text:
Women in United States juries
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The idea of women sitting on juries in the United States was subject to ridicule up until the 20th century.
Studies in expression. When women are jurors, Charles Dana Gibson, 1902
The representation of women in United States juries has increased during the last 100 years, due to legislation and court rulings. At times, women have been completely excluded, or allowed to opt out, from jury service.
History[edit]
As jury trial is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution by the phrase "a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury" and the Equal Protection Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment, gender representation in American juries have mainly been decided by Supreme court rulings.
In 1879, Strauder v. West Virginia supported state laws that completely excluded women from jury service.[1] Utah became the first state which included women in jury service, from 1898.[2] In 1942, Glasser v. United States struck down legislation that required women to take a jury class to serve as jurors. Hoyt v. Florida in 1961 upheld state laws that did not make women's jury service mandatory, but Taylor v. Louisiana in 1975 struck down such laws. In 1979, Duren v. Missouri ruled that women should not be permitted to opt out from jury service. J.E.B. v. Alabama was a 1994 ruling which held that lawyers could not use peremptory challenges to influence the jury's gender ratio.[3]
With current state legislation, all-female juries are possible. The jury of the State of Florida v. George Zimmerman got attention for its all-woman composition.[4]

Years in Which Women Gained Eligibility to Serve on State Juries[5]
1870: Wyoming (1870, 1890-1892)
1883: Washington (1883-1887)
1898: Utah (no regular service until 1930s)
1911: Washington
1912: Kansas, Oregon
1917: California (in practice women were regularly excluded from juries until the US Supreme Court case of Ballard v. United States (1946)[6])
1918: Michigan, Nevada
1920: Delaware, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Ohio
1921: Arkansas (no regular service until 1950s), Maine, Minnesota, New Jersey, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin
1923: Alaska (prior to statehood)
1924: Louisiana
1927: Rhode Island
1937: Connecticut, New York
1939: Illinois, Montana
1942: Vermont
1943: Idaho, Nebraska
1945: Arizona, Colorado, Missouri
1947: Maryland, New Hampshire, North Carolina, South Dakota
1949: Florida, Massachusetts, Wyoming
1950: Virginia
1951: New Mexico, Tennessee
1952: Hawaii, Oklahoma
1953: Georgia
1954: Texas
1956: West Virginia
1966: Alabama
1967: South Carolina
1968: Mississippi
See also[edit]
Jury selection in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/100/303
Jump up ^ https://www.aclu.org/blog/womens-rights/jury-ones-peers
Jump up ^ https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=38851
Jump up ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/06/why-the-george-zimmerman-trials-all-female-jury-is-news/277103/
Jump up ^ McCammon, Holly J. The U.S. Women's Jury Movements and Strategic Adaptation: A More Just Verdict.2012. Cambridge University Press. New York City.
Jump up ^ https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/329/187/case.html

hide
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United States equal protection and criminal procedure case law
show
Selective prosecution
McCleskey v. Kemp (1987)
United States v. Armstrong (1996)
hide
Discrimination in jury selection
History
Racial discrimination in jury selection
Women in United States juries
Racial exclusion in venire
Strauder v. West Virginia (1880)
Virginia v. Rives (1880)
Neal v. Delaware (1881)
Gibson v. Mississippi (1896)
Smith v. Mississippi (1896)
Carter v. Texas (1900)
Tarrance v. Florida (1903)
Brownfield v. South Carolina (1903)
Rogers v. Alabama (1904)
Franklin v. South Carolina (1910)
Norris v. Alabama (1935)
Patterson v. Alabama (1935)
Hale v. Kentucky (1938)
Smith v. Texas (1940)
Hill v. Texas (1942)
Patton v. Mississippi (1947)
Cassell v. Texas (1950)
Avery v. Georgia (1953)
Hernandez v. Texas (1954)
Eubanks v. Louisiana (1958)
Coleman v. Alabama (1967)
Vasquez v. Hillery (1986)
Fair cross-section in venire
Glasser v. United States (1942)*
Thiel v. Southern Pacific Co. (1946)**
Ballard v. United States (1946)
Taylor v. Louisiana (1975)
Duren v. Missouri (1979)
Holland v. Illinois (1990)
Berghuis v. Smith (2010)
Peremptory challenges
Batson v. Kentucky (1986)
Griffith v. Kentucky (1987)
Teague v. Lane (1989)
Ford v. Georgia (1991)
Powers v. Ohio (1991)
Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Company (1991)**
Hernandez v. New York (1991)
Trevino v. Texas (1992)
Georgia v. McCollum (1992)
J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B. (1994)
Purkett v. Elem (1995)
Miller-El v. Cockrell (2003)
Johnson v. California (2005)
Miller-El v. Dretke (2005)
Rice v. Collins (2006)
Snyder v. Louisiana (2008)
Rivera v. Illinois (2009)
Thaler v. Haynes (2010)
Felkner v. Jackson (2011)
Foster v. Chatman (2015)
*Glasser interpreted the Impartial Jury Clause of the Sixth Amendment. **Thiel and Edmonson were civil cases.

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text:
Geography of Germany
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Geography of Germany
Continent
Europe
Region
Central Europe
Coordinates
51°00′N 10°00′E / 51.00°N 10.00°E / 51.00; 10.00
Area
Ranked 63rd
• Total
357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi)
• Land
97.66%
• Water
2.34%
Coastline
2,389 km (1,484 mi)
Borders
3,714 km (2,307 mi)
Border lengths included
Denmark (140 km) (86mi)
Poland (467 km) (290 mi)
Austria (801 km) (497 mi)
Switzerland (non-EU) (348 km) (216 mi)
Belgium (133 km) (82 mi)
France (418 km) (259 mi)
Luxembourg (138 km) (85 mi)
Czech Republic (704 km) (437 mi)
Netherlands (575 km) (357 mi)
Sweden (maritime boundary, Baltic Sea)
United Kingdom (maritime boundary, North Sea)
Highest point
Zugspitze,
2,962.06 m (9,718 ft)
Lowest point
North Sea, 0 m
Longest river
Rhine,
1,230 km (764 mi)
Largest lake
Lake Constance
536 km2 (207 sq mi)[1]
Climate
temperate
Terrain
lowlands in north; uplands in center; Alps in south
Natural Resources
coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land
Natural Hazards
flooding,earthquake in Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia and Baden-Württemberg. landslide
Coordinates: 51°00′N 10°00′E / 51.00°N 10.00°E / 51.00; 10.00
The location of Germany. The countries in white are other members of the European Union.
General map of Germany
Germany is a country in west-central Europe, that stretches from the Alps, across the North European Plain to the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Germany has the second largest population in Europe (after the European part of Russia) and is seventh largest in area. The territory of Germany covers 357,021 km2 (137,847 sq mi), consisting of 349,223 km2 (134,836 sq mi) of land and 7,798 km2 (3,011 sq mi) of waters.
Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,962 metres (9,718 ft)) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee) in the northwest and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the northeast. Between lie the forested uplands of central Germany and the low-lying lands of northern Germany (lowest point: Neuendorf-Sachsenbande at 3.54 metres (11.6 ft) below sea level), traversed by some of Europe's major rivers such as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe.[2]
Germany shares borders with nine European countries, second only to Russia: Denmark in the north, Poland and the Czech Republic in the east, Switzerland (its only non-EU neighbor) and Austria in the south, France in the southwest and Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands in the west.
Contents
[hide]
1 Area
1.1 Extreme points
1.2 Maritime claims
2 Physical Geography
2.1 Climate
2.2 Land use
2.3 Rivers
2.4 Caves
2.5 Natural resources
3 Environment
3.1 Flora and Fauna
4 Human Geography
4.1 Demographics
4.2 Administrative divisions
4.3 Urbanization
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Area[edit]
Germany is in Western and Central Europe, bordering Denmark in the north Poland and the Czech Republic in the east, Austria and Switzerland in the south, France and Luxembourg in the south-west, and Belgium and the Netherlands in the north-west. It lies mostly between latitudes 47° and 55° N (the tip of Sylt is just north of 55°), and longitudes 5° and 16° E. The territory covers 357,021 km2 (137,847 sq mi), consisting of 349,223 km2 (134,836 sq mi) of land and 7,798 km2 (3,011 sq mi) of water. It is the seventh largest country by area in Europe and the 63rd largest in the world.[2]
Extreme points[edit]
Zugspitze is the highest elevation in Germany
northernmost point: List, Sylt, Schleswig-Holstein 55°03′N 8°24′E / 55.050°N 8.400°E / 55.050; 8.400 (List on Sylt (Northernmost point))
northernmost point in mainland Germany: Aventoft, Schleswig-Holstein 54°54′N 8°49′E / 54.900°N 8.817°E / 54.900; 8.817 (Aventoft (northernmost on continent))
southernmost point: Haldenwanger Eck, Oberstdorf, Bavaria 47°16′12.39″N 10°10′41.95″E / 47.2701083°N 10.1783194°E / 47.2701083; 10.1783194 (Haldenwanger Eck at Oberstdorf (Southernmost point))
westernmost point: Isenbruch, Selfkant, North Rhine-Westphalia 51°3′N 5°52′E / 51.050°N 5.867°E / 51.050; 5.867 (Isenbruch near Millen (Westernmost point))
easternmost point: Deschka, Neißeaue, Saxony 51°16′N 15°2′E / 51.267°N 15.033°E / 51.267; 15.033 (Deschka (Easternmost point))
lowest point (man-made): Tagebau Hambach 293 m (961 ft) below sea level, Niederzier, North Rhine-Westphalia, 50°54′39″N 6°30′10″E / 50.91083°N 6.50278°E / 50.91083; 6.50278 (Tagebau Hambach (lowest))
lowest point (natural): Neuendorf-Sachsenbande, Wilstermarsch, Schleswig-Holstein 3.53 m (11.6 ft) below sea level 53°57′48″N 9°19′5″E / 53.96333°N 9.31806°E / 53.96333; 9.31806 (Wilstermarsch (lowest))
highest point: Zugspitze (in the Bavarian Alps, 2,962 m (9,718 ft), Garmisch-Partenkirchen / Grainau, Bavaria 47°25′N 10°59′E / 47.417°N 10.983°E / 47.417; 10.983 (Zugspitze (highest))
Maritime claims[edit]
Continental shelf: 200 m (660 ft) depth or to the depth of exploitation
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi). The exact EEZ is due to conventions with neighbouring states.
Territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)
Physical Geography[edit]
Topographic map of Germany
The northern third of the country lies in the North European Plain, with flat terrain crossed by northward-flowing watercourses (Elbe, Ems, Weser, Oder). Wetlands and marshy conditions are found close to the Dutch border and along the Frisian coast. Sandy Mecklenburg in the northeast has many glacier-formed lakes dating to the last glacial period.
Moving south, central Germany features rough and somewhat patternless hilly and mountainous countryside, some of it formed by ancient volcanic activity. The Rhine valley cuts through the western part of this region. The central uplands continue east and north as far as the Saale and merge with the Ore Mountains on the border with the Czech Republic. Upland regions include the Eifel, Hunsrück and Palatine Forest west of the Rhine, the Taunus hills north of Frankfurt, the Vogelsberg massif, the Rhön, and the Thüringer Wald. South of Berlin, the east-central part of the country is more like the low northern areas, with sandy soil and river wetlands such as the Spreewald region.
Southern Germany's landforms are defined by various linear hill and mountain ranges like the two adjacent ranges of the Swabian and Franconian Alb (reaching approximately from the source of the Danube in the southwest of Baden-Württemberg, south of Stuttgart, across Swabia into Central Franconia and to the valley of the river Main) and the Bavarian Forest along the border between Bavaria and the Czech Republic. The Alps on the southern border are the highest mountains, but relatively little Alpine terrain lies within Germany (in southeastern Swabia and Upper Bavaria) compared to Switzerland and Austria. The Black Forest, on the southwestern border with France, separates the Rhine from the headwaters of the Danube on its eastern slopes.
Climate[edit]
Summer coastal climate on the island of Sylt in Schleswig-Holstein
Thuringian Forests in winter
Köppen climate classification types of Germany
Germany's climate is temperate and marine, with cold, cloudy, wet winters and moderate warm summers and in the south occasional warm föhn wind. The greater part of Germany lies in the cool/temperate climatic zone in which humid westerly winds predominate. In the northwest and the north, the climate is oceanic and rain falls all the year round. Winters there are relatively mild and summers comparatively cool. In the east, the climate shows clear continental features; winters can be very cold for long periods, and summers can become very warm. Dry periods are often recorded.
In the centre and the south, there is a transitional climate which may be predominantly oceanic or continental, according to the general weather situation. Winters are mild and summers tend to be cool, though maximum temperatures can exceed 30 °C (86 °F) for several days in a row during heat waves. The warmest regions of Germany can be found in the south-west (see rhine rift, German Wine Route and Palatinate). Here summers can be hot with many days exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). Sometimes, minimum temperatures do not drop below 20 °C (68 °F), which is relatively rare in other regions.[3][4]
Land use[edit]
Alpine scenery in Bavaria
Germany covers a total of 357,021 km2 (137,847 sq mi), of which 5,157 km2 (1,991 sq mi) is irrigated land and 8,350 km2 (3,220 sq mi) is covered by water, the largest lakes being Lake Constance (total area of 536 km2 (207 sq mi), with 62% of the shore being German; international borders are not defined on the lake itself), Müritz (117 km2 or 45 sq mi) and Chiemsee (80 km2 or 31 sq mi). The majority of Germany is covered by either arable land (33.95%); permanent crops cover 0.57% of the land.
Germany has a total of 2,389 km (1,484 mi) of coastline, and borders totaling 3,714 km (2,308 mi) (clockwise from north: Denmark 140 km (87 mi), Poland 467 km (290 mi), Czech Republic 704 km (437 mi),[5] Austria 801 km (498 mi), Switzerland 348 km (216 mi), France 418 km (260 mi), Luxembourg 128 km (80 mi), Belgium 133 km (83 mi), Netherlands 575 km (357 mi)). The German-Austrian border crosses itself near Jungholz. The border with Belgium includes 5 German exclaves because the Vennbahn railway is on Belgian territory crossing in and out of Germany.
Rivers[edit]
The major German rivers
For a more comprehensive list, see List of rivers of Germany.
The main rivers in Germany are:
the Rhine (Rhein in German) with a German section extending 865 km (537 mi) (main tributaries including the Neckar, the Main and the Moselle (Mosel));
the Elbe with a German section of 727 km (452 mi) (also drains into the North Sea); and
the Danube (Donau) with a German length of 687 km (427 mi).
Further important rivers include the Saale and the Main in central Germany, the Neckar in the southwest, the Weser in the North and the Oder at the eastern border.
Caves[edit]
Show caves in Germany
Throughout the Karst rocks many caves were formed especially in the valley of the Hönne. The biggest culture cave of Europe is located in Balve.
Natural resources[edit]
Iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, petroleum, natural gas, salt, nickel, and water.
Environment[edit]
The Lüneburg Heath Nature Reserve in Lower Saxony
The eagle is a protected bird of prey
Current issues
Emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulphur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government (under Chancellor Schröder, SPD) announced intent to end the use of nuclear power for producing electricity; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive. Germany's last glacier is disappearing.[citation needed]
International agreements
Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
Signed, but not ratified: none
Natural hazards
Flooding through rivers after heavy rainfall, such as during the 2002 European floods, or Storm surge, such as the North Sea flood of 1962 and the historic floods of 1362 and 1634 that changed the coastline of what is now the west coast of Schleswig-Holstein.
Flora and Fauna[edit]
Deer are widespread species
Phytogeographically, Germany is shared between the Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. The territory of Germany can be subdivided into two ecoregions: European-Mediterranean montane mixed forests and Northeast-Atlantic shelf marine.[6] The majority of Germany is covered by either arable land (33%) or forestry and woodland (31%). Only 15% is covered by permanent pastures.
Plants and animals are those generally common to middle Europe. Beeches, oaks, and other deciduous trees constitute one-third of the forests; conifers are increasing as a result of reforestation. Spruce and fir trees predominate in the upper mountains, while pine and larch are found in sandy soil. There are many species of ferns, flowers, fungi, and mosses. Fish abound in the rivers and the North Sea. Wild animals include deer, wild boar, mouflon, fox, badger, hare, and small numbers of beaver. Various migratory birds cross Germany in the spring and autumn.
The national parks in Germany include the Wadden Sea National Parks, the Jasmund National Park, the Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park, the Müritz National Park, the Lower Oder Valley National Park, the Harz National Park, the Saxon Switzerland National Park and the Bavarian Forest National Park.
Germany is known for its many zoological gardens, wildlife parks, aquaria, and bird parks.[7] More than 400 registered zoos and animal parks operate in Germany, which is believed to be the largest number in any single country of the world.[8] The Zoologischer Garten Berlin is the oldest zoo in Germany and presents the most comprehensive collection of species in the world.[9]
Human Geography[edit]
Demographics[edit]
Population density
Main article: Demographics of Germany
With an estimated 81.8 million inhabitants in January 2010, Germany is the most populous country in the European Union and ranks as the 15th largest country in the world in terms of population. Its population density stands at 229.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (594/sq mi). The United Nations Population Fund lists Germany as host to the third-highest number of international migrants worldwide,[10] around 20% of Germany´s population do not hold a German passport or are descendents of immigrants.
Administrative divisions[edit]
Germany comprises sixteen states that are collectively referred to as Länder.[11] Each state has its own state constitution[12] and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation. Due to differences in size and population the subdivision of these states varies, especially between city states (Stadtstaaten) and states with larger territories (Flächenländer). For regional administrative purposes five states, namely Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony, consist of a total of 22 Government Districts (Regierungsbezirke). As of 2009 Germany is divided into 403 districts (Kreise) on municipal level, these consist of 301 rural districts and 102 urban districts.[13]
Lower Saxony
Bremen
Hamburg
Mecklenburg-
Vorpommern
Saxony-
Anhalt
Saxony
Brandenburg
Berlin
Thuringia
Hesse
North Rhine-
Westphalia
Rhineland-Palatinate
Bavaria
Baden-
Württemberg
Saarland
Schleswig-Holstein
State
Capital
Area (km²)
Population
Baden-Württemberg Stuttgart 35,752 10,717,000
Bavaria Munich 70,549 12,444,000
Berlin Berlin 892 3,400,000
Brandenburg Potsdam 29,477 2,568,000
Bremen Bremen 404 663,000
Hamburg Hamburg 755 1,735,000
Hesse Wiesbaden 21,115 6,098,000
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Schwerin 23,174 1,720,000
Lower Saxony Hanover 47,618 8,001,000
North Rhine-Westphalia Düsseldorf 34,043 18,075,000
Rhineland-Palatinate Mainz 19,847 4,061,000
Saarland Saarbrücken 2,569 1,056,000
Saxony Dresden 18,416 4,296,000
Saxony-Anhalt Magdeburg 20,445 2,494,000
Schleswig-Holstein Kiel 15,763 2,829,000
Thuringia Erfurt 16,172 2,355,000
Urbanization[edit]
Germany has a number of large cities; the most populous are: Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, and Stuttgart. The largest conurbation is the Rhine-Ruhr region (12 million), including Düsseldorf (the capital of North Rhine-Westphalia), Cologne, Essen, Dortmund, Duisburg, and Bochum.

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Largest cities or towns in Germany
Statistical offices in Germany (31 December 2015)
Rank
Name
State
Pop.
Rank
Name
State
Pop.

Berlin

Hamburg 1 Berlin Berlin 3,710,156 11 Bremen Bremen (state) 557,464
Munich

Cologne
2 Hamburg Hamburg 1,787,408 12 Dresden Saxony 543,825
3 Munich Bavaria 1,450,381 13 Hannover Lower Saxony 532,163
4 Cologne North Rhine-Westphalia 1,060,582 14 Nuremberg Bavaria 509,975
5 Frankfurt Hesse 732,688 15 Duisburg North Rhine-Westphalia 491,231
6 Stuttgart Baden-Württemberg 623,738 16 Bochum North Rhine-Westphalia 364,742
7 Düsseldorf North Rhine-Westphalia 612,178 17 Wuppertal North Rhine-Westphalia 350,046
8 Dortmund North Rhine-Westphalia 586,181 18 Bielefeld North Rhine-Westphalia 333,090
9 Essen North Rhine-Westphalia 582,624 19 Bonn North Rhine-Westphalia 318,809
10 Leipzig Saxony 560,472 20 Münster North Rhine-Westphalia 310,039
See also[edit]
Germany portal
European Union portal
Administrative divisions of Germany
Geography of Europe
List of national parks of Germany
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/travel/the-complete-guide-to-lake-constance-5333037.html
^ Jump up to: a b "Germany". CIA World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. November 14, 2006. Archived from the original on September 30, 2006. Retrieved November 29, 2006.
Jump up ^ German Climate Handbuch Deutschland. Retrieved November 30, 2006.
Jump up ^ "German Climate and Weather". World Travels. Globe Media Ltd. 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2006.
Jump up ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Germany". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. April 26, 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
Jump up ^ List of Ecoregions: Terrestrial Ecoregions WWF. Retrieved 21 November 2000.
Jump up ^ List of famous Zoological gardens in European countries www.eupedia.com. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Some interesting zoo facts[permanent dead link] www.americanzoos.info/. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
Jump up ^ (in German)Tierstatistik 2008, Zoo Berlin. Retrieved 19 November 2009. Archived June 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "International Migration 2006" (PDF). UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
Jump up ^ The individual denomination is either Land [state], Freistaat [free state] or Freie (und) Hansestadt [free (and) Hanseatic city].
"The Federal States". www.bundesrat.de. Bundesrat of Germany. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
"Amtliche Bezeichnung der Bundesländer" [Official denomination of federated states] (PDF; download file „Englisch“). www.auswaertiges-amt.de (in German). Federal Foreign Office. Retrieved 22 October 2011. Cite uses deprecated parameter |trans_title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Example for state constitution: "Constitution of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia"". Landtag (state assembly) of North Rhine-Westphalia. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Kreisfreie Städte und Landkreise nach Fläche und Bevölkerung 31.12.2009" (in German). Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. October 2010. Archived from the original (XLS) on April 28, 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
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text:
List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
Incumbent
Yogi Adityanath
since 19 March 2017
Appointer
Governor of Uttar Pradesh
Inaugural holder
Govind Ballabh Pant
Formation
26 January 1950
The Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (UP), a North Indian state, is the head of the Government of Uttar Pradesh. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is the state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.[1]
On 26 January 1950 Govind Ballabh Pant, Premier of United Provinces, became the first Chief Minister of the newly renamed Uttar Pradesh. Including him, 11 out of UP's 21 chief ministers belonged to the Indian National Congress. Among these is V. P. Singh, a future Prime Minister of India, as was Charan Singh of the Rashtriya Lok Dal. UP has also had two women chief ministers—Sucheta Kriplani and Mayawati. Akhilesh Yadav of the Samajwadi Party served as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 2012 to 2017, having assumed office at the age of 38, he is the youngest person to have held the office. On ten occasions, most recently in 2002, the state has come under President's rule, leaving the office of chief minister vacant.
Yogi Adityanath of the Bharatiya Janata Party has served as the incumbent chief minister since 19 March 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premiers of United Provinces
2 Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh
3 References
4 External links
Premiers of United Provinces[edit]
Govind Ballabh Pant, the first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
The United Provinces, headquartered in Allahabad was a province of British India that comprised present day Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Under the Government of India Act, 1935, a bicameral legislature was set up with a legislative assembly and a legislative council.
No
Name
Term of office[2]
Party
1 Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari 3 April 1937 16 July 1937 Independent
2 Govind Ballabh Pant 17 July 1937 2 November 1939 Indian National Congress
Vacant
(2) Govind Ballabh Pant 1 April 1946 25 January 1950 Indian National Congress
Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh[edit]
Colour key for parties
Bahujan Samaj Party
Bharatiya Kranti Dal
Bharatiya Janata Party
Indian National Congress
Janata Dal
Janata Party
Samajwadi Party
N/A (President's rule)
UP's fifth chief minister, Charan Singh of the Bharatiya Kranti Dal, went on to become India's fifth prime minister.
Ram Naresh Yadav served as UP's chief minister in the late 1970s as a member of the Janata Party.
Although V. P. Singh's chief-ministerial reign was as a Congressman, as Prime Minister of India he headed the National Front government as a member of the Janata Dal.
Kalyan Singh was the first chief minister from the BJP. His tenure also witnessed the demolition of Babri Masjid
UP's 19th chief minister, Rajnath Singh, is the current Union Home Minister.
Mulayam Singh Yadav of the Samajwadi Party has served three stints as UP's chief minister.
Mayawati was the first to complete five years tenure in UP as Chief Minister from 2007 to 2012.
Akhilesh Yadav, the state's youngest-ever Chief Minister, holding office from 2012 to 2017.
No
Name
Constituency
Term of office[2][3]
Tenure length
Party[a]
Assembly[4]
(Election)
Ref
1 Govind Ballabh Pant
Bareilly Municipality[5] 26 January 1950 20 May 1952 4 years, 335 days Indian National Congress Not yet created
20 May 1952 27 December 1954 First Assembly (1952–57)
(1951 election) [6]
2 Sampurnanand
Varanasi South 28 December 1954 9 April 1957 5 years, 344 days
10 April 1957 6 December 1960 Second Assembly (1957–62)
(1957 election) [7]
3 Chandra Bhanu Gupta
Ranikhet South 7 December 1960 14 March 1962 2 years, 298 days
14 March 1962 1 October 1963 Third Assembly (1962–67)
(1962 election) [8]
4 Sucheta Kriplani
Mendhwal 2 October 1963 13 March 1967 3 years, 162 days
(3) Chandra Bhanu Gupta [2]
Ranikhet 14 March 1967 2 April 1967 19 days Fourth Assembly (1967–68)
(1967 election) [9]
5 Charan Singh
Chhaprauli 3 April 1967 25 February 1968 328 days Bharatiya Kranti Dal
– Vacant[b]
(President's rule) 25 February 1968 26 February 1969 1 year, 1 day N/A Dissolved
(3) Chandra Bhanu Gupta [3]
Ranikhet 26 February 1969 17 February 1970 356 days Indian National Congress Fifth Assembly (1969–74)
(1969 election) [11]
(5) Charan Singh [2]
Chhaprauli 18 February 1970 1 October 1970 225 days Bharatiya Kranti Dal
– Vacant[b]
(President's rule) 1 October 1970 18 October 1970 17 days N/A
6 Tribhuvana Narayana Singh 18 October 1970 3 April 1971 167 days Indian National Congress
7 Kamlapati Tripathi
Chandauli 4 April 1971 12 June 1973 2 years, 69 days
– Vacant[b]
(President's rule) 13 June 1973 8 November 1973 148 days N/A
8 Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna
Bara 8 November 1973 4 March 1974 2 years, 21 days Indian National Congress
5 March 1974 29 November 1975 Sixth Assembly (1974–77)
(1974 election) [12]
– Vacant[b]
(President's rule) 30 November 1975 21 January 1976 52 days N/A
9 N. D. Tiwari
Kashipur 21 January 1976 30 April 1977 1 year, 99 days Indian National Congress
– Vacant[b]
(President's rule) 30 April 1977 23 June 1977 54 days N/A Dissolved
10 Ram Naresh Yadav
Nidhauli Kalan 23 June 1977 27 February 1979 1 year, 249 days Janata Party Seventh Assembly (1977–80)
(1977 election) [13]
11 Banarsi Das
Hapur 28 February 1979 17 February 1980 354 days
– Vacant[b]
(President's rule) 17 February 1980 9 June 1980 113 days N/A Dissolved
12 V. P. Singh
Tindwari 9 June 1980 18 July 1982 2 years, 39 days Indian National Congress Eighth Assembly (1980–85)
(1980 election) [14]
13 Sripati Mishra
Isauli 19 July 1982 2 August 1984 2 years, 14 days
(9) N. D. Tiwari [2]
Kashipur 3 August 1984 10 March 1985 1 year, 52 days
11 March 1985 24 September 1985 Ninth Assembly (1985–89)
(1985 election) [15]
14 Vir Bahadur Singh
Paniyara 24 September 1985 24 June 1988 2 years, 274 days
(9) N. D. Tiwari [3]
Kashipur 25 June 1988 5 December 1989 1 year, 163 days
15 Mulayam Singh Yadav
Jaswantnagar 5 December 1989 24 June 1991 1 year, 201 days Janata Dal Tenth Assembly (1989–91)
(1989 election) [16]
16 Kalyan Singh
Atrauli 24 June 1991 6 December 1992 1 year, 165 days Bharatiya Janata Party Eleventh Assembly (1991–92)
(1991 election) [17]
– Vacant[b]
(President's rule) 6 December 1992 4 December 1993 363 days N/A Dissolved
(15) Mulayam Singh Yadav [2]
Jaswantnagar 4 December 1993 3 June 1995 1 year, 181 days Samajwadi Party Twelfth Assembly (1993–95)
(1993 election) [18]
17 Mayawati 3 June 1995 18 October 1995 137 days Bahujan Samaj Party
– Vacant[b]
(President's rule) 18 October 1995 17 October 1996 1 year, 154 days N/A Dissolved
17 October 1996 21 March 1997 Thirteenth Assembly (1996–2002)
(1996 election) [19]
(17) Mayawati [2]
Harora 21 March 1997 21 September 1997 184 days Bahujan Samaj Party
(16) Kalyan Singh [2]
Atrauli 21 September 1997 12 November 1999 2 years, 52 days Bharatiya Janata Party
18 Ram Prakash Gupta
MLC 12 November 1999 28 October 2000 351 days
19 Rajnath Singh
Haidergarh 28 October 2000 8 March 2002 1 year, 131 days
– Vacant[b]
(President's rule) 8 March 2002 3 May 2002 56 days N/A Fourteenth Assembly (2002–07)
(2002 election) [20]
(17) Mayawati [3]
Harora 3 May 2002 29 August 2003 1 year, 118 days Bahujan Samaj Party
(15) Mulayam Singh Yadav [3]
Gunnaur 29 August 2003 13 May 2007 3 years, 257 days Samajwadi Party
(17) Mayawati [4]
MLC 13 May 2007 15 March 2012 4 years, 307 days Bahujan Samaj Party Fifteenth Assembly (2007–12)
(2007 election) [21]
20 Akhilesh Yadav
MLC 15 March 2012 19 March 2017 5 years, 4 days Samajwadi Party Sixteenth Assembly (2012–17)
(2012 election) [22]
21 Yogi Adityanath
MLC 19 March 2017 Incumbent 346 days Bharatiya Janata Party Seventeenth Assembly (2017–)
(2017 election) [23]
Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Uttar Pradesh as well.
^ Jump up to: a b Chief Ministers. Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly. Retrieved on 27 July 2013.
Jump up ^ President's rule. Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly. Retrieved on 27 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Date of Constitution & Dissolution of Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Archived 12 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly. Retrieved on 27 July 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.patrika.com/news/bareilly/up-first-cm-pandit-govind-ballabh-pant-was-won-from-bareilly-constituency-hindi-news-1505294/
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji. "A dummy's guide to President's rule". Rediff.com. 15 March 2005. Retrieved on 3 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1974, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1980, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1985, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1989, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1993, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 2002, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 2007, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Uttar Pradesh Election Results". Economic Times. Retrieved on 12 March 2017.
External links[edit]
States of India since 1947 on WorldStatesmen.org
"Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh". The Indian Express. 15 May 2007. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
[show]
v
t
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Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh
Govind Ballabh Pant
Sampurnanand
Chandra Bhanu Gupta
Sucheta Kriplani
Charan Singh
Tribhuvan Narain Singh
Kamalapati Tripathi
Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna
N. D. Tiwari
Ram Naresh Yadav
Banarsi Das
V. P. Singh
Sripati Mishra
Vir Bahadur Singh
Mulayam Singh Yadav
Kalyan Singh
Mayawati
Jagdambika Pal
Ram Prakash Gupta
Rajnath Singh
Akhilesh Yadav
Yogi Adityanath
[show]
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Tripura
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Uttar Pradesh
Yogi Adityanath
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Trivendra Singh Rawat
West Bengal
Mamata Banerjee
Women chief ministers
From the Bharatiya Janata Party
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[show]
v
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Topics in Uttar Pradesh
History
History of Uttar Pradesh
Late Harappan
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Geography
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Bakhira Sanctuary
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Sur Sarovar Sanctuary
Vijai Sagar Sanctuary
Climate
Government & Politics
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Governors
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Divisions
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text:
All I Could Do Was Cry
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"All I Could Do Was Cry"
Single by Etta James
Released
1960
Recorded
1960
Genre
Doo-wop, R&B, Blues
Label
Chess
Songwriter(s)
Billy Davis, Berry Gordy, Gwen Gordy
"All I Could Do Was Cry" is a doo-wop/rhythm and blues single recorded in 1960 and released that same year by singer Etta James and was written for James by Chess songwriter Billy Davis, Berry Gordy and his sister Gwen Gordy. The song was said to be inspired by James' former boyfriend Harvey Fuqua dating Davis' former girlfriend, who was Gwen. Gordy and Fuqua later married the same year the song was recorded, which likely added to the tension in James' bluesy vocals. The song eventually peaked at number two on the R&B charts and number 33 on the pop charts.[1] James would later re-record the song in the early nineties. Beyoncé Knowles later covered the song while filming her role as James in the 2008 film, Cadillac Records.
Chart performance[edit]
Etta James version
Chart (1960)
Peak
position
US Billboard 100 33
US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles 2
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 290.
[hide]
v
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Etta James
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"Piece of My Heart"
"I Just Want to Make Love to You"
Related articles
Etta James discography
Book:Etta James
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_I_Could_Do_Was_Cry&oldid=838187258"
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Knives and Pens
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Knives and Pens"
Single by Black Veil Brides
Released
June 17, 2009
Genre
Metalcore
Length
4:24
Label
Self-released
Songwriter(s)
Black Veil Brides
Black Veil Brides singles chronology
"Knives and Pens"
(2009) "Perfect Weapon"
(2010)
"Knives and Pens"
(2009) "Perfect Weapon"
(2010)
"Knives and Pens" is a song by American rock band Black Veil Brides, released as a music video exclusively on YouTube. It is their first single, and is one of their most popular songs to date, with the music video reaching over 100 million views on YouTube.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Other versions
2 Song information and background
2.1 Meaning behind "Knives and Pens"
2.2 Intro clip
2.3 Music information
3 Music video
3.1 Video plot
3.2 Acoustic version video
4 Track listing
5 Personnel
6 References
7 External links
Other versions[edit]
"Knives and Pens (Acoustic)"
Single by Black Veil Brides
from the album We Stitch These Wounds
Released
2010 (limited copies),
March 19, 2013
Format
Music download
Recorded
Clear Lake Audio, North Hollywood, CA
Genre
Acoustic rock
Length
4:50
Label
StandBy Records
Songwriter(s)
Black Veil Brides
Black Veil Brides singles chronology
"In the End"
(2012) "Knives and Pens (Acoustic)"
(2010)
"In the End"
(2012) "Knives and Pens (acoustic)"
(2013)
The song was re-recorded and re-released as two new versions—a version with a few vocal and guitar changes, and a limited edition Hot Topic acoustic version—alongside the songs "We Stitch These Wounds" and "The Mortician's Daughter" on their debut studio album, We Stitch These Wounds. The limited-copy acoustic version was re-released by StandBy Records to the general public for download on March 19, 2013.[2]
Song information and background[edit]
Meaning behind "Knives and Pens"[edit]
The lyrics were written by Black Veil Brides vocalist Andy around the title "Knives and Pens" which, according to him describes a choice: Knives — destruction (as in harming yourself), and Pens — creation (as in the choice he decided to make to begin writing music and make something of their life). Black Veil Brides is saying in this song that if you make good choices in life, you can rise above and conquer whatever troubles you may come across.[3]
Intro clip[edit]
The clip at the beginning of the original version of the song is from the documentary Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills. It was taken from a recording of one of the West Memphis Three trials. The transcription of the clip is as follows:
“ Prosecutor - "In looking at young people involved in the occult, do you see any particular type of dress?"
Witness - "I have personally observed people wearing black fingernails, having their hair painted black, wearing black t-shirts... Sometimes they will tattoo themselves."
”
Music information[edit]
The song is in the key of D minor and the guitars are tuned to Drop D. The song slowly builds around a piano's sustained D note, until the introductory clip ends, and then the band begins to play.
Music video[edit]
The official music video for the song was released on YouTube on June 17, 2009,[1] directed by Patrick Fogarty, who later directed the "Perfect Weapon," "The Legacy," "Rebel Love Song," and "Coffin" music videos. The video stars actor David Sasik, who is playing the role of the kid resembling Andy.[4][5][6] It was a very low-budget project, but despite this, the video launched the band into international fame. The official video has reached over 92 million views on YouTube.
Video plot[edit]
The music video depicts a scenario similar to Andy's years in school, where he was bullied for the way he dressed, looked and the music he listened to.
A boy walks to his school locker and sees papers taped to it that have hurtful messages written on them, such as "emo", "fag", and "kill yourself". He rips them down and throws them to the ground in anger. Even his brother bullies him, stealing his notebook that he writes lyrics inspired by his feelings of anger in. He goes home angry, but his brother eventually comes in and returns his notebook. He then proceeds to begin writing the lyrics to "Knives and Pens". He also is seen watching the video of Black Veil Brides playing the song and there are clips of the band playing with occasionally dressing in white and occasionally dressing in black.[7][8]
Acoustic version video[edit]
Black Veil Brides released a lyric video for the acoustic version of "Knives and Pens" on March 20, 2013 through StandBy Records[9]
Track listing[edit]
CD single [1st version]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Knives and Pens" (Original Version) 4:24
CD single [2nd version]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Knives and Pens" (Original Version) 4:24
2. "Knives and Pens" (Album Version) 4:15
Acoustic single
No.
Title
Length
1. "Knives and Pens" (Acoustic) 4:50
Personnel[edit]
Black Veil Brides
Andy Six – lead vocals
Chris Hollywood – lead guitar
Sandra Alverenga– drums

Music video band/production
Andy Six – lead vocals
Chris "Hollywood" Bluser – guitar
Sandra Alvarenga – drums
David Sasik – leading actor
Patrick Fogarty – director
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Black Veil Brides "Knives and Pens" OFFICIAL VIDEO". YouTube. 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
Jump up ^ "Song Stream: Black Veil Brides, "Knives and Pens" (acoustic)". Alternative Press. March 18, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "ShockHound - Shock TV - Interview — Black Veil Brides (HD)". YouTube. 2011-07-03. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
Jump up ^ "Behind the Scenes of Knives And Pens — BLACK VEIL BRIDES LEGACY". Bvblegacy.weebly.com. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
Jump up ^ "Band Bio — Black Veil Brides Legacy". Bvblegacy.weebly.com. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
Jump up ^ "David Sasik, Actor's Slate". YouTube. 2009-09-22. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
Jump up ^ "Patrick Fogarty Information, Videos, Pictures and News". Rtbot.net. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
Jump up ^ "Patrick Fogarty Music Videos including Knives and Pens on Roxwel". Roxwel.com. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
Jump up ^ "Black Veil Brides release "Knives and Pens" acoustic lyric video". Alternative Press. March 21, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
External links[edit]
"Knives and Pens" official music video on YouTube
"Knives and Pens" (Acoustic) official music video on YouTube
[hide]
v
t
e
Black Veil Brides
Andy Biersack
Ashley Purdy
Jinxx
Jake Pitts
Christian Coma
Sandra Alvarenga
Johnny Herold
Nate Shipp
Phil Cenedella
Chris "Craven" Riesenberg
Studio albums
We Stitch These Wounds
Set the World on Fire
Wretched and Divine: The Story of the Wild Ones
Black Veil Brides
Extended plays
Rebels
Singles
"Knives and Pens"
"Perfect Weapon"
"Knives and Pens (Acoustic)"
"Fallen Angels"
"The Legacy"
"Rebel Love Song"
"In the End"
Films
Legion of the Black
Related articles
Discography
Category:Black Veil Brides
Portal:Rock music
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knives_and_Pens&oldid=796565352"
Categories:
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This page was last edited on 21 August 2017, at 18:31.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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