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Siege of Louisbourg (1758)
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Not to be confused with Siege of Louisbourg (1745).
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Siege of Louisbourg
Part of the French and Indian War

Siege of Louisbourg (1758): British burning warship Prudent and capturing Bienfaisant.
Date
8 June–26 July 1758
Location
Louisbourg, present-day Nova Scotia, then the French province of Île-Royale
Coordinates: 45°55′17″N 59°58′13″W / 45.92139°N 59.97028°W / 45.92139; -59.97028
Result
Decisive British victory[1][2]
Belligerents
Great Britain
British America Kingdom of France
Mi'kmaq militia
Acadian militia
Commanders and leaders
Jeffery Amherst
Edward Boscawen
James Wolfe
Charles Lawrence
Edward Whitmore Chevalier de Drucour (POW)
Jean Vauquelin
Marquis Charry des Gouttes
Beaussier de l'Isle
Strength
14,000 soldiers
12,000 sailors and marines
150 transport vessels
40 men-o-war 3,500 soldiers
3,500 sailors and marines
5 ships of the line
Casualties and losses
172 killed
355 wounded[3] 102 killed
303 wounded
6,600 surrendered[3]
4 ships of the line burned, 1 taken
[hide]
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Seven Years' War in North America: The French and Indian War, Atlantic theater
1st Northeast Coast
Cape Race
Chignecto
Bay of Fundy
Petitcodiac
2nd Northeast Coast
1st Lunenburg
1st Louisbourg
Bloody Creek
2nd Lunenburg
2nd Louisbourg
Petitcodiac River
Ile Saint-Jean
Gulf of St. Lawrence
Cape Sable
St. John River
Restigouche
St. John's
The Siege of Louisbourg was a pivotal operation of the Seven Years' War (known in the United States as the French and Indian War) in 1758 that ended the French colonial era in Atlantic Canada and led directly to the loss of Quebec in 1759 and the remainder of French North America the following year.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Order of battle
3 The siege
4 Capitulation
5 Aftermath
6 Royal Navy Fleet throughout the siege
7 Artifacts gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
Background[edit]
The British government realized that with the Fortress of Louisbourg under French control, the Royal Navy could not sail up the St. Lawrence River unmolested for an attack on Quebec. After an expedition against Louisbourg in 1757 led by Lord Loudon was turned back due to a strong French naval deployment, the British under the leadership of William Pitt resolved to try again with new commanders.
Pitt assigned the task of capturing the fortress to Major General Jeffrey Amherst. Amherst's brigadiers were Charles Lawrence, James Wolfe and Edward Whitmore, and command of naval operations was assigned to Admiral Edward Boscawen. The chief engineer was John Henry Bastide who had been present at the first siege of Louisbourg in 1745 and was chief engineer at Fort St Philip, Minorca, in 1756 when the British had surrendered the fort and island to the French after a long siege.
As they had in 1757, the French planned to defend Louisbourg by means of a large naval build-up. However, the British blockaded the French fleet sailing from Toulon when it arrived in Cartagena, and defeated a French relief force at the Battle of Cartagena. The French consequently abandoned their attempt to reinforce Louisbourg from the Mediterranean, and only 11 ships were available to oppose the British off Louisbourg. Most cannons and men were move inside the fort and five ships (Appolon, Fidèle, Chèvre, Biche, Diane) were sunk to block the entrance to the harbour.[5] On July 9, the Echo tried to slip out of the harbour under the cover of a dense fog, but was intercepted and seized by HMS Scarborough and HMS Junon.
This left the French with only 5 half empty ships in the harbour : Célèbre (64), Entreprenant (74), Capricieux (64), Prudent (74) and Bienfaisant (64).

Order of battle[edit]
Siege Of Louisbourg Map 1758
Part of a series on the
Military history of
Nova Scotia
Citadel Hill
Events
Battle of Port Royal
1690
Siege of Port Royal
1710
Battle of Jeddore Harbour
1722
Northeast Coast Campaign
1745
Battle of Grand Pré
1747
Dartmouth Massacre
1751
Bay of Fundy Campaign
1755
Fall of Louisbourg
1758
Headquarters established for Royal Navy's North American Station
1758
Halifax Treaties
1760-61
Battle of Fort Cumberland
1776
Raid on Lunenburg
1782
Halifax Impressment Riot
1805
Establishment of New Ireland
1812
Capture of USS Chesapeake
1813
Battle at the Great Redan
1855
Siege of Lucknow
1857
CSS Tallahassee Escape
1861
Departing Halifax for Northwest Rebellion
1885
Departing Halifax for the Boer War
1899
Imprisonment of Leon Trotsky
1917
Jewish Legion formed
1917
Sinking of HMHS Llandovery Castle
1918
Battle of the St. Lawrence
1942–44
Sinking of SS Point Pleasant Park
1945
Halifax VE-Day Riot
1945
Walter Callow Wheelchair Bus established
1947
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1677-1779
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1717-57
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1744-62
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1756-62
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1775-84
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1775-83
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1914-19
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British forces assembled at Halifax, Nova Scotia where army and navy units spent most of May training together as the massive invasion fleet came together. After a large gathering at the Great Pontack, on 29 May the Royal Navy fleet departed from Halifax for Louisbourg. The fleet consisted of 150 transport ships and 40 men-of-war. Housed in these ships were almost 14,000 soldiers, almost all of whom were regulars (with the exception of four companies of American rangers). The force was divided into three divisions: Red, commanded by James Wolfe, Blue, commanded by Charles Lawrence and White commanded by Edward Whitmore. On 2 June the British force anchored in Gabarus Bay, 3 miles (4.8 km) from Louisbourg.
The French commander (and governor of Île-Royale (New France), the Chevalier de Drucour, had at his disposal some 3,500 regulars as well as approximately 3,500 marines and sailors from the French warships in the harbour. However, unlike the previous year, the French navy was unable to assemble in significant numbers, leaving the French squadron at Louisbourg outnumbered five to one by the British fleet. Drucour ordered trenches to be prepared and manned by some 2,000 French troops, along with other defences, such as an artillery battery, at Kennington Cove.
The siege[edit]
View of Louisbourg when the city was besieged in 1758
Weather conditions in the first week of June made any landing impossible and the British were only able to mount a bombardment of the improvised shore defenses of Gabarus Bay from a frigate. However, conditions improved, and at daybreak on 8 June Amherst launched his assault using a flotilla of large boats, organized in seven divisions, each commanded by one of his brigadiers. French defenses were initially successful and after heavy losses, Wolfe ordered a retreat. However, at the last minute, a boatload of light infantry in Wolfe's division (i.e., members of Rogers Rangers) found a rocky inlet protected from French fire and secured a beachhead. Wolfe redirected the rest of his division to follow. Outflanked, the French retreated rapidly back to their fortress.
Continuing heavy seas and the difficulty inherent to moving siege equipment over boggy terrain delayed the commencement of the formal siege. In the meantime, Wolfe was sent with 1,220 picked men around the harbour to seize Lighthouse Point, which dominated the harbour entrance. This he did on 12 June. After eleven days, on 19 June, the British artillery batteries were in position and the orders were given to open fire on the French. The British battery consisted of seventy cannons and mortars of all sizes. Within hours, the guns had destroyed walls and damaged several buildings.
Louis-Joseph Beaussier de l' Isle
On 21 July a mortar round from a British gun on Lighthouse Point struck a 64-gun French ship of the line, Le Célèbre , and set it ablaze. A stiff breeze fanned the fire, and shortly after Le Célèbre caught fire, two other French ships, L'Entreprenant and Le Capricieux, had also caught fire. L'Entreprenant sank later in the day, depriving the French of the largest ship in the Louisbourg fleet.
The next major blow to French morale came on the evening of 23 July, at 10:00. A British "hot shot" set the King's Bastion on fire. The King's Bastion was the fortress headquarters and the largest building in North America in 1758. Its destruction eroded confidence and reduced morale in the French troops and their hopes to lift the British siege.
Most historians regard the British actions of 25 July as the "straw that broke the camel's back". Using a thick fog as cover, Admiral Boscawen sent a cutting-out party to destroy the last two French ships in the harbour. The British raiders eliminated these two French ships of the line, capturing Bienfaisant and burning Prudent, thus clearing the way for the Royal Navy to enter the harbour. James Cook, who later became famous as an explorer, took part in this operation and recorded it in his ship's log book.[6]
Capitulation[edit]
Jean Vauquelin
Part of a series on the
History of Nova Scotia
Bluenose
Events
Port Royal established 1605
Conquest of Acadia 1710
Halifax established 1749
Bay of Fundy Campaign 1755
Fall of Louisbourg 1758
Representative Government established 1758
Halifax Treaties 1760-61
First significant Scottish immigration 1773
Battle of Fort Cumberland 1776
Birchtown established 1783
Capture of USS Chesapeake 1813
Freedom of the Press 1835
First Acadian MLA elected 1837
Responsible Government established 1848
Chesapeake Affair 1861
Co Op Movement begins 1861
Anti-Confederation Party elected 1867
Saxby Gale 1869
Launch of William D. Lawrence 1873
First airplane in the British Commonwealth 1909
Halifax Explosion 1917
Nova Scotia [Women’s] Franchise Act 1918
Launch of Bluenose 1922
Coal Miners' Memorial Day 1925
Pugwash Conferences established 1957
Springhill mining disaster 1958
NS Human Rights Commission established 1967
Acadian Federation of Nova Scotia established 1968
First 'Treaty Day' 1986
Westray Mine explosion 1992
First Black MLA elected 1993
Mi'kmaq-Nova Scotia-Canada Tripartite Forum 1997
Viola Desmond Apology 2010
Other
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Military history of the Acadians
Military history of the Mi’kmaq people
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On 26 July the French surrendered. Having fought a spirited defence, the French expected to be accorded the honours of war, as they had given to the surrendering British at the Battle of Minorca. However, Amherst refused, tales of the atrocities supposedly committed by France's native allies at the surrender of Fort Oswego and Fort William Henry probably fresh in his mind[citation needed]. The defenders of Louisbourg were ordered to surrender all of their arms, equipment and flags. These actions outraged Drucour, but because the safety of the non-combatant inhabitants of Louisbourg depended upon him he reluctantly accepted the terms of surrender. The Cambis regiment refused to honour the terms of surrender, breaking its muskets and burning its regimental flags rather than hand them over to the British victors.[7] Brigadier-General Whitmore was appointed the new Governor of Louisbourg, and remained there with four regiments.[8]
Aftermath[edit]
Louisbourg had held out long enough to prevent an attack on Quebec in 1758. However the fall of the fortress led to the loss of French territory across Atlantic Canada. From Louisbourg, British forces spent the remainder of the year routing French forces and occupying French settlements in what is today New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. The second wave of the Acadian expulsion began. The British engaged in the St. John River Campaign, the Cape Sable Campaign, the Petitcodiac River Campaign, the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign, and the removal of Acadians in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (1758).
The loss of Louisbourg deprived New France of naval protection, opening the Saint Lawrence to attack. Louisbourg was used in 1759 as the staging point for General Wolfe's famous Siege of Quebec ending French rule in North America. Following the surrender of Quebec, British forces and engineers set about methodically destroying the fortress with explosives, ensuring that it could not return to French possession a second time in any eventual peace treaty. By 1760, the entire fortress was reduced to mounds of rubble. In 1763 the Treaty of Paris saw France formally cede Canada, including Cape Breton Island, to the British. In 1768 the last of the British garrison departed along with most of the remaining civilian inhabitants.[9]
Royal Navy Fleet throughout the siege[edit]
Ship
Guns
Admiral
Captain
HMS Namur 90 Edward Boscawen Matthew Buckle
HMS Royal William 84 Sir Charles Hardy Thomas Evans
HMS Princess Amelia 80 Admiral Philip Durell John Bray
HMS Invincible 74 John Bentley
HMS Dublin 74 George Rodney
HMS Terrible 74 Richard Collins
HMS Northumberland 70 Lord Colville
HMS Vanguard 70 Robert Swanton
HMS Orford 70 Richard Spry
HMS Burford 70 James Gambier
HMS Somerset 70 Edward Hughes
HMS Lancaster 70 George Edgcumbe
HMS Devonshire 66 William Gordon
HMS Bedford 64 Thorpe Fowke
HMS Captain 64 John Amherst
HMS Prince Frederick 64 Robert Mann
HMS Pembroke 60 John Simcoe
HMS Kingston 60 William Parry
HMS York 60 Hugh Pigot
HMS Prince of Orange 60 John Fergusson
HMS Defiance 60 Patrick Baird
HMS Nottingham 60 Samuel Marshall
HMS Centurion 54 William Mantell
HMS Sutherland 50 John Rous
[10]
Artifacts gallery[edit]
English propaganda against Louisbourg and French Canada in 1755
Edward Boscawen Medal
The fortress today, as seen from the harbour
Cannon from Le Prudent, currently at the Battlefields Park, Quebec City
French mortar used during the siege, displayed at the Canadian War Museum, Ottawa.
Louisbourg Canons, Toronto
Map of Louisbourg (1758)
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siege of Louisbourg (1758).
Great Britain in the Seven Years War
France in the Seven Years War
Military history of Nova Scotia
Louisburgh, County Mayo
References[edit]
Primary sources
Gordon's Journal of the Siege
The Daily Journals, Diaries, Letters, and Accounts of Louisbourg and Isle Royale (1713-1768)
Journal of John Wolcott
Memoirs of de Johnstone
Chapter III of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African at Wikisource includes a brief witness account of the battle
Guerre du Canada. 1756-1760. Montcalm et Lévis.(in French)
Endnotes
Jump up ^ New France was doomed, Chartrand p.84
Jump up ^ Brumwell p.158
^ Jump up to: a b Chartrand p.81
Jump up ^ Johnston, A.J.B. (2007). Endgame 1758: The Promise, the Glory and the Despair of Louisbourg's Last Decade. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
Jump up ^ "Guerre du Canada. 1756-1760. Montcalm et Lévis". TOUT GALLICA. Retrieved 1 October 2017. .
Jump up ^ Hough p.21
Jump up ^ Fowler, p. 171
Jump up ^ Parkman, p.295
Jump up ^ Chartrand p.92
Jump up ^ The Naval Chronicle Vol. 07, p.202-203
Bibliography[edit]
Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War (2000) pp 250–256
Brumwell, Stephen. Paths of Glory: The Life and Death of General James Wolfe. Hambledon Continuum, 2007 ISBN 9781847252081
Chartrand, Rene Louisbourg 1758
Hough, Richard. Captain James Cook: a biography. Hodder & Stoughton, 1995
Fowler, William M. Empires at War: The French and Indian War and the Struggle For North America. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2005
Hitsman, J. McKay and C.C.J. Bond. "The Assault Landing at Louisbourg, 1758," Canadian Historical Review (1954) 35:314-330.
A.J.B. Johnson, Endgame 1758:The Promise, the Glory and the Despair of Louisbourg's Last Decade, Sydney, NS: Capre Breton University Press, 2008
McLennan, J.S (2000, originally 1918). Louisbourg: From its Foundation to its Fall, 1713-1758. Halifax: The Book Room Limited.
Warner, Oliver. With Wolfe to Quebec. Toronto: William Collins Sons and Company Ltd., 1972 ISBN 0002119420
The Naval Chronicle. 07. Bunney & Gold.
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text:
Solar eclipse of May 30, 1984
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Jump to: navigation, search
Solar eclipse of May 30, 1984
Map
Type of eclipse
Nature
Annular
Gamma
0.2755
Magnitude
0.998
Maximum eclipse
Duration
11 sec (0 m 11 s)
Coordinates
37°30′N 76°42′W / 37.5°N 76.7°W / 37.5; -76.7
Max. width of band
7 km (4.3 mi)
Times (UTC)
Greatest eclipse
16:45:41
References
Saros
137 (34 of 70)
Catalog # (SE5000)
9474
An annular solar eclipse occurred on May 30, 1984. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide. Annularity was visible in Mexico, the United States, Azores Islands, Morocco and Algeria.
Contents
[hide]
1 Related eclipses
1.1 Solar eclipses of 1982-1985
1.2 Metonic series
2 Notes
3 References
Related eclipses[edit]
Solar eclipses of 1982-1985[edit]
Each member in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.
Note: Partial solar eclipses on January 25, 1982 and July 20, 1982 occur in the previous lunar year eclipse set.
[show]Solar eclipse series sets from 1982-1985
Ascending node
Descending node
Saros
Map
Saros
Map
117
June 21, 1982
Partial 122
December 15, 1982
Partial
127
June 11, 1983
Total 132
December 4, 1983
Annular
137
May 30, 1984
Annular 142

Partial from Gisborne, NZ
November 22, 1984
Total
147
May 19, 1985
Partial 152
November 12, 1985
Total
Metonic series[edit]
The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days).
[show]21 eclipse events between August 12, 1942 and August 11, 2018
August 10-12
May 30
March 18
January 4-5
October 23-24
115
117
119
121
123

August 12, 1942
May 30, 1946
March 18, 1950
January 5, 1954
October 23, 1957
125
127
129
131
133

August 11, 1961
May 30, 1965
March 18, 1969
January 4, 1973
October 23, 1976
135
137
139
141
143

August 10, 1980
May 30, 1984
March 18, 1988
January 4, 1992
October 24, 1995
145
147
149
151
153

August 11, 1999
May 31, 2003
March 19, 2007
January 4, 2011
October 23, 2014
155

August 11, 2018
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Earth visibility chart and eclipse statistics Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC
Google interactive map
Besselian elements
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15th BC
14th BC
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Australia
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Historical
Mursili's eclipse (1312 BC)
Assyrian eclipse (763 BC)
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Total/hybrid eclipses

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1560 Aug 21
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1652 Apr 8
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1673 Aug 12
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1766 Feb 9
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1780 Oct 27
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1842 Jul 8
1851 Jul 28
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1857 Mar 25
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1860 Jul 18
1865 Apr 25
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1874 Apr 16
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1882 May 17
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1896 Aug 9
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1900 May 28
1901 May 18
1903 Sep 21
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1905 Aug 30
1907 Jan 14
1908 Jan 3
1908 Dec 23
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1911 Apr 28
1912 Apr 17
1912 Oct 10
1914 Aug 21
1916 Feb 3
1918 Jun 8
1919 May 29
1921 Oct 1
1922 Sep 21
1923 Sep 10
1925 Jan 24
1926 Jan 14
1927 Jun 29
1928 May 19
1929 May 9
1930 Apr 28
1930 Oct 21
1932 Aug 31
1934 Feb 14
1936 Jun 19
1937 Jun 8
1938 May 29
1939 Oct 12
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1943 Feb 4
1944 Jan 25
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1948 Nov 1
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1965 May 30
1966 Nov 12
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1968 Sep 22
1970 Mar 7
1972 Jul 10
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1976 Oct 23
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1979 Feb 26
1980 Feb 16
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1983 Jun 11
1984 Nov 22
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1986 Oct 3
1987 Mar 29
1988 Mar 18
1990 Jul 22
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1992 Jun 30
1994 Nov 3
1995 Oct 24
1997 Mar 9
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2001 Jun 21
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2003 Nov 23
2005 Apr 8
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2008 Aug 1
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2010 Jul 11
2012 Nov 13
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2020 Dec 14
2021 Dec 4
2023 Apr 20
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2026 Aug 12
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Annular eclipses

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1820 Sep 7
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1987 Sep 23
1988 Sep 11
1990 Jan 26
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1994 May 10
1995 Apr 29
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Partial eclipses

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1902 Apr 8
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Commission (art)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Look up commission in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
In art, a commission is the act of requesting the creation of a piece, often on behalf of another. Artwork may be commissioned by private individuals, by the government, or businesses. Commissions often resemble endorsement or sponsorship.
In classical music, ensembles often commission pieces from composers, where the ensemble secures the composer's payment from private or public organizations or donors.
Contents
[hide]
1 Commissions for public art
2 Other uses
3 See also
4 References
Commissions for public art[edit]
Throughout history, it has been common for rulers and governments to commission public art as a means of demonstrating power and wealth, or even for specific propaganda purposes.
In ancient Rome, large architectural projects were commissioned as symbols of imperial glory. The Roman Coliseum for example, was commissioned by Emperor Vespasian. Public statuary was widespread, depicting mythical and heroic figures. The frieze that is carved into the Marcus Column, located at the Campus Martius, depicts the figure of Victory, and would have been commissioned to honour successful military campaigns waged by Marcus Aurelius.[1] Ancient Roman culture was anti-intellectual and held artists in low esteem, in contrast to ancient cultures such as the Greek[2] or Babylonian. Despite this, however, the sheer amount of surviving artworks commissioned at the height of the Roman Empire are a testament to the rulers' recognition of art's effectiveness in influencing the public's opinions about its civilization and its government.
During the Renaissance, visual art flourished in the cities of Italy due to the patronage of wealthy merchants and government officials, such as Cesare Borgia. Leonardo da Vinci earned steady commissions for artwork ranging from paintings (such as the Virgin of the Rocks for the Church of San Francisco Grande), to murals (Last Supper for the monastery church of Santa Maria della Grazia), to sculptures (the Gran Cavallo at Sforza).[3] The most famous commissioned artwork of the Renaissance may be the Sistine Chapel ceiling at the Vatican, painted by Michelangelo as a commission for Pope Julius II.
Today, public artworks may be commissioned by benefactors who wish to donate the artwork to a city as a gift to the public. "Famine" (1997), a series of sculptures by Rowan Gillespie depicting victims of the Great Famine, was commissioned by Norma Smurfit and donated to the city of Dublin, Ireland. The harrowing memorial has brought other commissions to Gillespie, who has created companion sculptures for the cities of Toronto[4] and Boston.
Other uses[edit]
An art gallery or dealer who sells artworks on an artist's behalf, typically takes a percentage of the price. This portion is called the gallery's "commission". The remainder of the proceeds goes to the artist. In this way, the gallery or dealer is not only the middleman but obliquely takes the role of "patron" in that it provides representation, housing of artworks, marketing and income for the artist.
See also[edit]
Dedication (art)
Premiere
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Roman Relief Sculpture Part II". Visual Arts Cork. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ancient Roman Exhibits". Museum of Ancient and Modern Art,. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Leonardo Da Vinci". The Worldwide Art Gallery. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Famine Memorial and The World Poverty Stone". Dublin Docklands Development Authority. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
[hide]
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Extradition law in the United States
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Extradition law in the United States is the formal process by which a fugitive found in the United States is surrendered to another country or state for trial or punishment. For foreign countries, the process is regulated by treaty and conducted between the federal government of the United States and the government of a foreign country. The process is considerably different from interstate or intrastate extradition. Florida, Alaska, and Hawaii do not extradite for a misdemeanor conviction that was convicted in the US, as of 2010. Some felonies are an exception in American law such as a crime that is violent in nature, or a sexual offense, or felony driving while intoxicated; they will entail extradition from all states in the United States. Theft charges and small drug crimes are the exception; for instance, if a minor crime is committed in Florida, a person apprehended in Idaho will not be extradited back to the original crime's jurisdiction. Federal charges are governed by US federal law and most states, with the exceptions of South Carolina and Missouri, have adopted the Uniform Criminal Extradition Act. In practice, Florida, Alaska, and Hawaii typically do not extradite if the crime in question is not a felony because of the associated costs of transporting the suspect and the housing fees that must be paid to the jurisdiction in which he is held until transported.
Contents
1 Interstate extradition
2 International extradition
2.1 Extradition from the United States
2.1.1 Habeas corpus in international extradition
2.2 Extradition to the United States
3 References
4 External links
Interstate extradition[edit]
The Extradition Clause in the US Constitution requires states, upon demand of another state, to deliver a fugitive from justice who has committed a "treason, felony or other crime" to the state from which the fugitive has fled. 18 U.S.C. § 3182 sets the process by which an executive of a state, district, or territory of the United States must arrest and turn over a fugitive from another state, district, or territory.
For a person to be extradited interstate, 18 U.S.C. § 3182 requires:
An executive authority demand of the jurisdiction to which a person that is a fugitive from justice has fled.
The requesting executive must also produce a copy of an indictment found or an affidavit made before a magistrate of any state or territory. The document must charge the fugitive demanded with having committed treason, felony, or other crime, and it must be certified as authentic by the governor or chief magistrate of the state or territory from where the person so charged has fled.
The executive receiving the request must then cause the fugitive to be arrested and secure and to notify the requesting executive authority or agent to receive the fugitive.
An agent of the executive of the state demanding extradition must appear to receive the prisoner, which must occur within 30 days from time of arrest, or the prisoner may be released. Some states allow longer waiting periods, of up to 90 days.
Cases of kidnapping by a parent to another state see automatic involvement by the US Marshals Service.
In Kentucky v. Dennison,[1] decided in 1860, the Supreme Court held that, although the governor of the asylum state had a constitutional duty to return a fugitive to the demanding state, the federal courts had no authority to enforce this duty. As a result, for more than 100 years, the governor of one state was deemed to have discretion on whether or not he/she would comply with another state's request for extradition.
In a 1987 case, Puerto Rico v. Branstad,[2] the Court overruled Dennison, and held that the governor of the asylum state has no discretion in performing his or her duty to extradite, whether that duty arises under the Extradition Clause of the Constitution or under the Extradition Act (18 U.S.C. § 3182), and that a federal court may enforce the governor's duty to return the fugitive to the demanding state.[3] There are only four grounds upon which the Governor of the asylum state may deny another state’s request for extradition: (1) the extradition documents facially are not in order; (2) the person has not been charged with a crime in the demanding state; (3) the person is not the person named in the extradition documents; or (4) the person is not a fugitive.[4] There appears to be at least one additional exception: if the fugitive is under sentence in the asylum state, he need not be extradited until his punishment in the asylum state is completed.[5]
International extradition[edit]
Further information: List of United States extradition treaties
The United States (shown in purple) has extradition treaties with the countries shown in light blue
The United States has extradition treaties with more than 100 countries. Of the treaties most are dual criminality treaties with the remaining being list treaties. A list of countries with which the United States has an extradition treaty relationship can be found in the Federal Criminal Code and Rules, following 18 U.S.C. § 3181, but this list may not be completely accurate.[6] (This list is reproduced as the list of United States extradition treaties.)
The United States maintains diplomatic relations but, according to the above-mentioned list, does not have extradition treaties with the following countries:
Afghanistan
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Belarus
Botswana
Brunei
Burkina Faso
Burma
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
China (except Hong Kong)
Comoros
Congo (Kinshasa)
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Indonesia
Ivory Coast
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Laos
Lebanon
Libya
Madagascar
Maldives
Mali
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Micronesia
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Niger
Oman
Qatar
Russia
Rwanda
Samoa
São Tomé & Príncipe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Somalia
Sudan
South Sudan
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Vatican City
Vietnam
Yemen
And the countries formerly part of Yugoslavia:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Kosovo
Macedonia
Montenegro
Serbia
As well as these countries that have no diplomatic relations with the United States:
Bhutan
Iran (relations severed in 1980)
North Korea
Syria (relations suspended in 2012)
Even the partially recognized countries that have no diplomatic relations with but not recognized by the United States:
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Transnistria
Extradition from the United States[edit]
Generally under United States law (18 U.S.C. § 3184), extradition may be granted only pursuant to a treaty.[6] Some countries grant extradition without a treaty, but every such country requires an offer of reciprocity when extradition is accorded in the absence of a treaty.[6] Further, the 1996 amendments to 18 U.S.C. 3181 and 3184 permit the United States to extradite, without regard to the existence of a treaty, persons (other than citizens, nationals or permanent residents of the United States) who have committed crimes of violence against nationals of the United States in foreign countries.[6]
All extradition treaties in force require foreign requests for extradition to be submitted through diplomatic channels, usually from the country's embassy in Washington to the Department of State.[7] Many treaties also require that requests for provisional arrest be submitted through diplomatic channels, although some permit provisional arrest requests to be sent directly to the Department of Justice.[7] The Department of State reviews foreign extradition demands to identify any potential foreign policy problems and to ensure that there is a treaty in force between the United States and the country making the request, that the crime or crimes are extraditable offenses, and that the supporting documents are properly certified in accordance with 18 U.S.C. § 3190.[7] If the request is in proper order, an attorney in the State Department's Office of the Legal Adviser prepares a certificate attesting to the existence of the treaty, that the crime or crimes are extraditable offenses, and that the supporting documents are properly certified in accordance with 18 U.S.C. § 3190, and forwards it with the original request to the Justice Department's Office of International Affairs ("OIA").[7]
Once the OIA receives a foreign extradition request, it reviews the request for sufficiency and forwards sufficient requests to the United States Attorney's Office for the judicial district in which the fugitive is located.[8] The U.S. Attorney's office then obtains a warrant, and the fugitive is arrested and brought before the magistrate judge or the US district judge.[8] The government opposes bond in extradition cases.[8] Unless the fugitive waives his or her right to a hearing, the court will hold a hearing pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3184 to determine whether the fugitive is extraditable.[8] If the court finds the fugitive to be extraditable, it enters an order of extraditability and certifies the record to the Secretary of State, who decides whether to surrender the fugitive to the requesting government.[8] OIA notifies the foreign government and arranges for the transfer of the fugitive to the agents appointed by the requesting country to receive him or her. Although the order following the extradition hearing is not appealable (by either the fugitive or the government), the fugitive may petition for a writ of habeas corpus as soon as the order is issued.[8] The district court's decision on the writ is subject to appeal, and the extradition may be stayed if the court so orders.[8]
Habeas corpus in international extradition[edit]
Habeas corpus is a legal procedure initiated by an individual to test the legality of his detention by the government.[9] To benefit from habeas corpus, the affected person, or someone on his behalf, must file a petition for relief before a court with jurisdiction. The procedure is contained in 28 U.S.C. § 2241 et. seq. When the habeas petition contests the decision of an extradition magistrate, the individual must argue that his detention and surrender to a foreign country violates the United States Constitution, the applicable extradition treaty, or a federal statute.[10]
Because orders of extradition cannot be appealed,[11] the only means for an individual to have them reviewed is to file a request for a writ of habeas corpus. The government, on the other hand, may renew its request if the original one is denied.[12] Habeas corpus review by a district court is generally available whenever an individual "is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States",[13] and is provided for several different types of detention in addition to extradition, such as detention after a criminal conviction, and for military purposes. As part of its habeas review, the court will normally accept the factual findings of the extradition magistrate,[14] while legal issues are considered anew.[15]
The scope of review of a writ of habeas corpus in extradition is meant to be limited.[16] It is settled to cover at least inquiries on whether: (1) the extradition magistrate acquired jurisdiction over the individual and the matter; (2) the crime for which extradition is sought is included within the treaty as an extraditable offense, and (3) whether there is probable cause to commit the relator to trial.[17] Many courts, however, have adopted an "expanded" scope of habeas review that additionally considers issues about the violation of constitutional rights.[18]
Petitioners in extradition cases may contest the legality of their detention though a habeas proceeding by arguing, for example, that the extradition treaty is not in force,[19] that the alleged crime constitutes political behavior subject to exception,[20] that the determination of extraditability by the magistrate has not been made according to the requirements of the applicable United States statutes and treaty,[21] that the extradition procedure does not comply with the Constitution,[22] and that the relator has not been formally charged.[23]
Even though the decision of the extradition magistrate cannot be appealed, the habeas corpus determination by the district court is subject to appeal to the corresponding circuit court. Thereafter, review may be sought through certiorari to the Supreme Court.
Extradition to the United States[edit]
The federal structure of the United States can pose particular problems with respect to extraditions when the police power and the power of foreign relations are held at different levels of the federal hierarchy. For instance, in the United States, most criminal prosecutions occur at the state level, and most foreign relations occur at the federal level. In fact, under the United States Constitution, foreign countries may not have official treaty relations with sub-national units such as individual states; rather, they may have treaty relations only with the federal government. As a result, a state that wishes to prosecute an individual located in a foreign country must direct its extradition request through the federal government, which will negotiate the extradition with the foreign country. However, due to the constraints of federalism, any conditions on the extradition accepted by the federal government—such as not to impose the death penalty—are not binding on individual states.[24]
In the case of Soering v. United Kingdom, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the United Kingdom was not permitted under its treaty obligations to extradite an individual to the United States, because the United States' federal government was constitutionally unable to offer binding assurances that the death penalty would not be sought in Virginia courts. Ultimately, the Commonwealth of Virginia itself had to offer assurances to the federal government, which passed those assurances on to the United Kingdom, which extradited the individual to the United States.
Additional problems can arise due to differing criteria for crimes. For instance, in the United States, crossing state lines is a prerequisite for certain federal crimes (otherwise crimes such as murder are handled by state governments except in certain circumstances such as the killing of a federal official).[citation needed] This transportation clause is absent from the laws of many countries. Extradition treaties or subsequent diplomatic correspondence often include language providing that such criteria should not be taken into account when checking if the crime is one in the country from which extradition should apply.
To clarify the above point, if a person in the United States crosses the borders of the United States to go to another country, then that person has crossed a federal border, and federal law would apply in addition to state law. Crossing state lines (within the U.S.) in committing a crime could also create federal jurisdiction. In addition, travel by airplane in the United States subjects one to federal law, as all airports are subject to federal jurisdiction.[citation needed]
It is unlawful for U.S. citizens to enter or exit the United States without a valid U.S. passport or Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative–compliant passport-replacement document, or without an exception or waiver.[25][26][27] An application is required for the issuance of a passport.[28] If a fugitive being extradited to the United States refuses to sign a passport application, the consular officer can sign it "without recourse".[29]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 65 U.S. (24 How.) 66 (1860)
Jump up ^ 483 U.S. 219 (1987)
Jump up ^ See also, Alabama ex rel. its Governor & Attorney General v. Engler, 85 F.3d 1205 (6th Cir. 1996) (Governor of Michigan directed to return a fugitive to Alabama)
Jump up ^ 85 F.3d at 1208.
Jump up ^ See People ex rel. Focarile ex rel. McNeil v. Goord, 12 Misc. 3d 981, 819 N.Y.S.2d 815 (Sup. 2006).
^ Jump up to: a b c d "9-15.100 International Extradition and Related Matters: Definition and General Principles". United States Attorneys' Manual. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Criminal Resource Manual: 612 Role of the Department of State in Foreign Extradition Requests". United States Attorneys' Manual. Title 9: Criminal Division. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 21 June 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "9-15.700 International Extradition and Related Matters: Foreign Extradition Requests". United States Attorneys' Manual. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2241 et. seq.
Jump up ^ See M. Cherif Bassiouni, International Extradition 933-44 (2014).
Jump up ^ Collins v. Miller, 252 U.S. 364, 369 (1920)("proceeding before a committing magistrate in international extradition is not subject to correction by appeal."); In re Mackin, 668 F.2d 122, 127-28 (2nd Cir. 1981)(citing over a dozen cases supporting such proposition).
Jump up ^ Collins v. Loisel, 262 U.S. 426, 429 (1923) (double jeopardy not applicable to extradition orders); Brown v. Allen, 344 U.S. 443, 458 (1953) (res judicata not applicable to habeas proceedings).
Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3).
Jump up ^ Ornelas v. Ruiz, 161 U.S. 502, 509 (1896) (factual findings reviewed for clear error); Ordinola v. Hackman, 478 F.3d 588, 599 (4th Cir. 2007)(factual findings by extradition magistrate deserve deference by habeas court). But see Artemio Rivera, "The Consideration of Factual Issues in Extradition Habeas", 83 U. Cin. L. Rev. 809 (2015) for a discussion of the proper scope of habeas corpus in international extradition, and a criticism of the standard of review for factual issues.
Jump up ^ Sacirbey v. Guccione, 589 F.3d 52, 63 (2nd Cir. 2009); Noriega v. Pastrana, 564 F.3d 1290, 1294 (11th Cir. 2009).
Jump up ^ Terliden v. Ames, 184 U.S. 270, 278 (1902) ("The settled rule is that the writ of habeas corpus cannot perform the office of a writ of error...").
Jump up ^ Ornelas v. Ruiz, 161 U.S. 502, 508-09 (1896); Fernandez v. Phillips, 268 U.S. 311, 312 (1925).
Jump up ^ See In re Burt, 737 F.2d 1477 (7th Cir. 1984); Plaster v. United States, 720 F.2d 340 (4th Cir. 1983).
Jump up ^ Noriega v. Pastrana, 564 F.3d 1290, 1295 (11th Cir. 2009)("[t]he issue of whether the treaty of extradition has no force because another treaty or law prevents its operation" is a fundamental one reviewable through a writ of habeas corpus.)
Jump up ^ Quinn v. Robinson, 783 F.2d 776,786-87 (9th Cir. 1986); Eain v. Wilkes, 641 F.2d 504, 520 (7th Cir. 1981).
Jump up ^ See 28 U.S.C. § 2241 (c)(3) (habeas review available when the prisoner is "in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States."); Skaftouros v. United States, 667 F.3d 144, 158 (2nd Cir. 2011) ("despite the narrow scope of habeas review in the extradition context, it is nevertheless our duty to ensure that the applicable provisions of the treaty and the governing American statutes are complied with.").
Jump up ^ In re Burt, 737 F.2d 1477, 1484 (7th Cir. 1984).
Jump up ^ Sacirbey v. Guccione, 589 F.3d 52, 64 n. 16 (2nd Cir. 2009).
Jump up ^ Wilson, Steven Harmon, ed. (2012). The U.S. Justice System: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Cal.: ABC-CLIO. p. 527. ISBN 978-1-59884-304-0. LCCN 2011041731. OCLC 773670169. The political structure of countries, such as the federal structure of the United States, can bring about an additional difficulty in extradition proceedings, inasmuch as the governments of foreign nations have official relations only with the federal governments, not with the governments of a country's constituent states. It is not always clear whether an extradition agreement with the federal government is also binding to the states when a matter of state jurisdiction is involved.
Jump up ^ Capassakis, Evelyn (1981). "Passport Revocations or Denials on the Ground of National Security and Foreign Policy". Fordham L. Rev. 49 (6): 1178–1196.
Jump up ^ § 215 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (currently codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1185)
Jump up ^ 22 C.F.R. 53
Jump up ^ 22 U.S.C. § 213
Jump up ^ U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual. 7 FAM 1625.5(e); 7 FAM 1636(b); 8 FAM 1304.3-2(a)(2).
External links[edit]
Chapter 209 of the United States Code - Extradition
9-15.000 Criminal Resource Manual - International Extradition and Related Matters from the United States Attorneys' Manual
Organization of American States - Extradition
U.S. Department of State - Independent States in the World
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A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino
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The A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino, known also as'A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino: An Elegy in Three Scenes[1] is a literary play written in English by Filipino National Artist for Literature Nick Joaquin[2] in 1950.[1][3] It was described as Joaquin’s “most popular play”,[1][4] as the "most important Filipino play in English",[5] and as “probably the best-known Filipino play”[6] Apart from being regarded also as the “national play of the Philippines”[7] because of its popularity, it also became one of the important reads in English classes in the Philippines.[8] Joaquin’s play was described by Anita Gates, a reviewer from New York Times, as an "engaging, well plotted metaphor for the passing of Old Manila."[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary and thematic description
2 Historical setting and background
3 Productions and adaptations
3.1 Theatrical presentations
3.2 Literary readings
3.3 Cinematic production
4 References
Plot summary and thematic description[edit]
Set in the Filipino world of pre-World War II Intramuros of Old Manila in October 1941,[3] the play explores the many aspects of Philippine high society by telling the story of the Marasigan sisters, Candida and Paula, and their father, the painter Don Lorenzo Marasigan. Due to an artistic drought on Don Lorenzo's part, the family has to make ends meet by relying on the financial support provided by their brother Manolo and sister Pepang, who were urging them to sell the house.[5] Later on, they also had to take a male boarder, in the person of Tony Javier.[7] Don Lorenzo, who refused to sell, donate, or even exhibit his self-portrait in public, was only content in staying inside his room, a stubbornness that already took a period of one year.[3] The painting has attracted the attention and curiosity of journalists such as a family friend named Bitoy Camacho, and other obnoxious visitors pretending as art critics.[3] When one of the daughters, Paula, elopes with Tony, a journey of personal liberation is set in motion, which ends with a restoration of family relations which had been strained due to the neediness of the artist's family.[7] The theme focuses on family conflict and the amalgamation of old Filipino identity and cultural character with the arrival of contemporary and Western ideals.[5]
Historical setting and background[edit]
Before the Second World War, many Filipino intellectuals and artists – including painters, as personified by Don Lorenzo Marasigan – searched for cultural enlightenment from Spain, the first imposer of colonialism and authority in the Philippines. This group of Filipinos was acquainted with the Spanish language and customs. After the split of Philippines from Spain, the United States became the replacement model for cultural enhancement, where English language and materialism became a part – as personified by the boarder Tony Javier – thus marginalizing native tongues and culture within the process. During this period, the Philippines was also plagued by the looming war, frequent blackouts, and untrustworthy characters of the existing nightlife in Old Manila.[5][7]
Productions and adaptations[edit]
Theatrical presentations[edit]
After Joaquin wrote A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino in 1950, it was first published in Weekly Women's Magazine and Prose and Poems in 1952 and then aired on radio before being formally presented on stage in 1955. It premiered at the Aurora Gardens of Intramuros, Manila, through the performance of the group known as the Barangay Theater Guild (BGT).
BGT shortened the script and featured Daisy Hontiveros-Avellana as Candida and Dolly Benavides as Paula, who was later on replaced by Naty Crame-Rogers. The production was directed by Lamberto Avellana.[9]
There have been Tagalog translations. In 1969, Krip Yuson and Franklin Osorio wrote a translation that was staged by Philippine Educational Theater Association and later on by UP Repertory.[9]
In 1989, Bienvenido Lumbera wrote a translation titled "Larawan" that was staged by Tanghalang Pilipino (TP). It was restaged in 1992 (featuring Celeste Legaspi and Noemi Manikan-Gomez[9]) and 2000. TP also staged a Spanish translation by Lourdes Brillantes in 2000.[10]
In 1993, Dulaang UP staged the English and Bievenido Lumbera Tagalog translation.[11]
In 1997, Musical Theater Philippines (Musicat) staged a Tagalog musical adaptation titled “Larawan” at Tanghalang Nicanor Abelardo, Cultural Center of the Philippines. Translation and lyrics by Rolando Tinio, music by Ryan Cayabyab, featuring Celeste Legaspi as Candida and Zsa Zsa Padilla as Paula (Rachel Alejandro took over in the second run). Cast included Roeder Camañag as Bitoy and Ricky Davao as Tony Javier. The chorus consisted of opera singers Fides Cuyugan-Asencio, Armida Siguion-Reyna, Nomer Son, Robert Natividad and Gamaliel Viray.[12][13]
In 1997, Ma-Yi Theater Company staged the English version at Vineyard Dimson Theatre in New York City from July 26 to August 16, 1997, directed by Jorge W. Ledesma.[3]
From 1998 until 2005, the University of Santo Tomas Graduate School Academic Theater, led by then Dean of the UST Graduate School, Rev. Fr. Antonio Aureada OP, staged the play as a tribute to both Nick Joaquin and the Barangay Theater Guild in various provinces and twice abroad—in South Korea in 2002 and in the USA in 2004.
In 2002, World Theater Project at Sambalikhaan staged a production that transformed the two sisters into two gay brothers, Candido played by Anton Juan and Pablito played by Behn Cervantes, directed by Anton Juan. Floy Quintos and Chelu Marques alternated as Bitoy Camacho, Raymond Bagatsing and Marco Sison alternated as Tony Javier.[14] The Cultural Center of the Philippines "allotted P1.3 million" to the production.[15]
In 2009, Repertory Philippines staged the English play (using the script of BGT) at OnStage Theater, Greenbelt 1 Mall, Makati, directed by Lamberto Avellana and Daisy Hontiveros-Avellana's son Jose Mari Avellana. He dedicated the production to his mother.[6] The cast featured Ana Abad-Santos and Irma Adlawan-Marasigan alternating as Candida, Leisl Batucan as Paula, Joel Trinidad as Bitoy Camacho and Randy Villarama as Tony Javier.[16]
Literary readings[edit]
On October 5, 2004, readings of Joaquin's plays, essays, and poems, entitled "Portrait of the Artist as Nick Joaquin: Celebrating the Life and Works of a Beloved National Artist", which has a similarity to the title of Joaquin's play, was presented in New York City by the Philippine Economic and Cultural Endowment (PEACE), the Ma-Yi Theater Company, and the Philippine Consulate General in New York, under the direction of Andrew Eisenman.[4] This literary event and cultural presentation is considered as the first official tribute offered to Nick Joaquin ever held in New York City.[4]
Cinematic production[edit]
Theatrical release poster
In 1965, it was adapted into a black-and-white English-language film[1] with the same title by Filipino director, Lamberto V. Avellana[17] The film[18] was produced by Manny de Leon under his production company Diadem. Cinematography was by Mike Accion, music was by Miguel Velarde. Cast included Daisy Hontiveros-Avellana as Candida, Naty Crame-Rogers as Paula, Vic Silayan as Bitoy Camacho, Conrad Parham as Tony Javier [19]
Rogers said in an interview that "There were a lot of disputes in 1965 because Nick was not keen on turning his play into a movie, but we found the right setting [an old house in Biñan]."[20]
The film version received six Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences Award nominations, including a FAMAS Best Picture nomination.[21]
In 2014, the Film Development Council of the Philippines (FDCP) cofinanced the restoration of the 1965 film with Mike De Leon, son of Manny de Leon. L'Immagine Ritrovata was commissioned to do the restoration. The restored version of the film was shown at the CCP in 2015 with Naty Crame-Rogers, the only living cast member at the time, in attendance.[20]
In 2015, Butch Nolasco produced and directed "PORTRAIT: Rediscovering a Filipino Film Classic," a documentary based on the recollections of Lamberto Avellana's daughter Ivi Avellana-Cosio on the making of the movie. The documentary won first runner-up honors at the 19th GAWAD CCP Documentary Film Festival.[22]
See also
An Embarrassment of Riches
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino: An Elegy in Three Scenes, from the Biography of Nick Joaquin, The 1996 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts, rmaf.org
Jump up ^ Joaquin’s major literary works include the (...) "Portrait of the Artist as Filipino." Archived March 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine., ncca.gov
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Gates, Anita. 'A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino', Brouhaha About a Painting Its Creator Refuses to Sell, Theater in Review, August 2, 1997, The New York Times, page 117.
^ Jump up to: a b c Life and works of Nick Joaquin celebrated in NY Archived April 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine., filipinoexpress.com
^ Jump up to: a b c d A Portrait Of The Artist As Filipino Archived July 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., repertory-philippines.com
^ Jump up to: a b Ongpin, Ma. Isabel (2009-01-23). "Revisiting 'A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino'". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on 2009-03-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lipfert, David (1997-07-29). "Portrait of the Artist as a Filipino: A CurtainUp Review". CurtainUp: The Internet Theater Magazine of Reviews, Features, Annotated Listings. curtainup.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
Jump up ^ Among his huge works that have become tack readings in English classes are (...) A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino, famousfilipino.com
^ Jump up to: a b c Cadiz, Gibbs (2008-12-04). "GIBBS CADIZ: Presenting the cast of Rep's Portrait of the Artist as Filipino". GIBBS CADIZ. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
Jump up ^ "Past Shows of Tanghalang Pilipino". Theaterbator Blog by Walter Ang.
Jump up ^ Ang, Walter. "Past Shows of Dulaang UP". Theaterbator Blog by Walter Ang.
Jump up ^ Ang, Walter. "Hey, Madame Producers!". lifestyle.inquirer.net. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
Jump up ^ Girlie Rodis (2008-08-04), Larawan Act 1-6, retrieved 2016-05-28
Jump up ^ Catada, Rhea (Feb 23, 2002). "NICK JOAQUIN'S 'PORTRAIT' TAKES ON A NEW DIMENSION".
Jump up ^ "The theater odyssey of Nonon Padilla | Vera Files". verafiles.org. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
Jump up ^ Ang, Walter Rep Stages Joaquin's Portrait of an Artist as Filipino, Jan. 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Portrait of the Artist as Filipino (1965), IMDb, imdb.com
Jump up ^ "Portrait of an Artist as Filipino".
Jump up ^ "Art and idealism against all odds". philstar.com. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Cruz, Marinel R. "'Portrait,' restored". entertainment.inquirer.net. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
Jump up ^ Awards for Portrait of the Artist as Filipino (1965), IMDb, imdb.com
Jump up ^ butch nolasco (2015-03-29), PORTRAIT Rediscovering a Filipino Film Classic, retrieved 2016-05-29
[hide]
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Nick Joaquin
Novels:
The Woman Who Had Two Navels
Cave and Shadows
Short stories:
May Day Eve
The Summer Solstice
Plays:
A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino
Adaptations of
Joaquin's works
Ang Larawan (2017)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_Filipino&oldid=829204420"
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