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Alex Ferguson
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Sir Alex Ferguson
Ferguson in December 2006
Personal information
Full name
Alexander Chapman Ferguson[1]
Date of birth
(1941-12-31) 31 December 1941 (age 76)
Place of birth
Glasgow, Scotland
Playing position
Forward
Youth career
Harmony Row Boys Club
Drumchapel Amateurs
Senior career*
Years
Team Apps (Gls)
1957–1960
Queen's Park 31 (15)
1960–1964
St Johnstone 37 (19)
1964–1967
Dunfermline Athletic 89 (66)
1967–1969
Rangers 41 (25)
1969–1973
Falkirk 95 (37)
1973–1974
Ayr United 24 (9)
Total
317 (171)
National team
1960
Scotland Amateurs[2] 1 (1)
1967
Scotland XI[3] 7 (9)
1967
Scottish Football League XI[4] 2 (1)
Teams managed
1974
East Stirlingshire
1974–1978
St Mirren
1978–1986
Aberdeen
1985–1986
Scotland
1986–2013
Manchester United
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only
Sir Alexander Chapman Ferguson CBE (born 31 December 1941) is a Scottish former football manager and player who managed Manchester United from 1986 to 2013. He is regarded by many players, managers, and analysts to be one of the greatest and most successful managers of all time.[5][6][7][8]
Ferguson played as a forward for several Scottish clubs, including Dunfermline Athletic and Rangers. While playing for Dunfermline, he was the top goalscorer in the Scottish league in the 1965–66 season. Towards the end of his playing career he also worked as a coach, then started his managerial career with East Stirlingshire and St Mirren. Ferguson then enjoyed a highly successful period as manager of Aberdeen, winning three Scottish league championships, four Scottish Cups and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1983. He briefly managed Scotland following the death of Jock Stein, taking the team to the 1986 World Cup.
Ferguson was appointed manager of Manchester United in November 1986. During his 26 years with Manchester United he won 38 trophies, including 13 Premier League titles, five FA Cups, and two UEFA Champions League titles.[9] He was knighted in the 1999 Queen's Birthday Honours list, for his services to the game.[10] Ferguson is the longest serving manager of Manchester United, having overtaken Sir Matt Busby's record on 19 December 2010. He retired from management at the end of the 2012–13 season, having won the Premier League in his final season.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Playing career
3 Early managerial career
3.1 East Stirlingshire
3.2 St Mirren
4 Aberdeen
4.1 Late 1970s
4.2 1980s and silverware
4.3 European success and Scottish national side
5 Manchester United
5.1 Appointment and first years
5.2 The first league title
5.3 1993–95: Double win and loss
5.4 1995–98
5.5 1998–99: Treble success
5.6 1999–2002: Title hat-trick, retirement plan
5.7 2002–2006: Rebuilding and transition
5.8 Second European Champions League
5.9 Another two league titles and League Cups
5.10 Retirement
6 Controversies
6.1 Gordon Strachan
6.2 David Beckham
6.3 Champions League draw fixing
6.4 Rock of Gibraltar
6.5 The BBC
6.6 Recalling of loan players
6.7 Referees
7 Legacy
8 Personal life
9 Honours
9.1 Player
9.2 Managerial
9.3 Individual
9.4 Orders and special awards
10 Career statistics
10.1 As a player
10.2 As a manager
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
Early life
Born to Alexander Beaton Ferguson, a plater's helper in the shipbuilding industry, and his wife, Elizabeth (née Hardie),[11] Alex Chapman Ferguson was born at his grandmother's home on Shieldhall Road in Govan on 31 December 1941, but grew up in a tenement at 667 Govan Road (which has since been demolished), where he lived with his parents as well as his younger brother Martin.[12]
Ferguson attended Broomloan Road Primary School and later Govan High School.[13] He began his football career with Harmony Row Boys Club in Govan, before progressing to Drumchapel Amateurs, a youth club with a strong reputation for producing senior footballers.[14]
Playing career
Ferguson's playing career began as an amateur with Queen's Park, where he made his debut as a striker aged 16.[15] He described his first match as a "nightmare",[16] but scored Queen's Park's goal in a 2–1 defeat against Stranraer. Perhaps his most notable game for Queen's Park was the 7–1 defeat away to Queen of the South on Boxing Day 1959 when ex-England international Ivor Broadis scored four of the Queen of the South goals. Ferguson was the solitary Queen's Park goalscorer.[17]
Despite scoring 20 goals in his 31 games for Queen's Park, he could not command a regular place in the side and moved to St Johnstone in 1960. Although he continued to score regularly at St Johnstone, he was still unable to command a regular place and regularly requested transfers. Ferguson was out of favour at the club and he even considered emigrating to Canada,[18] however St Johnstone's failure to sign a forward led the manager to select Ferguson for a match against Rangers, in which he scored a hat-trick in a surprise victory. Dunfermline signed him the following summer (1964), and Ferguson became a full-time professional footballer.
The following season (1964–65), Dunfermline were strong challengers for the Scottish League and reached the Scottish Cup Final, but Ferguson was dropped for the final after a poor performance in a league game against St Johnstone. Dunfermline lost the final 3–2 to Celtic, then failed to win the League by one point. The 1965–66 season saw Ferguson notch up 45 goals in 51 games for Dunfermline. Along with Joe McBride of Celtic, he was the top goalscorer in the Scottish League with 31 goals.[19]
He then joined Rangers for £65,000, then a record fee for a transfer between two Scottish clubs. He performed well in Europe during his two seasons with the club, scoring six goals in nine appearances in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup including two against 1.FC Köln in the 1967–68 competition, and an important strike against Athletic Bilbao in the 1968–69 edition which helped Rangers into the semi-finals,[20] but on both occasions they were knocked out by English opposition. He was blamed for a goal conceded in the 1969 Scottish Cup Final,[21] in a match in which he was designated to mark Celtic captain, Billy McNeill, and was subsequently forced to play for the club's junior side instead of for the first team.[22] According to his brother, Ferguson was so upset by the experience that he threw his losers' medal away.[23] There have been claims that he suffered discrimination at Rangers after his marriage to a Catholic, Cathy Holding,[24] but Ferguson himself makes it clear in his autobiography[25] that Rangers knew of his wife's religion when he joined the club and that he left the club very reluctantly, due to the fall-out from his alleged cup final mistake.
The following October, Nottingham Forest wanted to sign Ferguson,[26] but his wife was not keen on moving to England at that time so he went to Falkirk instead. He remained at Brockville for four years gaining more league appearances than he had elsewhere; in light of his experience he was promoted to player-coach, but when John Prentice became manager he removed Ferguson's coaching responsibilities. Ferguson's time at Falkirk was soured by this and he responded by requesting a transfer and moved to Ayr United, where he finished his playing career in 1974.
Early managerial career
East Stirlingshire
In June 1974, Ferguson was appointed manager of East Stirlingshire, at the comparatively young age of 32. It was a part-time job that paid £40 per week, and the club did not have a single goalkeeper at the time.[27] He gained a reputation as a disciplinarian, with club forward Bobby McCulley later saying he had "never been afraid of anyone before but Ferguson was a frightening bastard from the start."[28]
The following October, Ferguson was invited to manage St Mirren. While they were below East Stirlingshire in the league, they were a bigger club and although Ferguson felt a degree of loyalty towards East Stirlingshire, he decided to join St Mirren after taking advice from Jock Stein.[29]
St Mirren
Ferguson was manager of St Mirren from 1974 until 1978, producing a remarkable transformation of a team in the lower half of the old Second Division watched by crowds of just over 1,000, to First Division champions in 1977, discovering talent like Billy Stark, Tony Fitzpatrick, Lex Richardson, Frank McGarvey, Bobby Reid and Peter Weir while playing superb attacking football.[30] The average age of the league winning team was 19 and the captain, Fitzpatrick, was 20.[31]
St Mirren have the distinction of being the only club ever to sack Ferguson. He claimed wrongful dismissal against the club at an industrial tribunal but lost and was given no leave to appeal. According to a Billy Adams Sunday Herald article on 30 May 1999, the official version is that Ferguson was sacked for various breaches of contract including unauthorised payments to players.[30] He was counter-accused of intimidating behaviour towards his office secretary because he wanted players to get some expenses tax free. He did not speak to her for six weeks, confiscated her keys and communicated only through a 17-year-old assistant. The tribunal concluded that Ferguson was "particularly petty" and "immature".[32] It was claimed during the tribunal by St Mirren chairman, Willie Todd, that Ferguson had "no managerial ability".
On 31 May 2008, The Guardian published an interview with Todd (then aged 87), who had sacked Ferguson many years earlier. Todd explained that the fundamental reason for the dismissal was a breach of contract relating to Ferguson having agreed to join Aberdeen. Ferguson told journalist Jim Rodger of the Daily Mirror that he had asked at least one member of the squad to go to Aberdeen with him. He told the St Mirren staff he was leaving. Todd expressed regret over what happened but blamed Aberdeen for not approaching his club to discuss compensation.[33]
In 1977, Ferguson turned down the manager's job at Aberdeen. The role went to Billy McNeill, who returned to Celtic after only a year, leaving the role available for Ferguson once again.[34]
Aberdeen
Late 1970s
Ferguson joined Aberdeen as manager in June 1978, replacing Billy McNeill who had only managed the club for one season before he was offered the chance to manage Celtic. Although Aberdeen were one of Scotland's major clubs they had won the league only once, in 1955 under Dave Halliday. The team had been playing well, however, and had not lost a league match since the previous December, having finished second in the league the previous season.[35] Ferguson had now been a manager for four years, but was still not much older than some of the players and had trouble winning the respect of some of the older ones such as Joe Harper.[36] The season did not go especially well, with Aberdeen reaching the semi-final of the Scottish Cup and the Scottish League Cup Final, but losing both matches and finishing fourth in the league.
Aberdeen lost the 1979–80 Scottish League Cup Final, this time to Dundee United after a replay. Ferguson took the blame for the defeat, saying he should have made changes to the team for the replay.[37]
1980s and silverware
Aberdeen had started the 1979–80 season poorly but their form improved dramatically in the new year and they won the Scottish league that season with a 5–0 win on the final day. It was the first time in 15 years that the league had not been won by either Rangers or Celtic. Ferguson now felt that he had the respect of his players, later saying "That was the achievement which united us. I finally had the players believing in me".[38]
He was still a strict disciplinarian, though, and his players nicknamed him "Furious Fergie". He fined one of his players, John Hewitt, for overtaking him on a public road,[39] and kicked a tea urn at the players at half time after a poor first half.[40] He was dissatisfied with the atmosphere at Aberdeen matches, and deliberately created a "siege mentality" by accusing the Scottish media of being biased towards the Glasgow clubs, to motivate the team.[41] The team continued their success with a Scottish Cup win in 1982. Ferguson was offered the manager's job at Wolverhampton Wanderers but turned it down as he felt that Wolves were in trouble[42] and "[his] ambitions at Aberdeen were not even half fulfilled".[43]
European success and Scottish national side
Ferguson led Aberdeen to even greater success the following season, 1982–83. They had qualified for the European Cup Winners' Cup as a result of winning the Scottish Cup the previous season, and impressively knocked out Bayern Munich,[44][45] who had beaten Tottenham Hotspur 4–1 in the previous round.[46][47] According to Willie Miller, this gave them the confidence to believe that they could go on to win the competition,[48] which they did, with a 2–1 victory over Real Madrid in the final on 11 May 1983.[49] Aberdeen became only the third Scottish team to win a European trophy and Ferguson now felt that "he'd done something worthwhile with his life".[50] This was followed up with victory in the European Super Cup in December 1983, when Hamburger SV, the reigning European Cup champions, were beaten 2–0 over two legs.[51][52] Aberdeen had also performed well in the league that season, and retained the Scottish Cup with a 1–0 victory over Rangers,[53] but Ferguson was not happy with his team's play in that match and upset the players by describing theirs as a "disgraceful performance" in a televised interview after the match, a statement he later retracted.[54]
After a sub-standard start to the 1983–84 season, Aberdeen's form improved and the team won the Scottish league and retained the Scottish Cup. Ferguson was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1985 New Year Honours,[55][56] and was offered the managers' jobs at Rangers and Arsenal during the season.[57][58][59] Aberdeen retained their league title in the 1984–85 season, but had a disappointing season in 1985–86, finishing fourth in the league, although they did win both domestic cups. Ferguson had been appointed to the club's board of directors early in 1986, but that April he told Dick Donald, their chairman, that he intended to leave that summer.
Ferguson had been part of coaching staff for the Scottish national side during qualifying for the 1986 World Cup, but manager Jock Stein had collapsed and died on 10 September 1985 – at the end of the game in which Scotland qualified from their group for a play-off against Australia. Ferguson promptly agreed to take charge of the Scottish national side against the Australians and subsequently at the World Cup. To allow him to fulfil his international duties he appointed Archie Knox as his co-manager at Aberdeen. However, after Scotland failed to progress past the group stages of the World Cup, Ferguson stepped down as national team manager on 15 June 1986.[60]
Around this time, Tottenham Hotspur offered Ferguson the chance to take over from Peter Shreeves as manager, but he rejected this offer and the job went to Luton Town's David Pleat instead. There was also an offer for Ferguson to replace Don Howe as Arsenal manager, but he rejected this offer as well, and fellow Scot George Graham took the post instead.[61][62] That summer, there had been speculation that he would take over from Ron Atkinson at Manchester United, who had slumped to fourth in the English top flight after a ten-match winning start had made title glory seem inevitable.
It was not the first time that Ferguson had been linked with a move to England. In February 1982, Wolverhampton Wanderers had approached him about succeeding John Barnwell as manager as they were heading for relegation from the First Division.[63] He rejected this offer, perhaps concerned about the club's financial stability, as they were more than £2 million in debt at the time and narrowly avoided going out of business. At the end of the 1984–85 season, it was reported that Ferguson was being considered for the Liverpool manager's job after the retirement of Joe Fagan was announced, but the job was quickly accepted by Liverpool striker Kenny Dalglish.[64]
Although Ferguson remained at Aberdeen over the summer, he did eventually join Manchester United when Atkinson was sacked in November 1986.
Manchester United
Appointment and first years
Ferguson was appointed manager at Old Trafford on 6 November 1986. He was initially worried that many of the players, such as Norman Whiteside, Paul McGrath and Bryan Robson were drinking too much and was "depressed" by their level of fitness, but he managed to increase the players' discipline and United climbed up the table to finish the season in 11th place, having been 21st (second from bottom) when he took over.
His first game in charge was a 2–0 defeat at Oxford United on 8 November, followed seven days later by a goalless draw at newly promoted Norwich City, and then his first win (1–0 at home to Queens Park Rangers) on 22 November. Results steadily improved as the season went on, and by the time they recorded what would be their only away win of the league campaign at title challengers and deadly rivals Liverpool on Boxing Day, it was clear that United were on the road to recovery. 1987 began on a high note with a 4–1 victory over Newcastle United and United gradually pulled together in the second half of the season, with relatively occasional defeats on the way, and finished 11th in the final table. Ferguson's mother Elizabeth died of lung cancer, aged 64, three weeks after his appointment. Ferguson appointed Archie Knox, his assistant at Aberdeen, as his assistant at Manchester United in 1986.
In the 1987–88 season, Ferguson made several major signings, including Steve Bruce, Viv Anderson, Brian McClair and Jim Leighton. The new players made a great contribution to a United team who finished in second place, nine points behind Liverpool. Liverpool's points lead, however, had been in double digits for most of the season and while United had lost only five league games all season, they drew 12 games and there was clearly still some way to go before United could be a match for their north western rivals.
During the season, United played two friendly matches in Bermuda against the Bermuda national team and the Somerset Cricket Club.[65] In the match against Somerset, both Ferguson himself and his assistant, Archie Knox, took to the field, with Knox even getting on the scoresheet. The match was Ferguson's only appearance for the Manchester United first team.[65]
United were expected to do well when Mark Hughes returned to the club two years after leaving for Barcelona, but the 1988–89 season was a disappointment for them, finishing 11th in the league and losing 1–0 at home to Nottingham Forest in the FA Cup Sixth Round. They had begun the season slowly, going on a nine-match winless run throughout October and November (with one defeat and eight draws) before a run of generally good results took them to third place and the fringes of the title challenge by mid February. However, another run of disappointing results in the final quarter of the season saw them fall down to mid-table.
For the 1989–90 season, Ferguson further boosted his squad by paying large sums of money for midfielders Neil Webb, Mike Phelan and Paul Ince, as well as defender Gary Pallister and winger Danny Wallace. The season began well with a 4–1 win over defending champions Arsenal on the opening day, but United's league form quickly turned sour. In September, United suffered a humiliating 5–1 away defeat against fierce rivals Manchester City. Following this and an early season run of six defeats and two draws in eight games, a banner declaring, "Three years of excuses and it's still crap ... ta-ra Fergie." was displayed at Old Trafford, and many journalists and supporters called for Ferguson to be sacked.[66][67] Ferguson later described December 1989 as "the darkest period [he had] ever suffered in the game", as United ended the decade just outside the relegation zone.[68][69]
Ferguson, however, later revealed that the board of directors had assured him that they were not considering dismissing him. Although naturally disappointed with the lack of success in the league, they understood the reasons for the sub-standard results (namely the absence of several key players due to injury) and were pleased with the way that Ferguson had reorganised the club's coaching and scouting system.
Following a run of seven games without a win, Manchester United were drawn away to Nottingham Forest in the third round of the FA Cup. Forest were performing well that season and were in the process of winning the League Cup for the second season running,[70] and it was expected that United would lose the match and Ferguson would consequently be sacked, but United won the game 1–0 due to a Mark Robins goal and eventually reached the final. This cup win is often cited as the match that saved Ferguson's Old Trafford career, even though it has since been stated that his job was never at risk.[70][71][72] United went on to win the FA Cup, beating Crystal Palace 1–0 in the final replay after a 3–3 draw in the first match, giving Ferguson his first major trophy as Manchester United manager. United's defensive frailties in the first match were unilaterally blamed on goalkeeper Jim Leighton, forcing Ferguson to drop his former Aberdeen player and bring in Les Sealey.
The first league title
Although United's league form improved greatly in 1990–91, they were still inconsistent and finished sixth. There were some excellent performances that season, including a 6–2 demolition of Arsenal at Highbury, but results like an early 2–1 loss at newly promoted Sunderland, a 4–0 September hammering by Liverpool at Anfield, and a 2–0 home defeat by Everton in early March (the game where 17-year-old hot prospect Ryan Giggs made his senior debut) showed that United still had some way to go.
Even after the FA Cup final victory in the previous season, some still had doubts about Ferguson's ability to succeed where all the other managers since Matt Busby had failed – to win the league title.[72] They were runners-up in the League Cup, losing 1–0 to Sheffield Wednesday. They also reached the final of the European Cup Winners' Cup, beating that season's Spanish champions Barcelona 2–1. After the match, Ferguson vowed that United would win the league the following season, and at long last he seemed to have won over the last of his sceptics after nearly five years in the job.[73]
During the 1991 close season, Ferguson's assistant Archie Knox departed to Rangers to become assistant to Walter Smith, and Ferguson promoted youth team coach Brian Kidd to the role of assistant manager in Knox's place. He also made two major signings – goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel and defender Paul Parker – to bolster his side. There was much anticipation about the breakthrough of the young Ryan Giggs, who had played twice and scored once in the 1990–91 campaign, and the earlier emergence of another impressive young winger in the shape of Lee Sharpe, who despite their youth had made Ferguson feel able to resist plunging into the transfer market and buying a new player to take over from the disappointing Danny Wallace on the left wing. He had also added the Ukrainian Andrei Kanchelskis to the right wing, giving him a more attacking alternative to older midfielders Mike Phelan and Bryan Robson.
The 1991–92 season did not live up to Ferguson's expectations and, in Ferguson's words, "many in the media felt that [his] mistakes had contributed to the misery".[74] United won the League Cup and UEFA Super Cup for the first time, but lost out on the league title to rivals Leeds United after leading the table for much of the season. A shortage of goals and being held to draws by teams they had been expected to beat in the second half of the campaign had proved to be the undoing of a United side who had performed so well in the first half of the season. Ferguson felt that his failure to secure the signing of Mick Harford from Luton Town had cost United the league, and that he needed "an extra dimension" to the team if they were to win the league the following season.[75]
During the 1992 close season, Ferguson went on the hunt for a new striker. He first attempted to sign Alan Shearer from Southampton, but lost out to Blackburn Rovers. He also made at least one approach for the Sheffield Wednesday striker David Hirst, but manager Trevor Francis rejected all offers and the player stayed put. In the end, he paid £1 million for 23-year-old Cambridge United striker Dion Dublin – his only major signing of the summer.
After a slow start to the 1992–93 season (they were 10th of 22 at the beginning of November) it looked as though United would miss out on the league title (now the Premier League) yet again. However, after the purchase of French striker Eric Cantona from Leeds for £1.2 million, the future of Manchester United, and Ferguson's position as manager, began to look bright. Cantona formed a strong partnership with Mark Hughes and fired the club to the top of the table, ending United's 26-year wait for a League Championship, and also making them the first ever Premier League Champions. United had finished champions with a ten-point margin over runners-up Aston Villa, whose 1–0 defeat at Oldham Athletic on 2 May 1993 had given United the title. Ferguson was voted Manager of the Year by the League Managers' Association.
1993–95: Double win and loss
The 1993–94 season brought more success. Ferguson added Nottingham Forest's 22-year-old midfielder Roy Keane to the ranks for a British record fee of £3.75 million as a long term replacement for Bryan Robson, who was nearing the end of his career.[76]
United led the 1993–94 Premier League table virtually from start to finish.
Ferguson was the very first winner of the Premier League Manager of the Month award, introduced for the start of the 1993–94 season, when he collected the accolade for August 1993.
Cantona was top scorer with 25 goals in all competitions despite being sent off twice in the space of five days in March 1994. United also reached the League Cup final but lost 3–1 to Aston Villa, managed by Ferguson's predecessor, Ron Atkinson. In the FA Cup final, Manchester United achieved an impressive 4–0 scoreline against Chelsea, winning Ferguson his second League and Cup Double, following his Scottish Premier Division and Scottish Cup titles with Aberdeen in 1984–85, though the League Cup final defeat meant that he had not yet achieved a repeat of the treble that he had achieved with Aberdeen in 1983.
Ferguson made only one close-season signing, paying Blackburn £1.2 million for David May. There were newspaper reports that Ferguson was also going to sign highly rated 21-year-old striker Chris Sutton from Norwich City, but the player headed for Blackburn instead.
1994–95 was a harder season for Ferguson. Cantona assaulted a Crystal Palace supporter in a game at Selhurst Park, and it seemed likely he would leave English football. An eight-month ban saw Cantona miss the final four months of the season. He also received a 14-day prison sentence for the offence but the sentence was quashed on appeal and replaced by a 120-hour community service order. On the brighter side, United paid a British record fee of £7 million for Newcastle United's prolific striker Andy Cole, with young winger Keith Gillespie heading to the north-east in exchange. The season also saw the breakthrough of young players Gary Neville, Nicky Butt and Paul Scholes, who provided excellent cover for the long periods that United were left without some of their more experienced stars.
However, the championship slipped out of Manchester United's grasp as they drew 1–1 with West Ham United on the final day of the season, when a win would have given them a third successive league title. United also lost the FA Cup final in a 1–0 defeat by Everton.
1995–98
Ferguson was heavily criticised in the summer of 1995 when three of United's star players were allowed to leave and replacements were not bought. First Paul Ince moved to Internazionale of Italy for £7.5 million, long-serving striker Mark Hughes was suddenly sold to Chelsea in a £1.5 million deal, and Andrei Kanchelskis was sold to Everton.
Ferguson made an approach for Tottenham winger Darren Anderton, but the player signed a new contract with the North London club. He then made a bid to sign Dutchman Marc Overmars from Ajax (the European Cup winners), but the player suffered a serious knee injury and was ruled out for months. Media reports suggested that United were going to make an approach for Juventus and Italy forward Roberto Baggio, but the player remained in his homeland and signed for Milan instead.
Ferguson felt that United had a number of young players who were ready to play in the first team. The youngsters, who would be known as "Fergie's Fledglings", included Gary Neville, Phil Neville, David Beckham, Paul Scholes and Nicky Butt, who would all go on to be important members of the team. And so the 1995–96 season began without a major signing, at a time when the likes of Arsenal, Liverpool and Newcastle were making the headlines with big-money signings.
A youthful United team lost 3–1 in their opening league game of the 1995–96 season, against Aston Villa.[77] On Match of the Day, pundit Alan Hansen criticised their performance, ending his analysis with the words, "You can't win anything with kids."[78] United won their next five matches and were boosted by the return of Cantona, who made his comeback against Liverpool in October 1995. For much of the season, the team trailed league leaders Newcastle and found themselves ten points behind by Christmas; this later was narrowed to seven points after defeating them on 27 December 1995. The gap increased to 12 points, but a series of wins, coupled with Newcastle dropping points, meant by late March, United moved to the top of the table. In a televised outburst after his team's win against Leeds, Newcastle manager Kevin Keegan responded angrily to Ferguson's comments: "We're still fighting for this title, and he's got to go to Middlesbrough ... I would love it if we beat them, love it."[79] A win against Middlesbrough on the final day sealed the title for United and the team beat Liverpool by a goal to nil to win the 1996 FA Cup Final; this was their second double in three years. A week after the cup final, Ferguson agreed a four-year contract to remain at United.[80]
United won their fourth league title in five seasons at the end of the 1996–97 campaign, made easier by the fact that their rivals were "not up to the job".[81] Under Ferguson, the team made a better go in the Champions League and reached the semi-final stage for the first time in 28 years.[82] United did not advance any further, after defeat by Borussia Dortmund of Germany.[83] Norwegian signings Ole Gunnar Solskjær and Ronny Johnsen were the notable additions to the squad, with the former ending the season as the club's top goalscorer. In May 1997, Cantona informed Ferguson his decision to retire from football.[84] The player "felt exploited by United's merchandising department" and questioned the ambition of the club, reasons which Ferguson understood.[84] Striker Teddy Sheringham was signed as Cantona's replacement from Tottenham Hotspur, with Blackburn defender Henning Berg the other significant purchase that summer.[85][86] In the close season, United appointed Keane as their new captain. Ferguson described him as "the best all-round player in the game" after the team's 1997 FA Charity Shield win and believed Keane had "all the right ingredients" to succeed from Cantona.[87]
Defeat by Leeds United in September 1997 was the team's first league loss in seven months; Keane during the match injured himself and was subsequently ruled out for the rest of the season with ligament damage.[88] Goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel was placed as captain in his absence. By November, United opened up a four-point lead in the league, which prompted talk of whether any team could catch them.[89] After Arsenal's defeat of United in the same month, Ferguson acknowledged a one-horse race was "not good for the game" and admitted his opponents "... deserved to win on their second-half performance".[90] The fallibilities of Liverpool, Chelsea and Blackburn as league challengers allowed United during the winter to extend their lead by 11 points, albeit with Arsenal having games-in-hand.[91] This was enough for Manchester bookmaker Fred Done to pay out on punters who backed the champions retaining their title.[92]
Arsenal collected maximum points, sealing the title with a win against Everton on 3 May 1998. Ferguson congratulated his opponent Arsène Wenger, who in his first full season at the club, later completed the double: "I think it's good for my young players to lose on this occasion. I wholeheartedly acknowledge what Arsenal achieved between Christmas and the end of the season."[93] United straight after paid £10.75 million for PSV defender Jaap Stam, a new club record fee.[94] Ferguson wanted to strengthen the squad's attacking options and identified Aston Villa's Dwight Yorke as his main target.[95] Attempts to sign Yorke were rebuffed at first, before Ferguson persuaded Edwards to increase United's initial offer of £10 million.[96] A£12.6 million deal was reached a week into the league campaign; Yorke signed minutes before the deadline to submit United's squad for the Champions League.[96]
1998–99: Treble success
United opened the 1998–99 season with a 3–0 loss to Arsenal in the 1998 FA Charity Shield.[97] The beating did not concern Ferguson, though he described his team's defeat by Arsenal in September 1998 as "a lot less tolerable". In December 1998, Kidd left his role as assistant to become the manager of Blackburn Rovers. Ferguson instructed Eric Harrison and Les Kershaw to find suitable replacements, "in terms of coaching ability and work ethic." Both recommended Steve McClaren, the assistant to Jim Smith at Derby County. McClaren was Ferguson's initial choice and appointed him in February 1999. His first game as assistant was United's 8–1 victory over Nottingham Forest.[98]
Ferguson felt United's bid to regain the Premier League began indifferently because of their commitments to other competitions. He was willing to "pay for the progress" made in the Champions League; the team finished second in their Champions League "group of death", behind Bayern Munich and ahead of Barcelona. United's win against Liverpool in the FA Cup fourth round was a portent for the remainder of the season. A goal down after three minutes, the team equalised only until the 86th minute and scored the winning goal through Solskjær in stoppage time.[99] On reflection, Ferguson said it was "a demonstration of the morale that was to be every bit as vital as rich skill in the five months that lay ahead of United".[100]
Under Ferguson, United acclaimed a treble of trophies in the 1998–99 season.
In the final weeks of the league season, Arsenal emerged as a creditable challenger to United. Both clubs were also paired together in the semi-final of the FA Cup, decided by a replay as the original game finished goalless. Keane was sent off in the second half and United conceded a penalty late into the match with the score 1–1. Dennis Bergkamp's effort was saved by Peter Schmeichel.[101] Ferguson hoped his team "could at least take it to a penalty shoot-out", but instead the match was settled in extra time: Giggs ran the length of the pitch and evaded several Arsenal players to score the winning goal.[100] United went on to beat Newcastle United in the 1999 FA Cup Final and completed the double – a week earlier the team had defeated Tottenham Hotspur to regain the Premier League.[100]
United's progression in the Champions League was promising compared to previous seasons. The team eliminated Inter Milan at the quarter-final stage and faced Juventus in the last four of the competition. A late goal scored by Giggs in the first leg earned the team a 1–1 draw, but in spite of conceding an away goal, Ferguson was adamant of United's chances of reaching the final: "... something tells me we are going to win. The nature of our club is that we torture ourselves so much that the only way to get relief is by winning over there."[102] At the Stadio delle Alpi, striker Filippo Inzaghi scored twice to put Juventus 3–1 up on aggregate.[103] Keane headed in a Beckham cross to halve the deficit just before half-time, but was later shown a yellow card for a foul on Edgar Davids, which prevented him from playing in the final.[103] Yorke equalised, before Cole added a third to win the match outright.[103] Keane's performance merited praise from Ferguson:
It was the most emphatic display of selflessness I have seen on a football field. Pounding over every blade of grass, competing if he would rather die of exhaustion than lose, he inspired all around him. I felt it was an honour to be associated with such a player.[100]
Days after the FA Cup final, United travelled to Barcelona, the setting for the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final. Ferguson contemplated his team selection against Bayern Munich; suspensions to Scholes and Keane ruled both players out of the match.[100] Beckham was positioned in centre midfield, while Giggs moved to the right wing and Blomqvist started on the left – changes the manager felt would prevent the opposition from playing narrow.[100] United conceded in the first six minutes of the final, from a Mario Basler's free kick. Sheringham, who came on for Blomqvist, equalised from a corner in the first minute of additional time. McClaren told Ferguson to get the team organised for extra time, to which he replied, "Steve, this game isn't finished."[100] Three minutes into added time, Solskjær scored the winner, which for United completed an unprecedented treble. Ferguson, interviewed moments after, said, "I can't believe it. I can't believe it. Football, bloody hell. But they never gave in and that's what won it." He and Schmeichel, the stand-in captain, jointly lifted the cup during the trophy presentation.
A crowd of over 500,000 people turned out on the streets of Manchester to greet the players, who paraded through the city in an open-top bus.[104] As European champions, United were invited to play in the Intercontinental Cup. The club also entered the inaugural Club World Championship, which was held in Brazil. This brought about a potential fixture congestion so United accepted the FA's recommendation of withdrawing from the FA Cup, the first holders to do so.[105] In later years, Ferguson elaborated on the club's decision: "We did it to help England's World Cup bid. That was the political situation. I regretted it because we got nothing but stick and terrible criticism for not being in the FA Cup when really, it wasn't our fault."[106]
1999–2002: Title hat-trick, retirement plan
Schmeichel's decision to leave United after eight seasons prompted Ferguson to bring in replacements: Mark Bosnich from Aston Villa and Italian Massimo Taibi. The latter featured in four matches, the last of which a 5–0 defeat at Chelsea in October 1999; he was not selected again by Ferguson. United ended the 1999–2000 league season as champions, with just three defeats and a record points margin of 18.[107] In December 1999, the club beat Palmeiras in Tokyo to win the Intercontinental Cup,[108] but a month later exited at the group stage of the inaugural Club World Championship,[109][110] although Ferguson insisted the tournament was "fantastic".[111] United failed to retain the Champions League, as they lost in the quarter-final stage to eventual winners Real Madrid.[112][113] Ferguson sought to strengthen his squad and signed Fabien Barthez from Monaco for £7.8 million.[114] He also monitored the progress of Ruud van Nistelrooy, "a striker of the highest calibre".[115] He met the player and his agent in Manchester to discuss formalities and was informed of Van Nistelrooy's troubled right knee.[115] Ferguson was not agitated by this; he recalled from experience a similar niggle that did not stop his playing career.[115] Van Nistelrooy, however, failed his medical, but Ferguson reassured him that "we might yet find a way out of the nightmare".[115] The deal was resurrected in April 2001 for a British record transfer fee of £19 million.[116]
In the 2000–01 season, United retained the league title for a third season, becoming only the fourth side in history to do so. The achievement was overshadowed by reports of a rift between the club's board and Ferguson.[117] He told the club's television channel MUTV that he was prepared to sever all ties with the club, once his contract ended the following year: "The decision has been taken. I'm going to leave the club. I'm disappointed with what has happened because I was hoping something would be sorted out. It hasn't happened as I thought it would and that's all there is to it."[118] Both parties eventually reached a compromise which pleased Ferguson: "I am delighted we've settled this. When you have been at the club as long as I have it gets in your blood."[119] Ferguson's decision to retire came about because he perceived his chances of winning a second European Cup as "imponderable." Age was another factor: reaching 60 acted as a "psychological barrier ... It changed my sense of my own fitness, my health."
In May 2001, McClaren left to become Middlesbrough manager,[120] with Jimmy Ryan being named assistant to Ferguson for the duration of the campaign.[121] United once more broke their transfer record with the purchase of Juan Sebastián Verón from Lazio for a reported £28.1 million.[122] In August 2001, Stam was transferred to Lazio for £16 million.[123] The player reportedly moved because of claims in his autobiography Head to Head; Stam implied that Ferguson illegally contacted him about a move to Manchester United, before informing PSV.[124] Ferguson said he sold the player because the club needed to cut back on its "massive wage bill".[125] He replaced the defender with Laurent Blanc, a long sought-after target.[125] In an interview with Alastair Campbell eight years after, Ferguson described his biggest mistake at the club was "letting go of Jaap Stam. No question".[126]
The club endured a poor first half to the season and languished in ninth position after a home defeat by West Ham in December 2001.[127] On the night of Christmas Day, Ferguson shelved his retirement plan. His family convinced him to remain in charge of United; Cathy bluntly listed her reasoning: "One, your health is good. Two, I'm not having you in the house. And three, you're too young anyway." Ferguson informed Watkins of his u-turn the following day and resumed work at once.
Once Ferguson publicised his decision to remain in February 2002, United's form improved. The team won 13 out of 15 matches, though finished third in the league behind Arsenal and Liverpool. United was unsuccessful in Europe, losing their Champions League semi-final on away goals to Bayer Leverkusen.[128] Early exits from the League Cup and FA Cup meant they ended the season trophyless. Ferguson himself admitted that the decision to pre-announce his retirement had resulted in a negative effect on the players and on his ability to impose discipline.[129]
2002–2006: Rebuilding and transition
In June 2002, Ferguson appointed Carlos Queiroz as his new assistant.[130] The recommendation came from Andy Roxburgh, at a time when United began scouting for southern-hemisphere footballers and wanted a multilingual coach. Ferguson was so impressed with Queiroz after their first meeting, he offered him the job "right away". In July 2002, United paid £29.3 million for Leeds United defender Rio Ferdinand. The club broke the British transfer record once more, though this did not concern Ferguson: "We have the right to try and improve ourselves and there's nothing wrong with that."[131]
United signed Cristiano Ronaldo in August 2003.
The 2002–03 season began rather poorly for United; the club made its worst start to a league campaign in 13 years.[132] In a column for The Daily Telegraph, Hansen said Ferguson "will recognise this difficult start to the season for what it is: the greatest challenge of his career".[133] Ferguson's response was typically bullish:
I don't get paid to panic. We have had plenty of stuttering starts. My greatest challenge is not what's happening at the moment. My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch. And you can print that.[134]
Several players were sent away for surgery in this period, a "minor gamble" Ferguson took in the hope they would return energised. Defeats, such as the one to Manchester City at Maine Road in November 2002, forced United to change their playing style. The team "moved the ball forward more and quicker rather than concentrating on possession ratios," and the coaching staff tried accommodating Diego Forlán with Ruud van Nistelrooy, before settling with Paul Scholes. United's league form improved as the season went on despite defeat by Liverpool in the 2003 Football League Cup Final and they overhauled Arsenal to win the Premier League for an eighth time in May 2003.[135] The team was eliminated in the Champions League quarter-final to Real Madrid over two legs; Ferguson described the second match, a 4–3 win at Old Trafford as "epic".
After a season at United, Queiroz left to manage Real Madrid in June 2003.[136] Ferguson anticipated his deputy would return – "Three months later, he was wanting to quit Madrid," and for that reason did not appoint a replacement. In the summer, David Beckham also moved to Real Madrid, while Juan Sebastián Verón joined Chelsea. United in the meantime rebuilt their team: Tim Howard replaced Barthez in goal and Kléberson, Eric Djemba-Djemba and Cristiano Ronaldo came in to bolster the squad. Ronaldinho might have also joined "had he not said yes, then no, to our offer". Ferguson admitted the signings the club made did not work out in hindsight: "We rushed down the path of buying in proven players – who we thought would match our standards right away."
In December 2003, Rio Ferdinand was banned from playing football for eight months after he failed to present himself at a drugs test.[137] Ferguson in his autobiography ten years later blamed the drug testers, who "...didn't do their job. They didn't go looking for Rio". The absence of Ferdinand hampered United's defence of the Premier League in the 2003–04 season; the team finished third behind Arsenal's "Invincibles" and Chelsea. In Europe, they experienced defeat at the hands of eventual winners Porto. Ferguson felt it was possible "not because of the performance of the players but because of the referee", who disallowed a legitimate Scholes goal that would have been enough to progress. United ended the campaign as FA Cup winners, beating Millwall 3–0 in the 2004 final.[138]
At the beginning of the 2004–05 season, teenage striker Wayne Rooney (the world's most expensive teenager at more than £20 million) and Argentine defender Gabriel Heinze joined United while Cristiano Ronaldo continued where he had left off the previous season by putting in more match-winning performances. But the lack of a striker after Ruud van Nistelrooy spent most of the season injured saw the club finish third for the third time in four seasons. In the 2004–05 FA Cup, they lost on penalties to Arsenal. A second round exit from the European Cup at the hands of Milan and a semi-final exit from the League Cup at the hands of eventual winners Chelsea (who also clinched the Premier League title) meant that 2004–05 was a rare instance of a trophyless season for United. During the season, Ferguson managed his 1,000th game in charge of United in a 2–1 home win against Lyon.[139][140]
Ferguson's preparations for the 2005–06 season were disrupted by a high-profile dispute with major shareholder John Magnier, over the ownership of the racehorse Rock of Gibraltar. When Magnier and business partner J. P. McManus agreed to sell their shares to American business tycoon Malcolm Glazer, it cleared the way for Glazer to acquire full control of the club. This sparked violent protests from United fans,[141] and disrupted Ferguson's plans to strengthen the team in the transfer market. In spite of this, United looked to solve their goalkeeping and midfield problems. For this, they signed the Dutch goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar from Fulham and Korean star Park Ji-sung from PSV.
The season was one of transition. On 18 November, Roy Keane officially left the club, his contract ended by mutual consent. United failed to qualify for the knock-out phase of the UEFA Champions' League. In the January transfer window, Serbian defender Nemanja Vidić and French full-back Patrice Evra were signed, and the side finished in second place in the league, behind runaway leaders Chelsea. Winning the League Cup was a consolation prize for lack of success elsewhere. Ruud van Nistelrooy's future at Old Trafford seemed to be in doubt after not starting in the League Cup final, and he departed at the end of the season.[142]
Before the start of the new season, Ferguson received much criticism, particular in the guise of an article in The Guardian titled "Shredding his legacy at every turn".[143]
Second European Champions League
Ferguson with former assistant manager Carlos Queiroz
In 2006, Michael Carrick was signed to take Roy Keane's place in the team for a fee that eventually rose to £18 million.[144] United started the season well, and for the first time ever won their first four Premier League games, United's best start since 1985.[144][145] They set the early pace in the Premier League and never relinquished top spot from the tenth match of the 38-game season. The January 2006 signings had a huge impact on United's performances – Patrice Evra and Nemanja Vidić came in to form a solid back line along with already existing players Rio Ferdinand and skipper Gary Neville. The signing of Carrick, which was questioned and criticised by a large portion of the media, brought stability and further creativity in the United midfield, forming an effective partnership with Paul Scholes. Park Ji-sung and Ryan Giggs both underlined their value to the first team squad by adding significant pace and incisiveness in attack with Wayne Rooney and Cristiano Ronaldo.
Ferguson celebrated the 20th anniversary of his appointment as manager of Manchester United on 6 November 2006. Tributes also came from Ferguson's players, both past and present,[146] as well as his old foe, Arsène Wenger,[147] his old captain, Roy Keane, and current players. The party was spoiled the following day when United endured a single-goal defeat at the hands of Southend United in the fourth round of the League Cup.[148] On 1 December, however, it was announced that Manchester United had signed 35-year-old Henrik Larsson on loan,[149] a player that Ferguson had admired for many years, and attempted to capture previously. On 23 December 2006, Cristiano Ronaldo scored the club's 2,000th goal under the helm of Ferguson in a match against Aston Villa.[150]
Manchester United subsequently won their ninth Premier League title but were denied a unique fourth double by Chelsea's Didier Drogba scoring a late goal in the FA Cup final at Wembley Stadium.[151] In the Champions League, the club reached the semi-finals, recording a 7–1 home win over Roma in the quarter-final second leg,[152] but lost at the San Siro to Milan 3–0 in the second leg of the semi-final after being 3–2 up from the first leg.[153]
For the 2007–08 season, Ferguson made notable signings to reinforce United's first team. Long-term target Owen Hargreaves joined from Bayern Munich, young Portuguese winger Nani and Brazilian playmaker Anderson joined soon after, while the last summer signing was West Ham and Argentina striker Carlos Tevez after a complex and protracted transfer saga.[154][155][156]
United suffered their worst start to a season under Ferguson, drawing their first two league games before suffering a 1–0 defeat by local rivals Manchester City.[157][158] United, however, recovered and began a tight race with Arsenal for the title. After a good run of form, Ferguson claimed that throughout his time at Manchester United, this was the best squad he had managed to assemble thus far.[159]
On 16 February 2008, United beat Arsenal 4–0 in an FA Cup Fifth Round match at Old Trafford,[160] but were knocked out by eventual winners Portsmouth in the quarter-final on 8 March, losing 1–0 at home.[161] United having had a penalty claim turned down, Ferguson alleged after the game that Keith Hackett, general manager of the Professional Game Match Officials Board, was "not doing his job properly".[162][163] Ferguson was subsequently charged by The FA with improper conduct, which he decided to contest. This was the second charge Ferguson faced in the season, following his complaints against the referee after United lost 1–0 at Bolton Wanderers – a charge he decided not to contest.
On 11 May 2008, Ferguson led Manchester United to a tenth Premier League title, exactly 25 years to the day after he led Aberdeen to European glory against Real Madrid in the European Cup Winners' Cup. Nearest rivals Chelsea – level on points going into the final round of matches, but with an inferior goal difference – could only draw 1–1 at home to Bolton, finishing two points adrift of the champions. United's title win was sealed with a 2–0 win over Wigan Athletic, managed by former United captain Steve Bruce.[164][165]
Ferguson in 2009
On 21 May 2008, Ferguson won his second European Cup with Manchester United as they beat Chelsea 6–5 on penalties in the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, following a 1–1 draw after extra time in the first ever all-English UEFA Champions League Final.[166][167][168] A penalty miss from Cristiano Ronaldo meant that John Terry's spot-kick would have given the trophy to Chelsea if successfully converted, but Terry blew his chance of glory and in the end it was Edwin van der Sar's blocking of a Nicolas Anelka penalty which gave the trophy to Manchester United for the second time under Ferguson and for the third time overall.[169]
Another two league titles and League Cups
Although the team had a slow start to the 2008–09 season,[170] United won the Premier League with a game to spare,[171] making Ferguson the first manager in the history of English football to win the Premier League three times consecutively, on two separate occasions. Ferguson had now won 11 league titles at Manchester United, and the 2008–09 season title success put them level with Liverpool as league champions on a record 18 occasions in total.[172] They also won the League Cup on penalties after a goalless Wembley draw with Tottenham.[173]
They contested the 2009 Champions League final against Barcelona on 27 May 2009 but lost 2–0.[174][175]
In 2009–10, Ferguson added another League Cup to his honours list as United defeated Aston Villa 2–1 in the Wembley final on 28 February 2010.[176] However, his dreams of a third European Cup were ended a few weeks later when United were edged out of the competition in the quarter-finals by Bayern Munich on away goals. And their hopes of a record 19th league title were ended on the last day of the season when Chelsea beat them to the Premier League title, crushing Wigan Athletic 8–0 and rendering United's 4–0 win over Stoke City meaningless.
He ended the season by winning his 12th and Manchester United's 19th league title and thus overtaking Liverpool's record of 18. Manchester United faced Barcelona again on 28 May 2011 in the 2011 Champions League final, their third in four years, but United lost 3–1. Analyst Alan Hansen stated that he believed Ferguson was "the key component" in United's success that season, so key in fact that "[he] would have claimed the crown with any of the other top sides had he been in charge of them".[177] With Edwin van der Sar, Gary Neville and Paul Scholes all retiring in 2011,[178] Ferguson spent big by signing defender Phil Jones from Blackburn and winger Ashley Young from Aston Villa for around £17 million each,[179][180] and goalkeeper David de Gea from Atlético Madrid for around £19 million.[181]
On 2 September 2012, Ferguson managed his 1,000th league game with United against Southampton. United won the game 3–2 thanks to a hat-trick from Robin van Persie. Two weeks later, he won his 100th game in the Champions League with a 1–0 win over Galatasaray at Old Trafford.
Retirement
On 8 May 2013, Ferguson announced that he was to retire as manager at the end of the football season, but would remain at the club as a director and club ambassador.[9][182] The Guardian announced it was the "end of an era",[183] while UEFA president Michel Platini said that Ferguson was "a true visionary".[184] Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron described Ferguson as a "remarkable man in British football".[185] Former Manchester United players Paul Ince and Bryan Robson agreed that Ferguson would be "a hard act to follow".[186] Manchester United co-chairman Joel Glazer said, "His determination to succeed and dedication to the club have been truly remarkable."[187] Ferguson revealed that he had in fact decided that he was going to retire back in December 2012 and that it had been very difficult not to reveal his plans.[188] Ferguson's decision to retire saw United shares fall 5% on the New York Stock Exchange.[189]
On 9 May 2013, Manchester United announced Everton manager David Moyes would replace Ferguson as the club manager from 1 July, having signed a six-year contract.[190][191][192] In Ferguson's final match in charge, Manchester United drew 5–5 at West Bromwich Albion, a hat-trick from Romelu Lukaku, later a United player, denying Ferguson a final victory.[193]
Ferguson released his second autobiography in October 2013 called My Autobiography.[194][195]
In January 2014, Ferguson was appointed as the UEFA Coaching Ambassador,[196][197] and said it was "an honour and a privilege" to be given the role.[198] In April 2014, it was announced that Ferguson would be taking up a "long-term teaching position" at Harvard University, where he would be lecturing on a new course titled "The Business of Entertainment, Media and Sports".[199] This came six months after he revealed his blueprint for success was included in the Harvard Business Review in a series of interviews with Anita Elberse.[200][201] His third book, Leading: Learning from Life and My Years at Manchester United, was published in collaboration with billionaire venture capitalist, author and former journalist Michael Moritz in August 2015.[202]
Controversies
Gordon Strachan
Gordon Strachan was a key player for Ferguson at Aberdeen, but their relationship broke down when Strachan signed an agreement with German club 1. FC Köln without telling Ferguson.[203] Ferguson said that he believed although "there was a cunning streak in Strachan, I had never imagined that he could pull such a stroke on me".[203] Strachan did not sign for Köln, but instead moved to Manchester United in the summer of 1984.[203] Strachan liked the move because he felt that Ron Atkinson treated him as an adult, unlike Ferguson.[204] Strachan was still with the club when Ferguson was appointed manager in November 1986.[203] Ferguson thought that Strachan did not play for United with the same confidence he had in Scotland and subsequently sold him to Leeds United in 1989.[203] Strachan enjoyed significant success with Leeds as a veteran player, helping them win the 1991–92 English league championship in a title race with Ferguson's United.[203]
Their relationship continued to be frosty as Strachan moved into management himself.[203] In his 1999 autobiography, Ferguson stated that Strachan "could not be trusted an inch – I would not want to expose my back to him in a hurry".[203] Strachan's reaction to the attack, in his own autobiography, My Life in Football, was one of being "surprised and disappointed", although he suspected that Ferguson had helped to relegate Strachan's Coventry City in 2001 by fielding a weakened Manchester United team in a match against Derby County.[203] By 2006 they appeared to have "declared something of a truce",[203] ahead of Champions League matches between United and Strachan's Celtic.[205]
David Beckham
In 2003, Ferguson was involved in a dressing room argument with United player David Beckham.[206] Ferguson allegedly kicked a football boot in frustration, which hit the player in the face and caused a minor injury to Beckham.
Champions League draw fixing
On 5 April 2003, Ferguson claimed that the Champions League draw was fixed in favour of Spanish and Italian teams.[206] UEFA charged Ferguson for bringing the game into disrepute with his comments, and on 1 May that year he was fined 10,000 Swiss francs (£4,600).
Rock of Gibraltar
In 2003, Ferguson launched legal action against the then major United shareholder John Magnier over stud rights for race horse Rock of Gibraltar.[207] Magnier counter-sued Ferguson[208] by filing a "Motion to Comply" requiring Ferguson to substantiate his claim for half of Rock of Gibraltar's stud fees. The legal issues were further compounded by the request for "99 Questions" to be answered over Ferguson's transfer dealings, including those of Jaap Stam, Juan Sebastián Verón, Tim Howard, David Bellion, Cristiano Ronaldo and Kléberson.[209] The case was eventually settled out of Court.
The BBC
Ferguson refused to give interviews to the BBC after a documentary called Fergie and Son was shown on BBC Three on 27 May 2004.[210] According to an article in The Independent newspaper, the documentary had "portrayed his agent son, Jason, as somebody who exploited his father's influence and position to his own ends in the transfer market". The same newspaper article made it clear that "Ferguson Jnr" was never found guilty of any wrongdoing, and it quoted Ferguson Senior as follows: "They [the BBC] did a story about my son that was whole lot of nonsense. It all [sic] made-up stuff and 'brown paper bags' and all that kind of carry-on. It was a horrible attack on my son's honour and he should never have been accused of that."[211] Subsequent interviews on BBC programmes such as Match of the Day were done by his assistant Carlos Queiroz, and later Mike Phelan.
Under new Premiership rules intended for the 2010–11 season, Ferguson was required to end his BBC boycott.[212] However, he refused to end his boycott and Manchester United confirmed the club would pay the resulting fines.[213] On 25 August 2011, Ferguson met with BBC director general Mark Thompson and BBC North director Peter Salmon; the result of the meeting was that Ferguson agreed to end his seven-year boycott.
Recalling of loan players
Following the sacking of his son Darren by Preston North End, Ferguson immediately recalled loaned players Ritchie De Laet, Joshua King and Matty James from Preston under its new managerial system. He later explained that it was the players' own request not to return to Preston after the change of manager.[214] Stoke City manager Tony Pulis followed soon after in recalling two former Manchester United players from Preston as well, stating the need for the players to supplement his team's intensive schedule. Preston were relegated at the end of the season.[215]
Referees
Ferguson has received numerous punishments for abusing and publicly criticising match officials when he has perceived them to be at fault:
20 October 2003 – Two-match touchline ban and fined £10,000 after using abusive and/or insulting words towards fourth official Jeff Winter.[216]
14 December 2007 – Two-match touchline ban and fined £5,000 after using abusive and/or insulting words towards Mark Clattenburg.[217]
18 November 2008 – Two-match touchline ban and fined £10,000 after confronting Mike Dean after a game.[218]
12 November 2009 – Four-match touchline ban (two suspended) and fined £20,000 for comments made about the fitness of Alan Wiley.[219]
16 March 2011 – Five-match touchline ban (three plus the two suspended for the above offence) and fined £30,000 for comments made questioning the performance and fairness of Martin Atkinson.[220]
It has also been suggested that Ferguson's intimidation of referees results in so-called "Fergie Time": that is, unusually generous injury time being added in matches where Manchester United are behind. The phrase is at least as old as 2004,[221] and a statistical analysis by The Times suggests that this comment might be valid, though the article points out that other footballing criteria may explain the correlation between extra added time and United being behind.[222] Analysis by Opta Sports of Premier League matches played between 2010 and 2012 found on average that 79 seconds more time was played in matches where Manchester United were losing.[223] This was a greater figure than for other top clubs, although most of these clubs seem to benefit from a "Fergie Time" effect, particularly in their home matches.[223]
Legacy
Sir Alex Ferguson statue installed at Old Trafford on 23 November 2012.
Many of Ferguson's former players have gone on to become football managers themselves, including Tony Fitzpatrick, Alex McLeish, Gordon Strachan, Mark McGhee, Willie Miller, Neale Cooper, Bryan Gunn, Eric Black, Billy Stark, Bryan Robson, Steve Bruce, Mark Hughes, Roy Keane, Paul Ince, Chris Casper, Darren Ferguson, Ole Gunnar Solskjær, Henning Berg and Gary Neville.[224]
The phrase "squeaky-bum time" coined by Ferguson in reference to the tense final stages of a league competition has been included in the Collins English Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary.[225][226]
A bronze statue of Ferguson, designed by Scottish sculptor Philip Jackson, was unveiled outside Old Trafford on 23 November 2012.[227][228] On 14 October 2013, Ferguson attended a ceremony where a road near Old Trafford was renamed from Water's Reach to Sir Alex Ferguson Way.[229][230]
Personal life
Ferguson lives in Wilmslow, Cheshire with his wife, Cathy Ferguson (née Holding).[231] They married in 1966 and have three sons: Mark (born 1968); and twins Darren (born 1972), who was also a professional footballer and is currently manager of Doncaster Rovers; and Jason, who runs an events management company.
In 1998, Ferguson was named in a list of the biggest private financial donors to the Labour Party.[232] He is a self-described socialist.[233][234] In January 2011 Graham Stringer, a Labour MP in Manchester and Manchester United supporter, called for Ferguson to be made a life peer. If this happened, it would make Ferguson the first current or former footballer or football manager to sit in the House of Lords.[235] Stringer and fellow Manchester Labour MP Paul Goggins repeated this call after Ferguson announced his retirement in May 2013.[236]
In 2009, Ferguson received an honorary doctorate in business administration from the Manchester Metropolitan University.[237][238]
During the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, Ferguson was a vocal supporter and funder of the Better Together campaign that supported Scotland remaining a part of the United Kingdom.[239] He criticised the Scottish National Party, and its leader Alex Salmond, for their decision to exclude Scots living outside Scotland, but within the rest of the United Kingdom, from voting in the referendum.[239] He also objected to the self-imposed rule by the Yes Scotland group against accepting donations from people living outside Scotland of more than £500, which they urged the No campaign to also adopt.[239]
Honours
Player
St Johnstone
Scottish Football League Division 2 (2nd tier) (1): 1962–63
Falkirk
Scottish Football League Division 2 (2nd tier) (1): 1969–70
Managerial
Ferguson was made an Inaugural Inductee of the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002 in recognition of his impact on the English game as a manager. In 2003, Ferguson became an inaugural recipient of the FA Coaching Diploma, awarded to all coaches who had at least ten years' experience of being a manager or head coach.[240] He is the Vice-President of the National Football Museum, based in Manchester,[241] and a member of the Executive Committee of the League Managers Association.[242] On 5 November 2011, the Old Trafford North Stand was officially renamed the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand in honour of his 25 years as manager of Manchester United.[243]
In addition to being the only manager to win the top league honours, and the 'Double', north and south of the England–Scotland border (winning the Premier League with Manchester United, and the Scottish Premier Division with Aberdeen), he is also the last manager to win the Scottish league championship with a non Old Firm team, achieving this in the 1984–85 season with Aberdeen. He is also the only manager in English football to have managed to finish in the top three league places in 20 consecutive seasons, since the 1991–92 season (with a total of 22 consecutive seasons).
Ferguson is the joint-most decorated manager in European football competitions with seven honours, a record he shares with Giovanni Trapattoni and Carlo Ancelotti. Ferguson won the top division title in England a record 13 times, more than twice as many times as the next most successful manager.[244] He is also the first manager in the history of the English league to win three consecutive league titles, which he did twice.[245][self-published source] Ferguson won 10 manager of the year awards, 27 manager of the month awards and managed the most games in the UEFA Champions League (190).[246][247] In 2017, Ferguson was named among the 10 most influential coaches since the foundation of UEFA in 1954.[248]
St Mirren
Scottish First Division (1): 1976–77
Aberdeen
Scottish Premier Division (3): 1979–80, 1983–84, 1984–85
Scottish Cup (4): 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1985–86
Scottish League Cup (1): 1985–86
Drybrough Cup (1): 1980
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (1): 1982–83
UEFA Super Cup (1): 1983
Manchester United[249]
Premier League (13): 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13
FA Cup (5): 1989–90, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04
League Cup (4): 1991–92, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10
FA Charity/Community Shield (10): 1990 (shared), 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011
UEFA Champions League (2): 1998–99, 2007–08
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (1): 1990–91
UEFA Super Cup (1): 1991
Intercontinental Cup (1): 1999
FIFA Club World Cup (1): 2008
Individual
LMA Manager of the Decade (1): 1990s
LMA Manager of the Year (4): 1998–99, 2007–08, 2010–11, 2012–13
LMA Special Merit Award (2): 2009, 2011
Premier League Manager of the Season (11): 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13
Premier League Manager of the Month (27): August 1993, October 1994, February 1996, March 1996, February 1997, October 1997, January 1999, April 1999, August 1999, March 2000, April 2000, February 2001, April 2003, December 2003, February 2005, March 2006, August 2006, October 2006, February 2007, January 2008, March 2008, January 2009, April 2009, September 2009, January 2011, August 2011, October 2012
UEFA Manager of the Year (1): 1998–99
UEFA Team of the Year (2): 2007, 2008
Onze d'Or Coach of the Year (3): 1999, 2007, 2008
European Coach of the Year—Alf Ramsey Award: 2008
IFFHS World's Best Club Coach (2): 1999, 2008
IFFHS World's Best Coach of the 21st Century (1): 2012
World Soccer Magazine World Manager of the Year (4): 1993, 1999, 2007, 2008
World Soccer Magazine Greatest Manager of All Time: 2013
Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year (1): 2000
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award (1): 1999
BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award (1): 1999
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award (1): 2001
BBC Sports Personality Diamond Award (1): 2013
English Football Hall of Fame (Manager) : 2002
Scottish Football Hall of Fame: 2004
European Hall of Fame (Manager): 2008
FIFA Presidential Award: 2011
Premier League 10 Seasons Awards (1992–93 – 2001–02)
Manager of the Decade
Most Coaching Appearances (392 games)
Premier League 20 Seasons Awards (1992–93 – 2011–12)
Best Manager
FWA Tribute Award: 1996
PFA Merit Award: 2007
Premier League Merit Award: 2012–13
Mussabini Medal: 1999
Northwest Football Awards: 2013
Manager of the Year
Orders and special awards
Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE): 1985[55]
Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE): 1995
Knight Bachelor (Kt.): 1999
Freedom of the City of Aberdeen: 1999
Freedom of the City of Glasgow: 1999
Freedom of the City of Manchester: 2000
Freedom of the Borough of Trafford: 2013
Career statistics
As a player
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Queen's Park[15][250]
1958–59 8 4 – 8 4
1959–60 23 11 – 23 11
Total
31
15
–
31
15
St Johnstone[250] 1960–61 –
1961–62 –
1962–63 –
1963–64 –
Total
37
19
–
Dunfermline Athletic[250] 1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
Total
89
66
Rangers[251] 1967–68 29 19 5 0 6 2 6 3 46 24
1968–69 12 6 1 0 4 2 3 3 20 11
Total
41
25
6
0
10
4
9
6
66
35
Falkirk 1969–70[252] 21 15 3 3 –
1970–71[253] 28 13 0 0 –
1971–72[254] 28 9 2 1 9 4 – 39 14
1972–73[255] 18 0 2 1 0 0 – 20 1
Total
95
37
7
5
–
Ayr United 1973–74[256] 24 9 4 1 0 0 – 28 10
Total
24
9
4
1
0
0
–
28
10
Career total
317
171
6
0
As a manager
Managerial record by team and tenure
Team
From
To
Record
Ref
P
W
D
L
Win %
East Stirlingshire June 1974 October 1974 7001170000000000000♠17 7000900000000000000♠9 7000200000000000000♠2 7000600000000000000♠6 07001529000000000000♠52.9 [257]
St Mirren October 1974 May 1978 7002169000000000000♠169 7001740000000000000♠74 7001410000000000000♠41 7001540000000000000♠54 07001438000000000000♠43.8 [257]
Aberdeen June 1978 6 November 1986 7002459000000000000♠459 7002272000000000000♠272 7002105000000000000♠105 7001820000000000000♠82 07001593000000000000♠59.3 [257][258]
Scotland 1 October 1985 30 June 1986 7001100000000000000♠10 7000300000000000000♠3 7000400000000000000♠4 7000300000000000000♠3 07001300000000000000♠30.0 [259]
Manchester United 6 November 1986 19 May 2013 7003150000000000000♠1,500 7002895000000000000♠895 7002338000000000000♠338 7002267000000000000♠267 07001597000000000000♠59.7 [260]
Total
7003215500000000000♠2,155 7003125300000000000♠1,253 7002490000000000000♠490 7002412000000000000♠412 07001581000000000000♠58.1
—
See also
List of English football championship winning managers
Notes
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Jump up ^ "Sir Alex Ferguson takes up position as UEFA's coaching ambassador". Sky Sports. 24 January 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sir Alex Ferguson to take up 'long-term teaching position' at Harvard". The Guardian. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Manchester United legend Sir Alex Ferguson gives blueprint for success". The Guardian. 10 September 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Ogden, Mark (10 September 2013). "Sir Alex Ferguson reveals his blueprint for managing Manchester United". The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Ferguson, Alex (August 2015). Leading: Learning from Life and My Years at Manchester United.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Austin, Simon (12 September 2006). "Fergie v Strachan". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Strachan keen to end Fergie rift". BBC Sport. BBC. 30 July 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Fudge, Simon. "Strachan: No Fergie feud". Sky Sports. BSkyB. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sir Alex Ferguson factfile". Manchester Evening News. 6 November 2006. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sir Alex Ferguson takes His case to Court". Racing and Sports. 20 November 2003. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Harris, Nick (3 February 2004). "Magnier's legal action damages hopes of a deal". The Independent. UK. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Denis (1 February 2004). "United won't answer the 99 questions". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "BBC THREE investigation raises new questions for Manchester United". BBC Press office. 25 May 2004. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Harris, Nick (6 September 2007). "Ferguson will never talk to The BBC again". The Independent. UK. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
Jump up ^ White, Duncan (14 November 2009). "Sir Alex Ferguson will be forced to speak to the BBC under new Premier League rules". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 18 November 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Laughlin, Andrew (16 September 2010). "BBC to give up Ferguson boycott battle". Digital Spy. Digitals Spy. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ferguson explains Preston loan recalls". Manchester Evening News. 7 January 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Wallace, Sam (1 January 2011). "Preston fear the Ferguson effect as Stoke recall pair". The Independent. UK. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sir Alex Ferguson Factfile". Manchester Evening News. 6 November 2006. Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Ferguson banned for two matches". The BBC. 14 December 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Ducker, James (19 November 2008). "Sir Alex Ferguson banned and fined £10,000". The Times. UK. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sir Alex Ferguson banned for two games and fined after Alan Wiley jibe". The Guardian. UK. 12 November 2009. Archived from the original on 15 November 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Ferguson suspended and fined". London: The Football Association. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Wallace, Sam (30 August 2004). "Wiley's time-keeping hands United lifeline". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Gray, Sadie (24 October 2009). "It's a fact! Fergie time does exist in the Premier League". The Times. UK. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Pritchard, Charlotte (23 November 2012). "Fergie time: Does it really exist?". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gary Neville can succeed at Valencia - Sir Alex Ferguson". BBC Sport. BBC. 2 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Asbo' and 'chav' make dictionary". BBC News. BBC. 8 June 2005.
Jump up ^ Smyth, Rob (23 March 2012). "Sir Alex Ferguson learns from mistakes to master mind games with smile". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media.
Jump up ^ "Sir Alex statue date confirmed". Manchester United F.C. 6 November 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sir Alex Ferguson pride as Manchester United unveil statue". BBC Sport. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sir Alex Ferguson has Trafford road named in his honour". The Guardian. 14 October 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Sir Alex Ferguson Way': Former Manchester United manager attends street renaming ceremony". The Independent. 14 October 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Keegan, Mike (20 April 2011). "Home defeat for Sir Alex Ferguson as wife bans football from their house". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "UK Politics | 'Luvvies' for Labour". BBC News. 30 August 1998. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "The socialist international". The Economist. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Ogden, Mark (6 June 2007). "Ferguson provides food for thought". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Good lord! Could United boss Alex Ferguson be made a top toff?". Manchester Evening News. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "MPs call for Sir Alex Ferguson to be made a Lord". Manchester Evening News. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sir Alex Ferguson honoured | News & Events | Manchester Metropolitan University". Mmu.ac.uk. 14 July 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "News". Sci-eng.mmu.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Barnes, Eddie (16 December 2012). "Alex Salmond 'silencing' Scots, says Sir Alex Ferguson". The Scotsman. Johnston Publishing. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Magowan, Alistair (23 June 2008). "What is a Uefa Pro Licence?". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "National Football Museum; Honorary Presidents & Trustees". National Football Museum. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "League Managers Association 2011–12" (PDF). League Managers Association. 2011. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Man Utd rename Old Trafford stand in Ferguson's honour". BBC News. BBC. 5 November 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Yarden, Paul (2015). "Top Flight Winning Managers 1888-89 to 2014-15". www.myfootballfacts.com. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Mackie, James (2010). Fergie's Proteges. Xlibris Corporation. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4535-6730-2.
Jump up ^ "Sir Alex Ferguson". National Football Museum. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Lynch, Kevin (8 May 2013). "Sir Alex Ferguson retires: Manchester United manager's record-breaking legacy". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Coaching greats in profile". UEFA.com: The official website for European football. 13 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sir Alex Ferguson Trophies". Manchester United F.C. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Alex Ferguson". Post War English & Scottish Football League A - Z Player's Transfer Database. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Fitbastats.com - Alex Ferguson, Rangers
Jump up ^ Rothmans Football Yearbook 1970–71, p. 724, 740–741. Queen Anne Press, London.
Jump up ^ Rothmans Football Yearbook 1971–72, p. 563, 537. Queen Anne Press, London.
Jump up ^ Rothmans Football Yearbook 1972–73, p. 648–649, 683–684, 688. Queen Anne Press, London.
Jump up ^ Rothmans Football Yearbook 1973–74, p. 572–573, 626–628. Queen Anne Press, London.
Jump up ^ Rothmans Football Yearbook 1974–75, p. 570–571, 642–644. Queen Anne Press, London.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bartram, Steve; Bostock, Adam (20 October 2010). "Boss greets landmark game". Manchester United F.C. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Inwood, Benji (4 November 2011). "Timeline: Sir Alex Ferguson's 25 years at Manchester United". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "History archives: Managers: Alex Ferguson". Scottish Football Association. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Managers: Alex Ferguson". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
References
Ferguson, Alex (2013). My Autobiography. Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. ISBN 0-340-91939-6.
Barclay, Patrick (2010). Football – Bloody Hell!: The Biography of Alex Ferguson. Vintage. ISBN 0-224-08305-8.
Crick, Michael (2003). The Boss: The Many Sides of Alex Ferguson. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-7434-2991-5.
Ferguson, Alex (2000). Managing My Life: The Autobiography. Coronet Books. ISBN 0-340-72856-6.
External links
Find more aboutAlex Fergusonat Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Data from Wikidata
Sir Alex Ferguson's Manchester United Managerial Record at mufcinfo.com
Alex Ferguson management career statistics at Soccerbase
English Football Hall of Fame profile
Sir Alex Ferguson's managerial stats according to the official Manchester United statistics website
Scottish Football Hall of Fame profile
Aberdeen Manager profile at AFC Heritage Trust
[show]
Awards
[show]
v
t
e
Scottish League top division top scorers
League
1891: Bell
1892: Bell
1893: Campbell / McMahon
Division One
1894: McMahon
1895: J. Miller
1896: Martin
1897: Taylor
1898: Hamilton
1899: Hamilton
1900: Hamilton / Michael
1901: Hamilton
1902: Maxwell
1903: D. Reid
1904: Hamilton
1905: Hamilton / Quinn
1906: Quinn
1907: Quinn
1908: Simpson
1909: Hunter
1910: Quinn
1911: W. Reid
1912: W. Reid
1913: J. Reid
1914: J. Reid
1915: Gracie / Richardson
1916: McColl
1917: Yarnall
1918: H. Ferguson
1919: McLean
1920: H. Ferguson
1921: H. Ferguson
1922: Walker
1923: White
1924: Halliday
1925: Devlin
1926: Devlin
1927: McGrory
1928: McGrory
1929: Morrison
1930: Yorston
1931: Battles
1932: MacFadyen
1933: MacFadyen
1934: Smith
1935: Smith
1936: McGrory
1937: Wilson
1938: Black
1939: Venters
Division A
1947: Mitchell
1948: Aikman
1949: Stott
1950: Bauld
1951: Reilly
1952: Reilly
1953: Fleming / Reilly
1954: Wardhaugh
1955: Bauld
1956: Wardhaugh
Division One
1957: Baird
1958: Bauld / Murray
1959: Baker
1960: Baker
1961: Harley
1962: Gilzean
1963: Millar
1964: Gilzean
1965: Forrest
1966: A. Ferguson / McBride
1967: Chalmers
1968: Lennox
1969: Cameron
1970: Stein
1971: Hood
1972: Harper
1973: Gordon
1974: Deans
1975: Gray / Pettigrew
Premier Division
1976: Dalglish
1977: Pettigrew
1978: Johnstone
1979: Ritchie
1980: Somner
1981: McGarvey
1982: McCluskey
1983: Nicholas
1984: McClair
1985: McDougall
1986: McCoist
1987: McClair
1988: Coyne
1989: McGhee / Nicholas
1990: Robertson
1991: Coyne
1992: McCoist
1993: McCoist
1994: Hateley
1995: Coyne
1996: Van Hooijdonk
1997: Cadete
1998: Negri
SPL
1999: Larsson
2000: Viduka
2001: Larsson
2002: Larsson
2003: Larsson
2004: Larsson
2005: Hartson
2006: Boyd
2007: Boyd
2008: McDonald
2009: Boyd
2010: Boyd
2011: K. Miller
2012: Hooper
2013: Higdon
Premiership
2014: Commons
2015: Rooney
2016: Griffiths
2017: Boyce
[show]
v
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e
European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning managers
European Cup
1956: Villalonga
1957: Villalonga
1958: Carniglia
1959: Carniglia
1960: Muñoz
1961: Guttmann
1962: Guttmann
1963: Rocco
1964: Herrera
1965: Herrera
1966: Muñoz
1967: Stein
1968: Busby
1969: Rocco
1970: Happel
1971: Michels
1972: Kovács
1973: Kovács
1974: Lattek
1975: Cramer
1976: Cramer
1977: Paisley
1978: Paisley
1979: Clough
1980: Clough
1981: Paisley
1982: Barton
1983: Happel
1984: Fagan
1985: Trapattoni
1986: Jenei
1987: Jorge
1988: Hiddink
1989: Sacchi
1990: Sacchi
1991: Petrović
1992: Cruyff
UEFA Champions League
1993: Goethals
1994: Capello
1995: Van Gaal
1996: Lippi
1997: Hitzfeld
1998: Heynckes
1999: Ferguson
2000: Del Bosque
2001: Hitzfeld
2002: Del Bosque
2003: Ancelotti
2004: Mourinho
2005: Benítez
2006: Rijkaard
2007: Ancelotti
2008: Ferguson
2009: Guardiola
2010: Mourinho
2011: Guardiola
2012: Di Matteo
2013: Heynckes
2014: Ancelotti
2015: Luis Enrique
2016: Zidane
2017: Zidane
[show]
v
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e
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup winning managers
1961: Hidegkuti
1962: Villalonga
1963: Nicholson
1964: Fernandez
1965: Greenwood
1966: Multhaup
1967: Čajkovski
1968: Rocco
1969: Vičan
1970: Mercer
1971: Sexton
1972: Waddell
1973: Rocco
1974: Krügel
1975: Lobanovskyi
1976: Croon
1977: Klötzer
1978: Goethals
1979: Rifé
1980: Di Stéfano
1981: Akhalkatsi
1982: Lattek
1983: Ferguson
1984: Trapattoni
1985: Kendall
1986: Lobanovskyi
1987: Cruyff
1988: De Mos
1989: Cruyff
1990: Boškov
1991: Ferguson
1992: Rehhagel
1993: Scala
1994: Graham
1995: V. Fernández
1996: L. Fernández
1997: Robson
1998: Vialli
1999: Eriksson
[show]
v
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e
World Soccer Manager of the Year
1982: Bearzot
1983: Piontek
1984: Hidalgo
1985: Venables
1986: Thys
1987: Cruyff
1988: Michels
1989: Sacchi
1990: Beckenbauer
1991: Platini
1992: Nielsen
1993: Ferguson
1994: Parreira
1995: Van Gaal
1996: Vogts
1997: Hitzfeld
1998: Wenger
1999: Ferguson
2000: Zoff
2001: Houllier
2002: Hiddink
2003: Ancelotti
2004: Mourinho
2005: Mourinho
2006: Lippi
2007: Ferguson
2008: Ferguson
2009: Guardiola
2010: Mourinho
2011: Guardiola
2012: Del Bosque
2013: Heynckes
2014: Löw
2015: Luis Enrique
2016: Ranieri
2017: Zidane
[show]
v
t
e
European Coach of the Year
Sepp Herberger Award
1978: Happel
1979: Clough
1980: Vengloš
1981: Paisley
1982: Bearzot
1983: Happel
1984: Hidalgo
1985: Trapattoni
1986: Lobanovskyi
1987: Lattek
1988: Lobanovskyi
1989: Sacchi
1990: Beckenbauer
1991: Trapattoni
1992: Møller Nielsen
1993: Scala
1994: Capello
1995: Van Gaal
1996: Lippi
1997: Hitzfeld
Tommaso Maestrelli Award
1998: Jacquet
1999: Lobanovskyi
2000: Cúper
Alf Ramsey Award
2001: Houllier
2002: Del Bosque
2003: Ancelotti
2004: Rehhagel
2005: Benítez
2006: Rijkaard
2007: Ramos
2008: Ferguson
2009: Lucescu
2010: Mourinho
2011: Guardiola
2012: Del Bosque
2013: Heynckes
2014: Löw
2015: Luis Enrique
2016: Santos
[show]
v
t
e
Premier League Manager of the Season – managers
Ferguson (1994)
Dalglish (1995)
Ferguson (1996)
Ferguson (1997)
Wenger (1998)
Ferguson (1999)
Ferguson (2000)
Burley (2001)
Wenger (2002)
Ferguson (2003)
Wenger (2004)
Mourinho (2005)
Mourinho (2006)
Ferguson (2007)
Ferguson (2008)
Ferguson (2009)
Redknapp (2010)
Ferguson (2011)
Pardew (2012)
Ferguson (2013)
Pulis (2014)
Mourinho (2015)
Ranieri (2016)
Conte (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
LMA Managers of the Year
Kinnear (1994)
Clark (1995)
Reid (1996)
Wilson (1997)
Jones (1998)
Ferguson (1999)
Curbishley (2000)
Burley (2001)
Wenger (2002)
Moyes (2003)
Wenger (2004)
Moyes (2005)
Coppell (2006)
Coppell (2007)
Ferguson (2008)
Moyes (2009)
Hodgson (2010)
Ferguson (2011)
Pardew (2012)
Ferguson (2013)
Rodgers (2014)
Howe (2015)
Ranieri (2016)
Conte (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
2007 UEFA Team of the Year
GK: Iker Casillas
RB: Dani Alves
CB: Alessandro Nesta
CB: John Terry
LB: Éric Abidal
MF: Cristiano Ronaldo
MF: Steven Gerrard
MF: Kaká
MF: Clarence Seedorf
FW: Zlatan Ibrahimović
FW: Didier Drogba
Coach: Alex Ferguson
[show]
v
t
e
2008 UEFA Team of the Year
GK: Iker Casillas
RB: Sergio Ramos
CB: John Terry
CB: Carles Puyol
LB: Philipp Lahm
MF: Cristiano Ronaldo
MF: Xavi
MF: Cesc Fàbregas
MF: Franck Ribéry
FW: Lionel Messi
FW: Fernando Torres
Coach: Alex Ferguson
[show]
v
t
e
IFFHS World's Best Club Coach
1996: Lippi
1997: Hitzfeld
1998: Lippi
1999: Ferguson
2000: Bianchi
2001: Hitzfeld
2002: Del Bosque
2003: Bianchi
2004: Mourinho
2005: Mourinho
2006: Rijkaard
2007: Ancelotti
2008: Ferguson
2009: Guardiola
2010: Mourinho
2011: Guardiola
2012: Mourinho
2013: Heynckes
2014: Ancelotti
2015: Luis Enrique
2016: Simeone
2017: Zidane
[show]
v
t
e
Aberdeen F.C. – Hall of Fame inductees
2003
Anderson
Boel
Buchan
Graham
Hermiston
Young
2004
Bett
Donald
Harper
Hewitt
Jarvie
Leighton
Martin
Miller
Scott
Shewan
Simpson
Turnbull
2015
Ferguson
2016
Kennedy
MacLeod
McLeish
[show]
v
t
e
Dunfermline Athletic F.C. – Hall of Fame inductees
2005
Barry
Cunningham
Dickson
Farm
Mailer
McConville
MacLean
Nelson
Stein
2006
Edwards
Gardner
Hutchison
Leishman
Lunn
Melrose
Miller
2007
Connachan
Ferguson
Gilby
Herriot
Martin
Peebles
Simpson
Smith
Stevenson
2008
Bowie
Callaghan
Campbell
Paton
J. Thomson
Whyte
2009
McCathie
K. Thomson
Robertson
Watson
2010
Crawford
Fraser
Sinclair
Westwater
2011
1961 Scottish Cup Final XI
French
McNamara
Tod
2012
Evans
Kozma
Mill
Skinner
Wilson
[show]
v
t
e
Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductees
2004
Baxter
Bremner
Busby
Dalglish
Ferguson
Gallacher
Greig
J. Johnstone
Law
Mackay
McGrain
McGrory
McNeill
Miller
Murdoch
Shankly
G. Smith
Souness
Stein
Woodburn
2005
Campbell
James
Jordan
Lennox
McLean
McLeish
Morton
L. Reilly
Waddell
White
Young
2006
Cooper
Gemmell
Gough
Henderson
Jardine
Larsson
Laudrup
Ormond
Robertson
Steel
T. Walker
2007
Bauld
Caldow
Cowan
Hansen
McCoist
R. Reilly
W. Smith
Strachan
Turnbull
2008
Evans
Gemmill
D. Johnstone
Leighton
Liddell
St John
Struth
Thomson
2009
Archibald
Auld
Delaney
Gilzean
Johnston
Lambert
Maley
Meiklejohn
2010
C. Brown
Goram
B. Johnstone
McStay
Narey
Wharton
2011
Butcher
Crerand
McColl
Simpson
2012
McLintock
McPhail
McQueen
Stanton
Watson
2013
Buchan
Docherty
Gray
Rough
Symon
R. Walker
2014
W. Brown
Lorimer
McCrae's Battalion
Nicholas
Wilson
2015
R. Brown
Graham
Hillis
MacLeod
Malpas
2016
Chalmers
McAllister
A. Smith
J. Wallace
Wark
2017
Clark
Craig
Lisbon Lions
Macpherson
McGovern
McGraw
Queen's Park
W. Wallace
[show]
v
t
e
English Football Hall of Fame
Players
Men
Adams
Allchurch
Anderson
Ardiles
Armfield
Ball
Banks
Barnes
Bastin
Beardsley
Bell
Bergkamp
Beckham
Best
Blanchflower
Bloomer
Bonds
Brady
Bremner
Brooking
Buchan
Callaghan
Cantona
Carter
Charles
J. Charlton
R. Charlton
Clemence
Cohen
Crompton
Dalglish
Dean
Doherty
Edwards
Ferdinand
Finney
Francis
Gallacher
Gascoigne
Gerrard
Giggs
Giles
Gray
Greaves
Hansen
Haynes
Henry
Hoddle
E. Hughes
L. Hughes
Hunt
Hunter
Hurst
Irwin
James
Jennings
Jones
Keane
Keegan
Lampard
Law
Lawrenson
Lawton
Lee
Le Tissier
Liddell
Lineker
Lofthouse
Mackay
Mannion
Matthews
McGrath
McIlroy
McLintock
Meredith
Milburn
Moore
Mortensen
Mullery
Neville
Owen
Pearce
Peters
Ramsey
Roberts
Robertson
Robson
Rush
Schmeichel
Scholes
Seaman
Shackleton
Shearer
Sheringham
Shilton
Souness
Southall
Speed
Stephenson
Stiles
Strachan
Summerbee
Swift
Trautmann
Vieira
Wharton
Wilkins
R. Wilson
R. P. Wilson
I. Wright
W. Wright
Zola
Women
Bampton
Brown-Finnis
Cope
Coultard
Gore
Lopez
Parker
Parr
Powell
Sempare
Spacey
Smith
Unitt
Walker
Whalley
White
Yankey
Managers
Allison
Busby
Catterick
Clough
Ferguson
Gradi
Greenwood
Kendall
Mee
Mercer
Paisley
Ramsey
Revie
Shankly
Venables
Wenger
Winterbottom
[show]
v
t
e
Scotland squad – 1986 FIFA World Cup
1 Leighton
2 Gough
3 Malpas
4 Souness (c)
5 McLeish
6 Miller
7 Strachan
8 Aitken
9 Bannon
10 Bett
11 McStay
12 Goram
13 Nicol
14 Narey
15 Albiston
16 McAvennie
17 Archibald
18 Sharp
19 Nicholas
20 Sturrock
21 Cooper
22 Rough
Coach: Ferguson
[show]
Managerial positions
[show]
v
t
e
East Stirlingshire F.C. – managers
Binnie (1966)
Crawford (1966–70)
Rowan (1970–71)
Shaw (1971–74)
A. Ferguson (1974)
Ure (1974–75)
McLindon (1975–77)
Lamont (1977–81)
M. Ferguson (1981–82)
Little (1983–85)
Whiteford (1985–87)
Lawson (1987–88)
Connell (1988–89)
Mackin (1989–90)
Sullivan (1990–92)
McCulley (1992–93)
Little (1993–97)
Brownlie (1997–98)
McCann (1998–99)
Fairley (2000–01)
Ross (2001–02)
Russell (2002)
Diver (2002–03)
Morrison (2003–04)
Newall (2004–06)
Wylde (2006–08)
McInally (2008–11)
Coughlin (2011–14)
Tully (2014–16)
Sludden (2016–)
[show]
v
t
e
St Mirren F.C. – managers
McCartney (1904–10)
Grieve (1910)
Law (1910–16)
Cochrane (1916–28)
Turner (1928–29)
Graham (1929)
Morrison (1929–36)
Blythe (1936–41)
Menzies (1941–42)
Fotheringham (1942–45)
Rankin (1945–54)
Reid (1954–61)
Flavell (1961–62)
Cox (1962–65)
Millward (1965–66)
Wright (1966–70)
Humphries (1970–72)
Bryceland (1972–73)
Cunningham (1973–74)
Ferguson (1974–78)
Clunie (1978–80)
McFarlane (1980–83)
Miller (1983–86)
Smith (1986–88)
Fitzpatrick (1988–91)
Hay (1991–92)
Bone (1992–96)
Munro (1996)
Fitzpatrick (1996–98)
Hendrie (1998–2002)
Coughlin (2002–03)
MacPherson (2003–10)
Lennon (2010–14)
Craig (2014)
Teale (2014–15)
Murray (2015)
Rae (2015–16)
Ross (2016–)
[show]
v
t
e
Aberdeen F.C. – managers
Philip (1903–23)
Travers (1923–38)
Halliday (1938–55)
Shaw (1955–59)
Pearson (1959–65)
Turnbull (1965–71)
Bonthrone (1971–75)
MacLeod (1975–77)
McNeill (1977–78)
Ferguson (1978–86)
Porterfield (1986–88)
Smith & Scott (1988–91)
Smith (1991–92)
W. Miller (1992–95)
Aitken (1995–97)
A. Miller (1997–98)
Burkinshaw (1998–99)
Hegarty (1999)
Skovdahl (1999–2002)
Speirs (2002)
Paterson (2002–04)
Calderwood (2004–09)
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 116984290
LCCN: nb91358803
ISNI: 0000 0001 1497 3549
GND: 136870597
SELIBR: 375325
SUDOC: 097472999
BNF: cb162505462 (data)
BIBSYS: 1000107
NDL: 00736838
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Ferguson&oldid=837772607"
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values: อเล็กซ์ เฟอร์กูสัน – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Ser Aleksandr Çempen Fergýuson – Turkmen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tk
display: none;

values: Алекс Фергюсон – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: 亚历克斯·弗格森 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Alex_Ferguson rootpage-Alex_Ferguson skin-vector action-view