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Children's rights movement
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The Children's Rights Movement is a historical and modern movement committed to the acknowledgment, expansion, and/or regression of the rights of children around the world. It begun in the early part of the last century and has been an effort by government organizations, advocacy groups, academics, lawyers, lawmakers, and judges to construct a system of laws and policies that enhance and protect the lives of children.[1] While the historical definition of child has varied, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child asserts that "A child is any human being below the age of eighteen years, unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier."[2] There are no definitions of other terms used to describe young people such as "adolescents", "teenagers" or "youth" in international law.[3]
Now that child labor had been effectively eradicated in parts of the world, the movement turned to other things, but it again stalled when World War II broke out and children and women began to enter the work force once more. With millions of adults at war, the children were needed to help keep the country running. In Europe, children served as couriers, intelligence collectors, and other underground resistance workers in opposition to Hitler's regime.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Natural rights
1.2 Social reform
1.3 Rights of the Child
1.4 Declaration of the Rights of the Child
2 Children's rights by country
2.1 Argentina
2.2 Australia
2.3 Brazil
2.4 China
2.5 France
2.6 Germany
2.7 Greece
2.8 United States
2.9 United Kingdom
3 Convention on the Rights of the Child
4 Children in power
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Natural rights[edit]
The Foundling Hospital, founded in 1741 as a philanthropic endeavour to rescue orphans
The concept of children having particular rights is a relatively new one. Traditional attitudes towards children tended to consider them as mere extensions of the household and 'owned' by their parents and/or legal guardian, who exerted absolute parental control.
Views began to change during the Enlightenment, when tradition was increasingly challenged and the value of individual autonomy and natural rights began to be asserted.[4]
The Foundling Hospital in London was founded in 1741 as a children's home for the "education and maintenance of exposed and deserted young children". Thomas Spence, an English political radical wrote the first modern defence of the natural rights of children in The Rights of Infants, published in 1796.[5]
Social reform[edit]
Further information: Child labour
With the onset of the Industrial Revolution, children as young as six began to be employed in the factories and coal mines in often inhumane conditions with long hours and little pay. During the early 19th century this exploitation began to attract growing opposition. The terrible conditions of the poor urban children was exposed to liberal middle-class opinion, notably by the author Charles Dickens in his novel Oliver Twist. Social reformers, such as the Lord Shaftesbury, began to mount a vigorous campaign against this practice.
The use of child labour increased during the Industrial Revolution, and became a rallying cry for social reformers.
Ameliorating legislation was achieved with a series of Factory Acts passed during the 19th century, where working hours for children were limited and they were no longer permitted to work during the night.[6] Children younger than nine were not allowed to work and those between 9-16 were limited to 16 hours per day.[7][8] Factories were also required to provide education to the apprentices in reading, writing and arithmetic for the first four years.
An influential social reformer was Mary Carpenter, who campaigned on behalf of neglected children who had turned to juvenile delinquency. In 1851 she proposed the establishment of three types of schools; free day schools for the general population, industrial schools for those in need and reformatory schools for young offenders.[9] She was consulted by the drafters of educational bills, and she was invited to give evidence before House of Commons committees.[10] In 1852 she established a reformatory school at Bristol.[11]
In the United States, the Children's Rights Movement began with the orphan train. In the big cities, when a child's parents died or were extremely poor, the child frequently had to go to work to support himself and/or his family. Boys generally became factory or coal workers, and girls became prostitutes or saloon girls, or else went to work in a sweat shop. All of these jobs paid only starvation wages.
In 1852, Massachusetts required children to attend school. In 1853, Charles Brace founded the Children's Aid Society, which worked hard to take street children in. The following year, the children were placed on a train headed for the West, where they were adopted, and often given work. By 1929, the orphan train stopped running altogether, but its principles lived on.
Youth activists in the United States in the early 1900s.
The National Child Labor Committee, an organization dedicated to the abolition of all child labor, was formed in the 1890s. It managed to pass one law, which was struck down by the Supreme Court two years later for violating a child's right to contract his work. In 1924, Congress attempted to pass a constitutional amendment that would authorize a national child labor law. This measure was blocked, and the bill was eventually dropped. It took the Great Depression to end child labor nationwide; adults had become so desperate for jobs that they would work for the same wage as children. In 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act which, amongst other things, placed limits on many forms of child labor.[12]
The Polish educationalist Janusz Korczak wrote of the rights of children in his book How to Love a Child (Warsaw, 1919); a later book was entitled The Child's Right to Respect (Warsaw, 1929). In 1917, following the Russian Revolution, the Moscow branch of the organization Proletkult produced a Declaration of Children's Rights.[13]
Rights of the Child[edit]
The first formal charter to set out the rights of children was drafted by British social reformer Eglantyne Jebb in 1923.[14] Jebb founded Save the Children in 1919, one of the first charities aimed at the young, to help alleviate the starvation of children in Germany and Austria-Hungary during the Allied blockade of Germany in World War I which continued after the Armistice.[15]
Nehru distributes sweets to children on Children's Day in India.
Her experiences there and later in Russia, led her to believe that the rights of a child needed be especially protected and enforced, and her stipulations consisted of the following criteria:
The child must be given the means requisite for its normal development, both materially and spiritually.
The child that is hungry must be fed, the child that is sick must be nursed, the child that is backward must be helped, the delinquent child must be reclaimed, and the orphan and the waif must be sheltered and succored.
The child must be the first to receive relief in times of distress.
The child must be put in a position to earn a livelihood, and must be protected against every form of exploitation.
The child must be brought up in the consciousness that its talents must be devoted to the service of its fellow men.
This manifesto was adopted by the International Save the Children Union and endorsed by the League of Nations General Assembly in 1924 as the World Child Welfare Charter.[16] In 1925, the first International Child Welfare Congress was held in Geneva, where the Declaration was widely discussed and supported by organisations and governments.
Declaration of the Rights of the Child[edit]
The SCIU also pressed the newly formed United Nations in 1946 to adopt the World Child Welfare Charter. This was achieved in 1959, when the United Nations General Assembly adopted an expanded version as the Declaration of the Rights of the Child.[17] Its main provisions are:
protection rights: the right to be protected against maltreatment and neglect, the right to be protected from all forms of exploitation
provision rights: the right to food and to health care, the right to education, the right to benefit from social security
participation rights: the right to act in certain circumstances and the right to be involved in decision-making[18]
From the formation of the United Nations to the present day, the Children's Rights Movement has become global in focus. Children around the world still suffer from forced child labor, genital mutilation, military service, and sex trafficking. Several international organizations have rallied to the assistance of children. These include Save the Children, Free the Children, and the Children's Defense Fund.
The Child Rights Information Network, or CRIN, formed in 1983, is a group of 1,600 non-governmental organizations from around the world which advocate for the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Organizations report on their countries' progress towards implementation, as do governments that have ratified the Convention. Every 5 years reporting to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child is required for governments.
Children's rights by country[edit]
See also: Children's Ombudsman
Many countries have created an institute of children's rights commissioner or ombudsman, the first being Norway in 1981. Others include Finland, Sweden, and Ukraine, which was the first country worldwide to install a child in that post in 2005.
Argentina[edit]
In 2005, in order to implement the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, national Law for the Integral Protection of Children and Adolescents was enacted. This not only allows for protective measures for children, but also created the groundwork for a juvenile justice system. This system allows for children to be integrated back into society and established tactics to protect children from abuse and exploitation.[19]
Australia[edit]
Australia is a participant to all significant treaties that impact on children’s rights. The rights and protection of children are governed by both Federal and state and territory law.[19]
Brazil[edit]
Brazil is a founding member of the UN and a signatory of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted by General Assembly resolution in 1948. The Universal Declaration of the Rights of the Child emphasizes that motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and that children born out of wedlock are allowed the same social protection. In 1990, Brazil approved the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and fully incorporated it onto Brazil’s positive law.[19]
China[edit]
China has ratified many international documents with regard to children’s rights protection, including the 1989 Convention on Rights of the Child,[19] the Optional Protocol to the Convention on Rights of Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography 2000,[19] the Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention 1999,[19] and The Hague Convention on the Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption 1993.[19]
France[edit]
France is in cooperation with all the major treaties dealing with children rights. It has in place several mechanisms to monitor the implementation of the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, in particular, an ombudsman for children.[19]
Germany[edit]
Germany is in agreement with the global conventions that protect the rights of the child. However, Germany prefers to interpret these according to the principles of European agreements, specifically the European Human Rights Convention and also in accordance with German Constitutional guarantees.[19]
Greece[edit]
Greece has various laws and a number of measures and services to promote and advance the rights of children. In 2002, the Greek Parliament adopted a new law on human trafficking; in 2003 the juvenile system was reformed; in 2006 an additional law was created to combat intra-family violence which states a prohibition of corporal punishment of children.[19]
United States[edit]
Main article: Timeline of children's rights in the United States
There is a long history of children's rights in the U.S.[20] Many children's rights advocates in the U.S. today advocate for a smaller agenda than their international peers. According to the U.S, for the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. Groups predominately focus on child abuse and neglect, child fatalities, foster care, youth aging out of foster care, preventing foster care placement, and adoption.[21] A longstanding movement promoting youth rights in the United States has made substantial gains in the past. Refer to the [20]Convention of the Rights of a Child.
United Kingdom[edit]
Main article: Timeline of children's rights in the United Kingdom
The Children's Rights Movement assert that it is the case that children have rights which adults, states and government have a responsibility to uphold. The UK maintains a position that UNCRC is not legally enforceable and is hence 'aspirational' only - albeit a 2003 ECHR ruling states: "The human rights of children and the standards to which all governments must aspire in realizing these rights for all children are set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child." (Extract from Sahin v Germany, Grand Chamber judgment of the ECHR, July 8, 2003). 18 years after ratification, the four Children's Commissioners in the devolved administrations have united in calling for adoption of the Convention into domestic legislation, making children's rights legally enforceable..
Convention on the Rights of the Child[edit]
Vienna, Austria; UN Children's Rights day, 2010-11-20.
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child has 54 articles, each outlining a different right. They cover four different groupings of rights; survival, protection, development and participation.[21] The Convention establishes a standard premise for the children's rights movement. It has been ratified by all but two countries; the United States and South Sudan.[22][23] The US administration under Bush opposed ratifying the Convention, stating that there were "serious political and legal concerns that it conflicts with US policies on the central role of parents, sovereignty, and state and local law."[24]
The Convention is supplemented by the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (against military use of children) and the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (against sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography).
Children in power[edit]
Presently, there are at least thirty countries that have some kind of non-adult structure of parliament, whether nationally or in cities, villages or schools. Many children's parliaments, especially in wealthier nations, are oriented more toward children's education in politics than toward the actual exercise of power in adult political systems.[25]
On the other hand, some children's parliaments do exercise a degree of political power. One of the first children's parliaments, set up in the 1990s in village schools in Rajasthan, India, involves children aged six to fourteen electing child representatives who have been able to make genuine differences for their communities. Some children's parliaments, such as in the city of Barra Mansa in Brazil, have extensive powers over children's issues and control parts of the government budget.[26]
There are also private institutions which are largely governed by children, for instance democratic schools (including Sudbury schools).
See also[edit]
Children's rights
Timeline of children's rights in the United States
Timeline of children's rights in the United Kingdom
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ (Ranks, 2012)
Jump up ^ (1989) "Convention on the Rights of the Child", United Nations. Retrieved 2/23/08.
Jump up ^ "Children and youth", Human Rights Education Association. Retrieved 2/23/08.
Jump up ^ "Children's Rights - Historical Roots Of The Children's Rights Movement".
Jump up ^ Thomas Spence, Spartacus.schoolnet, accessed 29 August 2010
Jump up ^ Statutes at Large: Statutes of the United Kingdom, 1801–1806. 1822.
Jump up ^ "The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England". Laura Del Col, West Virginia University.
Jump up ^ "The Factory and Workshop Act, 1901". Br Med J. 2: 1871–2. 1901. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2139.1871. PMC 2507680  . PMID 20759953.
Jump up ^ Carpenter, Mary (1851). Reformatory Schools: For the Children of the Perishing and Dangerous Classes and for Juvenile Offenders. London: C. Gilpin. pp. 38–39. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Autograph Letter Collection: Literary Ladies". nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
Jump up ^ The "Canynge" concise guide to Bristol and Suburbs. Bristol: Jeffries & Sons. 1878.
Jump up ^ Hakim, Joy (1995). A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509514-6.
Jump up ^ Mally, Lynn (1990). http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft6m3nb4b2&chunk.id=d0e8846&toc.id=d0e8241&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=JD_Page_180#X |chapterurl= missing title (help). Culture of the Future: The Proletkult Movement in Revolutionary Russia. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 180. Retrieved 2007-09-21. The Moscow Proletkult even passed a "Declaration of Children's Rights," which guaranteed that children could pick their own form of education, their own religion, and could even leave their parents if they chose
Jump up ^ Rama Kant Rai. "History of child rights and child labour" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Yates 2011
Jump up ^ UNICEF Company History. Retrieved 2008-09-04
Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 14 Resolution 1386. Declaration of the Rights of the Child A/RES/1386(XIV) 20 November 1959. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
Jump up ^ (Roose, R., & Bouverne-De Bie, M., 2007 p.431)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j (Honorable Poe Ted, 2011)
Jump up ^ "Convention Rights of a Child" (PDF).
Jump up ^ ("Children's rights," 2010)
Jump up ^ United Nations Treaty Collection. Convention on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Press Conference on the Progress of the Government". Dayniile. 28 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Report by the Secretary of State to the Congress. October 2003, Part 2.
Jump up ^ (Wall, J., & Dar, A., 2011 p.597)
Jump up ^ (Wall, J., & Dar, A., 2011 p.597,598)
References[edit]
Children's rights. (2010, Oct 12). Retrieved from
http://www.globalfootprints.org/issues/local/children/childrights.htm
Gooch, L. (2012, Nov 26). Calls to end child marriages in Malaysia after 12-year-old
weds. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/27/world/asia/calls-to-end-child-marriages-in-malaysia-after-12-year-old-weds.html?_r=0
Honorable Poe Ted. (2011, April 4). Loc.gov. Retrieved from
https://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/index.php
Joseph M. Hawes, The Children's Rights Movement: A History of Advocacy and Protection (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991). ISBN 0-8057-9748-3
Ranks, J. (2012). Children's rights - historical roots of the children's rights movement,
universal standards on the rights of children read more: Children's rights - historical roots of the children's rights movement, universal standards on the rights of children. Retrieved from http://family.jrank.org/pages/251/Children-s-Rights.html
ROOSE, R., & BOUVERNE-DE BIE, M. (2007). Do Children Have Rights or Do Their
Rights Have to be Realised? The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child as a Frame of Reference for Pedagogical Action. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 41(3), 431-443. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9752.2007.00568.x
Rojas Flores, J. (2007) "The rights of the child in Chile: an historical view, 1910-1930", Historia. 40.3. Special issue.
Wall, J., & Dar, A. (2011). Children's Political Representation: The Right to Make a
Difference. International Journal of Children's Rights, 19(4), 595-612. doi:10.1163/157181811X547263
External links[edit]
Material on UK child labor and reform movements 1750-1900
Material on USA child labor and reform movements
Global Movement for Children
Red Latino-americana y Caribeña por la defensa de los derechos de los niños y niñas y adolescentes | REDLAMYC
World Vision
Plan International
Enda Tiers Monde
Save the Children
UNICEF
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text:
You Don't Own Me
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"You Don't Own Me"
Single by Lesley Gore
from the album Lesley Gore Sings of Mixed-Up Hearts
B-side
"Run Bobby, Run"
Released
December 1963
Format
7" single
Recorded
1963
Genre
Pop
R&B
Length
2:31
Label
Mercury
Songwriter(s)
John Madara
Dave White
Producer(s)
Quincy Jones
Lesley Gore singles chronology
"She's a Fool"
(1963) "You Don't Own Me"
(1963) "That's the Way Boys Are"
(1964)
"She's a Fool"
(1963) "You Don't Own Me"
(1963) "That's the Way Boys Are"
(1964)
"You Don't Own Me" is a popular song written by Philadelphia songwriters John Madara and David White and recorded by Lesley Gore in 1963, when Gore was 17 years old. The song was Gore's second most successful recording and her last top-ten single. On November 27, 2016, the Grammy Hall of Fame announced its induction, along with that of another 24 songs.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
2 Chart performance
3 Covers
3.1 Grace and G-Eazy version
3.1.1 Charts and certifications
3.1.1.1 Weekly charts
3.1.1.2 Year-end charts
3.1.1.3 Certifications
3.2 Other versions
4 In culture
5 References
6 External links
Lyrics[edit]
The song expresses a threatened emancipation, as the singer tells a lover that he does not own her, that he is not to tell her what to do or what to say, and that he is not to put her on display. The song's lyrics became an inspiration for younger women and are sometimes cited as a factor in the second wave feminist movement.[2] Gore said, "My take on the song was: I'm 17, what a wonderful thing, to stand up on a stage and shake your finger at people and sing you don't own me."[3] In Gore's obituary, The New York Times referred to "You Don't Own Me" as "indelibly defiant".[4]
Chart performance[edit]
The song reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States. The song remained at number two for three consecutive weeks on February 1, 1964, unable to overcome the Beatles' hit, "I Want to Hold Your Hand" and it became Gore's second most successful hit, next to "It's My Party". The song was Gore's last top-ten single.[5][6]
Covers[edit]
Grace and G-Eazy version[edit]
"You Don't Own Me"
Single by Grace featuring G-Eazy
from the album FMA
Released
March 17, 2015 (2015-03-17)
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2015
Genre
Hip hop soul
R&B
Length
3:19
Label
RCA
SME
Songwriter(s)
John Madara
David White
Gerald Gillum
Producer(s)
Quincy Jones
Parker Ighile
Grace singles chronology
"You Don't Own Me"
(2015) "Dirty Harry"
(2015)
"You Don't Own Me"
(2015) "Dirty Harry"
(2015)
G-Eazy singles chronology
"Fuck with U"
(2014) Fuck with U2014 "You Don't Own Me"
(2015) You Don't Own Me2015 "You Got Me"
(2015) You Got Me2015
The song was covered by Australian singer and songwriter Grace and was released as her debut single. It features American rapper G-Eazy. Grace's version was produced by Quincy Jones, who also produced the original recording by Lesley Gore, and Parker Ighile.[7] It was released on March 17, 2015 one month after Lesley Gore died, and peaked at number one on the ARIA Charts, later being certified 3× Platinum by the ARIA.[8] The song was also a success in New Zealand, peaking at number five for two consecutive weeks, and in the United Kingdom, peaking at number four.
In an interview with House of Fraser, Grace said "[Quincy Jones] told me how the song came out during the feminist movement and how it was such a strong statement. I loved the song, started researching Lesley Gore and fell in love with her as an artist. [You Don't Own Me] really inspired me."[9]
The song was released worldwide on March 17, 2015. It grew to prominence in the UK when it was used in the 2015 House of Fraser Christmas advert.[9] It was also performed by The X Factor contestant Lauren Murray on November 28, 2015 and Matt Terry on October 8, 2016. The increased exposure for the song helped it rise to a peak of number four on the UK Singles Chart. The song was featured in the third trailer for the 2016 film Suicide Squad [10] and appeared on the film's soundtrack album.[11]
The song was featured in the opening of Riverdale's eighth episode in March 2017.
A music video directed by Taylor Cohen was released on June 1, 2015.[12]
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2015–16)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[13]
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[14]
55
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[15]
42
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[16]
45
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[17]
52
France (SNEP)[18]
182
Hungary (Single Top 40)[19]
32
Ireland (IRMA)[20]
13
Italy (FIMI)[21]
89
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[22]
5
Portugal (AFP)[23]
62
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[24]
3
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[25]
50
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[26]
38
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[27]
19
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[28]
60
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[29]
4
US Billboard Hot 100[30]
57
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[31]
22
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2015)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[32]
26
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[33]
43
Chart (2016)
Position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[34]
87
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[35]
3× Platinum 210,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[36]
Platinum 80,000^
Italy (FIMI)[37]
Gold 25,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[38]
Platinum 15,000*
Poland (ZPAV)[39]
2× Platinum 40,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[40]
Platinum 600,000
United States (RIAA)[41]
Platinum 1,000,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Other versions[edit]
The song has been covered by The Tremeloes, Dusty Springfield on her debut album, A Girl Called Dusty, cello rock group Rasputina on their album How We Quit the Forest, Elaine Paige on her album Love Can Do That, Joan Jett on her debut album Bad Reputation, The Blow Monkeys on the Dirty Dancing soundtrack, Jack Killed Jill on their album Hello Neighbor, by Poliça on their Raw Exit EP, and by Quintron on The Unmasked Organ Light-Year of Inifinity Man.
At the time the song was originally released, versions were recorded in several other languages, both by Lesley Gore herself, and by other artists. The German version was "Goodbye Tony", recorded by Lesley Gore. The Italian version was "Va... Tu Sei Libero", recorded by Lesley Gore, Isabella Iannetti, and Dalida. The French version was "Je Ne Sais Plus", recorded by Lesley Gore, Dalida, and Jacqueline Boyer. An alternate French version, "Je Suis Libre", was performed by the Canadian singer Michèle Richard. It was also recorded in Swedish, as "Jag Vill Ha Dig" by Marianne Kock, and in Dutch, as "Ik Wil Vrij Zijn", by Liliane Saint-Pierre, as the B-side to her first hit record, "We Gotta Stop", as well as having been recorded in Japanese by Mieko Hirota.
André Hazes recorded a Dutch-language version of the song in 1981 for his album Gewoon André; "Zeg Maar Niets Meer" was popular in Europe, and reached number 2 in the Dutch charts in early 1982. In 1998, Eva Pilarová sung a Czech version under the name "Cesta končí" on the album Requiem.
German countertenor Klaus Nomi included the song on his 1981 self-titled debut album in English, emphasizing the song's original gender and, with a few minor lyric adjustments, gave the song a gay theme.
In 2005 Lesley Gore recorded a remake of the song with a markedly slower tempo, included on her album Ever Since.
American rapper Eminem sampled this song for his song "Untitled" as a hidden bonus final track from his 2010 album, Recovery.
Selena Gomez covered the song during her 2015 Revival World tour.
The X Factor UK finalist Matt Terry performed the song on the first week of the show.
The American The Voice contestant Darby Walker performed it on Week 10 of season 11 of the show on November 21, 2016.
In culture[edit]
Bette Midler, Goldie Hawn, and Diane Keaton covered the song in the iconic final scene of the movie The First Wives Club in 1996.[42]
Klaus Nomi version, like most of Nomi's recordings, was fairly obscure in Nomi's lifetime, but it later gained exposure through posthumous airplay on The Rush Limbaugh Show as the theme to Limbaugh's "Gay Updates."
In American Horror Story: Asylum, the song is used in a scene where Lily Rabe's character Sister Mary Eunice, who was possessed by the devil, danced around in red lingerie. [clarification needed]
In 2012, Tavi Gevinson and Petra Collins, along with many other celebrities, starred in a music video lipsynching to the song. These videos were later made into a public service announcement (PSA) addressing Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign and his intentions regarding abortion and Planned Parenthood. The PSA was directed by musician Sarah Sophie Flicker of The Citizens Band and filmmaker Maximilla Lukacs, and produced by Rebecca Fernandez. Other celebrities in the video include Carrie Brownstein, Alexa Chung, Karen Elson, Zoe Kravitz, Natasha Lyonne, Tracee Ellis Ross, Lena Dunham, Sia, Becky Stark, and Miranda July.[43] The online video included spoken commentary by Gore.
Filipina singer Lani Misalucha covered the song as the theme song for the movie Etiquette for Mistresses in 2015.
It was also covered by Arielle Dombasle on the album French Kiss, released in 2015 with The Hillbilly Moon Explosion.
The song was featured in the 2016 film Suicide Squad, on Harley Quinn (Margot Robbie)'s debut scene.
The song was featured in a Toyota television ad campaign in the United States in 2016-2017.
The song is featured during the credits of the pilot episode of The Handmaid's Tale.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Nirvana, Bowie, R.E.M. Songs Among Grammy Hall of Fame's 2017 Inductees". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Will Stos (2012). "Bouffants, Beehives, and Breaking Gender Norms: Rethinking 'Girl Group' Music of the 1950s and 1960s". Journal of Popular Music Studies. 24 (2): 117–154. doi:10.1111/j.1533-1598.2012.01322.x.
Jump up ^ "Biography - Lesley Gore". Biography.com. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
Jump up ^ "Lesley Gore Teenage Voice of Heartbreak Dies at 68". The New York Times. February 16, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Richie Unterberger. "You Don't Own Me - Lesley Gore | Song Info". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
Jump up ^ "You Don't Own Me Song Facts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
Jump up ^ Harr, Dan (18 March 2015). "Grace Teams Up With G-Eazy and Quincy Jones to Recreate Lesley Gore's 'You Don't Own Me'". Music News Nashville. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "iTunes Store (AU) - Music - Grace - You Don't Own Me (feat. G-Eazy) - Single". iTunes Store (AU). 17 March 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Grace - The Voice Behind our Christmas Avert". House of Fraser. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "This is who covers Lesley Gore's You Don't Own Me in the Suicide Squad trailer". Metro. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Gil (June 17, 2016). "'Suicide Squad' Soundtrack: Skrillex & Rick Ross, Panic! at the Disco Cover 'Bohemian Rhapsody' & More". Billboard. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grace - You Don't Own Me ft. G-Eazy". YouTube. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Grace Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201634 into search. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP (Week 32, 2016)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 2, 2016". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Classifica settimanale WK 34" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Portuguesecharts.com – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me". AFP Top 100 Singles. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201539 into search.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201633 into search. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Grace Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grace Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 2015". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2016". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2016 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Grace – You Don't Own Me (Feat. G-Eazy)". Music Canada. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Grace – You Don't Own Me (Feat. G-Eazy)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Polish single certifications – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 30 September 2016. Enter You Don't Own Me in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Grace feat. G-Eazy – You Don't Own Me". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 10 July 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Lorena O'Neil (February 16, 2015). "Without Lesley Gore this Famous 'First Wives Club' Scene would Never have Happened". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Franke-Ruta, Garance (October 23, 2012). "The Best Lady GOTV Video of 2012, Starring Lena Dunham and Lesley Gore". The Atlantic.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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text:
Logic gate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Discrete logic" redirects here. For discrete circuitry, see Discrete circuit.
In electronics, a logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function; that is, it performs a logical operation on one or more binary inputs and produces a single binary output. Depending on the context, the term may refer to an ideal logic gate, one that has for instance zero rise time and unlimited fan-out, or it may refer to a non-ideal physical device[1] (see Ideal and real op-amps for comparison).
Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or transistors acting as electronic switches, but can also be constructed using vacuum tubes, electromagnetic relays (relay logic), fluidic logic, pneumatic logic, optics, molecules, or even mechanical elements. With amplification, logic gates can be cascaded in the same way that Boolean functions can be composed, allowing the construction of a physical model of all of Boolean logic, and therefore, all of the algorithms and mathematics that can be described with Boolean logic.
Logic circuits include such devices as multiplexers, registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs), and computer memory, all the way up through complete microprocessors, which may contain more than 100 million gates. In modern practice, most gates are made from field-effect transistors (FETs), particularly metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs).
Compound logic gates AND-OR-Invert (AOI) and OR-AND-Invert (OAI) are often employed in circuit design because their construction using MOSFETs is simpler and more efficient than the sum of the individual gates.[2]
In reversible logic, Toffoli gates are used.
Contents
[hide]
1 Electronic gates
2 History and development
3 Symbols
4 Universal logic gates
5 De Morgan equivalent symbols
6 Data storage
7 Three-state logic gates
8 Implementations
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
Electronic gates[edit]
Main article: Logic family
To build a functionally complete logic system, relays, valves (vacuum tubes), or transistors can be used. The simplest family of logic gates using bipolar transistors is called resistor-transistor logic (RTL). Unlike simple diode logic gates (which do not have a gain element), RTL gates can be cascaded indefinitely to produce more complex logic functions. RTL gates were used in early integrated circuits. For higher speed and better density, the resistors used in RTL were replaced by diodes resulting in diode-transistor logic (DTL). Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) then supplanted DTL. As integrated circuits became more complex, bipolar transistors were replaced with smaller field-effect transistors (MOSFETs); see PMOS and NMOS. To reduce power consumption still further, most contemporary chip implementations of digital systems now use CMOS logic. CMOS uses complementary (both n-channel and p-channel) MOSFET devices to achieve a high speed with low power dissipation.
For small-scale logic, designers now use prefabricated logic gates from families of devices such as the TTL 7400 series by Texas Instruments, the CMOS 4000 series by RCA, and their more recent descendants. Increasingly, these fixed-function logic gates are being replaced by programmable logic devices, which allow designers to pack a large number of mixed logic gates into a single integrated circuit. The field-programmable nature of programmable logic devices such as FPGAs has reduced the 'hard' property of hardware; it is now possible to change the logic design of a hardware system by reprogramming some of its components, thus allowing the features or function of a hardware implementation of a logic system to be changed.
Other types of logic gates include, but are not limited to: [3]
Logic family
Abbreviation
Description
Tunnel diode logic TDL Exactly the same as Diode Logic but can perform at a faster speed.
Neon logic NL Uses neon bulbs or 3 element neon trigger tubes to perform logic.
Core diode logic CDL Performed by semiconductor diodes and small ferrite toroidal cores for moderate speed and moderate power level.
4Layer Device Logic 4LDL Uses thyristors and SCR’s to perform logic operations where high current and or high voltages are required.
Direct-coupled transistor logic DCTL Uses transistors switching between bottom saturated and tunnel states to perform logic, depends upon use of transistors with carefully controlled parameters. Economical but tends to be susceptible to noise because of the lower voltage levels employed. Often considered to be the father to modern TTL logic.
Current-mode logic CML Uses transistors to perform logic but biasing is from constant current sources to prevent saturation and allow extremely fast switching. Has high noise immunity despite fairly low logic levels.
Diode logic DL
Electronic logic gates differ significantly from their relay-and-switch equivalents. They are much faster, consume much less power, and are much smaller (all by a factor of a million or more in most cases). Also, there is a fundamental structural difference. The switch circuit creates a continuous metallic path for current to flow (in either direction) between its input and its output. The semiconductor logic gate, on the other hand, acts as a high-gain voltage amplifier, which sinks a tiny current at its input and produces a low-impedance voltage at its output. It is not possible for current to flow between the output and the input of a semiconductor logic gate.
Another important advantage of standardized integrated circuit logic families, such as the 7400 and 4000 families, is that they can be cascaded. This means that the output of one gate can be wired to the inputs of one or several other gates, and so on. Systems with varying degrees of complexity can be built without great concern of the designer for the internal workings of the gates, provided the limitations of each integrated circuit are considered.
The output of one gate can only drive a finite number of inputs to other gates, a number called the 'fanout limit'. Also, there is always a delay, called the 'propagation delay', from a change in input of a gate to the corresponding change in its output. When gates are cascaded, the total propagation delay is approximately the sum of the individual delays, an effect which can become a problem in high-speed circuits. Additional delay can be caused when a large number of inputs are connected to an output, due to the distributed capacitance of all the inputs and wiring and the finite amount of current that each output can provide.
History and development[edit]
The binary number system was refined by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (published in 1705), influenced by the ancient I Ching's binary system.[4][5] Leibniz established that, by using the binary system, the principles of arithmetic and logic could be combined.
In an 1886 letter, Charles Sanders Peirce described how logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching circuits.[6] Eventually, vacuum tubes replaced relays for logic operations. Lee De Forest's modification, in 1907, of the Fleming valve can be used as an AND logic gate. Ludwig Wittgenstein introduced a version of the 16-row truth table as proposition 5.101 of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921). Walther Bothe, inventor of the coincidence circuit, got part of the 1954 Nobel Prize in physics, for the first modern electronic AND gate in 1924. Konrad Zuse designed and built electromechanical logic gates for his computer Z1 (from 1935–38).
From 1934 to 1936, NEC engineer Akira Nakashima introduced switching circuit theory in a series of papers showing that two-valued Boolean algebra, which he discovered independently, can describe the operation of switching circuits.[7][8][9][10] His work was later cited by Claude E. Shannon, who elaborated on the use of Boolean algebra in the analysis and design of switching circuits in 1937.[9] Using this property of electrical switches to implement logic is the fundamental concept that underlies all electronic digital computers. Switching circuit theory became the foundation of digital circuit design, as it became widely known in the electrical engineering community during and after World War II, with theoretical rigor superseding the ad hoc methods that had prevailed previously.[10]
Active research is taking place in molecular logic gates.
Symbols[edit]
A synchronous 4-bit up/down decade counter symbol (74LS192) in accordance with ANSI/IEEE Std. 91-1984 and IEC Publication 60617-12.
There are two sets of symbols for elementary logic gates in common use, both defined in ANSI/IEEE Std 91-1984 and its supplement ANSI/IEEE Std 91a-1991. The "distinctive shape" set, based on traditional schematics, is used for simple drawings, and derives from MIL-STD-806 of the 1950s and 1960s. It is sometimes unofficially described as "military", reflecting its origin. The "rectangular shape" set, based on ANSI Y32.14 and other early industry standards, as later refined by IEEE and IEC, has rectangular outlines for all types of gate and allows representation of a much wider range of devices than is possible with the traditional symbols.[11] The IEC standard, IEC 60617-12, has been adopted by other standards, such as EN 60617-12:1999 in Europe, BS EN 60617-12:1999 in the United Kingdom, and DIN EN 60617-12:1998 in Germany.
The mutual goal of IEEE Std 91-1984 and IEC 60617-12 was to provide a uniform method of describing the complex logic functions of digital circuits with schematic symbols. These functions were more complex than simple AND and OR gates. They could be medium scale circuits such as a 4-bit counter to a large scale circuit such as a microprocessor.
IEC 617-12 and its successor IEC 60617-12 do not explicitly show the "distinctive shape" symbols, but do not prohibit them.[11] These are, however, shown in ANSI/IEEE 91 (and 91a) with this note: "The distinctive-shape symbol is, according to IEC Publication 617, Part 12, not preferred, but is not considered to be in contradiction to that standard." IEC 60617-12 correspondingly contains the note (Section 2.1) "Although non-preferred, the use of other symbols recognized by official national standards, that is distinctive shapes in place of symbols [list of basic gates], shall not be considered to be in contradiction with this standard. Usage of these other symbols in combination to form complex symbols (for example, use as embedded symbols) is discouraged." This compromise was reached between the respective IEEE and IEC working groups to permit the IEEE and IEC standards to be in mutual compliance with one another.
A third style of symbols was in use in Europe and is still widely used in European academia. See the column "DIN 40700" in the table in the German Wikipedia.
In the 1980s, schematics were the predominant method to design both circuit boards and custom ICs known as gate arrays. Today custom ICs and the field-programmable gate array are typically designed with Hardware Description Languages (HDL) such as Verilog or VHDL.
Type
Distinctive shape
(IEEE Std 91/91a-1991)
Rectangular shape
(IEEE Std 91/91a-1991
IEC 60617-12 : 1997)
Boolean algebra between A & B
Truth table
Negation
NOT
A ¯ or ∼ A {\displaystyle {\overline {A}}{\text{ or }}{\sim }A}
INPUT OUTPUT
A NOT A
0 1
1 0
In electronics a NOT gate is more commonly called an inverter. The circle on the symbol is called a bubble and is used in logic diagrams to indicate a logic negation between the external logic state and the internal logic state (1 to 0 or vice versa). On a circuit diagram it must be accompanied by a statement asserting that the positive logic convention or negative logic convention is being used (high voltage level = 1 or low voltage level = 1, respectively). The wedge is used in circuit diagrams to directly indicate an active-low (low voltage level = 1) input or output without requiring a uniform convention throughout the circuit diagram. This is called Direct Polarity Indication. See IEEE Std 91/91A and IEC 60617-12. Both the bubble and the wedge can be used on distinctive-shape and rectangular-shape symbols on circuit diagrams, depending on the logic convention used. On pure logic diagrams, only the bubble is meaningful.
Conjunction and Disjunction
AND
A ⋅ B {\displaystyle A\cdot B}
INPUT OUTPUT
A B A AND B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
OR
A + B {\displaystyle A+B}
INPUT OUTPUT
A B A OR B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Alternative denial and Joint denial
NAND
A ⋅ B ¯ or A ↑ B {\displaystyle {\overline {A\cdot B}}{\text{ or }}A\uparrow B}
INPUT OUTPUT
A B A NAND B
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
NOR A + B ¯ or A ↓ B {\displaystyle {\overline {A+B}}{\text{ or }}A\downarrow B}
INPUT OUTPUT
A B A NOR B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
Exclusive or and Biconditional
XOR A ⊕ B {\displaystyle A\oplus B}
INPUT OUTPUT
A B A XOR B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
The output of a two input exclusive-OR is true only when the two input values are different, and false if they are equal, regardless of the value. If there are more than two inputs, the output of the distinctive-shape symbol is undefined. The output of the rectangular-shaped symbol is true if the number of true inputs is exactly one or exactly the number following the "=" in the qualifying symbol.
XNOR A ⊕ B ¯ or A ⊙ B {\displaystyle {\overline {A\oplus B}}{\text{ or }}{A\odot B}}
INPUT OUTPUT
A B A XNOR B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Universal logic gates[edit]
For more details on the theoretical basis, see Functional completeness.
The 7400 chip, containing four NANDs. The two additional pins supply power (+5 V) and connect the ground.
Charles Sanders Peirce (during 1880–81) showed that NOR gates alone (or alternatively NAND gates alone) can be used to reproduce the functions of all the other logic gates, but his work on it was unpublished until 1933.[12] The first published proof was by Henry M. Sheffer in 1913, so the NAND logical operation is sometimes called Sheffer stroke; the logical NOR is sometimes called Peirce's arrow.[13] Consequently, these gates are sometimes called universal logic gates.[14]
De Morgan equivalent symbols[edit]
By use of De Morgan's laws, an AND function is identical to an OR function with negated inputs and outputs. Likewise, an OR function is identical to an AND function with negated inputs and outputs. A NAND gate is equivalent to an OR gate with negated inputs, and a NOR gate is equivalent to an AND gate with negated inputs.
This leads to an alternative set of symbols for basic gates that use the opposite core symbol (AND or OR) but with the inputs and outputs negated. Use of these alternative symbols can make logic circuit diagrams much clearer and help to show accidental connection of an active high output to an active low input or vice versa. Any connection that has logic negations at both ends can be replaced by a negationless connection and a suitable change of gate or vice versa. Any connection that has a negation at one end and no negation at the other can be made easier to interpret by instead using the De Morgan equivalent symbol at either of the two ends. When negation or polarity indicators on both ends of a connection match, there is no logic negation in that path (effectively, bubbles "cancel"), making it easier to follow logic states from one symbol to the next. This is commonly seen in real logic diagrams - thus the reader must not get into the habit of associating the shapes exclusively as OR or AND shapes, but also take into account the bubbles at both inputs and outputs in order to determine the "true" logic function indicated.
A De Morgan symbol can show more clearly a gate's primary logical purpose and the polarity of its nodes that are considered in the "signaled" (active, on) state. Consider the simplified case where a two-input NAND gate is used to drive a motor when either of its inputs are brought low by a switch. The "signaled" state (motor on) occurs when either one OR the other switch is on. Unlike a regular NAND symbol, which suggests AND logic, the De Morgan version, a two negative-input OR gate, correctly shows that OR is of interest. The regular NAND symbol has a bubble at the output and none at the inputs (the opposite of the states that will turn the motor on), but the De Morgan symbol shows both inputs and output in the polarity that will drive the motor.
De Morgan's theorem is most commonly used to implement logic gates as combinations of only NAND gates, or as combinations of only NOR gates, for economic reasons.
Data storage[edit]
Main article: Sequential logic
Logic gates can also be used to store data. A storage element can be constructed by connecting several gates in a "latch" circuit. More complicated designs that use clock signals and that change only on a rising or falling edge of the clock are called edge-triggered "flip-flops". Formally, a flip-flop is called a bistable circuit, because it has two stable states which it can maintain indefinitely. The combination of multiple flip-flops in parallel, to store a multiple-bit value, is known as a register. When using any of these gate setups the overall system has memory; it is then called a sequential logic system since its output can be influenced by its previous state(s), i.e. by the sequence of input states. In contrast, the output from combinational logic is purely a combination of its present inputs, unaffected by the previous input and output states.
These logic circuits are known as computer memory. They vary in performance, based on factors of speed, complexity, and reliability of storage, and many different types of designs are used based on the application.
Three-state logic gates[edit]
A tristate buffer can be thought of as a switch. If B is on, the switch is closed. If B is off, the switch is open.
Main article: Tri-state buffer
A three-state logic gate is a type of logic gate that can have three different outputs: high (H), low (L) and high-impedance (Z). The high-impedance state plays no role in the logic, which is strictly binary. These devices are used on buses of the CPU to allow multiple chips to send data. A group of three-states driving a line with a suitable control circuit is basically equivalent to a multiplexer, which may be physically distributed over separate devices or plug-in cards.
In electronics, a high output would mean the output is sourcing current from the positive power terminal (positive voltage). A low output would mean the output is sinking current to the negative power terminal (zero voltage). High impedance would mean that the output is effectively disconnected from the circuit.
Implementations[edit]
Main article: Unconventional computing
Since the 1990s, most logic gates are made in CMOS technology (i.e. NMOS and PMOS transistors are used). Often millions of logic gates are packaged in a single integrated circuit.
There are several logic families with different characteristics (power consumption, speed, cost, size) such as: RDL (resistor-diode logic), RTL (resistor-transistor logic), DTL (diode-transistor logic), TTL (transistor-transistor logic) and CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor). There are also sub-variants, e.g. standard CMOS logic vs. advanced types using still CMOS technology, but with some optimizations for avoiding loss of speed due to slower PMOS transistors.
Non-electronic implementations are varied, though few of them are used in practical applications. Many early electromechanical digital computers, such as the Harvard Mark I, were built from relay logic gates, using electro-mechanical relays. Logic gates can be made using pneumatic devices, such as the Sorteberg relay or mechanical logic gates, including on a molecular scale.[15] Logic gates have been made out of DNA (see DNA nanotechnology)[16] and used to create a computer called MAYA (see MAYA II). Logic gates can be made from quantum mechanical effects (though quantum computing usually diverges from boolean design). Photonic logic gates use non-linear optical effects.
In principle any method that leads to a gate that is functionally complete (for example, either a NOR or a NAND gate) can be used to make any kind of digital logic circuit. Note that the use of 3-state logic for bus systems is not needed, and can be replaced by digital multiplexers, which can be built using only simple logic gates (such as NAND gates, NOR gates, or AND and OR gates).
See also[edit]
And-inverter graph
Boolean algebra topics
Boolean function
Digital circuit
Espresso heuristic logic minimizer
Fanout
Flip-flop (electronics)
Functional completeness
Karnaugh map
Combinational logic
List of 4000 series integrated circuits
List of 7400 series integrated circuits
Logic family
Logical graph
NMOS logic
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
Programmable Logic Device (PLD)
Propositional calculus
Quantum gate
Race hazard
Reversible computing
Truth table
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jaeger, Microelectronic Circuit Design, McGraw-Hill 1997, ISBN 0-07-032482-4, pp. 226-233
Jump up ^ Tinder, Richard F. (2000). Engineering digital design: Revised Second Edition. pp. 317–319. ISBN 0-12-691295-5. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
Jump up ^ Rowe, Jim. "Circuit Logic - Why and How" (December 1966). Electronics Australia. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Nylan, Michael (2001). The Five "Confucian" Classics. Yale University Press. pp. 204–206. ISBN 978-0-300-08185-5. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Perkins, Franklin. Leibniz and China: A Commerce of Light. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. p 117. Print.
Jump up ^ Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to A. Marquand", dated 1886, Writings of Charles S. Peirce, v. 5, 1993, pp. 421–23. See Burks, Arthur W., "Review: Charles S. Peirce, The new elements of mathematics", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. PDF Eprint.
Jump up ^ History of Research on Switching Theory in Japan, IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials, Vol. 124 (2004) No. 8, pp. 720-726, Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan
Jump up ^ Switching Theory/Relay Circuit Network Theory/Theory of Logical Mathematics, IPSJ Computer Museum, Information Processing Society of Japan
^ Jump up to: a b Radomir S. Stanković (University of Niš), Jaakko T. Astola (Tampere University of Technology), Mark G. Karpovsky (Boston University), Some Historical Remarks on Switching Theory, 2007, DOI 10.1.1.66.1248
^ Jump up to: a b Radomir S. Stanković, Jaakko Astola (2008), Reprints from the Early Days of Information Sciences: TICSP Series On the Contributions of Akira Nakashima to Switching Theory, TICSP Series #40, Tampere International Center for Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology
^ Jump up to: a b Overview of IEEE Standard 91-1984 Explanation of Logic Symbols, Doc. No. SDYZ001A, Texas Instruments Semiconductor Group, 1996
Jump up ^ Peirce, C. S. (manuscript winter of 1880–81), "A Boolean Algebra with One Constant", published 1933 in Collected Papers v. 4, paragraphs 12–20. Reprinted 1989 in Writings of Charles S. Peirce v. 4, pp. 218-21, Google Preview. See Roberts, Don D. (2009), The Existential Graphs of Charles S. Peirce, p. 131.
Jump up ^ Hans Kleine Büning; Theodor Lettmann (1999). Propositional logic: deduction and algorithms. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-521-63017-7.
Jump up ^ John Bird (2007). Engineering mathematics. Newnes. p. 532. ISBN 978-0-7506-8555-9.
Jump up ^ Mechanical Logic gates (focused on molecular scale)
Jump up ^ DNA Logic gates
Further reading[edit]
Awschalom, D.D.; Loss, D.; Samarth, N. (5 August 2002). Semiconductor Spintronics and Quantum Computation. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-42176-4. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
Bostock, Geoff (1988). Programmable logic devices: technology and applications. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-006611-3. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
Brown, Stephen D.; Francis, Robert J.; Rose, Jonathan; Vranesic, Zvonko G. (1992). Field Programmable Gate Arrays. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7923-9248-4. Retrieved 28 November 2012.

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values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

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values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
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values: ኆኅተ አመክንዮ – Amharic

values: بوابة منطقية – Arabic

values: Логически елемент – Bulgarian

values: Λογική πύλη – Greek

values: دروازه منطقی – Persian

values: Տրամաբանական տարրեր – Armenian

values: लॉजिक गेट – Hindi

values: שער לוגי – Hebrew

values: ലോജിക് ഗേറ്റ് – Malayalam

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_logik
Get logik – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values: ਲੌਜਿਕ ਗੇਟ – Punjabi

values: Логический вентиль – Russian

values: තාර්කික ද්වාර – Sinhala

values: Логичка капија – Serbian

values: தருக்கப் படலை – Tamil

values: ลอจิกเกต – Thai

values: Логічний вентиль – Ukrainian

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