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District of Columbia statehood movement
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This article is about the movement for statehood of the District of Columbia. For the political party, see D.C. Statehood Green Party.
"New Columbia" redirects here. For other uses, see New Columbia (disambiguation).
The District of Columbia statehood movement is a political movement that advocates making the District of Columbia a U.S. state. As the national capital, the District of Columbia is a federal district under the direct jurisdiction of the United States Congress. Statehood would grant the District voting representation in the Congress and full control over local affairs. For most of the modern statehood movement, the new state's name would have been "New Columbia"; however, the D.C. City Council changed the proposed name to "State of Washington, D.C." in October 2016, in which "D.C." would stand for "Douglass Commonwealth", a reference to abolitionist Frederick Douglass.
Statehood for the District, which is also known as Washington, D.C., might be achieved by an act of Congress, under the power granted to Congress under Article Four, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution. However, there is some debate as to whether simple legislation would be sufficient to grant statehood to Washington, which is the seat of the United States federal government.
An alternative proposal is to reincorporate the District of Columbia into the state of Maryland.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 2016 statehood referendum
1.2 Legislation
2 Arguments against
3 Alternatives
4 Political support
4.1 Civil rights, religious and labor organizations
4.2 Democrats
4.3 Republicans
4.4 Libertarians
4.5 Greens
4.6 License plates
4.7 Polling
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
DC Statehood Now! flag at Inauguration 2013
The U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry has designed this 51-star version of the national flag for use in the event that a 51st state is admitted into the Union.
In 1783, a crowd of disbanded Revolutionary War soldiers angry about not having been paid, gathered to protest outside the building where the Continental Congress was meeting. The soldiers blocked the door and initially refused to allow the delegates to leave. Despite requests from the Congress, the Pennsylvania state government declined to call out its militia to deal with the unruly mob, and so Congress was forced to abruptly adjourn to New Jersey. This led to the widespread belief that Congress needed control over the national capital. As James Madison wrote in The Federalist No. 43, "Without it, not only the public authority might be insulted and its proceedings interrupted with impunity; but a dependence of the members of the general government on the State comprehending the seat of the government, for protection in the exercise of their duty, might bring on the national councils an imputation of awe or influence, equally dishonorable to the government and dissatisfactory to the other members of the Confederacy." This belief resulted in the creation of a national capital, separate from any state, by the Constitution's District Clause.[1]
The "District Clause" in Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the United States Constitution states:
[The Congress shall have Power] To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States.
However, Madison further wrote in Federalist 43 that the residents of the new federal district "will have had their voice in the election of the government which is to exercise authority over them." Madison did not elaborate as to how this would be but even with a then unidentified parcel suggested that the principles of self-government would not be absent in the capital of the Republic.
In 1788, the land on which the District is formed was ceded by Maryland. In 1790, Congress passed the Residence Act placing the District on the Potomac River between the Anacostia and Connogochegue with the exact location chosen by President Washington. His selection was announced on January 24, 1791, and the Residence Act was amended to include land that Virginia had ceded in 1790. That land was returned to Virginia in 1847. The Congress did not officially move to the new federal capital until the first Monday in December 1800. During that time the District was governed by a combination of a federally appointed Board of Commissioners, the state legislatures and locally elected governments.[2]
Within a year of moving to the District, Congress passed the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 and incorporated the new federal District under its sole authority as permitted by the District Clause. Since the District of Columbia was no longer part of any state, the District's residents lost voting representation in Congress and the Electoral College as well as a voice in Constitutional Amendments and the right to home rule, facts that did not go without protest.[3] In January 1801, a meeting of District citizens was held which resulted in a statement to Congress noting that as a result of the impending Organic Act "we shall be completely disfranchised in respect to the national government, while we retain no security for participating in the formation of even the most minute local regulations by which we are to be affected. We shall be reduced to that deprecated condition of which we pathetically complained in our charges against Great Britain, of being taxed without representation."[2]
Talk of suffrage for the District of Columbia began almost immediately, though it mostly focused on a constitutional amendments and retrocession, not statehood. In 1801, Augustus Woodward writing under the name Epaminondes, wrote a series of newspaper articles in the National Intelligencer proposing a constitutional amendment that would read "The Territory of Columbia shall be entitled to one Senator in the Senate of the United States; and to a number of members in the House of Representatives proportionate to its population."[4] Since then more than 150 constitutional amendments and bills have been introduced to provide representation to the District of Columbia, resulting in congressional hearings on more than twenty occasions, with the first of those hearings in 1803.[5] At that time, resolutions were introduced by Congress to retrocede most of Washington to Maryland. Citizens fearful that the seat of government be moved asked that DC be given a territorial government and an amendment to the Constitution for equal rights. But James Holland of North Carolina argued that creating a territorial government would leave citizens dissatisfied. He said, "the next step will be a request to be admitted as a member of the Union, and, if you pursue the practice relative to territories, you must, so soon as their numbers will authorize it, admit them into the Union."[6]
The first proposal for congressional representation to get serious consideration came in 1888, but it wouldn't be until 1921 that congressional hearings would be held on the subject. Those hearings resulted in the first bill, introduced by Sen. Wesley Lively Jones (R-WA), to be reported out of committee that would have addressed District representation. The bill would have enabled - though not required - Congress to treat residents of DC as though they were citizens of a state.
Congress members continued to propose amendments to address the District's lack of representation, with efforts picking up as part of the Civil Rights Movement in the late 1950s. This eventually resulted in successful passage of the Twenty-third Amendment in 1961, which granted the District votes in the Electoral College in proportion to their size as if they were a state, but no more than the least populous state. This right has been exercised by D.C. citizens since the presidential election of 1964.
With District citizens still denied full suffrage, members continued to propose bills to address congressional representation. Such bills made it out of committee in 1967 and 1972, for a House floor for a vote in 1976 and in 1978 resulted in the formal proposal of the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment. However that amendment expired in 1985, 22 ratifications short of the needed 38.
Before the failure of the Voting Rights Amendment, but when passage seemed unlikely, District voters finally began to pursue statehood. In 1980, District voters approved the call of a constitutional convention to draft a proposed state constitution,[7] just as U.S. territories had done prior to their admission as states. The convention was held in February through April 1982.[8] The proposed constitution was ratified by District voters in 1982 for a new state to be called "New Columbia".[9] In 1987, another state constitution[10] was drafted, which again referred to the proposed state as New Columbia. Since the 98th Congress, more than a dozen statehood bills have been introduced, with two bills being reported out of the committee of jurisdictions.[11] The second of these bills made it to the House floor in November 1993, for the only floor debate and vote on D.C. statehood. It was defeated in the House of Representatives by a vote of 277 to 153.
Pursuant to the 1980 proposed state constitution, the District still selects members of a shadow congressional delegation, consisting of two shadow Senators and a shadow Representative, to lobby the Congress to grant statehood. These positions are not officially recognized by the Congress. Additionally, until May 2008, the Congress prohibited the District from spending any funds on lobbying for voting representation or statehood.[12]
Since the 1993 vote, bills to grant statehood to the District have been introduced in Congress each year but have not been brought to a vote.[13] Following a 2012 statehood referendum in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico, political commentators endorsed the idea of admitting both the District and Puerto Rico into the Union.[14][15]
In July 2014, President Barack Obama became the second sitting President, after Bill Clinton in 1993, to endorse statehood for the District of Columbia. In a town-hall event, he said "I'm for it." He added that "folks in D.C. pay taxes like everybody else, they contribute to the overall well being of the country like everybody else, they should be treated like everybody else," Obama said in response to a question. "There has been a long movement to get D.C. statehood and I've been for it for quite some time. The politics of it end up being difficult to get through Congress, but I think it's absolutely the right thing to do."[16][17]D.C. residents now pay more in taxes than 22 states.[18]
For more than 20 years following the 1993 floor vote, there were no congressional hearings on D.C. Statehood. But on September 15, 2014, the U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs held a hearing on bill S. 132, which would have created a new state out of the current District of Columbia, similar to the 1993 bill.[19]
On December 4, 2015, the District of Columbia was granted membership in the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation, an advocacy group for people groups and territories which do not receive full representation in the government of the state they reside in.[20]
2016 statehood referendum[edit]
District of Columbia statehood referendum, 2016
Location
District of Columbia
Date
November 8, 2016; 13 months ago (2016-11-08)
Voting system
simple majority
Shall the voters of the District of Columbia advise the Council to approve or reject this proposal?
Yes
85.83%
No
14.17%
Main article: District of Columbia statehood referendum, 2016
On April 15, 2016, District Mayor Muriel Bowser called for a citywide vote on whether the nation's capital should become the 51st state.[21] This was followed by the release of a proposed state constitution.[22] This constitution would make the Mayor of the District of Columbia the governor of the proposed state, while the members of the City Council would make up the proposed House of Delegates. While the name "New Columbia" has long been associated with the movement, community members thought other names, such as Potomac or Douglass, were more appropriate for the area.[23]
On November 8, 2016, the voters of the District of Columbia voted overwhelmingly in favor of statehood, with 86% of voters voting to advise approving the proposal.[24] Although the proposed state name on the ballot sent to voters appeared as "State of New Columbia", the resolution passed by the D.C. City Council passed in October 2016, weeks before the election, changed the name to "State of Washington, D.C.", in which "D.C." stands for "Douglass Commonwealth", a reference to African-American abolitionist Frederick Douglass, who lived in Washington, D.C. from 1877 to 1895.[25]
Legislation[edit]
In May 2017, a bill to propose DC statehood, the Washington, D.C. Admission Act, was introduced in the U.S. Senate.[26]
Arguments against[edit]
Prior to the District's founding, James Madison argued (in Federalist No. 43) that the national capital needed to be distinct from the states in order to provide for its own maintenance and safety. He wrote, "but a dependence of the members of the general government on the State comprehending the seat of the government, for protection in the exercise of their duty, might bring on the national councils an imputation of awe or influence, equally dishonorable to the government and dissatisfactory to the other members of the Confederacy."[27]
More recently, opponents of D.C. statehood have expressed objections to statehood on the grounds that the federal government would be dependent on a single state for its security and operations, apart from its use of federal law enforcement bodies such as the Secret Service. The new state might enact policies inconsistent with operating the federal government for the benefit of the nation as a whole.[28] The District would be far smaller than any other state by area and the District's population is smaller than all but two states, which could potentially grant the District unfair influence in national politics that other small states have.[29]
Opponents argue that the newly formed state would also be unique in that interests would be dominated by those of the federal government, which would be the state's largest employer. It would also be the only state to have no rural residents and thus no need to consider the interests of non-urban areas.[30] However, given that other states are dominated by rural areas with no significant urban population and there is no inherent value difference between an urban vs. rural voter, this argument is not commonly used. Some have expressed concern that the newly formed state might enact a commuter tax on non-residents that work in the District; such a tax is currently illegal under the District of Columbia Home Rule Act.[31]
There is also a question as to whether granting statehood to the District would need the approval of Maryland. The U.S. Constitution requires that any new states formed from an existing state receive permission from the legislature. Since Maryland granted land to form the national capital and not a new state, some lawmakers have concluded that Maryland must also consent to the new state.[32] However, Maryland's consent was not needed when a Potomac River island that was part of the Maryland cession was transferred to Virginia from D.C. in 1945. This island and surrounding mud flats had been filled in to create Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport.[33]
Alternatives[edit]
Alternate proposals to statehood have been proposed to grant the District varying degrees of greater political autonomy and voting representation in the Congress. Most proposals generally involve either treating D.C. more like a state or allowing the state of Maryland to take back the land it donated to form the District.
If both the Congress and the Maryland state legislature agreed, jurisdiction over the District of Columbia could be returned to Maryland, possibly excluding a small tract of land immediately surrounding the United States Capitol, the White House and the Supreme Court building. This process is known as retrocession.[34] If the District were returned to Maryland, citizens in D.C. would gain voting representation in the Congress as residents of Maryland. The majority of D.C. citizens are opposed to this idea.[35] Further, although the U.S. Constitution does not specify a minimum size for the District, retrocession may require a constitutional amendment, as the District's role as the seat of government is mandated by the Constitution's District Clause.[28][36] Retrocession could also alter the idea of a separate national capital as envisioned by the Founding Fathers.[37]
A proposal related to retrocession was the "District of Columbia Voting Rights Restoration Act of 2004" (H.R. 3709), which would have treated the residents of the District as residents of Maryland for the purposes of congressional representation. Maryland's congressional delegation would then be apportioned accordingly to include the population of the District.[38] Those in favor of such a plan argue that the Congress already has the necessary authority to pass such legislation without the constitutional concerns of other proposed remedies. From the foundation of the District in 1790 until the passage of the Organic Act of 1801, citizens living in D.C. continued to vote for members of Congress in Maryland or Virginia; legal scholars therefore propose that the Congress has the power to restore those voting rights while maintaining the integrity of the federal district.[39] However, the proposed legislation never made it out of committee and would not grant the District any additional authority over its local affairs.[38]
Several bills have been introduced in Congress to grant the District of Columbia voting representation in one or both houses of Congress. The primary issue with all legislative proposals is whether the Congress has the constitutional authority to grant the District voting representation. Members of Congress in support of the bills claim that constitutional concerns should not prohibit the legislation's passage, but rather should be left to the courts.[40] A secondary criticism of a legislative remedy is that any law granting representation to the District could be undone in the future. Additionally, recent legislative proposals deal with granting representation in the House of Representatives only, which would still leave the issue of Senate representation for District residents unresolved.[41] Thus far, no bill granting the District voting representation has successfully passed both houses of Congress. If a bill were to pass, the law would not grant the District any additional authority over its local affairs.
Political support[edit]
Leading supporters of DC Statehood include most of the organizations that led the civil and voting rights movement of the 1960s. It is viewed as the logical extension of the expansion of voting rights that has occurred over the course of American history. Democrats are thought to favor statehood over retrocession, as it would most likely add new Democratic seats in the United States Senate. Some Republicans, in turn, have opposed enfranchisement for the American citizens in DC based on the expected political disadvantage to them.[42] Neither statehood nor retrocession are top priorities by Democrats and Republicans.[42][43]
Civil rights, religious and labor organizations[edit]
Religious groups supporting DC statehood include the American Jewish Committee, the Episcopal Church, the Union for Reform Judaism, United Church of Christ, United Methodist Church General Board of Church and Society, and the Unitarian Universalist Association.
Statehood is a cause for many labor and civil rights groups including American Federation of Teachers, Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, NAACP, National Treasury Employees Union, National Urban League, and SEIU.
Statehood is also supported by "good government" organizations such as the League of Women Voters and Common Cause.[44]
Democrats[edit]
Recent Democratic Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama have expressed support for statehood, as well as Democratic 2016 Presidential candidates Hillary Clinton, Bernie Sanders[45] - a co-sponsor of the 2015 New Columbia Admission Act, and former Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley.[46] Maryland's Senators, Barbara Mikulski and Ben Cardin, both Democrats, are co-sponsors of a September 2014 D.C. statehood bill.[42][43]
Republicans[edit]
The D.C. Republican Party has been a long-standing supporter of voting rights for the District of Columbia.[47] However, nationally based Republicans have often been steadfast in their opposition to D.C. statehood.[48] The 2016 Republican Party Platform advocated Washington D.C. remain a district. The Platform stated statehood for D.C. can only be advanced by a constitutional amendment, citing any other means would be 'invalid'. The Platform states the last constitutional amendment proposal was 'soundly rejected' by the states in 1976, and 'should not be revived'.[49]
Libertarians[edit]
Main article: Libertarian Party of the District of Columbia
Greens[edit]
Main article: D.C. Statehood Green Party
License plates[edit]
Main article: Vehicle registration plates of Washington, D.C.
In November 2000, the D.C. Department of Motor Vehicles began issuing license plates bearing the slogan "Taxation without representation".[50] President Bill Clinton had these plates placed on the presidential limousines shortly before the end of his second term. However, President George W. Bush, in one of his first official acts as president, had the plates removed.[51] The usage of "taxation without representation" plates was restored by President Barack Obama shortly before his second-term inauguration.[52] Donald Trump continued to use the plates, though he stated he had "no position" regarding statehood or representation for the District. [53]
Polling[edit]
A September 2014 poll found that 49% of Americans opposed DC Statehood, while only 27% supported it. 53% of Independents and 67% of Republicans opposed it, but only 33% of Democrats did. However, when asked if DC should be represented as voters in other states are, by a voting Representative and two Senators 37% said yes and 31% said no.[54] Other polling from the 1990s showed stronger support. A 1999 poll showed that 46% of Americans would support statehood.[55]
See also[edit]
Admission to the Union
51st state
District of Columbia home rule
District of Columbia retrocession
District of Columbia voting rights
History of Washington, D.C.
Australian Capital Territory statehood movement
Statehood movement in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017
References[edit]
Jump up ^ District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act of 2007: Hearing Notes. DIANE publishing. March 14, 2007. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-4223-2085-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Forbes-Lindsay, C. H. (1908). Washington: The City and Seat of Government (PDF). Philadelphia: The John C. Winston Co. p. 110. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Statement on the subject of The District of Columbia Fair and Equal Voting Rights Acts" (PDF). American Bar Association. September 14, 2006. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
Jump up ^ Woodward, Augustus (1801). Considerations on the government of the Territory of Columbia : as they appeared in the National intelligencer. Washington, DC: Samuel Harrison Smith.
Jump up ^ Hatch, Orrin (1978). "Should the Capital Vote in Congress? A Critical Analysis of the Proposed D.C. Representation Amendment". Fordham Urban Law Journal. 7 (3): 495. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Congressional Record, 1805: 979-980.
Jump up ^ "GUIDE TO THE WASHINGTON, DC STATEHOOD CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION RECORDS, 1982". Library.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2016-07-07.
Jump up ^ "DC Statehood Constitutional Convention Transcript, from George Washington University Libraries DC Statehood Constitutional Convention Records". archive.org. Retrieved 2017-08-24.
Jump up ^ "DC Statehood: a Chronology". DC Statehood Green Party. Archived from the original on October 26, 2006. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Constitution for the State of New Columbia (enacted 1987). Westlaw. Archived July 31, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act of 2007: Hearing before the Committee of the Judiciary. March 14, 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Sheridan, Mary Beth (2008-05-29). "D.C. Seeks to Fund Lobbying Effort for a Voting House Member". The Washington Post. pp. B01. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
Jump up ^ Greenwood, Arin (20 December 2012). "D.C. Statehood: Senate Bill By Joe Lieberman Would Make 'New Columbia' 51st State". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Plotkin, Mark (23 November 2012). "A good deal for the District and Puerto Rico". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Miller, Mark (11 February 2012). "Puerto Rico referendum could revitalize D.C. statehood debate". The Washington Times. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 22, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Obama on D.C. statehood: 'I'm for it!'". Usatoday.com. 2014-07-21. Retrieved 2016-07-07.
Jump up ^ "D.C. paid more in taxes". July 29, 2016. Archived from the original on August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Simpson, Ian. "Senate holds hearing on District of Columbia statehood". Reuters. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
Jump up ^ http://unpo.org/members/18770. Retrieved 8 June 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Austermuhle, Martin. "Mayor Wants Statehood Vote This Year By D.C. Residents". WAMU 88.5. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Giambrone, Andrew. "D.C. Statehood Commission Will Release Draft Constitution Next Friday". Washington City Paper. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Kinney, Jen. "Welcome, New Columbia? D.C. Drafts 51st State Constitution". Next City. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "DC Voters Elect Gray to Council, Approve Statehood Measure". 4 NBC Washington. November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "DC Council approves name change if city becomes state". Washington Examiner. October 18, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Washington, D.C. Admission Act | U.S. State | Federal Government Of The United States". Scribd. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Jump up ^ Madison, James (April 30, 1996). "The Federalist No. 43". The Independent Journal. Library of Congress. Retrieved May 31, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Pate, Hewitt R. (1993-08-27). "D.C. Statehood: Not Without a Constitutional Amendment". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
Jump up ^ "DC Statehood Makes No Sense". Outsidethebeltway.com. 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2016-07-07.
Jump up ^ Will, George F. (March 29, 2007). "The Seat Congress Can't Offer" – via washingtonpost.com.
Jump up ^ Eric M. Weiss, D.C.'s Bid To Impose Commuter Tax Denied, The Washington Post, Saturday, November 5, 2005; Page A01
Jump up ^ Health, United States. Congress. House. Committee on the District of Columbia. Subcommittee on Fiscal Affairs and (1987). D.C. statehood: hearings and markups before the Subcommittee on Fiscal Affairs and Health of the Committee on the District of Columbia, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, on H.R. 51 ... U.S. G.P.O. p. 401. Retrieved January 16, 2013. I believe this passage would require that, at the minimum, Maryland, as well as the Congress consent to any legislation designed to grant statehood to the District of Columbia
Jump up ^ "History of Reagan National Airport". July 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "District of Columbia-Maryland Reunion Act (110th Congress, H.R. 1858)". GovTrack. 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
Jump up ^ "Support for D.C. statehood at record high". Washington Post. 2015. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
Jump up ^ "Q&A with Rep. Tom Davis". The Washington Post. 1998-03-03. Archived from the original on February 24, 1999. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Madison, James (1996-04-30). "The Federalist No. 43". The Independent Journal. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
^ Jump up to: a b "District of Columbia Voting Rights Restoration Act of 2004 (108th Congress, H.R. 3709)". GovTrack. 2004. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
Jump up ^ Rohrabacher, Dana (June 23, 2004). "Testimony before the Committee on Government Reform" (PDF). DC Vote. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2008. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lieberman Deeply Disappointed By Failure To Secure 60 Votes For Equal Representation For D.C. Citizens". Senator Joseph Lieberman (CT). September 18, 2007. Archived from the original on February 3, 2010. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Turley, Jonathan (2007-08-20). "D.C. Vote in Congress: House Judiciary Committee". Statement for the Record, Legislative Hearing on H.R. 5388. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c McCartney, Robert. "Critics of D.C. statehood cite specious objections, such as Grave Snowplow Threat". The Washington Post.
^ Jump up to: a b Davis, Aaron. "Congress takes up bill to make D.C. the 51st state". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ "Voting Rights Coalition". DCVote.org. Retrieved 2016-07-07.
Jump up ^ "51st State: Bernie Sanders supports bill for DC statehood — RT America". Rt.com. 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2016-07-07.
Jump up ^ "Norton: Hillary Clinton Supports D.C. Statehood". Washington City Paper.
Jump up ^ "DC Republican Party Statement on House Oversight and Government Reform Subcommittee on Government Operations Hearing on DC Budget Autonomy". May 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "John Kasich Explains Why Republicans Don't Want D.C. To Become A State". April 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Republican National Committee. "2016 Republican Platform" (PDF). GOP. GOP. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Chan, Sewell (November 5, 2000). "Message Gets Rolling; D.C. Government Enlists Residents' Vehicles In Campaign for Congressional Representation". The Washington Post. p. C01. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Transition in Washington; Political License Plate Is Out, Bush Says". The New York Times. January 19, 2001. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ Craig, Tim (January 15, 2013). "Obama to use D.C. 'taxation without representation' license plates". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Davis, Aaron (January 26, 2017). "Trump's limo sports D.C.'s protest license plates: 'Taxation Without Representation'". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Moore, Peter (22 September 2014). "Half oppose statehood for Washington, D.C". Retrieved 15 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Richards, Mark David. "U.S. Public Opinion on Political Equality for Citizens of the District of Columbia". Retrieved 15 July 2016.
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District of Columbia Statehood movement official website
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Ain't Nobody Got Time for That
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ain't Nobody Got Time for That
Screenshot from the viral video
Starring
Kimberly "Sweet Brown" Wilkins
Narrated by
Joleen Chaney
Distributed by
YouTube
Release date
April 8, 2012 (2012-04-08)
Running time
42 seconds
Country
United States
Language
English
Ain't Nobody Got Time for That is a viral YouTube video of Kimberly "Sweet Brown" Wilkins being interviewed after having escaped a fire in an apartment complex. It originally aired on April 8, 2012 on Oklahoma City NBC affiliate KFOR-TV.[1][2]
The video garnered Sweet Brown many appearances on television, including a visit to ABC's The View.[3][4][5] Brown also plays a cameo role in the Tyler Perry 2013 movie A Madea Christmas saying a part of her line from her television interview during an interview at the end of the movie.[citation needed] As of February 2016, the original video has 64 million views.
Contents
[hide]
1 Critical analysis
2 Lawsuit
3 Jimmy Kimmel parody
4 References
5 External links
Critical analysis[edit]
Charles E. Williams, writing for the Huffington Post, said that the humor evoked by Sweet Brown's interview should stay within the confines of the African-American community, linking it to the "code-switching" phenomenon W. E. B. Du Bois spoke of.[6]
Lawsuit[edit]
In April 2013, Sweet Brown sued Apple for selling a song called "I Got Bronchitis" on iTunes for profit, using catchphrases uttered by her in the video, such as "Ain't nobody got time for that?", "Ran for my life," and "Oh, Lord Jesus, it's a fire!"[7]
Jimmy Kimmel parody[edit]
In March 2014, variety show Jimmy Kimmel Live did a parody of the video in the style of a movie trailer. The plot is Sweet Brown going through important moments in history and being responsible for things such as Barack Obama getting into politics and Steve Jobs making Apple. It starred Queen Latifah as Sweet Brown, Barkhad Abdi as Barack Obama and Adam Driver as Steve Jobs. In the end, it features Matt Damon doing an interview when the real Sweet Brown comes in and interrupts him with her well-known line.[8] As of April 2017, it had over 10,825,976 views on YouTube.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "OKC apartment complex catches fire, 5 units damaged". NewsChannel 4, KFOR-TV, Oklahoma City. April 8, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Chandler, D. L. (April 10, 2012). "Oklahoma's Sweet Brown Coming For Antoine Dodson's Internet Crown". Hip-Hop Wired. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Oklahoma City's 'Sweet Brown' visits 'The View'". NewsOK. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Charlene (May 15, 2013). "Sweet Brown Dishes On New Reality Show and Movie". Essence. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sweet Brown syndrome: Has the viral video star 'jumped the shark'?". The Grio. April 23, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Williams, Charles E. (May 10, 2013). "I Am Charles Ramsey and Sweet Brown: "You Do What You Have To Do" and "Aint Nobody Got Time For Dat"". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ Dickey, Megan Rose (March 12, 2013). "'Ain't Nobody Got Time For That' Viral-Video Star Does Have Time To Sue Apple". Business Insider. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana (2 March 2014). "Jimmy Kimmel Transforms Popular YouTube Hits Into Dramatic Movie Trailers". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
External links[edit]
Video on YouTube

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text:
Typographic alignment
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In typesetting and page layout, alignment or range is the setting of text flow or image placement relative to a page, column (measure), table cell, or tab. The type alignment setting is sometimes referred to as text alignment, text justification, or type justification. The edge of a page or column is known as a margin, and a gap between columns is known as a gutter.
Contents
1 Basic variations
1.1 Flush left
1.2 Flush right
1.3 Justified
1.4 Centered
2 Examples
3 Problems with justification
4 History
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Basic variations[edit]
There are four basic typographic alignments:
flush left—the text is aligned along the left margin or gutter, also known as left-aligned, ragged right or ranged left;
flush right—the text is aligned along the right margin or gutter, also known as right-aligned, ragged left or ranged right;
justified—text is aligned along the left margin, and letter- and word-spacing is adjusted so that the text falls flush with both margins, also known as fully justified or full justification;
centered—text is aligned to neither the left nor right margin; there is an even gap on each side of each line.
Note that alignment does not change the direction in which text is read; however text direction may determine the most commonly used alignment for that script.
Flush left[edit]
In English and most European languages where words are read left-to-right, text is usually aligned "flush left",[1] meaning that the text of a paragraph is aligned on the left-hand side with the right-hand side ragged. This is the default style of text alignment on the World Wide Web for left-to-right text. [2] Quotations are often indented.
Flush left might also be used in very narrow columns, where full justification would produce too much whitespace between characters or words on some lines.
Flush right[edit]
In other languages that read text right-to-left, such as Persian, Arabic and Hebrew, text is commonly aligned "flush right". Additionally, flush-right alignment is used to set off special text in English, such as attributions to authors of quotes printed in books and magazines, or text associated with an image to its right. Flush right is often used when formatting tables of data. It is used to adjust text to the right margin, in this case, the left end will be unequal.
Justified[edit]
A common type of text alignment in print media is "justification", where the spaces between words, and, to a lesser extent, between glyphs or letters, are stretched or compressed to align both the left and right ends of each line of text. When using justification, it is customary to treat the last line of a paragraph separately by simply left or right aligning it, depending on the language direction. Lines in which the spaces have been stretched beyond their normal width are called lines, while those whose spaces have been compressed are called tight lines.
Some modern typesetting programs offer four justification options: left justify, right justify, center justify and full justify. These variants respectively specify whether the full lines of a paragraph are aligned on the left or the right, centered (edges not aligned), or fully justified (spread over the whole column width). In programs that do not offer multiple kinds of justification, typically only left (for left-to-right languages) or right (for right-to-left languages) justification is provided.
Centered[edit]
Centered text
Text can also be "centered", or symmetrically aligned along an axis in the middle of a column. This is often used for the title of a work, headlines, and for poems and songs. As with flush-right alignment, centered text is often used to present data in tables. Centered text is considered less readable for a body of text made up of multiple lines because the ragged starting edges make it difficult for the reader to track from one line to the next.
Centered text can also be commonly found on signs, flyers, and similar documents where grabbing the attention of the reader is the main focus, or visual appearance is important and the overall amount of centered text is small.
Examples[edit]
The following table displays the difference between a justified (flush left and flush right) and a flush left (and ragged right) text.
Justified (flush left and right)
Flush left, ragged right
Thy father was delighted and cried out to the servant, ‘Give him a hundred and three gold pieces with a robe of honour!’ The man obeyed his orders, and I awaited an auspicious moment, when I blooded him; and he did not baulk me; nay he thanked me and I was also thanked and praised by all present. When the blood-letting was over I had no power to keep silence and asked him, ‘By God, O my lord, what made thee say to the servant, Give him an hundred and three dinars?’; and he answered, ‘One dinar was for the astrological observation, another for thy pleasant conversation, the third for the phlebotomisation, and the remaining hundred and the dress were for thy verses in my commendation.’” “May God show small mercy to my father,” exclaimed I, “for knowing the like of thee.”[3] Thy father was delighted and cried out to the servant, ‘Give him a hundred and three gold pieces with a robe of honour!’ The man obeyed his orders, and I awaited an auspicious moment, when I blooded him; and he did not baulk me; nay he thanked me and I was also thanked and praised by all present. When the blood-letting was over I had no power to keep silence and asked him, ‘By God, O my lord, what made thee say to the servant, Give him an hundred and three dinars?’; and he answered, ‘One dinar was for the astrological observation, another for thy pleasant conversation, the third for the phlebotomisation, and the remaining hundred and the dress were for thy verses in my commendation.’” “May God show small mercy to my father,” exclaimed I, “for knowing the like of thee.”[3]
It was common for early word processing systems to use monospaced fonts, and packages designed for these systems often allowed text to be justified by inserting extra spaces between words in the shorter lines. This has the disadvantage that it tends to lead to very uneven spaces between words.
The following is an example of justified text in a monospaced font, one in which each character, including the whitespace character, occupies the same amount of horizontal space:
And indeed  thou shalt never find  a man better versed in affairs
than I, and I am here standing on my feet to serve thee. I am not
vexed  with thee:  why  shouldest  thou be  vexed  with  me?  But
whatever happen I will bear patiently  with thee in memory of the
much kindness thy father shewed me."  "By God," cried I,  "O thou
with tongue  long as  the tail of a  jackass, thou  persistest in
pestering me  with thy prate and  thou becomest more  longsome in
thy long  speeches, when all I  want of thee is to  shave my head
and wend thy way!"

Problems with justification[edit]
Automated justification in a demonstration from the early 1990s. The technology was later purchased by Adobe and added to their InDesign product.
Justification sometimes leads to typographic anomalies. One example: when justification is used in narrow columns, extremely large spaces may appear between words on lines with only two or three words.
Another example: when the spaces between words line up approximately above one another in several loose lines, a distracting river of white space may appear.[4] Rivers appear in right-aligned, left-aligned and centered settings too, but are more likely to appear in justified text, because of the additional word spacing. Since there is no added white space built into a typical full stop (period), other than that above the full stop itself, full stops only marginally contribute to the river effect.
At one time, common word-processing software adjusted only the spacing between words, which was a source of the river problem. Modern word processing packages and professional publishing software significantly reduce the river effect by adjusting also the spacing between characters. Additionally, these systems use advanced digital typography techniques such as automatically choosing among different glyphs for the same character and slightly stretching or shrinking the character in order to better fill the line. The technique of glyph scaling or microtypography has been implemented by Adobe InDesign and more recent versions of pdfTeX.
The problem of loose lines is reduced by using hyphenation. With older typesetting systems and WYSIWYG word processors, this was done manually: the compositor or author added hyphenation on a case-by-case basis. Currently, most typesetting systems (also called layout programs) and modern word processors hyphenate automatically, using a hyphenation algorithm. In addition, professional typesetting programs almost always provide for the use of an exception dictionary, in part because no algorithm hyphenates all words correctly, and in part because different publishers will follow different dictionaries. Different publishers may also have different rules about permissible hyphenation. Most publishers follow a basic system such as the Chicago Manual of Style or Oxford style, but will overlay their own "house style", which further restricts permissible hyphenation.
Word-processing software usually use a different kind of justification when dealing with Arabic texts. Using kashida, characters or glyphs are elongated instead of stretching the white spaces. Another technique sometimes used is word heaping.
History[edit]
Justification has been the preferred setting of type in many Western languages through the history of movable type. This is due to the classic Western manuscript book page being built of a column or two columns, which is considered to look "best" if it is even-margined on the left and right. The classical Western column did not rigorously justify, but came as close as feasible when the skill of the penman and the character of the manuscript permitted. Historically, both scribal and typesetting traditions took advantage of abbreviations (sigla), ligatures, and swash to help maintain the rhythm and colour of a justified line.
Its use has only waned somewhat since the early 20th century through the advocacy of the typographer Jan Tschichold's book Asymmetric Typography and the freer typographic treatment of the Bauhaus, Dada, and Russian constructivist movements.
Not all "flush left" settings in traditional typography were identical. In flush left text, words are separated on a line by the default word space built into the font.
Continuous casting typesetting systems such as the Linotype were able to reduce the jaggedness of the right-hand sides of adjacent lines of flush left composition by inserting self-adjusting space bands between words to evenly distribute white space, taking excessive space that would have occurred at the end of the line and redistributing it between words. This feature is also available in desktop publishing systems, although most now default to more sophisticated approaches.
Graphic designers and typesetters using desktop systems also have the option, though rarely used, to adjust word and letter spacing, or "tracking", on a manual line-by-line basis to achieve more even overall spacing. Some modern desktop publishing programs, such as Adobe InDesign, evaluate the effects of all the different possible line-break choices on the entire paragraph, to choose the one that creates the least variance from the ideal spacing while justifying the lines (so as to reduce rivers); this also gives the least uneven edge when set with a ragged margin.
See also[edit]
Word wrap
Runaround (typography)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bringhurst, R. (1996). The Elements of Typographic Style. Second Edition. Point Roberts,WA: Hartley & Marks.
Jump up ^ HTML 4.01 Specification
^ Jump up to: a b Richard Francis Burton, Tale of the Tailor, The Book of One Thousand and One Nights
Jump up ^ Discussion of rivers and methods of avoiding them
External links[edit]
Justification Simulator
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text:
My Girl (The Temptations song)
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This article is about the Temptations song. For the Chilliwack song, see My Girl (Gone, Gone, Gone).
"My Girl"
U.S. single picture sleeve
Single by The Temptations
B-side
"(Talking 'Bout) Nobody But My Baby"
Released
December 21, 1964 (1964-12-21)
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
September 25, November 10 & 17, 1964
Studio
Hitsville USA (Studio A), Detroit, Michigan
Genre
Soul
R&B
Length
2:55
Label
Gordy
Songwriter(s)
Smokey Robinson
Ronald White
Producer(s)
Smokey Robinson
Ronald White
The Temptations singles chronology
"Girl (Why You Wanna Make Me Blue)"
(1964) "My Girl"
(1964) "It's Growing"
(1965)
"My Girl" is a soul music song recorded by the Temptations for the Gordy (Motown) record label. Written and produced by the Miracles members Smokey Robinson and Ronald White, the song became the Temptations' first U.S. number-one single, and is today their signature song. Robinson's inspiration for writing this song was his wife, Miracles member Claudette Rogers Robinson. The song was included on the Temptations 1965 album The Temptations Sing Smokey. In 2018, it was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or artistically significant."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording and release
2 Reception
3 Personnel
4 Chart history
5 Other renditions
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Recording and release[edit]
The recorded version of "My Girl" was the first Temptations single to feature David Ruffin on lead vocals. Previously, Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams had performed most of the group's lead vocals, and Ruffin had joined the group as a replacement for former Temptation Elbridge Bryant. While on tour as part of the Motortown Revue, a collective tour for most of the Motown roster, Smokey Robinson caught the Temptations' part of the show. The group had included a medley of soul standards in the show, one of which, the Drifters' "Under the Boardwalk", was a solo spot for Ruffin. Impressed, Robinson decided to produce a single with Ruffin singing lead. Robinson saw Ruffin as a "sleeping giant" in the group with a unique voice that was "mellow" yet "gruff".[2] Robinson thought that if he could write just the perfect song for Ruffin's voice, then he could have a smash hit.[2] The song was to be something that Ruffin could "belt out" yet something that was also "melodic and sweet".[2]
After some persuasion from Ruffin's bandmates, Robinson had the Temptations record "My Girl" instead of the Miracles, who were originally to record the song, and recruited Ruffin to sing the lead vocals. According to Robinson, he allowed the group to create their own background vocals "because they were so great at background vocals".[this quote needs a citation] The signature guitar riff heard during the introduction and under the verses was played by Robert White of the Funk Brothers. This part can be heard without vocals on the 2004 deluxe edition of the soundtrack from the 2002 documentary Standing in the Shadows of Motown.
"My Girl" was later sampled for "Stay," a single from the Temptations' 1998 album Phoenix Rising. The single was re-released in 1992, following the November 1991 release of the film of the same name, which featured the song. It did not reach the Billboard charts, but did reach number two in the UK Singles Chart.
Reception[edit]
"My Girl" climbed to the top of the U.S. pop charts after its Christmas time 1964 release, making it the Temptations' first number-one hit. The single was also the first number-one hit on the reinstated Billboard R&B Singles chart, which had gone on a fifteen-month hiatus from 1963 to 1965.[3] The single also gave the Gordy label its first number one on the Hot 100.[4] The Temptations were the first Motown act to earn a Grammy.[5]
In 2004, "My Girl" was ranked number 88 on Rolling Stone's list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".[6]
Personnel[edit]
David Ruffin – lead vocals
Eddie Kendricks – backing vocals
Melvin Franklin – backing vocals
Paul Williams – backing vocals
Otis Williams – backing vocals
William "Smokey" Robinson – writer, producer
Ronald White – writer, producer
Paul Riser – arrangement
The Funk Brothers – instrumentation
Robert White – guitar
James Jamerson – bass
Benny Benjamin – drums
Detroit Symphony Orchestra – strings
Chart history[edit]
Chart (1965–66)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 1
U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Singles 1
Other renditions[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"My Girl"
US promotional single (1972)
Single by Otis Redding
from the album Otis Blue
B-side
"Down in the Valley"
Released
1965 (1965)
Format
7-inch single (UK)
Recorded
1965
Studio
Stax, Memphis, Tennessee
Genre
Soul
Length
2:54
Label
Atlantic (UK)
Songwriter(s)
Smokey Robinson
Ronald White
Producer(s)
Otis Redding,
Jim Stewart
Steve Cropper
The Stax Staff
In 1965, Otis Redding brought a traditional blues flavor to the song. Produced by Steve Cropper, it was released on Redding's album Otis Blue: Otis Redding Sings Soul. His version was not released as a single in the US, but Atlantic issued it in the UK to capitalize on the relative lack of success by the Temptations' original version, and Redding's cover eventually peaked at number 11.
In 1967, Stevie Wonder recorded a cover for his seventh studio album I Was Made to Love Her.
In 1972, Michael Jackson recorded his own version of the song for his second solo studio album Ben.
In 1988, Suave had a Top 40 Pop hit and Top 10 R&B hit with the song. R&B/soul group the Whispers covered the song in a disco style for their eponymous 1979 album. It was subsequently released as a single, and (despite missing the US Charts completely) was a Top 30 hit in the UK, reaching number 26.
In 2001, Irish pop band Westlife covered the song for the deluxe edition of their second album Coast to Coast, performed it live on several television shows and made it on their concert setlist for the said album promotion tour.
See also[edit]
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1965
List of number-one R&B singles of 1965 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "National Recording Registry Reaches 500". Library of Congress. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Blair, Elizabeth. "My Girl". NPR. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942–2004. Record Research. p. 803.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (Nov 7, 1998). "The Temptations". Billboard – the International Newsweekly of Music, Video and Home Entertainment. 110 (45): 26.
Jump up ^ Zimmerman, Lee (Mar 2015). "THE DARK SIDE OF MOTOWN". Goldmine. 41 (3): 42–44,46.
Jump up ^ "The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2007-03-07.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"This Diamond Ring" by Gary Lewis & the Playboys Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
March 6, 1965 (one week) Succeeded by
"Eight Days a Week" by the Beatles
Preceded by
Chart not published from November 30, 1963 through January 23, 1965 Billboard Hot R&B Singles number-one single
January 30, 1965 (six weeks) Succeeded by
Shotgun by Junior Walker & the All-Stars
[show]
v
t
e
The Temptations
Otis Williams
Ron Tyson
Terry Weeks
Larry Braggs
Willie Green
Melvin Franklin
Eddie Kendricks
Paul Williams
Elbridge Bryant
David Ruffin
Dennis Edwards
Ricky Owens
Richard Street
Damon Harris
Glenn Leonard
Louis Price
Ali-Ollie Woodson
Theo Peoples
Harry McGilberry
Barrington "Bo" Henderson
Ray Davis
G. C. Cameron
Joe Herndon
Bruce Williamson
Studio albums
Meet the Temptations
The Temptations Sing Smokey
The Temptin' Temptations
Gettin' Ready
The Temptations with a Lot o' Soul
The Temptations Wish It Would Rain
Cloud Nine
Puzzle People
Psychedelic Shack
Sky's the Limit
Solid Rock
All Directions
Masterpiece
1990
A Song for You
House Party
Wings of Love
The Temptations Do the Temptations
Bare Back
Hear to Tempt You
Power
The Temptations
Reunion
Surface Thrills
Back to Basics
Truly for You
Touch Me
To Be Continued...
Together Again
Special
Milestone
Phoenix Rising
Ear-Resistible
Awesome
Legacy
Still Here
Cover albums
The Temptations in a Mellow Mood
For Lovers Only
Reflections
Back to Front
Live albums
Temptations Live!
Live at the Copa
Live at London's Talk of the Town
The Temptations in Japan
Other albums
Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations
TCB
The Temptations Show
Together
On Broadway
The Temptations Christmas Card
Give Love at Christmas
Lost and Found: You've Got to Earn It (1962–1968)
Compilations
Greatest Hits
Greatest Hits II
Anthology
Emperors of Soul
The Ultimate Collection
My Girl: The Very Best of the Temptations
Psychedelic Soul
Singles
(US/UK Top 10)
"My Girl"
"Get Ready"
"Ain't Too Proud to Beg"
"Beauty Is Only Skin Deep"
"(I Know) I'm Losing You"
"All I Need"
"You're My Everything"
"I Wish It Would Rain"
"I Could Never Love Another (After Loving You)"
"Cloud Nine"
"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me"
"Run Away Child, Running Wild"
"I Can't Get Next to You"
"Psychedelic Shack"
"Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)"
"Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)"
"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone"
"Masterpiece"
"Let Your Hair Down"
"Happy People"
"Shakey Ground"
"Treat Her Like a Lady"
"The Motown Song"
"My Girl" (reissue)
Related
The Temptations (miniseries)
Discography
The Supremes
The Undisputed Truth
Norman Whitfield
Barrett Strong
Sly Stone
George Clinton
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
The Temptations singles discography
1960s
"Oh Mother of Mine" (1961)
"Check Yourself" (1961)
"(You're My) Dream Come True" (1962)
"Mind Over Matter (I'm Gonna Make You Mine)" (1962)
"Paradise" (1962)
"I Want a Love I Can See" (1963)
"Farewell My Love" (1963)
"The Way You Do the Things You Do" (1964)
"I'll Be in Trouble" (1964) / "The Girl's Alright with Me" (1964)
"Girl (Why You Wanna Make Me Blue)" (1964)
"My Girl" (1964)
"It's Growing" (1965)
"Since I Lost My Baby" (1965) / "You've Got to Earn It" (1965)
"My Baby" (1965) / "Don't Look Back" (1965)
"Get Ready" (1966)
"Ain't Too Proud to Beg" (1966)
"Beauty Is Only Skin Deep" (1966)
"(I Know) I'm Losing You" (1966)
"All I Need" (1967)
"You're My Everything" (1967) / "I've Been Good To You" (1967)
"(Loneliness Made Me Realize) It's You That I Need" (1967)
"I Wish It Would Rain" (1968) / "I Truly, Truly Believe" (1968)
"I Could Never Love Another (After Loving You)" (1968)
"Please Return Your Love to Me" (1968)
"Cloud Nine" (1968)
"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" (1968) / "Silent Night" (1968)
"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me" (1969)
"Runaway Child, Running Wild" (1969)
"I'll Try Something New" (1969)
"Don't Let the Joneses Get You Down" (1969)
"I Second That Emotion" (1969)
"I Can't Get Next to You" (1969)
"The Weight" (1969)
1970s
"Psychedelic Shack" (1970)
"Why (Must We Fall in Love)" (1970)
"Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)" (1970)
"Ungena Za Ulimwengu (Unite the World)" (1970) / "Hum Along and Dance" (1970)
"Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)" (1971)
"It's Summer" (1971)
"Superstar (Remember How You Got Where You Are)" (1971)
"Take a Look Around" (1972)
"Mother Nature" (1972) / "Funky Music Sho Nuff Turns Me On" (1972)
"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" (1972)
"Masterpiece" (1973)
"Plastic Man" (1973)
"Hey Girl (I Like Your Style)" (1973)
"Law of the Land" (1973)
"Let Your Hair Down" (1973)
"Heavenly" (1974)
"You've Got My Soul on Fire" (1974)
"Happy People" (1974)
"Shakey Ground" (1975)
"Glasshouse" (1975)
"Keep Holdin' On" (1976)
"Up the Creek (Without a Paddle)" (1976)
"Who are You (and What are You Doing the Rest of Your Life)" (1976)
"In a Lifetime" (1977)
"Think for Yourself" (1977)
"Bare Back" (1978)
"Ever Ready Love" (1978)
1980s
"Power" (1980)
"Struck By Lightning Twice" (1980)
"Aiming At Your Heart" (1981)
"Oh What A Night" (1981)
"Standing On The Top - Pt. 1" (1982)
"More On The Inside" (1982)
"Money's Hard To Get" (1982)
"Love On My Mind Tonight" (1983)
"Surface Thrills" (1983)
"Miss Busy Body (Get Your Body Busy)" (1983)
"Sail Away" (1984)
"Treat Her Like a Lady" (1984)
"My Love Is True (Truly For You)" (1985)
"How Can You Say That It's Over" (1985)
"Do You Really Love Your Baby" (1985)
"Deeper Than Love" (1985)
"Touch Me" (1986)
"I'm Fascinated" (1986)
"A Fine Mess" (1986)
"My Girl" (re-issue) (1986)
"Lady Soul" (1986)
"To Be Continued..." (1986)
"Someone" (1987)
"I Wonder Who She's Seeing Now" (1987)
"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" (re-issue) (1987)
"Look What You Started" (1987)
"Do You Wanna Go With Me" (1988)
"All I Want From You" (1989)
"Special" (1989)
"Loveline" (1989)
1990s
"Soul to Soul" (1990)
"One Step At A Time (Remix)" (1990)
"The Motown Song" (1991)
"The Jones" (1991)
"My Girl" (re-issue) (1992)
"Hoops of Fire" (1992)
"Error of Our Ways" (1994)
"Silent Night" (1995)
"Stay" (1998)
"This is My Promise" (1998)
"How Could He Hurt You" (1999)
2000s
"I'm Here" (2000)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Girl_(The_Temptations_song)&oldid=832014161"
Categories:
1964 singles
1965 singles
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The Temptations songs
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Glen Campbell songs
Atco Records singles
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Songs written by Smokey Robinson
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Song recordings produced by Smokey Robinson
Gordy Records singles
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Michael Jackson songs
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