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Adverse drug reaction
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Adverse drug reaction
A red skin rash due to a drug reaction
Classification and external resources
ICD-10
T88.7, Y40-Y59
ICD-9-CM
995.2, E850-E858
DiseasesDB
295
MeSH
D004362
[edit on Wikidata]
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an injury caused by taking a medication.[1] ADRs may occur following a single dose or prolonged administration of a drug or result from the combination of two or more drugs. The meaning of this expression differs from the meaning of "side effect", as this last expression might also imply that the effects can be beneficial.[2] The study of ADRs is the concern of the field known as pharmacovigilance. An adverse drug event (ADE) refers to any injury occurring at the time a drug is used, whether or not it is identified as a cause of the injury.[1] An ADR is a special type of ADE in which a causative relationship can be shown.
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification
1.1 Cause
1.2 Severity
2 Location
3 Mechanisms
3.1 Abnormal pharmacokinetics
3.1.1 Comorbid disease states
3.1.2 Genetic factors
3.1.2.1 Phase I reactions
3.1.2.2 Phase II reactions
3.1.3 Interactions with other drugs
3.1.3.1 Protein binding
3.1.3.2 Cytochrome P450
3.2 Synergistic effects
4 Assessing causality
5 Monitoring bodies
6 Epidemiology
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Classification[edit]
ADRs may be classified by e.g. cause and severity.
Cause[edit]
Type A: Augmented pharmacologic effects - dose dependent and predictable
Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug’s primary pharmacological effect (e.g. bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g. nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable. They are dose-related and usually mild, although they may be serious or even fatal (e.g. intracranial bleeding from warfarin). Such reactions are usually due to inappropriate dosage, especially when drug elimination is impaired. The term ‘side effects’ is often applied to minor type A reactions.[3]
Type B: Idiosyncratic
Types A and B were proposed in the 1970s,[4] and the other types were proposed subsequently when the first two proved insufficient to classify ADRs.[5]
Severity[edit]
The U.S Food and Drug Administration defines a serious adverse event as one when the patient outcome is one of the following:[6]
Death
Life-threatening
Hospitalization (initial or prolonged)
Disability - significant, persistent, or permanent change, impairment, damage or disruption in the patient's body function/structure, physical activities or quality of life.
Congenital anomaly
Requires intervention to prevent permanent impairment or damage
Severity is a point on an arbitrary scale of intensity of the adverse event in question. The terms "severe" and "serious" when applied to adverse events are technically very different. They are easily confused but can not be used interchangeably, requiring care in usage.
A headache is severe, if it causes intense pain. There are scales like "visual analog scale" that help clinicians assess the severity. On the other hand, a headache is not usually serious (but may be in case of subarachnoid haemorrhage, subdural bleed, even a migraine may temporally fit criteria), unless it also satisfies the criteria for seriousness listed above.
Location[edit]
Adverse effects may be local, i.e. limited to a certain location, or systemic, where a medication has caused adverse effects throughout the systemic circulation.
For instance, some ocular antihypertensives cause systemic effects,[7] although they are administered locally as eye drops, since a fraction escapes to the systemic circulation.
Mechanisms[edit]
Adverse drug reaction leading to hepatitis (drug-induced hepatitis) with granulomata. Other causes were excluded with extensive investigations. Liver biopsy. H&E stain.
As research better explains the biochemistry of drug use, fewer ADRs are Type B and more are Type A. Common mechanisms are:
Abnormal pharmacokinetics due to
genetic factors
comorbid disease states
Synergistic effects between either
a drug and a disease
two drugs
Abnormal pharmacokinetics[edit]
Comorbid disease states[edit]
Various diseases, especially those that cause renal or hepatic insufficiency, may alter drug metabolism. Resources are available that report changes in a drug's metabolism due to disease states.[8]
Genetic factors[edit]
Abnormal drug metabolism may be due to inherited factors of either Phase I oxidation or Phase II conjugation.[9][10] Pharmacogenomics is the study of the inherited basis for abnormal drug reactions.
Phase I reactions[edit]
Inheriting abnormal alleles of cytochrome P450 can alter drug metabolism. Tables are available to check for drug interactions due to P450 interactions.[11][12]
Inheriting abnormal butyrylcholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) may affect metabolism of drugs such as succinylcholine[13]
Phase II reactions[edit]
Inheriting abnormal N-acetyltransferase which conjugated some drugs to facilitate excretion may affect the metabolism of drugs such as isoniazid, hydralazine, and procainamide.[12][13]
Inheriting abnormal thiopurine S-methyltransferase may affect the metabolism of the thiopurine drugs mercaptopurine and azathioprine.[12]
Interactions with other drugs[edit]
The risk of drug interactions is increased with polypharmacy.
Protein binding[edit]
These interactions are usually transient and mild until a new steady state is achieved.[14][15] These are mainly for drugs without much first-pass liver metabolism. The principal plasma proteins for drug binding are:[16]
albumin
α1-acid glycoprotein
lipoproteins
Some drug interactions with warfarin are due to changes in protein binding.[16]
Cytochrome P450[edit]
Patients have abnormal metabolism by cytochrome P450 due to either inheriting abnormal alleles or due to drug interactions. Tables are available to check for drug interactions due to P450 interactions.[11]
Synergistic effects[edit]
An example of synergism is two drugs that both prolong the QT interval.
Assessing causality[edit]
Causality assessment is used to determine the likelihood that a drug caused a suspected ADR. There are a number of different methods used to judge causation, including the Naranjo algorithm, the Venulet algorithm and the WHO causality term assessment criteria. Each have pros and cons associated with their use and most require some level of expert judgement to apply.[17] An ADR should not be labeled as 'certain' unless the ADR abates with a challenge-dechallenge-rechallenge protocol (stopping and starting the agent in question). The chronology of the onset of the suspected ADR is important, as another substance or factor may be implicated as a cause; co-prescribed medications and underlying psychiatric conditions may be factors in the ADR.[2]
Assigning causality to a specific agent often proves difficult, unless the event is found during a clinical study or large databases are used. Both methods have difficulties and can be fraught with error. Even in clinical studies some ADRs may be missed as large numbers of test individuals are required to find that adverse drug reaction. Psychiatric ADRs are often missed as they are grouped together in the questionnaires used to assess the population.[18][19]
Monitoring bodies[edit]
Many countries have official bodies that monitor drug safety and reactions. On an international level, the WHO runs the Uppsala Monitoring Centre, and the European Union runs the European Medicines Agency (EMEA). In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for monitoring post-marketing studies. In Canada, the Marketed Health Products Directorate of Health Canada is responsible for the surveillance of marketed health products. In Australia, the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) conducts postmarket monitoring of therapeutic products.
Epidemiology[edit]
A study by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) found that in 2011, sedatives and hypnotics were a leading source for adverse drug events seen in the hospital setting. Approximately 2.8% of all ADEs present on admission and 4.4% of ADEs that originated during a hospital stay were caused by a sedative or hypnotic drug.[20] A second study by AHRQ found that in 2011, the most common specifically identified causes of adverse drug events that originated during hospital stays in the U.S. were steroids, antibiotics, opiates/narcotics, and anticoagulants. Patients treated in urban teaching hospitals had higher rates of ADEs involving antibiotics and opiates/narcotics compared to those treated in urban nonteaching hospitals. Those treated in private, nonprofit hospitals had higher rates of most ADE causes compared to patients treated in public or private, for-profit hospitals.[21]
In the U.S., females had a higher rate of ADEs involving opiates and narcotics than males in 2011, while male patients had a higher rate of anticoagulant ADEs. Nearly 8 in 1,000 adults aged 65 years or older experienced one of the four most common ADEs (steroids, antibiotics, opiates/narcotics, and anticoagulants) during hospitalization.[21] A study showed that 48% of patients had an adverse drug reaction to at least one drug, and pharmacist involvement helps to pick up adverse drug reactions.[22]
In 2012 McKinsey &Co. concluded that the cost of the 35 million preventable adverse drug events would be as high as US$115 billion.[23]
See also[edit]
Alleged problems in the drug approval process
Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals
Drug therapy problems
EudraVigilance (European Union)
History of pharmacy
Iatrogenesis
Lethal dose
List of withdrawn drugs
Paradoxical reaction
Polypharmacy
Toxicity
Toxicology
The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics
Yellow Card Scheme (UK)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Guideline For Good Clinical Practice" (PDF). International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. 10 June 1996. p. 2. Retrieved 12 July 2014. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Nebeker JR, Barach P, Samore MH (2004). "Clarifying adverse drug events: a clinician's guide to terminology, documentation, and reporting". Ann. Intern. Med. 140 (10): 795–801. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00017. PMID 15148066.
Jump up ^ Ritter, J M (2008). A Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Great Britain. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-340-90046-8.
Jump up ^ Rawlins MD, Thompson JW. Pathogenesis of adverse drug reactions. In: Davies DM, ed. Textbook of adverse drug reactions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977:10.
Jump up ^ Aronson JK. Drug therapy. In: Haslett C, Chilvers ER, Boon NA, Colledge NR, Hunter JAA, eds. Davidson's principles and practice of medicine 19th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier Science, 2002:147-
Jump up ^ "MedWatch - What Is A Serious Adverse Event?". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
Jump up ^ Rang, H. P. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-07145-4. Page 146
Jump up ^ "Clinical Drug Use". Archived from the original on 2007-11-01. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
Jump up ^ Phillips KA, Veenstra DL, Oren E, Lee JK, Sadee W (2001). "Potential role of pharmacogenomics in reducing adverse drug reactions: a systematic review". JAMA. 286 (18): 2270–9. doi:10.1001/jama.286.18.2270. PMID 11710893.
Jump up ^ Goldstein DB (2003). "Pharmacogenetics in the laboratory and the clinic". N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (6): 553–6. doi:10.1056/NEJMe020173. PMID 12571264.
^ Jump up to: a b "Drug-Interactions.com". Archived from the original on 30 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c Richard Weinshilboum (2003). "Inheritance and drug response". N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (6): 529–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020021. PMID 12571261.
^ Jump up to: a b Evans WE, McLeod HL (2003). "Pharmacogenomics--drug disposition, drug targets, and side effects". N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (6): 538–49. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020526. PMID 12571262.
Jump up ^ DeVane CL (2002). "Clinical significance of drug binding, protein binding, and binding displacement drug interactions". Psychopharmacology bulletin. 36 (3): 5–21. PMID 12473961.
Jump up ^ Benet LZ, Hoener BA (2002). "Changes in plasma protein binding have little clinical relevance". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 71 (3): 115–21. doi:10.1067/mcp.2002.121829. PMID 11907485. OVID full text summary table at OVID
^ Jump up to: a b Sands CD, Chan ES, Welty TE (2002). "Revisiting the significance of warfarin protein-binding displacement interactions". The Annals of pharmacotherapy. 36 (10): 1642–4. doi:10.1345/aph.1A208. PMID 12369572.
Jump up ^ Davies EC, Rowe PH, James S, et al. (2011). "An Investigation of Disagreement in Causality Assessment of Adverse Drug Reactions". Pharm Med. 25 (1): 17–24. doi:10.2165/11539800-000000000-00000.
Jump up ^ Holvey, C; Connolly, A.; Taylor, D. (August 2010). "Psychiatric side effects of non-psychiatric drugs". British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005). 71 (8): 432–6. doi:10.12968/hmed.2010.71.8.77664. PMID 20852483.
Jump up ^ Otsubo, T (2003). "[Psychiatric complications of medicines]". Ryoikibetsu shokogun shirizu (40): 369–73. PMID 14626141.
Jump up ^ Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A (July 2013). "Origin of Adverse Drug Events in U.S. Hospitals, 2011" (HCUP Statistical Brief #158). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Weiss A.J., Elixhauser A. (October 2013). "Characteristics of Adverse Drug Events Originating During the Hospital Stay, 2011" (HCUP Statistical Brief #164). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Yeung E (2015). "Adverse drug reactions: a potential role for pharmacists". British Journal of General Practice. 65 (639): 511. doi:10.3399/bjgp15X686821. PMID 26412813.
Jump up ^ http://www.gs1.org/docs/healthcare/McKinsey_Healthcare_Report_Strength_in_Unity.pdf
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External links[edit]
ADR online tools
Drug Toxicity (Citizendium)
Incidence of adverse drug reactions in human immune deficiency virus-positive patients using highly active antiretroviral therapy PMC 3312730
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This article is about the rock band. For their debut album, see Foo Fighters (album). For the aerial phenomenon, see foo fighter.
Foo Fighters
Foo Fighters after performing in September 2017. From left to right: Chris Shiflett, Rami Jaffee, Taylor Hawkins, Dave Grohl, Pat Smear and Nate Mendel
Background information
Also known as
The Holy Shits[1]
Origin
Seattle, Washington, U.S.
Genres
Alternative rock
post-grunge
hard rock
Years active
1994–present
Labels
Roswell
Capitol
RCA
Associated acts
Nirvana
Sunny Day Real Estate
Website
foofighters.com
Members
Dave Grohl
Nate Mendel
Pat Smear
Taylor Hawkins
Chris Shiflett
Rami Jaffee[2]
Past members
William Goldsmith
Franz Stahl
Foo Fighters is an American rock band, formed in Seattle, Washington in 1994. It was founded by Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl as a one-man project following the dissolution of Nirvana after the death of Kurt Cobain. The group got its name from the UFOs and various aerial phenomena that were reported by Allied aircraft pilots in World War II, which were known collectively as "foo fighters".
Prior to the release of Foo Fighters' 1995 debut album Foo Fighters, which featured Grohl as the only official member, Grohl recruited bassist Nate Mendel and drummer William Goldsmith, both formerly of Sunny Day Real Estate, as well as Nirvana touring guitarist Pat Smear to complete the lineup. The band began with performances in Portland, Oregon. Goldsmith quit during the recording of the group's second album, The Colour and the Shape (1997), when most of the drum parts were re-recorded by Grohl himself. Smear's departure followed soon afterward, though he would rejoin them in 2006.
They were replaced by Taylor Hawkins and Franz Stahl, respectively, although Stahl was fired before the recording of the group's third album, There Is Nothing Left to Lose (1999). The band briefly continued as a trio until Chris Shiflett joined as the band's lead guitarist after the completion of There Is Nothing Left to Lose. The band released its fourth album, One by One, in 2002. The group followed that release with the two-disc In Your Honor (2005), which was split between acoustic songs and heavier material. Foo Fighters released its sixth album, Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace, in 2007. The band's seventh studio album, Wasting Light, produced by Butch Vig was released in 2011, in which Smear returned as a full member. In November 2014, the band's eighth studio album, Sonic Highways, was released as an accompanying soundtrack to the Grohl-directed 2014 miniseries of the same name. On September 15, 2017, the band released their ninth studio album, Concrete and Gold, which became their second to reach #1 in the United States.
Over the course of the band's career, four of its albums have won Grammy Awards for Best Rock Album. As of 2015, the band have sold 12 million copies in the U.S. alone.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Formation and debut album (1994–1995)
1.2 The Colour and the Shape (1996–1997)
1.3 There Is Nothing Left to Lose (1998–2001)
1.4 One by One (2001–2004)
1.5 In Your Honor (2005–2006)
1.6 Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace and Greatest Hits (2007–2009)
1.7 Wasting Light (2010–2012)
1.8 Sonic Highways (2013–2015)
1.9 Saint Cecilia EP and Concrete and Gold (2015–present)
2 Musical style and legacy
3 Band members
3.1 Timeline
4 Discography
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Formation and debut album (1994–1995)[edit]
Dave Grohl (pictured in 2006) founded Foo Fighters after his previous band Nirvana ended in 1994
Foo Fighters frontman Dave Grohl joined the grunge group Nirvana as its drummer in 1990. During tours, he took a guitar with him and wrote songs. Grohl held back these songs from the rest of the band; he said in 1997, "I was in awe of [frontman Kurt Cobain's songs], and [I was] intimidated. I thought it was best that I kept my songs to myself."[4] Grohl occasionally booked studio time to record demos and covers of songs he liked and even issued a cassette of some of those songs called Pocketwatch under the pseudonym "Late!" in 1992.[5]
Frontman Kurt Cobain was found dead in his Seattle home on April 8, 1994, and Nirvana subsequently disbanded. Grohl received offers to work with various artists; press rumors indicated he might be joining Pearl Jam[6] and he almost accepted a permanent position as drummer in Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. Ultimately Grohl declined and instead entered Robert Lang Studios in October 1994 to record fifteen of the forty songs he had written.[5] With the exception of a guitar part on "X-Static", played by Greg Dulli of the Afghan Whigs, Dave Grohl played every instrument and sang every vocal on the tracks.[7] "I was supposed to just join another band and be a drummer the rest of my life," Grohl later said. "I thought that I would rather do what no one expected me to do. I enjoy writing music and I enjoy trying to sing, and there's nothing anyone can really do to discourage me." Grohl completed an album's worth of material in five days and handed out cassette copies of the sessions to his friends for feedback.[5]
Grohl hoped to keep his anonymity and release the recordings in a limited run under the title "Foo Fighters", taken from the World War II term "foo fighter", used to refer to unidentified flying objects.[5] "Around the time that I recorded the first FF tape, I was reading a lot of books on UFO's. Not only is it a fascinating subject, but there's a treasure trove of band names in those UFO books!" he said. "So, since I had recorded the first record by myself, playing all the instruments, but I wanted people to think that it was a group, I figured that FOO FIGHTERS might lead people to believe that it was more than just one guy. Silly, huh?" Continuing, Dave Grohl insisted that a more appropriate name could have been chosen. "Had I actually considered this to be a career, I probably would have called it something else, because it's the stupidest fucking band name in the world."[8]
However, the demo tape circulated in the music industry, creating interest among record labels.[9][10] Grohl formed a band to support the album. Initially, he talked to former Nirvana bandmate Krist Novoselic about joining the group, but both decided against it. "For Krist and I, it would have felt really natural and really great", Grohl explained. "But for everyone else, it would have been weird, and it would have left me in a really bad position. Then I really would have been under the microscope."[11] Having heard about the disbanding of Seattle-based rock band Sunny Day Real Estate, Grohl drafted the group's bass player, Nate Mendel, and drummer, William Goldsmith. Grohl asked Pat Smear, who served as a touring guitarist for Nirvana after the release of its 1993 album, In Utero, to join as the group's second guitarist.[12] Grohl ultimately licensed the album to Capitol Records, releasing it on his new record label, Roswell Records.[5]
Foo Fighters made its live public debut on February 23, 1995, at the Jambalaya Club in Arcata, California and then March 3 at The Satyricon in Portland. They followed that with a show at the Velvet Elvis in Seattle on March 4. The show on March 3 had been part of a benefit gig to aid the finances of the investigation into the rape and murder of The Gits singer Mia Zapata. Grohl refused to do interviews or tour large venues to promote the album.[12] Foo Fighters undertook its first major tour in the spring of 1995, opening for Mike Watt. The band's first single, "This Is a Call", was released in June 1995,[7] and its debut album Foo Fighters was released the next month. "I'll Stick Around", "For All the Cows", and "Big Me" were released as subsequent singles. The band spent the following months on tour, including their first appearance at the Reading Festival in England in August.[12]
The Colour and the Shape (1996–1997)[edit]
After touring through the spring of 1996, Foo Fighters entered Bear Creek Studio in Woodinville, Washington, with producer Gil Norton to record its second album. While Grohl once again wrote all the songs, the rest of the band collaborated on the arrangements. With the sessions nearly complete, Grohl took the rough mixes with him to Los Angeles, intending to finish up his vocal and guitar parts. While there, Grohl realized that he was not happy with how the mixes were turning out, and changed William Goldsmith's "drum tracks with his own for all but two songs."[13] During the L.A. sessions, Grohl had played drums on the songs. Unhappy with Goldsmith's drumming, Grohl removed it from the recordings and re-recorded the drum tracks. As Goldsmith was about to come down to L.A. to find out why he wasn't being called upon to re-record his parts, he called Mendel from Seattle inquiring if he should make the trip. Grohl then called Goldsmith saying, "Dude, don't come down here, I'm recording some of the drum tracks". Shocked by this, Goldsmith met up with Mendel in Seattle and repeated Grohl's claim to be re-recording "some" of the tracks. Mendel asked, "Is that what he told you?"; Goldsmith affirmed it, and Mendel stated, "No, man, he did them all".
Long-time drummer Taylor Hawkins (pictured in 2012) joined the band in 1997
Grohl explained that he'd wanted the drums to sound a certain way on the album. He wanted Goldsmith to play for the tour even though it would not be his drumming but Grohl's on the album. Feeling betrayed, Goldsmith left the band.[14]
In need of a replacement for Goldsmith, Grohl contacted Alanis Morissette's touring drummer Taylor Hawkins to see if he could recommend anybody. Grohl was surprised when Hawkins volunteered his own services as drummer.[4] Hawkins made his debut with the group in time for the release of its second album, The Colour and the Shape, in May 1997. The album included the singles "Monkey Wrench", "Everlong", "My Hero", and "Walking After You"
Pat Smear announced to the rest of the group that he wanted to leave the band claiming exhaustion and burnout but agreed to stay with the band until a replacement could be found for him. Four months later in September 1997 at the MTV Video Music Awards, Smear simultaneously announced to the public his departure from the band and introduced his replacement, Grohl's former Scream bandmate Franz Stahl.[15] Stahl toured with the band for the next few months, and appeared on two tracks that the band recorded for movie soundtracks, a re-recording of "Walking After You" for The X-Files and "A320" for Godzilla. A B-side from the "My Hero" single, "Dear Lover", appeared in the horror film Scream 2. The tour for The Colour and the Shape album included a main stage performance at the 1998 Glastonbury Festival and culminated with a performance at the 1998 Reading Festival, both in England.
There Is Nothing Left to Lose (1998–2001)[edit]
In 1998, Foo Fighters traveled to Grohl's home state of Virginia to write music for its third album. However, Grohl and Stahl were unable to co-operate as songwriters; Grohl told Kerrang! in 1999, "in those few weeks it just seemed like the three of us were moving in one direction and Franz wasn't". Grohl was distraught over the decision to fire Stahl, as the two had been friends since childhood. Shortly after that, Mendel called Grohl to say he was quitting the band to reunite with Sunny Day Real Estate, only to reverse his decision the next day.[16] The remaining trio of Grohl, Mendel, and Hawkins spent the next several months recording the band's third album, There Is Nothing Left to Lose, in Grohl's Virginia home studio that he bought and built. The album spawned several singles, including "Learn to Fly", the band's first single to reach the US Billboard Hot 100. Other singles included "Stacked Actors", "Generator", "Next Year" and "Breakout".
Before the release of the album, Capitol president Gary Gersh was forced out of the label. Given Grohl's history with Gersh, Foo Fighters' contract had included a "key man clause" that allowed them to leave the label upon Gersh's departure. They subsequently left Capitol and signed with RCA, who later acquired the rights to the band's Capitol albums.[16]
After recording for There Is Nothing Left to Lose was completed, the band auditioned a number of potential guitarists, and eventually settled on Chris Shiflett, who performs with Me First and the Gimme Gimmes, and previously performed with California punk band, No Use for a Name. Shiflett initially joined the band as touring guitarist, but achieved full-time status prior to the recording of the group's fourth album.[17]
In January 2000, Nate Mendel led a benefit concert in Hollywood for AIDS denialist group Alive & Well AIDS Alternatives with a speech by founder Christine Maggiore and free copies of her book, What If Everything You Thought You Knew About AIDS Was Wrong?[18][19] Additionally, the band's official website had linked to the group's website. The full band was shown in a documentary for Alive & Well declaring their support before a performance. Links and references to Alive & Well have since been removed and no further mentions or shows of support have been made.
Around 2001, Foo Fighters established a relationship with rock band Queen, of whom the band (particularly Grohl[20] and Hawkins[21]) were fans. In March of that year, Grohl and Hawkins inducted the band into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame[22] and joined them on stage for a rendition of the Queen 1976 classic "Tie Your Mother Down", with Hawkins playing drums alongside Roger Taylor, while Grohl was playing rhythm guitar and handling vocal duties.[23] Guitarist Brian May added a guitar track to Foo Fighters' second cover of Pink Floyd's "Have a Cigar", which appeared on the soundtrack to the movie Mission: Impossible 2. In 2002, guitarist May contributed guitar work to "Tired of You" and an outtake called "Knucklehead". The bands have performed together on several occasions since, including VH1 Rock Honors and Foo Fighters' headlining concert in Hyde Park.
One by One (2001–2004)[edit]
Near the end of 2001, the band reconvened to record its fourth album. After spending four months in a Los Angeles studio completing the album, the album "just didn't sound right" and the band had no confidence in the album to sell many records. With the album not reaching their expectations, and much infighting amongst the members, Grohl spent some time helping Queens of the Stone Age complete their 2002 album Songs for the Deaf. Once the Queens of the Stone Age album was finished, and touring had started for both Foo Fighters and Queens of the Stone Age, the band was on the verge of breaking up entirely as the animosity grew amongst the members. Grohl reconvened with Hawkins, Shiflett and Mendel to have them play at the Coachella Festival, with Queens of the Stone Age playing one day and Foo Fighters the following. After the Queens of the Stone Age played, Hawkins and Grohl talked about retrying the One by One album and had agreed to finishing it and seeing where they would go from there. The group went and re-recorded nearly all of the album (save "Tired of You") in a ten-day stretch at Grohl's home studio in Alexandria, Virginia.[17] The original version of One by One, referred by the band as "Million Dollar Demos", has never been heard in its entirety, except for fragments that were leaked.[24]
The final album was released in October 2002 under the title One by One. Singles from the album included "All My Life", "Times Like These", "Low", and "Have It All". The tour for the album included a headline performance at the 2002 Reading and Leeds Festivals.
For most of its history, the band chose to stay away from the political realm. However, in 2004, upon learning that George W. Bush's presidential campaign was using "Times Like These" at rallies, Grohl decided to lend his public support to John Kerry's campaign - "There’s no way of stopping the president playing your songs, so I went out and played it for John Kerry’s people instead, where I thought the message would kinda make more sense".[25] Grohl attended several Kerry rallies and occasionally performed solo acoustic sets. The entire band eventually joined Grohl for a performance in Arizona coinciding with one of the presidential debates.[26]
In Your Honor (2005–2006)[edit]
Foo Fighters performing an acoustic show in 2007
Having spent a year and a half touring behind One by One, Grohl did not want to rush into recording another Foo Fighters record. Initially Grohl intended to write acoustic material by himself, but eventually the project involved the entire band.[27] To record its fifth album, the band shifted to Los Angeles and built a recording studio, dubbed Studio 606 West. Grohl insisted that the album be divided into two discs–one full of rock songs, the other featuring acoustic tracks.[28] In Your Honor was released in June 2005. The album's singles included "Best of You", "DOA", "Resolve" and "No Way Back/Cold Day in the Sun".
During September and October 2005, the band toured with Weezer on what was billed as the 'Foozer Tour' as the two bands co-headlined the tour.[29] Foo Fighters also played a headline performance at the 2005 Reading and Leeds Festivals. On June 17, 2006, Foo Fighters performed its largest non-festival headlining concert to date at London's Hyde Park. Motörhead's Lemmy joined the band on stage to sing "Shake Your Blood" from Dave Grohl's Probot album. Also, as a surprise performance, Brian May and Roger Taylor of Queen jammed with Foo Fighters, playing part of "We Will Rock You" as a lead into "Tie Your Mother Down".
In further support of In Your Honor, the band decided to organize a short acoustic tour for the summer of 2006. The tour included members who had also performed with them in late 2005, such as former member Pat Smear, who rejoined the band, Petra Haden on violin and backing vocals, Drew Hester on percussion, and Rami Jaffee of The Wallflowers on keyboard and piano. While much of the setlist focused on In Your Honor's acoustic half, the band also used the opportunity to play lesser-known songs such as "Ain't It The Life", "Floaty", and "See You". The band also performed "Marigold", a Pocketwatch-era song that was best known as a Nirvana B-side.
In November 2006, the band released their first ever live CD, Skin and Bones, featuring fifteen performances captured over a three-night stint in Los Angeles.
Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace and Greatest Hits (2007–2009)[edit]
The band performing live in 2007
For the follow-up to In Your Honor, the band decided to call in The Colour and the Shape producer Gil Norton. Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace was released on September 25, 2007. The album's first single, "The Pretender", was issued to radio in early August. In mid-to-late 2007 "The Pretender" topped Billboard's Modern Rock chart for a record 19 weeks. The second single, "Long Road to Ruin", was released in December 2007, supported by a music video directed by longtime collaborator Jesse Peretz (formerly of the Lemonheads).[30] Other singles included "Let It Die" and "Cheer Up, Boys (Your Make Up Is Running)".
In October 2007, Foo Fighters started its world tour in support of Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace. The band performed shows throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Asia, including headlining the Virgin Mobile Festival in Baltimore on August 9. At the European MTV Music Awards in 2007 Pat Smear confirmed his return to the band.
Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace was nominated for five Grammy Awards in 2008. Foo Fighters went home with Best Rock Album and Best Hard Rock Performance (for "The Pretender"). The album was also nominated for Album of the Year, while "The Pretender" was also nominated for Record of the Year and Best Rock Song.
Hawkins (second from left) and Grohl (right) with John Paul Jones (left) and Jimmy Page (second from right) of Led Zeppelin performing at Wembley Stadium, London in 2008
On June 7, 2008, the band played Wembley Stadium, London and was joined by Jimmy Page and John Paul Jones of Led Zeppelin to play "Rock and Roll" (with Grohl on drums and Hawkins on vocals) and "Ramble On" (sung by Grohl, drums by Hawkins). As Page and Jones left the stage before a final encore of "Best Of You", an ecstatic Grohl shouted "Welcome to the greatest fucking day of my whole entire life!".[31] Throughout the tour for Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace, Foo Fighters had been writing and practicing new songs at sound checks. After Foo Fighters had completed this tour in September 2008, they recorded 13 new songs in studio 606, shortly after announcing a hiatus from touring (which would last until January 2011). These sessions likely lasted from late 2008 - early 2009. While the members of Foo Fighters had initially planned for their new album (composed of songs from this recording session) to have come out in 2009 with almost no touring support, they ultimately decided to shelve most of the songs from these sessions. Three of these songs were later released - "Wheels" and "Word Forward" (which were directly placed on their greatest hits album), and a newly recorded version of "Rope" (which ended up making the final cut of "Wasting Light").[32]
On November 3, 2009, the band released a compilation album, Greatest Hits, which features two new songs, "Word Forward" and the single "Wheels".[33] These songs were recorded during a session which occurred between "Echoes, Silence, Patience and Grace" and "Wasting Light" coming out. In order to promote their greatest hits album, Foo Fighters performed a show at studio 606 in October 2009 (which was broadcast online), during which the band took fan requests.[34]
Wasting Light (2010–2012)[edit]
Foo Fighters in 2009. From left to right: Hawkins, Shiflett, Grohl, Mendel
In August 2010, the band began recording their seventh studio album with producer Butch Vig, who had previously produced the two new tracks for the band's Greatest Hits album.[35] The album was recorded in Dave Grohl's garage using only analog equipment. The album won five Grammys and was nominated for six. The recording was analog to tape and used no computers, not even to mix or master.[36] Vig said in an interview with MTV that the album was entirely analog until post-mastering.[37] Pat Smear was present in many photos posted by Grohl on Twitter and a press release in December confirmed Smear played on every track on the album and was considered a core member of the band once again, having initially left as a full-time member in 1997 before returning as a touring guitarist in 2006.[38]
The first single from Wasting Light, "Rope", was released to radio in February 2011.[39] On April 16, 2011, Foo Fighters released an album of covers, Medium Rare, as a limited-edition vinyl for Record Store Day.[40] The promotion for the album has been highly praised for its originality.[41] Wasting Light debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, being the first Foo Fighters album to do so.[42] Other singles for the album included "Walk", "Arlandria", "These Days", and "Bridge Burning"
Alongside Wasting Light's release, Foo Fighters released a rockumentary, directed by Academy Award-winner James Moll. The film, entitled Back and Forth, chronicling the band's career: from the dissolution of Nirvana due to the death of frontman Kurt Cobain to the formation of Foo Fighters as Dave Grohl's "one-man band" to the status of the band in 2011. All the current and past band members, plus producer Butch Vig, tell the story of the band through interviews. After debuting on March 15, 2011 at the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas,[43] it was eventually released on DVD on June 2011.
On May 21, 2011, Foo Fighters headlined the middle day of the Hangout Music Festival in Gulf Shores, Alabama. On June 4, 2011, they played a surprise set at the 2011 KROQ Weenie Roast. They also headlined two sold out shows at the Milton Keynes National Bowl on July 2 and 3, joined on stage by artists such as Alice Cooper, Seasick Steve and John Paul Jones. They headlined the final night at the 20th anniversary of Lollapalooza in Chicago's Grant Park on August 7, 2011, performing part of their set in a driving rainstorm.[44]
In September 2011, before a show in Kansas City, the band performed a counter-protest parody song in front of a protest by the Westboro Baptist Church. The song mocked the church's opposition to homosexuality, and was performed in the same faux-trucker garb that was seen in the band's "Hot Buns" promotional video.[45][46]
It was announced on September 28, 2011, that Foo Fighters would be performing during the closing ceremony of Blizzard Entertainment's annual video game convention, BlizzCon.[47]
On August 27, 2012, Foo Fighters ended its European tour with a headline performance at Reading and Leeds Festival. On September 21, 2012, the band headlined the Music Midtown Festival in Atlanta, Georgia. The following evening, the band headlined the DeLuna Festival in Pensacola Beach, Florida. On September 29, 2012, the band performed at the Global Citizens' Festival, before embarking on a break.[48]
On September 5, 2012, the band performed a show at the Fillmore in Charlotte, North Carolina as a benefit for Rock the Vote. The show, which occurred at the same time that the 2012 Democratic National Convention was being held in Charlotte, NC, was announced only two weeks prior. All tickets to the 2000 capacity venue sold out in under 60 seconds, setting a record for the venue.[49] The band set another personal record during the show itself, which was the longest that the band had played to date, lasting just under 3.5 hours with a setlist consisting of 36 songs.[50]
Sonic Highways (2013–2015)[edit]
Despite initially announcing a break after supporting Wasting Light, Grohl later stated in January 2013 that the band had started writing material for an eighth studio album.[51] On February 20, 2013, at the Brit Awards, Grohl said he was flying back to America the following day to start work on the next album.[52]
On September 6, 2013, Shiflett posted a photo to his Instagram account that indicates 13 songs are being recorded for the new album and later described the album in an interview as "pretty fucking fun".[53] Rami Jaffee has recorded parts for three songs, one of which is entitled "In the Way".[54] Butch Vig, who worked with the band on Wasting Light, confirmed via Twitter in late August 2013 that he is producing the album.[55][56] The band confirmed that it would end its hiatus by playing two shows in Mexico City, Mexico, on December 11 and 13, 2013. On October 31, 2013, a video appeared on the official Foo Fighters YouTube channel showing a motorcyclist, later shown as actor Erik Estrada, delivering each of the band members an invitation to play in Mexico.[57]
On January 16, 2014, a picture was posted to Foo Fighters's Facebook page with several master tapes with some labeled "LP 8".[58] On May 15, 2014, it was announced that the band's eighth album would be released in November 2014 and that the Foo Fighters would commemorate the album and their 20th anniversary with an HBO TV series directed by Dave Grohl entitled Sonic Highways.[59] Eight songs were written and recorded in eight studios in eight different American cities. The series shows them doing this as they try to capture the history and feel of each town for the song dedicated to that area.[60] On July 30, 2014, Butch Vig revealed that the Foo Fighters had finished recording and mixing the new album and revealed that the album was slated to be released a month after the premiere of the TV show.[61]
In June 2014, the band agreed to play a show in Richmond, VA that was entirely crowd-funded by fans on the website Tilt.com.[62] The show took place on September 17 before 1,500 fans. The band played 23 songs over the course of two and a half hours.[63] Foo Fighters announced their tour would include performances in Cape Town, South Africa, on December 10, 2014, and Johannesburg on December 13. The band played three performances under the alias "The Holy Shits" in September 2014; the first at the Concorde 2 club in Brighton, England, where Dave Grohl invited lead singer Jay Apperley of "UK Foo Fighters" tribute band on stage to sing,[64][65] then at the "House of Vans", and lastly at "Islington Assembly Hall". On September 14, 2014, Foo Fighters performed at the closing ceremony of the Invictus Games, their first official show in England since closing Reading Festival in 2012. The band closed out the 2014 VooDoo Music and Arts Festival in New Orleans on November 2, 2014, in a two and a half hour performance that included an appearance from New Orleans native Trombone Shorty, playing "This is a Call" with the band.[66]
On August 8, 2014, the Foo Fighters released a short clip of their latest work, titled "8". On August 11, the band announced that the new album would be titled Sonic Highways and released on November 10, 2014.[67][68] The Foo Fighters also announced an international tour, dubbed the Sonic Highways World Tour, with performances in South Africa in December 2014 and South America in January 2015.[69] Their tour continued to Australia and New Zealand in February and March 2015.[70]
On May 20, 2015, the Foo Fighters were the final musical act to perform on Late Show with David Letterman, continuing their long association with David Letterman as he wrapped up his 33-year career in late night television. The show ended with a montage of Letterman highlights while the Foo Fighters played "Everlong", which Letterman said had significant meaning for him after his heart surgery in 2000.[71][72] The Foo Fighters resumed their international tour on May 24, 2015 with a performance at Radio 1's Big Weekend in Norwich, England.[73]
On June 12, 2015, Grohl fell from a concert stage in Gothenburg, Sweden during the second song of the Foo Fighters' set.[74] The band played without Grohl while he received medical attention, and Grohl then returned to the stage, sitting in a chair to perform the last two hours of the band's set while a medic tended to his leg.[74] After the concert, Grohl was flown to London for surgery, where doctors inserted six metal pins into his leg.[75] As a result of Grohl's injury, on June 16 the band announced it was cancelling all of its remaining European tour dates.[75]
In July 2015, one thousand Italian fans held the "Rockin1000" gathering in Cesena, Italy, performing "Learn to Fly" all together and asking Foo Fighters to come play in the town. The performance video went viral and impressed Grohl, resulting in the Foo Fighters performing a concert in Cesena on November 3, 2015.[76]
Saint Cecilia EP and Concrete and Gold (2015–present)[edit]
Foo Fighters in July 2015 at the Molson Amphitheatre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
The Foo Fighters planned to follow their international tour with a North American tour to promote Sonic Highways, beginning with a special Fourth of July event in Washington, D.C. that would commemorate the band's 20th anniversary.[77] This all-day event, to be held at Washington's RFK Stadium, was advertised as featuring performances by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts, Heart, LL Cool J, Gary Clark Jr., and Buddy Guy.[78] Dave Grohl's leg injury initially led to speculation that the band would drop out of the event, but they later confirmed they would still perform[79] however, the injury did prevent them from headlining the 2015 Glastonbury Festival (although they would return and headline in 2017). The band performed the show in front of 48,000 people,[80] with Grohl performing in a custom-built moving throne which he claimed to have designed himself while on painkillers in the hospital.[80][81]
Beginning with the show of July 4, the Foo Fighters re-branded the North American tour as the Broken Leg Tour.[80] The band continued to use the new tour name at later North American performances.[82][83] During the tour, prior to a concert at the Sprint Center in Kansas City, Missouri on August 21, 2015, the Foo Fighters staged a counter protest against members of the Westboro Baptist Church who were protesting their concert, rickrolling them from the back of a pickup truck.[84]
On November 23, 2015, a surprise release following a month-long countdown clock on the Foo Fighters' website revealed the free EP Saint Cecilia, including a single of the same name. Alongside its release, Grohl also announced at the same time that the band would be entering an indefinite hiatus.[85] In response to growing rumors of the band permanently breaking up, in March 2016, the band released a mockumentary video portraying Grohl leaving the band to pursue an electronic music career, and Nick Lachey (formerly of 98 Degrees) becoming the group's new singer, with the video ending "For the millionth time, we're not breaking up. And nobody's going fucking solo!"[86] In May 2016, Shiflett stated that the band still had no particular plans for reforming, but assured that it would happen eventually.[87]
Grohl announced that the band would spend much of 2017 recording their ninth studio album.[88] On June 1, 2017 their new single "Run" was released.[89] "Run" topped the US Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs chart the following month. With the new album release, the Foo Fighters also confirmed that touring keyboardist Rami Jaffee is officially the sixth member of the group.[90] The Foo Fighters announced on June 20, 2017 that their new album, Concrete and Gold, would be released in September. On August 23, 2017, the band released their second single from Concrete and Gold named "The Sky Is a Neighborhood".[91] "The Line" was also released in promotion of the album.[92] Concrete and Gold was officially released on September 15, 2017 and was produced by Greg Kurstin. The album is noted as deriving influence from many rock bands such as Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, and The Beatles.[93] Concrete and Gold also features Justin Timberlake,[94] on the vocals for "Make It Right", Shawn Stockman of Boyz II Men on backing vocals for the song "Concrete and Gold",[95] and Paul McCartney[96] on the drums for "Sunday Rain". The band began touring in June 2017,[97][98] including headlining the Glastonbury Festival 2017.[99]
Musical style and legacy[edit]
Foo Fighters have been described as alternative rock,[100] post-grunge[101] and hard rock.[102] When Grohl first started the band, its music was often compared to that of his previous group, Nirvana. Grohl acknowledged that Nirvana singer/guitarist Kurt Cobain was a major influence on his songwriting. Grohl said, "Through Kurt, I saw the beauty of minimalism and the importance of music that's stripped down". Foo Fighters also utilized the technique of shifting between quiet verses and loud choruses, which Grohl said was influenced by the members of Nirvana "liking The Knack, Bay City Rollers, Beatles, and ABBA as much as we liked Flipper and Black Flag, I suppose".[4] Writing and recording songs for the first Foo Fighters album by himself, Grohl wrote the guitar riffs to be as rhythmic as possible. He approached the guitar in a similar manner to his playing a drumkit, assigning different drum parts to different strings on the instrument. This allowed him to piece together songs easily; he said, "I could hear the song in my head before it was finished."[5] Once Grohl assembled a full band, his bandmates assisted in song arrangements.[4] Pitchfork described Grohl and the band as "his generation's answer to Tom Petty—a consistent hit machine pumping out working-class rock".[103]
The members of Foo Fighters meld melodic elements with heavier ones. Grohl noted in 1997, "We all love music, whether it's the Beatles or Queen or punk rock. I think the lure of punk rock was the energy and immediacy; the need to thrash stuff around. But at the same time, we're all suckers for a beautiful melody, you know? So it is just natural."[4] Grohl said in 2005, "I love being in a rock band, but I don't know if I necessarily wanna be in an alternative rock band from the 1990s for the rest of my life." Grohl noted that the band's acoustic tour was an attempt to broaden the group's sound.[104]
Band members[edit]
Main article: List of Foo Fighters band members
Current members
Dave Grohl – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1994–present); lead guitar (1999); all instruments (1994–1995)
Nate Mendel – bass (1995–present)
Pat Smear – lead guitar, backing vocals (1995–1997); rhythm and lead guitar (2010–present; touring member 2005–2009)
Taylor Hawkins – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1997–present)
Chris Shiflett – lead guitar, backing vocals (1999–present)
Rami Jaffee – keyboard, piano, organ (2017–present; touring member 2005–2017)
Former members
William Goldsmith – drums, percussion (1995–1997)
Franz Stahl – lead guitar, backing vocals (1997–1999)
Session/touring members
Drew Hester – percussion (2005–2010)
Petra Haden – violin, mandolin, backing vocals (2005–2007)
Jessy Greene – violin, cello, double bass, backing vocals (2007–2010)
Timeline[edit]
Discography[edit]
Main article: Foo Fighters discography
See also: List of songs recorded by Foo Fighters
Studio albums
Foo Fighters (1995)
The Colour and the Shape (1997)
There Is Nothing Left to Lose (1999)
One by One (2002)
In Your Honor (2005)
Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace (2007)
Wasting Light (2011)
Sonic Highways (2014)
Concrete and Gold (2017)
Awards and nominations[edit]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Foo Fighters
Foo Fighters first received a Grammy Award for their music video for "Learn to Fly" in 2000, and they have won ten others. These include four Grammys in the Best Rock Album category for There Is Nothing Left to Lose, One by One, Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace and Wasting Light, and three awards for Best Hard Rock Performance for the songs "All My Life", "The Pretender" and "White Limo".[105] The band also received three Kerrang! Awards. At the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, the band won Best Rock Video for "Walk". They won the Radio Contraband "Major Label Artist of the Year" in 2011 and 2014. The band won Song of the Year for "Something From Nothing" and Album of the Year for Sonic Highways both in 2014.
On February 12, 2012, the band performed at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards playing "Walk" along with the remix version of "Rope", featuring deadmau5. The band was nominated for six Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, Best Rock Performance, Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance, Best Rock Song, Best Rock Album and Best Long Form Music Video (for Back and Forth). They won five out of the six, losing only to Adele in the Album of the Year category.[106]
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Dave had me do 96 takes of one song, and I had to do thirteen hours' worth of takes on another one," he points out. "It just seemed that everything I did wasn't good enough for him, or anyone else. I think that everyone at the label wanted Dave to play drums on the record. The producer (Gil Norton) wanted him to play drums on the record, and it felt like everyone was trying to get me to quit. But I didn't quit. I played drums on pretty much the whole record. But then, behind my back, Dave re-recorded the whole record without telling me. I found out through Nate, who, well, I won't get into that. But I thought, This is bullshit." Roberts, Michael. "Bring Back That Sunny Day". Miami New Times, December 3, 1998. Retrieved on May 28, 2008.
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Jump up ^ Wright, Lisa (September 9, 2014). "NME News Foo Fighters change name to The Holy Shits for tiny Brighton club show". NME.COM. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Voodoo Fest 2014: A complete music lineup and schedule for the three-day festival in City Park". NOLA.com. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Foo Fighters on Twitter: "Sonic Highways. Out Worldwide Nov. 10th"". Twitter.com. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Foo Fighters Announce New Album, Clip of New Song". Revolver Magazine. August 11, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Hilary (November 18, 2014). "Foo Fighters Announce Stadium & Arena National Tour Dates". Fuse (TV channel). Retrieved July 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Foo Fighters' Australian tour announced". Sydney Morning Herald. October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
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Jump up ^ Rosen, Christopher (May 21, 2015). "David Letterman signs off with epic, 33-year montage as Foo Fighters play 'Everlong'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Izundu, Chi Chi (May 24, 2015). "Foo Fighters and Taylor Swift close Radio 1's Big Weekend in Norwich". BBC. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Foo Fighters star Dave Grohl 'breaks leg' in stage fall bbc.co.uk. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Foo Fighters cancel Glastonbury and Wembley Stadium gigs telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Shepherd, Jack (November 4, 2015). "Foo Fighters play 27-song-set to the 1000 'Learn to Fly' rockers in Italy". The Independent. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Baldinger, Alex (September 6, 2014). "Foo Fighters announce Fourth of July festival at RFK Stadium". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Foo Fighters to rock DC on July Fourth". wusa9.com. WUSA (TV). June 29, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Amorosi, A.D. (July 8, 2015). "Devoted crowd rewards stalwart Foo Fighters at the Susq". philly.com. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (August 23, 2015). "Watch Foo Fighters Rickroll Westboro Baptist Church". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (November 23, 2015). "Foo Fighters Drop Surprise Free EP 'Saint Cecilia'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Foo Fighters Are Huge Trolls and Are Not Breaking Up | SPIN". Spin. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "FOO FIGHTERS Guitarist Calls Current Hiatus 'Strange' And 'Super Unusual'". BlabberMouth. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Childers, Chad. "Dave Grohl Confirms Rami Jaffe as Foo Fighters Member, Talks Them Crooked Vultures Future". Loudwire. Diffuser Network. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Pareles, Jon (2017-09-13). "Foo Fighters Stand Up for the Power of Rock (Again) on 'Concrete and Gold'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
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Jump up ^ "Boyz II Men's Shawn Stockman Guests on "Heavy" New Foo Fighters Song". July 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Paul McCartney Plays Drums on Foo Fighters' New Album | Pitchfork". pitchfork.com. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
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Jump up ^ Needham, Alex (June 24, 2017). "Glastonbury 2017: Saturday evening with Katy Perry, Solange and Foo Fighters – as it happened" – via The Guardian.
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