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Systems development life cycle
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For other uses, see SDLC (disambiguation).
Model of the systems development life cycle, highlighting the maintenance phase
The systems development life cycle (SDLC), also referred to as the application development life-cycle, is a term used in systems engineering, information systems and software engineering to describe a process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system.[1] The systems development lifecycle concept applies to a range of hardware and software configurations, as a system can be composed of hardware only, software only, or a combination of both.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History and details
3 Phases
3.1 System investigation
3.2 System analysis
3.3 Design
3.4 Environments
3.5 Testing
3.6 Training and transition
3.7 Operations and maintenance
3.8 Evaluation
4 Systems analysis and design
5 Object-oriented analysis
6 Life cycle
6.1 Management and control
6.2 Work breakdown structured organization
6.3 Baselines
6.4 Complementary methodologies
7 Strengths and weaknesses
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Overview[edit]
A systems development life cycle is composed of a number of clearly defined and distinct work phases which are used by systems engineers and systems developers to plan for, design, build, test, and deliver information systems. Like anything that is manufactured on an assembly line, an SDLC aims to produce high-quality systems that meet or exceed customer expectations, based on customer requirements, by delivering systems which move through each clearly defined phase, within scheduled time frames and cost estimates.[3] Computer systems are complex and often (especially with the recent rise of service-oriented architecture) link multiple traditional systems potentially supplied by different software vendors. To manage this level of complexity, a number of SDLC models or methodologies have been created, such as waterfall, spiral, Agile software development, rapid prototyping, incremental, and synchronize and stabilize.[4]
SDLC can be described along a spectrum of agile to iterative to sequential methodologies. Agile methodologies, such as XP and Scrum, focus on lightweight processes which allow for rapid changes (without necessarily following the pattern of SDLC approach) along the development cycle. Iterative methodologies, such as Rational Unified Process and dynamic systems development method, focus on limited project scope and expanding or improving products by multiple iterations. Sequential or big-design-up-front (BDUF) models, such as waterfall, focus on complete and correct planning to guide large projects and risks to successful and predictable results.[citation needed] Other models, such as anamorphic development, tend to focus on a form of development that is guided by project scope and adaptive iterations of feature development.
In project management a project can be defined both with a project life cycle (PLC) and an SDLC, during which slightly different activities occur. According to Taylor (2004), "the project life cycle encompasses all the activities of the project, while the systems development life cycle focuses on realizing the product requirements".[5]
SDLC is used during the development of an IT project, it describes the different stages involved in the project from the drawing board, through the completion of the project.
The SDLC is not a methodology per se, but rather a description of the phases in the life cycle of a software application. These phases (broadly speaking) are, investigation, analysis, design, build, test, implement, and maintenance and support. All software development methodologies (such as the more commonly known waterfall and scrum methodologies) follow the SDLC phases but the method of doing that varies vastly between methodologies. In the Scrum methodology, for example, one could say a single user story goes through all the phases of the SDLC within a single two-week sprint. Contrast this to the waterfall methodology, as another example, where every business requirement (recorded in the analysis phase of the SDLC in a document called the Business Requirements Specification) is translated into feature/functional descriptions (recorded in the design phase in a document called the Functional Specification) which are then all built in one go as a collection of solution features typically over a period of three to nine months, or more. These methodologies are obviously quite different approaches yet, they both contain the SDLC phases in which a requirement is born, then travels through the life cycle phases ending in the final phase of maintenance and support, after-which (typically) the whole life cycle starts again for a subsequent version of the software application.
History and details[edit]
The product life cycle describes the process for building information systems in a very deliberate, structured and methodical way, reiterating each stage of the product's life. The systems development life cycle, according to Elliott & Strachan & Radford (2004), "originated in the 1960s, to develop large scale functional business systems in an age of large scale business conglomerates. Information systems activities revolved around heavy data processing and number crunching routines".[6]
Several systems development frameworks have been partly based on SDLC, such as the structured systems analysis and design method (SSADM) produced for the UK government Office of Government Commerce in the 1980s. Ever since, according to Elliott (2004), "the traditional life cycle approaches to systems development have been increasingly replaced with alternative approaches and frameworks, which attempted to overcome some of the inherent deficiencies of the traditional SDLC".[6]
Phases[edit]
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The system development life cycle framework provides a sequence of activities for system designers and developers to follow. It consists of a set of steps or phases in which each phase of the SDLC uses the results of the previous one.
The SDLC adheres to important phases that are essential for developers, such as planning, analysis, design, and implementation, and are explained in the section below. It includes evaluation of present system, information gathering, feasibility study and request approval. A number of SDLC models have been created: waterfall, fountain, spiral, build and fix, rapid prototyping, incremental, synchronize and stabilize. The oldest of these, and the best known, is the waterfall model: a sequence of stages in which the output of each stage becomes the input for the next. These stages can be characterized and divided up in different ways, including the following:[7]
Preliminary analysis: The objective of phase 1 is to conduct a preliminary analysis, propose alternative solutions, describe costs and benefits and submit a preliminary plan with recommendations.
Conduct the preliminary analysis: in this step, you need to find out the organization's objectives and the nature and scope of the problem under study. Even if a problem refers only to a small segment of the organization itself, you need to find out what the objectives of the organization itself are. Then you need to see how the problem being studied fits in with them.
Propose alternative solutions: In digging into the organization's objectives and specific problems, you may have already covered some solutions. Alternate proposals may come from interviewing employees, clients, suppliers, and/or consultants. You can also study what competitors are doing. With this data, you will have three choices: leave the system as is, improve it, or develop a new system.
Describe the costs and benefits.
Systems analysis, requirements definition: Defines project goals into defined functions and operation of the intended application. It is the process of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems and recommending improvements to the system. Analyzes end-user information needs and also removes any inconsistencies and incompleteness in these requirements.
A series of steps followed by the developer are:[8]
Collection of Facts: End user requirements are obtained through documentation, client interviews, observation and questionnaires,
Scrutiny of the existing system: Identify pros and cons of the current system in-place, so as to carry forward the pros and avoid the cons in the new system.
Analyzing the proposed system: Solutions to the shortcomings in step two are found and any specific user proposals are used to prepare the specifications.
Systems design: Describes desired features and operations in detail, including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams, pseudocode and other documentation.
Development: The real code is written here.
Integration and testing: Brings all the pieces together into a special testing environment, then checks for errors, bugs and interoperability.
Acceptance, installation, deployment: The final stage of initial development, where the software is put into production and runs actual business.
Maintenance: During the maintenance stage of the SDLC, the system is assessed to ensure it does not become obsolete. This is also where changes are made to initial software. It involves continuous evaluation of the system in terms of its performance.
Evaluation: Some companies do not view this as an official stage of the SDLC, while others consider it to be an extension of the maintenance stage, and may be referred to in some circles as post-implementation review. This is where the system that was developed, as well as the entire process, is evaluated. Some of the questions that need to be answered include: does the newly implemented system meet the initial business requirements and objectives? Is the system reliable and fault-tolerant? Does the system function according to the approved functional requirements? In addition to evaluating the software that was released, it is important to assess the effectiveness of the development process. If there are any aspects of the entire process, or certain stages, that management is not satisfied with, this is the time to improve. Evaluation and assessment is a difficult issue. However, the company must reflect on the process and address weaknesses.
Disposal: In this phase, plans are developed for discarding system information, hardware and software in making the transition to a new system. The purpose here is to properly move, archive, discard or destroy information, hardware and software that is being replaced, in a manner that prevents any possibility of unauthorized disclosure of sensitive data. The disposal activities ensure proper migration to a new system. Particular emphasis is given to proper preservation and archival of data processed by the previous system. All of this should be done in accordance with the organization's security requirements.[9]
In the following diagram, these stages of the systems development life cycle are divided in ten steps from definition to creation and modification of IT work products:
A ten-phase version of the systems development life cycle[10]
Not every project will require that the phases be sequentially executed. However, the phases are interdependent. Depending upon the size and complexity of the project, phases may be combined or may overlap.[10]
System investigation[edit]
The system investigates the IT proposal. During this step, we must consider all current priorities that would be affected and how they should be handled. Before any system planning is done, a feasibility study should be conducted to determine if creating a new or improved system is a viable solution. This will help to determine the costs, benefits, resource requirements, and specific user needs required for completion. The development process can only continue once management approves of the recommendations from the feasibility study.[11]
Following are different components of the feasibility study:
Operational feasibility
Economic feasibility
Technical feasibility
Human factors feasibility
Legal/Political feasibility
System analysis[edit]
The goal of system analysis is to determine where the problem is, in an attempt to fix the system. This step involves breaking down the system in different pieces to analyze the situation, analyzing project goals, breaking down what needs to be created and attempting to engage users so that definite requirements can be defined.
Design[edit]
In systems design, the design functions and operations are described in detail, including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams and other documentation. The output of this stage will describe the new system as a collection of modules or subsystems.
The design stage takes as its initial input the requirements identified in the approved requirements document. For each requirement, a set of one or more design elements will be produced as a result of interviews, workshops, and/or prototype efforts.
Design elements describe the desired system features in detail, and generally include functional hierarchy diagrams, screen layout diagrams, tables of business rules, business process diagrams, pseudo-code, and a complete entity-relationship diagram with a full data dictionary. These design elements are intended to describe the system in sufficient detail, such that skilled developers and engineers may develop and deliver the system with minimal additional input design.
Environments[edit]
Environments are controlled areas where systems developers can build, distribute, install, configure, test, and execute systems that move through the SDLC. Each environment is aligned with different areas of the SDLC and is intended to have specific purposes. Examples of such environments include the:
Development environment, where developers can work independently of each other before trying to merge their work with the work of others,
Common build environment, where merged work can be built, together, as a combined system,
Systems integration testing environment, where basic testing of a system's integration points to other upstream or downstream systems can be tested,
User acceptance testing environment, where business stakeholders can test against their original business requirements,
Production environment, where systems finally get deployed to, for final use by their intended end users.
Testing[edit]
The code is tested at various levels in software testing. Unit, system and user acceptance testings are often performed. This is a grey area as many different opinions exist as to what the stages of testing are and how much, if any iteration occurs. Iteration is not generally part of the waterfall model, but the means to rectify defects and validate fixes prior to deployment is incorporated into this phase.
The following are types of testing that may be relevant, depending on the type of system under development:
Defect testing the failed scenarios, including defect tracking
Path testing
Data set testing
Unit testing
System testing
Integration testing
Black-box testing
White-box testing
Regression testing
Automation testing
User acceptance testing
Software performance testing
Training and transition[edit]
Once a system has been stabilized through adequate testing, the SDLC ensures that proper training on the system is performed or documented before transitioning the system to its support staff and end users.
Training usually covers operational training for those people who will be responsible for supporting the system as well as training for those end users who will be using the system after its delivery to a production operating environment.
After training has been successfully completed, systems engineers and developers transition the system to its final production environment, where it is intended to be used by its end users and supported by its support and operations staff.
Operations and maintenance[edit]
The deployment of the system includes changes and enhancements before the decommissioning or sunset of the system. Maintaining the system is an important aspect of SDLC. As key personnel change positions in the organization, new changes will be implemented. There are two approaches to system development; there is the traditional approach (structured) and object oriented. Information Engineering includes the traditional system approach, which is also called the structured analysis and design technique. The object oriented approach views the information system as a collection of objects that are integrated with each other to make a full and complete information system.
Evaluation[edit]
The final phase of the SDLC is to measure the effectiveness of the system and evaluate potential enhancements.
Systems analysis and design[edit]
The systems analysis and design (SAD) is the process of developing information systems (IS) that effectively use hardware, software, data, processes, and people to support the company's businesses objectives. System analysis and design can be considered the meta-development activity, which serves to set the stage and bound the problem. SAD can be leveraged to set the correct balance among competing high-level requirements in the functional and non-functional analysis domains. System analysis and design interacts strongly with distributed enterprise architecture, enterprise I.T. Architecture, and business architecture, and relies heavily on concepts such as partitioning, interfaces, personae and roles, and deployment/operational modeling to arrive at a high-level system description. This high level description is then further broken down into the components and modules which can be analyzed, designed, and constructed separately and integrated to accomplish the business goal. SDLC and SAD are cornerstones of full life cycle product and system planning.
Object-oriented analysis[edit]
Object-oriented analysis (OOA) is the process of analyzing a task (also known as a problem domain), to develop a conceptual model that can then be used to complete the task. A typical OOA model would describe computer software that could be used to satisfy a set of customer-defined requirements. During the analysis phase of problem-solving, a programmer might consider a written requirements statement, a formal vision document, or interviews with stakeholders or other interested parties. The task to be addressed might be divided into several subtasks (or domains), each representing a different business, technological, or other areas of interest. Each subtask would be analyzed separately. Implementation constraints, (e.g., concurrency, distribution, persistence, or how the system is to be built) are not considered during the analysis phase; rather, they are addressed during object-oriented design (OOD).
The conceptual model that results from OOA will typically consist of a set of use cases, one or more UML class diagrams, and a number of interaction diagrams. It may also include some kind of user interface mock-up.
The input for object-oriented design is provided by the output of object-oriented analysis. Realize that an output artifact does not need to be completely developed to serve as input of object-oriented design; analysis and design may occur in parallel, and in practice the results of one activity can feed the other in a short feedback cycle through an iterative process. Both analysis and design can be performed incrementally, and the artifacts can be continuously grown instead of completely developed in one shot.
Some typical (but common to all types of design analysis) input artifacts for object-oriented:
Conceptual model: Conceptual model is the result of object-oriented analysis, it captures concepts in the problem domain. The conceptual model is explicitly chosen to be independent of implementation details, such as concurrency or data storage.
Use case: Use case is a description of sequences of events that, taken together, lead to a system doing something useful. Each use case provides one or more scenarios that convey how the system should interact with the users called actors to achieve a specific business goal or function. Use case actors may be end users or other systems. In many circumstances use cases are further elaborated into use case diagrams. Use case diagrams are used to identify the actor (users or other systems) and the processes they perform.
System Sequence Diagram: System Sequence diagram (SSD) is a picture that shows, for a particular scenario of a use case, the events that external actors generate, their order, and possible inter-system events.
User interface documentations (if applicable): Document that shows and describes the look and feel of the end product's user interface. It is not mandatory to have this, but it helps to visualize the end-product and therefore helps the designer.
Relational data model (if applicable): A data model is an abstract model that describes how data is represented and used. If an object database is not used, the relational data model should usually be created before the design, since the strategy chosen for object-relational mapping is an output of the OO design process. However, it is possible to develop the relational data model and the object-oriented design artifacts in parallel, and the growth of an artifact can stimulate the refinement of other artifacts.
Life cycle[edit]
Management and control[edit]
SPIU phases related to management controls[12]
The SDLC phases serve as a programmatic guide to project activity and provide a flexible but consistent way to conduct projects to a depth matching the scope of the project. Each of the SDLC phase objectives are described in this section with key deliverables, a description of recommended tasks, and a summary of related control objectives for effective management. It is critical for the project manager to establish and monitor control objectives during each SDLC phase while executing projects. Control objectives help to provide a clear statement of the desired result or purpose and should be used throughout the entire SDLC process. Control objectives can be grouped into major categories (domains), and relate to the SDLC phases as shown in the figure.[12]
To manage and control any SDLC initiative, each project will be required to establish some degree of a work breakdown structure (WBS) to capture and schedule the work necessary to complete the project. The WBS and all programmatic material should be kept in the "project description" section of the project notebook. The WBS format is mostly left to the project manager to establish in a way that best describes the project work.
There are some key areas that must be defined in the WBS as part of the SDLC policy. The following diagram describes three key areas that will be addressed in the WBS in a manner established by the project manager.[12] The diagram shows coverage spans numerous phases of the SDLC but the associated MCD has a subset of primary mappings to the SDLC phases. For example, Analysis and Design is primarily performed as part of the Acquisition and Implementation Domain and System Build and Prototype is primarily performed as part of delivery and support.
Work breakdown structured organization[edit]
Work breakdown structure[12]
The upper section of the work breakdown structure (WBS) should identify the major phases and milestones of the project in a summary fashion. In addition, the upper section should provide an overview of the full scope and timeline of the project and will be part of the initial project description effort leading to project approval. The middle section of the WBS is based on the seven systems development life cycle phases as a guide for WBS task development. The WBS elements should consist of milestones and "tasks" as opposed to "activities" and have a definitive period (usually two weeks or more). Each task must have a measurable output (e.x. document, decision, or analysis). A WBS task may rely on one or more activities (e.g. software engineering, systems engineering) and may require close coordination with other tasks, either internal or external to the project. Any part of the project needing support from contractors should have a statement of work (SOW) written to include the appropriate tasks from the SDLC phases. The development of a SOW does not occur during a specific phase of SDLC but is developed to include the work from the SDLC process that may be conducted by external resources such as contractors.[12]
Baselines[edit]
Baselines are an important part of the systems development life cycle. These baselines are established after four of the five phases of the SDLC and are critical to the iterative nature of the model .[13] Each baseline is considered as a milestone in the SDLC.
functional baseline: established after the conceptual design phase.
allocated baseline: established after the preliminary design phase.
product baseline: established after the detail design and development phase.
updated product baseline: established after the production construction phase.
Complementary methodologies[edit]
Complementary software development methods to systems development life cycle are:
Software prototyping
Joint applications development (JAD)
Rapid application development (RAD)
Extreme programming (XP);
Open-source development
End-user development
Object-oriented programming
Comparison of Methodology Approaches (Post, & Anderson 2006)[14]
SDLC
RAD
Open source
Objects
JAD
Prototyping
End User
Control Formal MIS Weak Standards Joint User User
Time frame Long Short Medium Any Medium Short Short
–
Users Many Few Few Varies Few One or two One
MIS staff Many Few Hundreds Split Few One or two None
Transaction/DSS Transaction Both Both Both DSS DSS DSS
Interface Minimal Minimal Weak Windows Crucial Crucial Crucial
Documentation and training Vital Limited Internal In Objects Limited Weak None
Integrity and security Vital Vital Unknown In Objects Limited Weak Weak
Reusability Limited Some Maybe Vital Limited Weak None
Strengths and weaknesses[edit]
Few people in the modern computing world would use a strict waterfall model for their SDLC as many modern methodologies have superseded this thinking. Some will argue that the SDLC no longer applies to models like Agile computing, but it is still a term widely in use in technology circles. The SDLC practice has advantages in traditional models of systems development that lends itself more to a structured environment. The disadvantages to using the SDLC methodology is when there is need for iterative development or (i.e. web development or e-commerce) where stakeholders need to review on a regular basis the software being designed. Instead of viewing SDLC from a strength or weakness perspective, it is far more important to take the best practices from the SDLC model and apply it to whatever may be most appropriate for the software being designed.
A comparison of the strengths and weaknesses of SDLC:
Strength and Weaknesses of SDLC [14]
Strengths
Weaknesses
Control Increased development time
Monitor large projects Increased development cost
Detailed steps Systems must be defined up front
Evaluate costs and completion targets Rigidity
Documentation Hard to estimate costs, project overruns
Well defined user input User input is sometimes limited
Ease of maintenance
Development and design standards
Tolerates changes in MIS staffing
An alternative to the SDLC is rapid application development, which combines prototyping, joint application development and implementation of CASE tools. The advantages of RAD are speed, reduced development cost, and active user involvement in the development process.
See also[edit]
Application lifecycle management
Decision cycle
IPO Model
Software development methodologies
System lifecycle
References[edit]
Jump up ^ SELECTING A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Parag C. Pendharkara; James A. Rodgerb; Girish H. Subramanian (November 2008). "An empirical study of the Cobb–Douglas production function properties of software development effort". Information and Software Technology. 50 (12): 1181–1188. doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2007.10.019.
Jump up ^ "Systems Development Life Cycle from". FOLDOC. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
Jump up ^ Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), PowerPoint – Powered by Google Docs
Jump up ^ James Taylor (2004). Managing Information Technology Projects. p.39.
^ Jump up to: a b Geoffrey Elliott & Josh Strachan (2004) Global Business Information Technology. p.87.
Jump up ^ Kay, Russell (May 14, 2002). "QuickStudy: System Development Life Cycle". ComputerWorld.
Jump up ^ Control and Audit, Information Systems. SDLC (August 2013 ed.). Chapter 5: Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. p. 5.28. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Radack, S. (n.d.). "The system development life cycle (SDLC)" (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
^ Jump up to: a b US Department of Justice (2003). INFORMATION RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Chapter 1. Introduction.
Jump up ^ Marakas, James A. O'Brien, George M. (2010). Management information systems (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. pp. 485–489. ISBN 0073376817.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e U.S. House of Representatives (1999). Systems Development Life-Cycle Policy. p.13.
Jump up ^ Blanchard, B. S., & Fabrycky, W. J.(2006) Systems engineering and analysis (4th ed.) New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p.31
^ Jump up to: a b Post, G., & Anderson, D., (2006). Management information systems: Solving business problems with information technology. (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Further reading[edit]
Cummings, Haag (2006). Management Information Systems for the Information Age. Toronto, McGraw-Hill Ryerson
Beynon-Davies P. (2009). Business Information Systems. Palgrave, Basingstoke. ISBN 978-0-230-20368-6
Computer World, 2002, Retrieved on June 22, 2006 from the World Wide Web:
Management Information Systems, 2005, Retrieved on June 22, 2006 from the World Wide Web:
This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Systems Development Life Cycle.
The Agile System Development Lifecycle
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation – Information Technology Solutions Lifecycle Methodology
FSA Life Cycle Framework
HHS Enterprise Performance Life Cycle Framework
The Open Systems Development Life Cycle
System Development Life Cycle Evolution Modeling
Zero Deviation Life Cycle
Integrated Defense AT&L Life Cycle Management Chart, the U.S. DoD form of this concept.
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text:
The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)
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"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)"
Single by Ylvis
B-side
"Instrumental" (CD)
Released
3 September 2013
Format
CD
digital download
Recorded
Roc the Mic Studio
New York, New York[1]
Genre
EDM
novelty[2]
Length
3:33
Label
Concorde TV
Parlophone
EMI Norway
Songwriter(s)
Bård Ylvisåker
Vegard Ylvisåker
Christian Løchstøer
Tor Erik Hermansen
Mikkel S. Eriksen
Nicholas Boundy
Producer(s)
Stargate
M4SONIC
Ylvis singles chronology
"Janym (Жаным)"
(2012) "The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)"
(2013) "The Cabin"
(2013)
Audio sample
file
help
Music video
"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)" on YouTube
"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)" is an electronic dance novelty song and viral video by Norwegian comedy duo Ylvis. The top trending video of 2013 on YouTube,[3][4] "The Fox" was posted on the video-sharing website on 3 September 2013, and has received almost 740 million views as of March 2018.[5] "The Fox" peaked at the top of the Norwegian Singles Chart and was hugely successful in the United States, where it peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks,[6][7] and was, before the US release of "Am I Wrong" by Nico & Vinz, the highest-ranked song by a Norwegian artist on the chart since A-ha's number-one song "Take on Me" in 1985.
Originally an "anti-hit" produced as a part of the duo's new season of Norwegian television talk show I kveld med YLVIS (Tonight with Ylvis) and uploaded on YouTube as a teaser,[8] "The Fox", "created to fail",[9] has ironically and accidentally gone viral, becoming Ylvis' "breakout" song and drawing international attention to the group. In 2013, Ylvis stated there were no plans to release an album including the song or any sequel to it.[10][11]
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
1.1 Music video and composition
2 Reception and responses
2.1 Live performances
2.2 Children's book
3 Analysis
3.1 Popular culture
4 Track listing
5 Charts and certifications
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
5.3 Certifications
6 Release history
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Production[edit]
The brothers Vegard and Bård Ylvisåker, members of the Norwegian comedy group Ylvis, produced the song and music video "The Fox" to promote their upcoming third season of I kveld med Ylvis on TVNorge. In an interview with Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten, the brothers stated that the idea of a song about a fox was originally conceived in 2012, but then shelved. Half a year later, in 2013, Bård and lyricist Christian Løchstøer began to play with the idea once again. Vegard was initially skeptical about making a song about a fox, but soon relented.[12] In an interview on the Norwegian-Swedish talk show Skavlan, the brothers mentioned that given the opportunity to collaborate with Stargate, they originally wanted to make a dance song about men who cannot dance or dread dancing and named it "The Dancing Stick", but felt that the idea was "too clever", and that they would appear to be trying to make a hit. The idea was therefore scrapped and "The Fox" got produced instead.[13]
Bård described the writing process for "The Fox" in an interview with Billboard in the United States: "The way we work is we just sit around and talk about things and get ideas and take some notes. I guess we must have been talking about what sound a fox makes. And then we had a chance to work with Stargate, a Norwegian production company based in New York City... We actually did a favor for them and we asked them if they could produce a song for the new season in exchange".[10] Tor Erik Hermansen of Stargate recalled in an interview with Spin that the favor was actually a mockumentary done by the Ylvisåker brothers to celebrate Mikkel Storleer Eriksen 40th birthday, in which they pretended to be the Stargate duo.[14] Australian producer M4SONIC was also involved in the production.[15]
Bård, being interviewed by Entertainment Weekly, talked about their intention of making "The Fox":
As comedians, it wouldn't be a good thing if we went to pursue a hit in the States because they could potentially make something that became big, so we thought it would be more fun from a comedian perspective to come home to the talk show and say, 'Listen we had the chance, we could've made it big, but the only idea we got for the song was this old idea about what the fox says so we're sorry. We screwed up.' That was the plan... That would've been funny to say on the talk show.[9]
M4SONIC described producing "The Fox":
I was over in the US with a production duo called Stargate working with Sia and Nadia Ali. One of the beats that I made we kinda put to one side as it wasn't really going anywhere. I'd totally forgotten about the track until I stumbled across The Fox video on YouTube. It turned out that Tor and Mikkel (Stargate), who are Norwegian, are friends with Bård and Vegard Ylvisåker (Ylvis). Stargate gave Ylvis a copy of the beat that we made to use for a video they were doing to launch their comedy show in Norway. I think the whole thing kinda 'snowballed' and was an accident on their side as well. No one really thought it would be a top 10 Billboard track![16]
Music video and composition[edit]
Vegard Ylvisåker (left) in animal costume in the music video
The video was released on 3 September 2013. It is performed in the style of a typical electronic dance pop song, and the lyrics are sung "with deadpan seriousness".[17] The video was originally created to promote the brand-new season of Ylvis' talk show I kveld med Ylvis on TVNorge but after being released on the TVNorge YouTube channel went viral. The video was directed by Ole Martin Hafsmo with cinematography by Magnus Flåto. The choreography was done by Thea Bay. The video is produced by Fredrik Kvåle Dørum and Jørgen Thue (Concorde TV). The forest scenes were filmed in Nittedal municipality, 22 kilometres (14 mi) from Oslo downtown.[18]
The video begins with Bård singing at a costume party where other participants are dressed as different animals, whose appearances follow the progression of the lyrics. He gives a summary of animal sounds ("Dog goes woof/cat goes meow", etc.) that "could have been lifted straight from a preschool primer" and asks "what does the fox say?"[19] The group then transitions into a synchronized dance scene in a forest with Bård in a bear costume and Vegard a squirrel costume (as they failed to find any fox costume in the Norwegian Film Institute the day before filming to make up for their melted spray-painted plastic costumes), complete with face-paint and giant, bushy tails.[20][21]
During each chorus, the song offers several increasingly absurd possibilities for the fox's sound such as "gering-ding-ding-ding-dingeringeding!" and in the second chorus where Vegard sings "fraka-kaka-kaka-kaka-kow!"[15][22] Among the dancers, an elderly man (Bernhard Ramstad[23]) is shown reading the lyrics from a book to a boy sitting on his lap. The song then describes the fox and the singer's admiration for it, and asks whether it would communicate with a horse using morse code. In the end, the singers float in the air, continuing to wonder what sound the fox makes, while failing to notice a computer-animated fox behind them, which stands on its hind legs and scat sings (voiced by Vegard), answering their question. Bård finishes the song with a melancholy falsetto and the fox leaves without being seen.[24]
With the chord progression of C♯m—B—F♯, the song is written in the key of C♯ dorian, with lead vocal range spanning from C♯3 to F♯5.[25]
Reception and responses[edit]
I think our lives will forever be defined as before and after the song now.
Bård Ylvisåker, in an interview with Toronto Sun
Listeners noticed that the song has a similar structure to Radioactive by Imagine Dragons.[26]In Norway, homeland of Ylvis, "The Fox" became the duo's first entry on the VG-lista and eventually topped the chart for four consecutive weeks from 20 September to 17 October 2013.[27] In the U.S., "The Fox" debuted on 12 September 2013 on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 29, and at number 3 on the Streaming Songs chart.[28] It later reached the top spot on the Streaming Songs chart for the weeks ending 19 October and 2 November.[29][30] The song in the following week has also broken into the Hot Digital Songs top 10 at number 8 with 108,000 downloads during the week and debuted on the On-Demand Songs chart, when it sat in the top 10 of Hot 100 for the third week.[7] The song has sold 1,367,000 copies in the U.S. as of June 2014.[31]
The music video's viral success and catchiness has also drawn comparison to that of PSY's "Gangnam Style".[32][33] It took only 35 days to hit 100 million views, compared to 51 days by "Gangnam Style" to reach the mark.[34] In the annual year-end lists of "Top 10 Everything" compiled by Time magazine, "The Fox" was ranked number two on the "Top 10 Viral Videos" of 2013 for being "one of the catchiest songs of the year", only after "Gentleman", PSY's follow-up to "Gangnam Style".[35]
Ylvis were surprised by the international success of the song, intending only to target their Norwegian audience.[10] Vegard described the success of the song as "definitely very shocking",[36] while Bård said he was "quite surprised" and that it was "supposed to entertain a few Norwegians for three minutes — and that's all".[15] Three months after the release of "The Fox", he further commented that "[their] lives will forever be defined as before and after the song now".[37] The duo were signed on by Warner Music: Vegard has stated that the "record deal was landed way before 'Fox' — in the spring sometime".[11]
Live performances[edit]
Ylvis' first live performance of "The Fox" in the United States was on 20 September 2013 at the iHeartRadio Music Festival in Las Vegas.[38] They also appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on 20 September, Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on 9 October and The Today Show on 11 October.[8][39][40]
After their appearance at the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards in Amsterdam on 10 November, they gave their first performance in the United Kingdom on the annual fundraising telethon Children in Need on 15 November and later The Paul O'Grady Show on 18 November.[41][42][43] On 22 November, joined by K-pop and Western stars including Stevie Wonder, Icona Pop and Paris Hilton, the brothers participated in the biggest music festival in Asia, the Mnet Asian Music Awards ("MAMA") at Hong Kong AsiaWorld-Expo, in which they performed "The Fox", danced in a collaboration with South Korean girl group Crayon Pop to their song "Bar Bar Bar", and accepted the award for "International Favorite Artist".[44][45][46][47]
The duo later returned to North America to perform the viral hit in the season finale of Dancing with the Stars on 26 November,[48] 2013 Much Presents: The Big Jingle organized by MuchMusic on 7 December in Toronto, Ontario, Canada[49] and on Live! with Kelly and Michael on 12 December 2013.[50]
The song was later performed live during concerts given in 2014-2015 in Norway and Sweden as a part of duo's The Expensive Jacket Tour.
Children's book[edit]
The brothers signed a deal with Simon & Schuster to publish a children's book illustrated by Svein Nyhus based on the song which was released on 10 December 2013, called "The Fox".[1][51][52] The brothers have stated that the book is not a spin-off because the idea was conceived before the song had become viral.[1][21]
The children's book was an instant success, being the bestselling children's picture book for the week ending 29 December 2013 according to The New York Times Book Review,[53] and coming in twenty-third on USA Today's list of best-selling books for the week of 19 December 2013.[54] The book was sold-out in a day on Amazon,[55] and broke the record in children's publishing for selling more than 60,000 units in-store within one week, pushing for a sixth reprinting with 300,000 copies in print a week after its initial release.[56]
Analysis[edit]
In our show last season, we went to Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia and tried to become pop stars there. The idea was that we'd never become pop stars in the U.S. or England lots of obstacles. The obstacles generated the comedy. Then suddenly we're on this trip to America, the place people want to go, and there's no obstacles. Every doorway is open... and there's no comedy.
Vegard Ylvisåker, when asked about the impact of the popular song on I kveld med Ylvis, mentioning their Big in Kirgisistan miniseries[11][57]
Tris McCall of The Star-Ledger describes "The Fox" as "a parody of the excesses and absurdities of contemporary club music": the brothers "take turns singing preposterous lyrics about animal noises" over "typically vainglorious synthpop", with the proposed fox sounds "mimic[king] the car-alarm synthesizers of contemporary dubstep". He compares it to Ylvis' "Someone Like Me" which mocked the insertion of dubstep breaks into pop songs.[19][58] Danielle Seamon of The Lantern acknowledges that while some may be "extremely perplexed by the attention stupidity and bizarreness collects in 2013" displayed by the song, it is in fact "meant to be a funny and almost satirical to pop music", and Ylvis has "pushed everybody's buttons by breaking and manipulating every rule of a Top 40 pop song".[59] Evan Sawdey of PopMatters, who names "The Fox" one of the best songs of the year, calls it "a concept that's so stupid it's smart" by bending "the very fabric of pop culture in such a memorable, ridiculous way" with simple lines of "utter comic brilliance".[60]
Caitlin Carter of online music site Music Times echoes the comments above, adding that "The Fox" becoming the first song to get serious recognition "makes [the staff at Music Times] wonder", as the duo's other songs and videos prior to the release of "The Fox" "are just about as random and melodramatic", such as "from contemplating the meaning of Stonehenge" ('Stonehenge'),[61] to scientifically examining the inner-workings of the female reproductive organ ('Work It'),[62] to honoring a United Nations Human Rights hero ('Jan Egeland')."[63][64] Jonathan Ore of CBC News, although calling "The Fox" a "catchy tune [...] paired with the most absurd lyrics this side of the theme song to DuckTales", also gives the comedy duo credit for "the arguably better" "Stonehenge".[65]
Both brothers have commented on the "absurdity" of "The Fox". Bård called the song "a stupid thing" and that "even though people find it interesting, it's still a stupid fox song, and when people start to get over this, it gets even worse, because it is so stupid".[11] In response to the negative feedback of the song, Vegard has made the following remark:
I read one YouTube comment which said: "What the f*** is this? It gives me no belief whatsoever in humanity and the music business." It's a valid point, but a lot of people don't understand that this is comedy first and music second.[66]
Speaking of the meaning of the song, Vegard characterizes it as coming from "a genuine wonder of what the fox says, because we didn't know".[38] Although interpreted by some commentators as a reference to the furry fandom, the brothers have stated they did not know about its existence when producing "The Fox".[36][67]
Popular culture[edit]
Like many viral music videos, "The Fox" has become an Internet meme and has been extensively covered and adapted by others, with some of the most prominent being a cover by The Ohio University Marching 110 who had previously covered "Gangnam Style" and LMFAO's "Party Rock Anthem";[68] a cover by Tay Zonday of "Chocolate Rain";[69] an acoustic guitar cover of the first verse by Tyler Ward;[70] an adaptation based on the popular video game League of Legends entitled "What Does Teemo Say?";[71] and an adaptation by Annoying Orange entitled "The Sock".[72] The video was also featured twice by the Fine Brothers on their popular series Elders React and Teens React, which show reactions of elderly people and teens to YouTube videos, respectively.[73][74] A video showing actor Morgan Freeman reading the lyrics of "The Fox" aloud when being interviewed by online TV/movies review site Screen Junkies has also garnered media attention and millions of YouTube views.[75][76][77] During an interview with 4Music, in response to the many parodies inspired by their song, the Ylvisåker brothers themselves have reviewed some of the more popular ones.[78] The song has also been featured substantially in "YouTube Rewind: What Does 2013 Say?", a homage paid by YouTube to the year's top videos.[79]
The song has been featured for multiple times on television. It was used in an advertisement for the Fox Network featuring clips of FOX programs and actors singing the song.[80] On 28 October, four contestants on the seventeenth season of Dancing with the Stars performed the song for the "Team Dance" week under the team name "Foxing Awesome", scoring a perfect 30.[81] NBC's Saturday Night Live cast-member Jay Pharoah and host Kerry Washington appeared in a parody video of the song titled "My Girl" on 2 November 2013, featuring a boyfriend who got caught by his girlfriend for sexting with other girls.[82][83] The song has also been performed by the Glee cast in the episode "Puppet Master" aired on Thanksgiving Day (28 November 2013).[84]
Due to the popularity of the song, TMZ reported on 18 October 2013 that two weeks away from Halloween, the sales of fox costumes had already risen by almost 40% at one costume outlet from last Halloween, according to the data from Spirit Halloween, BuyCostumes and Amazon.[85] The song has also been synchronized with a "singing Halloween house" by the neighborhood in Edwards Landing, Leesburg, Virginia, who every Halloween creates an LED light show with a hit song.[86]
This song appears in Just Dance 2015.
This song for Leicester City title song parody "What do the Foxes Say?" in 442oons video.
Track listing[edit]
Digital download[87][88]
No.
Title
Length
1. "The Fox" (What Does the Fox Say?) 3:33
2. "The Fox" (Extended mix) 7:57
3. "The Fox" (Instrumental) 4:26
4. "The Fox" (A cappella) 3:11
Total length: 19:07
[show]CD single[89]
No.
Title
Length
1. "The Fox" 3:33
2. "The Fox" (Instrumental) 4:25
Total length: 7:58
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2013–14)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[90] 9
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[91] 14
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[92] 31
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[93] 6
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[94] 19
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[95] 12
Denmark (Tracklisten)[96] 9
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[97] 2
France (SNEP)[98] 135
Germany (Official German Charts)[99] 29
Hungary (Single Top 40)[100] 19
Ireland (IRMA)[101] 9
Italy (FIMI)[102] 52
Japan (Japan Hot 100)[103] 30
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[104] 58
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[105] 4
Norway (VG-lista)[27] 1
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[106] 10
South Korea (Gaon Chart) 44
South Korea (Gaon International Chart)[107] 1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[108] 3
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[109] 45
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[110] 17
US Billboard Hot 100[111] 6
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[112]
99
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[113]
59
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[114]
129
US Billboard Hot 100[115]
73
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[116]
Platinum 70,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[117]
Gold 40,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[118]
Gold 7,500*
Norway (IFPI Norway)[119]
12× Platinum 120,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[120]
Silver 200,000
United States (RIAA)[121]
Platinum 1,367,000[31]
Streaming
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[122]
Gold 900,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
Norway[123]
2 September 2013 Digital download Parlophone Music Norway
United States[124]
16 September 2013
South Korea[125]
10 September 2013 Warner Music Korea
Germany[89]
11 October 2013 CD single Parlophone Label Group
Note:
The song was planned to be released on iTunes in the United States on 9 September,[10] but remained unavailable for one week due to allegations of copyright infringement by a third party.[126] It became available on the U.S. iTunes on 16 September and has peaked at number 5 on the Top Songs chart from 11 to 12 October 2013.[127][128]
See also[edit]
Vocalization of the fox
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Thompson, Jessie (12 November 2014). "What Does the Fox Say?: Ylvis's viral hit to become a children's book". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (27 September 2013). "Chart Moves: Ylvis' 'The snake' Scampers Up Hot 100, Pearl Jam Ties Alt Pop Record, Luke Bryan Stays Atop Hot Country Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Couch, Aaron (11 December 2013). "Ylvis' 'The Fox' Is YouTube's Top Trending Video of 2013". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Hartley, Matt (11 December 2013). "What does the fox say? Who knows ... but it's YouTube's most watched video of 2013". Financial Post. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
Jump up ^ tvnorge (3 September 2013). "Ylvis — The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?) [Official music video HD]". YouTube. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (9 October 2013). "Lorde's 'Royals' Remains Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Trust, Gary (16 October 2013). "Lorde's 'Royals' Rules Hot 100 For Third Week". Billboard. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Dawn, Randee (11 October 2013). "What Does the Fox Say?' Ylvis answer ultimate question on TODAY". The Today Show. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Highfill, Samantha (14 October 2013). "Meet Ylvis, the comedic brothers behind the accidentally successful 'What does the Fox say?'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nagy, Evie (7 September 2013). "Ylvis Q&A: What 'The Fox' (Viral Stars) Say About Their Surprise Hit". Billboard. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Marchese, David (15 October 2013). "120,000,000 Ylvis Fans Can't Be Wrong". Spin. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Ripe Gutu, Halvor (18 September 2013). "Ville ikke lage "The Fox"". Aftenposten. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ylvis til NRK.no: – Det kommer flere sanger". NRK (in Norwegian). 16 September 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Martins, Chris (17 October 2013). "Ylvis Super-Producer Admits 'The Fox' Is Unintentional EDM Parody". Spin. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Suebsaeng, Asawin (5 September 2013). "The Guy Behind "The Fox"—The Summer's Funniest Music Video—Talks About Going Viral". Mother Jones. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Jarvis, Nick (13 October 2013). "How M4SONIC accidentally soundtracked the viral video of the year". Inthemix. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Mansfield, Brian (5 September 2013). "Your next viral video: Ylvis' 'The Fox'". USA Today. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Høidalen, Sigbjørn (2 October 2013). "Ylvis-videoen er fra Nittedal". Varingen (in Norwegian). Retrieved 28 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b McCall, Tris (23 September 2013). "Song of the Week: 'The Fox,' Ylvis". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Brand, Anna (14 October 2013). "Ylvis, the Duo of 'The Fox,' Shares Some (Angry) Fox Sounds You Haven't Heard". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Tsang, Joyce (22 November 2013). "Ylvis Interview". HK Clubbing.com. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Hachman, Mark (5 September 2013). "Must-see viral video of the moment: Ylvis 'The Fox'". PC World. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Jørstad, Atle (25 September 2013). "Fra "Fleksnes" til "The Fox"". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Oslo: Schibsted. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
Jump up ^ ANIMASKIN (1 October 2013). "Ylvis - The Fox - Making of". YouTube. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?) - Digital Sheet Music". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
Jump up ^ ""The Fox" (Ylvis) and "Radioactive" (Imagine Dragons)". Reddit. 5 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Topp 20 Single uke 38, 2013 – VG-lista. Offisielle hitlister fra og med 1958" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Gruger, William (11 September 2013). "Ylvis' Viral Hit 'The Fox' Debuts On Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (9 October 2013). "Lorde's 'Royals' Remains Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (23 October 2013). "Lorde's 'Royals' Is Hot 100's Ruler For Fourth Week". Billboard. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Grein, Paul (25 June 2014). "Chart Watch: Maroon 5 Beats Coldplay". Chart Watch (Yahoo! Music).
Jump up ^ Monty, Scott (11 September 2013). "Me-too won't do: why viral marketing must be real". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Ornos, Riza (18 September 2013). "The Fox: "What Did The Fox Say?" Hits 31 Million Views And Still Counting (With Video)". International Business Times. Retrieved 21 September 2013. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Hilmarsdóttir, Lára (9 October 2013). "'The Fox' Creators Wolf Down Marketing Opportunities". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Carbone, Nick (4 December 2013). "Top 10 Viral Videos — Top 10 Everything of 2013 - Pop Culture and Social Media". Time. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b What's Trending (6 September 2013). "Inside "The Fox" with Vegard Ylvisåker from Ylvis". YouTube. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ylvis outfoxes the competition". Toronto Sun. 7 December 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Zemler, Emily (21 September 2013). "Ylvis, of Viral Sensation 'The Fox,' Lands Major Label Deal Ahead of U.S. Live Debut". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
Jump up ^ TheEllenShow (20 September 2013). "'The Fox' Is Here!". YouTube. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
Jump up ^ latenight (9 October 2013). "Ylvis — What Does The Fox Say? (LIVE Music Video)". YouTube. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ylvis Will Appear at the EMA!". MTV. 7 November 2013. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Norli, Camilia; Østbø, Stein (7 November 2013). "Ylvis skal opptre på MTV Music Awards". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Retrieved 8 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Hywel (28 October 2013). "For Fox Sake: Ylvis re coming to UK for Children in Need". Gigwise. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Norli, Camilla (2 November 2013). "Ylvis til Asias største musikkshow — får trolig opptre for Psy!". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Retrieved 11 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Benjamin, Jeff (14 November 2013). "Viral Sensations Ylvis & Crayon Pop to Collaborate Onstage at 2013 MAMAs". Billboard. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Mnet K-POP (22 November 2013). "일비스(Ylvis) - The Fox at 2013 MAMA". YouTube. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Mnet K-POP (22 November 2013). "일비스(Ylvis) & 크레용팝(Crayon Pop) - 빠빠빠(Bar Bar Bar) at 2013 MAMA". YouTube. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Lopez, Kristina (21 November 2013). "'Dancing With The Stars 2013' finale to feature Kellie Pickler, TLC". OnTheRedCarpet.com. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Fefe Dobson and Ylvis to light up The Big Jingle stage". MuchMusic. 19 November 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "WATCH: Ylvis Performs 'What Does the Fox Say?' on Live! With Kelly Ripa & Michael". Heavy.com. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Eakin, Marah (17 November 2013). "Viral video "The Fox" is being turned into a children's book". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "YouTube What Does The Fox Say? sensation scores book deal". News.com.au. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Cowles, Gregory. "Best Sellers — Children's Picture Book". The New York Times Book Review. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "What Does the Fox Say? - USA Today best-selling books". USA Today. 21 June 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Newcomb, Tim (20 December 2013). "The Children's-Book Version of "What Does the Fox Say?" is a Smashing Success". Time. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Li, Shirley (20 December 2013). "On the Books: Ylvis' 'The Fox' children's book breaks records; 'Harry Potter' prequel headed to the stage". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
Jump up ^ tvnorge (19 September 2012). "Ylvis - Big in Kirgisistan episode 1 (English subtitles)". YouTube. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
Jump up ^ tvnorge (12 September 2012). "Ylvis — Someone Like Me [Official music video HD]". YouTube. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Seamon, Danielle (20 October 2013). "Commentary: Ylvis knows game, but breaks rules with 'What Does the Fox Say?'". The Lantern. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Sawdey, Evan (10 December 2013). "Why "The Fox" Is One of the Best Songs of the Year (No, Really)". PopMatters. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
Jump up ^ tvnorge (6 September 2013). "Ylvis — Stonehenge [Official music video HD]". YouTube. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
Jump up ^ tvnorge (27 November 2012). "Ylvis — Work it [Official music video HD]". YouTube. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
Jump up ^ tvnorge (30 September 2012). "Ylvis — Jan Egeland [Official music video HD]". YouTube. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Carter, Caitlin (11 September 2013). "Ylvis' 'The Fox': A Cultural Examination". Music Times. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Ore, Jonathan (11 September 2013). "Ylvis asks, 'What does the fox say?' in surprise viral video hit". CBC News. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Boyle, Sian (18 November 2013). "'Of course our fox song is rubbish ... we were only doing it for a joke,' say Ylvis". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Jones, Van (8 September 2013). "If anyone missed joke, viral video "What Does The Fox Say?" is sly tribute to sex habits of "furries." (Thus correct answer: "yiff.") #Geeks". Twitter. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Ohio University Marching Band (14 September 2013). "The Fox – Ylvis". YouTube. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Ylvis – The Fox – Tay Zonday Remake on YouTube
Jump up ^ Ward, Tyler (8 September 2013). "The Fox – Ylvis (Tyler Ward Acoustic Cover) – Official Music Video & Challenge". YouTube. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Instalok (10 September 2013). "What Does Teemo Say? (Ylvis – The Fox PARODY)". YouTube. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Annoying Orange (20 September 2013). "The Sock (The Fox By Ylvis Parody)". YouTube. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Fine Brothers (19 September 2013). "Elders React To Ylvis – The Fox". YouTube. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Fine Brothers (29 September 2013). "Teens React to Ylvis – The Fox". YouTube. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Screen Junkies (24 October 2013). "Morgan Freeman Reads The Fox by Ylvis". YouTube. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Hartsell, Carol (24 October 2013). "Morgan Freeman Reads 'The Fox' Cause We Live In The Best Of All Possible Worlds". Huffington Post. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Shields, Mike (29 October 2013). "Morgan Freeman Reads The Fox by Ylvis". Adweek. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Mensah, Jenny (21 November 2013). "News: Ylvis choose their favourite parody of The Fox". 4Music. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
Jump up ^ YouTube Spotlight (11 December 2013). "YouTube Rewind: What Does 2013 Say?". YouTube. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Fox Broadcasting Company (17 September 2013). "What The FOX Say? - Ylvis Cover". YouTube. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Lee, Allyssa (29 October 2013). "'Dancing With the Stars' recap: Gone too soon". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
Jump up ^ NBC (3 November 2013). "My Girl — SNL Highlight". YouTube. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "WATCH: SNL Spoofs "What Does the Fox Say?" With "What Does My Girl Say?"". Gossip Cop. 2 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Vena, Jocelyn (22 November 2013). "'Glee' Will Finally Figure Out What The Fox Says... With Puppets". MTV. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "'What Does the Fox Say?' FOX COSTUMES EXPLODE... Thanks to Viral Video". TMZ. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Hartsell, Carol (21 October 2013). "Halloween House Sings 'The Fox' By Ylvis Because Treats, Not Tricks". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?) – Single / Ylvis". iTunes. Apple. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Fox (What Does The Fox Say?) – Single / Ylvis". iTunes. Apple. 3 October 2013. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Fox (2track)". Amazon.de (in German). 11 October 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Ylvis – The Fox". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Ylvis – The Fox" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Ylvis – The Fox" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Ylvis – The Fox" (in French). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "Ylvis Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201347 into search.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Ylvis – The Fox". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Ylvis: The Fox" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Ylvis – The Fox" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Ylvis – The Fox". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 44, 2013". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Tutti i successi del 2013". Hit Parade Italia (in Italian). Retrieved 17 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ylvis Chart History (Japan Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Ylvis – The Fox" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Ylvis – The Fox". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Gaon Digital Chart". Gaon Chart (in Korean). Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Ylvis – The Fox". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Ylvis – The Fox". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Ylvis Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Top 100 Singles 2013". ARIA. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Årslista Singlar – År 2013". Sverigetopplistan (in Swedish). Swedish Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "End of Year 2013" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2013 – Hot 100 Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Ylvis – The Fox". Music Canada. 29 October 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart - 9 December 2013". Recorded Music NZ. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Norwegian single certifications – Ylvis – The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Ylvis – The Fox". British Phonographic Industry. Enter The Fox in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Ylvis – The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Certificeringer - Ylvis - The Fox" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?) - Single". iTunes. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?): Ylvis: MP3 Downloads". Amazon.com. 16 September 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Fox — Ylvis". MelOn. LOEN Entertainment. 10 September 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hit music video pulled off iTunes". Newsinenglish.no. 12 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Zahn, James (16 September 2013). "YLVIS – The Fox FINALLY comes to iTunes in the U.S... and goes Metal!". The Rock Father. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "iTunes Store Top 10 Songs". iTunes. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
External links[edit]
Official video on YouTube
British Library Sound and Vision blog – what does the fox say? (red fox vocalizations)
What does the fox say easter egg in Wolfram Alpha
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fox_(What_Does_the_Fox_Say%3F)&oldid=831114955"
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Attrition
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Look up attrition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Attrition may refer to the gradual reduction of the size of a workforce by not replacing personnel lost through retirement or resignation
Attrition warfare, the military strategy of wearing down the enemy by continual losses in personnel and material
Loss of personnel by Withdrawal (military)
Attrition (medicine, epidemiology), the loss of participants during an experiment
Attrition (dental), the loss of tooth structure by mechanical forces from opposing teeth
Attrition (erosion), the wearing away of rocks in the sea
Imperfect contrition, also known as attrition, in Catholic theology
Customer attrition, loss of business clients or customers
Language attrition, the loss of a first or second language or a portion of that language by either a community or an individual
War of Attrition, a limited war fought between Egypt and Israel from 1968 to 1970
Employees leaving a company to join somewhere else
proper names:
War of attrition (game), a model of aggression in game theory, formulated by John Maynard Smith
Attrition (band), an electronic music band
Attrition (website), a security website
See also[edit]
Attrition rate
Deterioration (disambiguation)
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Attrition.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attrition&oldid=840124471"
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This page was last edited on 7 May 2018, at 21:54.
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