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Las Vegas Stadium
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For the stadium originally known as Las Vegas Stadium, see Sam Boyd Stadium.
Las Vegas Stadium
Artist's rendering showing the front of Las Vegas Stadium with the retractable windows and planned Al Davis memorial torch.
Former names
Raiders Stadium
(in early renderings)
Address
3333 Al Davis Way
Location
Paradise, Nevada
Coordinates
36°05′26.7″N 115°11′01.4″W / 36.090750°N 115.183722°W / 36.090750; -115.183722Coordinates: 36°05′26.7″N 115°11′01.4″W / 36.090750°N 115.183722°W / 36.090750; -115.183722
Public transit
Las Vegas Monorail
at Mandalay Bay (proposed)
Owner
Las Vegas Stadium Authority
Operator
Las Vegas Raiders
Executive suites
100[1]
Capacity
Football: 65,000
(expandable to 72,000)
Soccer: 61,000[2]
Acreage
62 acres (25 ha)
Surface
Grass (Raiders)
Field Turf (UNLV)
Construction
Broke ground
November 13, 2017 (2017-11-13)
Construction cost
US$1.8 billion[3]
Architect
MANICA Architecture
HNTB
Project manager
ICON Venue Group[4]
Structural engineer
ARUP[5]
Services engineer
Smith Seckman Reid, Inc.[6]
General contractor
Mortenson Construction
McCarthy Construction[7]
Tenants
Las Vegas Raiders (NFL) (2020–; planned)
UNLV Rebels (NCAA) (2020–; planned)
Las Vegas Bowl (NCAA) (2020–; planned)
Website
lasvegasstadium.raiders.com
Las Vegas Stadium is the working name for a domed stadium under construction in Paradise, Nevada for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League (NFL) and the UNLV Rebels football team of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). It is located on about 62 acres west of Mandalay Bay at Russell Road and Hacienda Avenue and between Polaris Avenue and Dean Martin Drive, just west of Interstate 15. Construction of the $1.8 billion stadium began in September 2017 and is expected to be completed in time for the 2020 NFL season.
Contents
1 History
1.1 2016
1.2 2017
1.3 2018
2 Financing
3 Design
4 Tenants and events
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
2016[edit]
In January 2016, reports emerged that Las Vegas Sands was considering developing a stadium in conjunction with Majestic Realty and UNLV, on a 42-acre site on Tropicana Avenue owned by UNLV.[8] UNLV had been in the market for a new stadium to replace Sam Boyd Stadium since at least 2011.[9] Raiders owner Mark Davis visited Las Vegas on January 29 to tour the site and meet with Sands chairman Sheldon Adelson and other local figures.[10] The Raiders, who had been trying to get a new stadium built for the team since the 1980s, had just missed out on relocating to Los Angeles that same month and were at an impasse in Oakland. In order for the team to relocate to Las Vegas, a new stadium was required, since Sam Boyd Stadium was undersized for the NFL and there were no other professional-caliber stadiums in Nevada.
On March 21, 2016, when asked about Las Vegas, Davis said, "I think the Raiders like the Las Vegas plan," and "it's a very very very intriguing and exciting plan." Davis also met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about the stadium plan. On April 1, 2016, Davis met with UNLV officials and toured Sam Boyd Stadium to evaluate whether it could serve as a temporary home for the team.
On April 28, 2016, Davis said he wanted to move the Raiders to Las Vegas and pledged $500 million toward the construction of the proposed $2.4-billion domed stadium.[11][12] "Together we can turn the Silver State into the silver and black state," Davis said.[11][13]
In the spring of 2016, the board of directors of Las Vegas Sands rejected Adelson's stadium proposal. Adelson decided to move ahead with the stadium as an individual investment, pledging $650 million of his personal wealth to the project.[14]
The viability of the Tropicana Avenue site was called into serious question in June 2016, when Southwest Airlines objected to the location because its proximity to the northern end of one of McCarran Airport's runways could negatively affect the safety and capacity of air traffic at the airport.[15] The list of potential locations soon expanded to nine candidates, including the sites of the Wild Wild West casino, the Wynn golf course, the Riviera casino, the Las Vegas Festival Grounds, and Cashman Center.[16] By September, the list was narrowed to two possibilities: the Bali Hai Golf Club, south of Mandalay Bay, and a vacant lot on Russell Road, just west of Interstate 15.[17]
On August 25, 2016, the Raiders filed a trademark application for "Las Vegas Raiders" on the same day renderings of a proposed stadium design were released.[18] On September 15, 2016, the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan.[19]
Majestic Realty revealed in October 2016 that it had withdrawn from the stadium project.[20]
Sandoval called a special session of the Nevada Legislature to consider the stadium and other tourism-related proposals in October 2016.[21] The funding bill for the stadium was approved by a 16–5 vote in the Senate and by 28–13 in the Assembly, and was signed into law by Sandoval on October 17.[22][23][24][25] The bill allowed Clark County to increase its hotel tax to raise the $750 million in funding.[26]
2017[edit]
2015 view of the stadium site, adjacent to Mandalay Bay and Interstate 15
The Raiders filed relocation papers on January 19 to move from Oakland to Las Vegas.[27] On January 26, 2017, the Raiders submitted a proposed lease agreement for the stadium. It was reported that the Raiders had selected the Russell Road site as the stadium location, the team would pay one dollar in rent, and that they could control the naming rights for both the stadium and plaza and in addition keep signage sponsorship revenue.[28]
Days after the Raiders' announced proposal, Adelson dropped out of the stadium project, pulling his proposed $650 million contribution[29] Shortly after this announcement, Goldman Sachs, which had planned to finance part of the project, withdrew as well. As a result, the Raiders were expected to increase their contribution from $500 million to $1.15 billion.[30]
On March 6, the Raiders revealed Bank of America would lend $650 million to replace the Adelson portion of the funding.[31]
NFL owners voted to approve the move by a margin of 31 to 1 on March 27.[32][33][34] The next day, the Raiders and the Las Vegas Stadium Authority began accepting deposits for season tickets for the new stadium.[35] The Raiders announced that they planned to remain in Oakland until the stadium was complete.
The Raiders closed the purchase of the land for the stadium at the Russell Road site on May 1. The purchase price was reported at $77.5 million.[36] On May 11, it was announced that in a joint venture Mortenson Construction and McCarthy Construction would be the developers for the stadium. Mortenson previously worked on U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis. The stadium authority approved a stadium lease with the Raiders on May 18.[37] The lease was to be for 30 years with four successive extension options of five years each.[38]
On September 18, construction activity began on the stadium site with site preparation.[39] A groundbreaking ceremony was held on November 13.[40][41] The ceremony featured NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell, Raiders owner Mark Davis, his mother Carol Davis, various Raiders legends including Howie Long, Jim Plunkett, Tom Flores, and Ray Guy, Las Vegas and Nevada politicians such as Governor Brian Sandoval, Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman, Clark County Commissioner Steve Sisolak and stadium authority head Steve Hill. The event was hosted by George Lopez and included other celebrities like Carlos Santana, longtime Vegas icon Wayne Newton, and Howie D. and Nick Carter of the Backstreet Boys. There was also a tribute to the victims of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting that happened nearby with Judith Hill and the Las Vegas House of Blues Gospel Choir performing ‘Rise up’ while 58 beams of light symbolizing the 58 victims were lit.[42]
2018[edit]
In January, construction crews began blasting caliche rock with dynamite to excavate and create the stadium bowl.[43] On February 3, the Raiders opened a 7,500-square-foot stadium preview center at Town Square, located a few miles from the stadium site, featuring interactive exhibits and team memorabilia, with plans for simulations of views from individual seats and a large-scale stadium model.[44]
On August 27, Clark County changed the stadium's address from 5617 Dean Martin Drive to 3333 Al Davis Way.[45]
Financing[edit]
The budget for development of the stadium is estimated at $1.8 billion. Of this, $78 million was spent to purchase the land, $1.33 billion is estimated to be spent on construction, $123 million on furniture, fixtures, and equipment, $234 million on design and engineering, and $31 million on utilities and infrastructure.[46][47] Some reports gave a budget of $1.9 billion, which also included $100 million to build a separate Raiders practice facility.[48]
The financing for the project is expected to come in the form of $750 million in public funding and $1.1 billion from the Raiders.[49] The public portion of the funding will come from municipal bonds issued by Clark County, backed by the proceeds of a special tax on hotel rooms in the Las Vegas area, which took effect in March 2017.[50] The Raiders' contribution was expected to include a $650 million loan from Bank of America, $200 million from the NFL's stadium loan program, and $300 million from sales of personal seat licenses at the stadium, naming rights for the stadium, and sponsorships.[51]
Local government cannot receive any rent or revenue sharing from the stadium, because such an arrangement would not be compatible with the tax-exempt status of the bonds.[52] Proponents instead argued that the public financing would be justified by increased economic activity and tax revenue related to the stadium.[53] Critics have argued that the economic projections were based on overly optimistic assumptions.[54][55]
A total of $645 million in construction bonds sold out in 90 minutes in April 2018, representing Clark County's contribution to the project beyond room taxes already collected.[56]
Design[edit]
For Las Vegas Stadium, Mark Davis retained the same architecture firm, MANICA Architecture, that had designed the previously proposed Carson Stadium near Los Angeles.[57][58] Davis retained much of the look from the Carson stadium because he "fell in love with the overall design of it".[59] The stadium will be a 10 level domed stadium with a clear ETFE roof, silver and black exterior and large retractable curtain-like side windows facing the Las Vegas Strip.[60] The design includes a large torch in one end that will house a flame in honor of Al Davis, the late long-time owner of the Raiders.[61]
Updated renderings released after the relocation vote passed show the stadium with a roll-in natural grass field similar to the one at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona.[62] In an August 17, 2017 Las Vegas Stadium Authority meeting it was revealed that the stadium will have a designated pickup/drop off loop for ride sharing services such as Uber and Lyft, a first for a stadium in the NFL.
Tenants and events[edit]
The stadium will replace Sam Boyd Stadium and will serve as the home of both the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels football program. In addition, it will host the annual Las Vegas Bowl.[63]
Stadium backers project 20 to 25 additional events per year, with plausible possibilities including the Super Bowl, the Pro Bowl, the NFL Draft, the NCAA Final Four, the USA Sevens rugby tournament, the Monster Jam World Finals, boxing matches, Ultimate Fighting Championship events, the Pac-12 Football Championship Game, neutral-site college football games, international soccer matches, concerts, and corporate shows.[64][65][66]
David Beckham visited Las Vegas in 2016 to advocate for the stadium as a possible home for his Major League Soccer expansion team,[67] although he ultimately announced the launch of the team with a stadium in Miami.[68]
The stadium was submitted as a potential site for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, but was later withdrawn from consideration.[69][70]
See also[edit]
National Football League portal
College Football portal
Las Vegas portal
Las Vegas Ballpark
Sports in the Las Vegas metropolitan area
T-Mobile Arena
Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Perez, A.J. (August 25, 2016). "Oakland Raiders file to trademark 'Las Vegas Raiders' name". USA Today. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Las Vegas stadium plan gains approval from Nevada Legislature". National Football League. Associated Press. October 14, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nevada governor signs bill to approve Las Vegas stadium plan". National Football League. Associated Press. October 17, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Spousta, Tom (October 17, 2016). "Gov. Brian Sandoval signs Raiders stadium bill — VIDEO". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Damien, Levi (January 26, 2017). "Las Vegas stadium proposal details revealed: Raiders get naming rights, one dollar rent, pick preferred site, more". Silver and Black Pride. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Saraceno, Jon (March 6, 2017). "Raiders' Las Vegas Stadium Gets Boost from Bank of America". Las Vegas Review Journal. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Polacek, Scott (May 18, 2017). "Raiders' Vegas Lease Agreement Unanimously Approved by Stadium Authority Board". Bleacher Report. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Davis on taking the new stadium plans from Carson to Las Vegas #Raiders". Vic Tafur on Twitter. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
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Jump up ^ Bonagura, Kyle (March 31, 2017). "Can Las Vegas become a new destination in college football?". ESPN. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Candee, Adam (March 31, 2017). "Beyond the pigskin: What events are needed for stadium's long-term viability". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Prince, Todd (August 15, 2017). "Las Vegas Raiders stadium considered for 2026 FIFA World Cup". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Las Vegas Stadium.
Official website
Proposed Las Vegas Stadium Virtual Tour from the National Football League (NFL)'s official YouTube channel
Construction page for stadium from Mortenson | McCarthy
Las Vegas Stadium Authority
Stadium webcam
Preceded by
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Home of the
Las Vegas Raiders
2020–future Succeeded by
none
Preceded by
Sam Boyd Stadium Home of
UNLV Rebels football
2020–future Succeeded by
none
Preceded by
Sam Boyd Stadium Host of
Las Vegas Bowl
2020–future Succeeded by
none
show
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Such, Such Were the Joys
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Such, Such Were the Joys" is a long autobiographical essay by the English writer George Orwell.
In the piece, Orwell describes his experiences between the ages of eight and thirteen, in the years before and during World War I (from September 1911 to December 1916), while a pupil at a preparatory school: St Cyprian's, in the seaside town of Eastbourne, in Sussex. The essay offers various reflections on the contradictions of the Edwardian middle and upper class world-view, on the psychology of children, and on the experience of oppression and class conflict.
It was probably drafted in 1939–40,[1] revised in 1945–46, and not completed until May or June 1948.[2] It was first published by the Partisan Review in 1952, two years after Orwell's death.
The veracity of the stories it contains about life at St. Cyprian's has been challenged by a number of commenters, including Orwell's contemporaries at the school and biographers, but its powerful writing and haunting observations have made it one of Orwell's most commonly anthologised essays.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary and analysis
2 Background
3 Publication
4 Reaction from contemporaries
5 References
6 External links
Summary and analysis[edit]
The title of the essay is taken from "The Echoing Green," one of William Blake's Songs of Innocence which Orwell's mother had read to him when they lived at Henley:[4]
Old John, with white hair,
Does laugh away care,
Sitting under the oak,
Among the old folk.
They laugh at our play,
And soon they all say,
"Such, such were the joys
When we all – girls and boys —
In our youth-time were seen
On the echoing Green."
The allusion is never explained in Orwell's text, but it is grimly ironic, since Orwell recollects his early boarding school experiences with unvarnished realism. St Cyprian's was, according to him, a "world of force and fraud and secrecy," in which the young Orwell, a shy, sickly and unattractive boy surrounded by pupils from families much richer than his own, was "like a goldfish" thrown "into a tank full of pike." The piece fiercely attacks the cruelty and snobbery of both his fellow pupils and of most of the adults connected with the school, — particularly the headmaster, Mr. Vaughan Wilkes, nicknamed "Sambo," and his wife Cicely, nicknamed "Flip".
Orwell describes the education he received as "a preparation for a sort of confidence trick," geared entirely towards maximising his future performance in the admissions exams to leading English public schools such as Eton and Harrow, without any concern for actual knowledge or understanding. He describes the approach as amounting to being cynically 'crammed', as a 'goose is crammed for Christmas'. The process is exemplified by the 'date learning' teaching of history in which boys were encouraged to learn dates, without any understanding of 'the mysterious events they were naming.' "1587? Massacre of St. Bartholomew! 1713? Treaty of Utrecht – 1520? Field of the Cloth of Gold! and so on." Orwell also claims that he was accepted as a boarder at St Cyprians –at half of the usual fees– so that he might earn a scholarship that would look good in the school's publicity, and that his training relied heavily on the use of beatings, while the rich boys received preferential treatment and were exempted from corporal punishment.
The essay lashes out at the hypocrisy of the Edwardian society in which Orwell grew up and in which a boy was "bidden to be at once a Christian and a social success, which is impossible." A chapter is devoted to the puritanical attitudes towards sex at the time and to the frightful consequences of the discovery of what appears to have been a case of mutual masturbation among a group of boys at the school. On the other hand, Orwell describes the actual "pattern of school life" as
a continuous triumph of the strong over the weak. Virtue consisted in winning: it consisted in being bigger, stronger, handsomer, richer, more popular, more elegant, more unscrupulous than other people — in dominating them, bullying them, making them suffer pain, making them look foolish, getting the better of them in every way. Life was hierarchical and whatever happened was right. There were the strong, who deserved to win and always did win, and there were the weak, who deserved to lose and always did lose, everlastingly.
Amongst -the few- good memories that Orwell carried away from St Cyprian's were the summer expeditions across the South Downs to local villages
Orwell's story is also punctuated by anecdotes about the dirt and squalor surrounding him, such as the porridge at the dining hall containing "more lumps, hairs and unexplained black things than one would have thought possible, unless someone were putting them there on purpose," a human turd floating in the Devonshire Baths, and a new boy's teeth turning green because of neglect.
According to the essay, the main lesson that Orwell took away from St Cyprian's was that, for a "weak" and "inferior" person such as himself, "to survive, or at least to preserve any kind of independence, was essentially criminal, since it meant breaking rules which you yourself recognized," and that he lived in a world "where it was not possible [for him] to be good." In the piece, Orwell also seeks to illustrate the reflection that children live "in a sort of alien under-water world which we can only penetrate by memory or divination," and he wonders whether even in more modern times, without "God, Latin, the cane, class distinctions and sexual taboos," it might still be normal for schoolchildren to "live for years amid irrational terrors and lunatic misunderstandings."
Background[edit]
Secondary education for the dominant classes in England since the early 19th century has been provided mainly by the fee-paying public schools. These have selective entrance by examination and offer scholarships by competitive examination, which offset all or part of the fees. The curriculum in Orwell's time, and for long after, centred on the classics. Prep schools were established from the 19th century to prepare students for these examinations and to provide a broader-based education than the traditional crammer, offering sports and additional subjects. Prep school children were often boarders, starting as early as five or as late as twelve. Boarding was, and still is, for terms of three months. Eastbourne was a popular town for preparatory schools at the turn of the 20th century because its bracing sea air was believed to be healthy, and by 1896, Gowland's Eastbourne Directory listed 76 private schools for boys and girls. An Eton scholarship was most highly prized, not just for its financial value but because it provided access to the elite intellectual cadre of King's Scholars. One of the leading prep schools of the time, Summer Fields School, set in the university town of Oxford and with which St Cyprian's eventually was to merge,[5] won every year at least five of the available Eton scholarships.[6]
Orwell's mother sent him (as Eric Blair) to board at St Cyprian's School at the age of eight in 1911.[7] The school had been founded twelve years earlier by the headmaster, Vaughan Wilkes, and his wife Cicely. It had moved into newly built facilities in extended grounds in 1906. Although able to charge high fees for better-off parents, the Wilkes supported traditional families on lower incomes, particularly in the colonial service, by taking their children at considerably reduced fees, and Orwell was one of several beneficiaries, who also included Cyril Connolly[8] Alaric Jacob and Walter Christie.[9] Mrs Wilkes spotted Orwell looking sad on his arrival and tried to comfort him, but noted "there was no warmth in him". Nor did he respond positively to being taken on a picnic the following day.[4] Senior boys in Orwell's first year included Ian Fraser[10][11] and Bolo Whistler.[12] His early letters home report a normal catalogue of class placings, results of games, and school expeditions.[7]
In September 1914 Cyril Connolly arrived at the school[13] and formed a close friendship with Orwell. The First World War had just broken out, and Orwell's patriotic poem written at school was published in the Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard. The war made life difficult for the school – most of the teaching staff left to fight,[14] although one staff member Charles Edgar Loseby, later a Labour MP, returned for a period while recovering from being gassed in the trenches.[15] The First World War had a significant effect in other ways – there was the increasing roll call of old boys killed in the trenches, Mr Wilkes spent his summer holidays driving ambulances in France,[16] the boys knitted and put on entertainments for the injured troops camped nearby, and food shortages made feeding a challenge.[15] Classics was taught by Mr Wilkes, while the formidable Mrs Wilkes taught English, history and scripture. The long-serving deputy, Robert Sillar, taught geography, drawing, shooting and nature studies and was highly regarded in old boys' accounts.[17][18] Outings on the South Downs were a regular part of school life, and Sillar led the boys on nature study expeditions. The school had instituted a Cadet Corps, in which Orwell was an active member.[15] Orwell recalls stealing books off Connolly[19] and Connolly describes how they reviewed each other's poetry.[20] Cecil Beaton vaguely recalled working on the school's war-time allotments with Orwell.[21] During his time at school, Orwell surreptitiously collected the saucy seaside postcards[22] that were later to figure in his essay The Art of Donald McGill.
In 1916 Orwell came second in the Harrow History Prize, had another poem published in the Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard, and with Connolly had his work praised by the external examiner Sir Charles Grant Robertson.[15] In 1916 Orwell won a scholarship to Wellington College, a school with a military background appropriate for colonial service. Mr Wilkes also believed Orwell could win an Eton scholarship and would benefit from Eton College life and so he sat the Eton exam as well. Orwell headed the school prize list in 1916 with Classics, while Cyril Connolly won the English prize, Cecil Beaton won the drawing prize, Walter Christie won the history prize and Rupert Lonsdale won the scripture prize. Henry Longhurst, Lord Pollington and Lord Malden were among the winners of other class prizes.[23][24] Other activities in which Orwell was involved included narrowly missing winning the diving competition, playing the part of Mr Jingles in the school play, and being commended as a useful member of the 1st XI cricket team.[15] Although he had won an Eton scholarship, this was subject to a place becoming available. Instead of going to Wellington he stayed at St Cyprian's for an additional term in the hope that a place at Eton would materialise. As this had not happened by the end of term, he went on to Wellington in January. However, after he had been there for nine weeks, an Eton place became available, which Orwell took.
Publication[edit]
On sending a version of the essay to Warburg, in May 1947, Orwell stated that he had written the "long autobiographical sketch"[25] partly as a "sort of pendant"[25] to the publication in 1938 of Enemies of Promise, an autobiographical work by Cyril Connolly, and at Connolly's request.[25] Connolly, who had been Orwell's companion at St Cyprian's and later at Eton,[25] had written an account of St Cyprian's which, though cynical, was fairly appreciative compared to Orwell's.[20] In his letter to Warburg, Orwell wrote that he thought his essay "really too libellous to print", adding that it should be printed "when the people most concerned are dead".[25] The libel report for Secker & Warburg, compiled after Orwell's death, judged that well over thirty paragraphs were defamatory.[26]
Sonia Orwell and Warburg both wanted to publish Such, Such Were the Joys immediately after Orwell's death, but Sir Richard Rees, who was Orwell's literary executor violently disagreed. He considered the work "grossly exaggerated, badly written, and likely to harm Orwell's reputation" and when Sonia insisted, he told her, "You’re completely nutty about St Cyprian's". Thereafter, Rees had no further involvement in publishing decisions.[27] In 1952, within two years of Orwell's death a version was published in the United States in the Partisan Review.[28] In this version the school was referred to as "Crossgates" and the names of the headmaster and his wife altered to Mr and Mrs Simpson ("Sim" and his wife "Bingo"). Following Mrs Wilkes' death in 1967, "Such, Such Were the Joys" was published in the UK, but with only the name of the school and the proprietors in original form – the real names of his fellow pupils were still disguised.[29] In the Completed Works edition (2000), the original text including all names has been restored.
Most biographers have to a greater or lesser extent concluded that "Such, Such Were the Joys" significantly misrepresents the school and exaggerates Orwell's suffering there[citation needed]. David Farrer, partner of Orwell's publishers, considered it a "gross distortion of what took place".[30]
Reaction from contemporaries[edit]
Of his contemporaries, Cecil Beaton wrote of the piece "It is hilariously funny, but it is exaggerated".[21] Connolly, on reviewing Stansky & Abraham's interpretation, wrote "I was at first enchanted as by anything which recalls one's youth but when I went to verify some references from my old reports and letters I was nearly sick... In the case of St Cyprian's and the Wilkes whom I had so blithely mocked I feel an emotional disturbance... The Wilkeses were true friends and I had caricatured their mannerisms (developed as a kind of ritual square-bashing for dealing with generations of boys) and read mercenary motives into much that was just enthusiasm"[31] Walter Christie and Henry Longhurst went further and wrote their own sympathetic accounts of the school in response to Orwell's and voiced their appreciation for the formidable Mrs Wilkes.[32][33] Robert Pearce, researching the papers of another former pupil,[34] made a comprehensive study from the perspective of the school, investigating school records and other pupils' accounts. While some features were universal features of Prep school life, he concluded that Orwell's depiction bore little relation to reality and that Orwell's defamatory allegations were unsupportable.[14] Davison writes 'If one is looking for a factual account for life at St Cyprian's, this is not the place to seek it."[35]
On Orwell's claimed state of misery, Jacintha Buddicom, who knew him well at the time, also raised a strong challenge. She wrote "I can guarantee that the 'I' of Such, Such were the Joys is quite unrecognisable as Eric as we knew him then" and "He was a philosophical boy, with varied interests and a sense of humour — which he was inclined to indulge when referring to St Cyprian's in the holidays.[22]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ It Is What I Think, p.355; Crick 587-588
Jump up ^ Collected Works, VOL XIX, It Is What I Think, p.355
Jump up ^ The essay first appeared in book form in the collection Such, Such Were the Joys, published in the US by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich in 1953. It was later included in The Orwell Reader: A Treasury of the Best of George Orwell (1956), in the Orwell Reader: Fiction, Essays, and Reportage (1961), in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell (1968), in A Collection of Essays (1970), in Autobiography: A Reader for Writers (1984), in Essays, by Everyman's Library Classics (2002), in Facing Unpleasant Facts (2009), and elsewhere.
^ Jump up to: a b Peter Stansky and William Abrahams, The Unknown Orwell, Constable 1972 ISBN 0-586-08178-X
Jump up ^ Nicholas Aldridge, Time to spare?: A History of Summer Fields 1989.
Jump up ^ Summerfields School Register 1864–1960, Oxonian Press 1960.
^ Jump up to: a b George Orwell Letters home from St Cyprians quoted in Bernard Crick, George Orwell: A Life.
Jump up ^ Jeremy Lewis Cyril Connolly:A Life Jonathan Cape 1997
Jump up ^ John Christie Morning Drum BACSA 1983
Jump up ^ Marlborough College Register
Jump up ^ St Cyprian's Chronicle 1919
Jump up ^ Sir John Smyth, Bolo Whistler: The Life of General Sir Lashmer Whistler, Frederick Muller 1967.
Jump up ^ Cyril Connolly, "George Orwell: I" in The Evening Colonnade, David Bruce and Watson 1973.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert Pearce "Truth and Falsehood: George Orwell's Prep School Woes" The Review of English Studies, New Series, Vol.43, No. 171. (Aug. 1992)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Michael Shelden, Orwell: The Authorised Biography, Heinemann 1991.
Jump up ^ Harold James Reckitt, Hopital Militaire V. R. Ris, France, p.116.
Jump up ^ Henry Longhurst, My Life and Soft Times, Cassell 1971.
Jump up ^ Gavin Maxwell, The House at Elrig, Longmans 1965.
Jump up ^ Letter to Julian Symons, Collected Essays Vol 4.
^ Jump up to: a b Cyril Connolly, Enemies of Promise, Routledge & Kegan Paul 1938.
^ Jump up to: a b Cecil Beaton, Beaton in the Sixties, Weidenfield & Nicolson 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b Jacintha Buddicom Eric & Us Leslie Frewin 1974
Jump up ^ Eastbourne Society: Newsletter 131.
Jump up ^ St Cyprian's Chronicle 1916.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e George Orwell Letter to F J Warburg 31 May 1947 in The Collected Essays Vol 4 Secker & Warburg (1968)
Jump up ^ Orwell Archive
Jump up ^ Gordon Bowker Orwell and the Biographers in John Rodden The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell Cambridge University Press 2007
Jump up ^ George Orwell "Such, Such Were the Joys" First published in the Partisan Review (September–October 1952)
Jump up ^ George Orwell The Collected Essays Vol 4 Secker & Warburg (1968)
Jump up ^ David Farrer Letter 12 March 1953 (Orwell Archive)
Jump up ^ Cyril Connolly The Evening Colonnade David Bruce and Watson 1973
Jump up ^ W J L Christie "St Cyprians Days" Blackwoods Magazine May 1971
Jump up ^ Henry Longhurst My Life and Soft Times Cassell 1971
Jump up ^ Robert Hepburn Wright Then the wind changed: Nigerian letters 1992
Jump up ^ Peter Davison "Notes for Such Such were the Joys" CW XVII/375 2000
External links[edit]
Full text
Hugh Kenner "The Politics of the Plain Style" New York Times, New York, N.Y.: 15 September 1985. p. BR1
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George Orwell
Bibliography
Novels
Burmese Days (1934)
A Clergyman's Daughter (1935)
Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936)
Coming Up for Air (1939)
Animal Farm (1945)
Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)
Nonfiction
Down and Out in Paris and London (1933)
The Road to Wigan Pier (1937)
Homage to Catalonia (1938)
Essays
"A Hanging" (1931)
"The Spike" (1931)
"Bookshop Memories" (1936)
"Shooting an Elephant" (1936)
"Spilling the Spanish Beans" (1937)
"Boys' Weeklies" (1940)
"Inside the Whale" (1940)
"My Country Right or Left" (1940)
"England Your England" (1941)
"The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius" (1941)
"The Art of Donald McGill" (1940)
"Poetry and the Microphone" (1943)
"Raffles and Miss Blandish" (1944)
"Good Bad Books" (1945)
"Notes on Nationalism" (1945)
"Books v. Cigarettes" (1946)
"Confessions of a Book Reviewer" (1946)
"Decline of the English Murder" (1946)
"A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray" (1946)
"How the Poor Die" (1946)
"The Moon Under Water" (1946)
"A Nice Cup of Tea" (1946)
"Pleasure Spots" (1946)
"Politics and the English Language" (1946)
"The Politics of Starvation" (1946)
"Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels" (1946)
"The Prevention of Literature" (1946)
"Riding Down from Bangor" (1946)
"Second Thoughts on James Burnham" (1946)
"Some Thoughts on the Common Toad" (1946)
"Why I Write" (1946)
"Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool" (1947)
"The English People" (1947)
"Such, Such Were the Joys" (1952)
Related
"As I Please" (1943–1947)
"London Letters" (1941–1946)
Betrayal of the Left (1941)
Inside the Whale and Other Essays (1940)
Critical Essays (1946)
Searchlight Books
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Victor Gollancz Ltd
Eileen O'Shaughnessy
Sonia Orwell
Orwell's list (1949)
Eric & Us
Why Orwell Matters
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Orwellian
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text:
Uniform Commercial Code
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The official 2007 edition of the UCC.
Even the confidential rough drafts of the UCC were saved and published as a 10-volume set.
The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), first published in 1952, is one of a number of uniform acts that have been put into law with the goal of harmonizing the law of sales and other commercial transactions across the United States of America (U.S.) through UCC adoption by all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. territories.
While largely successful at achieving this ambitious goal, some U.S. jurisdictions (e.g., Louisiana and Puerto Rico) have not adopted all of the articles contained in the UCC, while other U.S. jurisdictions (e.g., American Samoa) have not adopted any articles in the UCC. Also, adoption of the UCC often varies, although to different degrees, from one U.S. jurisdiction to another. Sometimes this variation is due to alternative language found in the official UCC itself. At other times, adoption of different revisions to the official UCC contributes to further variation. Additionally, some jurisdictions deviate from the official UCC by tailoring the language to meet their unique needs and preferences. Lastly, even identical language adopted by any two U.S. jurisdictions may nonetheless be subject to different statutory interpretation by each jurisdiction's courts.
Contents
[hide]
1 Goals
2 History
3 UCC Articles
4 Article 2
4.1 Contract formation
4.2 Contract repudiation and breach
4.3 Section 2-207: Battle of the forms
5 Article 8
6 Article 9
7 International influence
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Goals[edit]
The goal of harmonizing state law is important because of the prevalence of commercial transactions that extend beyond one state. For example, goods may be manufactured in State A, warehoused in State B, sold from State C and delivered in State D. The UCC therefore achieved the goal of substantial uniformity in commercial laws and, at the same time, allowed the states the flexibility to meet local circumstances by modifying the UCC's text as enacted in each state. The UCC deals primarily with transactions involving personal property (movable property), not real property (immovable property).
Other goals of the UCC were to modernize contract law and to allow for exceptions from the common law in contracts between merchants.
History[edit]
The UCC is the longest and most elaborate of the uniform acts. The Code has been a long-term, joint project of the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) and the American Law Institute (ALI),[1] who began drafting its first version in 1942. Judge Herbert F. Goodrich was the Chairman of the Editorial Board of the original 1952 edition,[2] and the Code itself was drafted by some of the top legal scholars in the United States, including Karl N. Llewellyn, William A. Schnader, Soia Mentschikoff, and Grant Gilmore.
The Code, as the product of private organizations, is not itself the law, but only a recommendation of the laws that should be adopted in the states. Once enacted by a state, the UCC is codified into the state’s code of statutes. A state may adopt the UCC verbatim as written by ALI and NCCUSL, or a state may adopt the UCC with specific changes. Unless such changes are minor, they can seriously obstruct the Code's express objective of promoting uniformity of law among the various states. Thus persons doing business in different states must check local law.
The ALI and NCCUSL have established a permanent editorial board for the Code. This board has issued a number of official comments and other published papers. Although these commentaries do not have the force of law, courts interpreting the Code often cite them as persuasive authority in determining the effect of one or more provisions. Courts interpreting the Code generally seek to harmonize their interpretations with those of other states that have adopted the same or a similar provision.
In one or another of its several revisions, the UCC has been fully enacted[3] with only minimal changes in 49 states, as well as in the District of Columbia, Guam,[4] the Northern Mariana Islands,[5] and the U.S. Virgin Islands. In addition, both Louisiana and Puerto Rico have enacted most provisions of the UCC with only minimal changes, except Articles 2 and 2A, preferring instead to maintain their own civil law tradition for governing the sale and lease of goods.[6][7] Also, some Native American tribes have adopted portions of the UCC, including the Navajo Nation that adopted Articles 1, 2, 3, and 9 with only minimal changes.[8]
Although the substantive content is largely similar, some states have made structural modifications to conform to local customs. For example, Louisiana jurisprudence refers to the major subdivisions of the UCC as “chapters” instead of articles, since the term “articles” is used in that state to refer to provisions of the Louisiana Civil Code. Arkansas has a similar arrangement as the term “article” in that state's law generally refers to a subdivision of the Arkansas Constitution. In California, they are titled "divisions" instead of articles, because in California, articles are a third- or fourth-level subdivision of a code, while divisions or parts are always the first-level subdivision. Also, California does not allow the use of hyphens in section numbers because they are reserved for referring to ranges of sections; therefore, the hyphens used in the official UCC section numbers are dropped in the California implementation.
UCC Articles[edit]
The 1952 Uniform Commercial Code was released after ten years of development, and revisions were made to the Code from 1952 to 1999.[1] The Uniform Commercial Code deals with the following subjects under consecutively numbered Articles:
ART.
TITLE CONTENTS
1
General Provisions Definitions, rules of interpretation
2
Sales Sales of goods
2A
Leases Leases of goods
3
Negotiable Instruments Promissory notes and drafts (commercial paper)
4
Bank Deposits and Collections Banks and banking, check collection process
4A
Funds Transfers Transfers of money between banks
5
Letters of Credit Transactions involving letters of credit
6
Bulk Transfers and Bulk Sales Auctions and liquidations of assets
7
Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title Storage and bailment of goods
8
Investment Securities Securities and financial assets
9
Secured Transactions Transactions secured by security interests
In 2003, amendments to Article 2 modernizing many aspects (as well as changes to Article 2A and Article 7) were proposed by the NCCUSL and the ALI. Because no states adopted the amendments and, due to industry opposition, none were likely to, in 2011 the sponsors withdrew the amendments. As a result, the official text of the UCC now corresponds to the law that most states have enacted.
In 1989, the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws recommended that Article 6 of the UCC, dealing with bulk sales, be repealed as obsolete. Approximately 45 states have done so. Two others have followed the alternative recommendation of revising Article 6.[citation needed]
A major revision of Article 9, dealing primarily with transactions in which personal property is used as security for a loan or extension of credit, was enacted in all states. The revision had a uniform effective date of July 1, 2001 although in a few states it went into effect shortly after that date.[9] In 2010, NCCUSL and the ALI proposed modest amendments to Article 9. Several states have already enacted these amendments, which have a uniform effective date of July 1, 2013.[citation needed]
The controversy surrounding with what is now termed the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA) originated in the process of revising Article 2 of the UCC. The provisions of what is now UCITA were originally meant to be "Article 2B" within a revised Article 2 on Sales. As the UCC is the only uniform law that is a joint project of NCCUSL and the ALI, both associations must agree to any revision of the UCC (i.e., the model act; revisions to the law of a particular state only require enactment in that state). The proposed final draft of Article 2B met with controversy within the ALI, and as a consequence the ALI did not grant its assent. The NCCUSL responded by renaming Article 2B and promulgating it as the UCITA. As of October 12, 2004, only Maryland and Virginia have adopted UCITA.
The overriding philosophy of the Uniform Commercial Code is to allow people to make the contracts they want, but to fill in any missing provisions where the agreements they make are silent. The law also seeks to impose uniformity and streamlining of routine transactions like the processing of checks, notes, and other routine commercial paper. The law frequently distinguishes between merchants, who customarily deal in a commodity and are presumed to know well the business they are in, and consumers, who are not.
The UCC also seeks to discourage the use of legal formalities in making business contracts, in order to allow business to move forward without the intervention of lawyers or the preparation of elaborate documents. This last point is perhaps the most questionable part of its underlying philosophy; many[who?] in the legal profession have argued that legal formalities discourage litigation by requiring some kind of ritual that provides a clear dividing line that tells people when they have made a final deal over which they could be sued.
Article 2[edit]
Article 2 deals with sales, and Article 2A deals with leases.
Contract formation[edit]
Firm offers (offers by USAUS Inc to buy or sell goods and promising to keep the offer open for a period of time) are valid without consideration if signed by the offeror, and are irrevocable for the time stated on the Purchase Order(but no longer than 3 months), or, if no time is stated, for a reasonable time.[10]
Offer to buy goods for “prompt shipment” invites acceptance by either prompt shipment or a prompt promise to ship. Therefore, this offer is not strictly unilateral. However, this “acceptance by performance” does not even have to be by conforming goods, (for example, incomplete sets).[11]
Consideration—modifications without consideration may be acceptable in a contract for the sale of goods.[12]
Failure to state price—In a contract for the sale of goods, the failure to state a price will not prevent the formation of a contract if the parties' original intent was to form a contract. A reasonable price will be determined by the court.[10]
Assignments—a requirements contract can be assigned, provided the quantity required by the assignee is not unreasonably disproportionate to original quantity.[13]
Contract repudiation and breach[edit]
Nonconforming goods—If non-conforming goods are sent with a note of accommodation, such tender is construed as a counteroffer, and if accepted, forms a new contract and binds buyer at previous contract price. If seller refuses to conform and buyer does not accept, the buyer must return all non conforming goods at sellers expense within thirty days of receipt.
Perfect tender—The buyer however does have a right of “perfect tender” and can accept all, reject all, or accept conforming goods and reject the rest; within a reasonable time after delivery but before acceptance, he must notify the seller of the rejection. If the buyer does not give a specific reason (defect), he cannot rely on the reason later, in legal proceedings. (akin to the cure before cover rationale). Also, the contract is not breached per se if the seller delivered the non-conforming goods, however offensive, before the date of performance has hit.
“Reasonable time/good faith”, four weeks minimum lead time, standard—Such standard is required from a party to a contract indefinite as to time, or made indefinite by waiver of original provisions.
Requirements/Output contracts—The UCC provides protection against disproportionate demands, but must meet the “good faith” requirement.
Reasonable grounds for insecurity—In a situation with a threat of non-performance, the other part may suspend its own performance and demand assurances in writing. If assurance not provided “within a reasonable time not exceeding 30 days,” the contract is repudiated.[14]
Battle of forms—New terms will be incorporated into the agreement unless:
1) offer limited to its own terms,
2) materially alter original terms (limit liability etc.),
3) first party objects to new terms in a timely manner, or first party has already objected to new terms.

Look at what the item is to determine whether the new terms “materially alter” the original offer. (delay in delivery of nails not the same as for fish).
Battle of forms—A written confirmation of an offer sent within a reasonable time operates as an acceptance even though it states terms additional terms to or different from those offered, unless acceptance is expressly made conditional to the additions.
Statute of frauds as applicable to the sale of goods—The actual contract does not need to be in writing. Just some note or memo must be in writing and signed. However, the UCC exception to the signature requirement is where written confirmation is received and not objected to within 10 days.[15]
Cure/cover—Buyer must give seller time to cure the defective shipment before seeking cover
FOB place of business—The seller assumes risk of loss until goods are placed on a carrier. FOB destination: seller risks loss until shipment arrives at destination. If the contract leaves out the delivery place, it is the seller’s place of business.
Risk of loss—Equitable conversion does not apply. In sale of specific goods, the risk of loss lies with the seller until tender. Generally, the seller bears risk of loss until the buyer takes physical possession of the goods (the opposite of realty)
Reclamation—Successful reclamation of goods excludes all other remedies with respect to the goods.[16] A seller can reclaim goods upon demand within 20 days after buyer receives them if the seller discovers that the buyer received the goods while insolvent.
Rightfully rejected goods—A merchant buyer may follow reasonable instructions of the seller to reject the goods. If no such instructions are given, the buyer make a reasonable effort to sell them, and the buyer/bailee entitled to 10% of the gross proceeds.
Implied warranty of fitness—Implied warranty of fitness arises when the seller knows the buyer is relying upon the seller's expertise in choosing goods. Implied warranty of merchantability: every sale of goods fit for ordinary purposes. Express warranties: arise from any statement of fact of promise.
UCC damages for repudiating/breaching seller—Difference between 1) the market price when the buyer learned of breach and the 2) contract price 3) plus incidental damages. An aggrieved seller simply suing for the contract price is economically inefficient.[17]
Specially manufactured goods—Specially manufactured goods are exempt from statute of frauds where manufacturer has made a “substantial beginning” or “commitments for the procurement” of supplies.
Section 2-207: Battle of the forms[edit]
Main article: Offer and acceptance § Battle of the forms
One of the most confusing and fiercely litigated sections of the UCC is Section 2-207,[18] which Professor Grant Gilmore called "arguably the greatest statutory mess of all time."[19] It governs a "battle of the forms" as to whose boilerplate terms, those of the offeror or the offeree, will survive a commercial transaction where multiple forms with varying terms are exchanged. This problem frequently arises when parties to a commercial transaction exchange routine documents like requests for proposals, invoices, purchase orders, and order confirmations, all of which may contain conflicting boilerplate provisions.
The first step in the analysis is to determine whether the UCC or the common law governs the transaction. If the UCC governs, courts will usually try to find which form constitutes the offer. Next, offeree's acceptance forms bearing the different terms is examined. One should note whether the acceptance is expressly conditional on its own terms. If it is expressly conditional, it is a counteroffer, not an acceptance. If performance is accepted after the counteroffer, even without express acceptance, under 2-207(3), a contract will exist under only those terms on which the parties agree, together with UCC gap-fillers.
If the acceptance form does not expressly limit acceptance to its own terms, and both parties are merchants, offeror's acceptance of offeree's performance, though offeree's forms contain additional or different terms, forms a contract. At this point, if offeree's terms cannot coexist with offeror's terms, both terms are "knocked out" and UCC gap-fillers step in. If offeree's terms are simply additional, they will be considered part of the contract unless (a) the offeror expressly limits acceptance to the terms of the original offer, (b) the new terms materially alter the original offer or (c) notification of objection to the new terms has already been given or is given within a reasonable time after they are promulgated by the offeree.
Because of the massive confusion engendered by Section 2-207, a revised version was promulgated in 2003, but the revision has never been enacted by any state.
Article 8[edit]
The ownership of securities is governed by Article 8 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). This Article 8, a text of about thirty pages,[20] underwent important recasting in 1994. That update of the UCC treats the majority of the transfers of dematerialized securities as mere reflections of their respective initial issue registered by the two American central securities depositories, respectively the Depository Trust Company (DTC) for the securities issued by corporations and the Federal reserve for the securities issued by the Treasury Department. In this centralised system, the title transfer of the securities does not take place at the time of the registration on the account of the investor, but within the systems managed by the DTC or by the Federal reserve.
This centralization is not accompanied by a centralized register of the investors/owners of the securities, such as the systems established in Sweden and in Finland (so-called "transparent systems"). Neither the DTC nor the Federal Reserve hold an individual register of the transfers of property. The consequence for an investor is that proving ownership of its securities relies entirely on the accurate replication of the transfer recorded by the DTC and FED at the lower tiers of the holding chain of the securities.
Each one of these links is composed respectively of an account provider (or intermediary) and of an account holder.
The rights created through these links, are purely contractual claims: these rights are of two kinds:
1) For the links where the account holder is itself an account provider at a lower tier, the right on the security during the time where it is credited there is characterized as a "securities entitlement", which is an "ad hoc" concept invented in 1994: i.e. designating a claim that will enable the account holder to take part to a prorate distribution in the event of bankruptcy of its account provider.
2) For the last link of the chain, in which the account holder is at the same time the final investor, its "security entitlement" is enriched by the "substantial" rights defined by the issuer: the right to receive dividends or interests and, possibly, the right to take part in the general meetings, when that was laid down in the account agreement concluded with the account provider. The combination of these reduced material rights and of these variable substantial rights is characterised by article 8 of the UCC as a "beneficial interest".
This decomposition of the rights organized by Article 8 of the UCC results in preventing the investor to revindicate the security in case of bankruptcy of the account provider, that is to say the possibility to claim the security as its own asset, without being obliged to share it at its prorate value with the other creditors of the account provider. As a consequence, it also prevents the investor from asserting its securities at the upper level of the holding chain, either up to the DTC or up to a sub-custodian. Such a "security entitlement," unlike a normal ownership right, is no longer enforceable "erga omnes" to any person supposed to have the security in its custody. The "security entitlement" is a mere relative right, therefore a contractual right.
This re-characterization of the proprietary right into a simple contractual right may enable the account provider, to "re-use" the security without having to ask for the authorization of the investor. This is especially possible within the framework of temporary operations such as security lending, option to repurchase, buy to sell back or repurchase agreement. This system the distinction between the downward holding chain which traces the way in which the security was subscribed by the investor and the horizontal and ascending chains which trace the way in which the security has been transferred or sub-deposited.[21]
Contrary to claims suggesting that Article 8 denies American investors their security rights held through intermediaries such as banks, Article 8 has also helped US negotiators during the negotiations of the Geneva Securities Convention, also known as the Unidroit convention on substantive rules for intermediated securities.
Article 9[edit]
Further information: Secured transactions in the United States
Article 9 governs security interests in personal property as collateral to secure a debt. A creditor with a security interest is called a secured party.
Fundamental concepts under Article 9 include how a security interest is created (called attachment); how to give notice of a security interest to the public, which makes the security interest enforceable against others who may claim an interest in the collateral (called perfection); when multiple claims to the same collateral exist, determining which interests prevail over others (called priority); and what remedies a secured party has if the debtor defaults in payment or performance of the secured obligation.
Article 9 does not govern security interests in real property, except fixtures to real property. Security interests in real property include mortgages, deeds of trusts, and installment land contracts. There may be significant legal issues around security interests in Bitcoin.[22]
The Model Tribal Secured Transactions Act (MTSTA), a model act tailored to provide Native American tribes with a legal system to govern secured transactions in Indian country, was derived from the UCC, primarily Article 9.
International influence[edit]
Certain portions of the UCC have been highly influential outside of the United States. Article 2 had some influence on the drafting of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), though the end result departed from the UCC in many respects (such as refusing to adopt the mailbox rule). Article 5, governing letters of credit, has been influential in international trade finance simply because so many major financial institutions operate in New York. Article 9, which established a unified framework for security interests in personal property, directly inspired the enactment of Personal Property Security Acts in every Canadian province and territory but Quebec from 1990 onward, followed by the New Zealand Personal Property Securities Act 1999 and then the Australia Personal Property Securities Act 2009.
See also[edit]
Contract law
]
Part of the common law series
Contract formation
Offer and acceptance
Posting rule
Mirror image rule
Invitation to treat
Firm offer
Consideration
Implication-in-fact
Collateral contract
Defenses against formation
Lack of capacity
Duress
Undue influence
Illusory promise
Statute of frauds
Non est factum
Contract interpretation
Parol evidence rule
Contract of adhesion
Integration clause
Contra proferentem
Excuses for non-performance
Mistake
Misrepresentation
Frustration of purpose
Impossibility
Impracticability
Illegality
Unclean hands
Unconscionability
Accord and satisfaction
Rights of third parties
Privity of contract
Assignment
Delegation
Novation
Third-party beneficiary
Breach of contract
Anticipatory repudiation
Cover
Exclusion clause
Efficient breach
Deviation
Fundamental breach
Remedies
Specific performance
Liquidated damages
Penal damages
Rescission
Quasi-contractual obligations
Promissory estoppel
Quantum meruit
Related areas of law
Conflict of laws
Commercial law
Other common law areas
Tort law
Property law
Wills, trusts, and estates
Criminal law
Evidence
v
t
e
Uniform Commercial Code adoption
United States contract law
Codification
Commercial law
Uniform act
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods
Certified Commercial Contracts Manager (CCCM) professional certification in contract management offered by the National Contract Management Association (NCMA) and specifically covering UCC Articles 1, 2, and 2A

References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Institute, The American Law. "Institute Projects - The American Law Institute | American Law Institute". American Law Institute. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
Jump up ^ The American Law Institute – UCC 2007 Edition (Official Text with Comments)
Jump up ^ See Uniform Commercial Code adoption for more information on adoption of each article in the UCC by U.S. jurisdictions.
Jump up ^ Stewart Macaulay; Jean Braucher; John A. Kidwell; William Whitford (2010). Contracts: Law in Action. I (3rd ed.). LexisNexis. ISBN 978-1-42248176-9.
Jump up ^ 5 C.M.C. § 1101 et seq.
Jump up ^ La. R.S. 10:101-1 et seq.
Jump up ^ P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 19, § 401 et seq.
Jump up ^ Navajo Nation Code tit. 5A, § 1-101 et seq.
Jump up ^ FFIEC.gov
^ Jump up to: a b UCC § 2-205
Jump up ^ UCC § 2-206
Jump up ^ UCC § 2-209
Jump up ^ UCC § 2-306
Jump up ^ UCC § 2-609
Jump up ^ UCC § 2-201
Jump up ^ UCC § 2-702
Jump up ^ UCC § 2-713
Jump up ^ UCC § 2-207
Jump up ^ Mark E. Roszkowski (2001). "Symposium on Revised Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code: Section-by-Section Analysis". SMU Law Review. Dedman School of Law, Southern Methodist University. 54: 927. , (quoting Letter from Grant Gilmore, Professor, to Robert Summers, Professor, Cornell University School of Law (September 10, 1980), reprinted in Richard E. Speidel (1981). Teaching Materials on Commercial and Consumer Law (3rd ed.). West Publishing Co. pp. 54–55. .
Jump up ^ See an online access to UCC Article 8 on Cornell.edu
Jump up ^ A further analysis of UCC article 8 can be found in an academic paper from Sandra Rocks on Ali-Aba.org
Jump up ^ Cowan, Miles. "Uniform Commercial Code and Bitcoin". We Use Coins. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
External links[edit]
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) at Legal Information Institute (LII)
Research Guide and Introduction to the UCC from Duke University Law School
State of Michigan UCC Book
Permanent Editorial Board for the UCC (ALI)
Permanent Editorial Board for the UCC (NCCUSL)
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LCCN: n92056781
GND: 4128274-7
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