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Go Your Own Way
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For the album by Gareth Gates, see Go Your Own Way (album). For other uses, see Go Your Own Way (disambiguation).
This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (January 2017)
"Go Your Own Way"
Single by Fleetwood Mac
from the album Rumours
B-side
"Silver Springs"
Released
December 1976
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
1976
Studio
Record Plant, Sausalito, California
Wally Heider Studios, Los Angeles
Criteria Studios, Miami
Genre
Rock[1]
Length
3:34
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Lindsey Buckingham
Producer(s)
Fleetwood Mac
Richard Dashut
Ken Caillat
Fleetwood Mac singles chronology
"Say You Love Me"
(1976) "Go Your Own Way"
(1976) "Don't Stop"
(1977)
Rumours track listing
show
11 tracks
Side one
"Second Hand News"
"Dreams"
"Never Going Back Again"
"Don't Stop"
"Go Your Own Way"
"Songbird"
Side two
"The Chain"
"You Make Loving Fun"
"I Don't Want to Know"
"Oh Daddy"
"Gold Dust Woman"
Audio sample
file
help
"Go Your Own Way" is a song by the British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac from their eleventh studio album Rumours (1977). It released as the album's first single in December 1976 on both sides of the Atlantic. Written and sung by Lindsey Buckingham, it became the band's first top ten hit in the United States.[2] The album spawned three additional top ten hits, including the band's sole number one hit, "Dreams".[3]
Rumours would go on to sell over 40 million units worldwide,[4] 20 million of which were from the US alone.[5] Recorded in three separate studios, the track was developed over a period of four months.
Contents
1 Composition
2 Lyrics
3 Release and initial response
4 Critical reception
5 Commercial performance
6 Track listing
7 Personnel
8 Charts
8.1 Weekly charts
8.2 Year-end charts
9 Other appearances
10 Other versions
11 References
12 External links
Composition[edit]
"Go Like many other Rumours tracks, "Go Your Own Way" was partially recorded in Sausalito's Record Plant, a wooden structure with few windows, located at 2200 Bridgeway.
In between legs of their 1976 Fleetwood Mac Tour, the band retreated to a house in Florida to prepare new material.[6] By this point, Christine McVie and John McVie had divorced, while Stevie Nicks and Lindsey Buckingham's romantic relationship had come to an end. Mick Fleetwood, the band's drummer, recalls how the house's eerie atmosphere contributed to the group's low morale:
It was hardly a vacation. Aside from the obvious unstated tension, I remember the house having a distinctly bad vibe to it, as if it were haunted, which did nothing to help matters…and that's where Lindsey played some of his stuff for the album. It was rough but it was great, though the setting didn't do it justice..."[7]
The band didn't hear any of these early recordings until they returned to Sausalito.
Inspired by the drum feel of "Street Fighting Man" by the Rolling Stones, Buckingham sought to incorporate a variation of that groove in 'Go Your Own Way'. Fleetwood Mac's producer, Ken Caillat, took notice of Buckingham's enthusiasm as he demonstrated the drum part he envisioned to Fleetwood. "I remember watching him guide Mick (Fleetwood) as to what he wanted – he'd be so animated, like a little kid, playing these air tom fills with his curly hair flying. Mick wasn't so sure he could do what Lindsey wanted, but he did a great job, and the song took off."[1]
The band had a difficult time assembling a suitable guitar solo, so Caillat, who was away in Lake Tahoe for Christmas vacation, was called to return to Criteria Studios to finish off the track. Caillat built the solo by piecing together six different lead guitar takes. He accomplished this by pulling up individual guitar solos through faders and muting them before bringing up the next fader, repeating the process until the solo was complete. "It was a completely comp'd solo, and on the 24-track it's still in its original form, with all the separate guitars, and you still have to mix that way." [8]
Lyrics[edit]
Like most tracks on Rumours, "Go Your Own Way"'s lyrical content documents personal relationships between other band members. Buckingham had written this as a response to his breakup with fellow Fleetwood Mac vocalist Stevie Nicks.[9]
Nicks asked Buckingham to remove the lyrics "Packing up, shacking up is all you wanna do", but Buckingham refused. "I very much resented him telling the world that 'packing up, shacking up' with different men was all I wanted to do," she told Rolling Stone. "He knew it wasn't true. It was just an angry thing that he said. Every time those words would come onstage, I wanted to go over and kill him. He knew it, so he really pushed my buttons through that. It was like, 'I'll make you suffer for leaving me.' And I did."[8]
"I've known Stevie since I was sixteen years old," Buckingham noted. "I was completely devastated when she took off. And yet I had to make hits for her. I had to do a lot of things for her that I really didn't want to do. And yet I did them. So on one level I was a complete professional in rising above that, but there was a lot of pent-up frustration and anger towards Stevie in me for many years."[10]
Release and initial response[edit]
Although the release date for Rumours was set for February 1977, Fleetwood Mac wanted a single out by Christmas; "Go Your Own Way", which had just been mastered, was chosen to fulfill that role. This marketing move proved to be a boon to album sales: Pre-orders had reached 800,000 copies, which at the time was the largest advance sale in Warner Brothers' history.[11]
B. Mitchel Reed, a popular DJ in LA in the 70s, was underwhelmed when he first played the single on his program. After the song had finished, he said dismissively to millions of listeners: "I don't know about that one". Afterwards, Buckingham contacted Reed, demanding to know what the problem was. Reed told Buckingham that he could not find the beat. Both Fleetwood and Buckingham took the blame for this issue. Buckingham attributed the problem to the acoustic guitar track that he added late into production. While he maintained that the acoustic guitar glued the whole piece together, its unusual entrance created confusion over the location of beat one.
As soon as I came up with the acoustic part, the whole song came to life for me because it acted as a foil for the vocals and a rhythmic counterpoint…so when it comes in, you don't have a reference point for where the "one" is, or where the beat is at all. It's only after the first chorus comes in that you can realize where you are – and that's what that deejay was confused about.[12]
Fleetwood on the other hand blamed his drumming:
"Go Your Own Way"s rhythm was a tom-tom structure that Lindsey demoed by hitting Kleenex boxes or something...I never quite got to grips with what he wanted, so the end result was my mutated interpretation. It became a major part of the song, a completely back-to-front approach that came, I'm ashamed to say, from capitalizing on my own ineptness.[12]
Despite this, Fleetwood has said in an interview that "Go Your Own Way" is one of his favorite songs to play. "I love playing this song. It's one of my favorites because I get to kick the hell out of my drums, and it's got that wonderfully primal part. It's a great 'let loose' stage song, in which I can revert to my old animal ways and not be quite so polite. Lindsey is a full-on rock 'n' roller on this song, and that I love."[13] Jeff Porcaro of the band Toto and Boz Scaggs complimented Fleetwood's drumming on "Go Your Own Way". On nights when Boz Scaggs opened for Fleetwood Mac, Porcaro would watch Fleetwood from the side of the stage. Intrigued by his unorthodox playing, Porcaro approached Fleetwood after a live gig:
I've watched, I've tried to understand it. Nothing you do up there makes sense, but it sounds beautiful. What's your method? What are you doing in that last fill of "Go Your Own Way"? I can't figure it out! I've been watching every night. What do you do in the last measure on that last beat? Is the snare ahead or behind? Is the hi-hat off by two quarters or is a little more than that?[14]
When Fleetwood confessed that his unique approach to drumming was simply a convenient accident, Porcaro was initially dubious about Fleetwood's claim. "It was only after we continued to talk that Jeff realized I wasn't kidding around. We eventually had a tremendous laugh about it, and when I later told him that I was dyslexic, it finally made sense."[15]
Critical reception[edit]
"Go Your Own Way" has received critical praise since its release. Daryl Easlea of BBC called Buckingham's compositions the best tracks on Rumours, "Go Your Own Way" included.[16] Matthew Greenwald (of AllMusic) noted the song's folky sound, reminiscent of pre-Beatles bands like The Everly Brothers. He also heavily praises the lively chord changes and bombastic choruses. "All of these factors, plus a great performance from the band (especially Buckingham's exquisite guitar solo) helped make the song one of the band's biggest and most timeless hits, ever."[17]
It is ranked No. 120 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time[18] and is on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll list.[19] Rolling Stone also ranked it #1 on its list of Fleetwood Mac's 50 Greatest Songs.[6]
Commercial performance[edit]
Like their last two singles from the album Fleetwood Mac, "Go Your Own Way" became a hit in the US. The track made its first appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated January 8, 1977, where it entered at No. 71. Two weeks later, the single had already ascended into the top 40. On March 12, it reached its peak of No. 10, a position it held for two weeks.[20] In the UK, the single was not as successful, only reaching No. 38. However, the song became popular in the UK over a longer period as Rumours received more radio airplay and it re-entered the singles chart as a digital download on several occasions beginning in 2009.[21] In 2013, it was certified Silver in the UK for digital sales over 200,000 copies. In 2016, it was certified Gold for digital sales of over 400,000 copies, and in 2017 it was certified Platinum for sales of over 600,000 copies.[22] The song also hit the top 40 in many other countries, including the Netherlands and Belgium, where it hit No. 1.
Track listing[edit]
US vinyl (Warner Brothers Records - WBS 8304)[23]
"Go Your Own Way" – 3:34
"Silver Springs" – 4:33
UK vinyl (Warner Brothers Records - K 16872)[24]
"Go Your Own Way" – 3:34
"Silver Springs" – 4:33
Personnel[edit]
Lindsey Buckingham – electric guitars, acoustic guitar, lead vocals, backing vocals
Mick Fleetwood – drums, maracas, cymbals
Christine McVie – Hammond organ, backing vocals
John McVie – bass guitar
Stevie Nicks – backing vocals
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1977)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[25] 10
US Adult Contemporary 45
US Cash Box Top 100[26] 10
UK Singles Chart[27] 38
New Zealand Singles Chart[28] 23
Dutch Top 40[29] 1
Australia KMR[30] 20
Canadian Singles Chart[31] 11
Germany Top 100 Singles[32] 11
Belgium Ultratop 50 Singles [33] 1
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[34] 4
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1977)
Rank
Canada[35] 109
US Billboard Hot 100[36] 94
US Cash Box Top 100[37] 86
Other appearances[edit]
Three years after its first appearance on Rumours, a live recording was included on Live. This performance was recorded in Cleveland in 1979, and featured Buckingham's guitar tech, Ray Lindsey, on rhythm guitar. "Silver Springs", previously delegated to the B-side of "Go Your Own Way", appeared alongside the latter on the 1997 live album, The Dance. Both songs would make it onto the DVD and CD of Fleetwood Mac: Live in Boston, filmed from their Say You Will Tour in 2003.[38]
Throughout the years, "Go Your Own Way" has made its way onto numerous compilations, including Greatest Hits in 1988, 25 Years - The Chain in 1992, The Very Best of Fleetwood Mac in 2002, Opus Collection in 2013, and 50 Years - Don't Stop in 2018.[39]
"Go Your Own Way" has also appeared in a couple of video games. In 2008, the song was included on both Rock Band 2[40] and Guitar Hero World Tour. [41]
Other versions[edit]
The Cranberries included a cover of "Go Your Own Way" on their 2002 re-release of To the Faithful Departed.[42] Canadian post-grunge band Art of Dying recorded an acoustic rendition for their 2012 compilation album, Let the Fire Burn.[12] It has has also been covered by NOFX,[43] The Lumineers,[44] Vomit Launch,[45] Seaweed,[46] Boy George,[42] Biffy Clyro,[47]Jellyfish,[48] Jennifer Brown,[49] Wilson Phillips,[50] Carrie Underwood,[42] Kate Ceberano,[51] Silverstein,[47] Keane,[52] Lea Michele,[53] Lissie,[12] Head and the Heart,[54] Colbie Caillat,[47] Kingswood[55] and Rawr Vanity.
Canadian artist Karl Wolf sampled the refrain from the song in his single "Go Your Own Way" with additional music and lyrics. The single appears on his album Stereotype.[56]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Bosso, Joe. "Fleetwood Mac's classic album Rumours track-by-track". Musicradar. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lamb, Bill. "Top 10 Fleetwood Mac Songs". Thoughts CO. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith. "Rewinding the Charts: In 1977, Fleetwood Mac Hit No. 1 With 'Dreams'". Billboard. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ken Caillat; Steve Stiefel (5 March 2012). Making Rumours: The Inside Story of the Classic Fleetwood Mac Album. John Wiley & Sons. p. xiv, 74. ISBN 9781118282366. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Albums". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved October 13, 2018. .
^ Jump up to: a b "Fleetwood Mac's 50 Greatest Songs". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Fleetwood, Mick; Bozza, Anthony (October 2014). Play On (First ed.). New York, NY: Little Brown and Company. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-316-40342-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Buskin, Richard. "Fleetwood Mac 'Go Your Own Way'". SOS. SOS Publications Group. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ CNN: Mac's Buckingham, Nicks still have tension, love Retrieved 2013-07-17
Jump up ^ Elliott, Paul (October 2013). "Eye of the hurricane". Classic Rock #189. p. 59.
Jump up ^ Evans, Mike (2011). Fleetwood Mac - The Definitive History. New York, NY: Sterling. pp. 154–155. ISBN 978-1-4027-8630-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Robbins, Patrick. "Five Good Covers: Go Your Own Way (Fleetwood Mac)". Cover Me. Cover Me. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bosso, Joe. "Mick Fleetwood: my 11 greatest recordings of all time - Go Your Own Way". musicradar. Future Publishing Limited. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fleetwood, Mick; Bozza, Anthony (October 2014). Play On: Now Then & Fleetwood Mac. 1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10104: Little, Brown and Company. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-316-40342-9.
Jump up ^ Fleetwood, Mick; Bozza, Anthony (October 2014). Play On: Now Then & Fleetwood Mac. 1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10104: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-316-40342-9.
Jump up ^ Easlea, Daryl. "Fleetwood Mac Rumours Review". BBC. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Greenwald, Matthew. "Fleetwood Mac - Go Your Own Way". AllMusic. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fleetwood Mac, 'Go Your Own Way' - 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "500 Songs That Shaped Rock". infoplease. Pearson Education, Inc. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Go Your Own Way at AllMusic
Jump up ^ "Fleetwood Mac". officialcharts.com. The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
Jump up ^ BPI Awards database
Jump up ^ "Fleetwood Mac - Go Your Own Way (Vinyl)". Discogs. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fleetwood Mac - Go Your Own Way (UK Vinyl)". Discogs. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fleetwood Mac: Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, March 5, 1977
Jump up ^ "Fleetwood Mac > Artists > Official Charts". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. "charts.org.nz - Fleetwood Mac - Fleetwood Mac in New Zealand Charts". charts.org.nz. Archived from the original on August 26, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "dutchcharts.nl - Fleetwood Mac - Fleetwood Mac in Dutch Charts". dutchcharts.nl. November 9, 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-10-25.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Results-RPM-Library and Archives Canada". Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Musicline. "Musicline.de - Chartverfolgung - Fleetwood Mac" (in German). musicline.de. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop Belgian Charts - Fleetwood Mac". Ultratop. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "SA Charts 1965–March 1989". Retrieved 5 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 200 Singles of '77 – Volume 28, No. 11, December 31 1977". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pop Singles" Billboard December 24, 1977: 64
Jump up ^ Cash Box Year-End Charts: 1977 Top 100 Pop Singles, December 31, 1977
Jump up ^ Jurek, Thom. "Live In Boston - Fleetwood Mac | AllMusic". allmusic.com. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Fleetwood Mac 50 Years – Don't Stop CD & LP Collections Available November 16". Rhino. Rhino Entertainment. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stubbs, Kenneth. "Rock Band 2 Cheats, Codes & Guides". GamesRadar. Future US, Inc. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Guitar Hero World Tour full set list revealed". GameSpot. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Buckley, Cat. "Fleetwood Mac's 'Rumours' Turns 40: 11 of the Best 'Go Your Own Way' Covers". Billboard. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NOFX cover of Fleetwood Mac's Go Your Own Way". WhoSampled. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Filbin, Patrick. "The Lumineers Cover Fleetwood Mac's "Go Your Own Way'". Paste Magazine. Paste Media Group. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Vomit Launch - Go Your Own Way Live". last.fm. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Go Your Own Way By Seaweed on Sub Pop Records". Sub Pop. Sub Pop Records. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Go Your Own Way by Fleetwood Mac Statistics". setlist.fm. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Video Jellyfish - Go Your Own Way - Live in Frankfurt, Germany". 2K music. 2K14. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jennifer Brown "Go Your Own Way" Lyrics". Lyrics Box. LyricsBox. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gabel, Sue. "Wilson Phillips performing for one night only at the Snoqualmie Casino Ballroom". axs. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Video Kate Ceberano "Go Your Own Way"". 2Kmusic. 2K14. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Keane - Go Your Own Way (Fleetwood Mac) - Live on BBC Radio 2 (2010-05-10)". Youtube. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Marsi, Steve. "Glee Sneak Peek: Lea Michele Belts Out "Go Your Own Way"". TV Fanatic. TV Fanatic. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Head & The Heart cover Fleetwood Mac". Retrieved March 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "» ISUZU Artist: Kingswood Track: Go Your Own Way". Retrieved 2017-02-22.
Jump up ^ YouTube KarlWolfVEVO channel - "Go Your Own Way"
External links[edit]
CLASSIC TRACKS: Fleetwood Mac 'Go Your Own Way'
VIDEO: Go Your Own Way by Fleetwood Mac
Fleetwood Mac's Go Your Own Way on Last.fm
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Moons of Jupiter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the moons of Jupiter. For other uses, see Moons of Jupiter (disambiguation).
The natural satellites of the planet Jupiter
A montage of Jupiter and its four largest moons (distance and sizes not to scale)
There are 79 known moons of Jupiter.[1][2][3] This gives Jupiter the largest number of moons with reasonably stable orbits of any planet in the Solar System.[4] The most massive of the moons are the four Galilean moons, which were independently discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius and were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun. From the end of the 19th century, dozens of much smaller Jovian moons have been discovered and have received the names of lovers or daughters of the Roman god Jupiter or his Greek equivalent Zeus. The Galilean moons are by far the largest and most massive objects to orbit Jupiter, with the remaining 75 known moons and the rings together comprising just 0.003% of the total orbiting mass.
The orbit and motion of the Galilean moons around Jupiter, as captured by JunoCam aboard the Juno spacecraft.
Of Jupiter's moons, eight are regular satellites with prograde and nearly circular orbits that are not greatly inclined with respect to Jupiter's equatorial plane. The Galilean satellites are nearly spherical in shape due to their planetary mass, and so would be considered at least dwarf planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun. The other four regular satellites are much smaller and closer to Jupiter; these serve as sources of the dust that makes up Jupiter's rings. The remainder of Jupiter's moons are irregular satellites whose prograde and retrograde orbits are much farther from Jupiter and have high inclinations and eccentricities. These moons were probably captured by Jupiter from solar orbits. Twenty-seven of the irregular satellites have not yet been officially named.
Contents
1 Characteristics
2 Origin and evolution
3 Discovery
4 Naming
5 Groups
5.1 Regular satellites
5.2 Irregular satellites
6 List
7 Exploration
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Characteristics[edit]
The physical and orbital characteristics of the moons vary widely. The four Galileans are all over 3,100 kilometres (1,900 mi) in diameter; the largest Galilean, Ganymede, is the ninth largest object in the Solar System, after the Sun and seven of the planets, Ganymede being larger than Mercury. All other Jovian moons are less than 250 kilometres (160 mi) in diameter, with most barely exceeding 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).[note 1] Their orbital shapes range from nearly perfectly circular to highly eccentric and inclined, and many revolve in the direction opposite to Jupiter's spin (retrograde motion). Orbital periods range from seven hours (taking less time than Jupiter does to spin around its axis), to some three thousand times more (almost three Earth years).
Origin and evolution[edit]
The relative masses of the Jovian moons. Those smaller than Europa are not visible at this scale, and combined would only be visible at 100× magnification.
Jupiter's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk, a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a protoplanetary disk.[5][6] They may be the remnants of a score of Galilean-mass satellites that formed early in Jupiter's history.[5][7]
Simulations suggest that, while the disk had a relatively high mass at any given moment, over time a substantial fraction (several tenths of a percent) of the mass of Jupiter captured from the solar nebula was passed through it. However, only 2% of the proto-disk mass of Jupiter is required to explain the existing satellites.[5] Thus there may have been several generations of Galilean-mass satellites in Jupiter's early history. Each generation of moons might have spiraled into Jupiter, because of drag from the disk, with new moons then forming from the new debris captured from the solar nebula.[5] By the time the present (possibly fifth) generation formed, the disk had thinned so that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits.[7] The current Galilean moons were still affected, falling into and being partially protected by an orbital resonance with each other, which still exists for Io, Europa, and Ganymede. Ganymede's larger mass means that it would have migrated inward at a faster rate than Europa or Io.[5]
The outer, irregular moons are thought to have originated from captured asteroids, whereas the protolunar disk was still massive enough to absorb much of their momentum and thus capture them into orbit. Many are believed to have broken up by mechanical stresses during capture, or afterward by collisions with other small bodies, producing the moons we see today.[8]
Discovery[edit]
The Galilean moons. From left to right, in order of increasing distance from Jupiter: Io; Europa; Ganymede; Callisto.
See also: Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons
Some scholars propose that the earliest record of a Jovian moon (Ganymede or Callisto) is a note by Chinese astronomer Gan De of an observation around 364 BC.[9]
However, the first certain observations of Jupiter's satellites were those of Galileo Galilei in 1609.[10] By January 1610, he had sighted the four massive Galilean moons with his 30× magnification telescope, and he published his results in March 1610.[11]
Simon Marius had independently discovered the moons one day after Galileo, although he did not publish his book on the subject until 1614. Even so, the names Marius assigned are used today: Ganymede; Callisto; Io; and Europa.[12] No additional satellites were discovered until E. E. Barnard observed Amalthea in 1892.[13]
With the aid of telescopic photography, further discoveries followed quickly over the course of the 20th century. Himalia was discovered in 1904,[14] Elara in 1905,[15] Pasiphae in 1908,[16] Sinope in 1914,[17] Lysithea and Carme in 1938,[18] Ananke in 1951,[19] and Leda in 1974.[20]
Jupiter and the Galilean moons through a 25 cm (10 in) Meade LX200 telescope.
By the time that the Voyager space probes reached Jupiter, around 1979, 13 moons had been discovered, not including Themisto, which had been observed in 1975,[21] but was lost until 2000 due to insufficient initial observation data. The Voyager spacecraft discovered an additional three inner moons in 1979: Metis; Adrastea; and Thebe.[22]
No additional moons were discovered for two decades, generally during the 1980s and 1990s, but between October 1999 and February 2003, researchers found another 34 moons using sensitive ground-based detectors.[23] These are tiny moons, in long, eccentric, generally retrograde orbits, and averaging 3 km (1.9 mi) in diameter, with the largest being just 9 km (5.6 mi) across. All of these moons are thought to have been captured asteroidal or perhaps comet bodies, possibly fragmented into several pieces.[24][25]
By 2015, a total of 15 additional moons were discovered.[25] Two more were discovered in 2016 by the team led by Scott S. Sheppard at the Carnegie Institution for Science, bringing the total to 69.[26] On 17 July 2018, the International Astronomical Union confirmed that Sheppard's team discovered ten more moons around Jupiter, bringing the total number to 79.[27][28] Among these is Valetudo, which has a prograde orbit, but crosses paths with several moons that have retrograde orbits, making an eventual collision—at some point on a billions of years timescale—likely.[29]
Additional tiny moons likely exist but remain undiscovered, as they are very difficult for astronomers to detect.[4]
The number of moons known for each of the four outer planets up to July 2018. Jupiter currently has 79 known satellites.
Naming[edit]
Main article: Naming of moons
The Galilean moons and their orbits around Jupiter.
The Galilean moons of Jupiter (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto) were named by Simon Marius soon after their discovery in 1610.[30] However, these names fell out of favor until the 20th century. The astronomical literature instead simply referred to "Jupiter I", "Jupiter II", etc., or "the first satellite of Jupiter", "Jupiter's second satellite", and so on.[30] The names Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto became popular in the mid-20th century,.[31] whereas the rest of the moons remained unnamed and were usually numbered in Roman numerals V (5) to XII (12).[32][better source needed] Jupiter V was discovered in 1892 and given the name Amalthea by a popular though unofficial convention, a name first used by French astronomer Camille Flammarion.[23]
The other moons were simply labeled by their Roman numeral (e.g. Jupiter IX) in the majority of astronomical literature until the 1970s.[33] In 1975, the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Task Group for Outer Solar System Nomenclature granted names to satellites V–XIII,[34] and provided for a formal naming process for future satellites still to be discovered.[34] The practice was to name newly discovered moons of Jupiter after lovers and favorites of the god Jupiter (Zeus) and, since 2004, also after their descendants.[35] All of Jupiter's satellites from XXXIV (Euporie) onward are named after daughters of Jupiter or Zeus,[35] except LIII (Dia), named after a lover of Jupiter, and LXII (Valetudo), named after a great-granddaughter of Jupiter. Names ending with "a" or "o" are used for prograde irregular satellites (the latter for highly inclined satellites), and names ending with "e" are used for retrograde irregulars.[36] The most recently confirmed moons Jupiter LI through LXXII (with the exception of Jupiter LIII Dia and Jupiter LXII Valetudo) have not received names.
Some asteroids share the same names as moons of Jupiter: 9 Metis, 38 Leda, 52 Europa, 85 Io, 113 Amalthea, 239 Adrastea. Two more asteroids previously shared the names of Jovian moons until spelling differences were made permanent by the IAU: Ganymede and asteroid 1036 Ganymed; and Callisto and asteroid 204 Kallisto.
Groups[edit]
The orbits of Jupiter's irregular satellites, and how they cluster into groups: by semi-major axis (the horizontal axis in Gm); by orbital inclination (the vertical axis); and orbital eccentricity (the yellow lines). The relative sizes are indicated by the circles.
Regular satellites[edit]
These have prograde and nearly circular orbits of low inclination and are split into two groups:
Inner satellites or Amalthea group: Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, and Thebe. These orbit very close to Jupiter; the innermost two orbit in less than a Jovian day. The latter two are respectively the fifth and seventh largest moons in the Jovian system. Observations suggest that at least the largest member, Amalthea, did not form on its present orbit, but farther from the planet, or that it is a captured Solar System body.[37] These moons, along with a number of as-yet-unseen inner moonlets, replenish and maintain Jupiter's faint ring system. Metis and Adrastea help to maintain Jupiter's main ring, whereas Amalthea and Thebe each maintain their own faint outer rings.[38][39]
Main group or Galilean moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. They are some of the largest objects in the Solar System outside the Sun and the eight planets in terms of mass and are larger than any known dwarf planet. Ganymede exceeds even the planet Mercury in diameter. They are respectively the fourth-, sixth-, first-, and third-largest natural satellites in the Solar System, containing approximately 99.997% of the total mass in orbit around Jupiter, while Jupiter is almost 5,000 times more massive than the Galilean moons.[note 2] The inner moons are in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance. Models suggest that they formed by slow accretion in the low-density Jovian subnebula—a disc of the gas and dust that existed around Jupiter after its formation—which lasted up to 10 million years in the case of Callisto.[40] Several are suspected of having subsurface oceans.
Irregular satellites[edit]
Jupiter's outer moons and their highly inclined orbits
Main article: Irregular satellite
The irregular satellites are substantially smaller objects with more distant and eccentric orbits. They form families with shared similarities in orbit (semi-major axis, inclination, eccentricity) and composition; it is believed that these are at least partially collisional families that were created when larger (but still small) parent bodies were shattered by impacts from asteroids captured by Jupiter's gravitational field. These families bear the names of their largest members. The identification of satellite families is tentative, but the following are typically listed:[41][42][43]
Prograde satellites:
Themisto[42] is the innermost irregular moon and is not part of a known family.[41]
The Himalia group is spread over barely 1.4 Gm in semi-major axes, 1.6° in inclination (27.5 ± 0.8°), and eccentricities between 0.11 and 0.25. It has been suggested that the group could be a remnant of the break-up of an asteroid from the asteroid belt.[42]
Carpo is another prograde moon and is not part of a known family. It has the highest inclination of all of the prograde moons.[41]
Valetudo, reported 2018, is the outermost prograde moon and is not part of a known family.[41]
Retrograde satellites: inclinations (°) vs. eccentricities, with Carme's (orange) and Ananke's (yellow) groups identified
Retrograde satellites:
The Carme group is spread over only 1.2 Gm in semi-major axis, 1.6° in inclination (165.7 ± 0.8°), and eccentricities between 0.23 and 0.27. It is very homogeneous in color (light red) and is believed to have originated from a D-type asteroid progenitor, possibly a Jupiter Trojan.[24]
The Ananke group has a relatively wider spread than the previous groups, over 2.4 Gm in semi-major axis, 8.1° in inclination (between 145.7° and 154.8°), and eccentricities between 0.02 and 0.28. Most of the members appear gray, and are believed to have formed from the breakup of a captured asteroid.[24]
The Pasiphae group is quite dispersed, with a spread over 1.3 Gm, inclinations between 144.5° and 158.3°, and eccentricities between 0.25 and 0.43.[24] The colors also vary significantly, from red to grey, which might be the result of multiple collisions. Sinope, sometimes included in the Pasiphae group,[24] is red and, given the difference in inclination, it could have been captured independently;[42] Pasiphae and Sinope are also trapped in secular resonances with Jupiter.[44]
List[edit]
Key
♠
Galilean moons †
Prograde irregular moons ‡
Retrograde moons
The moons of Jupiter are listed below by orbital period. Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in bold. These are the four Galilean moons, which are comparable in size to the Moon. The other moons are much smaller, with the least massive Galilean moon being more than 7000 times more massive than the most massive of the other moons. The irregular captured moons are shaded light gray when prograde and dark gray when retrograde. All orbits are based on the estimated orbit on the Julian date 2457000, or 3 September 2017. As several moons of Jupiter are currently lost, these orbital elements may be only rough approximations. As of 2018, seven satellites are considered to be lost. These are S/2003 J 2, S/2003 J 4, S/2003 J 9, S/2003 J 10, S/2003 J 12, S/2003 J 16, and S/2003 J 23. A number of other moons have only been observed for a year or two, but have decent enough orbits to be easily measurable even in 2018.
Order
[note 3]
Label
[note 4]
Name
Pronunciation
Image
Abs.
magn.
Diameter
(km)[note 5]
Mass
(×1016 kg)
Semi-major
axis
(km)[45]
Orbital period
(d)[45][note 6]
Inclination
(°)[45]
Eccentr.
[41]
Discovery
year[23]
Discoverer[23]
Group
[note 7]
1 XVI Metis /ˈmiːtɪs/
7001105000000000000♠10.5 60 × 40 × 34 ≈ 3.6 7005128852000000000♠128852 +7h 10m 16s 2.226 0.0077 1979 Synnott
(Voyager 1) Inner
2 XV Adrastea /əˈdræstiə/
7001120000000000000♠12.0 20 × 16 × 14 ≈ 0.2 7005129000000000000♠129000 +7h 15m 21s 2.217 0.0063 1979 Jewitt
(Voyager 2) Inner
3 V Amalthea /əˈmælθiə/[46]
7000710000000000000♠7.1 250 × 146 × 128
(7002167000000000000♠167±4.0) 208 7005181366000000000♠181366 +12h 01m 46s 2.565 0.0075 1892 Barnard Inner
4 XIV Thebe /ˈθiːbi/
7000900000000000000♠9.0 116 × 98 × 84 ≈ 43 7005222452000000000♠222452 +16h 16m 02s 2.909 0.0180 1979 Synnott
(Voyager 1) Inner
5 I Io♠ /ˈaɪoʊ/
2999830000000000000♠−1.7 7003366000000000000♠3660.0
× 7003363740000000000♠3637.4
× 7003363060000000000♠3630.6 7006893190000000000♠8931900 7005421700000000000♠421700 +7000176910000000000♠1.7691 0.050[47] 0.0041 1610 Galilei Galilean
6 II Europa♠ /jʊəˈroʊpə/[48]
2999860000000000000♠−1.4 7003312160000000000♠3121.6 7006480000000000000♠4800000 7005671034000000000♠671034 +7000355120000000000♠3.5512 0.471[47] 0.0094 1610 Galilei Galilean
7 III Ganymede♠ /ˈɡænɪmiːd/[49][50]
2999790000000000000♠−2.1 7003526239999999999♠5262.4 7007148190000000000♠14819000 7006107041200000000♠1070412 +7000715460000000000♠7.1546 0.204[47] 0.0011 1610 Galilei Galilean
8 IV Callisto♠ /kəˈlɪstoʊ/
2999880000000000000♠−1.2 7003482060000000000♠4820.6 7007107590000000000♠10759000 7006188270900000000♠1882709 +7001166890000000000♠16.689 0.205[47] 0.0074 1610 Galilei Galilean
9 XVIII Themisto† /θɪˈmɪstoʊ/ 7001135000000000000♠13.5 8 6998690000000000000♠0.069 7006739321600000000♠7393216 +129.87 45.762 0.2115 1975/2000 Kowal & Roemer/
Sheppard et al. Themisto
10 XIII Leda† /ˈliːdə/
7001128000000000000♠12.8 16 0.6 7007111877810000000♠11187781 +240.82 27.562 0.1673 1974 Kowal Himalia
11 VI Himalia† /haɪˈmeɪliə/
7000830000000000000♠8.3 170 670 7007114519710000000♠11451971 +250.23 30.486 0.1513 1904 Perrine Himalia
12 LXXI S/2018 J 1† 7001159000000000000♠15.9 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007114530040000000♠11453004 +250.40 30.606 0.0944 2018 Sheppard et al. Himalia
13 LXV S/2017 J 4† 7001162000000000000♠16.2 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007114948010000000♠11494801 +251.77 28.155 0.1800 2017 Sheppard et al. Himalia
14 X Lysithea† /laɪˈsɪθiə/ 7001113000000000000♠11.3 36 6.3 7007117405600000000♠11740560 +259.89 27.006 0.1322 1938 Nicholson Himalia
15 VII Elara† /ˈɛlərə/
7000990000000000000♠9.9 86 87 7007117780340000000♠11778034 +259.64 29.691 0.1948 1905 Perrine Himalia
16 LIII Dia† /ˈdaɪə/ 7001163000000000000♠16.3 4 6997899999999999999♠0.0090 7007125704240000000♠12570424 +287.93 27.584 0.2058 2001 Sheppard et al. Himalia
17 XLVI Carpo† /ˈkɑːrpoʊ/ 7001162000000000000♠16.2 3 6997449999999999999♠0.0045 7007171448730000000♠17144873 +458.62 56.001 0.2735 2003 Sheppard et al. Carpo
18 — (lost) S/2003 J 12‡ 7001170000000000000♠17.0 1 6996150000000000000♠0.00015 7007177395390000000♠17739539
(7007287174310000000♠28717431±1136944)[51] −482.69
(-944.29)[51] 142.680
(7002152500000000000♠152.5±1.3)[51] 0.4449
(6999115000000000000♠0.115±0.011)[51] 2003 Sheppard et al. Ananke (unconfirmed)
19 LXII Valetudo† /vælɪˈtuːdoʊ/ 7001169000000000000♠16.9 1 7007189280950000000♠18928095 +532.00 34.014 0.2219 2016 Sheppard et al. Valetudo
20 XXXIV Euporie‡ /juːˈpɒrii/ 7001164000000000000♠16.4 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007190884340000000♠19088434 −538.78 144.694 0.0960 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke
21 LX S/2003 J 3‡ 7001169000000000000♠16.9 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007196217800000000♠19621780 −561.52 146.363 0.2507 2003 Sheppard et al. Ananke
22 LV S/2003 J 18‡ 7001165000000000000♠16.5 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007202196480000000♠20219648 −587.38 146.376 0.1048 2003 Gladman et al. Ananke
23 LII S/2010 J 2‡ 7001175000000000000♠17.5 1 7007203071500000000♠20307150 −588.36 150.4 0.307 2010 Veillet Ananke
24 XLII Thelxinoe‡ /θɛlkˈsɪnoʊi/ 7001164000000000000♠16.4 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007204537530000000♠20453753 −597.61 151.292 0.2684 2003 Sheppard et al. Ananke
25 XXXIII Euanthe‡ /juˈænθi/ 7001165000000000000♠16.5 3 6997449999999999999♠0.0045 7007204648540000000♠20464854 −598.09 143.409 0.2000 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke
26 XLV Helike‡ /ˈhɛlɪki/ 7001161000000000000♠16.1 4 6997899999999999999♠0.0090 7007205402660000000♠20540266 −601.40 154.586 0.1374 2003 Sheppard et al. Ananke
27 XXXV Orthosie‡ /ɔːrˈθɒsii/ 7001167000000000000♠16.7 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007205679710000000♠20567971 −602.62 142.366 0.2433 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke
28 LXVIII S/2017 J 7‡ 7001166000000000000♠16.6 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007205714580000000♠20571458 −602.77 143.438 0.2147 2017 Sheppard et al. Ananke
29 LIV S/2016 J 1‡ 7001170000000000000♠17.0 3 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007205954830000000♠20595483 −603.83 139.839 0.1377 2016 Sheppard et al. Ananke
30 LXIV S/2017 J 3‡ 7001165000000000000♠16.5 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007206393150000000♠20639315 −605.76 147.915 0.1477 2017 Sheppard et al. Ananke
31 XXIV Iocaste‡ /aɪoʊˈkæsti/ 7001155000000000000♠15.5 5 6998190000000000000♠0.019 7007207225660000000♠20722566 −609.43 147.248 0.2874 2001 Sheppard et al. Ananke
32 — (lost) S/2003 J 16‡ 7001164000000000000♠16.4 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007207437790000000♠20743779 −610.36 150.769 0.3184 2003 Gladman et al. Ananke
33 XXVII Praxidike‡ /prækˈsɪdɪki/ 7001149000000000000♠14.9 7 6998429999999999999♠0.043 7007208239480000000♠20823948 −613.90 144.205 0.1840 2001 Sheppard et al. Ananke
34 XXII Harpalyke‡ /hɑːrˈpælɪki/ 7001159000000000000♠15.9 4 6998120000000000000♠0.012 7007210638140000000♠21063814 −624.54 147.223 0.2440 2001 Sheppard et al. Ananke
35 XL Mneme‡ /ˈniːmi/ 7001164000000000000♠16.4 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007211297860000000♠21129786 −627.48 149.732 0.3169 2003 Gladman et al. Ananke
36 XXX Hermippe‡ /hərˈmɪpi/ 7001156000000000000♠15.6 4 6997899999999999999♠0.0090 7007211820860000000♠21182086 −629.81 151.242 0.2290 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke
37 XXIX Thyone‡ /θaɪˈoʊni/ 7001159000000000000♠15.9 4 6997899999999999999♠0.0090 7007214055700000000♠21405570 −639.80 147.276 0.2525 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke
38 LXX S/2017 J 9‡ 7001161000000000000♠16.1 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007214299550000000♠21429955 −640.90 152.661 0.2288 2017 Sheppard et al. Ananke
39 XII Ananke‡ /əˈnæŋki/ 7001120000000000000♠12.0 28 3.0 7007214549520000000♠21454952 −640.38 151.564 0.3445 1951 Nicholson Ananke
40 L Herse‡ /ˈhɜːrsi/ 7001166000000000000♠16.6 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007221343060000000♠22134306 −672.75 162.490 0.2379 2003 Gladman et al. Carme
41 XXXI Aitne‡ /ˈɛtni/ 7001160000000000000♠16.0 3 6997449999999999999♠0.0045 7007222851610000000♠22285161 −679.64 165.562 0.3927 2002 Sheppard et al. Carme
42 LXVII S/2017 J 6‡ 7001164000000000000♠16.4 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007223946820000000♠22394682 −684.66 155.185 0.5569 2017 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae (fringe member)
43 LXXII S/2011 J 1‡ 7001167000000000000♠16.7 1 7007224018170000000♠22401817 −694.98 163.341 0.2328 2011 Sheppard et al. Carme
44 XXXVII Kale‡ /ˈkeɪli/ 7001164000000000000♠16.4 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007224092070000000♠22409207 −685.32 165.378 0.2011 2002 Sheppard et al. Carme
45 XX Taygete‡ /teɪˈɪdʒɪti/ 7001156000000000000♠15.6 5 6998160000000000000♠0.016 7007224386480000000♠22438648 −686.67 164.890 0.3678 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
46 LXI S/2003 J 19‡ 7001168000000000000♠16.8 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007226967500000000♠22696750 −698.55 166.657 0.2572 2003 Gladman et al. Carme
47 XXI Chaldene‡ /kælˈdiːni/ 7001160000000000000♠16.0 4 6997750000000000000♠0.0075 7007227134440000000♠22713444 −699.33 167.070 0.2916 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
48 LVIII S/2003 J 15‡ 7001167000000000000♠16.7 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007227209990000000♠22720999 −699.68 141.812 0.0932 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
49 — (lost) S/2003 J 10‡ 7001168000000000000♠16.8 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007227308130000000♠22730813
(7007224625750000000♠22462575±670198)[52] −700.13
(-687.83)[52] 163.813
(7002162380000000000♠162.38±0.90[52] 0.3438
(6998950000000000000♠0.095±0.014)[52] 2003 Sheppard et al. Carme
50 — (lost) S/2003 J 23‡ 7001168000000000000♠16.8 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007227396540000000♠22739654 −700.54 148.849 0.3930 2004 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
51 XXV Erinome‡ /ɪˈrɪnoʊmi/ 7001161000000000000♠16.1 3 6997449999999999999♠0.0045 7007229862660000000♠22986266 −711.96 163.737 0.2552 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
52 XLI Aoede‡ /eɪˈiːdi/ 7001156000000000000♠15.6 4 6997899999999999999♠0.0090 7007230441750000000♠23044175 −714.66 160.482 0.4311 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
53 XLIV Kallichore‡ /kəˈlɪkoʊri/ 7001163000000000000♠16.3 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007231118230000000♠23111823 −717.81 164.605 0.2041 2003 Sheppard et al. Carme
54 LXVI S/2017 J 5‡ 7001165000000000000♠16.5 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007231693890000000♠23169389 −720.49 164.331 0.2842 2017 Sheppard et al. Carme
55 LXIX S/2017 J 8‡ 7001170000000000000♠17.0 1 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007231744460000000♠23174446 −720.73 164.782 0.3118 2017 Sheppard et al. Carme
56 XXIII Kalyke‡ /ˈkælɪki/ 7001155000000000000♠15.5 5 6998190000000000000♠0.019 7007231807730000000♠23180773 −721.02 165.505 0.2139 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
57 XI Carme‡ /ˈkɑːrmi/ 7001110000000000000♠11.0 46 13 7007231979920000000♠23197992 −702.28 165.047 0.2342 1938 Nicholson Carme
58 XVII Callirrhoe‡ /kəˈlɪroʊi/
7001141000000000000♠14.1 9 6998870000000000000♠0.087 7007232149860000000♠23214986 −727.11 139.849 0.2582 2000 Spahr, Scotti Pasiphae
59 XXXII Eurydome‡ /jʊəˈrɪdəmi/ 7001163000000000000♠16.3 3 6997449999999999999♠0.0045 7007232308580000000♠23230858 −723.36 149.324 0.3769 2002 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
60 LXIII S/2017 J 2‡ 7001169000000000000♠16.9 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007232409570000000♠23240957 −723.83 166.398 0.2360 2017 Sheppard et al. Carme
61 XXXVIII Pasithee‡ /pəˈsɪθii/ 7001168000000000000♠16.8 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007233073180000000♠23307318 −726.93 165.759 0.3288 2002 Sheppard et al. Carme
62 LI S/2010 J 1‡ 7001165000000000000♠16.5 2 7007233143350000000♠23314335 −724.34 163.2 0.320 2010 Jacobson et al. Carme
63 XLIX Kore‡ /ˈkɔːri/ 7001166000000000000♠16.6 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007233450930000000♠23345093 −723.72 137.371 0.1951 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
64 XLVIII Cyllene‡ /sɪˈliːni/ 7001163000000000000♠16.3 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007233962690000000♠23396269 −731.10 140.148 0.4115 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
65 LVI S/2011 J 2‡ 7001169000000000000♠16.9 1 7007234009810000000♠23400981 −731.32 148.77 0.3321 2011 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
66 XLVII Eukelade‡ /juːˈkɛlədi/ 7001160000000000000♠16.0 4 6997899999999999999♠0.0090 7007234836940000000♠23483694 −735.20 163.996 0.2828 2003 Sheppard et al. Carme
67 LIX S/2017 J 1‡ 7001168000000000000♠16.8 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007234839780000000♠23483978 −734.15 149.197 0.3969 2017 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
68 — (lost) S/2003 J 4‡ 7001167000000000000♠16.7 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007235707900000000♠23570790
(7007227667480000000♠22766748±1780215)[53] −739.29
(-701.85)[53] 147.175
(7002143200000000000♠143.2±1.3)[53] 0.3003
(6999111100000000000♠0.1111±0.0077)[53] 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
69 VIII Pasiphae‡ /pəˈsɪfeɪi/ 7001104000000000000♠10.4 60 30 7007236090420000000♠23609042 −739.80 141.803 0.3743 1908 Melotte Pasiphae
70 XXXIX Hegemone‡ /hɪˈdʒɛməni/ 7001160000000000000♠16.0 3 6997449999999999999♠0.0045 7007237025110000000♠23702511 −745.50 152.506 0.4077 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
71 XLIII Arche‡ /ˈɑːrki/ 7001163000000000000♠16.3 3 6997449999999999999♠0.0045 7007237170510000000♠23717051 −746.19 164.587 0.1492 2002 Sheppard et al. Carme
72 XXVI Isonoe‡ /aɪˈsɒnoʊi/ 7001160000000000000♠16.0 4 6997750000000000000♠0.0075 7007238006470000000♠23800647 −750.13 165.127 0.1775 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
73 — (lost) S/2003 J 9‡ 7001170000000000000♠17.0 1 6996150000000000000♠0.00015 7007238578080000000♠23857808 −752.84 164.980 0.2761 2003 Sheppard et al. Carme
74 LVII S/2003 J 5‡ 7001159000000000000♠15.9 4 6997899999999999999♠0.0090 7007239739260000000♠23973926 −758.34 165.549 0.3070 2003 Sheppard et al. Carme
75 IX Sinope‡ /sɪˈnoʊpi/ 7001114000000000000♠11.4 38 7.5 7007240578650000000♠24057865 −739.33 153.778 0.2750 1914 Nicholson Pasiphae
76 XXXVI Sponde‡ /ˈspɒndi/ 7001167000000000000♠16.7 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007242526270000000♠24252627 −771.60 154.372 0.4431 2002 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
77 XXVIII Autonoe‡ /ɔːˈtɒnoʊi/ 7001156000000000000♠15.6 4 6997899999999999999♠0.0090 7007242644450000000♠24264445 −772.17 151.058 0.3690 2002 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
78 XIX Megaclite‡ /ˌmɛɡəˈklaɪti/ 7001150000000000000♠15.0 5 6998210000000000000♠0.021 7007246872390000000♠24687239 −792.44 150.398 0.3077 2001 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae
79 — (lost) S/2003 J 2‡ 7001166000000000000♠16.6 2 6997150000000000000♠0.0015 7007285704100000000♠28570410
(7007277346940000000♠27734694±10756087)[54] -981.55
(-943.69)[54] 153.521
(7002151300000000000♠151.3±2.5)[54] 0.4074
(6999119700000000000♠0.1197±0.0024)[54] 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphae (unconfirmed)
Exploration[edit]
Main articles: Exploration of Jupiter, Ganymede (moon) § Exploration, Europa (moon) § Exploration, Callisto (moon) § Exploration, and Io (moon) § Observational history
The first spacecrafts to visit Jupiter were Pioneer 10 in 1973, and Pioneer 11 a year later, taking low-resolution images of the four Galilean moons.[55] The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes visited Jupiter in 1979, discovering the volcanic activity on Io and the presence of water ice on the surface of Europa. The Cassini probe to Saturn flew by Jupiter in 2000 and collected data on interactions of the Galilean moons with Jupiter's extended atmosphere. The New Horizons spacecraft flew by Jupiter in 2007 and made improved measurements of its satellites' orbital parameters.
The Galileo spacecraft was the first to enter orbit around Jupiter, arriving in 1995 and studying it until 2003. During this period, Galileo gathered a large amount of information about the Jovian system, making close approaches to all of the Galilean moons and finding evidence for thin atmospheres on three of them, as well as the possibility of liquid water beneath the surfaces of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. It also discovered a magnetic field around Ganymede.
In 2016, the Juno spacecraft imaged the Galilean moons from above their orbital plane as it approached Jupiter orbit insertion, creating a time-lapse movie of their motion.[56]
See also[edit]
Jupiter's moons in fiction
Galilean moons
Jupiter trojan
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ For comparison, the area of a sphere with diameter 250 km is about the area of Senegal and comparable to the area of Belarus, Syria and Uruguay. The area of a sphere with diameter 5 km is about the area of Guernsey and somewhat more than the area of San Marino. (But note that these smaller moons are not spherical.)
Jump up ^ Jupiter Mass of 1.8986 × 1027 kg / Mass of Galilean moons 3.93 × 1023 kg = 4,828
Jump up ^ Order refers to the position among other moons with respect to their average distance from Jupiter.
Jump up ^ Label refers to the Roman numeral attributed to each moon in order of their naming.
Jump up ^ Diameters with multiple entries such as "60 × 40 × 34" reflect that the body is not a perfect spheroid and that each of its dimensions have been measured well enough.
Jump up ^ Periods with negative values are retrograde.
Jump up ^ "?" refers to group assignments that are not considered sure yet.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ File:Pioneer-10 jupiter moons.jpg
Jump up ^ Juno Approach Movie of Jupiter and the Galilean Moons, NASA, July 2016
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moons of Jupiter.
Jupiter's Known Satellites
The Jupiter Satellite and Moon Page
Simulation showing the position of Jupiter's moons
Animated tour of Jupiter's moons, University of South Wales
Jupiter:Moons by NASA's Solar System Exploration
David Perlman (15 May 2003). "43 more moons orbiting Jupiter". San Francisco Chronicle.
Archive of Jupiter System Articles in Planetary Science Research Discoveries
An animation of the Jovian system of moons
Cain, Fraser: Astronomy Cast Ep 57: Jupiter's Moons
show
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Moons of Jupiter
Listed in approximately increasing distance from Jupiter. Provisional designations in italics.
Inner moons
Metis
Adrastea
Amalthea
Thebe
Galilean moons
Io
Europa
Ganymede
Callisto
Themisto group
Themisto
Himalia group
Leda
Himalia
Jupiter LXXI
Jupiter LXV
Lysithea
Elara
Dia
Carpo group
Carpo
Valetudo group
Valetudo
Ananke group
S/2003 J 12(?)
Euporie
Jupiter LX
Jupiter LV
Jupiter LII
Thelxinoe
Euanthe
Helike
Orthosie
Jupiter LXVIII
Jupiter LIV
Jupiter LXIV
Iocaste
S/2003 J 16(?)
Praxidike
Harpalyke
Mneme
Hermippe
Thyone
Jupiter LXX
Ananke
Carme group
Jupiter LXXII
Herse
Aitne
Kale
Taygete
Jupiter LXI
Chaldene
S/2003 J 10(?)
Erinome
Kallichore
Jupiter LXVI
Jupiter LXIX
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