text:
Heidi Swedberg
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Heidi Swedberg
Born
(1966-03-03) March 3, 1966 (age 51)
Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
Occupation
Actress, musician
Years active
1989–present
Spouse(s)
Philip Holahan (1994–present) (2 children)[1]
Heidi Swedberg (born March 3, 1966) is an American actress and musician, best known for her role as Susan Ross, the fiancée of George Costanza, on the television sitcom Seinfeld.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Acting
2.2 Music
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Swedberg was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, the daughter of Kay, a high school English teacher, and Jim Swedberg, a laser physicist.[2] She was raised in New Mexico and attended Sandia High School in Albuquerque from 1980 to 1984.[citation needed] Since 1994, Swedberg has been married to Philip Holahan, and they have two children together.
Career[edit]
Acting[edit]
Following graduation she moved to Kentucky, where she spent a year at the Actors Theatre of Louisville, following which she acted in her first film role, Norman Jewison's 1989 In Country. She followed that with roles in the 1990 movies Welcome Home, Roxy Carmichael and Kindergarten Cop and the 1991 movies Too Much Sun and the Jim Abrahams comedy spoof Hot Shots!
During this time, she also had guest roles in a number of television series, including Matlock, Thirtysomething, Quantum Leap, Brooklyn Bridge, Northern Exposure, Sisters, Roc and Touched by an Angel. The following year she took on the role of Susan Ross in 11 episodes of Seinfeld's fourth season, 17 episodes of the seventh season and one episode of the ninth (via flashback in the 'backward' episode). She made a guest appearance in Wizards of Waverly Place as Jennifer Majorheely.
Swedberg was not in Seinfeld's fifth season in 1994 but acted regularly in parts on other television shows, including Empty Nest, Murder, She Wrote, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, and Grace Under Fire.
Music[edit]
While living in Hawaii, Swedberg grew up playing the ukulele.[3] In 1992, when playing the role of a singer/songwriter for a television pilot, she began playing the instrument again. She now sings and plays the ukulele in her band, Heidi Swedberg and The Sukey Jump Band. The band released an album entitled PLAY!, in 2009 and "My Cup of Tea" in 2013. She has another band called the Smoking Jackets which plays ukulele festivals and night clubs. The members, Daniel Ward, Craig McClelland and John Bartlit, are multi-instrumentalists who also teach at ukulele festivals.[citation needed]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1989 In Country Dawn
1990 Too Much Sun Sister Agnes
1990 Welcome Home, Roxy Carmichael Andrea Stein
1991 Hot Shots! Mary Thompson
1996 Up Close & Personal Sheila
1997 Parking Lot Story, AA Parking Lot Story Car Owner Short film
1998 Dennis the Menace Strikes Again! Alice Mitchell Video
1999 Galaxy Quest Brandon's mother
2000 75 Degrees in July Kay Colburn
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1989 Matlock Sister Katherine "The Priest"
1990 Thirtysomething Miss Jackie "The Guilty Party"
1991 Quantum Leap Valleri "Private Dancer"
1991 Northern Exposure Linda "Only You"
1991 Brooklyn Bridge Miss McCullough "When Irish Eyes Are Smiling"
1992 Brooklyn Bridge Miss McCullough "The Gift"
1992 Sisters Jill Parkins "Troubled Waters", "Working Girls"
1992 Roc Helen "Roc Throws Joey Out", "Joey Messes Up"
1992–1996 Seinfeld Susan Ross Recurring role
1993 Roc Helen "You Don't Send Me No Flowers"
1994 Empty Nest Patty Olsen "Love a la Mode"
1994 Murder, She Wrote Lorna Thompson "Proof in the Pudding"
1994 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Rekelen "Profit and Loss"
1994 Father and Scout Donna Paley TV film
1994 Grace Under Fire Ramona "Jimmy's Girl", "Cold Turkey"
1995 If Not for You Melanie McKee "Pilot"
1996 Touched by an Angel Marty Dillard "Secret Service"
1997 Ticket, TheThe Ticket Rita TV film
1997 Breast Men Eileen TV film
1999 Evolution's Child Elaine Cordell TV film
2001 Roswell Meredith Dupree "Disturbing Behavior", "How the Other Half Lives"
2001 Gideon's Crossing Mrs. Cabochon "Flashpoint"
2001 Strong Medicine Celia Farber "Rebirth"
2002 ER Robin Turner "Lockdown", "Chaos Theory"
2002 Gilmore Girls Debbie Fincher "One's Got Class and the Other Ones Dyes"
2003 Oliver Beene Cynthia Vogel "A Day at the Beach"
2003 Becker Mrs. Whitford "Mr. and Ms. Conception"
2006 Without a Trace Laura Worth "911"
2008 Bones Alice Elliot "The Finger in the Nest"
2009 Wizards of Waverly Place Miss Majorhealey "Art Teacher"
2010 Hawthorne Olivia Maxwell "Hidden Truths"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jewel, Dan. "George's Girl". People.com. Retrieved 2016-08-28.
Jump up ^ "Heidi Swedberg Biography (1966–)". Film Reference. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Heidi Swedberg – Sukey Jump Music". sukeyjumpmusic.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2010. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
External links[edit]
Official Website
Heidi Swedberg on IMDb
Heidi Swedberg at AllMovie
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 308181001
LCCN: no2014003519
MusicBrainz: d54e38b7-e59c-4151-8db2-69c141444c04

This article about an American television actor or actress born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heidi_Swedberg&oldid=801602093"
Categories:
1966 births
Living people
Actresses from Honolulu
Actresses from Albuquerque, New Mexico
American film actresses
American television actresses
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American television actor, 1960s birth stubs
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from November 2015
Articles with hCards
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
فارسی
Français
Nederlands
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 September 2017, at 17:52.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

values:
/wiki/Honolulu,_Hawaii
mw-redirect
Honolulu, Hawaii

value: td

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Thirtysomething_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
Thirtysomething (TV series)

values:
/wiki/Quantum_Leap_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
Quantum Leap (TV series)

values:
/wiki/Empty_Nest_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
Empty Nest (TV series)

values:
/wiki/Grace_Under_Fire_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
Grace Under Fire (TV series)

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Up_Close_%26_Personal
mw-redirect
Up Close & Personal

values: Profit and Loss (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.sukeyjumpmusic.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0842056/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.allmovie.com/artist/p69318

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/308181001

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Category:Actresses from Albuquerque, New Mexico

values: Category:American television actor, 1960s birth stubs

values: Category:Use mdy dates from November 2015

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Heidi_Swedberg
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: هایدی سوئدبرگ – Persian

values: Сведберг, Хайди – Russian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Heidi_Swedberg rootpage-Heidi_Swedberg vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
National park
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see National park (disambiguation).
Meadows of Chitral Gol National Park, Pakistan
The Teide National Park in Tenerife, Spain
A herd of wild sheep in Khabr National Park in southern Iran.
A national park is a park in use for conservation purposes. Often it is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, there is a common idea: the conservation of 'wild nature' for posterity and as a symbol of national pride.[1] An international organization, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined "National Park" as its Category II type of protected areas.
While this type of national park had been proposed previously, the United States established the first "public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people", Yellowstone National Park, in 1872.[2] Although Yellowstone was not officially termed a "national park" in its establishing law, it was always termed such in practice[3] and is widely held to be the first and oldest national park in the world. However, established by the Mongolian government in 1778, the area surrounding Bogd Khan Uul Mountain located south of the country’s capital, Ulaanbaatar, is probably the oldest national park, predating Yellowstone by nearly a century.[4][5] The first area to use "national park" in its creation legislation was the U.S.'s Mackinac, in 1875. Australia's Royal National Park, established in 1879, was the world's third official national park.[6] In 1895 ownership of Mackinac National Park was transferred to the State of Michigan as a state park and national park status was consequently lost.[7] As a result, Australia's Royal National Park is by some considerations the second oldest national park now in existence.[7][8][9] Canada established Parks Canada in 1911, becoming the world's first national service dedicated to protecting and presenting natural and historical treasures.[10]
The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974. According to the IUCN, 6,555 national parks worldwide met its criteria in 2006. IUCN is still discussing the parameters of defining a national park.[11]
National parks are almost always open to visitors.[12] Most national parks provide outdoor recreation and camping opportunities[citation needed] as well as classes designed to educate the public on the importance of conservation and the natural wonders of the land in which the national park is located.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
2 History
3 Economic ramifications
3.1 Tourism
3.2 Staff
4 See also
5 References
5.1 Citations
5.2 Sources
6 External links
Definitions[edit]
Manuel Antonio National Park in Costa Rica was listed by Forbes as one of the world's 12 most beautiful national parks.[13]
A salt marsh in Schiermonnikoog National Park, Netherlands
In 1969, the IUCN declared a national park to be a relatively large area with the following defining characteristics:[14]
One or several ecosystems not materially altered by human exploitation and occupation, where plant and animal species, geomorphological sites and habitats are of special scientific, educational, and recreational interest or which contain a natural landscape of great beauty;
Highest competent authority of the country has taken steps to prevent or eliminate exploitation or occupation as soon as possible in the whole area and to effectively enforce the respect of ecological, geomorphological, or aesthetic features which have led to its establishment; and
Visitors are allowed to enter, under special conditions, for inspirational, educative, cultural, and recreative purposes.
In 1971, these criteria were further expanded upon leading to more clear and defined benchmarks to evaluate a national park. These include:
Minimum size of 1,000 hectares within zones in which protection of nature takes precedence
Statutory legal protection
Budget and staff sufficient to provide sufficient effective protection
Prohibition of exploitation of natural resources (including the development of dams) qualified by such activities as sport, hunting, fishing, the need for management, facilities, etc.
While the term national park is now defined by the IUCN, many protected areas in many countries are called national park even when they correspond to other categories of the IUCN Protected Area Management Definition, for example:[12][15]
Swiss National Park, Switzerland: IUCN Ia - Strict Nature Reserve
Everglades National Park, United States: IUCN Ib - Wilderness Area
Victoria Falls National Park, Zimbabwe: IUCN III - National Monument
Vitosha National Park, Bulgaria: IUCN IV - Habitat Management Area
New Forest National Park, United Kingdom: IUCN V - Protected Landscape
Etniko Ygrotopiko Parko Delta Evrou, Greece: IUCN VI - Managed Resource Protected Area
While national parks are generally understood to be administered by national governments (hence the name), in Australia national parks are run by state governments and predate the Federation of Australia; similarly, national parks in the Netherlands are administered by the provinces.[12] In many countries, including Indonesia, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, national parks do not adhere to the IUCN definition, while some areas which adhere to the IUCN definition are not designated as national parks.[12]
History[edit]
The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The United States in 1872. When Yellowstone was established, Wyoming, Montana and Idaho were territories, not states. For this reason, the federal government had to assume responsibility for the land, hence the creation of the national park.
In 1810, the English poet William Wordsworth described the Lake District as a[16]
sort of national property, in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive and a heart to enjoy.
The painter George Catlin, in his travels through the American West, wrote during the 1830s that the Native Americans in the United States might be preserved[17]
(by some great protecting policy of government) ...in a magnificent park ...A nation's Park, containing man and beast, in all the wild and freshness of their nature's beauty!
The first effort by the U.S. Federal government to set aside such protected lands was on 20 April 1832, when President Andrew Jackson signed legislation that the 22nd United States Congress had enacted to set aside four sections of land around what is now Hot Springs, Arkansas, to protect the natural, thermal springs and adjoining mountainsides for the future disposal of the U.S. government.[18][19][20] It was known as Hot Springs Reservation, but no legal authority was established. Federal control of the area was not clearly established until 1877.[18]
Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, in California
John Muir is today referred to as the "Father of the National Parks" due to his work in Yosemite.[21] He published two influential articles in The Century Magazine, which formed the base for the subsequent legislation.[22][23]
President Abraham Lincoln signed an Act of Congress on 1 July 1864, ceding the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of giant sequoias (later becoming Yosemite National Park) to the state of California. According to this bill, private ownership of the land in this area was no longer possible. The state of California was designated to manage the park for "public use, resort, and recreation". Leases were permitted for up to ten years and the proceeds were to be used for conservation and improvement. A public discussion followed this first legislation of its kind and there was a heated debate over whether the government had the right to create parks. The perceived mismanagement of Yosemite by the Californian state was the reason why Yellowstone at its establishment six years later was put under national control.[24][25]
Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming; Yellowstone was the first national park in the world.
Los Cardones National Park in Salta province, Argentina
Canyons at Hingol National Park, Pakistan.
In 1872, Yellowstone National Park was established as the United States' first national park,[26] being also the world's first national park. In some European countries, however, national protection and nature reserves already existed, such as Drachenfels (Germany, 1822) and a part of Forest of Fontainebleau (France, 1861).[27]
Yellowstone was part of a federally governed territory. With no state government that could assume stewardship of the land so the federal government took on direct responsibility for the park, the official first national park of the United States. The combined effort and interest of conservationists, politicians and the Northern Pacific Railroad ensured the passage of enabling legislation by the United States Congress to create Yellowstone National Park. Theodore Roosevelt and his group of conservationists, the Boone and Crockett Club, were already an active campaigners, and so influential, as good stump speakers were highly necessary in the pre-telecommunications era, was highly influential in convincing fellow Republicans and big business to back the bill. Yellowstone National Park soon played a pivotal role in the conservation of these national treasures, as it was suffering at the hands of poachers and others who stood at the ready to pillage what they could from the area. Theodore Roosevelt and his newly formed Boone and Crockett Club successfully took the lead in protecting Yellowstone National Park from this plight, resulting in laws designed to conserve the natural resources in Yellowstone and other parks under the Government's purview.
American Pulitzer Prize-winning author Wallace Stegner wrote:[28]
National parks are the best idea we ever had. Absolutely American, absolutely democratic, they reflect us at our best rather than our worst.
In his book Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the National Parks, Mark David Spence made the point that in order to create these uninhabited spaces, the United States first had to disposess the Indians who were living in them.[29]
Even with the creation of Yellowstone, Yosemite, and nearly 37 other national parks and monuments, another 44 years passed before an agency was created in the United States to administer these units in a comprehensive way – the U.S. National Park Service (NPS). The 64th United States Congress passed the National Park Service Organic Act, which President Woodrow Wilson signed into law on 25 August 1916. Of the 417 sites managed by the National Park Service of the United States, only 59 carry the designation of National Park.
Further information: History of the National Park Service
Following the idea established in Yellowstone, there soon followed parks in other nations. In Australia, the Royal National Park was established just south of Sydney on 26 April 1879, becoming the world's second official national park[30] (actually the 3rd: Mackinac National Park in Michigan was created in 1875 as a national park but was later transferred to the state's authority in 1895, thus losing its official "national park" status).[31] Rocky Mountain National Park became Canada's first national park in 1885. Argentina became the third country in the Americas to create a national park system, with the creation of the Nahuel Huapi National Park in 1934, through the initiative of Francisco Moreno. New Zealand established Tongariro National Park in 1887. In Europe, the first national parks were a set of nine parks in Sweden in 1909, followed by the Swiss National Park in 1914. Europe has some 359 national parks as of 2010.[citation needed] Africa's first national park was established in 1925 when Albert I of Belgium designated an area of what is now Democratic Republic of Congo centred on the Virunga Mountains as the Albert National Park (since renamed Virunga National Park). In 1973, Mount Kilimanjaro was classified as a National Park and was opened to public access in 1977.[32] In 1926, the government of South Africa designated Kruger National Park as the nation's first national park, although it was an expansion of the earlier Sabie Game Reserve established in 1898 by President Paul Kruger of the old South African Republic, after whom the park was named. After World War II, national parks were founded all over the world. The Vanoise National Park in the Alps was the first French national park, created in 1963 after public mobilization against a touristic project.
The world's first national park service was established 19 May 1911, in Canada.[33] The Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act placed the dominion parks under the administration of the Dominion Park Branch (now Parks Canada). The branch was established to "protect sites of natural wonder" to provide a recreational experience, centered on the idea of the natural world providing rest and spiritual renewal from the urban setting.[34] Canada now has the largest protected area in the world with 377,000 km² of national park space.[35] In 1989, the Qomolangma National Nature Preserve (QNNP) was created to protect 3.381 million hectares on the north slope of Mount Everest in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. This national park is the first major global park to have no separate warden and protection staff—all of its management being done through existing local authorities, allowing a lower cost basis and a larger geographical coverage (in 1989 when created, it was the largest protected area in Asia). It includes four of the six highest mountains Everest, Lhotse, Makalu, and Cho Oyu. The QNNP is contiguous to four Nepali national parks, creating a transborder conservation area equal in size to Switzerland.[36]
National parks
Lower Consolation Lake in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada
Hadrian's Wall crosses Northumberland National Park in England
Serra dos Órgãos National Park in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. This national park is one of the few natural habitats of species of Schlumbergera[37]
Lahemaa National Park in Estonia was the first area to be designated a national park in the former Soviet Union
Jiuzhaigou in China is a national park known for its many multi-level waterfalls, colorful lakes, and snow-capped peaks.
Deosai National Park in Pakistan is known for being one of the highest plains in the world with serene beauty and wildlife.
Zion National Park is one of the most visited national parks in the United States.
Economic ramifications[edit]
Countries with a large nature-based tourism industry, such as Costa Rica, often experience a huge economic effect on park management as well as the economy of the country as a whole.[38]
Tourism[edit]
Main article: Ecotourism
Tourism to national parks has increased considerably over time. In Costa Rica for example, a megadiverse country, tourism to parks has increased by 400% from 1985 to 1999.[38] The term national park is perceived as a brand name that is associated with nature-based tourism and it symbolizes a "high quality natural environment with a well-designed tourist infrastructure".[39]
Staff[edit]
Main article: Park ranger
The duties of a park ranger are to supervise, manage, and/or perform work in the conservation and use of Federal park resources. This involves functions such as park conservation; natural, historical, and cultural resource management; and the development and operation of interpretive and recreational programs for the benefit of the visiting public. Park rangers also have fire fighting responsibilities and execute search and rescue missions. Activities also include heritage interpretation to disseminate information to visitors of general, historical, or scientific information. Management of resources such as wildlife, lakeshores, seashores, forests, historic buildings, battlefields, archeological properties, and recreation areas are also part of the job of a park ranger.[40] Since the establishment of the National Park Service in the US in 1916, the role of the park ranger has shifted from merely being a custodian of natural resources to include several activities that are associated with law enforcement.[41] They control traffic and investigate violations, complaints, trespass/encroachment, and accidents.[40]
See also[edit]
Conservation ecology
Conservation movement
Federal lands – in the United States
Fossil park
Global Geoparks Network
International Park
List of national parks – by country
Lists of tourist attractions
National monument – in the United States
National Park Foundation
National Park Travelers Club
National Parks Conservation Association
Provincial park
State park
Sustainable development
The National Parks: America's Best Idea
United Nations Environment Programme
World Database on Protected Areas
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Europarc Federation (eds.) 2009, Living Parks, 100 Years of National Parks in Europe, Oekom Verlag, München
Jump up ^ The Act Archived 23 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1872 Archived 3 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine., 43rd Congress, 3rd Session, ex. doc. 35, quoting Department of Interior letter of 10 May 1872, "The reservation so set apart is to be known as the "Yellowstone National Park"."
Jump up ^ Hardy, U. (9 April 2017). "The 10 Oldest National Parks In The World". The CultureTrip. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Bonnett, A. (2016). The Geography of Nostalgia: Global and Local Perspectives on Modernity and Loss. Routledge. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-315-88297-0.
Jump up ^ "National parks". Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts. Australian Government. 31 July 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Kim Allen Scott, 2011 "Robertson's Echo The Conservation Ethic in the Establishment of Yellowstone and Royal National Parks" Yellowstone Science 19:3
Jump up ^ "Audley Bottom". Pinkava.asu.edu. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Rodney Harrison, 2012 "Heritage: Critical approaches" Routledge
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "History of the National Parks". Association of National Park Authorities. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gissibl, B., S. Höhler and P. Kupper, 2012, Civilizing Nature, National Parks in Global Historical Perspective, Berghahn, Oxford
Jump up ^ Jane Levere (29 August 2011). "The World's Most Beautiful National Parks". Forbes. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Gulez, Sumer (1992). A method of evaluating areas for national park status.
Jump up ^ European Environment Agency Protected areas in Europe – an overview Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. In: EEA Report No 5/2012 Kopenhagen: 2012 ISBN 978-92-9213-329-0 ISSN 1725-9177 pdf doi=10.2800/55955
Jump up ^ Wordsworth, William (1835). A guide through the district of the lakes in the north of England with a description of the scenery, &c. for the use of tourists and residents (5th ed.). Kendal, England: Hudson and Nicholson. p. 88.
Jump up ^ Catlin, George (1841). Letters and Notes on the manners, customs, and condition of the North American Indians: written during eight years' travel amongst the wildest tribes of Indians in North America in 1832, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, and 39. 1. Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, London: Published by the author. pp. 261–262. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Shugart, Sharon (2004). "Hot Springs of Arkansas Through the Years: A Chronology of Events" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Peters, Richard, ed. (1866). "Twenty-Second Congress, Session 1, Chap. 70: An Act authorizing the governor of the territory of Arkansas to lease the salt springs, in said territory, and for other purposes (April 20, 1832)" (PDF). The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to 3 March 1845, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America from December 1863, to December 1865. 4. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown. p. 505. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Act Establishing Yellowstone National Park (1872)". Our Documents.gov. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Miller, Barbara Kiely (2008). John Muir. Gareth Stevens. p. 10. ISBN 0836883187.
Jump up ^ John Muir. "Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park" Archived 2 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Century Magazine, Vol. XL. September 1890. No. 5
Jump up ^ John Muir. "The Treasures of the Yosemite" Archived 2 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Century Magazine, Vol. XL. August 1890. No. 4
Jump up ^ Adam Wesley Dean. Natural Glory in the Midst of War: The Establishment of Yosemite State Park[permanent dead link] In: Abstract. Civil War History Volume 56, Number 4, December 2010 pp. 386-419 | 10.1353/cwh.2010.0008
Jump up ^ Sanger, George P., ed. (1866). "Thirty-Eighth Congress, Session 1, Chap. 184: An Act authorizing a Grant to the State of California of the "Yo-Semite Valley" and of the Land embracing the "Mariposa Big Tree Grove" (June 30, 1864)" (PDF). 38th United States Congress, Session 1, 1864. In: The Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America from December 1863, to December 1865. 13. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 325. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Mangan, Elizabeth U. Yellowstone, the First National Park from Mapping the National Parks Archived 19 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division.
Jump up ^ Kimberly A. Jones, Simon R. Kelly, Sarah Kennel, Helga Kessler-Aurisch, In the forest of Fontainebleau: painters and photographers from Corot to Monet, National Gallery of Art, 2008, p.23
Jump up ^ "Famous Quotes Concerning the National Parks: Wallace Stegner, 1983". Discover History. National Park Service. 16 January 2003. Archived from the original on 8 May 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the National Parks. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999 : Review Archived 18 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine. by Colin Fisher, H-Environment, August 2000
Jump up ^ "1879: Australia's first national park created". National Museum of Australia. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mackinac Island". Michigan State Housing Development Authority. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kilimanjaro: The National Park". Private Kilimanjaro: About Kilimanjaro. Private Expeditions, Ltd. 2011. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Irish, Paul (13 May 2011). "Parks Canada celebrates a century of discovery". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Parks Canada History". Parks Canada. 2 February 2009. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Parks Canada". Parks Canada. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Daniel C. Taylor, Carl E. Taylor, Jesse O. Taylor, Empowerment on an Unstable Planet New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, Chapter 9
Jump up ^ McMillan, A.J.S.; Horobin, J.F. (1995), Christmas Cacti : The genus Schlumbergera and its hybrids (p/b ed.), Sherbourne, Dorset: David Hunt, ISBN 978-0-9517234-6-3
^ Jump up to: a b Eagles, Paul F.J. "Trends in Park Tourism: Economics, Finance and Management". Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. In: Journal of Sustainable Tourism Volume 10, Issue 2, 2002, p. 134. Doi:10.1080/09669580208667158
Jump up ^ Eagles, Paul F.J. "Trends in Park Tourism: Economics, Finance and Management". Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. In: Journal of Sustainable Tourism Volume 10, Issue 2, 2002, p. 133. Doi:10.1080/09669580208667158
^ Jump up to: a b U.S. Office of Personnel Management. Handbook of occupational groups and families. Washington, D.C. January 2008. Page 19. OPM.gov Archived 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 2 November 2014.
Jump up ^ R Meadows ; D L Soden In: National Park Ranger Attitudes and Perceptions Regarding Law Enforcement Issues. Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Abstract. Justice Professional Volume:3 Issue:1 (Spring 1988) Pages:70-93
Sources[edit]
Eagles, Paul F. J; McCool, Stephen F. (2002). Tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas: Planning and Management. CABI. ISBN 0851997597. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) 320 pages.
Sellars, Richard West (2009). Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300154143. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) 404 pages.
Sheail, John (2010) Nature's Spectacle - The World's First National Parks and Protected Places Earthscan, London, Washington. ISBN 978-1-84971-129-6
External links[edit]
Find more aboutat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Data from Wikidata
U.S. National Park Service FAQs
Protected Planet – World Database of Protected Areas
UNESCO — Man and the Biosphere Programme (Biosphere Reserves)
World Heritage Sites
A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance: National Parks
EUROPARC Federation — Europe's protected areas
National Parks Worldwide
National parks, landscape parks and protected areas in the world
Environment portal
Ecology portal
Earth sciences portal
Sustainable development portal
Authority control
GND: 4075220-3
NDL: 00566388
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_park&oldid=841223348"
Categories:
National parks
Protected areas
IUCN Category II
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from February 2018
Articles with permanently dead external links
Use dmy dates from December 2017
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014
Articles with limited geographic scope from October 2014
North America-centric
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
Afrikaans
Ænglisc
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Galego
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Ilokano
Bahasa Indonesia
Ирон
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Kalaallisut
ქართული
Kaszëbsczi
Қазақша
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русиньскый
Русский
Scots
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
吴语
粵語
Zazaki
中文
75 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 May 2018, at 17:29.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/National_park_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
National park (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

values:
/wiki/Chitral_Gol_National_Park
mw-redirect
Chitral Gol National Park

attrs: class style

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/Khabr_National_Park
mw-redirect
Khabr National Park

values: International Union for Conservation of Nature

values:
/wiki/Protected_areas
mw-redirect
Protected areas

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/New_Forest_National_Park
mw-redirect
New Forest National Park

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize

values:
/wiki/American_West
mw-redirect
American West

values:
/wiki/Thermal_spring
mw-redirect
Thermal spring

values:
/wiki/Giant_sequoia
mw-redirect
Giant sequoia

values:
/wiki/Salta_province
mw-redirect
Salta province

values:
/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railroad
mw-redirect
Northern Pacific Railroad

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)

values:
/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo
mw-redirect
Democratic Republic of Congo

values:
/wiki/Albert_National_Park
mw-redirect
Albert National Park

values:
/wiki/International_Park
mw-redirect
International Park

values:
/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)
mw-redirect
National monument (United States)

values:
/wiki/Australian_Government
mw-redirect
Australian Government

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.pc.gc.ca

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nps.gov/faqs.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.protectedplanet.net

values:
nofollow
http://www.unesco.org/mab/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://whc.unesco.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.europarc.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://nationalparks.nighthee.com/
external text

values: The Earth seen from Apollo 17 with transparent background.png

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075220-3

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2018

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Use dmy dates from December 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014

values: Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from October 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/National_park
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values: متنزه وطني – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: জাতীয় উদ্যান – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Нацыянальны парк – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Национален парк – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Εθνικός δρυμός – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: پارک ملی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Ազգային պարկ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values: Националон парк – Ossetic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: פארק לאומי – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kl
display: none;

values: ეროვნული პარკი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-csb
display: none;

values: Ұлттық парк – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values: Улуттук парк – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Национален парк – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ദേശീയോദ്യാനം – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: ਕੌਮੀ ਪਾਰਕ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Народный парк – Rusyn

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values: Национальный парк – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: پارکی نەتەوەیی – Central Kurdish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Национални парк – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: தேசிய பூங்கா – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: జాతీయ ఉద్యానవనం – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: อุทยานแห่งชาติ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Національний парк – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: قومی باغستان – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-National_park rootpage-National_park skin-vector action-view