text:
I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am
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"I'm Henry the Eighth, I Am"
Song
Written
1910
Songwriter(s)
Fred Murray, R. P. Weston
"I'm Henry VIII, I Am"
Single by Herman's Hermits
from the album Herman's Hermits and Their Second Album! Herman's Hermits on Tour
A-side
"I'm Henry VIII, I Am"
B-side
"The End of the World"
Released
June 1965 (US)
September 1965 (UK)
Recorded
De Lane Lea Studios, London, 1 February 1965
Genre
Beat, pop
Label
EMI
Songwriter(s)
Fred Murray, R. P. Weston
Herman's Hermits singles chronology
"Wonderful World"
(1965) "I'm Henry VIII, I Am"
(1965) "Just a Little Bit Better"
(1965)
"Wonderful World"
(1965) "I'm Henry VIII, I Am"
(1965) "Just a Little Bit Better"
(1965)
"I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am" (also "I'm Henery the VIII, I Am" or "I'm Henry VIII, I Am"; spelled "Henery" but pronounced "'Enery" in the Cockney style normally used to sing it) is a 1910 British music hall song by Fred Murray and R. P. Weston. It was a signature song of the music hall star Harry Champion. In 1965, it became the fastest-selling song in history to that point when it was revived by Herman's Hermits,[1] becoming the group's second number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The lead solo on the Hermits' version was played by the group's lead guitarist Derek "Lek" Leckenby.[2]
In the well-known chorus, Henery explains that his wife had been married seven times before:
I'm 'Enery the Eighth, I am,
'Enery the Eighth I am, I am!
I got married to the widow next door,
She's been married seven times before
And every one was an 'Enery
She wouldn't have a Willie nor a Sam
I'm her eighth old man named 'Enery
'Enery the Eighth, I am!
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 In popular culture
3 References
4 External links
Background[edit]
According to one source, Champion "used to fire off [the chorus] at tremendous speed with almost desperate gusto, his face bathed in sweat and his arms and legs flying in all directions."[1] In later versions recorded by Champion, "Willie" is changed to "William" because the former is a British slang term for the penis.
The song is often sung in a Cockney accent.
In 1961 this song was recorded and extensively performed live by the British star Joe Brown, who revived the song and made it largely known in the British pop world. His version has two choruses either side of his guitar solo. (B-side, Piccadilly Records 7N 35005) He performs it live still today.
The Herman's Hermits version consists of the chorus sung three times. Between the first two choruses, Peter Noone calls out, "Second verse, same as the first!". The background singers on the version recorded by Connie Francis for her 1966 album Connie Francis and The Kids Next Door use this call as well.
Earlier sources usually spell the name "Henery"[3][4][5][self-published source] (as do some old sources when referring to the historical King of England[6]), and the music requires the name "Henery" (or "'Enery") to be pronounced as three syllables. The sheet music for the 1965 Herman's Hermits revival, however, presented the name as "Henry", as do sources referring to this version.[1][7]
In popular culture[edit]
In the film Ghost, Sam (Patrick Swayze) sings this song on a continuous run in a bad English accent all night long, convincing Oda Mae Brown (Whoopi Goldberg) to help him; Sam's girlfriend Molly (Demi Moore) later reveals that Sam used this tactic to get her to agree to go out with him.
Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1965 album Chipmunks à Go-Go.
Homer Simpson sings a parody in The Simpsons episode "Margical History Tour".
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c MacInnes, Colin (1965) "The Old English Music Hall Songs Are New". The New York Times, November 28, 1965, p. SM62: "Henery — which hit the top of the record lists and, according to one American expert, was 'the fastest-selling song in history' — was in fact an old English music hall song enjoying a new lease on life. Description of Champion's performance: p. 95. Spelling of title: image on p. 62 shows title presented in all-caps, "I'M HENRY VIII, I AM." Text of article, however, uses the spelling "Henery" throughout, even when referring to the Herman's Hermits revival. Perhaps the most correct spelling is "'Enery"; that is certainly how Harry pronounces it.
Jump up ^ Peter Noone interview, Keith Hopwood pers. corres.
Jump up ^ Sharpe, R. A. (2005). Philosophy of Music: An Introduction. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 0-7735-2928-4. "I shall give an example of the first, Harry Champion's music-hall song 'I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am', although I suspect readers may not thank me. (You probably won't be able to dislodge it from your mind for a week or two). p. 161
Jump up ^ Lawrence, D. H. (1987). Mr. Noon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-27247-5. "He strayed on inconsequentially, singing: Henery the eighth I am, I am/Henery the eighth I am" p. 258
Jump up ^ Lynch, William J. (2003). Just a Philadelphia Boy. Xlibris. ISBN 1-4010-7911-3. "We had a neighbor, a skinny little Englishman... He would saunter merrily up our street... singing 'I'm Henery the Eighth, I am" at the top of his voice..." p. 42
Jump up ^ Child, Francis James; George Lyman Kittredge (1883). The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. Houghton, Mifflin. "And lowlye kneeled his prince before/And sayd, My soueraigne king, Henery the Eighth" p. 356
Jump up ^ Guiheen, Anna Marie (1995). Sheet Music Reference and Price Guide. Collector Books. ISBN 0-89145-648-1. "I'm Henry the Eighth I Am by Fred Murray and L. P. Weston, 1965, Herman's Hermits" p. 102
External links[edit]
I'm Henery the Eighth MP3 download of Harry Champion’s 1911 recording at Internet Archive
I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am lyrics at Wikisource
Preceded by
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" by The Rolling Stones Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
"I'm Henry VIII, I Am" by Herman's Hermits
August 7, 1965 Succeeded by
"I Got You Babe" by Sonny and Cher
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text:
Transient global amnesia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Transient global amnesia
Classification and external resources
Specialty
neurology
ICD-10
G45.4
ICD-9-CM
437.7
DiseasesDB
13251
eMedicine
neuro/380
MeSH
D020236
[edit on Wikidata]
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a neurological disorder whose key defining characteristic is a temporary but almost total disruption of short-term memory with a range of problems accessing older memories. A person in a state of TGA exhibits no other signs of impaired cognitive functioning but recalls only the last few moments of consciousness, as well as deeply encoded facts of the individual's past, such as their own name.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Symptoms
1.1 Progression of a TGA event
2 Differential diagnosis
3 Causes
3.1 Precipitating events
3.2 Vascular hypotheses
3.3 Migraine
3.4 Epilepsy
3.5 Other putative associations
4 Prognosis
5 Epidemiology
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Symptoms[edit]
A person having an attack of TGA has almost no capacity to establish new memories, but generally appears otherwise mentally alert and lucid, possessing full knowledge of self-identity and identity of close family, and maintaining intact perceptual skills and a wide repertoire of complex learned behavior. The individual simply cannot recall anything that happened outside the last few minutes, while memory for more temporally distant events may or may not be largely intact.[1][2] The degree of amnesia is profound, and, in the interval during which the individual is aware of his or her condition, is often accompanied by anxiety.[3] The diagnostic criteria for TGA, as defined for purposes of clinical research, include:[2]
The attack was witnessed by a capable observer and reported as being a definite loss of recent memory (anterograde amnesia).
There was an absence of clouding of consciousness or other cognitive impairment other than amnesia.
There were no focal neurological signs or deficits during or after the attack.
There were no features of epilepsy, or active epilepsy in the past two years, and the patient did not have any recent head injury.
The attack resolved within 24 hours.
Progression of a TGA event[edit]
This onset of TGA is generally fairly rapid, and its duration varies but generally lasts between 2 and 8 hours.[2] A person experiencing TGA typically has memory only of the past few minutes or less, and cannot retain new information beyond that period of time. One of its bizarre features is perseveration, in which the victim of an attack faithfully and methodically repeats statements or questions, complete with profoundly identical intonation and gestures "as if a fragment of a sound track is being repeatedly rerun."[4] This is found in almost all TGA attacks and is sometimes considered a defining characteristic of the condition.[2][5][6] The individual experiencing TGA retains social skills and older significant memories, almost always including knowing his or her own identity and the identity of family members, and the ability to perform various complex learned tasks including driving and other learned behavior; one individual "was able to continue putting together the alternator of his car."[2] Though outwardly appearing to be normal, a person with TGA is disoriented in time and space, perhaps knowing neither the year nor where they reside. Although confusion is sometimes reported, others consider this an imprecise observation,[6] but an elevated emotional state (compared to patients experiencing Transient Ischemic Attack, or TIA) is common.[7] In a large survey, 11% of individuals in a TGA state were described as exhibiting "emotionalism" and 14% "fear of dying".[8] The attack lessens over a period of hours, with older memories returning first, and the repetitive fugue slowly lengthening so that the victim retains short-term memory for longer periods. While seemingly back to normal within 24 hours, there are subtle effects on memory that can persist longer.[9][10] In the majority of cases there are no long-term effects other than a complete lack of recall for this period of the attack and an hour or two before its onset.[2][11] There is emerging evidence for observable impairments in a minority of cases weeks or even years following a TGA attack.[9][12][13]
There is also evidence that the victim is aware that something is not quite right, even though they can't pinpoint it. Persons suffering from the attack may vocalize signs that 'they just lost their memory', or that they believed they had a stroke, although they aren't aware of the other signs that they are displaying. The main sign of this condition is the repetitive actions of something that is not usually repeated.[citation needed]
Differential diagnosis[edit]
A differential diagnosis should include:[14]
Thrombosis of the basilar artery
Cardioembolic stroke
Complex partial seizures
Frontal lobe epilepsy
Lacunar syndromes
Migraine variants
Posterior cerebral artery stroke
Syncope and related paroxysmal spells
Temporal lobe epilepsy
If the event lasts less than one hour, transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) might be implicated.[2][15]
If the condition lasts longer than 24 hours, it is not considered TGA by definition. A diagnostic investigation would then probably focus on some form of undetected ischemic attack or cranial bleed.[16][17]
Causes[edit]
The underlying cause of TGA remains enigmatic. The leading hypotheses are some form of epileptic event, a problem with blood circulation around, to or from the brain, or some kind of migraine-like phenomenon.[7][18][19][20] The differences are sufficiently meaningful that transient amnesia may be considered a heterogeneous clinical syndrome[2] with multiple etiologies, corresponding mechanisms, and differing prognoses.[8]
Precipitating events[edit]
TGA attacks are associated with some form of precipitating event in at least one-third of cases.[21] The most commonly cited precipitating events include vigorous exercise (including sexual intercourse), swimming in cold water or enduring other temperature changes, and emotionally traumatic or stressful events.[2] There are reports of TGA-like conditions following certain medical procedures and disease states.[19] One study reports two cases of familial incidence (in which two members of the same family experienced TGA), out of 114 cases considered.[2] This indicates the possibility that there could be a slight familial incidence.
If the definition of a precipitating event is widened to include events days or weeks earlier, and to take in emotionally stressful burdens such as money worries, attending a funeral or exhaustion due to overwork or unusual childcare responsibilities, a large majority, over 80%, of TGA attacks are said to correlate with precipitating events.[8]
The role of psychological co-factors has been addressed by some research. It is the case that people in a state of TGA exhibit measurably elevated levels of anxiety and/or depression.[3] Emotional instability may leave some people vulnerable to stressful triggers and thus be associated with TGA.[8] Individuals who have experienced TGA, compared with similar people with TIA, are more likely to have some kind of emotional problem (such as depression or phobias) in their personal or family history[22] or to have experienced some kind of phobic or emotionally challenging precipitating event.[23]
Vascular hypotheses[edit]
Cerebral ischemia is a frequently disputed possible cause, at least for some segment of the TGA population, and until the 1990s it was generally thought that TGA was a variant of transient ischemic attack (TIA) secondary to some form of cerebrovascular disease.[7][20] Those who argue against a vascular cause point to evidence that those experiencing TGA are no more likely than the general population to have subsequent cerebral vascular disease.[7] In fact, "in comparison with TIA patients, TGA patients had a significantly lower risk of combined stroke, myocardial infarct, and death."[22]
Other vascular origins remain a possibility, however, according to research of jugular vein valve insufficiency in patients with TGA. In these cases TGA has followed vigorous exertion. One current hypothesis is that TGA may be due to venous congestion of the brain,[24] leading to ischemia of structures involved with memory, such as the hippocampus.[25] It has been shown that performing a Valsalva maneuver (involving "bearing down" and increasing breath pressure against a closed glottis, which occurs frequently during exertion) may be related to retrograde flow of blood in the jugular vein, and therefore, presumably, cerebral blood circulation, in patients with TGA.[24][26][27][28][29]
Migraine[edit]
A history of migraine is a statistically significant risk factor identified in the medical literature.[7][8] "When comparing TGA patients with normal control subjects… the only factor significantly associated with an increased risk for TGA was migraine."[20] 14% of people with TGA had a history of migraine in one study,[21] and approximately a third of the participants in another clinical study reported such a history.[2]
However, migraine does not appear to occur simultaneously with TGA nor serve as a precipitating event. Headache frequently occurs during TGA, as does nausea, both symptoms often associated with migraine, but it appears that these do not indicate migraine in patients during a TGA event. The connection remains conceptual, and muddied further by a lack of consensus about the definition of migraine itself, and by the differences in age, gender, and psychological characteristics of migraine sufferers when compared to those variables in the TGA cohort.[8]
Epilepsy[edit]
Amnesia is often a symptom in epilepsy, and for that reason people with known epilepsy are disqualified from most studies of TGA. In a study where strict criteria were applied to TGA diagnosis, no epileptic features were seen in EEGs of over 100 patients with TGA.[8] However, despite the fact that EEG readings are usually normal during a TGA attack, and other usual symptoms of epilepsy are not observed with TGA,[20] it has been speculated that some initial epileptic attacks present as TGA.[2] The observation that 7% of people who experience TGA will develop epilepsy calls into question whether those case are, in fact, TGA or transient epileptic amnesia (TEA).[7] TEA attacks tend to be short (under one hour) and tend to recur, so that a person who has experienced both repeated attacks of temporary amnesia resembling TGA and if those events lasted less than one hour is very likely to develop epilepsy.[2]
There is additional speculation that atypical cases of TEA in the form of nonconvulsive status epilepticus may present with duration similar to TGA.[30] This may constitute a distinct subgroup of TGA. TEA, as opposed to "pure" TGA, is also characterized by "two unusual forms of memory deficit …: (i) accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF): the excessively rapid loss of newly acquired memories over a period of days or weeks and (ii) remote autobiographical memory loss: a loss of memories for salient, personally experienced events of the past few decades."[5]
Whether an amnestic event is TGA or TEA thus presents a diagnostic challenge,[19] especially in light of the recently published descriptions of possible long-term cognitive deficits with (presumably correctly diagnosed) TGA.
Other putative associations[edit]
There have been assertions of a possible link between TGA and the use of statins (a class of drug used in treating cholesterol).[31][32] En bloc memory loss which is total, permanent, and irrecoverable can occur as an alcoholic "black out," usually lasting longer than an hour and up to 2–5 days. Marijuana intoxication, Halogenated hydroxyquinolines such as Clioquinol, PDE inhibitors such as sildenafil, Digitalis and scopolamine intoxication, and general anaesthesia have been reported with TGA.
Prognosis[edit]
The prognosis of "pure" TGA is very good. It does not affect mortality or morbidity[14] and unlike earlier understanding of the condition, TGA is not a risk factor for stroke or ischemic disease.[7] Rates of recurrence are variously reported, with one systematic calculation suggesting the rate is under 6% per year.[22] TGA "is universally felt to be a benign condition which requires no further treatment other than reassurance to the patient and his or her family."[16] "The most important part of management after diagnosis is looking after the psychological needs of the patient and his or her relatives. Seeing a once competent and healthy partner, sibling or parent become incapable of remembering what was said only a minute ago is very distressing, and hence it is often the relatives who will require reassurance."[33]
TGA may have multiple etiologies and prognoses.[8] Atypical presentations may masquerade as epilepsy[7] and be more properly considered TEA. In addition to such probable TEA cases, some people experiencing amnestic events diverging from the diagnostic criteria articulated above may have a less benign prognosis than those with "pure" TGA.[2]
Recently, moreover, both imaging and neurocognitive testing studies question whether TGA is as benign as has been thought. MRI scans of the brain in one study showed that among people who had experienced TGA, all had cavities in the hippocampus, and these cavities were far more numerous, larger, and more suggestive of pathological damage than in either healthy controls or a large control group of people with tumor or stroke.[12] Verbal and cognitive impairments have been observed days after TGA attacks, of such severity that the researchers estimated the effects would be unlikely to resolve within a short time frame.[13] A large neurocognitive study of patients more than a year after their attack has shown persistent effects consistent with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI-a) in a third of the people who had experienced TGA.[34] In another study, "selective cognitive dysfunctions after the clinical recovery" were observed, suggesting a prefrontal impairment.[10] These dysfunctions may not be in memory per se but in retrieval, in which speed of access is part of the problem among people who have had TGA and experience ongoing memory problems.[9]
Epidemiology[edit]
The estimated annual incidence of TGA varies from a minimum of 2.9 cases per 100,000 population (in Spain) and 5.2 per 100,000 (in USA),[14] but among people aged over 50, the rate of TGA incidence is reported to range from approximately 23 per 100,000 (in a US population) to 32 per 100,000 (in a population in Scandinavia).[21][35]
TGA is most common in people between age 56 and 75,[8] with the average age of a person experiencing TGA being approximately 62.[7]
See also[edit]
Amnesia
Dissociative amnesia
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Logan, W; Sherman, D (1983). "Transient global amnesia". Stroke. 14 (6): 1005–7. doi:10.1161/01.STR.14.6.1005. PMID 6658982.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hodges; Warlow, CP (1990). "Syndromes of transient amnesia: towards a classification. A study of 153 cases". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 53 (10): 834–43. doi:10.1136/jnnp.53.10.834. PMC 488242  . PMID 2266362.
^ Jump up to: a b Noel, A.; Quinette, P.; Guillery-Girard, B.; Dayan, J.; Piolino, P.; Marquis, S.; De La Sayette, V.; Viader, F.; et al. (2008). "Psychopathological factors, memory disorders and transient global amnesia". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 193 (2): 145–51. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.045716. PMID 18670000.
Jump up ^ Frederiks, J (1993). "Transient global amnesia". Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 95 (4): 265–83. doi:10.1016/0303-8467(93)90102-M. PMID 8299284.
^ Jump up to: a b Butler, C. R.; Zeman, A. Z. (2008). "Recent insights into the impairment of memory in epilepsy: transient epileptic amnesia, accelerated long-term forgetting and remote memory impairment". Brain. 131 (Pt 9): 2243–63. doi:10.1093/brain/awn127. PMID 18669495.
^ Jump up to: a b Owen, D; Paranandi, B; Sivakumar, R; Seevaratnam, M (2007). "Classical diseases revisited: transient global amnesia". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 83 (978): 236–9. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2006.052472. PMC 2600033  . PMID 17403949.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Hodges, John R.; Warlow, Charles P. (1990). "The Aetiology of Transient Global Amnesia". Brain. 113 (3): 639–57. doi:10.1093/brain/113.3.639. PMID 2194627.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Quinette, P.; Guillery-Girard, B; Dayan, J; De La Sayette, V; Marquis, S; Viader, F; Desgranges, B; Eustache, F (2006). "What does transient global amnesia really mean? Review of the literature and thorough study of 142 cases". Brain. 129 (Pt 7): 1640–58. doi:10.1093/brain/awl105. PMID 16670178.
^ Jump up to: a b c Guillery-girard, B.; Quinette, P.; Desgranges, B.; Piolino, P.; Viader, F.; De La Sayette, V.; Eustache, F. (2006). "Long-term memory following transient global amnesia: an investigation of episodic and semantic memory". Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 114 (5): 329–33. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00625.x. PMID 17022781.
^ Jump up to: a b Le Pira; Giuffrida, S; Maci, T; Reggio, E; Zappalà, G; Perciavalle, V (2005). "Cognitive findings after transient global amnesia: role of prefrontal cortex". Applied Neuropsychology. 12 (4): 212–7. doi:10.1207/s15324826an1204_5. PMID 16422663.
Jump up ^ Landres, Bruce (13 April 2003). "Clinical Vignette: Transient Global Amnesia". Retrieved 18 October 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Nakada; Kwee, IL; Fujii, Y; Knight, RT (2005). "High-field, T2 reversed MRI of the hippocampus in transient global amnesia". Neurology. 64 (7): 1170–4. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000156158.48587.EA. PMID 15824342.
^ Jump up to: a b Kessler, Josef; Markowitsch, Hans; Rudolf, Jobst; Heiss, Wolf-Dieter (2001). "Continuing Cognitive Impairment After Isolated Transient Global Amnesia". International Journal of Neuroscience. 106 (3–4): 159–68. doi:10.3109/00207450109149746. PMID 11264917.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sucholeiki, Roy (3 December 2008). "Transient Global Amnesia". eMedicine. Medscape. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Engmann, Birk; Reuter, Mike (2003). "A case history of sudden memory dysfunction – caused by transient epileptic amnesia". Aktuelle Neurologie. 30 (7): 350–353. doi:10.1055/s-2003-41889.
^ Jump up to: a b Landres B: UCLA Department of Medicine Clinical Vignette: Transient Global Amnesia. Last Revised: Sun, 13-Apr-2003. http://www.med.ucla.edu/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=38 accessed 9/26/09
Jump up ^ Monzani; Rovellini, A; Schinco, G; Silani, V (2000). "Transient global amnesia or subarachnoid haemorrhage? Clinical and laboratory findings in a particular type of acute global amnesia". European Journal of Emergency Medicine. 7 (4): 291–3. doi:10.1097/00063110-200012000-00007. PMID 11764138.
Jump up ^ Enzinger, C.; Thimary, F.; Kapeller, P.; Ropele, S.; Schmidt, R.; Ebner, F.; Fazekas, F. (2008). "Transient Global Amnesia: Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Lesions and Cerebrovascular Disease". Stroke. 39 (8): 2219–25. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.508655. PMID 18583561.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bauer, G.; Benke, T; Unterberger, I; Schmutzhard, E; Trinka, E (2005). "Transient global amnesia or transient epileptic amnesia?". QJM. 98 (5): 383; author reply 383–4. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hci060. PMID 15833772.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Zorzon, Marino; Antonutti, L; Masè, G; Biasutti, E; Vitrani, B; Cazzato, G (1995). "Transient Global Amnesia and Transient Ischemic Attack : Natural History, Vascular Risk Factors, and Associated Conditions". Stroke. 26 (9): 1536–42. doi:10.1161/01.STR.26.9.1536. PMID 7660394.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miller, J. W.; Petersen, R; Metter, E; Millikan, C; Yanagihara, T (1987). "Transient global amnesia: Clinical characteristics and prognosis". Neurology. 37 (5): 733–7. doi:10.1212/wnl.37.5.733. PMID 3574671.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pantoni; Bertini, E; Lamassa, M; Pracucci, G; Inzitari, D (2005). "Clinical features, risk factors, and prognosis in transient global amnesia: a follow-up study". European Journal of Neurology. 12 (5): 350–6. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00982.x. PMID 15804264.
Jump up ^ Inzitari; Pantoni, L; Lamassa, M; Pallanti, S; Pracucci, G; Marini, P (1997). "Emotional arousal and phobia in transient global amnesia". Archives of Neurology. 54 (7): 866–73. doi:10.1001/archneur.1997.00550190056015. PMID 9236576.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewis, S (1998). "Aetiology of transient global amnesia". The Lancet. 352 (9125): 397–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)01442-1. PMID 9717945.
Jump up ^ Chung, C. -P.; Hsu, HY; Chao, AC; Chang, FC; Sheng, WY; Hu, HH (2006). "Detection of intracranial venous reflux in patients of transient global amnesia". Neurology. 66 (12): 1873–7. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000219620.69618.9d. PMID 16801653.
Jump up ^ Sander, Kerstin; Sander, Dirk (2005). "New insights into transient global amnesia: recent imaging and clinical findings". The Lancet Neurology. 4 (7): 437. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70121-6.
Jump up ^ Moreno-lugris; Martínez-Alvarez, J; Brañas, F; Martínez-Vázquez, F; Cortés-Laiño, JA (1996). "Transient global amnesia. Case-control study of 24 cases". Revista de neurologia. 24 (129): 554–7. PMID 8681172.
Jump up ^ Nedelmann; Eicke, BM; Dieterich, M (2005). "Increased incidence of jugular valve insufficiency in patients with transient global amnesia". Journal of Neurology. 252 (12): 1482–6. doi:10.1007/s00415-005-0894-9. PMID 15999232.
Jump up ^ Akkawi NM, Agosti C, Rozzini L, Anzola GP, Padovani A (2001). "Transient global amnesia and venous flow patterns" (PDF). The Lancet. 357 (9256): 639. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71434-3. PMID 11558519.
Jump up ^ Vuilleumier, P.; Despland, P; Regli, F (1996). "Failure to recall (but not to remember): Pure transient amnesia during nonconvulsive status epilepticus". Neurology. 46 (4): 1036–9. doi:10.1212/wnl.46.4.1036. PMID 8780086.
Jump up ^ Healy, D.; Morgan, R.; Chinnaswamy, S. (2009). "Transient global amnesia associated with statin intake". Case Reports. 2009: bcr0620080033. doi:10.1136/bcr.06.2008.0033.
Jump up ^ Graveline, Duane. "Statins and Amnesia". Retrieved 19 October 2009. [unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Magnus Harrison; Mark Williams (2007). "The diagnosis and management of transient global amnesia in the emergency department". Emerg Med J. 24 (6): 444–445. doi:10.1136/emj.2007.046565. PMC 2658295  . PMID 17513554.
Jump up ^ Borroni; Agosti, C; Brambilla, C; Vergani, V; Cottini, E; Akkawi, N; Padovani, A (2004). "Is transient global amnesia a risk factor for amnestic mild cognitive impairment?". Journal of Neurology. 251 (9): 1125–7. doi:10.1007/s00415-004-0497-x. PMID 15372257.
Jump up ^ Koski; Marttila, RJ (1990). "Transient global amnesia: incidence in an urban population". Acta neurologica Scandinavica. 81 (4): 358–60. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1990.tb01571.x. PMID 2360405.
Daniel, Britt Talley, "Transient Global Amnesia;" CreateSpace, Amazon
External links[edit]
Ochs, Carol; Ochs, Dave (1 September 2009). "Six Hours Missing". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
"Transient global amnesia". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
"Sex Can Trigger Short-Term Amnesia". AOL News. Archived from the original on November 8, 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
"The Brain Observatory". University of California San Diego. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
Park, Madison (November 5, 2009). "Sex, then amnesia...and it's no soap opera". CNN.
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text:
Petrobras
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Petronas.
Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. — Petrobras
Type
Sociedade Anônima/
Traded as
BM&F Bovespa: PETR3, PETR4
NYSE: PBR, PBR.A
BMAD: XPBR, XPBRA
BCBA: APBR
FWB: PJXB
Industry
Petroleum industry
Founded
1953; 64 years ago (1953)[1]
Headquarters
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Pedro Parente (CEO)
Ivan de Souza Monteiro (CFO)[2]
Products
Petroleum
Petroleum products
natural gas
lubricant
petrochemicals
fertilizers
biofuels
Production output
2.3 million barrels of oil equivalent (14,000,000 GJ) per day[1]
Revenue
US$ 87.0 billion (2016)[1]
Operating income
-US$ 8.3 billion (2016)[1]
Net income
-US$ 3.9 billion (2016)[1]
Total assets
US$ 181.9 billion (2016)[1]
Total equity
US$ 77.6 billion (2016)[1]
Owner
Brazilian Government (64%)[3]
Number of employees
80,908 (2014)[4]
Subsidiaries
Petrobras Distribuidora
Transpetro
Petrobras Argentina
Braskem[5]
Website
www.petrobras.com.br
Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. — Petrobras, more commonly known as simply Petrobras (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˌpɛtɾoˈbɾas]), is a semi-public Brazilian multinational corporation in the petroleum industry headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The company's name translates to Brazilian Petroleum Corporation — Petrobras.
The company was ranked #58 in the most recent Fortune Global 500 list.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Current operations
1.1 Business areas
1.2 Production and reserves
1.3 International investments
1.4 Ownership
1.5 Corporate social responsibility
2 History
2.1 Corporate milestones
2.2 Production
2.3 Operation Car Wash and related protests in Brazil
2.4 Environmental record
2.4.1 Oil spills
3 Petrobras in popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Current operations[edit]
Petrobras headquarters in downtown Rio de Janeiro.
Business areas[edit]
The company operates in six business areas, listed in order of revenue:[1]
Refining, transportation and marketing – refining, logistics, transportation, trading operations, oil products and crude oil exports and imports and petrochemical investments in Brazil
Exploration and production – crude oil, NGL and natural gas exploration, development and production in Brazil
Distribution – distribution of oil products, ethanol, biodiesel and natural gas to wholesalers and through the Petrobras Distribuidora S.A. retail network in Brazil
Gas and power – transportation and trading of natural gas and LNG, and generation and trading of electric power, and the fertilizer business
International – exploration and production of oil and gas, refining, transportation and marketing, distribution and gas and power operations outside of Brazil
Biofuels – production of biodiesel and its co-products and ethanol-related activities such as equity investments, production and trading of ethanol, sugar and the excess electricity generated from sugarcane bagasse
Production and reserves[edit]
Petrobras controls significant oil and energy assets in 16 countries in Africa, North America, South America, Europe, and Asia.[1]
However, Brazil represented 92% of Petrobras' worldwide production in 2014 and accounted for 97% of Petrobras' worldwide reserves on 31 December 2014,[1] when the company had 8,112.8 million barrels of oil equivalent (4.9633×1010 GJ) of proved developed reserves and 4,599.7 million barrels of oil equivalent (2.8140×1010 GJ) of proved undeveloped reserves in Brazil.[1] Of these, 62.7% were located in the offshore Campos Basin.[1] The largest growth prospect for the company is the Lula oil field in the Santos Basin.[1]
In 2015, the company produced 2.284 million barrels of oil equivalent (13,970,000 GJ) per day, of which 89% was petroleum and 11% was natural gas.[1]
International investments[edit]
Petrobras' global oil exploration, as shown in December 2006 with a total of 243,292 BOED
Refinery in Cochabamba, Bolivia, which was nationalized by the Bolivian government in 2007
Reserves held outside of Brazil accounted for 8.4% of production in 2014.[1] The majority of these reserves are in South America; the company has assets in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Paraguay, and Uruguay.[1]
Petrobras owns refineries in Texas (100,000 barrels per day of throughput), Okinawa, Japan (100,000 barrels per day of throughput), and Bahía Blanca, Argentina (30,000 barrels per day of throughput).[1]
The company also owns exploration blocks in the Gulf of Mexico and through joint ventures has production in Nigeria, Benin, Gabon, and Namibia.[1]
Ownership[edit]
The Brazilian government directly owns 54% of Petrobras' common shares with voting rights, while the Brazilian Development Bank and Brazil's Sovereign Wealth Fund (Fundo Soberano) each control 5%, bringing the State's direct and indirect ownership to 64%.[7] The privately held shares are traded on BM&F Bovespa, where they are part of the Ibovespa index.
Corporate social responsibility[edit]
Petrobras is a major supporter of the arts in Brazil.[8]
History[edit]
Petrobras' financial growth between 2002 and 2006
Petrobras standard model for its land oil pump, popularly known as Wooden Horse (Cavalo de Pau in Portuguese) in UFRN, Natal, Brazil.
Skyscraper hosting Petrobras' offices in Paulista Avenue, São Paulo.
Corporate milestones[edit]
Petrobras was created in 1953 under the government of Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas with the slogan "The Oil is Ours" (Portuguese: "O petróleo é nosso") and was given a legal monopoly in Brazil.[9] In 1953, Brazil only produced 2,700 barrels of oil per day.[10] In 1961, the company's REDUC refinery began operations near Rio de Janeiro,[11] and in 1963, its Cenpes research center opened in Rio de Janeiro; it remains one of the world's largest centers dedicated to energy research.[12] In 1967, the company established Petrobras Quimica S.A ("Petroquisa"), a subsidiary focused on petrochemicals and the conversion of naphtha into ethene.[13]
Petrobras had begun began processing oil shale in 1953, developing the Petrosix technology for extracting oil from oil shale but began using an industrial-size retort to process shale in the 1990s.[14] In 2006, Petrobras said that the industrial retort had the capacity to process 260 tonnes/hour of oil shale.[15]
In 1994, Petrobras put into service the Petrobras 36, the world's largest oil platform. It sank after an explosion in 2001 and was a complete loss.[16] In 1997, the government approved Law N.9.478, which broke Petrobras's monopoly and allowed competitors to develop Brazil's oilfields, and also created the National Petroleum Agency (Agência Nacional do Petróleo, ANP), responsible for the regulation and supervision of activities in the petroleum industry, and the National Council of Energy Policies, a public agency responsible for developing public energy policy.[17] In 1999, the National Petroleum Agency signed agreements with other companies, making the final end of the company's monopoly.[18]
In 2000, Petrobras set a world record for oil exploration in deep waters, reaching a depth of 1,877 metres (6,158 ft) below sea level.[19] In 2002, Petrobras acquired the Argentine company Perez Companc Energía (PECOM Energía S.A.) from the Perez Companc Family Group (es) and its family foundation for $1.18 billion. This acquisition included assets in Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador, 1.1 billion barrels of crude oil reserves and production of 181 thousand barrels of oil equivalent (1,110,000 GJ) per day.[20]
In 2005, Petrobras announced a joint venture with Nippon Alcohol Hanbai to sell ethanol from Brazil to Japan, called Brazil-Japan Ethanol.[21] On 21 April 2006, the company started production on the P-50 oil platform in the Albacora East field at Campos Basin, which made Brazil self-sufficienct in oil production.[10] By November 2015, the company had accumulated $128 billion in debt, 84% of it denominated in foreign currencies.[22]
Production[edit]
In 1961, Petrobras geologist Walter K. Link published Link's memorandum, which implied that the company was better off exploring offshore instead of onshore.[23] In 1963, Petrobras discovered the Recôncavo baiano (pt) and Carmópolis oil fields.[17]
The company's growth was halted by the 1973 oil crisis. The entire country was affected, and the "Brazilian miracle", a period when annual GDP growth exceeding 10%, ended. Petrobras nearly went bankrupt.[24] In 1974, the company discovered an oil field in the Campos Basin. This discovery boosted its finances and helped it restructure nationwide.[25] In 1975, the Brazilian Government temporarily allowed foreign operators into Brazil, and Petrobras signed contracts with foreign companies to explore for more oilfields in Brazil.[26]
The company was also affected by the 1979 energy crisis, although not nearly as badly as in 1973.
In 1997, Petrobras reached the production milestone of 1 million barrels (160,000 m3) per day. The company also executed agreements with other Latin American governments and began operations outside Brazil.[27]
In 2003, on its 50-year anniversary, Petrobras surpassed 2 million barrels of oil equivalent (12,000,000 GJ) of daily production.[27] On 1 May 2006, after the Bolivian gas conflict, Bolivia's president Evo Morales announced the nationalization of all gas and oil fields in the country and ordered the occupation of all fields by the Bolivian Army.[28] On 4 May 2006, Petrobras cancelled a major future investment plan in Bolivia as a result.[29] The Bolivian government demanded an increase in royalty payments from foreign petroleum companies to 82%, but eventually settled for a 50% royalty interest.[30]
In 2007, Petrobras inaugurated the Petrobras 52 Oil Platform. The 52 is the biggest Brazilian oil platform and the third-biggest in the world.[31]
In 2007 and 2008, Petrobras made several major oil discoveries including the Lula oil field (formerly known as the Tupi field), the Jupiter field, and the Sugar Loaf field, all in the Santos Basin, 300 km off the coast of Rio de Janeiro. The oil fields were discovered by partnerships that include Petrobras, Royal Dutch Shell, and Galp Energia. However, estimates of reserves in these new fields varied widely.[32]
Oil platform P-51, the first 100% Brazilian oil platform
The P-51 Platform, the first semisubmersible platform built entirely in Brazil, capable of producing up to 180,000 barrels of oil per day, started production in the Campos Basin in January 2009,[33] and in February 2009, China agreed to loan Petrobras US$10 billion in exchange for a supply of 60,000-100,000 barrels of oil per day to a subsidiary of Sinopec and 40,000-60,000 barrels of oil per day to PetroChina.[34] In August 2009, Petrobras acquired ExxonMobil's Esso assets in Chile for US$400 million.[35]
In September 2010, Petrobras completed a US$70 billion share offering, the largest share offering in history, to be used to develop newly discovered oil fields.[36]
In 2012, Petrobras handed back permits that it had to explore offshore in New Zealand.[37][why?]
In July 2013, a worker strike action shut down production at several of the company's oil platforms.[38] In September 2013, Petrobras sold eleven onshore exploration and production blocks in Colombia to Perenco for US$380 million.[39] In September 2013 Organizações Globo reported on national televisionthat the US government had been spying on Petrobras. This information was reportedly provided by US journalist Glenn Greenwald.[40] Petrobras announced that it was investing R$21 billion over five years to improve its data security.[41]
In 2014, the company sold its assets in Peru to PetroChina for US$2.6 billion.[42] Also in 2014, Petrobras set a new company record for average daily production of 2.863 million barrels of oil equivalent (17,520,000 GJ).[43]
Operation Car Wash and related protests in Brazil[edit]
Main article: Operation Car Wash
Main article: 2015 protests in Brazil
In 2014, the largest corruption scandal in the history of Brazil, centered around Petrobras, was uncovered. Initially the investigation was not focused on Petrobras executives but rather small time doleiros, or black market money dealers. These money launderers tended to use small business to carry out their business but the investigation discovered links to an executive at Petrobras, Paulo Roberto Costa, the director of refining and supply.[44] President Dilma Rousseff made one critical change in policy, the introduction of plea bargains, that made it possible to offer deals in exchange for information leading to further arrests.[44] It was a defining moment as to the future of the investigation. Costa later confessed that he and his colleagues had been knowingly overpaying contracts, funneling funds to their own personal accounts. Paulo Costa receive kickbacks of 3% of all contacts.[45] According to the investigation, a small number of top Petrobras officials colluded with an organized cartel of 16 companies to overcharge Petrobras for construction and service work in return for bribes and kickbacks. Petrobras officials pegged the total of all bribes at nearly $3 billion. As of August 2015, 117 indictments had been issued, five politicians arrested, and criminal cases brought against 13 companies. Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff, who had promised to reduce corruption in her election campaign, and former Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva both served on the board of directors of Petrobras during the scandals and were both blamed, as well as the president of the lower house, Eduardo Cunha. Cunha was sentenced in March 2017 to 15 years in prison.[46] Protests broke out through the country calling for the resignation or impeachment of President Rousseff. There were 3.5 million protestors throughout the country and the protests popped up in about 326 cities. Calculations show that 100,000 citizens in Brasilia and 70,000 citizen in Curitiba come out to voice their disapproval. Protests were in areas previously though of as Workers Party strongholds, of which Rousseff is the leader.[47] Rousseff was impeached and Lula was implicated in multiple corruption investigations.[48] The scandal sparked protests in Brazil.[49]
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation sued Petrobras and its auditors, PriceWaterhouseCoopers as a result of the corruption scandal.[50]
Environmental record[edit]
Petrobras has noted on its website several initiatives that it has taken to preserve the environment. These include sponsoring efforts to support both ocean and forest ecosystems.[51] Most notably, Petrobras has sponsored population studies and conservation efforts of humpback whales in the northeast. The company's efforts have helped to rebuild Brazil's humpback whale populations from 2,000 in the mid-nineties to over 9,000 in 2008.[52]
Petrobras subscribes to the United Nations Global Compact, a voluntary agreement which encompasses a set of principles regarding human rights, working conditions, corruption, and the environment.[53]
In 2008, the Spanish consultancy firm Management and Excellence acknowledged Petrobras as the world's most sustainable oil company.[54]
Oil spills[edit]
Major oil spills – 1975 to 2001[55]
Date
Volume (litres)
Location
March 1975 6 million Guanabara Bay
October 1983 1.5 – 3 million Bertioga
February 1984 700,000 Cubatão
August 1989 690,000 São Sebastião
January 1994 350,000 – 400,000 Campos Basin
May 1994 2.7 – 3.1 million São Sebastião
March 1997 600,000 – 2.8 Guanabara Bay
October 1998 1 – 1.5 million São José dos Campos
January 2000 1.3 million Guanabara Bay
March 2000 18,000 Tramandaí
March 2000 7,250 São Sebastião
July 2000 4 million Barigui Iguaçu Rivers
August 2000 1,800 Rio Grande de Norte
August 2000 4,000 Angra dos Reis
November 2000 86,000 São Sebastião
March 2001 1.4 million Campos Basin
Petrobras in popular culture[edit]
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In the Speed Racer live-action movie, one of the cars featured is the "Green Energy", a biodiesel fueled racing car sponsored by Petrobras.[56]
Petrobras is the main sponsor of the Brazilian Série A.
Petrobras was a secondary sponsor for the AT&T WilliamsF1 Team from 1998 to 2008 and has signed with Williams F1 again from 2014 onwards.[57]
Petrobras was a sponsor for Flamengo in Brazil from 1984 to 2009.[58]
The sauropod dinosaur Petrobrasaurus is named after this company.[59]
See also[edit]
Brazil portal
Companies portal
Energy portal
History of Brazil (1945–1964)
Eletrobras
H-Bio
Ethanol fuel in Brazil
Petrobras 36 Oil Platform
Petrosix
Transpetro
Tupi oil field
Walter K. Link
References[edit]
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text:
List of submarines of the Indian Navy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a list of submarines of the Indian Navy, grouped by class, and ordered by pennant numbers within the class.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Commissioned submarines
2 Undergoing sea trials
3 Under construction
4 Decommissioned submarines
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Commissioned submarines[edit]
Class
Picture
Type
Boats
Origin
Displacement[a]
Note
Nuclear-powered submarines (2 in service)
Arihant class Ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) INS Arihant (S73) India 6,000 tonnes Commissioned in August 2016.[2]
Chakra (Akula II) class Attack submarine (SSN) INS Chakra (S71) Russia 12,770 tonnes Under a 10-year lease from Russia since 2012.
Diesel-electric submarines (13 in Service)
Sindhughosh class Attack submarine INS Sindhughosh (S55)
INS Sindhudhvaj (S56)
INS Sindhuraj (S57)
INS Sindhuvir (S58)
INS Sindhuratna (S59)
INS Sindhukesari (S60)
INS Sindhukirti (S61)
INS Sindhuvijay (S62)
INS Sindhurashtra (S65) Soviet Union 3,076 tonnes S63 Sindhurakshak exploded and sank on 14 August 2013. Officials say it is "highly unlikely" she will return to active service,[3] although she was salvaged in June 2014.[4]
Shishumar class Attack submarine INS Shishumar (S44)
INS Shankush (S45)
INS Shalki (S46)
INS Shankul (S47) Germany 1,850 tonnes To be upgraded to prolong service life.[5]
Undergoing sea trials[edit]
Class
Picture
Type
Boats
Origin
Displacement[a]
Note
Diesel-electric submarines (2 undergoing sea trials)
Kalvari class Attack submarine INS Kalvari (S50)[6]
INS Khanderi (S51)[6] France
India 1,870 tonnes INS Kalvari is expected to be commissioned in October 2017.[7]
INS Khanderi began sea trials in June 2017,[8] and is expected to be commissioned in March 2018.[7][9]
[10]
Under construction[edit]
Class
Picture
Type
Boats
Origin
Displacement[a]
Note
Nuclear-powered submarines
Arihant class Ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) INS Aridhaman (S74)
India 6,000 tonnes Lead vessel Arihant commissioned in August 2016.[2][11]
Diesel-electric submarines (4 under construction)
Kalvari class Attack submarine INS Karanj (S52)
S 53
S 54
S 55 France
India 1,870 tonnes Expected to be delivered and commissioned from 2018-2020.[10]
Decommissioned submarines[edit]
Class
Ships
Origin
Commissioned
Decommissioned
Displacement[a]
Note
Nuclear-powered Attack submarines
Charlie class INS Chakra (K-43) Soviet Union 1 September 1987 January 1991 5,000 tonnes Leased for 10 years but returned to Soviet Union in 1991 after 3 years. Decommissioned and scrapped 1992.
Diesel-electric submarines (13 in Service)
Kalvari class INS Kalvari (S23)
INS Khanderi (S22)
INS Karanj (S21)
INS Kursura (S20)
Soviet Union 8 December 1967
6 December 1968
4 September 1969
18 December 1969
31 May 1996
18 October 1989
1 August 2003
27 September 2001
2,475 tonnes Sail on display
Sail on display
Unknown
As a museum
Vela class INS Vela (S40)
INS Vagir (S41)
INS Vagli (S42)
INS Vagsheer (S43)
Soviet Union 31 August 1973
3 November 1973
10 August 1974
26 December 1974
25 June 2010
7 June 2001
9 December 2010
30 April 1997
2,475 tonnes Unknown
Unknown
To be preserved as a museum
Unknown
INS Chakra (S71), a leased Soviet Charlie-class nuclear submarine.
INS Kursura museum ship
See also[edit]
List of active Indian Navy ships – for a complete list of all ships and submarines currently in service with the Indian Navy.
List of ships of the Indian Navy
Aircraft of the Indian Navy
India's Long Range SLBMs
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Displacement when submerged
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Submarines active". Indian Navy. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Now, India has a nuclear triad". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Indian navy's submarine woes 14 August 2013
Jump up ^ Manish K Pathak (7 June 2014). "INS Sindhurakshak finally brought to surface". DNA. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Jump up ^ S. Anandan (3 December 2013). "Navy to extend life of six ageing submarines". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.deccanherald.com/content/427979/first-scorpene-submarine-become-reality.html
^ Jump up to: a b "First Scorpene Submarine, INS Kalvari, Likely To Be Commissioned By Prime Minister Modi Next Month". Retrieved 2017-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Second Scorpene submarine begins sea trial". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
Jump up ^ "Second Scorpene submarine ready". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "INS Kalvari sea trials begin today: All you need to know about the attack submarine". Indian Express. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
Jump up ^ "Satisfied with nuclear sub Arihant trials: Navy Chief".
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Submarines of India.
THE SUBMARINE ARMsam
Cruise control
[show]
v
t
e
Submarines of the Indian Navy
Commissioned
Nuclear-powered
Chakra (Akula II) class
Chakra (S71)
Arihant class
Arihant
Conventionally-powered
(Diesel-electric)
Sindhughosh class
Sindhughosh
Sindhudhvaj
Sindhuraj
Sindhuvir
Sindhuratna
Sindhukesari
Sindhukirti
Sindhuvijay
Sindhurashtra
Shishumar class
Shishumar
Shankush
Shalki
Shankul
Future submarines
Nuclear-powered
Arihant class
Aridhaman
Conventionally-powered
(Diesel-electric)
Kalvari class
Kalvari (S50)
Khanderi (S51)
Vela (S52)
S53
S54
S55
Decommissioned
Nuclear-powered
Charlie class
Chakra (K43)
Conventionally-powered
(Diesel-electric)
Kalvari class
Kalvari (S23)
Khanderi (S22)
Karanj
Kursura
Vela class
Vela
Vagir
Vagli
Vagsheer
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_submarines_of_the_Indian_Navy&oldid=803149070"
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Submarines of the Indian Navy
Lists of submarines
Lists of ships of India
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