text:
Son of God (film)
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Son of God
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Christopher Spencer
Produced by
Roma Downey
Mark Burnett
Screenplay by
Richard Bedser
Christopher Spencer
Colin Swash
Nic Young
Based on
New Testament
Starring
Diogo Morgado
Roma Downey
Narrated by
Sebastian Knapp
Music by
Lorne Balfe
Lisa Gerrard
Hans Zimmer
Cinematography
Rob Goldie
Edited by
Robert Hall
Production
company
Lightworkers Media
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
February 28, 2014 (2014-02-28)
Running time
138 minutes
Country
United States
Budget
$22 million[1]
Box office
$67.8 million[2]
Son of God is a 2014 American epic biblical drama film directed by Christopher Spencer, and produced by Mark Burnett and Roma Downey. The film premiered in New York, and Los Angeles for a limited release on February 21, 2014, and then into a wide release on February 28, 2014.[3] The film retells the life of Jesus and is an adaptation of the ten-hour miniseries The Bible,[4] which aired in March 2013 on the History channel.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
John, the last surviving disciple of Christ, is living in exile as he tells his story.
Jesus was born to a virgin. Three visiting wise men declare him the future King. Thirty years later, an adult Jesus Christ (Diogo Morgado) travels to Galilee and begins recruiting followers, from James, to his brother John, to Peter the fisherman, to Matthew the tax collector. These men and women would become his disciples. Through his teachings and numerous miracles, Jesus builds a huge following, who begin to call him the Messiah. He also draws the attention of the Pharisees, the Jewish religious leaders. The Pharisees claim Jesus is blaspheming God by forgiving sins, something only God can do. Jesus responds by saying he is the son of God.
Jesus tells the disciples they are to travel to Jerusalem for the upcoming Passover holiday. He enters the city on the back of a donkey and is met by a huge crowd of supporters, who lay palm leaves in his path. Caiaphas, the head of the Pharisees, is afraid Jesus' presence in the city will further agitate the people, who are already in a near state of revolt against the oppressive Romans, led by Pontius Pilate. (Earlier, Pilate had warned Caiaphas that if there were any trouble from the Jews, Pilate would close the temple, thus cancelling Passover.) Upon entering the temple, Jesus sees the money changers and proceeds to upend their tables. This act draws cheers from the people and scorn from the Pharisees. Later, Jesus tells a little girl that every stone of the temple will soon fall. The Pharisees take this as a plan to destroy the temple and decide Jesus must be stopped.
Judas, one of Jesus' disciples, approaches the Pharisees. He also believes Jesus is going too far and wants to help. They give him 30 pieces of silver for his assistance. That night (the night before Passover), Jesus tells the disciples this will be their Last Supper together and says that one of them will betray him. Later, in the Garden of Gethsemane, Judas kisses Jesus' cheek, thereby identifying Jesus to the Pharisees and revealing Judas' betrayal, and Jesus is then arrested for blasphemy. The disciples then flee the garden to save themselves.
Caiaphas orders an immediate trial, even though it's late at night and not in public, which are violations of Jewish law. He is afraid an open trial on Passover will cause trouble, and Pilate will close the temple. Caiaphas asks Jesus if he is the son of God, and he answers "I am". This is all the Pharisees need to hear, and they immediately find Him guilty of blasphemy.
That morning, to a growing crowd, Caiaphas announces Jesus' guilt and reveals the penalty for blasphemy is death. Judas, horrified by what he has done, throws the silver at the Pharisees and runs off; he later hangs himself. Caiaphas believes if the Pharisees killed Jesus on Passover, it would start a riot, so he turns him over to the Romans for the punishment. Pilate tells Caiaphas that Jesus didn't break any Roman laws, but orders him to be lashed 40 times. Since it's Passover, Pilate says he will follow tradition and free a prisoner of the people's choosing, and if they choose Jesus, he will be set free. By this time, Jesus' mother Mary (Roma Downey) has arrived in Jerusalem to see what is happening to her son.
Pilate orders the crowd to enter his courtyard to choose whether to release Jesus or Barabbas, a convicted murderer. Since none of Jesus' followers were allowed into the courtyard, Caiaphas easily sways the vote so that Barabbas is set free. Pilate then asks what he should do with Jesus, and again Caiaphas sways the crowd to have him executed by way of crucifixion. Fearing a riot among the hostile people, Pilate orders the crucifixion, then literally washes his hands of the situation. A battered and bloodied Jesus then carries his cross to Golgotha and is nailed to it by the mocking Roman guards, who earlier had placed a crown of thorns on his head. Before the cross is put into place, Pilate orders a sign attached to it, reading: "The King of the Jews", much to Caiaphas' dismay. With John, Mary, and Mary Magdalene watching in horror, Jesus hangs from the cross for several agonizing hours. After forgiving the Romans, and the Pharisees who condemned him to death, he asks why God has forsaken him, and declares "It is finished." Accomplished, Jesus dies as the temple and earth shake by earthquake. While the lamps are knocked down, the curtains in the temple where God's spirit was supposed to be present, tear apart. He is then lowered from the cross and placed into a tomb, which is sealed off with a large rock.
Three days later, Mary Magdalene goes to visit the tomb, but is shocked to see the rock broken into pieces and the tomb empty. She sees a man by the tomb's entrance and realizes he is Jesus; Jesus has been resurrected. Mary goes to the disciples' hiding place and tells them the good news, but they don't believe her. Jesus then appears to them, and they all now believe, except "Doubting" Thomas. Once Thomas touches Jesus, then he believes. Forty days later, Jesus is speaking to his disciples and tells them to travel the world to spread his message. He then ascends into Heaven, and the disciples go their separate ways.
The movie concludes with an elderly John saying that all of the disciples were eventually killed for their beliefs, except him. He has been exiled to live alone on a deserted island until he dies. John then sees Jesus, who tells him he will not die, but have everlasting life, and Jesus will return one day.
Cast[edit]
Diogo Morgado as Jesus Christ
Darwin Shaw as Saint Simon Peter
Sebastian Knapp as Saint John
Amber Rose Revah as Mary Magdalene
Roma Downey as Mary, mother of Jesus
Leila Mimmack as Young Virgin Mary
Joe Coen as Saint Joseph
Said Bey as Saint Matthew
Matthew Gravelle as Saint Thomas
Paul Marc Davis as Simon the Pharisee
Joe Wredden as Judas Iscariot
Louise Delamere as Claudia
Simon Kunz as Nicodemus
Adrian Schiller as Caiaphas
Anas Cherin as Lazarus
Fraser Ayres as Barabbas
Greg Hicks as Pontius Pilate
Rick Bacon as Herod Antipas
Sanaa Mouziane as Martha
Production[edit]
The film features select scenes from the miniseries as well as footage not aired in the telecast.[4][5] However, the film does not include scenes featuring Satan (played by Mohamen Mehdi Ouazanni) due to a controversy from the series that claimed the actor resembled the United States President Barack Obama.[6] The resemblance was first pointed out notably by Glenn Beck ahead of that episode's premiere.[7][8] The film's casting director Carl Proctor, points out that the resemblance is entirely accidental. The trailer for the film also shows some scenes from the miniseries featuring David (played by Langley Kirkwood), Adam (played by Paul Knops), destruction of the city of Sodom and Moses (played by Will Houston) parting the Red Sea.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Son of God grossed $59.7 million in North America and $8.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $67.8 million,[2] against a production budget of $22 million.[1]
The film was projected to gross around $27 million in its opening weekend.[9] It made $1.2 million from Thursday night previews, benefiting greatly from advance ticket sales;[10] it ended up making $26.5 million in its first weekend.[11]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 21% based on 71 reviews, with an average rating of 4.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The faithful may find their spirits raised, but on purely cinematic terms, Son of God is too dull and heavy-handed to spark much fervor."[12] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a rating to reviews, assigned a weighted average score of 37 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[13] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.
Nell Minow of Beliefnet gave the film a B grade, saying "It tells the story in a westernized, conventional manner that can seem superficial at times, more a cinematic Sunday School lesson than a movie. It is unlikely to persuade anyone, but it is undeniably moving and many believers will find it inspiring."[14] Jim Slotek of the Toronto Sun gave the film 3 stars.[15]
Ben Kenigsberg of The A.V. Club gave the film a mixed review, grading it a C and saying, "Unlike Gibson’s film, with its relentless and gory focus on Christ’s last days, Son Of God finds time for lessons along with its bloodletting. [...] Accompanied by a score that sounds recycled from The Fountain, the most famous scenes are trotted out: “I’ll give my stone to the first man who tells me that he has never sinned”; the loaves and fishes; the resurrection of Lazarus; the last supper. It’s unlikely Paul Verhoeven will ever get to make his historical Christ movie, but to the extent that Son Of God has a measure of dramatic impact, it’s how it illustrates the radicalism of Jesus’ message and the threat it posed to the establishment. At any rate, the core ideas are more compelling than the bad effects shots of Jerusalem, the cheesy CG water-walking, or whatever exchanges require the actors to emit something other than a declarative shout."[16]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "In 'Son of God,' the Bible told in low-budget, Hollywood style". The Washington Times. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Son of God (2014)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Saba Hamedy (December 11, 2014). "'Exodus: Gods and Kings' expected to champion box office". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Littleton, Cynthia (September 12, 2013). "'The Bible' Producers Resurrect Jesus for Expanded 'Son of God' Film". Variety.
Jump up ^ Kits, Borys (September 12, 2013). "20th Century Fox to Distribute Jesus Christ Movie 'Son of God'". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ "'Bible' Producers Cut Satan Scenes From 'Son of God' Following Obama Controversy (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. February 17, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Anyone else think the Devil in #TheBible Sunday on HIstory Channel looks exactly like That Guy?". @glennbeck. Twitter. Retrieved February 28, 2014. [non-primary source needed]
Jump up ^ "Why does the devil in 'The Bible' look exactly like President Obama?". Daily Mail. February 28, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Subers, Ray (February 28, 2014). "Forecast: 'Non-Stop,' 'Son of God' to End 'LEGO's Reign This Weekend". Box Office Mojo. Amazon. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (February 28, 2014). "Box Office: 'Son of God' Launches Strongly at Late-Night Shows". Variety. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Box Office: 'Non-Stop' Soars To $30M, 'Son Of God' Earns $26.5M, 'Frozen' Crosses $1B". Forbes. February 3, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Son Of God (2014)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Son of God Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Minow, Nell. "Son of God - Movie Mom". Beliefnet. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Slotek, Jim (February 27, 2014). "'Son of God' review: A satisfying Christ story". Toronto Sun. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kenigsberg, Ben (February 27, 2014). "History Channel's The Bible is cut into an equally chintzy film, Son Of God". The A.V. Club. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Son of God (film)
Son of God on IMDb
Son of God at the TCM Movie Database
Son of God at AllMovie
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text:
Rebel (2012 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Rebel
Film poster
Directed by
Raghava Lawrence
Produced by
J. Bhagavan
J. Pulla Rao
Written by
Raghava Lawrence
Darling Swamy
(Dialogues)
Screenplay by
Raghava Lawrence
Story by
Raghava Lawrence
Starring
Prabhas
Tamannaah
Deeksha Seth
Krishnam Raju
Brahmanandam
Mukesh Rishi
Music by
Songs:
Raghava Lawrence
Background score:
S. Chinna
Cinematography
Ram Prasad
Edited by
Marthand K. Venkatesh
Production
company
Sri Balaji Cine Media
Distributed by
Sri Venkateswara Creations
(Nizam)[1]
7 Seas
(overseas)
14 Reels Entertainment (Krishna)
N.V. Prasad
(ceded)
Release date
28 September 2012
Running time
168 minutes
Country
India
Language
Telugu
Rebel is a 2012 Telugu action film written and directed by Raghava Lawrence. The film stars Prabhas, Tamannaah, Deeksha Seth and Krishnam Raju and was produced by J. Bhaghawan and J. Pulla Rao under the Sri Balaji Cine Media banner.[2] Apart from directing, Raghava Lawrence also handled the choreography, screenplay and music direction for the film. The film was released worldwide on 28 September 2012. The movie has been loosely remade into Bangladeshi Bengali as Hero: The Superstar. It was dubbed into Hindi as The Return of Rebel (2014), in Tamil as Veerabali, and in Malayalam as Rebel. Dubbing artist Chetanya Adib dubbed for Prabhas's voice in the Hindi dubbed version.[3]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Casting
3.2 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Marketing
4.2 Pre-release revenues
4.3 Critical reception
4.4 Box office
4.5 Home media
4.6 Response of the Hindi dubbed version
5 Soundtrack
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Rishi (Prabhas) is a happy-go-lucky son of Bhupathi (Krishnam Raju). Rishi is influenced by his father's ideals and grows up just like him. However, Bhupathi doesn't want his son to take up violence and make more enemies like him. He sends his son to Bangalore for studies and to learn music. There Rishi falls for Deepali (Deeksha Seth), an orphan, and brings her to his house in the disguise of his old music teacher as he wants his father to be happy that he doesn't take up the violence. During the festivals held in their village, Simhadri (Pradeep Rawat) sends 100 thugs to kill Bhupathi and his family. Rishi saves his father by eliminating all the thugs. Bhupathi's brother (Mukesh Rishi) joins hands with Simhadri, so they can kill Bhupathi, Bhupathi's wife, and Deepali in a temple. Simhadri tells Rishi that a local goon helped Bhupathi's brother kill Bhupathi and his family. Rishi wants to destroy Bhupathi's killers, but Simhadri kills himself. In a rage, Rishi stabs Simhadri's corpse more than once. Raju (Supreeth) is one of Bhupathi's bodyguards. Some of Bhupathi's bodyguards are still alive. Raju and the other bodyguards assist Rishi to get revenge.
Two years later, Rishi discovers that a Goon named Stephen (K.C. Shankar) was doing illegal business in Hyderabad for a very long time. Rishi also discovers that a man named Robert (also Mukesh Rishi) started working with Stephen right after Bhupathi's murder. Stephen and Robert became powerful underworld dons. Rishi suspects that his uncle's new identity is Robert. Rishi goes to Hyderabad. Rishi finds out that Stephen and Robert have an assistant, Nanu (Tej Sapru), who works in Bangkok. Nanu's daughter is Nandini (Tamannaah). Rishi and Nandini fall in love with each other. While drunk, Nanu shows his cell phone to Nandini because she wants to see the pictures of Stephen and Robert. Nanu falls asleep. Nandini calls Rishi's phone. Rishi sneaks into Nandini's room. When Rishi sees the pictures of Stephen and Robert, it's confirmed that Rishi's uncle's new identity is Robert. Since Simhadri told Rishi that a local goon helped Robert kill Bhupathi, that local goon must've been Stephen. Later, Raju tells Nandini about Rishi's tragic past. Nandini still wants to help Rishi locate Stephen and Robert. Rishi bribes Nanu's henchmen to stop protecting Nanu. Rishi tells his henchmen including Raju to take Nandini back to her home. Rishi tortures Nanu, until Nanu agrees to lure Stephen and Robert into a trap. Stephen and Robert arrive in a helicopter. It's revealed that Stephen and Robert sent 2 henchmen to disguise themselves as Stephen and Robert. Nanu and his henchmen didn't expect Stephen and Robert to fool Rishi. Nanu's glad that Stephen and Robert fooled Rishi. Rishi realizes that his bodyguards, including Raju and Nandini, got kidnapped by the bad guys. Robert calls Rishi's cell phone. Robert says, "My informer followed Nanu for these past 2 years just in case if you tried to locate me. My informer told me that you kidnapped Nanu and I sent my henchmen to kidnap Raju, Nandini, and your other bodyguards." Rishi gets taken to his old home. The rest of Rishi's bodyguards got killed. Nandini and Raju are still alive. Robert kills Raju. Rishi manages to kill Stephen, Robert, their henchmen and Robert's son. As Rishi and Nandini have a lot of blood she comes to him and says "Irojnunchi nenu Nandini kaadu, nee Deepali" (I'm not Nandini from today, yours Deepali) .
Cast[edit]
Tamannaah Bhatia was selected to play the role of Nandini alongside Prabhas and Deeksha Seth.
Deeksha Seth
Prabhas as Rishi / Rebel, Bhupathi's son, Deepali and Nandini's love interest and main protagonist.
Tamannaah as Nandini, Nanu's daughter and Rishi's love interest who helps him in catching his family's murders.
Deeksha Seth as Deepali, an orphan, Rishi's love interest who gets killed while trying to save his parents.
Krishnam Raju as Bhupathi, Rishi's father
Vikram Singh as David
Brahmanandam as Narasa Raju
Rama Prabha as Lakshmi, Rishi's mother
Ravi Nair as Sanjay, Nandini's brother
Ali as Dance Master Kamal Haasan Shiv Shankar
Mukesh Rishi as Jairam / Robert
Bharath Reddy as Jairam's son
Pradeep Rawat as Simhadri
Supreeth as Raju, Bhupati's bodyguard
K.C.Shankar as Stephen
Tej Sapru as Nanu
Ananth Babu as Shastri
M. S. Narayana as Shastri
Jeeva
Sriman
Kovai Sarala
Hema
Vincent Asokan
Junior Relangi as Junior Shastri
Sana
Production[edit]
The film was officially launched at Annapurna Studios on 2 December 2010 with Anushka Shetty as the heroine opposite Prabhas. It was also announced that S. Thaman would compose the soundtrack of the film.[4]
Casting[edit]
On 2 December 2010, the opening ceremony of the film took place in Hyderabad. At the event, it was announced that J. Bhagawan and J. Pullarao would produce the film, it would be directed by Raghava Lawrence and would star Prabhas and Anushka in lead roles. The main cast was also announced during the event, which included Brahmanandam, Mukesh Rishi, Kelly Dorjee, Sayaji Shinde, Ali, MS Narayana, Chalapathi Rao, Jayaprakash Reddy, Supreet and Jeeva.[5] In February 2011, it was announced that Deeksha Seth would play the second lead in the film.[6] The filming was delayed due to various reasons causing Anushka to opt out of the project.[7] In August 2011, it was announced that Tamannaah had replaced Anushka.[8][9] In January 2011, it was reported that Krishnam Raju would play a vital role in the film.[10] It was later confirmed that he would be portraying a father character while popular Telugu actress Prabha would play the role of a mother.[11]
Filming[edit]
After much delays, regular filming began on 21 May 2011.[12] In the fifty days of working schedule, one action episode and a song were filmed. In October 2011, it was reported that the filming would take place in Bangkok, where action sequences would be shot.[13] In December 2011, it was reported that the unit would go back to Bangkok to shoot some vital scenes and action sequences with Tamannah and Prabhas.[14] After completing the Bangkok schedule, filming resumed at Shamshabad Temple near Hyderabad.[15] It was reported that a special set worth ₹20 million was built at Shamshabad and filming took place in it with 100 fighters and over 1000 extras participating in the schedule.[16] In March 2012, it was reported that another set had been built at Ramoji Film City, where the climax scenes with 30 Russian fighters were shot.[17]
In June 2012, the unit went back to Bangkok for the third time to shoot two songs of the movie.[18] After completing the schedule, the filming resumed at Pollachi where scenes on Prabhas and other lead cast were canned.[19] The filming shifted to Pondicherry where action episodes involving Prabhas were shot.[20] The last schedule of filming took at an aluminium factory in Hyderabad.[21]
Release[edit]
The film was postponed several times due to delays in post-production works. After much delay, the film was released worldwide on 28 September 2012 in over 950 screens worldwide.
Marketing[edit]
On 7 August 2012 the first look posters of the film were launched.[22] On 17 August 2012 a press conference was held at Hyderabad in which a thirty-second teaser was launched.[23]
Pre-release revenues[edit]
It was announced that 7 Seas, a premier entertainment company, purchased the overseas theatrical distribution rights of the film.[24] The theatrical distribution rights for the Nizam region were bought by Dil Raju for ₹90 million.[25] The rights for Vizag region were sold to Bellamkonda Suresh for ₹30.6 million.[26] Distribution rights for ceded region were bought by NV Prasad and Bellary Sai for ₹57.5 million.[27] Tamil Nadu theatrical distribution rights were sold for ₹3.3 million.[28] The film made excellent business all over and is up amongst the best films in terms of pre-release revenues.[29]
Critical reception[edit]
Sashidhar from The Times of India stated, "The film belongs to hard-core Prabhas fans as the movie is stylish and visually rich but not much in content".[30] Purnima Ranawat from NDTV said, "Rebel serves up fare for the mass audience. The film will be definitely liked by Prabhas' fans. Watch it for the dancing talent of Tamannaah Bhatia and action skills of Prabhas."[31] Radhika Rajamani from Rediff.com gave the movie one and half stars out of five and said, "Working with hardly any storyline, director Raghava Lawrence had made a film that is arduous to watch... Rebel is a movie for the masses and certainly not for the discerning audience."[32]
Jeevi from Idlebrain.com gave the film a 3 out of 5 rating and stated, "Rebel is an revenge-based action film. Prabhas is known as one of the best mass stars of Telugu cinema. Lawrence's movies are known to appeal to the raw senses of mass movie lovers. Rebel is no exception. Interval block is really good. Rebel has decent commercial elements and targeted at masses. Masses will like it.[33] A reviewer from OneIndia.com called the film "A treat for Prabhas fans" and gave it a 3 out of 5 rating.[34]
Box office[edit]
The film collected ₹233.2 million worldwide in its first weekend[35] and ₹243.7 million in its first week in India.[36] It collected approximately ₹33.35 net crores in its first week worldwide.[37]
Home media[edit]
The VCDs,[38] DVDs[39][40] and Blu-rays[41] of the film were released on 22 January 2013 through Sri Balaji Video company.
Response of the Hindi dubbed version[edit]
Goldmines Telefilms Pvt.Ltd. bought the Hindi dubbing rights of the film. It had a TV premiere on Sony Max Chanel. It was well received by the audience.
Soundtrack[edit]
Rebel
Soundtrack album by Raghava Lawrence
Released
14 September 2012 (2012-09-14)
Recorded
2012
Genre
Film soundtrack
Length
21:53
Language
Telugu
Label
Aditya Music
Producer
Raghava Lawrence
Raghava Lawrence chronology
Don (2007 film)
(2007)Don (2007 film)2007 Rebel
(2012) UnknownString Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found
Initially S. Thaman was revealed to be the composer but he opted out of the film; instead, Raghava Lawrence himself composed the songs while the film score was composed by S. Chinna.[42] The soundtrack of the film was released through Aditya Music label on 14 September 2012 at Shilpakala Vedika in Hyderabad.[43] The album consists of five songs. The lyrics for four songs were penned by Ramajogayya Sastry and one song was written by Bhaskarabhatla.
No.
Title
Lyrics
Singer(s)
Length
1. "Keka" Ramajogayya Sastry Benny Dayal, Lloyd Paul, Sathyan, Naresh Iyer 4:09
2. "Deepali" Ramajogayya Sastry Karthik, Priya Hemesh, Diya (Child) & Group 4:35
3. "Google" Bhaskarabhatla Andrea, Shravana Bhargavi & Group 4:40
4. "Orinayano" Ramajogayya Sastry Malathi, Vijay Prakash & Group 5:09
5. "Excellent Nee Figure (Remix)" Ramajogayya Sastry Benny Dayal, Lloyd Paul, Sathyan, Naresh Iyer 3:20
Total length: 21:53
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Rebel Distribution rights". andhrareporter.com. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Prabhas with Tamannaah, Deeksha". sify.com. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Goldmines Movies (2014-12-31), The Return of Rebel (Rebel) 2015 Hindi Dubbed Full Movie | Prabhas, Tamannaah, Deeksha Seth, retrieved 2016-02-29
Jump up ^ "Prabhas-Lawrence combo begins shoot". IndiaGlitz. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Prabhas, Lawrence Combo Rebel Takes Off". Cinegoer. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Deeksha to play second fiddle to Anushka". Ragalahari. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Anushka out of 'Rebel'?". IndiaGlitz. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tamanna steps into Anushka's shoes". Ragalahari. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "tammana in rebel". 123telugu. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Krishnam Raju and Prabhas to team up for Rebel". Ragalahari. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Krishnam Raju in Rebel". 123telugu. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Prabhas, Anushka Starrer Rebel To Take Off From May 21st". cinegoer.com. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Rebel team in Bangkok for action sequences". Indiaglitz. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Prabhas Rebel shooting in Bangkok and Malaysia". Super Good Movies. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rebel shooting in Shamshabad temple". 123telugu.com. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rebel shooting in Shamshabad with 2 crore set of flash back schedule". 123telugu. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Prabhas fights with 30 Russian fighters". 123telugu. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rebel in Bangkok". Tollywood Andhra. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rebel shooting in pollachi". Times of India. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rebel in Pondicherry". Times of India. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rebel last schedule at aluminium factory". IBN live. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rebel first look". Times of India. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rebel First Teaser Launch". Times of India. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rebel Overseas rights". Times of India. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rebel nizam and satellite rights". Zustcinemas. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rebel vizag rights". Times of AP. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rebel ceded rights". Heyandhra. Archived from the original on 6 July 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rebel sold for huge prize in TN". Times of India. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Huge expectations on Rebel". Gulte.com. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Prabhas' Rebel Telugu movie review highlights". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rebel movie review". New Delhi: NDTV. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Rajamani, Radhika. "Review: Rebel is for the masses". Rediff. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Rebel review – Telugu cinema – Prabhas & Tamanna. Idlebrain.com (2012-09-28). Retrieved on 2015-09-06.
Jump up ^ "Rebel – Movie Review: A treat for Prabhas fans". entertainment.oneindia.in. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Prabhas' Rebel has fantastic collection at Box Office". entertainment.oneindia.in. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Rebel' collects Rs 24.37 crore in the first week". CNN-IBN. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Prabhas' Rebel first week collection at Box Office". entertainment.oneindia.in. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "REBEL VCD". sribalajivideo.com. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rebel Telugu DVD". njmtv.com. 22 January 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "REBEL DVD". sribalajivideo.com. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "REBEL BLU RAY". sribalajivideo.com. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Thaman springs a surprise: Walks out of Rebel". IndiaGlitz. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rebel audio launch tomorrow". rebelthefilm.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
External links[edit]
Rebel on IMDb
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Films directed by Raghava Lawrence
Muni series
Muni (2007)
Muni 2: Kanchana (2011)
Kanchana 2 (2015)
Kanchana 3 (2018)
Other films
Mass (2005) (Telugu)
Style (2006) (Telugu)
Don (2007) (Telugu)
Rebel (2012) (Telugu)
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text:
No One Knows
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see No One Knows (disambiguation).
"No One Knows"
Single by Queens of the Stone Age
from the album Songs for the Deaf
B-side
"Tension Head" (Live) (7")
Released
November 26, 2002
Format
7"
12"
CD
Recorded
2001
Genre
Stoner rock[1]
alternative rock[2]
Length
4:38 (Album version)
4:13 (Radio edit)
Label
Interscope
Songwriter(s)
Josh Homme
Mark Lanegan
Producer(s)
Josh Homme
Eric Valentine
Queens of the Stone Age singles chronology
"Feel Good Hit of the Summer"
(2000) "No One Knows"
(2002) "Go with the Flow"
(2003)
"Feel Good Hit of the Summer"
(2000) "No One Knows"
(2002) "Go with the Flow"
(2003)
Audio sample
file
help
"No One Knows" is a song by American rock band Queens of the Stone Age written by band members Josh Homme and Mark Lanegan. It was the first single and second track from their third album, Songs for the Deaf, and was released on November 26, 2002.[3] "No One Knows" was a chart success, becoming the band's only single to top the US Modern Rock charts. The song was also critically acclaimed, receiving a nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 2003 Grammy Awards.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and writing
2 Reception
3 Chart performance
4 Music video
5 Subsequent recordings
6 In popular culture
7 Track listing
8 Personnel
9 Charts
10 Certifications
11 References
12 External links
Background and writing[edit]
According to Homme, "No One Knows" existed before the recording sessions for Songs for the Deaf:
We have patience with music, a year or five years down the road it may kind of rewrite itself and become what it's supposed to be. There's two songs on this record that are over five years old, you know? 'God is the Radio' and 'No One Knows'.[4]
Recording for Songs for the Deaf began in March 2002 at three studios across California. Though the liner notes credit Homme and Eric Valentine with producing the majority of the album – including "No One Knows" – Homme credits Valentine with merely recording the beginning of the album for contractual reasons.[5]
Reception[edit]
The critical response to "No One Knows" was generally positive. In The Guardian review of Songs for the Deaf, Dave Simpson said "'No One Knows' has killer riffs to spare".[6] Playlouder were similarly enthused, calling the song "soulful, like the last gasp of the hero in an old western".[7] Eric Carr of Pitchfork Media called it an "easy groove" and "four-to-the-floor slime of the highest quality".[8]
"No One Knows" was awarded the number one position on Australian national radio station Triple J's annual Hottest 100 2002, with four other Queens of the Stone Age tracks also charting.[9] The March 2005 edition of Q magazine placed it at number 70 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks, saying of the song, "Possibly the only full-on, legs akimbo guitar great to be based around a rhythm that goes oompah-oompah, here Josh Homme joined the ranks of the immortal."[10] In September 2006, it was placed at number 13 on NME's list of the 50 Greatest Tracks Of The Decade.[11] Rolling Stone placed "No One Knows" at number 97 on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time, saying of the track, "QOTSA guitarist and overall mastermind Josh Homme found the sweet spot between hooky hard rock and the pulverizing metal he'd grown up playing."[12] The song was listed at number eleven on the 2002 Pazz & Jop list, a survey of several hundred music critics conducted by Robert Christgau.[13]
"No One Knows" was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 2003 Grammys and was the band's first, but they lost the award to Foo Fighters for "All My Life"[14], which was also credited to Dave Grohl who was filling in as the drummer for Queens of the Stone Age.
In 2011, NME placed it at number 18 on its list, "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years".[15] In 2013, "BBC 6 Music" placed it at number 16 on its "6 music's greatest hits" voted for by over 100,000 listeners.[16] To celebrate the twentieth anniversary of its "Hottest 100" poll, Australian radio station Triple J ran a "Hottest 100 of the last 20 years" poll in June 2013. Songs that were released between 1994 and 2012 were eligible for the poll and "No One Knows" was voted into eleventh position.[17][18] In 2014, NME placed it at number 99 on its list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".[19]
Chart performance[edit]
"No One Knows" was released as a single on November 26, 2002 and became the most successful single from Songs for the Deaf. The song's peak placings of number one, number five and number 51 on the US Modern Rock, US Mainstream Rock (where it lasted for twenty-eight weeks) and the Billboard Hot 100 charts respectively remain the highest of the band's career.[20] "No One Knows" is also the band's highest charting single on the Dutch Singles Chart (where it reached number 39) and on[21] the Irish Singles Chart, (where it peaked at number 26).[22] It reached number 15 on the UK Singles Chart.[23]
It was voted number 1 in Australia's Triple J Hottest 100 countdown for 2002.
Music video[edit]
The music video for "No One Knows" was directed by Dean Karr and Michel Gondry;[24] Gondry filmed the first half on June 26 and 27, 2002, with Karr taking over on July 15.[25] Josh Homme has said Gondry was chosen because he "did all those videos for Björk and we're huge fans of Björk, so we're excited".[26]
The video is split into two sections and switches between them throughout. The first has band members Homme, Nick Oliveri and Mark Lanegan driving a truck at night, whereupon they hit a deer. When they get out to inspect, the deer proceeds to attack them before going on a rampage in their International Harvester Scout. The second section of the video is of Homme, Oliveri, Troy Van Leeuwen and Dave Grohl performing the song against a black background.
"No One Knows" received heavy rotation on music video channels culminating in a nomination for the MTV2 Award at 2003 MTV Video Music Awards, where it lost to AFI for "Girl's Not Grey".[27]
Subsequent recordings[edit]
"No One Knows" has been covered by numerous groups, including The Section Quartet on their 2007 album, Fuzzbox,[28] and Franco Saint de Bakker,[29] with the song appearing on their 2004 release Live At The Ancienne Belgique.[30] It was also covered by Razorlight as part of Jo Whiley's Live Lounge Tour on September 26, 2008.[31] The Divine Comedy often covered "No One Knows" at live shows and one such performance appears on their 2004 DVD, Live At The Palladium.[32] Mark Ronson also covered the song as a B-side to his single "Stop Me", and it later charted in the UK by itself.[33]
The song was the first Queens of the Stone Age track to be remixed by British musical outfit Unkle. The "No One Knows" remix appeared as a B-Side on the follow-up single, "Go with the Flow" as well as the EP Stone Age Complication.[34][35]
In popular culture[edit]
The song has been featured in numerous video games including NHL 2003, Guitar Hero Smash Hits, and Guitar Hero, though the latter appearance is a cover. It also appears in Rock Band 3.
The UNKLE remix of "No One Knows" also appears on the soundtracks for video games SSX 3, Test Drive Unlimited, and Race Driver: Grid and its advertising campaign.
In 2012, restaurant franchise Chili's used a backing track in its ad for "$20 Dinner for Two" that bears a strong resemblance to "No One Knows".
The UNKLE remix of "No One Knows" was also featured in one of the trailers for Dwayne Johnson's Hercules.
In Chile, the song was used in one episode of puppet show 31 Minutos.
In the UK, the song was featured in the opening scenes of Scottish TV drama Wedding Belles (2007).
Track listing[edit]
Germany CD, UK Release CD1
"No One Knows" (Josh Homme, Mark Lanegan)
"A Song for the Dead" (Live from The Mean Fiddler, Soho, London, England) (Homme, Lanegan)
"Avon" (Live from The Mean Fiddler, Soho, London, England) (Homme)
"No One Knows" (Multimedia track) (Homme, Lanegan)
UK Release CD2
"No One Knows" (Homme, Lanegan)
"Gonna Leave You" (Spanish version) (Homme, Nick Oliveri)
"Tension Head" (Live from The Mean Fiddler, Soho, London, England) (Homme, Oliveri)
European 7"
"No One Knows" (Homme, Lanegan)
"Tension Head" [live from The Mean Fiddler] (Homme, Oliveri)
Personnel[edit]
Josh Homme – rhythm & lead guitar, lead vocals
Dave Grohl – drums
Nick Oliveri – bass
Mark Lanegan – backing vocals
Charts[edit]
Chart (2002 - 2003)
Peak
position
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[36] 39
Ireland (IRMA)[37] 26
Italy (FIMI)[38] 27
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[39] 15
UK Rock and Metal (Official Charts Company)[40] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[41] 51
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[42] 5
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[43] 1
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[44]
Silver 200,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Varriano, Anthony (September 5, 2017). "Queens of the Stone Age: The best band of the Millennial generation". Genesis Communications Network. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Galindo, Brian (January 18, 2017). "19 Alt-Rock Songs You Loved In 2002". BuzzFeed. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "No One Knows Single (IMPORT)". amazon.com. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
Jump up ^ McIver, Joel (2005). No One Knows: The Queens of the Stone Age story. Omnibus Press. p. 129. ISBN 1-84449-955-3.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Nick. "August 2002 – Interview with Josh". TheFade. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
Jump up ^ Simpson, Dave (2002-08-22). "Queens of the Stone Age: Songs for the Deaf". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
Jump up ^ Alphabet, Adam (2002-12-09). "Content: Songs For The Deaf". Playlouder. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
Jump up ^ Carr, Eric (2002-09-11). "Queens of the Stone Age:Songs for the Deaf". Pitchfork Media. Archived from the original on 2008-08-03. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
Jump up ^ "Triple J Hottest 100 history – 2002". abc.net. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
Jump up ^ "Q Magazine – 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks Ever!". Q. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Tracks Of The Decade 1996–2006". NME. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
Jump up ^ "The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2008-10-05. "With this enduring throwback to the T. Rex beat, QOTSA guitarist and overall mastermind Josh Homme found the sweet spot between hooky hard rock and the pulverizing metal he'd grown up playing. More than a few of the last half-decade's modern-rock bands have taken their cues from this hybrid of downtuned menace and AM-radio sugar frosting."
Jump up ^ "The 2002 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll". Robert Christgau. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
Jump up ^ "45th Grammy Awards". Rockonthenet. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
Jump up ^ http://www.nme.com/list/150-best-tracks-of-the-past-15-years/248648/page/14
Jump up ^ "Live Blog – 6 Music Greatest Hits Top 100 Countdown". BBC Radio 6. BBC. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Jody Macgregor (9 June 2013). "Hottest 100 of the last 20 years, day two". FasterLouder. FasterLouder Pty Ltd. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Jody Macgregor (8 June 2013). "Hottest 100 of the last 20 years, day one". FasterLouder. FasterLouder Pty Ltd. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
Jump up ^ NME.COM. "The 500 Greatest Songs Of All Time: 100-1 | NME.COM". NME.COM. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
Jump up ^ "Artist Chart History (singles) – Queens of the Stone Age". Billboard. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Dutch Singles Chart". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Irish Singles Chart". irish-charts.com. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
Jump up ^ Queens of the Stone Age – UK Singles Chart. officialcharts.com. Retrieved on Jan 03, 2013.
Jump up ^ "No One Knows profile". mvdbase.com. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
Jump up ^ "MTV News: Queens Of The Stone Age Choose Single for the Deaf". MTV. Archived from the original on June 4, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
Jump up ^ "NME: Queens of the Stone Age film video for likey (sic) new single". NME. Archived from the original on April 20, 2012. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
Jump up ^ "Show Highlights, Winners, Performers, Hosts and More From Past Video Music Awards". MTV. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Fuzzbox". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
Jump up ^ "Franco Saint de Bakker – live at AB Club, Brussels, June 5th 2004". moid.be. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
Jump up ^ "Franco Saint De Bakker – Live At The Ancienne Belgique". Discogs. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
Jump up ^ "Razorlight – Live Lounger Tour 2008". BBC. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
Jump up ^ "The Divine Comedy – Live At The London Palladium". amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
Jump up ^ "Mark Ronson UK Chart placings". Chart Stats. Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
Jump up ^ "Go With the Flow Single (CD1)". amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
Jump up ^ Prato, Greg. "Stone Age Complication". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Queens of the Stone Age – No One Knows" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Queens of the Stone Age". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Queens of the Stone Age – No One Knows". Top Digital Download. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Queens of the Stone Age: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Rock & Metal Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Queens of the Stone Age Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Queens of the Stone Age Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Queens of the Stone Age Chart History (Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Queens of the Stone Age – No One Knows". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 26 November 2013. Enter No One Knows in the search field and then press Enter.
External links[edit]
"No One Knows" at AllMusic
"No One Knows" Official music video on YouTube
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Always" by Saliva Billboard Modern Rock Tracks number-one single
February 8 – March 1, 2003 Succeeded by
"Can't Stop" by Red Hot Chili Peppers
Preceded by
"Amazing" by Alex Lloyd Triple J Hottest 100#1s
2002 Succeeded by
"Are You Gonna Be My Girl?" by Jet
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text:
Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
There were numerous escape attempts and victims of the inner German border during its 45 years of existence from 1945 to 1990.
Contents
[hide]
1 Refugee flows and escape attempts
2 Escape methods
3 Order to fire
4 Deaths on the border
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Refugee flows and escape attempts[edit]
Further information: Republikflucht
Between 1945 and 1988, around 4 million East Germans migrated to the West. 3.454 million of them left between 1945 and the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961. The great majority simply walked across the border or, after 1952, exited through West Berlin. After the border was fortified and the Berlin Wall was constructed, the number of illegal border crossings fell drastically. The numbers fell further as the border defenses were improved over the subsequent decades. In 1961, 8,507 people fled across the border, most of them through West Berlin. The construction of the Berlin Wall that year reduced the number of escapees by 75% to around 2,300 per annum for the rest of the decade. The Wall changed Berlin from being one of the easiest places to cross the border, from the East, to being one of the most difficult.[1] The number of escapees fell further to 868 per annum during the 1970s and to only 334 per annum between 1980 and 1988. However, escapees were never more than a small minority of the total number of emigrants from East Germany. Far more people left the country after being granted official permits, by fleeing through third countries or by being ransomed by the West German government. During the 1980s, only about 1% of those who left East Germany did so by escaping across the border.[2]
East German Refugees, 1961–1988 [2]
Total
Official
permits
Escapes through
other countries
Direct
escapes
Ransomed by
West Germany
1962–70 229,652 146,129 56,970 21,105 5,448
1971–79 131,176 85,434 27,576 7,816 10,350
1980–88 203,619 150,918 36,152 2,672 13,872
Total (+ 1961) 616,066 382,481 163,815 40,100 29,670
Escapees had various motives for attempting to flee East Germany. The vast majority had an essentially economic motive: they wished to improve their living conditions and opportunities in the West. Some fled for political reasons, but many were impelled to leave by specific social and political events. The imposition of collective agriculture and the crushing of the 1953 East German uprising prompted thousands to flee to the West, as did further coercive economic restructuring in 1960. Thousands of those who fled did so to escape the clearance of their villages along the border. By the 1980s, the number of escape attempts was rising again as East Germany's economy stagnated and living conditions deteriorated.[3]
Attempts to flee across the border were carefully studied and recorded by the East German authorities to identify possible weak points. These would be addressed by strengthening the fortifications in vulnerable areas. The East German Army (NVA) and the Ministry for State Security (Stasi) carried out statistical surveys to identify trends. In one example, a study was carried out by the NVA at the end of the 1970s to review attempted "border breaches" (Grenzdurchbrüche). It found that 4,956 people had attempted to escape across the border between 1 January 1974 and 30 November 1979. Of those, 3,984 people (80.4%) were arrested by the People's Police in the Sperrzone, the outer restricted zone. 205 people (4.1%) were caught at the signal fence. Within the inner security zone, the Schutzstreifen, a further 743 people (15%) were arrested by the border guards. 48 people (1%) were stopped – i.e. killed or injured – by landmines and 43 people (0.9%) by SM-70 directional mines on the border fence. A further 67 people (1.35%) were intercepted at the border fence (shot and/or arrested). The study highlighted the effectiveness of the SM-70 as a means of stopping people getting across the fence. A total of 229 people – just 4.6% of attempted escapees, representing less than one in twenty – made it across the border fence. Of these, the largest number (129, or 55% of successful escapees) succeeded in making it across the fence in unmined sectors. 89 people (39% of escapees) managed to cross both the minefields and the border fence, but just 12 people (6% of the total) succeeded in getting past the SM-70s.[4]
East German Army diagram detailing numbers of escape attempts on the inner German border, 1974–1979
Escape attempts were severely punished by the East German state. From 1953, the regime described the act of escaping as Republikflucht (literally "flight from the Republic"), by analogy with the existing military term Fahnenflucht ("desertion"). A successful escapee was not a Flüchtling ("refugee") but a Republikflüchtiger ("Republic-deserter"). Those who attempted to escape were called Sperrbrecher (literally "blockade runners" but more loosely translated as "border violators").[3] Those who helped escapees were not Fluchthelfer ("escape helpers"), the Western term, but Menschenhändler ("human traffickers").[5] Such ideologically coloured language enabled the regime to portray border crossers as little better than traitors and criminals.[6] An East German propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the official view of escapees:
Both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole German nation, leaving the GDR is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity.
Those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve West German Reaction and militarism, whether they know it or not. Is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a "guaranteed future" one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting, and is already showing the first fruits, for the place that favors a new war and destruction?
Is it not an act of political depravity when citizens, whether young people, workers, or members of the intelligentsia, leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the American or British secret services or work for the West German factory owners, Junkers, or militarists? Does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness? ...
[W]orkers throughout Germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the German Democratic Republic, the strong bastion of the fight for peace, to serve the deadly enemy of the German people, the imperialists and militarists.[7]
Republikflucht became a crime in 1957, punishable by heavy fines and up to three years' imprisonment. Any act associated with an escape attempt was subject to this legislation. Those caught in the act were often tried for espionage as well and given proportionately harsher sentences.[8] More than 75,000 people – an average of more than seven people a day – were imprisoned for attempting to escape across the border, serving an average of one to two years' imprisonment. Border guards who attempted to escape were treated much more harshly and were on average imprisoned for five years.[9] Those who helped escapees were also subject to punishment, facing prison terms or deportation to internal exile in faraway towns. Some 50,000 East Germans suffered this fate between 1952 and 1989.[10]
Escape methods[edit]
Boot modified with metal hooks to enable the wearer to climb the border fence
Refugees used a variety of methods to escape across the border. The great majority crossed on foot, though some took more unusual routes. One of the most spectacular was the balloon escape in September 1979 of eight people from two families in a home-made hot-air balloon. Their flight involved an ascent to more than 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) before landing near the West German town of Naila,[11] inspiring the film Night Crossing. Other escapees relied more on physical strength and endurance. An escapee in 1987 used meat hooks to scale the border fences,[12] while in 1971 a doctor swam 45 kilometres (28 mi) across the Baltic Sea from Rostock almost to the Danish island of Lolland, before he was picked up by a West German yacht.[13] Another escapee used an air mattress to escape across the Baltic in 1987.[14] Mass escapes were rare. One of the few that succeeded took place on 2 October 1961, when 53 people from the border village of Böseckendorf – a quarter of the village's population – escaped en masse, followed by another 13 inhabitants in February 1963.[15] An unusual mass escape occurred in September 1964 when 14 East Germans, including eleven children, were smuggled across the border in a refrigerated truck. They were able to escape detection by being concealed under the carcasses of slaughtered and stuffed pigs being transported to the West.[16]
Those working on or near the border were occasionally able to use their privileged access and knowledge to escape. For the border guards, this presented special dangers, as their colleagues were under orders to shoot without warning if an escape attempt was made. The dilemmas they faced were highlighted in the May 1969 defection of a soldier and a non-commissioned officer (NCO) of the Grenztruppen. When the NCO made his escape, the soldier, Jürgen Lange, decided not to shoot him. As this exposed Lange to severe punishment by his superiors for disobeying the order to shoot, Lange made his own escape ten minutes later. When he reached the West German side, Lange found that his rifle had been sabotaged by his NCO to prevent him firing in the first place.[17] Soviet soldiers also sometimes escaped across the border, though this was very rare. Only eight such defections succeeded between 1953 and 1984.[18]
The traffic was not one-way; thousands of people a year migrated from West Germany to East Germany. The East German press described such individuals as "west zone refugees" who were fleeing "political pressure", "growing unlawfulness" or "worsening economic conditions". Research carried out by the West German government found more prosaic reasons, such as marital problems, family estrangement and the homesickness of those who had lived in East Germany in the past.[19] A number of Allied military personnel, including British, French, German and United States troops, also defected.[20] By the end of the Cold War, as many as 300 United States citizens were thought to have defected across the Iron Curtain for a variety of reasons[21] – whether to escape criminal charges, for political reasons or because (as the St. Petersburg Times put it) "girl-hungry GI's [were tempted] with seductive sirens, who usually desert the love-lorn soldier once he is across the border." The fate of such defectors varied considerably. Some were sent straight to labour camps on charges of espionage. Others committed suicide, while a few were able to find wives and work on the eastern side of the border.[22]
Order to fire[edit]
Main article: Schießbefehl
From 1945 onwards, unauthorised crossers of the inner German border risked being shot by Soviet or East German border guards. The use of deadly force was termed the Schießbefehl ("order to fire" or "command to shoot"). It was formally in force as early as 1948, when regulations concerning the use of firearms on the border were promulgated. A regulation issued to East German police 27 May 1952 stipulated that "failure to obey the orders of the Border Patrol will be met by the use of arms." From the 1960s through to the end of the 1980s, the border guards were given daily verbal orders (Vergatterung) to "track down, arrest or annihilate border violators." The GDR formally codified its regulations on the use of deadly force in March 1982, when the State Border Law mandated that firearms were to be used as the "maximum measure in the use of force" against individuals who "publicly attempt to break through the state border".[23] The GDR's leadership explicitly endorsed the use of deadly force. General Heinz Hoffmann, the GDR Minister of Defence, declared in August 1966 that "anyone who does not respect our border will feel the bullet." In 1974, Erich Honecker, as Chairman of the National Defense Council of East Germany, ordered: "Firearms are to be ruthlessly used in the event of attempts to break through the border, and the comrades who have successfully used their firearms are to be commended."[24]
East German border guards had a standard procedure to follow if they detected unauthorised individuals in the border zone. (Though the West Germans referred to the control strip as a "death strip", deadly force could be used at any location along the border – it did not depend on an individual's being in, or crossing, the control strip.) If the individual was less than 100 metres (330 ft) away, the border guard would first order: "Stop! Border sentry! Hands up!" ("Halt! Grenzposten! Hände hoch!") or "Stop, stand still, or I will shoot!" ("Halt! Stehenbleiben, oder ich schieße!"). If the individual was further away or on the Western side of the border fence the guard was authorised to shoot without warning. If the escapee was a fellow border guard, he could be shot immediately from any distance without prior warning. Border guards were instructed not to shoot if innocent bystanders might be hit or if the escapee had made it into West German territory, or if the line of fire was into West Germany. In practice, though, shots fired from East Germany often landed in West German territory.[25]
The border guards were under considerable pressure to obey the Schießbefehl. If they shot escapees they were rewarded with medals, bonuses and sometimes promotion. In one typical example, the killers of one would-be escapee in East Berlin in February 1972 were rewarded by being decorated with the "Order of Merit of the Border Troops of the GDR" and a bonus of 150 marks.[26] By contrast, failure to shoot or suspicion that a shooter had deliberately missed was punished.[27]
The Schießbefehl was, not surprisingly, very controversial in the West and was singled out for criticism by the West Germans. The West German authorities established a "Central Recording Office" to record details of deaths on the border, with the ultimate aim of prosecuting the offenders. This significantly discomfited the East German authorities, who repeatedly but unsuccessfully demanded the office's closure.[28] The GDR authorities occasionally suspended the Schießbefehl on occasions when it would have been politically inconvenient to have to explain dead refugees, such as during a visit to the GDR by the French foreign minister in 1985.[23] It was also a problem for many of the East German border guards and was the motivating factor behind a number of escapes, when guards facing a crisis of confidence defected because of their unwillingness to shoot fellow citizens.[27]
Deaths on the border[edit]
It is not known how many people died on the inner German border or who they were, as East Germany treated such information as a closely guarded secret. But numbers have risen steadily since unification, as evidence has been gathered from East German records. Current unofficial estimates put the figure at up to 1,100 people,[29] though officially released figures give a lower count for the death toll before and after the Berlin Wall was built.
People killed crossing the East German borders before and after 13 August 1961: figures as of 2000 [30]
Before 13 August 1961 (1) After 13 August 1961 (1) Total (1) Total (2)
Inner German border 100 271 371 290
Berlin border/Wall 16 239 255 96
Baltic Sea 15 174 189 17
GDR border guards 11 16 27 –
Soviet troops 1 5 6 –
Berlin ring road – – – 90
Aircraft shot down 14 3 17 –
Total 160 753 916 519
(1) Figures from the Arbeitsgemeinschaft 13. August
(2) Figures from the Zentrale Erfassungsstelle für Regierungs- und Vereinigungskriminalität

There were many ways to die on the inner German border. Some escapees were shot by the border guards, while others were killed by mines and booby-traps. A substantial number drowned while trying to cross the Baltic and the Elbe river. Some died of heart attacks during their escape attempts; in one incident, a baby died after its parents gave it sleeping pills to keep it quiet during the crossing.[31]
Not all of those killed on the border were attempting to escape. On 13 October 1961, Westfälische Rundschau journalist Kurt Lichtenstein was shot on the border near the village of Zicherie after he attempted to speak with East German farm workers. His death aroused condemnation across the political spectrum in West Germany; he was a former parliamentary representative of the German Communist Party.[32] The incident prompted students from Braunschweig to erect a sign on the border protesting the killing.[33] An apparent mix-up over papers at a border crossing point led to the shooting of Benito Corghi, an Italian truck driver, in August 1976. Corghi was a member of the Italian Communist Party, which denounced the killing. The episode severely embarrassed the East German government and produced an unusual apology.[34] In one notorious shooting on 1 May 1976, a former East German political prisoner, Michael Gartenschläger, who had fled to the West some years before, was ambushed and killed by a Stasi commando squad on the border near Büchen as he tried to dismantle an SM-70 anti-personnel mine. When his body was buried it was described merely as an "unknown body fished out of the water". The Stasi's after-action report, however, declared that "before he could carry out the act [of removing the mine], Gartenschläger was liquidated by security forces of the GDR".[35]
Twenty-five East German border guards died after being shot from the Western side of the border or by resisting escapees or (often accidentally) by their own colleagues.[36] The East German government described them as "victims of armed assaults and imperialist provocations against the state border of the GDR"[37] and alleged that "bandits" in the West took potshots at border guards doing their duty – a version of events that was uncorroborated by Western accounts of border incidents.
West German memorial to Helmut Kleinert, shot dead on the border on 1 August 1963.
East German memorial to border guard Waldemar Estel, killed by "imperialist agents" on 3 September 1956.
The two sides commemorated their dead in significantly different ways. Various mostly unofficial memorials were set up on the western side by people seeking to commemorate victims of the border. West Germans such as Michael Gartenschläger and Kurt Lichtenstein were commemorated with signs and memorials, some of which were supported by the government. After the policy of détente was initiated in the 1970s this became politically inconvenient and state support for border memorials largely ceased. The taboo in East Germany surrounding escapees meant that the great majority of deaths went unpublicised and uncommemorated. The border guards who died on the frontier were, however, portrayed as "martyrs" by the East German regime. Four stone memorials were erected in East Berlin to mark their deaths.[38] The regime named schools, barracks and other public facilities after the dead guards and used their memorials as places of pilgrimage to signify that (as a slogan put it) "their deaths are our commitment" to maintaining the border. After 1989 the memorials were vandalised, neglected and ultimately removed.[39]
Few East German escapees were commemorated in the West, not least because their identities were mostly unknown until after 1989. One notable exception was Helmut Kleinert, a 23-year-old from Quedlinburg in Saxony-Anhalt who was machine-gunned to death on 1 August 1963 as he and his 22-year-old pregnant wife attempted to cross the border near Hohegeiß in the Harz mountains.[40] A memorial dedicated to "The Unknown" was soon erected by local people on the western side of the border. When Kleinert's identity became known in the West, his name was added to the memorial. It became something of a shrine with piles of flowers and wreaths deposited by visitors. The East German regime strongly objected and erected a watchtower nearby, from which threats and communist propaganda were broadcast across the border. Ultimately, in August 1971, the memorial was replaced by a stone set 150 metres (490 ft) away and out of sight of the border.[41]
See also[edit]
Border guards of the inner German border
Crossing the inner German border
Development of the inner German border
Fall of the inner German border
Fortifications of the inner German border
List of deaths at the Berlin Wall
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Keeling, Drew (2014), "Berlin Wall and Migration," Migration as a travel business
^ Jump up to: a b Jarausch (1994), p. 17
^ Jump up to: a b "The number of escapees". Grenzmuseum Eichsfeld
Jump up ^ Ritter; Lapp (2007), p. 72
Jump up ^ GDR Monitor, 1979
Jump up ^ Nothnagle (1990), p. 31
Jump up ^ Socialist Unity Party's Agitation Department, Berlin District (2001) (orig. 1955 November), "Wer die Deutsche Demokratische Republik verläßt, stellt sich auf die Seite der Kriegstreiber" ("He Who Leaves the German Democratic Republic Joins the Warmongers", In Notizbuch des Agitators ("Agitator's Notebook"); In Series: German Propaganda Archive (online) Translator Randall Bytwerk, Grand Rapids, MI: Calvin College.
Jump up ^ Stokes (2000), p. 45
Jump up ^ Hooper, John (7 August 2001). "East Germany jailed 75,000 escapers". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Victimized East Germans seek redress". Reuters. 11 September 1990.
Jump up ^ "Homemade balloon carries 8 to freedom". The Prescott Courier. 17 September 1979.
Jump up ^ "Climber flees East Germany". Sunday Star-News. 28 August 1987.
Jump up ^ "East German Doctor Swims To Freedom". UPI. 4 August 1971.
Jump up ^ "East German defector seventh since Saturday". The Associated Press. 3 September 1987.
Jump up ^ Cramer (2008), pp. 122–123
Jump up ^ "Two Families Flee From East Germany". The Times. 11 September 1964.
Jump up ^ Cramer (2008), p. 184
Jump up ^ "Soviet soldier flees". The Times. 13 July 1984.
Jump up ^ "Escape Into East Germany Not Blocked by Wire, Mines". The Associated Press. 7 July 1963.
Jump up ^ "Two Soldiers Go To E. Germany". The Times. 11 July 1959.
Jump up ^ Walmer, Tracy (14 February 1990). "Wall's fall coaxes 2nd deserter back". USA Today.
Jump up ^ "Why Have U.S. Army Men In Europe Defected Behind The Iron Curtain?". St. Petersburg Times. 14 June 1964.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Use of Firearms at the Border". Grenzmuseum Eichsfeld
Jump up ^ Hertle (2007), pp. 100–101
Jump up ^ Rottman (2008), p. 56
Jump up ^ K.-H. W. v. Germany. European Court of Human Rights. Application no. 37201/97. Judgment on the Merits (22 March 2001)
^ Jump up to: a b Shears (1970), p. 84
Jump up ^ Eisenhammer, John (10 February 1992). "Dossier on the dark days of Communism". The Independent.
Jump up ^ "More Than 1,100 Berlin Wall Victims". Deutsche Welle. 9 August 2005. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Dennis (2000), p. 100
Jump up ^ Connolly, Kate (13 August 2003). "'More than 1,000 died' trying to flee East Germany". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Cramer (2008), p. 82
Jump up ^ "Bild175-P05-00002-0001". Bundesarchiv. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "East Germany Apologizes For Fatal Shooting of Italian". The New York Times. 7 August 1976. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Mielke, Michael (6 May 2002). "Der Fall Gartenschläger". Berliner Morgenpost. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Baker (2004), p. 29
Jump up ^ "Sie gaben ihr Leben für ihr Vaterland". Neues Deutschland. 13–14 August 1989. p. 9.
Jump up ^ Ladd (1998), p.25
Jump up ^ Ladd (2004), p. 107
Jump up ^ Kaminsky (2007), p.295
Jump up ^ Cramer (2008), pp. 112–113
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inner German border.
British Garrison Berlin 1945 -1994, "No where to go", W. Durie ISBN 978-3-86408-068-5
Baker, Frederick (2004). "The Berlin Wall". In Ganster, Paul; Lorey, David E. Borders and border politics in a globalizing world. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8420-5104-0.
Berdahl, Daphne (1999). Where the world ended: re-unification and identity in the German borderland. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21477-3.
Buchholz, Hanns (1994). "The Inner-German Border". In Grundy-Warr, Carl. Eurasia: World Boundaries Volume 3. World Boundaries (ed. Blake, Gerald H.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08834-8.
Cramer, Michael (2008). German-German Border Trail. Rodingersdorf: Esterbauer. ISBN 978-3-85000-254-7.
Dennis, Mike (2000). The Rise and Fall of the German Democratic Republic, 1945–90. Harlow: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-24562-4.
Faringdon, Hugh (1986). Confrontation: the Strategic Geography of NATO and the Warsaw Pact. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Books. ISBN 0-7102-0676-3.
Hertle, Hans-Hermann (2007). The Berlin Wall: Monument of the Cold War. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86153-463-1.
Jarausch, Konrad Hugo (1994). The rush to German unity. New York City: Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-508577-8.
Kaminsky, Annette, ed. (2007). "Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung". Orte des Erinnerns: Gedenkzeichen, Gedenkstätten und Museen zur Diktatur in SBZ und DDR. Ch. Links Verlag. p. 295. ISBN 978-3-86153-443-3.
Ladd, Brian (1998). The ghosts of Berlin: confronting German history in the urban landscape. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-46762-7.
Ladd, Brian (2004). The companion guide to Berlin. Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-900639-28-6.
Nothnagle, Alan L. (1990). Building the East German myth: historical mythology and youth propaganda in the German Democratic Republic. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10946-4.
Ritter, Jürgen; Lapp, Peter Joachim (2007). Die Grenze: ein deutsches Bauwerk. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86153-465-5.
Rottman, Gordon L. (2008). The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German border 1961–89. Fortress 69. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-193-9.
Schweitzer, Carl Christoph (1995). Politics and government in Germany, 1944–1994: basic documents. Providence, RI: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-57181-855-3.
Shears, David (1970). The Ugly Frontier. London: Chatto & Windus. OCLC 94402.
Stacy, William E. (1984). US Army Border Operations in Germany. US Army Military History Office. OCLC 53275935.
Stokes, Raymond G. (2000). Constructing socialism: technology and change in East Germany 1945–1990. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6391-2.
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