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NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award
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The National Basketball Association All-Star Game Most Valuable Player (MVP) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given to the player(s) voted best of the annual All-Star Game. The award was established in 1953 when NBA officials decided to designate an MVP for each year's game. The league also re-honored players from the previous two All-Star Games. Ed Macauley and Paul Arizin were selected as the 1951 and 1952 MVP winners respectively.[1] The voting is conducted by a panel of media members, who cast their vote after the conclusion of the game. The player(s) with the most votes or ties for the most votes wins the award.[2] No All-Star Game MVP was named in 1999 since the game was canceled due to the league's lockout.[3] As of 2018[update], the most recent recipient is Cleveland Cavaliers forward LeBron James.
Bob Pettit and Kobe Bryant are the only two players to win the All-Star Game MVP four times. Oscar Robertson, Michael Jordan, Shaquille O'Neal, and LeBron James have each won the award three times, while Bob Cousy, Julius Erving, Isiah Thomas, Magic Johnson, Karl Malone, Allen Iverson, and Russell Westbrook have all won the award twice. James' first All-Star MVP in 2006 made him the youngest to have ever won the award at the age of 21 years, 1 month. Kyrie Irving, winner of the 2014 All-Star Game MVP, is the second-youngest at 21 years, 10 months. They are notable as being the two youngest to win the award, both as Cleveland Cavaliers.[4][5] Four of the games had joint winners—Elgin Baylor and Pettit in 1959, John Stockton and Malone in 1993, O'Neal and Tim Duncan in 2000, and O'Neal and Bryant in 2009. O'Neal became the first player in All-Star history to share two MVP awards as well as the first player to win the award with multiple teams. The Los Angeles Lakers have had eleven winners while the Boston Celtics have had eight. Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands and Irving of Australia are the only winners not born in the United States. Both Duncan and Irving[a] are American citizens, but are considered "international" players by the NBA because they were not born in one of the fifty states or Washington, D.C.[6] No player trained entirely outside the U.S. has won the award; Irving lived in the U.S. since age two, and Duncan played U.S. college basketball at Wake Forest.
Bob Pettit (1958, 1959) and Russell Westbrook (2015, 2016) are the only players to win consecutive awards. Pettit (1956), Bob Cousy (1957), Wilt Chamberlain (1960), Bill Russell (1963), Oscar Robertson (1964), Willis Reed (1970), Dave Cowens (1973), Michael Jordan (1988, 1996, 1998), Magic Johnson (1990), Shaquille O'Neal (2000), and Allen Iverson (2001) all won the All-Star Game MVP and the NBA Most Valuable Player Award in the same season; Jordan is the only player to do this multiple times.[7] 14 players have won the award playing for the team that hosted the All-Star Game: Macauley (1951), Cousy (1957), Pettit (1958, 1962), Chamberlain (1960), Adrian Smith (1966), Rick Barry (1967), Jerry West (1972), Tom Chambers (1987), Jordan (1988), Karl Malone (1993), John Stockton (1993), O'Neal (2004, 2009), Bryant (2011) and Davis (2017); Pettit and O'Neal did this multiple times. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar has the distinction of playing in the most All-Star Games (18) without winning the All-Star Game MVP, while Adrian Smith won the MVP in his only All-Star Game.
Contents
[hide]
1 Winners
2 Multi-time winners
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Winners[edit]
Hall-of-Famer Bill Russell (left) won the award in the 1963 NBA All-Star Game. Hall-of-Famer Wilt Chamberlain (center) won the award in the 1960 NBA All-Star Game.
Hall-of-Famer Michael Jordan won the award three times in his career.
Hall-of-Famer Charles Barkley won the award in the 1991 NBA All-Star Game.
Hall-of-Famer Shaquille O'Neal has won the award three times in his career. He is also the oldest MVP ever, at 36 years and 346 days old.
Kobe Bryant has won the award a record four times in his career, a feat he shares with Bob Pettit.
LeBron James was the youngest player to ever win the award at 21 years and 51 days old and is the all-time leader in points scored in NBA All-Star Game history.[8]
Kyrie Irving won the award in his second All-Star game in 2014
^ Denotes player who is still active in the NBA
* Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Player (X) Denotes the number of times the player has been awarded the MVP award
Team (X) Denotes the number of times a player from this team has won
Season
Player
Position
Nationality
Team
1951
Macauley, EdEd Macauley*
Center/Forward United States Boston Celtics
1952
Arizin, PaulPaul Arizin*
Forward/Guard United States Philadelphia Warriors
1953
Mikan, GeorgeGeorge Mikan*
Center United States Minneapolis Lakers
1954
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
Guard United States Boston Celtics (2)
1955
Sharman, BillBill Sharman*
Guard United States Boston Celtics (3)
1956
Pettit, BobBob Pettit*
Forward/Center United States St. Louis Hawks
1957
Cousy, BobBob Cousy* (2)
Guard United States Boston Celtics (4)
1958
Pettit, BobBob Pettit* (2)
Forward/Center United States St. Louis Hawks (2)
1959[b]
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
Forward United States Minneapolis Lakers (2)
Pettit, BobBob Pettit* (3)
Forward/Center United States St. Louis Hawks (3)
1960
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Center United States Philadelphia Warriors (2)
1961
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
Guard United States Cincinnati Royals
1962
Pettit, BobBob Pettit* (4)
Forward/Center United States St. Louis Hawks (4)
1963
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Center United States Boston Celtics (5)
1964
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson* (2)
Guard United States Cincinnati Royals (2)
1965
Lucas, JerryJerry Lucas*
Forward/Center United States Cincinnati Royals (3)
1966
Smith, AdrianAdrian Smith
Guard United States Cincinnati Royals (4)
1967
Barry, RickRick Barry*
Forward United States San Francisco Warriors (3)
1968
Greer, HalHal Greer*
Guard/Forward United States Philadelphia 76ers
1969
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson* (3)
Guard United States Cincinnati Royals (5)
1970
Reed, WillisWillis Reed*
Center/Forward United States New York Knicks
1971
Wilkens, LennyLenny Wilkens*
Guard United States Seattle SuperSonics
1972
West, JerryJerry West*
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (3)
1973
Cowens, DaveDave Cowens*
Center/Forward United States Boston Celtics (6)
1974
Lanier, BobBob Lanier*
Center United States Detroit Pistons
1975
Frazier, WaltWalt Frazier*
Guard United States New York Knicks (2)
1976
Bing, DaveDave Bing*
Guard United States Washington Bullets
1977
Erving, JuliusJulius Erving*
Forward United States Philadelphia 76ers (2)
1978
Smith, RandyRandy Smith
Guard/Forward United States Buffalo Braves
1979
Thompson, DavidDavid Thompson*
Guard/Forward United States Denver Nuggets
1980
Gervin, GeorgeGeorge Gervin*
Guard/Forward United States San Antonio Spurs
1981
Archibald, NateNate Archibald*
Guard United States Boston Celtics (7)
1982
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
Forward United States Boston Celtics (8)
1983
Erving, JuliusJulius Erving* (2)
Forward United States Philadelphia 76ers (3)
1984
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas*
Guard United States Detroit Pistons (2)
1985
Sampson, RalphRalph Sampson*
Center/Forward United States Houston Rockets
1986
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas* (2)
Guard United States Detroit Pistons (3)
1987
Chambers, TomTom Chambers
Forward/Center United States Seattle SuperSonics (2)
1988
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
Guard United States Chicago Bulls
1989
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
Forward United States Utah Jazz
1990
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (4)
1991
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
Forward United States Philadelphia 76ers (4)
1992
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson* (2)
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (5)
1993[b]
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
Guard United States Utah Jazz (2)
Malone, KarlKarl Malone* (2)
Forward United States Utah Jazz (3)
1994
Pippen, ScottieScottie Pippen*
Forward United States Chicago Bulls (2)
1995
Richmond, MitchMitch Richmond*
Guard United States Sacramento Kings (6)
1996
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (2)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (3)
1997
Rice, GlenGlen Rice
Forward United States Charlotte Hornets
1998
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (3)
Guard United States Chicago Bulls (4)
1999
Not awarded as the game was canceled due to the league's lockout.[3]
2000[b]
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (6)
Duncan, TimTim Duncan Forward/Center United States[c] San Antonio Spurs (2)
2001
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers (5)
2002
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (7)
2003
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett
Forward/Center United States Minnesota Timberwolves
2004
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal* (2)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (8)
2005
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson* (2)
Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers (6)
2006
James, LeBronLeBron James^ [d]
Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers
2007
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant (2)
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (9)
2008
James, LeBronLeBron James^ (2)
Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers (2)
2009[b]
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant (3)
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (10)
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal* (3) [e]
Center United States Phoenix Suns
2010
Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^
Guard United States Miami Heat
2011
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant (4)
Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (11)
2012
Durant, KevinKevin Durant^
Forward United States Oklahoma City Thunder (3)
2013
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^
Guard United States Los Angeles Clippers (2)
2014
Irving, KyrieKyrie Irving^
Guard United States[a] Cleveland Cavaliers (3)
2015
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^
Guard United States Oklahoma City Thunder (4)
2016
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^ (2)
Guard United States Oklahoma City Thunder (5)
2017
Davis, AnthonyAnthony Davis^
Forward/Center United States New Orleans Pelicans
2018
James, LeBronLeBron James^ (3)
Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers (4)
Multi-time winners[edit]
Player
Team
No.
Years
Pettit, BobBob Pettit St. Louis Hawks 4 1956, 1958, 1959, 1962
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant Los Angeles Lakers 2002, 2007, 2009, 2011
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson Cincinnati Royals 3 1961, 1964, 1969
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan Chicago Bulls 1988, 1996, 1998
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal Los Angeles Lakers
Phoenix Suns 2000, 2004, 2009
James, LeBronLeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers 2006, 2008, 2018
Cousy, BobBob Cousy Boston Celtics 2 1954, 1957
Erving, JuliusJulius Erving Philadelphia 76ers 1977, 1983
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas Detroit Pistons 1984, 1986
Malone, KarlKarl Malone Utah Jazz 1989, 1993
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson Los Angeles Lakers 1990, 1992
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson Philadelphia 76ers 2001, 2005
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 2015, 2016
See also[edit]
National Basketball Association portal
NBA Most Valuable Player Award
Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award
List of NBA All-Stars
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kyrie Irving was born in Australia to American parents who returned to the U.S. when he was two years old. He has dual U.S. and Australian citizenship, but has represented the United States internationally.[11]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Denotes All-Star Games in which joint winners were named
Jump up ^ Because Tim Duncan is a United States citizen by birth, as are all natives of the U.S. Virgin Islands,[9] he was able to play for the U.S. internationally.[10]
Jump up ^ James, at 21 years and 51 days old, is the youngest All-Star Game MVP in NBA history.
Jump up ^ O'Neal, at 36 years and 346 days old, is the oldest All-Star Game MVP in NBA history.
References[edit]
General
"All-Star Game: Year-by-Year Results". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
Specific
Jump up ^ Steve Popper (February 5, 1998). "N.B.A. All-Star Weekend; Macauley's '51 All-Star Honors Came Late (but He's Not Complaining)". The New York Times. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
Jump up ^ Howard-Cooper, Scott (February 12, 1990). "East Stars Put It Together, but Magic Has Hardware Pro basketball: Laker guard earns MVP in losing effort as rest of his West teammates are shut down, 130-113". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Steele, David (December 9, 1998). "NBA Drops All-Stars – What's Left? February game in Philly latest casualty of lockout". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "King-Sized Rally Propels East to Victory". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved April 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Boyer, Mary (February 17, 2014). "Cleveland Cavaliers All-Star MVP Kyrie Irving has his moment – with advice from LeBron James". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bargnani becomes first European top NBA draft pick". People's Daily Online. June 29, 2006. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "NBA & ABA Most Valuable Player Award Winners". Basketball-reference.com. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
Jump up ^ NBA All-Star Game Career Leaders | Basketball-Reference.com
Jump up ^ "Virgin Islands". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ "All-Time USA Basketball Men's Roster: D". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on August 28, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ Ward, Roy (July 3, 2013). "Irving a must for Boomers in Rio: Bogut". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on February 17, 2014.
[show]
v
t
e
NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award
1951: Macauley
1952: Arizin
1953: Mikan
1954: Cousy
1955: Sharman
1956: Pettit
1957: Cousy
1958: Pettit
1959: Baylor & Pettit
1960: Chamberlain
1961: Robertson
1962: Pettit
1963: Russell
1964: Robertson
1965: Lucas
1966: A. Smith
1967: Barry
1968: Greer
1969: Robertson
1970: Reed
1971: Wilkens
1972: West
1973: Cowens
1974: Lanier
1975: Frazier
1976: Bing
1977: Erving
1978: R. Smith
1979: Thompson
1980: Gervin
1981: Archibald
1982: Bird
1983: Erving
1984: Thomas
1985: Sampson
1986: Thomas
1987: Chambers
1988: Jordan
1989: Malone
1990: Johnson
1991: Barkley
1992: Johnson
1993: Stockton & Malone
1994: Pippen
1995: Richmond
1996: Jordan
1997: Rice
1998: Jordan
1999: No game played
2000: O'Neal & Duncan
2001: Iverson
2002: Bryant
2003: Garnett
2004: O'Neal
2005: Iverson
2006: James
2007: Bryant
2008: James
2009: Bryant & O'Neal
2010: Wade
2011: Bryant
2012: Durant
2013: Paul
2014: Irving
2015: Westbrook
2016: Westbrook
2017: Davis
[show]
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Newhart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the 1982–1990 television series. For the actor, see Bob Newhart. For the 1972–1978 television series, see The Bob Newhart Show.
Newhart
Created by
Barry Kemp
Developed by
Sheldon Bull
Starring
Bob Newhart
Mary Frann
Jennifer Holmes
Julia Duffy
Tom Poston
Steven Kampmann
Peter Scolari
William Sanderson
Tony Papenfuss
John Voldstad
Theme music composer
Henry Mancini
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
8
No. of episodes
184 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Barry Kemp
Mark Egan
Mark Solomon
Dan Wilcox
Producer(s)
Sheldon Bull
Running time
24 minutes
Production company(s)
MTM Enterprises
Distributor
20th Television
Release
Original network
CBS
Original release
October 25, 1982 – May 21, 1990
Newhart is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from October 25, 1982 to May 21, 1990, with a total of 184 half-hour episodes spanning over eight seasons. The series stars Bob Newhart and Mary Frann as an author and wife who own and operate an inn located in a small, rural Vermont town that is home to many eccentric characters. TV Guide, TV Land, and A&E named the Newhart series finale as one of the most memorable in television history. Newhart was recorded on videotape for Season 1, with the remaining seasons shot on film. The theme music for Newhart was composed by Henry Mancini.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 "The Last Newhart"
3.1 Reception to the finale
3.1.1 In popular culture
4 Reception
5 Awards
5.1 Nominations
5.1.1 Emmy Awards
5.1.2 Golden Globe Awards
5.1.3 Other awards
6 DVD releases
7 References
8 External links
Premise[edit]
Bob Newhart plays Dick Loudon, an author of do-it-yourself and travel books. He and his wife Joanna move from New York City to a small, unnamed town in rural Vermont (possibly Norwich[1]) to operate the 200-year-old Stratford Inn. Dick is a sane, mild-mannered everyman surrounded by a community of oddballs in a town which exists in an illogical world governed by rules that elude him.
Near the end of the second season, Newhart was retooled and Dick began hosting a low-rated talk show on the town's local television station. As the series progressed, episodes focused increasingly on Dick's TV career and the quirky townsfolk.
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Bob Newhart as Dick Loudon: owner of the Stratford Inn
Mary Frann as Joanna Loudon: Dick's wife
Tom Poston as George Utley: handyman at the Stratford Inn
Jennifer Holmes as Leslie Vanderkellen: maid at the Stratford Inn (1982–83)
Steven Kampmann as Kirk Devane: owner of the Minuteman Café (1982–84)
William Sanderson as Larry, Tony Papenfuss as Darryl and John Voldstad as Darryl: backwoodsmen who live in the same town. The three take over the Minuteman Café following Kirk's departure. The two Darryls never speak until the final episode. (recurring 1982–84, main cast 1984–90)
Julia Duffy as Stephanie Vanderkellen: maid at The Stratford and Leslie's cousin (1983–90)
Peter Scolari as Michael Harris: producer of Dick's television show and married to Stephanie (recurring 1983–84, main 1984–90)
Recurring[edit]
William Lanteau as Chester Wanamaker: town mayor (1982–90)
Thomas Hill as Jim Dixon: Chester's best friend (1982–90)
Rebecca York as Cindy Parker-Devane: professional clown, Kirk's girlfriend and later wife (1983–84)
Jeff Doucette as Harley Estin: friend of George who is always looking for a job (1983–88)
Fred Applegate as J.J. Wall: director of Dick's television show (1984–87)
Ralph Manza as Bud: assistant director of Dick's television show (1984–90)
Linda Carlson as Bev Dutton: television station manager (1984–87)
Todd Susman as Officer Shifflett: town chief of police (1984–90)
Melanie Chartoff as Dr. Mary Kaiser: Stephanie and Michael's therapist (1987–90)
Kathy Kinney as Prudence Goddard: town librarian (1988–90)
"The Last Newhart"[edit]
(Top) Dick Loudon is hit by a golf ball. (Bottom) Dr. Robert Hartley wakes up and tells his wife about the dream he had, of living in an inn in Vermont.
The series finale of Newhart, titled "The Last Newhart", has been described as one of the most memorable in television history.[2][3] The entire town is purchased by a visiting Japanese tycoon, who turns the hamlet into an enormous golf course and recreation resort. Dick and Joanna are the only townspeople who refuse to leave. The others accept huge payoffs and leave in a farewell scene which parodies Fiddler on the Roof.
Five years later, Dick and Joanna continue to run the Stratford Inn, which is now located in the middle of the golf course. The other townspeople, now richer and older than before, unexpectedly return for a reunion. The Darryl brothers also speak for the first time on screen, loudly yelling "Quiet!" at their wives in unison. Dick gets frustrated with the increasingly chaotic scene, eventually storming out shouting "You're all crazy!" only to be knocked out by a golf ball.
The final scene takes place in a setting previously seen on The Bob Newhart Show. Bob Newhart reprises the role of Dr. Bob Hartley, with Suzanne Pleshette reprising the role of Emily, Hartley's wife. Hartley wakes and explains his weird dream, apparently revealing that the entire Newhart series was just a dream. Several references are made to Newhart's former show, including the use of its theme song and credits. Although the Bob Newhart Show theme was missing from the final closing credit shot in the series' initial syndication run, the theme has been reinstated in the current version syndicated by 20th Century Fox Television.
Reception to the finale[edit]
Interviews with Newhart, Pleshette, and director Dick Martin[4] reveal that the final scene was kept a secret from the cast and most of the crew. A fake ending was written to throw off the tabloids that involved Dick Loudon going to heaven after being hit with a golf ball and talking to God played by George Burns or George C. Scott. Pleshette was kept hidden until her scene was shot. When the scene began, many people in the audience recognized the set as the bedroom from The Bob Newhart Show and burst into spontaneous applause. Pleshette and Newhart did the scene in one take.[4]
In 1991, the cast of The Bob Newhart Show reunited in a primetime special. One of the things they did was analyze Bob's dream. During the discussion, the Hartleys' neighbor, Howard Borden (Bill Daily), quipped, "I had a dream like that once. I dreamed I was an astronaut in Florida for five seasons", while scenes were shown from I Dream of Jeannie, which featured Daily in all five seasons. At the end of the reunion special, Dr. Bob Hartley gets on the elevator only to see three familiar workmen doing repairs in the elevator and one of them says to Bob, "Hi. I'm Larry. This is my brother Darryl and this is my other brother Darryl."
In his book I Shouldn't Even Be Doing This! And Other Things that Strike Me as Funny, Newhart stated that his wife Ginnie proposed the ending of Newhart.[5] He reiterated this in a 2013 interview with director and comedian David Steinberg, saying,
That was Ginnie's idea. ... She said, 'You ought to end in a dream sequence because there was so much inexplicable about the show.' She said, 'You should wake up in bed with Susie and explain what's so—" and I said, 'What a great idea,' and I gave the idea to the writers and they fleshed it out with the Japanese buying the town and our not selling."[6]
In a letter-to-the-editor published in Entertainment Weekly, the show's executive producers, Mark Egan, Mark Solomon, and Bob Bendetson, wrote, "[T]he final episode of Newhart was not 'dreamed up' by Bob's wife, Ginny. She had absolutely no connection with the show. ... We wrote and produced the Emmy-nominated script (with special thanks to Dan O'Shannon)."[7]
In November 2005, the series finale was named by TV Guide and TV Land as the most unexpected moment in TV history.[citation needed] The episode was watched by 29.5 million viewers, bringing in an 18.7/29 rating/share, and ranking as the most-watched program that week.
In 2011, the finale was ranked number four on the TV Guide Network special, TV's Most Unforgettable Finales,[8] and in 2013 was ranked number 1 in Entertainment Weekly's 20 Best TV Series Finales Ever.[9]
In popular culture[edit]
On the February 11, 1995 episode of Saturday Night Live which was hosted by Bob Newhart, the episode's closing sketch ended with a redux of Newhart's final scene, in which Bob Hartley again wakes with his wife Emily (special guest Suzanne Pleshette) and tells her that he had just had a dream of hosting Saturday Night Live. Emily responds, "Saturday Night Live, is that show still on?"—this during a period when SNL was heavily criticized for its declining quality.[10][11]
In 2010, Jimmy Kimmel Live! presented several parody alternate endings to the television show Lost, one of which mirrored the finale of Newhart complete with a cameo appearance by Bob Newhart and with Lost star Evangeline Lilly in place of Emily/Pleshette.[12]
The final scene with Newhart and Pleshette was later parodied in an alternate ending to the television series Breaking Bad where actor Bryan Cranston wakes from a dream next to his Malcolm in the Middle co-star Jane Kaczmarek where they assume their respective roles of Hal and Lois. Hal recounts the events of Breaking Bad in humorous fashion as though he is horrified that he could do those things albeit as Walter White. Lois reassures him that everything is all right and the final shot is of Walter's hat.[13]
The final scene of The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson parodied this, as well. After revealing that Bob Newhart had been playing the on-set pantomime horse Secretariat, Ferguson wakes up as his The Drew Carey Show character Nigel Wick, in bed with his co-star Drew Carey. The two then discuss the crazy possibility of Wick being a talk show host and Carey losing weight and becoming a game show host. (The shot continued with a parody of the twist ending of St. Elsewhere and then the closing song from The Sopranos finale.)
Reception[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Newhart was a solid ratings winner finishing six out of eight seasons in the Nielsen top 25 at its highest rating of number 12 for two consecutive seasons from 1986 to 1988. Despite not finishing in the top 30 for its last two seasons, Bob Newhart stated in an interview with the Archive of American Television that CBS was satisfied enough with the show's ratings to renew it for a ninth season in 1990. However, Newhart, who was anxious to move onto other projects, declined the offer, promising CBS that he would develop a new series for the network, which he was under contract to do. This resulted in the 1992 series Bob, which lasted for two seasons.
Newhart season rankings in the U.S. television market
Season
Episodes
Original air dates
TV season
Nielsen ratings
Season premiere
Season finale
Rank
Rating
Households[1] / Viewers[2] (in millions)
1 22 October 25, 1982 April 10, 1983 1982–1983 #12 20.0 16.66
2 22 October 17, 1983 April 16, 1984 1983–1984 #23 18.0 15.08
3 22 October 15, 1984 May 28, 1985 1984–1985 #16 18.4 N/A
4 24 September 30, 1985 May 12, 1986 1985–1986 19.6 16.84
5 24 September 29, 1986 April 13, 1987 1986–1987 #12 19.5 17.04
6 24 September 14, 1987 April 9, 1988 1987–1988 #25 16.5 N/A
7 22 October 24, 1988 May 22, 1989 1988–1989 #50 12.8
8 24 September 18, 1989 May 21, 1990 1989–1990 #48 13.1 19.34
1.^ 1982–1987.
2.^ 1989–1990.
Awards[edit]
Nominations[edit]
Emmy Awards[edit]
Despite 25 nominations, Newhart never won an Emmy Award.
1983
Outstanding Comedy Series – Sheldon Bull, Producer; Barry Kemp, Executive Producer
Outstanding Video Tape Editing For a Series – Andy Ackerman
1984
Outstanding Comedy Series – Sheldon Bull, Producer; Barry Kemp, Executive Producer
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series – Tom Poston
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series – Julia Duffy
1985
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series – Bob Newhart
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series – Julia Duffy
1986
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series – Bob Newhart
Outstanding Sound Mixing For a Comedy Series or Special – Andrew MacDonald, Sound Mixer; Bill Nicholson, Sound Mixer; Craig Porter, Sound Mixer; Richard Wachter, Sound Mixer
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series – Tom Poston
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series – Julia Duffy
1987
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series – Bob Newhart
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series:
Tom Poston
Peter Scolari
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series – Julia Duffy
Outstanding Writing For a Comedy Series – David Mirkin ("Co-Hostess Twinkie")
1988
Outstanding Editing For a Series (Multi-Camera Production) – Michael Wilcox, Editor
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series – Peter Scolari
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series – Julia Duffy
1989
Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series – Eileen Brennan
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series – Peter Scolari
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series – Julia Duffy
1990
Outstanding Editing For a Series (Multi-Camera Production) – Michael Wilcox, Editor
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series – Julia Duffy
Outstanding Writing For a Comedy Series – Bob Bendetson, Mark Egan and Mark Solomon ("The Last Newhart")
Golden Globe Awards[edit]
Newhart earned a total of six nominations for Golden Globe Awards.
Television Series – Musical or Comedy (1984)
Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy: Bob Newhart (1983–1986)
Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television: Julia Duffy (1988)
Other awards[edit]
Newhart was nominated for one Casting Society of America award and four nominations for TV Land Awards. Newhart won a total of Viewers for Quality Television Awards.
DVD releases[edit]
20th Century Fox released season one of Newhart on DVD in Region 1 in February 2008.
In November 2013, it was announced that Shout! Factory had acquired the rights to the series. As of April 15, 2017, they have released the second through eighth seasons.[14][15][16]
DVD Name
Ep No
Release Date
The Complete First Season 22 February 26, 2008
The Complete Second Season 22 February 11, 2014
The Complete Third Season 22 April 22, 2014
The Complete Fourth Season 24 August 19, 2014
The Complete Fifth Season 24 May 10, 2016
The Complete Sixth Season 24 September 13, 2016
The Complete Seventh Season 22 December 13, 2016
The Complete Eighth Season 24 March 14, 2017
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "TV ACRES: Real Estate > Cities and Towns > Norwich, Vermont (Newhart)". tvacres.com. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "100 most memorable TV moments". Archived from the original on 15 December 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Karol, Michael (July 2006). Sitcom Queens: Divas of the Small Screen. iUniverse. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-595-40251-9. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Newhart: The Last Newhart". Archive of American Television. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Newhart, Bob (2006). I Shouldn't Even Be Doing This! And Other Things that Strike Me as Funny (1st ed.). New York: Hyperion. pp. 225–26. ISBN 1401302467.
Jump up ^ "Bob Newhart and Louis C.K.". Inside Comedy. Season 2. Episode 1. 16 February 2013. Showtime. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Mail Page". Entertainment Weekly (ew.com). June 2, 1995. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ TV's Most Unforgettable Finales. May 22, 2011. TV Guide Network.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment Weekly's EW.com". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Newcomb, Horace (2004). Encyclopedia of Television. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 278. ISBN 1579583946.
Jump up ^ Smith, Chris (1995-03-13). "Comedy Isn't Funny: Saturday Night Live at twenty – how the show that transformed TV became a grim joke". New York Magazine. Retrieved 2015-02-10.
Jump up ^ WSJ Staff. "‘Lost’ Ending: Jimmy Kimmel and the Parodies". WSJ. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Chris Harnick (2013-11-18). "Breaking Bad' Reveals Wonderful Alternate Ending With 'Malcolm In The Middle,' Jane Kaczmarek". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ "Newheart: Season Six". Shout! Factory. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Newheart: Season Seven". TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Newhart – The Complete 8th and Final Season". Retrieved 15 March 2017.
External links[edit]
Newhart on IMDb
Newhart at TV.com
Newhart-related interview videos at the Archive of American Television
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newhart&oldid=800304348"
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Iris (anatomy)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the part of the eye. For other uses, see Iris (disambiguation).
Iris
Iris in humans, is the colored (typically blue or brown) area, with the pupil (the circular black spot) in its center, and surrounded by the white sclera. Overlying cornea is completely transparent so is not visible, except the high-gloss luster it gives the eye. Also pictured are the red blood vessels within the sclera. These structures are easily visible on any person's eyes.
Schematic diagram of the human eye. (Iris labeled at upper right)
Details
Precursor
Mesoderm and neural ectoderm
Part of
Front of eye
System
Visual system
Artery
long posterior ciliary arteries
Nerve
long ciliary nerves, short ciliary nerves
Identifiers
Latin
iris
MeSH
D007498
TA
A15.2.03.020
FMA
58235
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
In humans and most mammals and birds, the iris (plural: irides or irises) is a thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. Eye color is defined by that of the iris. In optical terms, the pupil is the eye's aperture, while the iris is the diaphragm.
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Front
1.2 Back
1.3 Microanatomy
1.4 Development
2 Eye color
2.1 Genetic and physical factors determining iris color
2.1.1 Amber Eyes
2.2 Different colors in the two eyes
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Conjunctivitis
4 Society and culture
4.1 Iridology
5 Etymology
6 Graphics
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Structure[edit]
The iris consists of two layers: the front pigmented fibrovascular layer known as a stroma and, beneath the stroma, pigmented epithelial cells.
The stroma connects to a sphincter muscle (sphincter pupillae), which contracts the pupil in a circular motion, and a set of dilator muscles (dilator pupillae) which pull the iris radially to enlarge the pupil, pulling it in folds. The back surface is covered by a heavily pigmented epithelial layer that is two cells thick (the iris pigment epithelium), but the front surface has no epithelium. This anterior surface projects as the dilator muscles. The high pigment content blocks light from passing through the iris to the retina, restricting it to the pupil.[1] The outer edge of the iris, known as the root, is attached to the sclera and the anterior ciliary body. The iris and ciliary body together are known as the anterior uvea. Just in front of the root of the iris is the region referred to as the trabecular meshwork, through which the aqueous humour constantly drains out of the eye, with the result that diseases of the iris often have important effects on intraocular pressure and indirectly on vision. The iris along with the anterior ciliary body provide a secondary pathway for aqueous humour to drain from the eye.
The iris is divided into two major regions:
The pupillary zone is the inner region whose edge forms the boundary of the pupil.
The ciliary zone is the rest of the iris that extends to its origin at the ciliary body.
The collarette is the thickest region of the iris, separating the pupillary portion from the ciliary portion. The collarette is a rudiment of the coating of the embryonic pupil.[1] It is typically defined as the region where the sphincter muscle and dilator muscle overlap. Radial ridges extend from the periphery to the pupillary zone, to supply the iris with blood vessels. The root of the iris is the thinnest and most peripheral.[2]
The muscle cells of the iris are smooth muscle in mammals and amphibians, but are striated muscle in reptiles (including birds). Many fish have neither, and, as a result, their irides are unable to dilate and contract, so that the pupil always remains of a fixed size.[3]
Front[edit]
The crypts of Fuchs are a series of openings located on either side of the collarette that allow the stroma and deeper iris tissues to be bathed in aqueous humor. Collagen trabeculae that surround the border of the crypts can be seen in blue irises.
The midway between the collarette and the origin of the iris. These folds result from changes in the surface of the iris as it dilates.[citation needed]
Crypts on the base of the iris are additional openings that can be observed close to the outermost part of the ciliary portion of the iris.[2]
Back[edit]
The radial contraction folds of Schwalbe are a series of very fine radial folds in the pupillary portion of the iris extending from the pupillary margin to the collarette. They are associated with the scalloped appearance of the pupillary ruff.
The structural folds of Schwalbe are radial folds extending from the border of the ciliary and pupillary zones that are much broader and more widely spaced, continuous with the "valleys" between the ciliary processes.
Some of the circular contraction folds are a fine series of ridges that run near the pupillary margin and vary in thickness of the iris pigment epithelium; others are in ciliary portion of iris.[2]
Microanatomy[edit]
Light micrograph of the iris near to the pupil. M. sph. sphincter muscle, L lens
From anterior (front) to posterior (back), the layers of the iris are:
Anterior limiting layer
Stroma of iris
Iris sphincter muscle
Iris dilator muscle (myopeithelium)
Anterior pigment epithelium
Posterior pigment epithelium
Development[edit]
The stroma and the anterior border layer of the iris are derived from the neural crest, and behind the stroma of the iris, the sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae muscles as well as the iris epithelium develop from optic cup neuroectoderm.
Eye color[edit]
Main article: Eye color
Among human phenotypes, blue-green-gray eyes are a relatively rare eye color and the exact color is often perceived to vary according to its surroundings.
The iris is usually strongly pigmented, with the color typically ranging between brown, hazel, green, gray, or blue. Occasionally, the color of the iris is due to a lack of pigmentation, as in the pinkish-white of oculo-cutaneous albinism,[1] or to obscuration of its pigment by blood vessels, as in the red of an abnormally vascularised iris. Despite the wide range of colors, the only pigment that contributes substantially to normal human iris color is the dark pigment melanin. The quantity of melanin pigment in the iris is one factor in determining the phenotypic eye color of a person. Structurally, this huge molecule is only slightly different from its equivalent found in skin and hair. Iris color is due to variable amounts of eumelanin (brown/black melanins) and pheomelanin (red/yellow melanins) produced by melanocytes. More of the former is found in brown-eyed people and of the latter in blue and green-eyed people.
Genetic and physical factors determining iris color[edit]
Iris color is a highly complex phenomenon consisting of the combined effects of texture, pigmentation, fibrous tissue and blood vessels within the iris stroma, which together make up an individual's epigenetic constitution in this context.[2] A person's "eye color" is actually the color of one's iris, the cornea being transparent and the white sclera entirely outside the area of interest.
Adult male with amber colored eyes. This color is extremely rare and occurs when there is an unusually stronger presence of the yellow pigment (lipochrome) in the iris & a rather small amount of brown pigment (melanin). This gives the eye an orange copper/gold hue.
Example of a gray-green-brown iris
Example of a green-brown (hazel) iris
Example of a brown iris
Melanin is yellowish-brown to dark brown in the stromal pigment cells, and black in the iris pigment epithelium, which lies in a thin but very opaque layer across the back of the iris. Most human irises also show a condensation of the brownish stromal melanin in the thin anterior border layer, which by its position has an overt influence on the overall color.[2] The degree of dispersion of the melanin, which is in subcellular bundles called melanosomes, has some influence on the observed color, but melanosomes in the iris of humans and other vertebrates are not mobile, and the degree of pigment dispersion cannot be reversed. Abnormal clumping of melanosomes does occur in disease and may lead to irreversible changes in iris color (see heterochromia, below). Colors other than brown or black are due to selective reflection and absorption from the other stromal components. Sometimes lipofuscin, a yellow "wear and tear" pigment, also enters into the visible eye color, especially in aged or diseased green eyes.
The optical mechanisms by which the non-pigmented stromal components influence eye color are complex, and many erroneous statements exist in the literature. Simple selective absorption and reflection by biological molecules (hemoglobin in the blood vessels, collagen in the vessel and stroma) is the most important element. Rayleigh scattering and Tyndall scattering, (which also happen in the sky) and diffraction also occur. Raman scattering, and constructive interference, as in the feathers of birds, do not contribute to the color of the human eye, but interference phenomena are important in the brilliantly colored iris pigment cells (iridophores) in many animals. Interference effects can occur at both molecular and light microscopic scales, and are often associated (in melanin-bearing cells) with quasi-crystalline formations which enhance the optical effects. Interference is recognised by characteristic dependence of color on the angle of view, as seen in eyespots of some butterfly wings, although the chemical components remain the same. White babies are usually born blue-eyed since there is no pigment in the stroma, and their eyes appear blue due to scattering and selective absorption from the posterior epithelium. If melanin is deposited substantially, there will be brown or black color, if not, they will remain blue or gray.[4]
All the contributing factors towards eye color and its variation are not fully understood. Autosomal recessive/dominant traits in iris color are inherent in other species but coloration can follow a different pattern.
Amber Eyes[edit]
Amber colored eyes are extremely rare in humans. They consist of a solid orange/gold color that may contain lighter shades of the same pigment within the iris. This is an unusual occurrence that happens when the yellow pigment called pheomelanin (also known as lipochrome), is dominant within the iris. Pheomelanin is also found on individuals with green eyes in much smaller amounts. This is because green eyes have a strong presence of both melanin and pheomelanin. Often in poor lighting, one may mistake amber eyes for brown. This also happens when viewed from far away or in pictures with poor lighting as well. However, in natural or well lit areas, it is very easy to tell the difference between the two colors. Another common mistake people make is referring to amber eyes as hazel. Although similar, hazel eyes have a stronger presence of melanin with two very distinct colors within the iris (usually green/brown) and often contain many speckles or blotches of mixed hues.[5]
Different colors in the two eyes[edit]
Main article: Heterochromia
Example of heterochromia: one eye of the subject is brown, the other hazel
Heterochromia (also known as a heterochromia iridis or heterochromia iridum) is an ocular condition in which one iris is a different color from the other iris (complete heterochromia), or where the part of one iris is a different color from the remainder (partial heterochromia or sectoral heterochromia). Uncommon in humans, it is often an indicator of ocular disease, such as chronic iritis or diffuse iris melanoma, but may also occur as a normal variant. Sectors or patches of strikingly different colors in the same iris are less common. Alexander the Great and Anastasios the First were dubbed dikoro*s (dikoros, "with two pupils") for their patent heterochromias. In their case, this was not a true dicoria (two pupils in the same iris). Real polycoria can be due to disease but is most often due to previous trauma or surgery.[citation needed]
In contrast, heterochromia and variegated iris patterns are common in veterinary practice. Siberian Huskies show heterochromia,[6] possibly analogous to the genetically-determined Waardenburg syndrome of humans. Some white cat fancies (e.g., white Turkish Angora or white Turkish van cats) may show striking heterochromia, with the most common pattern being one uniformly blue, the other copper, orange, yellow or green.[6] Striking variation within the same iris is also common in some animals, and is the norm in some species. Several herding breeds, particularly those with a blue merle coat color (such as Australian Shepherds and Border Collies) may show well-defined blue areas within a brown iris as well as separate blue and darker eyes.[citation needed] Some horses (usually within the white, spotted, palomino or cremello groups of breeds) may show amber, brown, white and blue all within the same eye, without any sign of eye disease.[citation needed]
One eye with a white or bluish-white iris is also known as a walleye.[7]
Clinical significance[edit]
When photographed with a flash, the iris constricts but not fast enough to avoid the red-eye effect. This represents reflection of light from the back of the eye, and is closely related to the term red reflex, used by ophthalmologists and optometrists in describing appearances on fundal examination.
Conjunctivitis[edit]
Main article: Conjunctivitis
When used as a descriptive term in medicine, the meaning of red eye is quite different, and indicates that the bulbar conjunctiva is reddened due to dilatation of superficial blood vessels. Leaving aside rarities, it indicates surface infection (conjunctivitis), intraocular inflammation (e.g., iridocyclitis) or high intraocular pressure (acute glaucoma or occasionally severe, untreated chronic glaucoma). This use of "red eye" implies disease. The term is therefore not used in medicine for ocular albinism, in which the eye is otherwise healthy despite an obviously red pupil and a translucent pinkish iris due to reflected light from the fundus. "Red eye" is used more loosely in veterinary practice, where investigation of eye diseases can be difficult, but even so albinotic breeds are easily recognised and are usually described as having "pink eye" rather than "red eye".
Society and culture[edit]
Iridology[edit]
Main article: Iridology
Iridology (also known as iridodiagnosis) is an alternative medicine technique whose proponents believe that patterns, colors and other characteristics of the iris can be examined to determine information about a patient's systemic health. Practitioners match their observations to iris charts which divide the iris into zones corresponding to specific parts of the human body. Iridologists see the eyes as "windows" into the body's state of health.[8]
Iridology is not supported by quality research studies[9] and is considered pseudoscience[10] by the majority of medical practitioners and eye care professionals.
Etymology[edit]
The word iris is derived from the Greek goddess of the rainbow, because of the many colours of the iris.[11]
Graphics[edit]
Structures of the eye
Iris, front view.
See also[edit]
Anatomy portal
Iridoplegia - paralysis of the sphincter muscles of the iris
Iris (disambiguation)
Human eye
Retina
Blood–ocular barrier
Iris recognition
Aniridia
Coloboma
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "eye, human."Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gold, Daniel H; Lewis, Richard; "Clinical Eye Atlas," pp. 396-397
Jump up ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 462. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Jump up ^ "Sensory Reception: Human Vision: Structure and function of the Human Eye" vol. 27, p. 175 Encyclopædia Britannica, 1987
Jump up ^ "www.hhmi.org/cgi-bin/askascientist/highlight.pl?kw=&file=answers%2Fgenetics%2Fans_044.html[dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-09-23. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
Jump up ^ "walleye", def. 1a, Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Jump up ^ Novella, Steven. "Iridology". Science-Based Medicine. Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Ernst E (January 2000). "Iridology: not useful and potentially harmful". Arch. Ophthalmol. 118 (1): 120–1. doi:10.1001/archopht.118.1.120. PMID 10636425.
Jump up ^ Iridology Is Nonsense, a web page with further references
Jump up ^ "iris". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iris (eye).
Detailed photographs of human irides
Histology image: 08010loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University
Atlas image: eye_1 at the University of Michigan Health System - "Sagittal Section Through the Eyeball"
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Anatomy of the globe of the human eye
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Francis the Talking Mule
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Francis the Talking Mule was a mule character who became a celebrity during the 1950s as the star of seven popular Universal-International film comedies. The character originated in the 1946 novel Francis by former U.S. Army Captain David Stern III (1909–2003), son of newspaper publisher J. David Stern. After another studio turned down the property, Universal bought the rights for a film series, with Stern adapting his own script for the first entry, simply titled Francis.
Contents
[hide]
1 The beginning
2 Themes
3 Films
4 Film series actors
5 Later appearances
6 Video releases
7 Notes
8 Sources
The beginning[edit]
From the Francis book jacket:[1]
David Stern says: "When I joined the Army in 1943, I had been publishing a couple of newspapers. I told this to the classification interviewer, who dutifully recorded my civilian background on a large card. They say the Army always finds the job to fit the man. I was assigned as assistant on a garbage truck.
"Circumstances led me, via Officer Candidate School, to Hawaii, where I was assigned as Co-Officer-in-Charge of an Army newspaper called MIDPACIFICAN. One night I was sitting looking at a blank, unpainted wall. To pass the time I wrote four pages of dialogue between a second lieutenant and an Army mule. I had no intention of writing more. But that little runt of a mule kept bothering me. With memories of OCS fresh in my mind I thought I might rid myself of the creature by shipping him off to become a second lieutenant. Francis outwitted me. He refused to go".
Under the nom de plume of Peter Stirling, Stern wrote several short stories for Esquire about a nameless, brand-new U. S. Army 2nd lieutenant fighting the Japanese in the jungles of Burma. Following the war, he connected three of the stories, "I Meet Francis", "Francis and the Golden", and "Francis Unmasked" into the 1946 novel Francis.
In 1948 Stern published a sequel, Francis Goes to Washington with the former lieutenant (now named Peter Sterling) running for Congress with the help of Francis. Stern gave up fiction writing to become editor of the New Orleans Item, a newspaper he purchased in 1949[2] and ran until 1958.
According to his autobiography, Mickey Rooney was originally considered for a United Artists Francis feature film with his company Rooney Inc optioning and then turning down the property [3] before Universal-International acquired the rights. Rooney took the lead after Donald O'Connor left for the final film in the series Francis in the Haunted House.
Themes[edit]
The book and film series focused on the exploits of Francis, an experienced Army mule, and Peter Stirling (played by Donald O'Connor), the young soldier whom he befriends (and stays with through civilian life and then back into the military). In the original 1950 film the mule identifies himself to the commanding general as "Francis...123rd Mule Detachment...[serial number] M52519". With a plot device like the later series Mister Ed, Francis would usually only talk to Peter, thus causing problems for his nominal "master". The first six films were directed by Universal comedy veteran Arthur Lubin, previously known for helming Abbott and Costello vehicles, who would go on to produce and direct Mister Ed for television.
As the titles indicated, each film had a different setting or gimmick, exposing the world-wise mule and the naive GI to race track excitement, the world of journalism, and many branches of the military, from West Point to the WACs to the Navy. The basic plots were fairly similar, however. Stirling, with the sage but sardonic advice of Francis (gleaned from overhearing generals plan strategy or from discussions with other equines), would triumph over his own incompetence. However, inevitably, he would be forced to reveal that his adviser was a mule, and be subject to mental analysis (sometimes more than once per film) until the grand reveal, when Francis displayed his talent (usually either to individuals, or to a large group). The astonishing existence of a talking mule, however, was conveniently forgotten by the next film.
Films[edit]
Francis (1950) aka Francis the Talking Mule
Francis Goes to the Races (1951)
Francis Goes to West Point (1952)
Francis Covers the Big Town (1953)
Francis Joins the WACS (1954)
Francis in the Navy (1955)
Francis in the Haunted House (1956)
Francis Goes to Washington, based on the 1948 novel by Stern, was meant to be the first Francis sequel,[4] but filming was postponed as there were "too many complications" for it "to be made as things stand at the present".[5]
Film series actors[edit]
The distinctive voice of Francis was provided by veteran character actor Chill Wills, who lent his deep, rough vocal texture and Western twang to the cynical and sardonic mule. As was customary at the time, Wills never received billing for his vocal work, though he was featured prominently on-screen as blustery General Ben Kaye in the fourth entry, Francis Joins the WACS.
The actual mule who appeared on-screen was not a male at all, but a female named Molly, selected because she was easy to handle. She was purchased from Jake and Jenny Frazier in Drexel, Missouri. According to author Pauline Bartel, Universal paid $350 for the animal, but made millions from the film series. Molly was trained by Les Hilton, a former apprentice of Will Rogers, who would also go on to train Bamboo Harvester, the horse who played Mister Ed. To create the impression that the mule was actually talking, Hilton used a thread fed into the animal's mouth, which when tugged, would cause Molly to try to remove it by moving her lips (the same technique used for Mister Ed).
The seventh and final entry in the series, Francis in the Haunted House, was made without any of the key creative personnel. Leonard Maltin, in most editions of his Movie Guide, says O'Connor quit, quoting the actor, "When you've made six pictures and the mule still gets more fan mail than you do...." Mickey Rooney, who according to his autobiography was originally considered for a United Artists "Francis" movie before Universal bought the rights, replaced O'Connor as a new but similar character, David Prescott. Director Lubin and Chill Wills were also absent, replaced respectively by Charles Lamont and voice actor Paul Frees, who did a close approximation of Wills' voice. The film did not attempt any real explanation as to why Francis had left Peter Stirling. Francis explains that he decided to befriend reporter Prescott because he once lived on a farm owned by Prescott's uncle and wanted to protect his nephew out of respect for the deceased. With the original elements gone, the film became a standard tale of fake ghosts and gangsters, was poorly received, and is widely viewed as the weakest entry in the series.
Later appearances[edit]
Francis also made a brief cameo, in animated form and voiced by Marvin Miller, in the UPA cartoon short How Now Boing Boing (1954), starring Gerald McBoing Boing. David Stern and Frank Thomas scripted a 1952-53 syndicated comic strip, Francis, the Famous Talking Mule, illustrated by Cliff Rogerson, who also drew the gag panel, Tee Vee Laffs (1957–85). 17 issues of "Francis the Famous Talking Mule" were published as part of Dell`s "Four Color Comics" series from 1951–60, illustrated by, alternately, David Gantz and Don Gunn. Francis is said to have provided the inspiration for the title of rock band The Mars Volta's second album, Frances the Mute.[citation needed] Many years later, offbeat director John Waters joked about making a film starring Francis and Divine.[citation needed]
Video releases[edit]
The original film, Francis (1950) was released in 1978 as one of the first-ever titles in the new LaserDisc format, DiscoVision Catalog #22-003.[6] It was later re-issued in May 1994 on LaserDisc by MCA/Universal Home Video (Catalog #: 42024) as part of an Encore Edition Double Feature with Francis Goes to the Races (1951).
The first two Francis films were released again in 2004 by Universal Pictures on Region 1 and Region 4 DVD, along with the next two in the series, as The Adventures of Francis the Talking Mule Vol. 1. Several years later, Universal released all 7 Francis films as a set on three Region 1 and Region 4 DVDs, Francis The Talking Mule: The Complete Collection.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Farrar, Straus And Co.; 1st edition (1946)
Jump up ^ Erickson, Hal (2012). Military Comedy Films: A Critical Survey and Filmography of Hollywood Releases Since 1918. McFarland. pp. 119–120.
Jump up ^ p.199 Lertzman, Richard A. & Birnes, William J. The Life and Times of Mickey Rooney Simon and Schuster, 20 Oct 2015
Jump up ^ "Looking At Hollywood: Bette Davis in Joyous Mood Over Work on New Picture" Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune (1923-1963) [Chicago, Ill] 13 Mar 1950: b14.
Jump up ^ Drama: Hugh Marlowe Romantic Rival of Milland; Wald, Krasna to Seek Talent Schallert, Edwin. Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif] 29 May 1951: A7.
Jump up ^ http://www.blamld.com/DiscoVision/Classic_Film/22-003.htm
Sources[edit]
Bartel, Pauline. Amazing Animal Actors. Dallas: Taylor Publishing, 1997. 0878339744
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