Thanks to its blend of potent comedy and rich character work, Orange is the New Black remains a bittersweet pleasure in its third season."[55]
The fourth season received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 19 reviews.[56] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 96% rating with an average score of 8.46 out of 10 based on 47 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Orange is the New Black is back and better than ever, with a powerful fourth season full of compelling performances by the ensemble cast."[57] James Poniewozik of The New York Times reviewed the fourth season as "Do you measure the quality of a TV season as a beginning-to-end average or by how well it ends? By the first yardstick, Season 4 is ambitious but uneven; by the latter, it's the series' best."[58]
The fifth season received "generally favorable reviews".[59] On Metacritic, it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews.[59] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 73% rating with an average score of 7.19 out of 10 based on 41 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: Orange Is the New Black's fifth season offers up more of the sharp writing and dizzying tonal juggling acts that fans expect – albeit somewhat less successfully."[60]
The sixth season received positive reviews from critics, with many critics noting its improvement over the previous season. On Metacritic, it has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 14 reviews.[61] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an 84% rating with an average score of 7.3 out of 10 based on 32 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Brutality and humor continue to mesh effectively in a season of Orange Is the New Black that stands as a marked improvement from its predecessor, even if some arcs are more inspired than others."[62]
Accolades[edit]
Main article: List of accolades received by Orange Is the New Black
Orange Is the New Black has received many accolades since its debut. The series has garnered 16 Emmy Award nominations and four wins. For its first season, it received 12 Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series, winning three.[63] Taylor Schilling received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama.[64] In 2013, the American Film Institute selected the series as one of the Top 10 Television Programs of the Year.[65]
A new Emmy rule in 2015, classifying half-hour shows as comedies and hour-long shows as dramas, forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama for its second season.[66] That year, the series received four Emmy nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, and Aduba won her second Emmy Award, for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.[63] Orange Is the New Black became the first series to receive Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories.[9] For its second season, the series also received three Golden Globe Award nominations: Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy, Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy for Schilling, and Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for Aduba. At the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards, the series won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Aduba won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series.[67]
For its third season, Orange Is the New Black won Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series (Aduba).[68] It received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy.[64] The series has also received, among other accolades, six Writers Guild of America Award nominations,[69] five Satellite Awards,[70][71] four Critics' Choice Television Awards,[72][73] a GLAAD Media Award,[74] an American Cinema Editors Award,[75] a Producers Guild of America Award,[76] and a Peabody Award.[77]
Broadcast[edit]
Netflix is famously tight-fisted when it comes to offering up viewership data about its original series. But execs with the streaming giant have repeatedly confirmed that OITNB is its most-watched original series. That has been backed up by the efforts of outside measurement companies to track viewing in the Netflix eco-system.
—Variety[4]
The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19, 2013.[78] It premiered in Australia on October 9, 2013, on Showcase.[79] The second season began on Showcase on July 16, 2014,[80] and the third season premiered on June 11, 2015.[81] The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19, 2017.[82]
In April 2017, it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company. Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands, and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online. Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement.[83][84] Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven-day period following the leak of the episodes. It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June.[85]
Ratings[edit]
Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other top Netflix original series House of Cards and Arrested Development.[86][87] In October 2013, Netflix stated that the show is a "tremendous success" for the streaming platform. "It will end the year as our most watched original series ever and, as with each of our other previously launched originals, enjoys an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV."[88][89] As reported in February 2016, Orange Is the New Black remains Netflix's most-watched original series.[4][7][90] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Orange Is the New Black is one of the shows most watched in urban areas, and despite its "minority-rich ensemble cast," the series "appeals more to a white audience."[91]
See also[edit]
Incarceration of women in the United States
Prison–industrial complex
List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters
List of LGBT characters in television and radio
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Michael J. Harney was credited as main cast for season 5 but did not make a single appearance.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (April 30, 2013). "Netflix Sets Premiere Date for Jenji Kohan's 'Orange Is the New Black'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Littleton, Cynthia (February 5, 2016). "'Orange Is the New Black' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix". Variety. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan (February 8, 2017). "Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Set for June Release at Netflix". TVLine. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (June 5, 2018). "'Orange Is The New Black' Season 6 Gets Premiere Date & Teaser On Netflix". Deadline. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Denham, Jess (February 5, 2016). "Netflix renews Orange is the New Black for three more series". The Independent.
Jump up ^ VanDerWerff, Todd (July 16, 2015). "7 Emmys rules and quirks that explain the 2015 nominations". Vox. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Birnbaum, Debra (August 4, 2015). "'Orange Is the New Black' Boss Jenji Kohan on Running the Show Her Way". Variety. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Radish, Christina (July 7, 2013). "Creator Jenji Kohan Talks ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK, Her Research Into Prison Life, and Graphic Sex Scenes". Collider. Retrieved May 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Orange' Creator Jenji Kohan: 'Piper Was My Trojan Horse'". NPR. August 13, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 22, 2011). "Netflix Eyeing Second Original Series – Comedy From Weeds Creator Jenji Kohan". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 11, 2011). "Netflix, Lionsgate TV Closing Deal For Jenji Kohan's 'Orange Is The New Black' Comedy". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Katie Holmes almost starred in 'Orange is the New Black'". New York Post. August 6, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
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Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (February 20, 2015). "'Orange Is the New Black': Jason Biggs Not Returning to Season 3". Variety. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Miller, Gregory E. (July 23, 2014). "'Pornstache' out ahead of 'Orange' season 3". New York Post. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Huggins, Sarah (June 13, 2015). "Pablo Schreiber's Pornstache has an 'OITNB' Season 3 surprise in store for fans". Zap2it. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 15, 2015). "'Orange Is The New Black' Renewed for Season 4 by Netflix". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (January 17, 2016). "Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB, Kimmy Schmidt, and more". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (April 28, 2014). "Lea DeLaria Upped To Regular On 'Orange Is The New Black'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Abramson, Seth (July 26, 2013). "How 'Orange Is the New Black' humanizes inmates". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Simon, Rachel (June 17, 2014). "Has 'Orange is the New Black' Changed the Way We Think of Prisoners? Former Inmates Say No, But There's Progress Ahead". Bustle. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Greenwald, Andy (July 15, 2013). "The Great Orange Is the New Black Is Suddenly the Best Netflix Series Yet". Grantland. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rorke, Robert (June 4, 2014). "'Orange Is the New Black' ignites a TV revolution for women". New York Post. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ McClelland, Mac (June 18, 2015). "Caged Heat". Rolling Stone (1237). Retrieved January 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ross, L.A. (March 15, 2014). "'Orange Is the New Black' Cast Dishes on Prison Sex, Women Calling the Shots, and What Red Did". TheWrap. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gennis, Sadie (July 24, 2013). "Trans Actress Laverne Cox Breaks New Ground with Orange Is the New Black". TV Guide. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Schroeder, Audra (August 5, 2013). "How "Orange Is the New Black" changed the way we talk about TV". The Daily Dot. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James (July 25, 2013). "Dead Tree Alert: Orange Is the New Black Is the New Way of Talking About TV". Time. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 1". Metacritic. 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Orange Is the New Black: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Steuver, Hank (July 11, 2013). "Netflix's Orange Is the New Black: Brilliance behind bars". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen (July 10, 2013). "'Orange Is The New Black' Review: Subversive Netflix Prison Drama Proves Addictive". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 2". Metacritic. 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Orange is the New Black (Netflix)". Peabody Awards. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Szalai, Georg (March 24, 2017). "Sony Channel U.K. Takes 'Orange Is the New Black'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hacker Releases New Episodes of 'Orange Is the New Black". The Hollywood Reporter. Associated Press. April 28, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Perlroth, Nicole; Haag, Matthew (April 29, 2017). "Hacker Leaks Episodes From Netflix Show and Threatens Other Networks". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Baumgartner, Jeff (May 10, 2017). "Demand for 'Orange Is the New Black' Spiked Following Hack". Multichannel News. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Greenwald, Andy (June 4, 2014). "Brilliant 'Orange'". Grantland. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kafka, Peter (July 23, 2013). "Netflix's No-Name Show Beating "House of Cards" and "Arrested Development"". All Things Digital. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
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Jump up ^ Hernandez, Brian Anthony (October 21, 2013). "'Orange Is the New Black' Is Netflix's Most-Watched Original Series". Mashable. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Smith, Nigel M (February 5, 2016). "Orange is the New Black renewed for three additional seasons". The Guardian. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Katz, Josh (December 27, 2016). "'Duck Dynasty' vs. 'Modern Family': 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide". The New York Times. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Weatherford Millette, Sarah. "The Representation of Latinas in Orange Is the New Black." MA Thesis. George Mason University, 2015.
Piper Kerman On Her Story That Inspired The Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black. June 2014. The Diane Rehm Show.
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