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Contents
[hide]
1 Untitled
2 Short term use reactions
3 effects of decadron
4 How long does Dexamethasone stay in the body
5 IV vs PO
6 time to PPC?
7 dexamethasone suppression test
8 Frank Sinatra and use in otolaryngology
9 Dexamethasone to jump start osteoblasts in vitro
10 Dexamethasone side affect
11 Controversy: Dexamethasone and LGBT
12 Error in 3D ball image of molecule
13 More in-depth Pharmacodynamics???
14 Skeletal and space-filling model incongruity
Untitled[edit]
Hi. I have some medical allergies to what I know as Keflex and Pertussin. I recentely underwent a surgery to get my wisdom teeth out where my doctor used the drug dexamethasone. I had a reaction and was rushed to ER with trouble breathing (my body was working on only 40% the regular oxygen level) and the doctors kept me there until I could breath but wouldn't tell me why I was there or what caused it. My question is, are there any significant links from this steroid to the medicines that I listed? Do they have any of the same chemical makeup? And why would my doctor not know to cross-reference these if there is? Also wondering if my doctor would be liable for the ER bills because of overlooking the listed allergies...?
Short term use reactions[edit]
I was given a low dose for three days to counter some inflamation brought about by exposure to heavy amounts of airborne dusts. I was told there would be no side effects and the demamthasone cleared up my problems in one day. But........while taking the drug I felt fantastic, the best I'd ever felt emotionally, I mean I felt as if I could take over the world. It was amazing how great I felt. One day after stopping the drug, I experienced personality changes, sweating, visual distortions, anger, insomnia, and felt like I was in hell. It took several days and the loss of my job to get over felling that badly. I've researched this online but have found nothing regarding short term use (three days) and bad reactions. Any ideas on what caused this?

As a FDNY Paramedic, our Asthma protocol states that we can give Dexamethasone for asthmatics IVB. It should be noted that it should be pushed over 2 mins. Anything under 2 minutes can cause stomach upset and projectile vomitting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Danie5000 (talk • contribs) 05:09, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

Also, for reasons that escape me, any woman that has been given the drug IVB experiences a very intense burning sensation in the genitals that eventually goes away. I've only had one male patient experience it but all my female patients, I normally warn them and tell them that the sensation will go away Danie5000 (talk) 01:40, 1 January 2011 (UTC)
effects of decadron[edit]
--71.162.55.149 05:02, 26 August 2006 (UTC) To the first poster, pertussin is used to treat cough caused by infections such as the flu, and keflex is an antibiotic. These 2 drugs are not related to steroids. The symptoms you are describing are most likely caused by narcotics (or other anesthetics) that were given to you during or immediately after your proccedure, which can cause respiratory depression (the most common are opioids, such as morphine). Narcan is usually given to counter this, but its effects are short and you must be constantly monitered for symptoms of respiratory depression. As for legal actions against your doctor... you probably signed a consent form that states you are aware of the possible side effects and that you accept treatment anyway, and unless they made you sign it after giving you sedatives or other CNS-affecting drugs your options are probably limited. The one to "blame" would probably be the anethesiologist becuase they are the ones in charge of maintaining breathing and sedation during the procedure.
To the second poster, steroids cause a sense of well-being, which is one of the benefits of giving it to oncology patients as it increases appetite. All steroids must be tapered off slowly, to prevent the symptoms you described above (among others). Steroids also can cause mood swings, and people taking them may have days were they feel euphoric and other days were they feel depressed.
How long does Dexamethasone stay in the body[edit]
I've been on dexamethasone for 7 to 8 weeks following spinal fusion for metastatic bone cancer, which is also in lungs. Prescribed 8mg daily which went on for several weeks, then dropped to 6mg immediately followed by sudden chest infection and extreme loss of energy. Prescribed antiobiotics and dexamethasone increased back to 8mg until antiobiotic course complete. Have decreased dexamethasone by 1mg dosage over period of weeks to a 2mg daily dosage. Today 10Nov decreased by 2mg so now dosage is 2mg. I gained 10kilos in 8 weeks and now taking appetite suppresant prescribed by doctor. I am also taking sleeping tablets at night so I don't stare at the ceiling for hours on end. If my dexamethasone dosage reduction goes to plan I should be dosage free in a week ie 17Nov. What I want to know is how long this drug stays in the body. Does it depend on how long I've been taking it and how much I have had? Or, is it a case of you stop taking the drug one day and the next day it is out of one's system?
—Preceding unsigned comment added by Lynne Mee (talk • contribs) 20:46, 9 November 2006
As the article already indicates, the half-life of the drug in the body is 36-54 hours. So 1/2 the amount remains in the body at around 2 days, 1/4 by about 4 days, and by 1 week under 10% left. However remember that this tail-off level will be from the final very low dosage that you take. Secondly is the issue of steroid action on you body - this does not in fact tail-off to zero (one hopes). High doses of steroids suppress the natural production of the body's own cortisone and a large part of having to slowly reduce oral steroid medication is to allow the body's own production to restart. Hence patients on high dose steroids are warned not to stop their medication abruptly else they risk having no corticosteroid activity in their body, which may result in the medical emergency of Addisonian crisis. So once the dose & effectiveness of dexamethasone is slowly dropped below a minimum level, you own body restarts making its own weaker low-potency steroid necessary for normal health. Hence at the point that you finally discontinue the dexamethasone, its dosage and hence effectiveness will already have been dropped below the suppressive physiological level and your body will be making up the difference. The practical short answer to you question is therefore that at the point you stop the dexamethasone, it will already be at an insignificant dose as your body's own normal steroid production will be back in operation.
The weight gained may then be lost with suitable diet and exercise as for anyone else (generally doctors advocate 1/2 to 1 pound a week and certainly not more then 2 pounds a week). The weight you gained will not be entirely from the dexamethasone, but also in part due to the reduced activity following your surgery and this I hope should now be improving anyway. Of course wikipedia is not the forum for specific medical advice (your activity levels will also depend of pre-existing and ongoing health factors unknown to the rest of us) and issues are best discussed with your own doctors and healthcare team. :-) David Ruben Talk 02:33, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
IV vs PO[edit]
While working in an ER the question has come up; can you use IV Decadron as a PO medication? Several nurses say they have been taught yes, but now we cannot find documentation to back it up. Thanks for the input.
Since Decadron is dexamethasone sodium phosphate, it seems it would be possible to give it orally. While we use a differend brand name in our country (CZ), according to the SmPC the sodium phosphate is rapidly hydrolysed into dexamethasone alone, which is rapidly absorbed. I don't know if that is any help to you. I would suggest checking the SmPC of your corresponding preparation. Janek78 08:24, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

I'm a FDNY Paramedic. In our ALS protocol for asthma and COPD, we give it standing order 12mg IVB or IM, single dose. We're taught to treat asthmatics aggressively, and most of our asthmatics will wait ours after their attack starts before they call 911. Many of them also have an intubation historyDanie5000 (talk) 01:37, 1 January 2011 (UTC)
time to PPC?[edit]
what is the time to peak plasma concentration in humans? This is difficult to find, since pages are endlessly talking about combinations with other drugs or else referring to dogs and rats. What is an authoritative source for pharmacokinetics in general?
4.238.161.211 19:49, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
dexamethasone suppression test[edit]
I'm not sure if the explanation of the dexamethasone suppression test is as clear as it could be... or wholly correct for that matter. Firstly, in a normal individual, a low dose of dexamethasone should cause a drop in cortisol levels. This should be added as a reference point. An ACTH-producing tumor (as the mentioned pituitary adenoma of Cushing's disease) would not change with a low dose, and the patient would still have high cortisol. A higher dose of dexamethasone (eg 8mg) would cause reduced cortisol, however. For a tumor that produces its own cortisol or for chronic steroid supplementation, the cortisol levels wouldn't change even with the higher dose of dexamethasone. It seems to me that it's better to frame this idea in terms of what's causing the syndrome rather than if there's feedback. rhetoric 13:22, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
Frank Sinatra and use in otolaryngology[edit]
Have heard [1] that Frank Sinatra wanted an ENT specialist on call whenever he was to give a performance, with Decadron and other "appropriate medication" handy. What value would the stuff have been to an ENT doctor, and what sort of emergency might Frank have feared? If anything, a steroid might have aggravated a sore throat, it would seem. knoodelhed (talk) 09:40, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
Dexamethasone to jump start osteoblasts in vitro[edit]
It seems that many researchers use dexamethasone to drive/force activation/expression of Alkaline phosphatase in their mono-cultures of osteoblasts. Anyone knows about the origins and rationale for this? Just reading this article it seems that is not inspired by their natural physiological interactions/stimuli. Benkeboy (talk) 10:25, 3 July 2009 (UTC)
== Dexamethasone is an anti inflammatory drug that is used for inflammation. -mcdreamer
Dexamethasone side affect[edit]
I have been married for thirty years this September to a wonderful woman. We like many married couples have had our ups and downs with raising a family, etc. Just this last sunday my wife who I had noticed in the last several weeks was acting irritable and I asked what was the problem. Well, she told me that she was unhappy with the way things had gone during our marriage and she was tired of dealing with our grown childrens problems and that she had taken a job with a company out of state, and that she was leaving. Of course I am leaving out assorted details of our conversation from there on. Of course trying to make sense out of this sudden behavior I approached her best friend and talked with her about the situation, she was totally hit off guard by this. As we talked more and she mentioned that my wife had been avoiding her in the last few weeks and did not open up to her like she normally did. I asked her if perhaps she thought that she was seeing someone inwhich she told me no because my wife adord me. My wife left for the weekend to travel to see my daughter, about three hundred miles away, this weekend. Today Saturday, I picked up our mail and found a statement from our doctor. When I looked at the statement I was shocked to see that she had been recieveing 1mg injections of Dexamethasone for high cholesteral since May of 2009 about every week. Not knowing what this medication was I came to this website to read about it. I was shocked when I read the side affects, irritability, sleeplesness, skin problems,etc as she exhibits quite a few of these symptons. Incidently I did ask her if she was seeing someone in which she promised that she was not. One thing that is odd though and does not appear to fit the side affect symptons is she has lost approxamitaly 50 lbs. in the last 6 months and I do not believe she is taking diet medications. She is 50 years old, we live in a small rural community about 60 miles from the nearest city of 100,000. We moved to this small town 5 years a —Preceding unsigned comment added by Trimble5 (talk • contribs) 20:29, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

When this drug is given for asthma related emergencies in the pre-hospital setting, it can cause an intense burning sensation of the genitals in female patients and some male patients. ≈Danielle Connell, FDNY Paramedic, station 44" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Danie5000 (talk • contribs) 05:12, 31 December 2010 (UTC)
Controversy: Dexamethasone and LGBT[edit]
Since the publishing of this article on a Seattle-based website, there have been mutterings within the British LGBT community about a "gay cure". Angry blogs, rants on Facebook and threads on other sites have sprung up in response to comments attributed in the offending article to one Maria New, a paediatric endocrinologist.
New is reported to have said that the use of this drug in 46XX foetuses should also prevent girls from growing into lesbian or bisexual women. New's research partner, psychologist Heino F. L. Meyer-Bahlburg, wrote a paper called "What Causes Low Rates of Child-Bearing in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?" In it, he writes: "CAH women as a group have a lower interest than controls in getting married and performing the traditional child-care/housewife role. As children, they show an unusually low interest in engaging in maternal play with baby dolls, and their interest in caring for infants, the frequency of daydreams or fantasies of pregnancy and motherhood, or the expressed wish of experiencing pregnancy and having children of their own appear to be relatively low in all age groups".
What is making LGBT people - gay women and trans men in particular - angry about this is that they feel that there is no need to cure these natural phenomena, that the world is richer for the diversity of sexual and gender expressions, and that the use of this drug to treat butch girls in-utero would grant unwarranted respectability to other "gay cures" such as psychotherapy or aversion therapy.
Articles such as this one, published in The Guardian, reveal the concern within transgender communities that surgeries to shorten the clitori of babies with CAH are akin to performing sex reassignment surgery without consent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.195.194.147 (talk) 08:14, 1 July 2010 (UTC)
This is only one part of a bigger controversy about prenatal use of dexamethasone. Galileo's Middle Finger by Alice Dreger (a critic of this use, obviously) spends 3 chapters basically describing this use as a serious ethical and regulatory failure, and makes a number of verifiable assertions which I don't think are reflected in this version of the article. Now one thing I certainly learned from that book is the importance of not jumping into a controversy without understanding it in detail, so I am not going to make an edit before checking the relevant details as best I can, but I may not get around to that for some time (if ever) so I also want to encourage anyone else who sees this to look in to it as well. Rafaelgr (talk) 13:04, 24 August 2016 (UTC)
Error in 3D ball image of molecule[edit]
In 3D ball image of molecule, one of the carbons is wrongly shown white in the lower right ! Great image. --Moochowping (talk) 19:17, 28 January 2011 (UTC) .
More in-depth Pharmacodynamics???[edit]
Can we get some more elaboration on this statement. I get that it is cited, but we should briefly summarize. From the sounds of it, the authors are explaining the MOA of ondansetron better than they are the dexamethasone. Sigh, I guess I will do it. "Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy are given dexamethasone to counteract certain side effects of their antitumor treatments. Dexamethasone can augment the antiemetic effect of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as ondansetron." Aglo123 (talk) 21:52, 12 September 2016 (UTC)
Update: just did a slight overhaul to the first paragraph of the "Cancer" section: PLEASE HELP ME AND ADD MORE! I don't have the time to spare, otherwise I'd make it even better! Thanks! Aglo123 (talk) 23:18, 12 September 2016 (UTC)

Skeletal and space-filling model incongruity[edit]
The skeletal structure and the article refer to the molecule having a methyl group at the 16-position. However, it does not appear to be there in the ball and stick model, appearing to be two hydrogen atoms instead. I do not have the know-how to modify this, so I thought I would bring attention to it. 172.78.31.154 (talk) 05:27, 27 February 2018 (UTC)
Good eye. The ball and stick model is indeed incorrect. I have removed it for now. It can be returned when/if it is fixed. -- Ed (Edgar181) 21:40, 1 March 2018 (UTC)
It has been fixed, so I have returned the image to the article. -- Ed (Edgar181) 12:21, 3 March 2018 (UTC)
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Knowledge of results
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Knowledge of results is a term in the psychology of learning.[1][2]p619 A psychology dictionary defines it as feedback of information:
"(a) to a subject about the correctness of [their] responses; (b) a student about success or failure in mastering material, or (c) a client in psychotherapy about progress".[3]
It describes the situation where a subject gets information which helps them to change behaviour in a desirable way, or to gain understanding.
There are a number of similar terms in psychology:
KCR: this means "knowledge of correct results". This implies that there is always a specific correct result.
Operant conditioning and reinforcement: this implies a behaviourist approach using schedules of reinforcement to "shape behaviour".
Feedback: this is a more general term, often used for the way systems adjust to preset limits. It is often used in general conversation, with various meanings. Corrective feedback is a version sometimes used in school education.
Knowledge of results,[1] or sometimes immediate knowledge of results,[4] can be used for any learning where a student (or an animal) gets information after the action. The information is about how satisfactory the action is.
Experimental evidence[edit]
An early experiment on knowledge of results was the machine invented by Sidney Pressey, where a device both tested and taught multiple-choice questions.[5][6] This method tells the user (by inference) only whether the choice was correct or not. The material was multiple choice items, and the method used as an addition to collecting classroom test scores.
Later work in training research and education used the term "knowledge of results" frequently.[7][8]
An important question was whether scores would be improved more if direct teaching was given either before or after the question was asked. The answer in both cases was (broadly) yes. Using instructional films, Michael and Maccoby split groups into two halves. Half the students were given material which required active, explicit responses. After a pause, they were told the correct answer. The other half was not given feedback. Instructional time was identical. The result showed a "slight but significant gain" for the active-response procedure without feedback, but more gain when feedback was provided. The experimenters later described this as "KCR" rather than "feedback".[9][10] Research on the active response itself is summarised in [2]p614. Later discussion of experiments like these suggested that the results might be due to practice rather than feedback. Undoubtedly, the set-up had given extra practice on the questions as well as knowledge of results, and the experiments often confounded the two factors.
Another issue is that knowledge of results may give information to the instructor as to ways the material can be improved. Using a teaching program on decimal arithmetic, an experienced teacher can put student mistakes into types. For example, one group of mistakes are due to the learners not understanding the rules about placement of the point in decimal multiplication. This shows where and how the learning material needs to be revised.
Conscious thought not always essential[edit]
Conscious thought is not always necessary for knowledge of results to have its effect. Research on implicit learning shows that complex information can be got by humans without their awareness.[11] This is also shown by experiments on animal learning which show the effects of knowledge of results on later behaviour. It seems likely that unconscious learning by results evolved first in early metazoa, and conscious thought very much later. This is what Reber calls the "primacy of the implicit", meaning implicit learning came first in evolution.[12]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Annett J. 1964. The role of knowledge of results in learning: a survey. In Educational Technology, De Cecco (ed), Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 279–285.
^ Jump up to: a b Lumsdaine A.A. 1963. Instruments and media of instruction. In N.L. Gage (ed) Handbook of research on teaching. Chicago: AERA and Rand McNally, 583–682.
Jump up ^ Reber A.S. & E.S. 2001. The Penguin dictionary of psychology. London: Penguin, p381. ISBN 0-140-51451-1
Jump up ^ Rowntree, Derek 1966. Basically branching: a handbook for programmers. London: Macdonald, p41.
Jump up ^ Pressey S.L. 1926. A simple apparatus which gives tests and scores – and teaches. School and Society, 23 (586), 373–376.
Jump up ^ Lumsdaine A.A & Glaser R. (eds) 1960. Teaching machines and programmed learning I: a source book. Washington D.C. National Education Association.
Jump up ^ Lumsdaine A.A. 1962. Experimental research on instructional devices and materials. In Glaser R. (ed) Training research and education, Columbia University Press, and 1965: Science Editions, Wiley, p260–263.
Jump up ^ Smode A.F. 1962. Recent development in training problems, and training and training research methodology. In Glaser R. (ed) Training research and education, New York: Columbia University Press, and 1965: Science Editions, Wiley, p471–477 and 484.
Jump up ^ Michael D.N. & Maccoby N. 1953. Factors influencing verbal learning from films under varying methods of audience participation. J. Experimental Psychology 46, 411–418.
Jump up ^ Michael D.N. & Maccoby N. 1961. Factors influencing the effects of audience participation on verbal learning from films: motivating versus practice effects. In Lumsdaine A.A. (ed) Student response in programmed instruction: a symposium. Washington D.C. National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council, publication #943.
Jump up ^ Reber A.S. 1993. Implicit learning and tacit knowledge: an essay on the cognitive unconscious. Oxford University Press, p10. ISBN 0-19-510658-X
Jump up ^ Reber A.S. 1993. Implicit learning and tacit knowledge: an essay on the cognitive unconscious. Oxford University Press, Chapter 3: Evolutionary considerations: the primacy of the implicit.
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text:
Zone Rouge
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Red Zone (disambiguation).
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (June 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions. [show]
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Upon the translation you must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by noting your translation and providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. You should also add to the talk page the template {{Translated|fr|Zone rouge (séquelles de guerre)}}. A model attribution edit summary (using German): Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Exact name of German article]]; see its history for attribution.
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Coordinates: 50°22′N 2°48′E / 50.36°N 2.80°E / 50.36; 2.80
Map showing condition immediately following the war: totally destroyed areas in red, areas of major damage in yellow and moderately damaged areas in green
A German trench at Delville Wood, near Longueval (Somme), that were destroyed in 1916 in the Red Zone
Verdun battlefield (2005)
The Zone Rouge (English: Red Zone) is a chain of non-contiguous areas throughout northeastern France that the French government isolated after the First World War. The land, which originally covered more than 1,200 square kilometres (460 sq mi), was deemed to be physically and environmentally too damaged by the conflict for human habitation. Rather than attempt to immediately clean up the former battlefields, the land was allowed to return to nature. Restrictions within the zone rouge still exist today although the control areas have been greatly reduced.
The "zone rouge" was defined just after the war as "Completely devastated. Damage to properties: 100%. Damage to Agriculture: 100%. Impossible to clean. Human life impossible".[1]
Under French law, activities such as housing, farming or forestry, were temporarily or permanently forbidden in the zone rouge. This was because of the vast amounts of human and animal remains and millions of items of unexploded ordnance contaminating the land. Some towns and villages were never permitted to be rebuilt after the war.
Contents
[hide]
1 Main dangers
2 See also
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links
Main dangers[edit]
The area is saturated with unexploded shells (including many gas shells), grenades, and rusty ammunition. Soils were heavily polluted by lead, mercury, chlorine, arsenic, various dangerous gases, acids, and human and animal remains.[1] The area was also littered with ammunition depots and chemical plants.
Each year dozens of tons of unexploded shells are recovered. According to the Sécurité Civile agency in charge, at the current rate no fewer than 700 more years will be needed to completely clean the area. Some experiments conducted in 2005–06 discovered up to 300 shells/10,000 m2 in the top 15 cm of soil in the worst areas.[1][not in citation given]
Some areas remain off limits (for example two small pieces of land close to Ypres and Woëvre) where 99% of all plants still die, as arsenic can constitute up to 17% of some soil samples (Bausinger, Bonnaire, and Preuß, 2007).
See also[edit]
World War I portal
French villages destroyed in the First World War
No Man's Land
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Real "No-Go Zone" of France: A Forbidden No Man's Land Poisoned by War". 26 May 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Smith, Corinna Haven & Hill, Caroline R. Rising Above the Ruins in France: An Account of the Progress Made Since the Armistice in the Devastated Regions in Re-establishing Industrial Activities and the Normal Life of the People. New York: GP Putnam's Sons, 1920: 6.
De Sousa David, La Reconstruction et sa Mémoire dans les villages de la Somme 1918–1932, Editions La vague verte, 2002, 212 pages
Bonnard Jean-Yves, La reconstitution des terres de l'Oise après la Grande Guerre: les bases d'une nouvelle géographie du foncier, in Annales Historiques Compiégnoises 113–114, p.25-36, 2009.
Parent G.-H., 2004. Trois études sur la Zone Rouge de Verdun, une zone totalement sinistrée I.L’herpétofaune – II.La diversité floristique – III.Les sites d‘intérêt botanique et zoologique à protéger prioritairement. Ferrantia, 288 pages
Bausinger, Tobias; Bonnaire, Eric; & Preuß, Johannes,. Exposure assessment of a burning ground for chemical ammunition on the Great War battlefields of Verdun, Science of the Total Environment 382:2-3, pp. 259–271, 2007.
External links[edit]
Map of the Western Front in 1918 (in English)
Déminage à Douaumont (in French) (in English)
National Geographic: France’s Zone Rouge is a Lingering Reminder of World War I (in English)

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