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Bill of Rights 1689
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The Bill of Rights[nb 1]
Parliament of England
Long title
An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown.
Citation
1 William & Mary Sess 2 c 2
Dates
Royal assent
16 December 1689
Commencement
1689
Status: Amended
Revised text of statute as amended
The Bill of Rights
Created
1689
Location
Parliamentary Archives
Author(s)
Parliament of England
Purpose
Assert the rights of Parliament and the individual, and ensure a Protestant political supremacy
The Bill of Rights, also known as the English Bill of Rights, is an Act of the Parliament of England that sets out certain basic civil rights and clarifies who would be next to inherit the Crown. It received the Royal Assent on 16 December 1689 and is a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William III and Mary II in February 1689, inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament, including the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament. It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and reestablished the right of Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law. Furthermore, the Bill of Rights described and condemned several misdeeds of James II of England.[1]
These ideas reflected those of the political thinker John Locke and they quickly became popular in England.[2] It also sets out – or, in the view of its drafters, restates – certain constitutional requirements of the Crown to seek the consent of the people, as represented in Parliament.[3]
In the United Kingdom, the Bill of Rights is further accompanied by Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 and the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 as some of the basic documents of the uncodified British constitution. A separate but similar document, the Claim of Right Act 1689, applies in Scotland. The Bill of Rights 1689 was one of the inspirations for the United States Bill of Rights.
Along with the Act of Settlement 1701, the Bill of Rights is still in effect in all Commonwealth realms. Following the Perth Agreement in 2011, legislation amending both of them came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015.
Contents
1 Background
1.1 Glorious Revolution
1.2 Declaration of Right
2 Provisions of the Act
3 Date and title
4 Augmentation and effect
5 Legal status
5.1 United Kingdom
5.2 Australia
5.3 Canada
5.4 New Zealand
5.5 Republic of Ireland
6 Modern recognition
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Background[edit]
During the 17th century, there was renewed interest in Magna Carta.[4][5] The Parliament of England passed the Petition of Right in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects. The English Civil War (1642–1651) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament,[6][7] during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647.[8] Subsequently, the Protectorate (1653–1659) and the English Restoration (1660) restored more autocratic rule although Parliament passed the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679, which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence.
Glorious Revolution[edit]
Main article: Glorious Revolution
Objecting to the policies of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland), a group of English Parliamentarians invited the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange) to overthrow the King. William's successful invasion with a Dutch fleet and army led to James fleeing to France. In December 1688, William took over the provisional government by appointment of the peers of the realm, as was the legal right of the latter in circumstances when the King was incapacitated, and summoned an assembly of certain members of parliament. This assembly called for an English Convention Parliament to be elected, which convened on 22 January 1689.[9][10]
Declaration of Right[edit]
Main article: Declaration of Right, 1689
An 18th century engraving, based on a drawing by Samuel Wale, of the Bill of Rights being presented to William III and Mary II
The proposal to draw up a statement of rights and liberties and James's violation of them was first made on 29 January 1689 in the House of Commons, with members arguing that the House "cannot answer it to the nation or Prince of Orange till we declare what are the rights invaded" and that William "cannot take it ill if we make conditions to secure ourselves for the future" in order to "do justice to those who sent us hither". On 2 February a committee specially convened reported to the Commons 23 Heads of Grievances, which the Commons approved and added some of their own. However, on 4 February the Commons decided to instruct the committee to differentiate between "such of the general heads, as are introductory of new laws, from those that are declaratory of ancient rights". On 7 February the Commons approved this revised Declaration of Right, and on 8 February instructed the committee to put into a single text the Declaration (with the heads which were "introductory of new laws" removed), the resolution of 28 January and the Lords' proposal for a revised oath of allegiance. It passed the Commons without division.[11]
On 13 February the clerk of the House of Lords read the Declaration of Right, and the Marquess of Halifax, in the name of all the estates of the realm, asked William and Mary to accept the throne. William replied for his wife and himself: "We thankfully accept what you have offered us". They then went in procession to the great gate at Whitehall. The Garter King at Arms proclaimed them King and Queen of England, France, and Ireland, whereupon they adjourned to the Chapel Royal, with the Bishop of London preaching the sermon.[12] They were crowned on 11 April, swearing an oath to uphold the laws made by Parliament. The Coronation Oath Act 1688 had provided a new coronation oath, whereby the monarchs were to "solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same". They were also to maintain the laws of God, the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed faith established by law.[13] This replaced an oath which had deferred more to the monarch. The previous oath required the monarch to rule based on "the laws and customs ... granted by the Kings of England".[14]
Provisions of the Act[edit]
The Declaration of Right was enacted in an Act of Parliament, the Bill of Rights 1689, which received the Royal Assent in December 1689.[15] The Act asserted "certain ancient rights and liberties" by declaring that:[16]
the pretended power of suspending the laws and dispensing with[nb 2] laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal;
the commission for ecclesiastical causes is illegal;
levying taxes without grant of Parliament is illegal;
it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal;
keeping a standing army in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law;[nb 3]
Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law;
election of members of Parliament ought to be free;
the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament;
excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted;
jurors in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders;
promises of fines and forfeitures before conviction are illegal and void;
for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and preserving of the laws, Parliaments ought to be held frequently.
The Act declared James' flight from England following the Glorious Revolution to be an abdication of the throne. It listed twelve of James's policies by which James designed to "endeavour to subvert and extirpate the protestant religion, and the laws and liberties of this kingdom".[17] These were:[18]
by assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament;
by prosecuting the Seven Bishops; by establishing of the court of commissioners for ecclesiastical causes;
by levying taxes for the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative as if the same was granted by Parliament;
by raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament;
by causing Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law;
by violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament;
by prosecutions in the Court of King's Bench for matters and causes cognizable only in Parliament, and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses;
by employing unqualified persons on juries in trials, and jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders;
by imposing excessive bail on persons committed in criminal cases against the laws made for the liberty of the subjects;
by imposing excessive fines and illegal and cruel punishments;
by making several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied;
all which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm.
In a prelude to the Act of Settlement to come twelve years later, the Bill of Rights barred Roman Catholics from the throne of England as "it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a papist prince"; thus William III and Mary II were named as the successors of James II and that the throne would pass from them first to Mary's heirs, then to her sister, Princess Anne of Denmark and her heirs (and, thereafter, to any heirs of William by a later marriage).
Date and title[edit]
The Bill of Rights is commonly dated in legal contexts to 1688. This convention arises from the legal fiction (prior to the passage of the Acts of Parliament (Commencement) Act 1793) that an Act of Parliament came into force on the first day of the session in which it was passed. The Bill was therefore deemed to be effective from 13 February 1689 (New Style), or, under the Old Style calendar in use at the time, 13 February 1688. Under the Short Titles Act 1896, the Bill was given the official short title of "The Bill of Rights", without a calendar year suffix.[19]
Augmentation and effect[edit]
See also: Glorious Revolution § Legacy
The Bill of Rights was later supplemented by the Act of Settlement 1701 (which was agreed to by the Parliament of Scotland as part of the Treaty of Union). The Act of Settlement altered the line of succession to the throne laid out in the Bill of Rights.[20] However, both the Bill of Rights and the Claim of Right contributed a great deal to the establishment of the concept of parliamentary sovereignty and the curtailment of the powers of the monarch.[21][22][23] Leading, ultimately, to the establishment of constitutional monarchy,[24] while also (along with the penal laws) settling the political and religious turmoil that had convulsed Scotland, England and Ireland in the 17th century.
The Bill of Rights (1689) reinforced the Petition of Right (1628) and the Habeas Corpus Act (1679) by codifying certain rights and liberties. Described by William Blackstone as Fundamental Laws of England, the rights expressed in these Acts became associated with the idea of the rights of Englishmen.[25] The Bill of Rights directly influenced the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights,[nb 4] which in turn influenced the Declaration of Independence.[26]
Although not a comprehensive statement of civil and political liberties, the Bill of Rights stands as one of the landmark documents in the development of civil liberties in the United Kingdom and a model for later, more general, statements of rights;[14] these include the United States Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights.[27][28] For example, as with the Bill of Rights 1689, the US Constitution prohibits excessive bail and "cruel and unusual punishment". Similarly, "cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment" is banned under Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
Legal status[edit]
The Bill of Rights remains in statute and continues to be cited in legal proceedings in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms, particularly Article 9 on parliamentary freedom of speech.[29][30] Following the Perth Agreement in 2011, legislation amending the Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement 1701 came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015 which changed the laws of succession to the British throne.[nb 5]
Part of the Bill of Rights remains in statute in the Republic of Ireland.
United Kingdom[edit]
The Bill of Rights applies in England and Wales; it was enacted in the Kingdom of England which at the time included Wales. Scotland has its own legislation, the Claim of Right Act 1689, passed before the Act of Union between England and Scotland. There are doubts as to whether, or to what extent, the Bill of Rights applies in Northern Ireland.[29][nb 6]
On 21 July 1995 a libel case brought by Neil Hamilton (then a member of parliament) against The Guardian was stopped after Justice May ruled that the Bill of Rights' prohibition on the courts' ability to question parliamentary proceedings would prevent The Guardian from obtaining a fair hearing. Section 13 of the Defamation Act 1996, was subsequently enacted to permit MPs to waive their parliamentary privilege and thus cite their own speeches if relevant to litigation.[33]
Following the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum in 2016, the Bill of Rights was quoted in a court ruling on a legal challenge seeking a judicial declaration that triggering EU exit must first be authorised by an act of Parliament.[34][35]
Australia[edit]
The ninth article, regarding parliamentary freedom of speech, is actively used in Australia.[29]
Canada[edit]
The article on parliamentary freedom of speech is in active use in Canada.[29]
New Zealand[edit]
The Bill of Rights was invoked in New Zealand in the 1976 case of Fitzgerald v Muldoon and Others,[36] which centred on the purporting of newly appointed Prime Minister Robert Muldoon that he would advise the Governor-General to abolish a superannuation scheme established by the New Zealand Superannuation Act, 1974, without new legislation. Muldoon felt that the dissolution would be immediate and he would later introduce a bill in parliament to retroactively make the abolition legal. This claim was challenged in court and the Chief Justice declared that Muldoon's actions were illegal as they had violated Article 1 of the Bill of Rights, which provides "that the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority ... is illegal."[37]
Republic of Ireland[edit]
The Act was retained in the Republic of Ireland although sections were repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 2007 section 2(2)(a),[38] and Part 2 of Schedule 1.[39] Section 2(3) of that Act repealed:
all of the Preamble down to "Upon which Letters Elections having been accordingly made"
the seventh paragraph "Subjects’ Arms. That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law."
all words from "And they doe Claime Demand and Insist" down to, but not including, section 2, bars Roman Catholics from Crown or Government, succession et cetera.
Modern recognition[edit]
Two special designs of commemorative two pound coins were issued in the United Kingdom in 1989 to celebrate the tercentenary of the Glorious Revolution. One referred to the Bill of Rights and the other to the Claim of Right. Both depict the Royal Cypher of William and Mary and the mace of the House of Commons, one also shows a representation of the St Edward's Crown and the other the Crown of Scotland.[40]
In May 2011, the Bill of Rights was inscribed in UNESCO's UK Memory of the World Register recognizing that:[41]
All the main principles of the Bill of Rights are still in force today, and the Bill of Rights continues to be cited in legal cases in the UK and in Commonwealth countries. It has a primary place in a wider national historical narrative of documents which established the rights of Parliament and set out universal civil liberties, starting with Magna Carta in 1215. It also has international significance, as it was a model for the US Bill of Rights 1789, and its influence can be seen in other documents which establish rights of human beings, such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights.[27]
As part of the Parliament in the Making programme, the Bill of Rights was on display at the Houses of Parliament in February 2015 and at the British Library from March through September 2015.[42][43]
See also[edit]
Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689
English Civil War
Financial Revolution
History of liberalism
Toleration Act 1689
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Act is cited as "The Bill of Rights" in the United Kingdom, as authorised by section 1 of, and the First Schedule to, the Short Titles Act 1896. Owing to the repeal of those provisions, it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the Interpretation Act 1978. In the Republic of Ireland, it is cited as "The Bill of Rights 1688", as authorised by section 1 of, and the First Schedule to, the Short Titles Act 1896 (as amended by section 5(a) of the Statute Law Revision Act 2007). The short title of this Act was previously "The Bill of Rights".
Jump up ^ i.e. ignoring
Jump up ^ Arguably, this right is subject to continuing derogation in modern times; see, for example, Armed Forces Act and discussion of the same in Military Covenant.
Jump up ^ Section Seven of the Virginia Declaration of Rights reads,
That all power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by any authority, without consent of the representatives of the people, is injurious to their rights and ought not to be exercised.
which strongly echoes the first two "ancient rights and liberties" asserted in the Bill of Rights 1689:
That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal;
That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal;
And the Virginia Declaration's Section Nine,
That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
is borrowed word for word from the Bill of Rights 1689.
Jump up ^ In Quebec the validity of the Canadian parliament's legislation is under judicial review. Blanchfield, Mike (22 July 2013). "Quebec government to mount legal challenge to new royal succession law". National Post.
Jump up ^ The United Kingdom consists of four countries and three distinct legal systems: England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.[31][32] These jurisdictions have particular legal considerations of their own, arising from differences in English law, Scots law and Northern Ireland law.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown. ... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch’s prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from ‘cruel or unusual punishment’. "Britain's unwritten constitution". British Library. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Schwoerer 1990, pp. 531–548.
Jump up ^ Maurice Adams; Anne Meuwese; Ernst Hirsch Ballin (2017). Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law: Bridging Idealism and Realism. Cambridge University Press. p. 97 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "From legal document to public myth: Magna Carta in the 17thth century". The British Library. Retrieved 2017-10-16
Jump up ^ "Magna Carta: Magna Carta in the 17th century". The Society of Antiquaries of London. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
Jump up ^ "Origins and growth of Parliament". The National Archives. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rise of Parliament". The National Archives. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Putney debates". The British Library. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Anon. 2010, pp. 2–4.
Jump up ^ "Bill of Rights". British Library. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Horwitz 1977, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Carpenter 1956, pp. 145–146.
Jump up ^ Williams 1960, pp. 37–39.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Convention and Bill of Rights". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Thatcher 1907, pp. 10.
Jump up ^ Williams 1960, pp. 28–29.
Jump up ^ Williams 1960, p. 26.
Jump up ^ Williams 1960, p. 27.
Jump up ^ "Bill of Rights [1688]". legislation.gov.uk. note X1. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Act of Settlement". UK Parliament. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
Jump up ^ This vigorous assertion of the rights of the subject meant that the Bill of Rights is often seen as parallel in importance with Magna Carta itself. "The Bill of Rights". British Library. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Although the Bill of Rights attacked the abuse of prerogative power rather than prerogative power itself, it had the virtue of enshrining in statute what many regarded as ancient rights and liberties. However, some historians maintain that a more profound change in the relationship between sovereign and Parliament emerged as a result of the financial settlement that Parliament negotiated with William and Mary. "Rise of Parliament". The National Archives. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
Jump up ^ The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th, and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects. ... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. "Constitutionalism: America & Beyond". Bureau of International Information Programs. U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Walker 2009, p. 2: "thereby establishing a constitutional monarchy".
Jump up ^ Billias 2011, p. 54.
Jump up ^ Maier 1997, pp. 126–28.
^ Jump up to: a b All the main principles of the Bill of Rights are still in force today, and the Bill of Rights continues to be cited in legal cases in the UK and in Commonwealth countries. It has a primary place in a wider national historical narrative of documents which established the rights of Parliament and set out universal civil liberties, starting with Magna Carta in 1215. It also has international significance, as it was a model for the US Bill of Rights 1789, and its influence can be seen in other documents which establish rights of human beings, such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights. "2011 UK Memory of the World Register". United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO. 23 May 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Facts About the Bill of Rights on Its 220th Anniversary". History.com. 15 December 2011. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lock 1989, pp. 540–561.
Jump up ^ Toporoski, Richard (Summer 1996). "Monarchy Canada: The Invisible Crown". Archived from the original on 17 June 1997.
Jump up ^ "A Guide to the UK Legal System". Hauser Global Law School Program. New York University School of Law. November 2005. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Legal System of the United Kingdom". The Chartered Institute of Legal Executives. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Alexander Horne; Oonagh Gay (21 May 2014). "Ending the Hamilton Affair?". UK Constitutional Law Association Blog. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
Jump up ^ This subordination of the Crown (i.e. the executive government) to law is the foundation of the rule of law in the United Kingdom. It has its roots well before the war between the Crown and Parliament in the seventeenth century but was decisively confirmed in the settlement arrived at with the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and has been recognised ever since,
Sir Edward Coke reports the considered view of himself and the senior judges of the time in The Case of Proclamations (1610) 12 Co. Rep. 74, that:
the King by his proclamation or other ways cannot change any part of the common law, or statute law, or the customs of the realm"
and that:
the King hath no prerogative, but that which the law of the land allows him."
The position was confirmed in the first two parts of Section 1 of the Bill of Rights 1688:
Suspending power – That the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regall authority without consent of Parlyament is illegall.
Late dispensing power – That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regall authoritie as it hath beene assumed and exercised of late is illegall."
"Miller & Anor, R (On the Application Of) v The Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [2016] EWHC 2768 (Admin)". England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) Decisions. 3 November 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Brexit court ruling: Your questions answered". BBC. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Constitutional Setting". States Services Commission, New Zealand. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "The legitimacy of judicial review of executive decision-making". New Zealand Law Society. Archived from the original on 4 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Statute Law Revision Act 2007 Section 2". Irish Statute Book.
Jump up ^ "Statute Law Revision Act 2007 Schedule 1". Irish Statute Book.
Jump up ^ "Two Pound Coin". The Royal Mint. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Life, death and everything in between". UK Parliament. 23 May 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Magna Carta & Parliament Exhibition". UK Parliament. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Magna Carta: Law, Liberty, Legacy". The British Library. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
Bibliography[edit]
Anon. (2010). "The Glorious Revolution". Factsheet General Series. G4. House of Commons Information Office.
Billias, George Athan (2011). American constitutionalism heard round the world, 1776-1989: A global perspective. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814725177 – via Google Books.
Blick, Andrew (2015). "Magna Carta and contemporary constitutional change". History and Policy.
Carpenter, Edward (1956). The Protestant Bishop. Being the Life of Henry Compton, 1632–1713. Bishop of London. London: Longmans, Green and Company. OCLC 1919768.
Horwitz, Henry (1977). Parliament, Policy and Politics in the Reign of William III. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-0661-6.
Lock, Geoffrey (1989). "The 1689 Bill of Rights". Political Studies. 37 (4): 540–561. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1989.tb00288.x.
Maier, Pauline (1997). American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-679-45492-6.
Schwoerer, Lois G. (1990). "Locke, Lockean Ideas, and the Glorious Revolution". Journal of the History of Ideas. University of Pennsylvania Press. 51 (4). JSTOR 2709645.
Thatcher, Oliver Joseph, ed. (1907). The library of original sources. University Research Extension.
Walker, Aileen; Gay, Oonagh; Maer, Lucinda (2009). "Bill of Rights 1689". House of Commons Library.
Williams, E. N. (1960). The Eighteenth-Century Constitution. 1688–1815. Cambridge University Press. OCLC 1146699.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Bill of Rights 1689
Wikimedia Commons has media related to English Bill of Rights of 1689.
Text of the Bill of Rights Yale Law School Law Library
Text of the Bill of Rights 1689 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk
"The Parliamentary Archives". holds the original document
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National University of Study and Research in Law
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
National University of Study and Research in Law, Ranchi
Motto
Nasato vidyate bhavo nabhavo vidyate satah. (Sanskrit)
Motto in English
That which exists cannot cease to exist and that which is non-existent cannot come into existence
Type
National Law University
Established
2010
Chancellor
Aniruddha Bose
Vice-Chancellor
Gautam Kumar Choudhary (I/C)[1]
Location
Ranchi, Jharkhand, Jharkhand, India
23°27′8.7732″N 85°18′59.472″E / 23.452437000°N 85.31652000°E / 23.452437000; 85.31652000Coordinates: 23°27′8.7732″N 85°18′59.472″E / 23.452437000°N 85.31652000°E / 23.452437000; 85.31652000
Affiliations
UGC
Website
www.nusrlranchi.in
National University of Study and Research in Law Academic Block
National University of Study and Research in Law (NUSRL) is a law university located in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. It was established by a legislative act, by the State Of Jharkhand (Act no. 4 of 2010) as the fourteenth National Law University of India. Gautam Kumar Choudhary is the Vice-Chancellor (In-Charge) of the university and is also the Director of Jharkhand Judicial Academy. Prof.(Dr.) A.K. Koul was the founding vice-chancellor of the university, who specialized in international trade law, especially on WTO. Earlier he was the vice-chancellor of National Law University, Jodhpur. Prof.(Dr.) B.C. Nirmal was the Vice-Chancellor from 2014 to 2017. B.C. Nirmal was formerly the Head and Dean of Law School, Banaras Hindu University (Varanasi). The university is located on Kanke-Pithoria Road on the outskirts of Ranchi just ahead of Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry & Allied Sciences and Birsa Agricultural University. It was formally inaugurated by the Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court and Supreme Court Judge designate Justice Gyan Sudha Mishra on 26 April 2010. The 63.76-acre site is among the largest National Law Universities in India.[2]
Contents
1 Academics
2 Admissions
2.1 Undergraduate
2.2 Postgraduate
3 NUSRL Library
4 Moot Court Committee
5 Centre for Research in Intellectual Property Right (IPR)
6 Centre for Legal Aid Programme (CLAP)
7 Sports activities
8 Fests & Cultural Events
9 Publication
10 Accommodation
11 References
12 External links
Academics[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The university has a semester system i.e. 2 semesters in an academic year. Each academic year a student has to undertake 3 CAT (Continuous Assessment Test) for each subject, consisting of announced tests as well as unannounced ones. The students are also required to undertake compulsory CRE (Court Room Exercises). The number of CREs depends on the number of law subjects. The curriculum also includes compulsory Research Papers from the first semester itself.[3]
Admissions[edit]
Admissions to NUSRL are done through the Common Law Admission Test (CLAT). Student preference shows that the university is faring well in the league of National Law Universities and remains a priority amongst the newly open National Law Universities.[4]
Undergraduate[edit]
NUSRL offers undergraduates a five-year integrated B.A.(Hons,)LL.B(Hons). program which, upon completion, qualifies the student to sit for the bar to practice law in India. The program is a mix of relevant social science subjects and law subjects. The time span for the course is 5 years divided into 10 semesters. In the first two years, the law student attends courses on English, Political Science, Philosophy and Economics alongside standard legal subjects, such as Law of Torts, Law of Contracts and Constitutional law. In the latter three the curriculum consists majorly of legal subjects.
Postgraduate[edit]
At the postgraduate level, the university offers four-year integrated LL.M-PhD, three-year Doctor of Juridical Science (J.S.D) and two-year PhD programs, for which the admission is through an entrance test, group discussion and oral test conducted by the university.
NUSRL Library[edit]
The university is equipped with an extensive library covering all subjects of law. Besides legal subjects, the library also has books on social sciences. The library also has acquired subscription to various online databases such as Manupatra, HeinOnline, WestLaw India, Jstor and SCC OnLine. The university houses a wide range of law journals.
Moot Court Committee[edit]
The Moot Court Committee (MCC) of National University Of Study And Research in Law, Ranchi (NUSRL) was established in the year 2011 with Dr. K. Syamala as its chairperson. The Moot Court Association has been constantly receiving overwhelming response for participation in various moot court competitions. The university is also excelling in various National Moot Court Competitions.[5] The MCC, NUSRL is currently headed and chaired by Dr. K. Syamala, along with faculty and student members. The MCC organized the 1st NUSRL National Trial Advocacy Competition, 2015 which saw participation of 18 law universities from India. After the successful completion of the first edition, National University of Study & Research in Law, Ranchi organized the 2nd NUSRL National Trial Advocacy Competition, 2017. [6] The latest 3rd edition of NUSRL National Trial Advocacy Competition was held from May 17- 20, 2018 which witnessed a great participation from different law schools all across the country.[7] The MCC also organizes the O.P. Jalan Memorial National Taxation Moot Court Competition. The first edition was held from March 31, 2016 - April 2, 2016 and second edition from March 16-18, 2018.[8]
Centre for Research in Intellectual Property Right (IPR)[edit]
The Centre was founded in response to an escalating need felt by scientists, lawyers, technologists and companies. The object is to gain a thoughtful knowledge in patent, trademarks, design and copyright law. More in meticulous the CSRIPR wishes to gain a better insight and glimpse into new and evolving areas of intellectual property law (such as the protection of software, semi-conductor products and biotechnological inventions, standardisation and technology transfers) and the general problems of patents, trademarks, designs and copyright. To achieve these objects the CSRIPR has organized a manifold of activities on an interdisciplinary level. The CSRIPR has organised various seminars and conference relating to the field of IPR. The Director of the centre is Dr. M.R.S Murthy.[9]
Centre for Legal Aid Programme (CLAP)[edit]
Center for Legal Aid and Program, NUSRL (CLAP) is a student-cum-faculty-run society with an aim to spread legal awareness and give real-time effective legal aid to the marginalized section of our society. CLAP was established in the very first year of the inception of the university. CLAP seeks to improve the legal scenario in the state of Jharkhand. It has organised various field trips and conducted surveys and seminars all over the State of Jharkhand so as to spread legal awareness amongst the weaker section of the society. The committee is headed by Mr. Kaushik Bagchi.[10]
Sports activities[edit]
The university is very active when it comes to extracurricular activities, especially in sports. The Sports Committee of NUSRL is headed and chaired by Mr.Gunjan. The university organises an Intra Sports fest every year in which the students of the university actively participate. The university has organised NUSRL Cricket Premier League (Teams – Invaders, RDX, Sabers, and Pipers) and NUSRL Football premier league(Teams- Invaders, Tornadoes, Renegade, Encounters ). The students of the university has brought laurels to the college by participating and winning in various national sports fests organized by other universities all across the country. Recently, the students organised a gully cricket league, NUSRL Gully Cricket. Apart from these, the University has Basketball Court, Lawn Tennis court, Football ground, Badminton courts as well.
Fests & Cultural Events[edit]
The University organises its Annual fest named as Ulgulan. Ulgulan 2016 witnessed a footfall of around 5,000 visitors from PAN-India. The second edition of Ulgulan was held in the year 2017 which also saw a massive participation. Apart from the inter- university fest Ulgulan, the Cultural committee of NUSRL organises the intra university cultural fest "Yuventas" which unites the spirit of the students.The university organises a food fest every month. Every food fest has a different theme and sumptuous dishes.
Publication[edit]
The university has recently stated off with its maiden edition of NUSRL Journal on Law and Policy.[11] Besides this the university has also published CSRIPR Diary Vol. I, 2013.
Accommodation[edit]
Hostels at NUSRL
The university currently accommodates its male and female students in on-campus four-storied hostels of around 300 rooms which are well equipped with amenities like wi-fi, hot running water and parking space for local students and faculty members,
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Vice Chancellor". www.nusrlranchi.in. National University Of Study And Research In Law, Ranchi. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120110/jsp/frontpage/story_14985223.jsp
Jump up ^ http://www.nusrlranchi.in/the-university/academic-programmes/under-graduate/course-description/
Jump up ^ http://www.livelaw.in/nlus-popularity-index-biggest-gainers-nusrl-cnlu-biggest-losers-nuals-nlu-o-nliu-bounces-back-and-gnlu-continues-to-grow/
Jump up ^ http://mccnusrl.weebly.com/achievement.html
Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/nusrlntac/?hc_ref=PAGES_TIMELINE
Jump up ^ https://www.lawctopus.com/nusrl-ranchi-trial-advocacy-2018/
Jump up ^ http://mccnusrl.weebly.com//
Jump up ^ http://www.csripr.org/
Jump up ^ http://clapnusrl.weebly.com/
Jump up ^ http://nusrlranchi.com/call-for-papers-for-nusrl-journal-of-law-and-policy
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National University of Study and Research in Law.
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e
Universities in Jharkhand
State universities
Birsa Agricultural University
Jharkhand Raksha Shakti University
Kolhan University
National University of Study and Research in Law
Nilamber-Pitamber University
Ranchi University
Sidhhu Kanhu University
Vinoba Bhave University
Central university
Central University of Jharkhand
Deemed Universities
Birla Institute of Technology
Indian School of Mines
Private Universities
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Amity University, Jharkhand
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Autonomous Law Schools in India
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Gujarat National Law University
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Maharashtra National Law University, Aurangabad
Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai
Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur
Nalsar University of Law
National Law Institute University
National Law University and Judicial Academy, Assam
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Calendar date
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A calendar date is a reference to a particular day represented within a calendar system. The calendar date allows the specific day to be identified. The number of days between two dates may be calculated. For example, "24 May 2018" is ten days after "14 May 2018" in the Gregorian calendar. The date of a particular event depends on the observed time zone. For example, the air attack on Pearl Harbor that began at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian time on December 7, 1941, took place at 3:18 a.m. December 8 in Japan (Japan Standard Time).
A particular day may be represented by a different date in another calendar as in the Gregorian calendar and the Julian calendar, which have been used simultaneously in different places. In most calendar systems, the date consists of three parts: the day of month, month, and the year. There may also be additional parts, such as the day of week. Years are usually counted from a particular starting point, usually called the epoch, with era referring to the particular period of time (Note the different use of the terms in geology).
The most widely used epoch is a conventional birthdate of Jesus (which was established by Dionysius Exiguus in the sixth century). A date without the year part may also be referred to as a date or calendar date (such as "29 May" rather than "29 May 2018"). As such, it defines the day of an annual event, such as a birthday or Christmas on 24/25 December.
Many computer systems internally store points in time in Unix time format or some other system time format. The date (Unix) command—internally using the C date and time functions—can be used to convert that internal representation of a point in time to most of the date representations shown here.
The current date in the Gregorian calendar is 29 May 2018. If this is not really the current date, then click here to update it.
Contents
[hide]
1 Date format
1.1 Gregorian, day-month-year (DMY)
1.2 Gregorian, year-month-day (YMD)
1.3 Gregorian, month-day-year (MDY)
1.4 Gregorian, year-day-month (YDM)
1.5 Standards
1.6 Usage overloading
2 Advantages for ordering in sequence
3 Specialized usage
3.1 Day and year only
3.2 Week number used
3.3 Expressing dates in spoken English
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Date format[edit]
See also: Date format by country
There is a large variety of formats for dates in use, which differ in the order of date components (e.g. 31/05/1999, 05/31/1999, 1999/05/31), component separators (e.g. 31.05.1999, 31/05/1999, 31-05-1999), whether leading zeros are included (e.g. 31/5/1999 vs. 31/05/1999), whether all four digits of the year are written (e.g., 31.05.1999 vs. 31.05.99), and whether the month is represented in Arabic or Roman numerals or by name (e.g. 31.05.1999, 31.V.1999 vs. 31 May 1999).
Gregorian, day-month-year (DMY)[edit]
This little-endian sequence is common to the majority of the world's countries. This date format originates from the custom of writing the date as "the 9th day of November in the year of our Lord 2014" in Western religious and legal documents. The format has shortened over time but the order of the elements has remained constant.
"9 November 2014" or "9. November 2014" (the latter is common in German-speaking regions)
9/11/2014 or 09.11.2014 or 9-11-2014
09-Nov-2014
09Nov14 – Used, even in the U.S., where space needs to be saved by skipping punctuation.
[The] 9th [of] November 2014 (The 'of' and 'the' may be included in speech; they are generally omitted in all but the most formal writing.)
09/Nov/2014 - used in the Common Log Format
Sunday, 9 November 2014
9/xi/14, 9.xi.14, 9-xi.14, or 9.XI.2014 (using the Roman numeral for the month) – This is usually confined to handwriting only and is not put into any form of print. It is associated with a number of schools and universities. It has also been used by the Vatican as an alternative to using months named after Roman deities. It is used on Canadian postmarks as a bilingual form of the month.
9 November 2014 CE or 9 November AD 2014
Gregorian, year-month-day (YMD)[edit]
In this format the most significant data item is written before lesser data items i.e. year before month before day. It is consistent with the big-endianness of the Indian decimal numbering system, which progresses from the highest to the lowest order magnitude. That is, using this format textual orderings and chronological orderings are identical. This form is standard in East Asia, Iran, Belgium, Lithuania, Hungary and Sweden; and some other countries to a limited extent.
Examples for the 9th of November 2003:
2003-11-09: the standard Internet date/time format,[1] a profile of the international standard ISO 8601, orders the components of a date like this, and additionally uses leading zeros, for example, 1996-05-01, to be easily read and sorted by computers. It is used with UTC in RFC 3339. This format is also favoured in certain Asian countries, mainly East Asian countries, as well as in some European countries. The big-endian convention is also frequently used in Canada, but all three conventions are used there.[2]
2003 November 9
2003Nov9
2003Nov09
2003-Nov-9
2003-Nov-09
2003-Nov-9, Sunday
2003. november 9. – The official format in Hungary, point after year and day, month name with small initial. Following shorter formats also can be used: 2003. nov. 9., 2003. 11. 9., 2003. XI. 9.
2003.11.9 using dots and no leading zeros, common in China.
2003.11.09
2003/11/09 using slashes and leading zeros, common in Internet in Japan.
20031109 : the "basic format" profile of ISO 8601, an 8-digit number providing monotonic date codes, common in computing and increasingly used in dated computer file names. It is used in the standard iCalendar file format defined in RFC 5545. A big advantage of the ISO 8601 "basic format" is that a simple textual sort is equivalent to a sort by date.
It is also extended through the universal big-endian format clock time: 9 November 2003, 18h 14m 12s, or 2003/11/9/18:14:12 or (ISO 8601) 2003-11-09T18:14:12.
Gregorian, month-day-year (MDY)[edit]
See also: Date and time notation in the United States
This sequence is used primarily in the Philippines, English Canada and the United States. This date format was commonly used alongside the little-endian form in the United Kingdom until the mid-20th century and can be found in both defunct and modern print media such as the London Gazette and The Times, respectively. In the United States, it is said as Sunday, November 9, although usage of "the" isn't uncommon (e.g. Sunday, November the 9th, and even November the 9th, Sunday, are also possible and readily understood).
Sunday, November 9, 2014
November 9, 2014
Nov. 9, 2014 or 11/9/2014
11-9-2014, 11.9.2014, 11.09.14, or 11/09/14
The modern convention is to avoid using the ordinal (th, st, rd, nd) form of numbers when the day follows the month (July 4 or July 4, 1776). The ordinal was common in the past, and is still sometimes used (4th July or July 4th).
Gregorian, year-day-month (YDM)[edit]
This date format is used in Latvia, Nepal and Turkmenistan.
Standards[edit]
There are several standards that specify date formats:
ISO 8601 Data elements and interchange formats – Information interchange – Representation of dates and times specifies YYYY-MM-DD (the separators are optional, but only hyphens are allowed to be used), where all values are fixed length numeric, but also allows YYYY-DDD, where DDD is the ordinal number of the day within the year, e.g. 2001-365.[3]
RFC 3339 Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps specifies YYYY-MM-DD, i.e. a particular subset of the options allowed by ISO 8601.[4]
RFC 5322 Internet Message Format specifies day month year where day is one or two digits, month is a three letter month abbreviation, and year is four digits.[5]
Usage overloading[edit]
Many numerical forms can create confusion when used in international correspondence, particularly when abbreviating the year to its final two digits.
For example, "7/8" could refer to either 7 August or July 8. In the United States, dates are rarely written in purely numerical forms in formal writing, although they are very common elsewhere; when numerical forms are used, the month appears first. In the United Kingdom, while it is regarded as acceptable albeit less common to write month-name day, year, this order is never used when written numerically. However, as an exception, the American shorthand "9/11" is widely understood as referring to the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks.[6]
When numbers are used to represent months, a significant amount of confusion can arise from the ambiguity of a date order; especially when the numbers representing the day, month or year are low, it can be impossible to tell which order is being used. This can be clarified by using four digits to represent years, and naming the month; for example, "Feb" instead of "02". The ISO 8601 date order with four-digit years: YYYY-MM-DD (introduced in ISO 2014), is specifically chosen to be unambiguous. The ISO 8601 standard also has the advantage of being language independent and is therefore useful when there may be no language context and a universal application is desired (expiration dating on export products, for example). Many Internet sites use YYYY-MM-DD, and those using other conventions often use -MMM- for the month to further clarify and avoid ambiguity (2001-MAY-09, 9-MAY-2001, MAY 09 2001, etc.).
In addition, the International Organization for Standardization considers its ISO 8601 standard to make sense from a logical perspective.[7] Mixed units, for example feet and inches, or pounds and ounces, are normally written with the largest unit first, in decreasing order. Numbers are also written in that order, so the digits of 2006 indicate, in order, the millennium, the century within the millennium, the decade within the century, and the year within the decade. The only date order that is consistent with these well-established conventions is year-month-day. A plain text list of dates with this format can be easily sorted by file managers, word processors, spreadsheets and other software tools with built-in sorting functions. Some database systems use an eight-digit YYYYMMDD representation to handle date values. Naming folders with YYYY-MM-DD at the beginning allows them to be listed in date order when sorting by name - especially useful for organising document libraries.
An early U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard recommended 2-digit years. This is now widely recognized as a bad idea, because of the year 2000 problem. Some U.S. government agencies now use ISO 8601 with 4-digit years.[8][9]
When transitioning from one date notation to another, people often write both styles; for example Old Style and New Style dates in the transition from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.
Advantages for ordering in sequence[edit]
One of the advantages of using the ISO 8601 date format is that the lexicographical order (ASCIIbetical) of the representations is equivalent to the chronological order of the dates, assuming that all dates are in the same time zone. Thus dates can be sorted using simple string comparison algorithms, and indeed by any left to right collation. For example:
1998-02-28 (28 February 1998) sorts before
1999-03-01 (1 March 1999) which sorts before
2000-01-30 (30 January 2000)

The YYYY-MM-DD layout is the only common format that can provide this.[10] Sorting other date representations involves some parsing of the date strings. This also works when a time in 24-hour format is included after the date, as long as all times are understood to be in the same time zone.
ISO 8601 is used widely where concise, human readable yet easily computable and unambiguous dates are required, although many applications store dates internally as UNIX time and only convert to ISO 8601 for display. It is worth noting that all modern computer Operating Systems retain date information of files outside of their titles, allowing the user to choose which format they prefer and have them sorted thus, irrespective of the files' names.
Specialized usage[edit]
Day and year only[edit]
See also: calendar, time, date-time group, Japanese calendar, and Wikibooks:English in Use/Time and Date
The U.S. military sometimes uses a system, which they call "Julian date format"[11] that indicates the year and the actual day out of the 365 days of the year (and thus a designation of the month would not be needed). For example, "11 December 1999" can be written in some contexts as "1999345" or "99345", for the 345th day of 1999.[12] This system is most often used in US military logistics, since it makes the process of calculating estimated shipping and arrival dates easier. For example: say a tank engine takes an estimated 35 days to ship by sea from the US to Korea. If the engine is sent on 99104, it should arrive on 99139. Note that outside of the US military and some US government agencies, including the Internal Revenue Service, this format is usually referred to as "ordinal date", rather than "Julian date"[13]
Such ordinal date formats are also used by many computer programs (especially those for mainframe systems). Using a three-digit Julian day number saves one byte of computer storage over a two-digit month plus two-digit day, for example, "January 17" is 017 in Julian versus 0117 in month-day format. OS/390 or its successor, z/OS, display dates in yy.ddd format for most operations.
UNIX time, which stores time as a number in seconds since the UNIX Epoch (1970-01-01).
Another "ordinal" date system ("ordinal" in the sense of advancing in value by one as the date advances by one day) is in common use in astronomical calculations and referencing and uses the same name as this "logistics" system. The continuity of representation of period regardless of the time of year being considered is highly useful to both groups of specialists. The astronomers describe their system as also being a "Julian date" system. Unlike the system described above, the astronomical system does not consider years, it only counts days. Thus it is unperturbed by complications such as leap years.[citation needed]
Week number used[edit]
Companies in Europe often use year, week number and day for planning purposes. So, for example, an event in a project can happen on w43 (week 43) or w43-1 (Monday, week 43) or, if the year needs to be indicated, on w0543 or w543 (year 2005 week 43).
The ISO does present a standard for identifying weeks, but as it does not match up with Gregorian calendar (the beginning and ending days of a given year do not match up), this standard is somewhat more problematic than the other standards for dates.
Expressing dates in spoken English[edit]
In English-language outside North America (mostly in Anglophone Europe and some countries in Australasia), full dates are written as 7 December 1941 (or 7th December 1941) and spoken as "the seventh of December, nineteen forty-one" (exceedingly common usage of "the" and "of"), with the occasional usage of December 7, 1941 ("December the seventh, nineteen forty-one"). In common with most continental European usage, however, all-numeric dates are invariably ordered dd/mm/yyyy.
In Canada and the United States, the usual written form is December 7, 1941, spoken as "December seventh, nineteen forty-one" or colloquially "December the seventh, nineteen forty-one". Ordinal numerals, however, are not always used when writing and pronouncing dates, and "December seven, nineteen forty-one" is also an accepted pronunciation of the date written December 7, 1941. A notable exception to this rule is the Fourth of July (U.S. Independence Day).
See also[edit]
Calendar algorithms
Date and time representation by country
Date and time notation in the United Kingdom
Date and time notation in the United States
Internationalization and localization
ISO 8601 – an international standard covering the representation of dates and times
Time formatting and storage bugs
Year 10,000 problem
References[edit]
Jump up ^ W3C Date and Time Formats Internet date/time format
Jump up ^ Canadian Payments Association – Specifications for Imageable Cheques and Other Payment Items Archived July 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ ISO 8601:2004 Data elements and interchange formats – Information interchange – Representation of dates and times
Jump up ^ RFC 3339 Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps, section 5.6 Internet Date/Time Format
Jump up ^ RFC 5322 Internet Message Format, section 3.3 Date and Time Specification
Jump up ^ BBC News – America's Day of Terror" (Example of British website using "9/11" shorthand)
Jump up ^ "Numeric representation of Dates and Time". Retrieved 2008-04-27.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived February 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "International Standard Date and Time Notation". Iprocessmart.com. Retrieved 2012-06-26.
Jump up ^ "FAQ: Date formats". World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Jump up ^ Hynes, John (?). A summary of time formats and standards. Retrieved on 2011-02-09 from http://www.decimaltime.hynes.net/p/dates.html.
Jump up ^ Kuhn, Markus (2004-12-19). A summary of the international standard date and time notation. University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory. Retrieved on 2006-08-01 from http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html.
Jump up ^ Department of Defense. "Definition of Terms." March 11, 1997. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
External links[edit]
IETF: RFC 3339
The ISO 8601 Date Format
"Globalization locale database". IBM. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
"NLS (National Language Support) information page". Microsoft. Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
RFC 2550 : Y10K and Beyond
Today's date (Gregorian) in over 400 more-or-less obscure foreign languages
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calendar_date&oldid=843034407"
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