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Plantation economy
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A plantation economy is an economy based on agricultural mass production, usually of a few commodity crops grown on large farms called plantations. Plantation economies rely on the export of cash crops as a source of income. Prominent plantation crops included cotton, rubber, sugar cane, tobacco, figs, rice, kapok, sisal, and species in the genus Indigofera, used to produce indigo dye.
The longer a crop's harvest period, the more efficient plantations become. Economies of scale are also achieved when the distance to market is long. Plantation crops usually need processing immediately after harvesting. Sugarcane, tea, sisal, and palm oil are most suited to plantations, while coconuts, rubber, and cotton are suitable to a lesser extent.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 North American plantations
1.1 Slavery
2 Atlantic slave trade
3 Industrial Revolution in Europe
4 Sugar plantations
5 Indigo plantations
6 See also
7 References
North American plantations[edit]
Main article: Plantations in the American South
In the Thirteen Colonies, plantations were concentrated in the South. These colonies included Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. They had good soil and almost year-round growing seasons, ideal for crops such as rice and tobacco. The existence of many waterways in the region made transportation easier. Each colony specialized in one or two crops, with Virginia standing out in tobacco production[2]
Slavery[edit]
See also: Slavery in the United States and Slavery in the colonial United States
Sugar plantation in the British colony of Antigua, 1823
Planters embraced the use of slaves mainly because indentured labor became expensive. Some indentured servants were also leaving to start their own farms as land was widely available. Colonists tried to use Native Americans for labor, but they were susceptible to European diseases and died in large numbers. The plantation owners then turned to enslaved Africans for labor. In 1665, there were fewer than 500 Africans in Virginia but by 1750, 85 percent of the 235,000 slaves lived in the Southern colonies, Virginia included. Africans made up 40 percent of the South’s population.[3]
According to the 1840 United States Census, one out of every four families in Virginia owned slaves. There were over 100 plantation owners who owned over 100 slaves.[4]
Number of slaves in the Lower South: 2,312,352 (47% of total population).
Number of slaves in the Upper South: 1,208,758 (9% of total population).
Number of slaves in the Border States: 432,586 (13% of total population).
Fewer than one-third of Southern families owned slaves at the peak of slavery prior to the Civil War. In Mississippi and South Carolina the figure approached one half. The total number of slave owners was 385,000 (including, in Louisiana, some free African Americans), amounting to approximately 3.8% of the Southern and Border states population.
Tobacco field
On a plantation with more than 100 slaves, the capital value of the slaves was greater than the capital value of the land and farming implements.
Atlantic slave trade[edit]
Main article: Atlantic slave trade
Enslaved Africans were brought from Africa by the English and other European powers, for their Western Hemisphere colonies. They were shipped from ports in West Africa to the New World. The journey from Africa across the Atlantic Ocean was called "the middle passage", and was one of the three legs which comprised the triangular trade among the continents of Europe, the Americas, and Africa.
By some estimates, it is said that some ten million Africans were brought to the Americas. Only about 6% ended up in the North American colonies, while the majority were taken to the Caribbean colonies and South America. A reason many did not make it to the colonies at all was disease and illness. Underneath the slave ship's decks, Africans were held chest-to-chest and could not do much moving. There was waste and urine throughout the hold; this caused the captives to get sick and to die from illnesses that could not be cured.[5]
As the plantation economy expanded, the slave trade grew to meet the growing demand for labor.
Industrial Revolution in Europe[edit]
Main article: Industrial Revolution
Western Europe was the final destination for the plantation produce. At this time, Europe was starting to industrialize, and it needed a lot of materials to manufacture goods. Being the power center of the world at the time, they exploited the New World and Africa to industrialize. Africa supplied slaves for the plantations; the New World produced raw material for industries in Europe. Manufactured goods, of higher value, were then sold both to Africa and the New World. The system was largely run by European merchants[6]
Sugar plantations[edit]
Sugar cane workers in Puerto Rico, 1941
Sugar has a long history as a plantation crop. Cultivation of sugar had to follow a precise scientific system to profit from the production. Sugar plantations everywhere were disproportionate consumers of labor, often enslaved, because of the high mortality of the plantation laborers. In Brazil, plantations were called casas grandes and suffered from similar issues.
The slaves working the sugar plantation were caught in an unceasing rhythm of arduous labor year after year. Sugarcane is harvested about 18 months after planting and the plantations usually divided their land for efficiency. One plot was lying fallow, one plot was growing cane, and the final plot was being harvested. During the December–May rainy season, slaves planted, fertilized with animal dung, and weeded. From January to June, they harvested the cane by chopping the plants off close to the ground, stripping the leaves and then cutting them into shorter strips to be bundled off to be sent to the sugar cane mill.
In the mill, the cane was crushed using a three-roller mill. The juice from the crushing of the cane was then boiled or clarified until it crystallized into sugar. Some plantations also went a step further and distilled the molasses, the liquid left after the sugar is boiled or clarified, to make rum. The sugar was then shipped back to Europe. For the slave laborer, the routine started all over again.
With the 19th-century abolition of slavery, plantations continued to grow sugar cane, but sugar beets, which can be grown in temperate climates, increased their share of the sugar market.
Indigo plantations[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2013)
Indigofera was a major crop cultivated during the 18th century, in Venezuela, Guatemala—and Haiti until the slave rebellion against France that left them embargoed by Europe and India in the 19th and 20th centuries. The indigo crop was grown for making blue indigo dye in the pre-industrial age.
Mahatma Gandhi's investigation of indigo workers' claims of exploitation led to the passage of the Champaran Agrarian Bill in 1917 by the British colonial government.
See also[edit]
Banana republic
History of commercial tobacco in the United States
History of sugar
King Cotton
Sugar plantations in the Caribbean
Tropical agriculture
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jeffery Paige, Agrarian Revolution, 1975.
Jump up ^ The Southern Colonies:Plantations and Slavery, by Kalpesh Khanna Kapurtalawla
Jump up ^ The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery
Jump up ^ "PBS The Slaves' Story". Retrieved 2006-03-24.
Jump up ^ Stephen Behrendt (1999). "Transatlantic Slave Trade". Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
Jump up ^ The Abolition Project, http://abolition.e2bn.org/slavery_42.html, accessed 3-26-2013
[hide]
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Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States
The plantation
Plantations in the American South
Plantation economy
Plantation complexes in the Southeastern United States
Cash crops
Cotton
Indigo
Rice
Sugarcane
Tobacco
Slavery
Slavery in the United States
Slave breeding in the United States
Atlantic slave trade
Internal slave trade
Interregional slave trade
Fugitive slave laws
Other labor
Sharecropping
Convict leasing
Lists of plantations
List of plantations in the United States
List of plantations in Alabama
Category:Plantations in Florida
List of plantations in Georgia
List of plantations in Louisiana
List of plantations in Mississippi
List of plantations in North Carolina
List of plantations in South Carolina
List of plantations in Virginia
List of plantations in West Virginia
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Maya Ballgame
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by 63.152.88.221 (talk) at 20:55, 23 August 2017 (Fixed image formating). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.
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Great Ballcourt at Chichen Itza or Xichen Itza
Maya Ballgame, which is a branch of the Mesoamerican Ballgame, is an athletic event that was played throughout the Maya civilization. The Maya civilization was spread out throughout much of Central America. One of the common links of the Mayan culture of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Belize is the game played with a rubber ball, about which we have learned from several sources.[1] Maya ballgame was played with big stone courts. The ball court itself was a focal point of Maya cities and symbolized the city’s wealth and power. The playing arena was in the shape of an I with high platforms on either side of the court allowing for large numbers of spectators. Portable stone court markers known as hacha usually depicting animals or skulls were placed around the arena.[2] The game was played for 2 weeks.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Archaeological Sites and Finds
2.1 Drawings and Inscriptions within the courts
2.2 Public Structure
3 Religious Aspects
3.1 Sacrifice and Decapitation
4 Game-Play
4.1 Equipment
4.2 Dress
5 Physical Aspects of the Ballgame
6 References
History[edit]
Ballcourt at Uaxactun, in the Petén Basin region of the Maya lowlands
The Maya ball game originated more than 3,000 years ago.[3] The Popol Vuh describes the history of the Quinche and their rulers and mentions the important position of the Maya ballgame. Through this ball game, a conflict of the forces of darkness and light is described and enacted. By tradition, the twin brothers, Hun Hunaphu and Xbalanque, used their time on earth to play ball. Through the noise of the game, the anger of Vucub Came,the master of the underworld, was aroused. A fight ensued,from which resulted the form of the MBG. After the game, one of the brothers was decapitated and his head was used as the game ball. From the decapitated trunk of the player, blood escaped in the form of snakes. This blood was taken as a symbol of fertility. This scene is depicted in reliefs on the walls of MBG courts, such as the most famous example in Chichen Itza in Mexico.[4]
Archaeological Sites and Finds[edit]
In the highlands of Chiapas and of Guatemala alone, 300 MBG courts have been found. Of these, 85% have been dated in the post-classic period.[5] Only two early classic courts have been reported and these are at Palenque and Copan.[6]
Drawings and Inscriptions within the courts[edit]
Murals depicting captives, warriors, Creation myths, and transfers of political power from one ruler to another were painted around the ball court.[7]
Public Structure[edit]
The ballcourt in Cerros is contemporary and date to the Tulix ceramic phase(100BC-100AD).[8] Both are similar in date to the other major public structures. Both courts at Cerros are oriented N-S and orient to the N-S medial axis of a pyramid.[9] They are also oriented with the W axis of another pyramid, and its associated plaza, appears to interesect the medial axis of the site of the site at a point approximately equidistant from either court.[10]
Religious Aspects[edit]
The Maya ballgame was more than just an athletic event. It was also a sacrificial and religious event. The Maya believed that it was necessary to play the game for their own survival. The ballgame provided an opportunity to show devoutness to the gods by sacrificing captured kings and high lords, or the losing opponents of the game.[11]
Sacrifice and Decapitation[edit]
Thirteen Rabbit's ritual sacrifice shows death by decapitation and disembowelment.[12] Looking at sculptural portrayals this was most likely the standard technique used at El Tajin. As trophy heads were popular in Mayan Culture, it follows that they were important in ballgame.[13] Some death heads occurred as figurines; so sacred were the small sculptures that they were preserved and appear as offerings at non-elite burials in Late Classic domestic interments.[14] As stated earlier, decapitation was used as sacrifice at El Tajin. By looking at sculptures at other ballcourts decapitation was also used at Aparicio, Veracruz, and Chichen Itza, Yucatan.[15] Severing of the head is also seen in the Popol Vuh. Some scources say the wining teams captain was decapitated, and at Chichen ìtza you can barely see the that a squash and a couple of snakes representing Kuklkan popped out of the sacrificed captains head. This was an honor and the captain would have to accept a drink or food item.[16]
Game-Play[edit]
Ballcourt goal, Chichén Itzá
The rules seem to have changed over the centuries. Certainly two teams played against each other. The number of players varied between 2 and 6 players per team. Sometimes, an additional person is seen in the illustrations, who is believed to be a referee. The ball was put in motion by action of the right hip, the right elbow and the right knee and was not permitted to touch the ground. It could be passed from person to person in each team by propulsion by one of the above body parts. The aim was to move the ball back to the opposite team, preferably through the ring. The goal of the opposition (what today might be termed ‘the defense’) was to force the offense to lose control and to allow the ball to touch the ground. The stone ring was an innovation of the late-classic and early post-classic periods, as seen in Chichen Itza and in Uxmal. Playing the ball off the border wall could intensify the game. The ricochet of the ball could hardly be anticipated, especially if the walls were uneven.[17]
Equipment[edit]
A rubber ball was always used. Its size and weight varied over the centuries. Most historians assume a weight of 3–4 kg and a size of a skittle ball. The existence of a caoutchouc tree was necessary to produce the ball. These trees were found in the tropical regions in the Maya territories.[18]
Dress[edit]
The usual dress for MBG players is known from iconographic and figural findings. These show leather protection mainly at the hips and the chest, but sometimes also at the knees and the arms, though very seldom at the feet. The clothing was used to protect against the impact of the ball. The protected parts of the body were used to strike the ball. Some players would wear head dresses (like deer heads) for ritual reasons.[19]
Physical Aspects of the Ballgame[edit]
Variations in the MBG occurred over the centuries as they have in modern ball games over years of use. Despite the variations, it would appear that the physical loads of MBG were most similar to those of soccer-tennis.[20] Most likely the players of ballgame manifested a heart rate and blood pressure responses consistent with physical loads of light/moderate intensity, in the range of 4.5–5.5 METs. Thus, the cardiovascular demands of popular sports seem to have remained relatively similar through several millennia.[21]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Blumchen.
Jump up ^ Palmer
Jump up ^ Blumchen.
Jump up ^ Blumchen.
Jump up ^ Blumchen
Jump up ^ Scarborough
Jump up ^ Palmer
Jump up ^ Scarborough
Jump up ^ Scarborough
Jump up ^ Scarborough
Jump up ^ Palmer
Jump up ^ Vilcox
Jump up ^ Vilcox
Jump up ^ Vilcox
Jump up ^ Vilcox
Jump up ^ Vilcox
Jump up ^ Blumchen
Jump up ^ Blumchen
Jump up ^ Blumchen
Jump up ^ Blumchen
Jump up ^ Blumchen
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Prime meridian
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"Prime Meridian" redirects here. For the meridian often called the Prime Meridian, see Prime meridian (Greenwich).
0°
Prime Meridian
A prime meridian is a meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographical coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0°. Together, a prime meridian and its antimeridian (the 180th meridian in a 360°-system) form a great circle. This great circle divides the sphere, e.g., the Earth, into two hemispheres. If one uses directions of East and West from a defined prime meridian, then they can be called Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere.
Gerardus Mercator in his Atlas Cosmographicae (1595) uses a prime meridian somewhere close to 25°W, passing just to the west of Santa Maria Island in the Atlantic. His 180th meridian runs along the Strait of Anián (Bering Strait)
A prime meridian is ultimately arbitrary, unlike an equator, which is determined by the axis of rotation—and various conventions have been used or advocated in different regions and throughout history.[1] The most widely used modern meridian is the IERS Reference Meridian. It is derived but deviates slightly from the Greenwich Meridian, which was selected as an international standard in 1884.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 List of prime meridians on Earth
3 International prime meridian
3.1 Prime meridian at Greenwich
3.2 IERS Reference Meridian
3.2.1 List of places
4 Prime meridian on other planetary bodies
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Citations
8 Works cited
9 External links
History[edit]
See also: History of longitude
Ptolemy's 1st projection, redrawn under Maximus Planudes around 1300, using a prime meridian east of Africa
The notion of longitude was developed by the Greek Eratosthenes (c. 276 BC – c. 195 BC) in Alexandria, and Hipparchus (c. 190 BC – c. 120 BC) in Rhodes, and applied to a large number of cities by the geographer Strabo (64/63 BC – c. 24 AD). But it was Ptolemy (c. AD 90 – c. AD 168) who first used a consistent meridian for a world map in his Geographia.
Ptolemy used as his basis the "Fortunate Isles", a group of islands in the Atlantic which are usually associated with the Canary Islands (13° to 18°W), although his maps correspond more closely to the Cape Verde islands (22° to 25° W). The main point is to be comfortably west of the western tip of Africa (17.5° W) as negative numbers were not yet in use. His prime meridian corresponds to 18° 40' west of Winchester (about 20°W) today.[2] At that time the chief method of determining longitude was by using the reported times of lunar eclipses in different countries.
Diogo Ribeiro's map of 1529, now in the Vatican library
Ptolemy's Geographia was first printed with maps at Bologna in 1477, and many early globes in the 16th century followed his lead. But there was still a hope that a "natural" basis for a prime meridian existed. Christopher Columbus reported (1493) that the compass pointed due north somewhere in mid-Atlantic, and this fact was used in the important Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 which settled the territorial dispute between Spain and Portugal over newly discovered lands. The Tordesillas line was eventually settled at 370 leagues west of Cape Verde. This is shown in Diogo Ribeiro's 1529 map. São Miguel Island (25.5°W) in the Azores was still used for the same reason as late as 1594 by Christopher Saxton, although by then it had been shown that the zero magnetic deviation line did not follow a line of longitude.[3]
1571 Africa map by Abraham Ortelius, with Cabo Verde prime meridian
In 1541, Mercator produced his famous 41 cm terrestrial globe and drew his prime meridian precisely through Fuertaventura (14°1'W) in the Canaries. His later maps used the Azores, following the magnetic hypothesis. But by the time that Ortelius produced the first modern atlas in 1570, other islands such as Cape Verde were coming into use. In his atlas longitudes were counted from 0° to 360°, not 180°W to 180°E as is usual today. This practice was followed by navigators well into the 18th century.[4] In 1634, Cardinal Richelieu used the westernmost island of the Canaries, Ferro, 19° 55' west of Paris, as the choice of meridian. The geographer Delisle decided to round this off to 20°, so that it simply became the meridian of Paris disguised.[5]
In the early 18th century the battle was on to improve the determination of longitude at sea, leading to the development of the marine chronometer by John Harrison. But it was the development of accurate star charts, principally by the first British Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed between 1680 and 1719 and disseminated by his successor Edmund Halley, that enabled navigators to use the lunar method of determining longitude more accurately using the octant developed by Thomas Godfrey and John Hadley.[6] Between 1765 and 1811, Nevil Maskelyne published 49 issues of the Nautical Almanac based on the meridian of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. "Maskelyne's tables not only made the lunar method practicable, they also made the Greenwich meridian the universal reference point. Even the French translations of the Nautical Almanac retained Maskelyne's calculations from Greenwich—in spite of the fact that every other table in the Connaissance des Temps considered the Paris meridian as the prime." [7]
In 1884, at the International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C., 22 countries voted to adopt the Greenwich[8] meridian as the prime meridian of the world. The French argued for a neutral line, mentioning the Azores and the Bering Strait, but eventually abstained and continued to use the Paris meridian until 1911.
List of prime meridians on Earth[edit]
Locality
Modern longitude
Meridian name
Comment
Bering Strait 168°30′ W
Bering Strait offered 1884 as possibility for a "neutral prime meridian" by Pierre Janssen at the International Meridian Conference [9]
Washington, D.C. 77°03′56.07″ W (1897) or 77°04′02.24″ W (NAD 27)[clarification needed] or 77°04′01.16″ W (NAD 83) New Naval Observatory meridian
Washington, D.C. 77°02′48.0″ W, 77°03′02.3″, 77°03′06.119″ W or 77°03′06.276″ W (both presumably NAD 27). If NAD27, the latter would be 77°03′05.194″ W (NAD 83) Old Naval Observatory meridian
Washington, D.C. 77°02′11.56299″ W (NAD 83),[10] 77°02′11.55811″ W (NAD 83),[11] 77°02′11.58325″ W (NAD 83)[12] (three different monuments originally intended to be on the White House meridian) White House meridian
Washington, D.C. 77°00′32.6″ W (NAD 83) Capitol meridian
Philadelphia 75° 10′ 12″ W [13][14]
Rio de Janeiro 43° 10′ 19″ W [15]
Fortunate Isles / Azores 25° 40′ 32″ W Used until the Middle Ages, proposed as one possible neutral meridian by Pierre Janssen at the International Meridian Conference[16]
El Hierro (Ferro),
Canary Islands 18° 03′ W,
later redefined as
17° 39′ 46″ W Ferro meridian [17]
Tenerife 16° 38' 22" W Tenerife meridian Rose to prominence with Dutch cartographers and navigators after they abandoned the idea of a magnetic meridian[18]
Cadiz 6° 17' 40" W San Fernando meridian [19]
Lisbon 9° 07′ 54.862″ W [20]
Madrid 3° 41′ 16.58″ W [20]
Greenwich 0° 00′ 05.3101″ W Greenwich meridian Airy Meridian[21]
Greenwich 0° 00′ 05.33″ W United Kingdom Ordnance Survey Zero Meridian Bradley Meridian[21]
Greenwich 0° 00′ 00.00″ IERS Reference Meridian
Paris 2° 20′ 14.025″ E Paris meridian
Brussels 4° 22′ 4.71″ E [20]
Antwerp 4° 24′ E Antwerp meridian [citation needed]
Amsterdam 4° 53′ E through the Westerkerk in Amsterdam; used to define the legal time in the Netherlands from 1909 to 1937[22]
Bern 7° 26′ 22.5″ E [citation needed]
Pisa 10° 24′ E [13]
Oslo (Kristiania) 10° 43′ 22.5″ E [13][14]
Florence 11°15′ E Florence meridian used in the Peters projection, antipode of a line running through the Bering Strait
Rome 12° 27′ 08.4″ E meridian of Monte Mario Used in Roma 40 Datum [23]
Copenhagen 12° 34′ 32.25″ E Rundetårn[24]
Naples 14° 15′ E [16]
Bratislava 17° 06′ 03″ E Meridianus Posoniensis Used by Sámuel Mikoviny
Stockholm 18° 03′ 29.8″ E at the Stockholm Observatory[20]
Krakow 19° 57′ 21.43″ E Krakow meridian at the Old Krakow Observatory at the Śniadecki' College; mentioned also in Nicolaus Copernicus's work On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
Warsaw 21° 00′ 42″ E Warsaw meridian [20]
Oradea 21° 55′ 16″ E [25] Between 1464 and 1667, a prime meridian was set in the Fortress of Oradea (Varadinum at the time) by Georg von Peuerbach.[26]
Alexandria 29° 53′ E [27]
Saint Petersburg 30° 19′ 42.09″ E Pulkovo meridian
Great Pyramid of Giza 31° 08′ 03.69″ E 1884 [28]
Jerusalem 35° 13′ 47.1″ E [14]
Mecca 39° 49′ 34″ E see also Mecca Time [29]
Ujjain 75° 47′ E Used from 4th century CE Indian astronomy and calendars(see also Time in India).[30]
Kyoto 136° 14′ E Used in 18th and 19th (officially 1779–1871) century Japanese maps. Exact place unknown, but in "Kairekisyo" in Nishigekkoutyou-town in Kyoto, then the capital.[citation needed]
~ 180 Opposite of Greenwich, proposed 13 October 1884 on the International Meridian Conference by Sandford Fleming [16]
International prime meridian[edit]
In October 1884 the Greenwich Meridian was selected by delegates (forty-one delegates representing twenty-five nations) to the International Meridian Conference held in Washington, D.C., United States to be the common zero of longitude and standard of time reckoning throughout the world.[31][note 1] The modern prime meridian, the IERS Reference Meridian, is placed very near this meridian and is the prime meridian that currently has the widest use.
Prime meridian at Greenwich[edit]
Markings of the prime meridian at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich.
Main article: Prime meridian (Greenwich)
The modern prime meridian, based at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, was established by Sir George Airy in 1851.[33]
The position of the Greenwich Meridian has been defined by the location of the Airy Transit Circle ever since the first observation was taken with it by Sir George Airy in 1851.[33] Prior to that, it was defined by a succession of earlier transit instruments, the first of which was acquired by the second Astronomer Royal, Edmond Halley in 1721. It was set up in the extreme north-west corner of the Observatory between Flamsteed House and the Western Summer House. This spot, now subsumed into Flamsteed House, is roughly 43 metres to the west of the Airy Transit Circle, a distance equivalent to roughly 0.15 seconds of time.[21] It was Airy's transit circle that was adopted in principle (with French delegates, who pressed for adoption of the Paris meridian abstaining) as the Prime Meridian of the world at the 1884 International Meridian Conference.[34][35]
All of these Greenwich meridians were located via an astronomic observation from the surface of the Earth, oriented via a plumb line along the direction of gravity at the surface. This astronomic Greenwich meridian was disseminated around the world, first via the lunar distance method, then by chronometers carried on ships, then via telegraph lines carried by submarine communications cables, then via radio time signals. One remote longitude ultimately based on the Greenwich meridian using these methods was that of the North American Datum 1927 or NAD27, an ellipsoid whose surface best matches mean sea level under the United States.
IERS Reference Meridian[edit]
Main article: IERS Reference Meridian
Satellites changed the reference from the surface of the Earth to its centre of mass around which all satellites orbit regardless of surface irregularities. The requirement that satellite-based geodetic reference systems be centred on the centre of mass of the earth caused the modern prime meridian to be 5.3" east of the astronomic Greenwich prime meridian through the Airy Transit Circle. At the latitude of Greenwich, this amounts to 102 metres.[36] This was officially accepted by the Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH) in 1984 via its BTS84 (BIH Terrestrial System) that later became WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984) and the various ITRFs (International Terrestrial Reference Systems).
Due to the movement of Earth's tectonic plates, the line of 0° longitude along the surface of the Earth has slowly moved toward the west from this shifted position by a few centimetres; that is, towards the Airy Transit Circle (or the Airy Transit Circle has moved toward the east, depending on your point of view) since 1984 (or the 1960s). With the introduction of satellite technology, it became possible to create a more accurate and detailed global map. With these advances there also arose the necessity to define a reference meridian that, whilst being derived from the Airy Transit Circle, would also take into account the effects of plate movement and variations in the way that the Earth was spinning.[37] As a result, the International Reference Meridian was established and is commonly used to denote Earth's prime meridian (0° longitude) by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, which defines and maintains the link between longitude and time. Based on observations to satellites and celestial compact radio sources (quasars) from various coordinated stations around the globe, Airy's transit circle drifts northeast about 2.5 centimetres per year relative to this Earth-centred 0° longitude. Circa 1999 the international reference meridian (IRM) passed 5.31 arcseconds east of Airy's meridian or 102.5 metres (336.3 feet) at the latitude of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, London.[38][39][40][41] It is also the reference meridian of the Global Positioning System operated by the United States Department of Defense, and of WGS84 and its two formal versions, the ideal International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) and its realization, the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF).[38][39][40] A current convention on the Earth uses the opposite of the IRM as the basis for the International Date Line.
List of places[edit]
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On Earth, starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the IERS Reference Meridian (as of 2016) passes through:
Co-ordinates
(approximate)
Country, territory or sea
Notes
90°0′N 0°0′E / 90.000°N 0.000°E / 90.000; 0.000 (North Pole)
Arctic Ocean
81°39′N 0°0′E / 81.650°N 0.000°E / 81.650; 0.000 (Greenland Sea)
Greenland Sea
72°53′N 0°0′E / 72.883°N 0.000°E / 72.883; 0.000 (Norwegian Sea)
Norwegian Sea
61°0′N 0°0′E / 61.000°N 0.000°E / 61.000; 0.000 (North Sea)
North Sea
53°45′N 0°0′E / 53.750°N 0.000°E / 53.750; 0.000 (United Kingdom)
United Kingdom
From Tunstall in East Riding to Peacehaven, passing through Greenwich
50°47′N 0°0′E / 50.783°N 0.000°E / 50.783; 0.000 (English Channel)
English Channel
49°19′N 0°0′E / 49.317°N 0.000°E / 49.317; 0.000 (France)
France
From Villers-sur-Mer to Gavarnie
42°41′N 0°0′E / 42.683°N 0.000°E / 42.683; 0.000 (Spain)
Spain
From Cilindro de Marboré to Castellón de la Plana
39°56′N 0°0′E / 39.933°N 0.000°E / 39.933; 0.000 (Mediterranean Sea)
Mediterranean Sea
Gulf of Valencia
38°52′N 0°0′E / 38.867°N 0.000°E / 38.867; 0.000 (Spain)
Spain
From El Verger to Calpe
38°38′N 0°0′E / 38.633°N 0.000°E / 38.633; 0.000 (Mediterranean Sea)
Mediterranean Sea
35°50′N 0°0′E / 35.833°N 0.000°E / 35.833; 0.000 (Algeria)
Algeria
From Stidia to Algeria-Mali border near Bordj Mokhtar
21°50′N 0°0′E / 21.833°N 0.000°E / 21.833; 0.000 (Mali)
Mali
14°59′N 0°0′E / 14.983°N 0.000°E / 14.983; 0.000 (Burkina Faso)
Burkina Faso
11°6′N 0°0′E / 11.100°N 0.000°E / 11.100; 0.000 (Togo)
Togo
For about 600 m
11°6′N 0°0′E / 11.100°N 0.000°E / 11.100; 0.000 (Ghana)
Ghana
For about 16 km
10°57′N 0°0′E / 10.950°N 0.000°E / 10.950; 0.000 (Togo)
Togo
For about 39 km
10°36′N 0°0′E / 10.600°N 0.000°E / 10.600; 0.000 (Ghana)
Ghana
From the Togo-Ghana border near Bunkpurugu to Tema
Passing through Lake Volta at 7°48′N 0°0′E / 7.800°N 0.000°E / 7.800; 0.000 (Lake Volta)
5°37′N 0°0′E / 5.617°N 0.000°E / 5.617; 0.000 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Passing through the Equator at 0°0′N 0°0′E / 0.000°N 0.000°E / 0.000; 0.000 (Equator) ("Null Island")
60°0′S 0°0′E / 60.000°S 0.000°E / -60.000; 0.000 (Southern Ocean)
Southern Ocean
68°54′S 0°0′E / 68.900°S 0.000°E / -68.900; 0.000 (Antarctica)
Antarctica
Queen Maud Land, claimed by Norway
Prime meridian on other planetary bodies[edit]
See also: Longitude (planets)
"Prime meridian (planets)" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Central meridian (planets).
As on the Earth, prime meridians must be arbitrarily defined. Often a landmark such as a crater is used; other times a prime meridian is defined by reference to another celestial object, or by magnetic fields. The prime meridians of the following planetographic systems have been defined:
Two different heliographic coordinate systems are used on the Sun. The first is the Carrington heliographic coordinate system. In this system, the prime meridian passes through the center of the solar disk as seen from the Earth on 9 November 1853, which is when Richard Christopher Carrington started his observations of sunspots.[42] The second is the Stonyhurst heliographic coordinates system.
The prime meridian of Mercury is defined to be 20° east of the crater Hun Kal.[43]
The prime meridian of Venus passes through the central peak in the crater Ariadne.[44]
The prime meridian of the Moon lies directly in the middle of the face of the moon visible from Earth and passes near the crater Bruce.
The prime meridian of Mars is defined by the crater Airy-0.
Jupiter has several coordinate systems because its cloud tops—the only part of the planet visible from space—rotate at different rates depending on latitude.[45] It is unknown whether Jupiter has any internal solid surface that would enable a more Earth-like coordinate system. System I and System II coordinates are based on atmospheric rotation, and System III coordinates use Jupiter's magnetic field.
Titan, like the Earth's moon, always has the same face towards Saturn, and so the middle of that face is 0 longitude.
Pluto's prime meridian is defined as the center of the face that is always pointed towards Charon, its largest moon, as the two are tidally locked towards each other.
See also[edit]
Geography portal
1st meridian east
1st meridian west
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Voting took place on 13 October and the resolutions were adopted on 22 October 1884.[32]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Prime Meridian, geog.port.ac.uk
Jump up ^ Norgate & Norgate 2006
Jump up ^ Hooker 2006
Jump up ^ e.g. Jacob Roggeveen in 1722 reported the longitude of Easter Island as 268° 45' (starting from Fuertaventura) in the Extract from the Official log of Jacob Roggeveen reproduced in Bolton Glanville Corney, ed. (1908), The voyage of Don Felipe Gonzalez to Easter Island in 1770-1, Hakluyt Society, p. 3, retrieved 13 January 2013
Jump up ^ Speech by Pierre Janssen, director of the Paris observatory, at the first session of the Meridian Conference.
Jump up ^ Sobel & Andrewes 1998, pp. 110–115
Jump up ^ Sobel & Andrewes 1998, pp. 197–199
Jump up ^ "The Prime Meridian at Greenwich". Royal Museums Greenwich. n.d. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
Jump up ^ International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. October, 1884. Project Gutenberg
Jump up ^ NGS 2016, PID: HV1847.
Jump up ^ NGS 2016, PID: HV1846.
Jump up ^ NGS 2016, PID: AH7372.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hooker (2006), introduction.
^ Jump up to: a b c Oct. 13, 1884: Greenwich Resolves Subprime Meridian Crisis, WIRED, 13 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Atlas do Brazil, 1909, by Barão Homem de Mello e Francisco Homem de Mello, published in Rio de Janeiro by F. Briguiet & Cia.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Project Gutenberg eBook of International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day". Gutenberg.org. 12 February 2006. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Ancient, used in Ptolemy's Geographia. Later redefined 17° 39′ 46″ W of Greenwich to be exactly 20° W of Paris. French "submarin" at Washington 1884.
Jump up ^ A.R.T. Jonkers; Parallel meridians: Diffusion and change in early modern oceanic reckoning, in Noord-Zuid in Oostindisch perspectief, The Hague, 2005, p. 7. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
Jump up ^ , [1], in El País, 2016, retrieved 23 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bartky, Ian R. (2007), One Time Fits All: The Campaigns for Global Uniformity, p. 98, retrieved through GoogleBooks, 6 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dolan 2013a.
Jump up ^ (in Dutch)Eenheid van tijd in Nederland (Unity of time in the Netherlands), Utrecht University website, retrieved 28 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Grids & Datums – Italian Republic, asprs.org, Retrieved 10 December 2013.
Jump up ^ meridian, article from Den Store Danske Encyklopædi
Jump up ^ Oradea, Tourism office website, retrieved 3 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Romanian astronaut makrsk 10th anniversary of Prime Meridian Astronomy Club". NineO'Clock.ro. 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
Jump up ^ The meridian of Ptolemy's Almagest.
Jump up ^ Wilcomb E. Washburn, "The Canary Islands and the Question of the Prime Meridian: The Search for Precision in the Measurement of the Earth"
Jump up ^ Maimonides, Hilchot Kiddush Hachodesh 11:17, calls this point אמצע היישוב, "the middle of the habitation", i.e. the habitable hemisphere. Evidently this was a convention accepted by Arab geographers of his day.
Jump up ^ Burgess 1860
Jump up ^ "International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. October, 1884. Protocols of the proceedings". Project Gutenberg. 1884. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Howse 1997, pp. 12, 137
^ Jump up to: a b Greenwich Observatory ... the story of Britain's oldest scientific institution, the Royal Observatory at Greenwich and Herstmonceux, 1675–1975 p.10. Taylor & Francis, 1975
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Dennis; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (2009). TIME from Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 244–5.
Jump up ^ ROG Learning Team (23 August 2002). "The Prime Meridian at Greenwich". Royal Museums Greenwich. Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Malys, Stephen; Seago, John H.; Palvis, Nikolaos K.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Kaplan, George H. (1 August 2015). "Why the Greenwich meridian moved". Journal of Geodesy. 89 (12): 1263. Bibcode:2015JGeod..89.1263M. doi:10.1007/s00190-015-0844-y.
Jump up ^ Dolan 2013b.
^ Jump up to: a b History of the Prime Meridian -Past and Present
^ Jump up to: a b IRM on grounds of Royal Observatory from Google Earth Accessed 30 March 2012
^ Jump up to: a b The astronomic latitude of the Royal Observatory is 51°28'38"N whereas its latitude on the European Terrestrial Reference Frame (1989) datum is 51°28'40.1247"N.
Jump up ^ Guinot, B., 2011. Solar time, legal time, time in use. Metrologica 48, S181–S185.
Jump up ^ "Carrington heliographic coordinates".
Jump up ^ Archinal, B. A.; A’Hearn, M. F.; Bowell, E.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Courtin, R.; Fukushima, T.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L.; Krasinsky, G. A.; Neumann, G.; Oberst, J.; Seidelmann, P. K.; Stooke, P.; Tholen, D. J.; Thomas, P. C.; Williams, I. P. (23 October 2010). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2009" (PDF). Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 109 (2): 15. Bibcode:2011CeMDA.109..101A. doi:10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4.
Jump up ^ "USGS Astrogeology: Rotation and pole position for the Sun and planets (IAU WGCCRE)". Retrieved 22 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "Planetographic Coordinates". Retrieved 24 May 2017.
Works cited[edit]
Burgess, Ebenezer (1860), "Translation of the Surya-Siddhanta", Journal of the American Oriental Society (e book), 6, Google (published c. 2013), p. 185
Dolan, Graham (2013a). "The Greenwich Meridian before the Airy Transit Circle". The Greenwich Meridian.
Dolan, Graham (2013b). "WGS84 and the Greenwich Meridian". The Greenwich Meridian.
Hooker, Brian (2006), A multitude of prime meridians, retrieved 13 January 2013
Howse, Derek (1997), Greenwich Time and the Longitude, Phillip Wilson, ISBN 0-85667-468-0, ASIN 0948065265
Norgate, Jean; Norgate, Martin (2006), Prime meridian, retrieved 13 January 2013
NGS datasheet station name form, National Geodetic Survey, 2016, retrieved 11 December 2016
Sobel, Dava; Andrewes, William J. H. (1998), The Illustrated Longitude, Fourth Estate, London
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime meridian.
"Where the Earth's surface begins—and ends", Popular Mechanics, December 1930
scanned TIFFs of the conference proceedings
Prime meridians in use in the 1880s, by country
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Friends in Low Places
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the 1965 British novel, see Friends in Low Places (novel).
"Friends in Low Places"
Single by Garth Brooks
from the album No Fences
B-side
"Nobody Gets Off in This Town"
Released
August 6, 1990
Format
CD
7" vinyl single
Recorded
1989
Genre
Country[1]
Length
4:18 (album version)
3:45 (single edit)
Label
Capitol Nashville 44647
Songwriter(s)
Dewayne Blackwell
Earl Bud Lee
Producer(s)
Allen Reynolds
Garth Brooks singles chronology
"The Dance"
(1990) "Friends in Low Places"
(1990) "Unanswered Prayers"
(1990)
"The Dance"
(1990) "Friends in Low Places"
(1990) "Unanswered Prayers"
(1990)
Audio sample
file
help
"Friends in Low Places" is a song performed by American country artist Garth Brooks. It was released on August 6, 1990 as the lead single from his album No Fences. The song spent four weeks at number one on the Hot Country Songs, and won both the Academy of Country Music and Country Music Association awards for 1990 Single of the Year.
"Friends in Low Places" was written in 1989 by songwriters Dewayne Blackwell and Earl Bud Lee. The two songwriters had given the song to Brooks to record as a demo soon before the release of his self-titled first album, when he was a relatively unknown singer. Enamored with the song, Brooks recorded the official version the next year.
Contents
1 Writing
2 Song structure
3 Brooks's demo
4 Shopping the song to other artists
5 Recording
6 Reception
7 The "third verse"
8 25th anniversary version
9 Track listing
10 Chart positions
10.1 Year-end charts
11 References
12 External links
Writing[edit]
According to Earl Bud Lee, one of the song's co-writers, the idea of the song was born when he and some songwriting friends gathered for lunch one day at Tavern on the Row, a popular Nashville eatery.[2] When the check came, Lee realized he had forgotten his money. He was asked how he was going to pay for the meal, and he replied, "Don't worry. I have friends in low places. I know the cook."[2] Lee and his songwriting partner, Dewayne Blackwell, immediately recognized that the line "friends in low places" had potential, but they didn't act upon it immediately.[2]
Some months later, Lee and Blackwell were at a party, celebrating a recent No. 1 hit by another songwriter. They began to talk about the dormant "friends in low places" idea, and "at that very moment, it all started to come together in a song," Lee said.[3] Because nothing else was available, they wrote the song on paper napkins.[3] When the songwriters polished "Friends in Low Places", they contacted Garth Brooks to see if he would record a demo for them.[3]
Guitarist James Garver would add the name of the bar in the song, "The Oasis", after an establishment in his hometown of Concordia, Kansas.[4]
Song structure[edit]
"Friends in Low Places" is in a moderate tempo and the key of A major. The song begins with arpeggios on the chords A, B♭dim7, Bm7, and Eadd9, a pattern which is repeated throughout the verses. The intro was not originally part of the song, but was improvised by session guitarist Mark Casstevens. The author of the intro has been debated since the arpeggio pattern is seen in many of Blackwell's other songs.[5] The chorus uses A-Bm-E twice before ending on an A chord.[6] An electric guitar solo with pedal steel guitar flourishes is played between the first chorus and second verse.
"Friends in Low Places" requires an unusually wide vocal range spanning over two octaves to be sung properly. The song spans from a low note of E2 to a high of F♯4.
Brooks's demo[edit]
Lee and Blackwell had met Brooks when he was a shoe salesman in a Nashville store, looking for his big break. The two struck up a conversation with the struggling musician, and upon learning his background, they gave him some work making demos of their songs. They were impressed with his voice and talent, but there wasn't much else they could do for him.[3]
When Blackwell contacted Brooks to make the "Friends in Low Places" demo, Brooks explained to Blackwell that he was newly signed to Capitol Records, and that his first single and first album were already scheduled.
The demo of "Friends in Low Places" was recorded at Windwalker Studios, in Goodlettsville, Tennessee. Musicians on the demo were John Beland (of The Flying Burrito Brothers) on acoustic and electric guitars, along with session aces Steve Turner on drums, and bassist Larry Paxton. Frank Green was the recording engineer. The actual master recording of "Friends in Low Places" borrowed quite a lot from the original demo, copying Beland's now famous acoustic guitar intro.
After recording the demo (the last he would ever make),[7] Brooks thanked Lee and Blackwell for all of their help. He then expressed his liking for the song, wishing aloud that he had heard it several weeks earlier, when he was recording his new album.[3]
Shopping the song to other artists[edit]
Brooks provided the following background information on the song in the CD booklet liner notes from The Hits:
""Friends in Low Places" was the last demo session I ever did as a singer. The demo was for Bud Lee and Dewayne Blackwell. I sang the session out in Hendersonville, and for the next two weeks the chorus to this song kept running through my head. I knew it would be a year and a half before the release of No Fences because Garth Brooks was just getting ready to be released. I asked Bud Lee and Dewayne if I could hold on to it and, without a blink of an eye, they both said yes. Putting that kind of faith into an unknown artist is unheard of. Thanks Dewayne and Bud for believing in me." [8]
While Brooks claimed in the liner notes that "Friends in Low Places" was held for him, Mark Chesnutt also recorded it.[3] His version appears on his 1990 debut album Too Cold at Home (released only a month after No Fences), and was the B-side to his late-1991 single "Broken Promise Land".[9]
Recording[edit]
After the success of Brooks's eponymous debut album, he contacted the writers of "Friends in Low Places" to ask if the song was still available, and they said it was.[3] In keeping with the raucous theme, a large contingent of backing vocalists accompanied Brooks as the chorus was repeated until a fadeout. Among the members of the group were Brooks's then-wife, Sandy, and both songwriters, Blackwell and Lee.[7] At one point near the end of the song, one of the musicians opens a beer can, which is picked up by a microphone. When the album was being mastered, the sound of the beer can was originally mistaken for an audio glitch. Later on, one of the crowd members shouts "Push, Marie!" in reference to Garver, who was in the hospital while his wife was giving birth.[5]
Recognizing the song's potential, producer Allen Reynolds, in consultation with Capitol Nashville president Jimmy Bowen, decided that Brooks's rendition was going to be the first single from his new album, No Fences.[10] In July 1990, Brooks's mother, Colleen Carroll, inadvertently leaked the unreleased song to an Oklahoma radio station, setting off a frenzy and forcing the single and album to be rush-released.[11]
Reception[edit]
"Friends in Low Places" first entered the Hot Country Songs on August 18, 1990. It took only eight weeks to reach No. 1, where it remained there for four weeks until it was knocked off by "You Lie" performed by Reba McEntire. It was also one of the biggest hits of the year.[12]
By then, the song was already causing a stir. Brooks told a reporter from USA Today in October 1990, when the song was still at its chart peak, that he had received letters from high school students saying that they wanted to use "Friends in Low Places" as their "class song," only to have it opposed by their principals because the song is about escaping into drinking. Brooks agreed with the principals, saying, "We've had a lot of fun with that song, but it's nothing to base your values on."[13]
In April 1991, Brooks's recording won the 1990 Academy of Country Music award for Single of the Year, and on October 2, 1991, it won the same honor from the Country Music Association.
It made the top 40 on the UK Singles Chart in 1995 as a double-sided reissue hit with "The Dance". The song also appeared on Brooks's 1994 compilation The Hits. In 2003, the song was listed No. 6 on CMT 100 Greatest Songs of Country Music broadcast.[14] and the No. 1 spot on the network's 40 Greatest Drinking Songs: Morning After.[15]
Starting in 2008, "Friends in Low Places" became the traditional sing-along song during the sixth inning at Kansas City Royals home games at Kauffman Stadium. Garth Brooks has recorded dozens of different introductions to be played on the Jumbotron display before the start of the song.
In a 2009 essay on Brooks, Chuck Klosterman reflected on the song's success. Brooks, he argued, had filled a void in popular culture left by Bruce Springsteen during the 1990s:
...[H]e made songs that satisfied all the same needs as Bruce's did, except with a little less sincerity and a little better understanding of who his audience was. "Friends in Low Places" was as effective as pop music ever gets: It's a depressing song that makes you feel better. Singing along with that song was like drunkenly laughing at a rich person and knowing that you were right ... It's a song that makes me want to get drunk out of spite. Garth told stories about blue-collar people who felt good about what their bad life symbolized ...[16]
The "third verse"[edit]
The original version of "Friends in Low Places" has two verses. In 1991, Brooks added a "third verse" to the song in live performances. His spiel leading to the new verse claimed that he thought the song's original verse didn't reflect how he would really act in that situation. It is basically a rewrite of the second verse, with only the last few lines changed, culminating in "Just wait 'til I finish this glass / Then sweet little lady, I'll head back to the bar / And you can kiss my ass".[17]
25th anniversary version[edit]
In September 2015, it was announced a new version of "Friends in Low Places" would be released on Brooks's 25th anniversary No Fences album. The song would feature George Strait, Jason Aldean, Florida Georgia Line, and Keith Urban singing along with Brooks. The 25th anniversary edition of the album was scrapped over royalty disputes,[18] but the song appeared on Brooks' 2016 The Ultimate Collection[19] box set.
Track listing[edit]
US promotional 7" single Capitol Nashville, 1990
"Friends in Low Places" (Edit) 3:45 7PRO-79216
"Friends in Low Places" (LP Version) 4:18 7PRO-79239
US promotional CD single Capitol Nashville DPRO-79217, 1990
"Friends in Low Places" (Edit) 3:45
"Friends in Low Places" (LP Version) 4:18
US 7" single Capitol Nashville NR-44647, 1990
"Friends in Low Places" (Edited) 3:45
"Nobody Gets Off in This Town" 2:17
US 7" single (live) Liberty S7-57883, 1992
"Friends in Low Places" (Live Version) 7:00
"Thunder Rolls" (Live Version) 4:45
US promotional CD single (live) Liberty DPRO-79365, 1992
"Friends in Low Places" (Live Version) 7:00
"Thunder Rolls" (Live Version) 4:45
UK 7" single Capitol CL 609, 1991
"Friends in Low Places"
"Not Counting You"
UK CD single Capitol CDCL 609, 1991
"Friends in Low Places"
"Not Counting You"
"Much Too Young (To Feel This Damn Old)"
The Netherlands CD single Capitol, 1995
"Friends in Low Places"
"The Dance"
"The River" (Live acoustic version)
Chart positions[edit]
"Friends in Low Places" entered the charts on August 18, 1990. It reached number one on October 6 and remained there for four consecutive weeks until it was knocked off by "You Lie" by Reba McEntire.[20]
Chart (1990)
Peak
position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[21] 1
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)[22] 89
Irish Singles Chart[23] 3
Scottish Singles Chart[24] 31
UK Singles Chart[25] 36
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[26] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1990)
Position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[27] 4
US Country Songs (Billboard)[28] 28
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (1990-08-27). "No Fences - Garth Brooks". Allmusic. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c Collins, Ace (1996). The Stories Behind Country Music's All-Time Greatest 100 Songs. New York: Boulevard. p. 276. ISBN 1-57297-072-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Collins, Ace. The Stories Behind Country Music's All-Time Greatest 100 Songs. p. 277.
Jump up ^ "On the Road with Green River Ordinance" (PDF). Washburn University Center for Kansas Studies. Fall 2010. p. 6. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Bale Cox, Patsi. The Garth Factor: The Career Behind Country's Big Boom. Hachette Digital, Inc.
Jump up ^ ""Friends in Low Places" sheet music". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
^ Jump up to: a b The Hits (CD booklet). Garth Brooks. Nashville: Liberty. 1994. CDP 7243 8 29289 2 4.
Jump up ^ Garth Brooks - The Hits: transcription from the CD booklet (bar code 7-2438-29689-2-4)
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 92. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
Jump up ^ Collins, Ace. The Stories Behind Country Music's All-Time Greatest 100 Songs. p. 278.
Jump up ^ Harbrect, Gene (1990-12-07). "Charting the peaks of country music / Garth Brooks heads for high places". The Orange County Register. p. P-6. Accessed via ProQuest 2007-06-06.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2005). Top Country Songs 1944-2005. Menomonee Falls, Wis.: Record Research. p. 56. ISBN 0-89820-165-9.
Jump up ^ Zimmerman, David (1990-10-16). "Riding high with Garth Brooks / Country singer vaults 'Fences' to stardom". USA Today. p. D1. Accessed via ProQuest, 2007-06-06.
Jump up ^ "CMT's 100 Greatest Songs of Country Music". Retrieved 2007-06-06.
Jump up ^ "CMT's 40 Greatest Drinkin' Songs: Morning After". Retrieved 2007-06-06.
Jump up ^ Klosterman, Chuck (2009). Eating the Dinosaur. New York, NY: Scribner. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-4165-4421-0.
Jump up ^ Randall, Lee (1992). The Garth Brooks Scrapbook. Carol Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8065-1300-3.
Jump up ^ Newman, Melinda. "Garth Brooks's All-Star 'Friends in Low Places' & Album Reissue on Hold Over Royalty Dispute: Exclusive". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2015-09-06.
Jump up ^ "Garth Brooks to Cover Randy Travis, Skynyrd on New Box Set - Rolling Stone". rollingstone.com. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
Jump up ^ Planet Garth - The Unofficial Internet Site of Garth Brooks. "Garth Brooks / Garth Brooks | Garth info at PlanetGarth.com". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 1999-02-23. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 1305." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. October 13, 1990. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
Jump up ^ Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward - Fireball Media Ltd. - http://www.fireballmedia.ie. "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". irishcharts.ie. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company". officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Official Charts Company". officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
Jump up ^ "Garth Brooks Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1990". RPM. December 22, 1990. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
Jump up ^ "Best of 1990: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 1990. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
External links[edit]
"Friends in Low Places" Lyrics (with third verse)
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
hide
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Garth Brooks singles
Garth Brooks
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"Not Counting You"
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No Fences
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"Two of a Kind, Workin' on a Full House"
"The Thunder Rolls"
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Ropin' the Wind
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"Shameless"
"What She's Doing Now"
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"The River"
The Chase
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"Learning to Live Again"
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In Pieces
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"Standing Outside the Fire"
"One Night a Day"
"Callin' Baton Rouge"
"The Red Strokes"
Fresh Horses
"She's Every Woman"
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"The Beaches of Cheyenne"
"The Change"
"It's Midnight Cinderella"
"That Ol' Wind"
Sevens
"Longneck Bottle"
"She's Gonna Make It"
"Two Piña Coladas"
"You Move Me"
"Do What You Gotta Do" (released in 2000)
The Limited Series
"To Make You Feel My Love"
Double Live
"It's Your Song"
Greatest Hits (as Chris Gaines)
"Lost in You"
Scarecrow
"When You Come Back to Me Again" (released in 2000)
"Wrapped Up in You"
"Squeeze Me In" (with Trisha Yearwood)
"Thicker Than Blood"
"Why Ain't I Running"
The Lost Sessions
"Good Ride Cowboy"
The Ultimate Hits
"More Than a Memory"
"Workin' for a Livin'" (with Huey Lewis)
Man Against Machine
"People Loving People"
"Mom"
Gunslinger
"Baby, Let's Lay Down and Dance"
"Ask Me How I Know"
TBA
"All Day Long"
Guest singles
"Whatcha Gonna Do with a Cowboy (with Chris LeDoux; uncredited)
"In Another's Eyes" (with Trisha Yearwood)
"Burnin the Roadhouse Down" (with Steve Wariner)
"Where Your Road Leads" (with Trisha Yearwood)
"Katie Wants a Fast One" (with Steve Wariner)
Other songs
"Hard Luck Woman"
"Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy"
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