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American and British English spelling differences
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Further information: Comparison of American and British English
British and American spellings around the world:
defence/labour/organise dominant, English is an official language
defence/labour/organise dominant, English is not official
Canadian defence/labour dominant, but with organize, etc.
defense/labor/organize dominant, English is de facto official
defense/labor/organize dominant, English is not official
Comparison of
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American English
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Glossary of American terms not widely
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Glossary of British terms not widely
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Lists of words having different meanings
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Many of the differences between American and British English date back to a time when spelling standards had not yet developed. For instance, some spellings seen as "American" today were once commonly used in Britain and some spellings seen as "British" were once commonly used in the United States. A "British standard" began to emerge following the 1755 publication of Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language, and an "American standard" started following the work of Noah Webster and in particular his An American Dictionary of the English Language, first published in 1828.[1]
Webster's efforts at spelling reform were somewhat effective in his native country, resulting in certain well-known patterns of spelling differences between the American and British varieties of English. However, English-language spelling reform has rarely been adopted otherwise, and so modern English orthography varies somewhat between countries and is far from phonemic in any country.
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical origins
2 Latin-derived spellings
2.1 -our, -or
2.1.1 Derivatives and inflected forms
2.1.2 Exceptions
2.1.3 Commonwealth usage
2.2 -re, -er
2.2.1 Exceptions
2.2.2 Commonwealth usage
2.3 -ce, -se
2.4 -xion, -ction
3 Greek-derived spellings
3.1 -ise, -ize (-isation, -ization)
3.1.1 Origin and recommendations
3.1.2 Usage
3.1.3 Exceptions
3.2 -yse, -yze
3.3 -ogue, -og
3.4 ae and oe
3.4.1 Commonwealth usage
4 Doubled consonants
4.1 Doubled in British English
4.2 Doubled in American English
5 Dropped "e"
6 Hard and soft "c"
7 Past tense differences
8 Different spellings for different meanings
9 Different spellings for different pronunciations
10 Miscellaneous spelling differences
11 Compounds and hyphens
12 Acronyms and abbreviations
13 Punctuation
14 See also
15 References
15.1 Inline citations
15.2 Sources referenced
16 External links
Historical origins[edit]
Extract from the Orthography section of the first edition (1828) of Webster's "ADEL", which popularized the "American standard" spellings of -er (6); -or (7); the dropped -e (8); -or (10); -se (11); and the doubling of consonants with a suffix (15).
An 1814 American medical text showing British English spellings that were still in use ("tumours", "colour", "centres", etc.).
In the early 18th century, English spelling was inconsistent. These differences became noticeable after the publishing of influential dictionaries. Today's British English spellings mostly follow Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (1755), while many American English spellings follow Webster's An American Dictionary of the English Language ("ADEL", "Webster's Dictionary", 1828).[2]
Webster was a proponent of English spelling reform for reasons both philological and nationalistic. In A Companion to the American Revolution (2008), John Algeo notes: "it is often assumed that characteristically American spellings were invented by Noah Webster. He was very influential in popularizing certain spellings in America, but he did not originate them. Rather […] he chose already existing options such as center, color and check for the simplicity, analogy or etymology".[3] William Shakespeare's first folios, for example, used spellings like center and color as much as centre and colour.[4][5] Webster did attempt to introduce some reformed spellings, as did the Simplified Spelling Board in the early 20th century, but most were not adopted. In Britain, the influence of those who preferred the Norman (or Anglo-French) spellings of words proved to be decisive. Later spelling adjustments in the United Kingdom had little effect on today's American spellings and vice versa.
For the most part, the spelling systems of most Commonwealth countries and Ireland closely resemble the British system. In Canada, the spelling system can be said to follow both British and American forms,[6] and Canadians are somewhat more tolerant of foreign spellings when compared with other English-speaking nationalities.[7] Australian spelling has also strayed slightly from British spelling, with some American spellings incorporated as standard.[8] New Zealand spelling is almost identical to British spelling, except in the word fiord (instead of fjord). There is also an increasing use of macrons in words that originated in Māori and an unambiguous preference for -ise endings (see below).
Latin-derived spellings[edit]
-our, -or[edit]
Most words ending in an unstressed -our in British English (e.g., colour, flavour, behaviour, harbour, honour, humour, labour, neighbour, rumour, splendour) end in -or in American English (color, flavor, behavior, harbor, honor, humor, labor, neighbor, rumor, splendor). Wherever the vowel is unreduced in pronunciation, e.g., contour, velour, paramour and troubadour the spelling is consistent everywhere.
Most words of this kind came from Latin, where the ending was spelled -or. They were first adopted into English from early Old French, and the ending was spelled -or or -ur.[9] After the Norman conquest of England, the ending became -our to match the Old French spelling.[10] The -our ending was not only used in new English borrowings, but was also applied to the earlier borrowings that had used -or.[9] However, -or was still sometimes found,[11] and the first three folios of Shakespeare's plays used both spellings before they were standardised to -our in the Fourth Folio of 1685.[4] After the Renaissance, new borrowings from Latin were taken up with their original -or ending and many words once ending in -our (for example, chancellour and governour) went back to -or. Many words of the -our/or group do not have a Latin counterpart; for example, armo(u)r, behavio(u)r, harbo(u)r, neighbo(u)r; also arbo(u)r, meaning "shelter", though senses "tree" and "tool" are always arbor, a false cognate of the other word. Some 16th- and early 17th-century British scholars indeed insisted that -or be used for words from Latin (e.g., color)[11] and -our for French loans; but in many cases the etymology was not clear, and therefore some scholars advocated -or only and others -our only.[12]
Webster's 1828 dictionary had only -or and is given much of the credit for the adoption of this form in the United States. By contrast, Johnson's 1755 (pre-U.S. independence and establishment) dictionary used -our for all words still so spelled in Britain (like colour), but also for words where the u has since been dropped: ambassadour, emperour, governour, perturbatour, inferiour, superiour; errour, horrour, mirrour, tenour, terrour, tremour. Johnson, unlike Webster, was not an advocate of spelling reform, but chose the spelling best derived, as he saw it, from among the variations in his sources. He preferred French over Latin spellings because, as he put it, "the French generally supplied us".[13] English speakers who moved to America took these preferences with them, and H. L. Mencken notes that "honor appears in the 1776 Declaration of Independence, but it seems to have got there rather by accident than by design. In Jefferson's original draft it is spelled "honour".[14] In Britain, examples of color, flavor, behavior, harbor, and neighbor rarely appear in Old Bailey court records from the 17th and 18th centuries, whereas there are thousands of examples of their -our counterparts.[15] One notable exception is honor. Honor and honour were equally frequent in Britain until the 17th century;[16] honor still is, in the UK, the usual spelling as a person's name and appears in Honor Oak, a district of London.
Derivatives and inflected forms[edit]
In derivatives and inflected forms of the -our/or words, British usage depends on the nature of the suffix used. The u is kept before English suffixes that are freely attachable to English words (for example in neighbourhood, humourless, and savoury) and suffixes of Greek or Latin origin that have been adopted into English (for example in favourite, honourable, and behaviourism). However, before Latin suffixes that are not freely attachable to English words, the u:
may be dropped, for example in honorary, honorific, honorist, vigorous, humorous, laborious, and invigorate;
may be either dropped or kept, for example in colo(u)ration and colo(u)rize or colourise; or
may be kept, for example in colourist.[9]
In American usage, derivatives and inflected forms are built by simply adding the suffix in all cases (for example, favorite, savory etc.) since the u is absent to begin with.
Exceptions[edit]
American usage, in most cases, keeps the u in the word glamour, which comes from Scots, not Latin or French. Glamor is sometimes used in imitation of the spelling reform of other -our words to -or. Nevertheless, the adjective glamorous often drops the first "u". Saviour is a somewhat common variant of savior in the US. The British spelling is very common for honour (and favour) in the formal language of wedding invitations in the US.[17] The name of the Space Shuttle Endeavour has a u in it as the spacecraft was named after Captain James Cook's ship, HMS Endeavour. The special car on Amtrak's Coast Starlight train is known as the Pacific Parlour car, not Pacific Parlor. Proper names such as Pearl Harbor or Sydney Harbour are usually spelled according to their native-variety spelling vocabulary.
The name of the herb savory is thus spelled everywhere, although the related adjective savo(u)ry, like savo(u)r, has a u in the UK. Honor (the name) and arbor (the tool) have -or in Britain, as mentioned above. As a general noun, rigour /ˈrɪɡər/ has a u in the UK; the medical term rigor (sometimes /ˈraɪɡər/)[18] does not, such as in rigor mortis, which is Latin. Derivations of rigour/rigor such as rigorous, however, are typically spelled without a u even in the UK. Words with the ending -irior, -erior or similar are spelled thus everywhere.
The word armour was once somewhat common in American usage but has disappeared except in some brand names such as Under Armour.
Commonwealth usage[edit]
Commonwealth countries normally follow British usage. Canadian English most commonly uses the -our ending and -our- in derivatives and inflected forms. However, owing to the close historic, economic, and cultural relationship with the United States, -or endings are also sometimes used. Throughout the late 19th and early to mid-20th century, most Canadian newspapers chose to use the American usage of -or endings, originally to save time and money in the era of manual movable type.[19] However, in the 1990s, the majority of Canadian newspapers officially updated their spelling policies to the British usage of -our. This coincided with a renewed interest in Canadian English, and the release of the updated Gage Canadian Dictionary in 1997 and the first Oxford Canadian Dictionary in 1998. Historically, most libraries and educational institutions in Canada have supported the use of the Oxford English Dictionary rather than the American Webster's Dictionary. Today, the use of a distinctive set of Canadian English spellings is viewed by many Canadians as one of the cultural uniquenesses of Canada (especially when compared to the United States).
In Australia, -or endings enjoyed some use throughout the 19th century and in the early 20th century. Like in Canada though, most major Australian newspapers have switched from "-or" endings to "-our" endings. The "-our" spelling is taught in schools nationwide as part of the Australian curriculum. The most notable countrywide use of the -or ending is for the Australian Labor Party, which was originally called "the Australian Labour Party" (name adopted in 1908), but was frequently referred to as both "Labour" and "Labor". The "Labor" was adopted from 1912 onward due to the influence of the American labor movement[20] and King O'Malley. Aside from that, -our is now almost universal in Australia. New Zealand English, while sharing some words and syntax with Australian English, follows British usage.
-re, -er[edit]
In British English, some words from French, Latin or Greek end with a consonant followed by an unstressed -re (pronounced (non-rhotic accent) /ə(ɹ)/ or (rhotic accent) /ɚ/). In American English, most of these words have the ending -er.[21][22] The difference is most common for words ending -bre or -tre: British spellings calibre, centre, fibre, goitre, litre, lustre, manoeuvre, meagre, metre, mitre, nitre, ochre, reconnoitre, sabre, saltpetre, sepulchre, sombre, spectre, theatre (see exceptions) and titre all have -er in American spelling.
In Britain, both -re and -er spellings were common before Johnson's dictionary was published. In Shakespeare's first folios, -er spellings are used the most.[5] Most English words that today use -er were spelled -re at one time. In American English, almost all of these have become -er, but in British English only some of them have. Words that were once spelled -re include chapter, December, disaster, enter, filter, letter, member, minister, monster, November, number, October, oyster, powder, proper, September, sober and tender. Words using the "-meter" suffix (from ancient Greek -μέτρον via post-Classical Latin meter) have normally had the -er spelling from earliest use in English. Examples include thermometer and barometer.
The e preceding the r is kept in American inflected forms of nouns and verbs, for example, fibers, reconnoitered, centering, which are fibres, reconnoitred, and centring respectively in British English. Centring is an interesting example, since, according to the OED, it is a "word ... of 3 syllables (in careful pronunciation)"[23] (i.e., /ˈsɛntəɹɪŋ/), yet there is no vowel in the spelling corresponding to the second syllable (/ə/). The three-syllable version is listed as only the American pronunciation of centering on the Oxford Dictionaries Online website. The e is dropped for other derivations, for example, central, fibrous, spectral. However, the existence of related words without e before the r is not proof for the existence of an -re British spelling: for example, entry and entrance come from enter, which has not been spelled entre for centuries.[24]
The difference relates only to root words; -er rather than -re is universal as a suffix for agentive (reader, winner, user) and comparative (louder, nicer) forms. One outcome is the British distinction of meter for a measuring instrument from metre for the unit of length. However, while "poetic metre" is often -re, pentameter, hexameter etc. are always -er.[25]
Exceptions[edit]
Many other words have -er in British English. These include Germanic words; such as anger, mother, timber and water and Romance words danger, quarter and river.
The ending -cre, as in acre,[26] lucre, massacre, and mediocre, is used in both British and American English to show that the c is pronounced /k/ rather than /s/. The spellings ogre and euchre are also the same in both British and American English.
Theater is the prevailing American spelling used to refer to both the dramatic arts and buildings where stage performances and screenings of films take place (i.e., "movie theaters"); for example, a national newspaper such as The New York Times would use theater in its entertainment section. However, the spelling theatre appears in the names of many New York City theaters on Broadway[27] (cf. Broadway theatre) and elsewhere in the United States. In 2003, the American National Theatre was referred to by The New York Times as the "American National Theater", but the organization uses "re" in the spelling of its name.[28][29] The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. has the more common American spelling theater in its references to The Eisenhower Theater, part of the Kennedy Center.[30] Some cinemas outside New York also use the theatre spelling.[31] (Note also that the word "theater" in American English is a place where stage performances and screenings of films take place, but in British English a "theatre" is where stage performances take place but not film screenings – these take place in a cinema.)
Furthermore, the spelling theatre is sometimes used in the United States when referring to the art form of theatre, while the building itself, as noted above, generally is spelled theater. For example, the University of Wisconsin-Madison has a "Department of Theatre and Drama", which offers courses that lead to the "Bachelor of Arts in Theatre", and whose professed aim is "to prepare our graduate students for successful 21st Century careers in the theatre both as practitioners and scholars".[32]
Some placenames in the United States use Centre in their names. Examples include the Stonebriar Centre mall, the cities of Rockville Centre and Centreville, Centre County and Centre College. Sometimes, these places were named before spelling changes but more often the spelling merely serves as an affectation.
For British accoutre, the American practice varies: the Merriam-Webster Dictionary prefers the -re spelling,[33] but The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language prefers the -er spelling.[34]
More recent French loanwords keep the -re spelling in American English. These are not exceptions when a French-style pronunciation is used (/ɹə/ rather than /ə(ɹ)/ or /ɚ/), as with double entendre, genre and oeuvre. However, the unstressed /ə(ɹ)/ and /ɚ/ pronunciation of an -er ending is used more (or less) often with some words, including cadre, macabre, maître d', Notre Dame, piastre, and timbre.
Commonwealth usage[edit]
The -re endings are mostly standard throughout the Commonwealth. The -er spellings are recognized as minor variants in Canada, partly due to American influence, and are sometimes used in proper names (such as Toronto's controversially named Centerpoint Mall).[35]
-ce, -se[edit]
For advice/advise and device/devise, American English and British English both keep the noun–verb distinction both graphically and phonetically (where the pronunciation is -[s] for the noun and -[z] for the verb). For licence/license or practice/practise, British English also keeps the noun–verb distinction graphically (although phonetically the two words in each pair are homophones with -[s] pronunciation). On the other hand, American English uses license and practice for both nouns and verbs (with -[s] pronunciation in both cases too).
American English has kept the Anglo-French spelling for defense and offense, which are defence and offence in British English. Likewise, there are the American pretense and British pretence; but derivatives such as defensive, offensive, and pretension are always thus spelled in both systems.
Australian[36] and Canadian usage generally follows British.
-xion, -ction[edit]
The spelling connexion is now rare in everyday British usage, its use lessening as knowledge of Latin lessens,[37] and it is not used at all in the US: the more common connection has become the standard worldwide. According to the Oxford English Dictionary the older spelling is more etymologically conservative, since the original Latin word had -xio-. The American usage comes from Webster, who abandoned -xion in favour of -ction by analogy with verbs like connect.[38] Connexion was still the house style of The Times of London until the 1980s and was still used by the British Post Office for its telephone services in the 1970s, but had by then been overtaken by connection in regular usage (for example, in more popular newspapers).
Complexion (which comes from complex) is standard worldwide and complection is rare.[39] However, the adjective complected (as in "dark-complected"), although sometimes objected to, is standard in the US as an alternative to complexioned,[40] but is not used in this way in the UK, although there is a rare usage to mean complicated.[41]
In some cases, words with "old-fashioned" spellings are retained widely in the US for historical reasons (cf. connexionalism).
Greek-derived spellings[edit]
-ise, -ize (-isation, -ization)[edit]
See also: Oxford spelling
Origin and recommendations[edit]
The -ize spelling is often incorrectly seen as an Americanism in Britain.[42] However, the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) recommends -ize and notes that the -ise spelling is from French: "The suffix…whatever the element to which it is added, is in its origin the Greek -ιζειν, Latin -izāre; and, as the pronunciation is also with z, there is no reason why in English the special French spelling should be followed, in opposition to that which is at once etymological and phonetic." The OED lists the -ise form as an alternative.[43]
Publications by Oxford University Press (OUP)—such as Henry Watson Fowler's A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, Hart's Rules,[44] and The Oxford Guide to English Usage[45]—also recommend -ize. However, Robert Allan's Pocket Fowler's Modern English Usage considers either spelling to be acceptable anywhere but the US.[46] Also, Oxford University itself does not agree with the OUP, but advocates -ise instead of -ize in its staff style guide.[47]
Usage[edit]
American spelling avoids -ise endings in words like organize, realize and recognize.[48]
British spelling mostly uses -ise, while -ize is also used (organise/organize, realise/realize, recognise/recognize):[48] the ratio between -ise and -ize stood at 3:2 in the British National Corpus up to 2002.[49] The spelling -ise is more commonly used in UK mass media and newspapers,[48] including The Times (which switched conventions in 1992),[50] The Daily Telegraph and The Economist. Meanwhile, -ize is used in some British-based academic publications, such as Nature, the Biochemical Journal and The Times Literary Supplement. The dominant British English usage of -ise is preferred by Cambridge University Press.[46] The minority British English usage of -ize is known as Oxford spelling and is used in publications of the Oxford University Press, most notably the Oxford English Dictionary. It can be identified using the IETF language tag en-GB-oxendict (or, historically, by en-GB-oed).[51]
In Canada, the -ize ending is more common, whereas in Ireland, India, Australia and New Zealand -ise spellings strongly prevail: the -ise form is preferred in Australian English at a ratio of about 3:1 according to the Macquarie Dictionary.
The same applies to derivatives and inflections such as colonisation/colonization, or modernisation/modernization
Worldwide, -ize endings prevail in scientific writing and are commonly used by many international organizations, such as the United Nations Organizations (such as the World Health Organization and the International Civil Aviation Organization) and the International Organization for Standardization (but not by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). The European Union's style guides require the usage of -ise.[52] Proofreaders at the EU's Publications Office ensure consistent spelling in official publications such as the Official Journal (where legislation and other official documents are published), but the -ize spelling may be found in other documents.
Exceptions[edit]
Some verbs ending in -ize or -ise do not come from Greek -ιζειν, and their endings are therefore not interchangeable:
Some words take only the -z- form worldwide, for example capsize, seize (except in the legal phrases to be seised of or to stand seised to), size and prize (only in the "appraise" sense). These, however, do not contain the suffix -ize.
Others take only -s- worldwide: advertise, advise, arise, chastise, circumcise, comprise, compromise, demise, despise, devise, disguise, excise, exercise, franchise, guise, improvise, incise, reprise, revise, rise, supervise, surmise, surprise, televise, and wise. Some of these do not contain the suffix -ise, but some do.
One special case is the verb to prise (meaning "to force" or "to lever"), which is spelled prize in the US[53] and prise everywhere else,[54] including Canada,[55] although in North American English it is almost always replaced by pry, a back-formation from or alteration of prise.[56] A topsail schooner built in Australia in 1829 was called Enterprize, whereas there have been US ships and spacecraft named "Enterprise".
Some words spelled with -ize in American English are not used in British English, etc., e.g., the verb burglarize, regularly formed on the noun burglar, where the equivalent in British, and other versions of, English is the back-formation burgle and not burglarise.[57]
-yse, -yze[edit]
The ending -yse is British and -yze is American. Thus, in British English analyse, catalyse, hydrolyse and paralyse, but in American English analyze, catalyze, hydrolyze and paralyze.
Analyse seems to have been the more common spelling in 17th- and 18th-century English, but many of the great dictionaries of that time – John Kersey's of 1702, Nathan Bailey's of 1721 and Samuel Johnson's of 1755 – prefer analyze. In Canada, -yze prevails, just as in the US. In South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, -yse stands alone.
English verbs ending in -lyse or -lyze are not similar to the Greek verb, which is λύω lúō ("I release"). Instead they come from the noun form λύσις lysis with the -ise or -ize suffix. For example, analyse comes from French analyser, formed by haplology from the French analysiser,[58] which would be spelled analysise or analysize in English.
Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford states: "In verbs such as analyse, catalyse, paralyse, -lys- is part of the Greek stem (corresponding to the element -lusis) and not a suffix like -ize. The spelling -yze is therefore etymologically incorrect, and must not be used, unless American printing style is being followed."[44]
-ogue, -og[edit]
British and other Commonwealth English uses the ending -logue and -gogue while American English commonly uses the ending -log and -gog for words like analog(ue), catalog(ue), dialog(ue), monolog(ue), homolog(ue), etc. The -gue spelling, as in catalogue, is used in the US, but catalog is more common. Additionally, in American English, dialogue is an extremely common spelling compared to dialog, although both are treated as acceptable ways to spell the word.[59] (thus the inflected forms, cataloged and cataloging vs. catalogued and cataloguing). Synagogue is seldom used without -ue.
In Australia, analog is standard for the adjective,[citation needed] but both analogue and analog are current for the noun; in all other cases the -gue endings strongly prevail,[60] for example monologue, except for such expressions as dialog box in computing,[61] which are also used in the UK. In Australia, analog is used in its technical and electronic sense, as in analog electronics.[8] In Canada and New Zealand, analogue is used, but analog has some currency as a technical term[62] (e.g., in electronics, as in "analog electronics" as opposed to "digital electronics" and some video-game consoles might have an analog stick). The -ue is absent worldwide in related words like analogy, analogous, and analogist.
Both British and American English use the spelling -gue with a silent -ue for certain words that are not part of the -ogue set, such as tongue (cf. tong), plague, vague, and league. In addition, when the -ue is not silent, as in the words argue, ague and segue, all varieties of English use -gue.
ae and oe[edit]
See also: English orthography § Ligatures
Many words, especially medical words, that are written with ae/æ or oe/œ in British English are written with just an e in American English. The sounds in question are /iː/ or /ɛ/ (or, unstressed, /i/ or /ɪ/). Examples (with non-American letter in bold): aeon, anaemia, anaesthesia, caecum, caesium, coeliac, diarrhoea, encyclopaedia, faeces, foetal, gynaecology, haemoglobin, haemophilia, leukaemia, oesophagus, oestrogen, orthopaedic (Although in the U.S., the majority of college, university, and residency programs, and even the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, still use the spelling with the digraph ae, though hospitals usually use the shortened form.), palaeontology, paediatric, paedophile. Oenology is acceptable in American English but is deemed a minor variant of enology, whereas although archeology and ameba exist in American English, the British versions archaeology and amoeba are more common. The chemical haem (named as a shortening of haemoglobin) is spelled heme in American English, to avoid confusion with hem.
Words that can be spelled either way in American English include aesthetics and archaeology (which usually prevail over esthetics and archeology),[63] as well as palaestra, for which the simplified form palestra is described by Merriam-Webster as "chiefly Brit[ish]."[64]
Words that can be spelled either way in British English include encyclopaedia, homoeopathy, chamaeleon, mediaeval (a minor variant in both AmE and BrE[65][66][67]), foetid and foetus. The spellings foetus and foetal are Britishisms based on a mistaken etymology.[68] The etymologically correct original spelling fetus reflects the Latin original and is the standard spelling in medical journals worldwide,[69] the Oxford English Dictionary notes that "In Latin manuscripts both fētus and foetus are used".[70]
The Ancient Greek diphthongs <αι> and <οι> were transliterated into Latin as <ae> and <oe>. The ligatures æ and œ were introduced when the sounds became monophthongs, and later applied to words not of Greek origin, in both Latin (for example, cœli) and French (for example, œuvre). In English, which has adopted words from all three languages, it is now usual to replace Æ/æ with Ae/ae and Œ/œ with Oe/oe. In many words, the digraph has been reduced to a lone e in all varieties of English: for example, oeconomics, praemium, and aenigma.[71] In others, it is kept in all varieties: for example, phoenix, and usually subpoena,[72] but Phenix in Virginia. This is especially true of names: Caesar, Oedipus, Phoebe, etc. There is no reduction of Latin -ae plurals (e.g., larvae); nor where the digraph <ae>/<oe> does not result from the Greek-style ligature: for example, maelstrom, toe. The British form aeroplane is an instance (compare other aero- words such as aerosol). The now chiefly North American airplane is not a respelling but a recoining, modelled after airship and aircraft. The word airplane dates from 1907,[73] at which time the prefix aero- was trisyllabic, often written aëro-.
Commonwealth usage[edit]
In Canada, e is usually preferred over oe and often over ae,[citation needed] but oe and ae are sometimes found in the academic and scientific writing as well as government publications (for example the fee schedule of the Ontario Health Insurance Plan). In Australia, encyclopedia and medieval are spelled with e rather than ae, as with American usage, and the Macquarie Dictionary also notes a growing tendency towards replacing ae and oe with e worldwide.[8] Elsewhere, the British usage prevails, but the spellings with just e are increasingly used.[74] Manoeuvre is the only spelling in Australia, and the most common one in Canada, where maneuver and manoeuver are also sometimes found.[75]
Doubled consonants[edit]
Doubled in British English[edit]
The final consonant of an English word is sometimes doubled in both American and British spelling when adding a suffix beginning with a vowel, for example strip/stripped, which prevents confusion with stripe/striped and shows the difference in pronunciation (see digraph). Generally, this happens only when the word's final syllable is stressed and when it also ends with a lone vowel followed by a lone consonant. In British English, however, a final -l is often doubled even when the final syllable is unstressed.[76] This exception is no longer usual in American English, seemingly because of Noah Webster.[77] The -ll- spellings are nevertheless still deemed acceptable variants by both Merriam-Webster Collegiate and American Heritage dictionaries.
The British English doubling is used for all inflections (-ed, -ing, -er, -est) and for the noun suffixes -er and -or. Therefore, British English usage is cancelled, counsellor, cruellest, labelled, modelling, quarrelled, signalling, traveller, and travelling. Americans typically use canceled, counselor, cruelest, labeled, modeling, quarreled, signaling, traveler, and traveling. However, for certain words such as cancelled, the -ll- spelling is very common in American English as well.
The word parallel keeps a single -l- in British English, as in American English (paralleling, unparalleled), to avoid the unappealing cluster -llell-.
Words with two vowels before a final l are also spelled with -ll- in British English before a suffix when the first vowel either acts as a consonant (equalling and initialled; in the United States, equaling or initialed), or belongs to a separate syllable (British fu•el•ling and di•alled; American fu•el•ing and di•aled).
British woollen is a further exception due to the double vowel (American: woolen). Also, wooly is accepted in American English, though woolly prevails in both systems.[78]
The verb surveil, a back-formation from surveillance, always makes surveilling, surveilled.[79]
Endings -ize/-ise, -ism, -ist, -ish usually do not double the l in British English; for example, normalise, dualism, novelist, and devilish.
Exceptions: tranquillise; duellist, medallist, panellist, and sometimes triallist in British English.
For -ous, British English has a single l in scandalous and perilous, but the "ll" in marvellous and libellous.
For -ee, British English has libellee.
For -age, British English has pupillage but vassalage.
American English sometimes has an unstressed -ll-, as in the UK, in some words where the root has -l. These are cases where the change happens in the source language, which was often Latin. (Examples: bimetallism, cancellation, chancellor, crystallize, excellent, tonsillitis, and raillery.)
All forms of English have compelled, excelling, propelled, rebelling (notice the stress difference); revealing, fooling (note the double vowel before the l); and hurling (consonant before the l).
Canadian and Australian English mostly follow British usage.[76]
Among consonants other than l, practice varies for some words, such as where the final syllable has secondary stress or an unreduced vowel. In the United States, the spellings kidnaped and worshiped, which were introduced by the Chicago Tribune in the 1920s,[80] are common, but kidnapped and worshipped prevail.[81][82] Kidnapped and worshipped are the only standard British spellings. However, focused is the predominant spelling in both British and American English, focussed being just a minor variant in British English.[83]
Miscellaneous:
British calliper or caliper; American caliper.
British jewellery; American jewelry. The word originates from the Old French word jouel[84] (whose contemporary French equivalent is joyau, with the same meaning). The standard pronunciation /ˈdʒuːəlri/[85] does not reflect this difference, but the non-standard pronunciation /ˈdʒuːləri/ (which exists in New Zealand and Britain, hence the Cockney rhyming slang word tomfoolery /tɒmˈfuːləri/) does. According to Fowler, jewelry used to be the "rhetorical and poetic" spelling in the UK, and was still used by The Times into the mid-20th century. Canada has both, but jewellery is more often used. Likewise, the Commonwealth (including Canada) has jeweller and the US has jeweler for a jewel(le)ry seller.
Doubled in American English[edit]
Conversely, there are words where British writers prefer a single l and Americans a double l. In American usage, the spelling of words is usually not changed when they form the main part (not prefix or suffix) of other words, especially in newly formed words and in words whose main part is in common use. Words with this spelling difference include wil(l)ful, skil(l)ful, thral(l)dom, appal(l), fulfil(l), fulfil(l)ment, enrol(l)ment, instal(l)ment. These words have monosyllabic cognates always written with -ll: will, skill, thrall, pall, fill, roll, stall. Cases where a single l nevertheless occurs in both American and British English include null→annul, annulment; till→until (although some prefer til to reflect the single l in until, sometimes using an apostrophe (’til); this should be considered a hypercorrection as till predates the use of until); and others where the connection is not clear or the monosyllabic cognate is not in common use in American English (e.g., null is used mainly as a technical term in law, mathematics, and computer science).
In the UK, a single l is generally preferred in distil(l), instil(l), enrol(l), and enthral(l)ment, and enthral(l), although ll was formerly used;[86] these are always spelled with ll in American usage. The former British spellings instal, fulness, and dulness are now quite rare.[87] The Scottish tolbooth is cognate with tollbooth, but it has a distinct meaning.
In both American and British usages, words normally spelled -ll usually drop the second l when used as prefixes or suffixes, for example full→useful, handful; all→almighty, altogether; well→welfare, welcome; chill→chilblain.
Both the British fulfil and the American fulfill never use -ll- in the middle (i.e., *fullfill and *fullfil are incorrect).[88][89]
Johnson wavered on this issue. His dictionary of 1755 lemmatizes distil and instill, downhil and uphill.[90]
Dropped "e"[edit]
British English sometimes keeps silent "e" when adding suffixes where American English does not. Generally speaking, British English drops it in only some cases in which it is needed to show pronunciation whereas American English only uses it where needed.
British prefers ageing,[91] American usually aging (compare raging, ageism). For the noun or verb "route", British English often uses routeing,[92] but in America routing is used. The military term rout forms routing everywhere. However, all of these words form "router", whether used in the context of carpentry, data communications, or the military. (e.g., "Attacus was the router of the Huns at ....")
Both forms of English keep the silent "e" in the words dyeing, singeing, and swingeing[93] (in the sense of dye, singe, and swinge), to distinguish from dying, singing, swinging (in the sense of die, sing, and swing). In contrast, the verb bathe and the British verb bath both form bathing. Both forms of English vary for tinge and twinge; both prefer cringing, hinging, lunging, syringing.
Before -able, British English prefers likeable, liveable, rateable, saleable, sizeable, unshakeable,[94] where American practice prefers to drop the "-e"; but both British and American English prefer breathable, curable, datable, lovable, movable, notable, provable, quotable, scalable, solvable, usable,[94] and those where the root is polysyllabic, like believable or decidable. Both systems keep the silent "e" when it is needed to preserve a soft "c", "ch", or "g", such as in traceable, cacheable, changeable; both usually keep the "e" after "-dge", as in knowledgeable, unbridgeable, and unabridgeable ("These rights are unabridgeable").
Both abridgment and the more regular abridgement are current in the US, only the latter in the UK.[95] Likewise for the word lodg(e)ment. Both judgment and judgement are in use interchangeably everywhere, although the former prevails in the US and the latter prevails in the UK[96] except in the practice of law, where judgment is standard. This also holds for abridgment and acknowledgment. Both systems prefer fledgling to fledgeling, but ridgeling to ridgling. Both acknowledgment, acknowledgement, abridgment and abridgement are used in Australia; the shorter forms are endorsed by the Australian Capital Territory Government.[8][97] Apart from when the "e" is dropped and in the word gaol and some pronunciations of margarine, "g" can only be soft when followed by an "e", "i", or "y".
The word "blue" always drops the "e" when forming "bluish" or "bluing".
Hard and soft "c"[edit]
A "c" is generally soft when followed by an "e", "i", or "y". One word with a pronunciation that is an exception in British English, "sceptic", is spelled "skeptic" in American English. See Miscellaneous spelling differences below.
Past tense differences[edit]
This is a particular case of #Different spellings for different pronunciations.
In the UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, it is more common to end some past tense verbs with a "t" as in learnt or dreamt rather than learned or dreamed.[98] However, such spellings are also found in American English.
Several verbs have different past tenses or past participles in American and British English:
The past tense of the verb "to dive" is most commonly found as "dived" in British, Australian, and New Zealand English. "Dove" is usually used in its place in American English. Both terms are understood in Canada, and may be found either in minority use or in regional dialect in America.
The past participle and past tense of the verb "to get" is most commonly found as "got" in British and New Zealand English. "Gotten" is also used in its place in American and Canadian, and occasionally in Australian English, as a past participle, though "got" is widely used as a past tense. The main exception is in the phrase "ill-gotten", which is widely used in British, Australian and New Zealand English. Both terms are understood, and may be found either in minority use or in regional dialect. This does not affect "forget" and "beget", whose past participles are "forgotten" and "begotten" in all varieties.
Different spellings for different meanings[edit]
dependant or dependent (noun): British dictionaries distinguish between dependent (adjective) and dependant (noun). In the US, dependent is usual for both noun and adjective, regardless of dependant also being an acceptable variant for the noun form in the US.[99]
disc or disk: Traditionally, disc used to be British and disk American. Both spellings are etymologically sound (Greek diskos, Latin discus), although disk is earlier. In computing, disc is used for optical discs (e.g., a CD, Compact Disc; DVD, Digital Versatile/Video Disc), by choice of the group that coined and trademarked the name Compact Disc, while disk is used for products using magnetic storage (e.g., hard disks or floppy disks, also known as diskettes).[100] For this limited application, these spellings are used in both the US and the Commonwealth. Solid-state devices also use the spelling "disk".[dubious – discuss]
enquiry or inquiry:[101] According to Fowler, inquiry should be used in relation to a formal inquest, and enquiry to the act of questioning. Many (though not all) British writers maintain this distinction; the OED, in their entry dating from 1900, lists inquiry and enquiry as equal alternatives, in that order (with the addition of "public inquiry" in a 1993 addition). Some British dictionaries, such as Chambers 21st Century Dictionary,[102] present the two spellings as interchangeable variants in the general sense, but prefer inquiry for the "formal inquest" sense. In the US, only inquiry is commonly used; the title of the National Enquirer, as a proper name, is an exception. In Australia, inquiry and enquiry are often interchangeable.[103] Both are current in Canada, where enquiry is often associated with scholarly or intellectual research.[citation needed]
ensure or insure: In the UK (and Australia and New Zealand), the word ensure (to make sure, to make certain) has a distinct meaning from the word insure (often followed by against – to guarantee or protect against, typically by means of an "insurance policy"). The distinction is only about a century old.[104] In American usage, insure may also be used in the former sense, but ensure may not be used in the latter sense. According to Merriam-Webster's usage notes, ensure and insure "are interchangeable in many contexts where they indicate the making certain or [making] inevitable of an outcome, but ensure may imply a virtual guarantee <the government has ensured the safety of the refugees>, while insure sometimes stresses the taking of necessary measures beforehand <careful planning should insure the success of the party>."[105]
matt or matte: In the UK, matt refers to a non-glossy surface, and matte to the motion-picture technique; in the US, matte covers both.[106]
programme or program: The British programme is from post-classical Latin programma and French programme. Program first appeared in Scotland in 1633 (earlier than programme in England in 1671) and is the only spelling found in the US. The OED entry, updated in 2007, says that program conforms to the usual representation of the Greek as in anagram, diagram, telegram etc. In British English, program is the common spelling for computer programs, but for other meanings programme is used. New Zealand also follows this pattern. In Australia, program has been endorsed by government writing standards for all meanings since the 1960s,[107] and is listed as the official spelling in the Macquarie Dictionary;[8] see also the name of The Micallef P(r)ogram(me). In Canada, program prevails, and the Canadian Oxford Dictionary makes no meaning-based distinction between it and programme. However, some Canadian government documents nevertheless use programme for all meanings of the word – and also to match the spelling of the French equivalent.[107]
tonne or ton: In the UK, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, the spelling tonne refers to the metric unit (1000 kilograms), which is the nomenclature used in SI units, whereas in the US the same unit is called a metric ton. The unqualified ton usually refers to the long ton (2,240 pounds or 1,016 kilograms) in the UK and to the short ton (2,000 pounds or 907 kilograms) in the US (but note that the tonne and long ton differ by only 1.6%, and are roughly interchangeable when accuracy is not critical; ton and tonne are usually pronounced the same in speech).
See also meter/metre, for which there is a British English distinction between these etymologically related forms with different meanings ("meter" being a measuring instrument, for example an ammeter or a water meter) but the standard American spelling is "meter". The spelling used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is "metre".[108] This spelling is also the usual one for the unit of length in most English-speaking countries, but only the spelling "meter" is used in American English, and this is officially endorsed by the United States.[109]
Different spellings for different pronunciations[edit]
In a few cases, essentially the same word has a different spelling that reflects a different pronunciation.
As well as the miscellaneous cases listed in the following table, the past tenses of some irregular verbs differ in both spelling and pronunciation, as with smelt (UK) versus smelled (US) (see American and British English differences: Verb morphology).
UK
US
Notes
aeroplane
airplane Aeroplane, originally a French loanword with a different meaning, is the older spelling.[110] The oldest recorded uses of the spelling airplane are British.[110] According to the OED,[111] "[a]irplane became the standard American term (replacing aeroplane) after this was adopted by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in 1916. Although A. Lloyd James recommended its adoption by the BBC in 1928, it has until recently been no more than an occasional form in British English." In the British National Corpus,[112] aeroplane outnumbers airplane by more than 7:1 in the UK. The case is similar for the British aerodrome[113] and American airdrome;[114]Aerodrome is used merely as a technical term in Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The prefixes aero- and air- both mean air, with the first coming from the Ancient Greek word ἀήρ (āēr). Thus, the prefix appears in aeronautics, aerostatics, aerodynamics, aeronautical engineering and so on, while the second occurs invariably in aircraft, airport, airliner, airmail etc. In Canada, airplane is more common than aeroplane, although aeroplane is used as part of the regulatory term "ultra-light aeroplane".[115]
aluminium aluminum The spelling aluminium is the international standard in the sciences according to the IUPAC recommendations. Humphry Davy, the element's discoverer, first proposed the name alumium, and then later aluminum. The name aluminium was finally adopted to conform with the -ium ending of metallic elements.[116] Canada uses aluminum and Australia and New Zealand aluminium, according to their respective dictionaries[117] and the Canadian trade association is called the 'Aluminium Association of Canada'[118]
arse ass In vulgar senses "buttocks" ("anus"/"wretch"/"idiot"); unrelated sense "donkey" is ass in both. Arse is very rarely used in the US, though often understood, whereas both are used in British English (with arse being considered vulgar). Arse is also used in Newfoundland.
behove behoove The 19th century had the spelling behove pronounced to rhyme with move.[119] Subsequently, a pronunciation spelling with doubled oo was adopted in America, while in Britain a spelling pronunciation rhyming with rove was adopted.
bogeyman boogeyman or boogerman It is pronounced /ˈboʊɡimæn/ BOH-gee-man in the UK, so that the American form, boogeyman /ˈbʊɡimæn/, is reminiscent of musical "boogie" to the British ear. Boogerman /bʊɡɚmæn/ is common in the Southern US and gives an association with the slang term booger for nasal mucus while the mainstream American spelling of boogeyman does not, but aligns more closely with the British meaning where a bogey is also nasal mucus.
brent brant For the species of goose.
carburettor carburetor UK: /ˌkɑːbəˈrɛtə/; US: /ˈkɑːrbəreɪtər/.
charivari shivaree, charivari In America, where both terms are mainly regional,[120] charivari is usually pronounced as shivaree, which is also found in Canada and Cornwall,[121] and is a corruption of the French word.
eyrie aerie This noun (not to be confused with the adjective eerie) rhymes with weary and hairy respectively. Both spellings and pronunciations occur in America.
fillet fillet, filet Meat or fish. Pronounced the French way (approximately) in the US; Canada follows British pronunciation and distinguishes between fillet, especially as concerns fish, and filet, as concerns certain cuts of beef. McDonald's in the UK and Australia use the US spelling "filet" for their Filet-O-Fish.
furore furor Furore is a late 18th-century Italian loan-word that replaced the Latinate form in the UK in the following century,[122] and is usually pronounced with a voiced final e. The Canadian usage is the same as the American, and Australia has both.[123]
grotty grody Clippings of grotesque; both are slang terms from the 1960s.[124]
haulier hauler Haulage contractor; haulier is the older spelling.[125]
jemmy jimmy In the sense "crowbar".
moustache mustache
moustache In America, according to the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary and The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, the British spelling is an also-ran, yet the pronunciation with second-syllable stress is a common variant. In Britain the second syllable is usually stressed.
mum(my) mom(my) Mother. Mom is sporadically regionally found in the UK (e.g., in West Midlands English). Some British and Irish dialects have mam,[126] and this is often used in Northern English, Hiberno-English, and Welsh English. Scottish English may also use mam, ma, or maw. In the American region of New England, especially in the case of the Boston accent, the British pronunciation of mum is often retained, while it is still spelled mom. In Canada, there are both mom and mum; Canadians often say mum and write mom.[127] In Australia and New Zealand, mum is used. In the sense of a preserved corpse, mummy is always used.
naivety,
naïveté naïveté The American spelling is from French, and American speakers generally approximate the French pronunciation as /nɑːˈiːvəteɪ, -vteɪ/, whereas the British spelling conforms to English norms, as also the pronunciation /nɑːˈiːvəti, -vti/[128][129]. In the UK, naïveté is a minor variant, used about 20% of the time in the British National Corpus; in America, naivete and naiveté are marginal variants, and naivety is almost unattested.[130][131]
oesophagus esophagus
orientated oriented In the UK, Australia, and New Zealand, it is common to use orientated (as in family-orientated), whereas in the US, oriented is used exclusively (family-oriented). Both words have the same origins, coming from "orient" or its offshoot "orientation".[132]
pyjamas pajamas The 'y' represents the pronunciation of the original Urdu "pāy-jāma", and in the 18th century spellings such as "paijamahs" and "peijammahs" appeared: this is reflected in the pronunciation /paɪˈdʒɑːməz/ (with the first syllable rhyming with "pie") offered as an alternative in the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. Two spellings are also known from the 18th century, but 'pajama' became more or less confined to the US.[133] Canada follows both British and American usage, with both forms commonplace.
pernickety persnickety Persnickety is a late 19th-century American alteration of the Scots word pernickety.[134]
quin quint Abbreviations of quintuplet.
scallywag scalawag
scallywag In the United States (where the word originated, as scalawag),[135] scallywag is not unknown.[136]
sledge sled In American usage a sled is smaller and lighter than a sledge and is used only over ice or snow, especially for play by young people, whereas a sledge is used for hauling loads over ice, snow, grass, or rough terrain.[137]
speciality specialty In British English the standard usage is speciality, but specialty occurs in the field of medicine,[138] and also as a legal term for a contract under seal. In Canada, specialty prevails. In Australia and New Zealand, both are current.[139]
titbit tidbit According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the oldest form was "tyd bit", and the alteration to "titbit" was probably under the influence of the obsolete word "tit", meaning a small horse or girl.
Miscellaneous spelling differences[edit]
In the table below, the main spellings are above the accepted alternative spellings.
UK
US
Remarks
annexe annex To annex is the verb in both British and American usage. However, the noun—an annex(e) of a building—the word is spelled with an -e at the end in the UK and Australia,[140] but not in the US and New Zealand.[141]
artefact,
artifact artifact In British English, artefact is the main spelling and artifact a minor variant.[142] In American English, artifact is the usual spelling. Canadians prefer artifact and Australians artefact, according to their respective dictionaries.[143] Artefact reflects Arte-fact(um), the Latin source.[144]
axe ax,
axe Both the noun and verb. The word comes from Old English æx. In the US, both spellings are acceptable and commonly used. The Oxford English Dictionary states that "the spelling ax is better on every ground, of etymology, phonology, and analogy, than axe, which became prevalent in the 19th century; but it ["ax"] is now disused in Britain".[145]
camomile, chamomile chamomile, camomile The word derives, via French and Latin, from Greek χαμαίμηλον ("earth apple"). The more common British spelling "camomile", corresponding to the immediate French source, is the older in English, while the spelling "chamomile" more accurately corresponds to the ultimate Latin and Greek source.[146] In the UK, according to the OED, "the spelling cha- is chiefly in pharmacy, after Latin; that with ca- is literary and popular". In the US chamomile dominates in all senses.
carat carat, karat The spelling with a "k" is used in the US only for the measure of purity of gold. The "c" spelling is universal for weight.[144]
cheque check In banking. Hence pay cheque and paycheck. Accordingly, the North American term for what is known as a current account or cheque account in the UK is spelled chequing account in Canada and checking account in the US. Some American financial institutions, notably American Express, use cheque, but this is merely a trademarking affectation.
chequer checker As in chequerboard/checkerboard, chequered/checkered flag etc. In Canada as in the US.[147]
chilli chili,
chile The original Mexican Spanish word is chile, itself derived from the Classical Nahuatl chilli.[147][148] In Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, chile and chilli are given as also variants.
cipher, cypher cipher
coulter,
colter colter
cosy cozy In all senses (adjective, noun, verb).
dyke dike The spelling with "i" is sometimes found in the UK, but the "y" spelling is rare in the US, where the y distinguishes dike in this sense from dyke, a slang term for a lesbian.
doughnut doughnut, donut In the US, both are used, with donut indicated as a variant of doughnut.[149]
draught
draft draft British English usually uses draft for all senses as the verb;[150] for a preliminary version of a document; for an order of payment (bank draft), and for military conscription (although this last meaning is not as common as in American English). It uses draught for drink from a cask (draught beer); for animals used for pulling heavy loads (draught horse); for a current of air; for a ship's minimum depth of water to float;[151] and for the game draughts, known as checkers in America. It uses either draught or draft for a plan or sketch (but almost always draughtsman in this sense; a draftsman drafts legal documents).
American English uses draft in all these cases. Canada uses both systems; in Australia, draft is used for technical drawings, is accepted for the "current of air" meaning, and is preferred by professionals in the nautical sense.[152] The pronunciation is always the same for all meanings within a dialect (RP /ˈdrɑːft/, General American /ˈdræft/).
The spelling draught reflects the older pronunciation, drahkht. Draft emerged in the 16th century to reflect the change in pronunciation.[153][154]
gauge gauge,
gage[155] Both spellings have existed since Middle English.[156]
gauntlet gauntlet, gantlet When meaning "ordeal", in the phrase running the ga(u)ntlet, some American style guides prefer gantlet.[157] This spelling is unused in Britain[158] and less usual in America than gauntlet. The word is an alteration of earlier gantlope by folk etymology with gauntlet ("armoured glove"), always spelled thus.
glycerine glycerin, glycerine Scientists use the term glycerol, but both spellings are used sporadically in the US.
grey gray Grey became the established British spelling in the 20th century, pace Dr Johnson and others,[159] and it is but a minor variant in American English, according to dictionaries. Canadians tend to prefer grey. The non-cognate greyhound was never grayhound given that grighund is the origin of the word. Both Grey and Gray are found in proper names everywhere in the English-speaking world. The two spellings are of equal antiquity, and the Oxford English Dictionary states that "each of the current spellings has some analogical support".[160]
grill,
grille grill,
grille In the US, "grille" refers to that of an automobile, whereas "grill" refers to a device used for heating food. However, it is not uncommon to see both spellings used in the automotive sense,[161] as well as in Australia[162] and New Zealand.[163] Grill is more common overall in both BrE and AmE.[164]
hearken harken[citation needed] The word comes from hark. The spelling hearken was probably influenced by hear.[165] Both spellings are found everywhere.
idyll idyl, idyll Idyl was the spelling of the word preferred in the US by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, for the same reason as the double consonant rule; idyll, the original form from Greek eidullion, is now generally used in both the UK and US.
jail,
gaol jail In the UK, gaol and gaoler are used sometimes, apart from literary usage, chiefly to describe a medieval building and guard. Both spellings go back to Middle English: gaol was a loanword from Norman French, while jail was a loanword from central (Parisian) French. In Middle English the two spellings were associated with different pronunciations. In current English the word, however spelled, is always given the pronunciation originally associated only with the jail spelling /dʒeɪl/. The survival of the gaol spelling in British English is "due to statutory and official tradition".[166]
kerb curb For the noun designating the edge of a roadway (or the edge of a British pavement/ American sidewalk/ Australian footpath). Curb is the older spelling, and in the UK and US it is still the proper spelling for the verb meaning restrain.[167]
(kilo)gram,
(kilo)gramme (kilo)gram (Kilo)gramme is used sometimes in the UK[168] but never in the US. (Kilo)gram is the only spelling used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.
liquorice licorice The American spelling is nearer the Old French source licorece, which is ultimately from Greek glykyrrhiza.[169] The British spelling was influenced by the unrelated word liquor.[170] Licorice prevails in Canada and it is common in Australia, but it is rarely found in the UK. Liquorice is all but nonexistent in the US ("Chiefly British", according to dictionaries).[171]
manoeuvre maneuver
midriff midriff, midrif[172][173]
mollusc mollusk, mollusc The related adjective may be spelled molluscan or molluskan.
mould mold In all senses of the word. Both spellings have been used since the 16th century.[174] In Canada, both spellings are used.[175] In New Zealand, "mold" refers to a form for casting a shape while "mould" refers to the fungus.[citation needed]
moult molt
neurone, neuron neuron
omelette omelet,
omelette The omelet spelling is the older of the two, in spite of the etymology (French omelette).[176] Omelette prevails in Canada and Australia.
plough plow Both spellings have existed since Middle English. In England, plough became the main spelling in the 18th century.[177] Although plow was Noah Webster's pick, plough continued to have some currency in the US, as the entry in Webster's Third (1961) implies. Newer dictionaries label plough as "chiefly British". The word snowplough/snowplow, originally an Americanism, predates Webster's dictionaries and was first recorded as snow plough. Canada has both plough and plow,[178] although snowplow is more common. In the US, "plough" sometimes describes a horsedrawn kind while "plow" refers to a gasoline (petrol) powered kind.[citation needed]
primaeval, primeval primeval Primeval is also common in the UK but etymologically 'ae' is nearer the Latin source primus first + aevum age.[179]
programme, program program
rack and ruin wrack and ruin Several words like "rack" and "wrack" have been conflated, with both spellings thus accepted as variants for senses connected to torture (orig. rack) and ruin (orig. wrack, cf. wreck)[180] In "(w)rack and ruin", the W-less variant is now prevalent in the UK but not the US.[181] The term, however, is rare in the US.
sceptic,
skeptic skeptic The American spelling, akin to Greek, is the earliest known spelling in English.[182] It was preferred by Fowler, and is used by many Canadians, where it is the earlier form.[183] Sceptic also pre-dates the European settlement of the US, and it follows the French sceptique and Latin scepticus. In the mid-18th century, Dr Johnson's dictionary listed skeptic without comment or alternative, but this form has never been popular in the UK;[184] sceptic, an equal variant in the old Webster's Third (1961), has now become "chiefly British". Australians generally follow the British usage (with the notable exception of the Australian Skeptics). All of these versions are pronounced with a /k/ (a hard "c"), though in French that letter is silent and the word is pronounced like septique.
slew, slue slue, slew Meaning "to turn sharply; a sharp turn", the preferred spelling differs. Meaning "a great number" is usually slew in all regions.[185]
smoulder smolder Both spellings go back to the 16th century, and have existed since Middle English.[144][186]
storey, storeys story, stories Level of a building. The letter "e" is used in the UK and Canada to differentiate between levels of buildings and a story as in a literary work.[187] Story is the earlier spelling. The Oxford English Dictionary states that this word is "probably the same word as story [in its meaning of "narrative"] though the development of sense is obscure.[188] One of the first uses of the (now British) spelling "storey" was by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 (Uncle Tom's Cabin xxxii).
sulphate sulfate,
sulphate
sulphur, sulfur sulfur,
sulphur Sulfur is the preferred spelling by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and since 1992 by the UK's Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC).[189] Sulphur is used by British and Irish scientists. However, sulfur has been actively taught in Chemistry in British schools since December 2000.[190] It prevails in Canada and Australia, and it is also found in some American place names (e.g., Sulphur, Louisiana and White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia). American English usage guides suggest sulfur for technical usage, and both sulfur and sulphur in common usage and in literature.[191][192] The variation between f and ph spellings is also found in the word's ultimate source: Latin sulfur, sulphur.[193]
through through,
thru[194] "Thru" is typically used in the US as shorthand. It may be acceptable in informal writing, but for formal documents, "thru" would generally be viewed as "not correct English" and "not a real word". Because "thru" is much shorter than "through", it may also carry a negative connotation, as though the writer of "thru" were "cutting corners" and was "too lazy" to fully spell out "through".
In the COBOL programming language, THRU is accepted as an abbreviation of the keyword THROUGH. Since programmers like to keep their code brief, THRU is generally the preferred form of this keyword.
towards,
toward toward,
towards
tyre tire The outer portion of a wheel. In Canada, as in the US, tire is the older spelling, but both were used in the 15th and 16th centuries (for a metal tire). Tire became the settled spelling in the 17th century but tyre was revived in the UK in the 19th century for rubber/pneumatic tyres, possibly because it was used in some patent documents,[195] though many continued to use tire for the iron variety. The Times newspaper was still using tire as late as 1905. For the verb meaning "to grow weary" both American and British English use only the tire spelling.
vice vise, vice For the two-jawed workbench tool, Americans and Canadians retain the very old distinction between vise (the tool) and vice (the sin, and also the Latin prefix meaning a deputy), both of which are vice in the UK and Australia.[196] Regarding the "sin" and "deputy" senses of vice, all varieties of English use -c-. Thus American English, just as other varieties, has vice admiral, vice president, and vice principal—never vise for any of those.
whisky (Scotland), whiskey (Ireland) whiskey, whisky In the United States, the whiskey spelling is dominant; whisky is encountered less frequently, but is used on the labels of some major brands (e.g., Early Times, George Dickel, Maker's Mark, and Old Forester) and is used in the relevant US federal regulations.[197] In Canada, whisky is dominant. Often the spelling is selected based on the origin of the product rather than the location of the intended readership, so it may be considered a faux pas to refer to "Scotch whiskey" or "Irish whisky". Both ultimately derive from "uisce beatha" (Irish) and "uisge beatha" (Scottish) meaning 'water of life'.
yoghurt,
yogurt,
yoghourt yogurt,
yoghurt Yoghurt is an also-ran in the US, as is yoghourt in the UK. Although the Oxford Dictionaries have always preferred yogurt, in current British usage yoghurt seems to be prevalent. In Canada, yogurt prevails, despite the Canadian Oxford preferring yogourt, which has the advantage of satisfying bilingual (English and French) packaging requirements.[6][198] Australian usage tends to follow the UK. Whatever the spelling is, the word has different pronunciations: /ˈjɒɡət/ (or /ˈjɒɡərt/) in the UK, /ˈjoʊɡət/ (or /ˈjoʊɡərt/) in New Zealand, America, Ireland, and Australia. Depending on the speaker's accent, the pronunciation may be non-rhotic or rhotic and the /oʊ/ sound may be pronounced /əʊ/. The word comes from the Turkish language word yoğurt.[199] The voiced velar fricative represented by ğ in the modern Turkish (Latinic) alphabet was traditionally written gh in Latin script of the Ottoman Turkish (Arabic) alphabet used before 1928.
Compounds and hyphens[edit]
British English often prefers hyphenated compounds, such as anti-smoking, whereas American English discourages the use of hyphens in compounds where there is no compelling reason, so antismoking is much more common.[citation needed] Many dictionaries do not point out such differences. Canadian and Australian usage is mixed, although Commonwealth writers generally hyphenate compounds of the form noun plus phrase (such as editor-in-chief).[200] Commander-in-chief prevails in all forms of English.
Compound verbs in British English are hyphenated more often than in American English.[201]
any more or anymore: In sense "any longer", the single-word form is usual in North America and Australia but unusual elsewhere, at least in formal writing.[202] Other senses always have the two-word form; thus Americans distinguish "I couldn't love you anymore [so I left you]" from "I couldn't love you any more [than I already do]". In Hong Kong English, any more is always two words.[203]
for ever or forever: Traditional British English usage makes a distinction between for ever, meaning for eternity (or a very long time into the future), as in "If you are waiting for income tax to be abolished you will probably have to wait for ever"; and forever, meaning continually, always, as in "They are forever arguing".[204] In British usage today, however, forever prevails in the "for eternity" sense as well,[205] in spite of several style guides maintaining the distinction.[206] American writers usually use forever regardless of which sense they intend (although forever in the sense of "continually" is comparatively rare in American English, having been displaced by always).
near by or nearby: Some British writers make the distinction between the adverbial near by, which is written as two words, as in, "No one was near by"; and the adjectival nearby, which is written as one, as in, "The nearby house".[207] In American English, the one-word spelling is standard for both forms.
per cent or percent: It can be correctly spelled as either one or two words, depending on the Anglophone country, but either spelling must always be consistent with its usage. British English predominantly spells it as two words, so does English in Ireland and countries in the Commonwealth of Nations such as Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. American English predominantly spells it as one word. Historically, it used to be spelled as two words in the United States, but its usage is diminishing; nevertheless it is a variant spelling in American English today. The spelling difference is reflected in the style guides of newspapers and other media agencies in the US, Ireland, and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations. In Canada (and sometimes in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, other Commonwealth countries, and Ireland) percent is also found, mostly sourced from American press agencies.
Acronyms and abbreviations[edit]
Acronyms pronounced as words are often written in title case by Commonwealth writers, but usually as upper case by Americans: for example, Nasa / NASA or Unicef / UNICEF.[208] This does not apply to abbreviations that are pronounced as individual letters (referred to by some as "initialisms"), such as US, IBM, or PRC (the People's Republic of China), which are virtually always written as upper case. However, sometimes title case is still used in the UK, such as Pc (Police Constable).[209]
Contractions where the final letter is present are often written in British English without full stops/periods (Mr, Mrs, Dr, St, Ave). Abbreviations where the final letter is not present generally do take full stops/periods (such as vol., etc., i.e., ed.); British English shares this convention with the French: Mlle, Mme, Dr, Ste, but M. for Monsieur. In American and Canadian English, abbreviations like St., Ave., Mr., Mrs., Ms., Dr., and Jr., usually require full stops/periods. Some initials are usually upper case in the US but lower case in the UK: liter/litre and its compounds (2 L or 25 mL vs 2 l or 25 ml);[210][211] and ante meridiem and post meridiem (10 P.M. or 10 PM vs 10 p.m. or 10 pm).[212][213][214] Both AM/PM and a.m./p.m. are acceptable in American English, but U.S. style guides overwhelmingly favor a.m./p.m.[215]
Punctuation[edit]
Further information: Quotation marks in English § Typographical considerations, and Comparison of American and British English § Quoting
The use of quotation marks, also called inverted commas or speech marks, is complicated by the fact that there are two kinds: single quotation marks (') and double quotation marks ("). British usage, at one stage in the recent past, preferred single quotation marks for ordinary use, but double quotation marks are again now increasingly common; American usage has always preferred double quotation marks, as does Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand English. It is the practice to alternate the type of quotation marks used where there is a quotation within a quotation.[216]
The convention used to be, and in American English still is, to put full stops (periods) and commas inside the quotation marks, irrespective of the sense. British English has moved away from this style while American English has kept it. British style now prefers to punctuate according to the sense, in which punctuation marks only appear inside quotation marks if they were there in the original. Formal British English practice requires a full stop to be put inside the quotation marks if the quoted item is a full sentence that ends where the main sentence ends, but it is common to see the stop outside the ending quotation marks.[217]
See also[edit]
Australian English
Canadian English
English language in England
English in the Commonwealth of Nations
English orthography
Hong Kong English
Hiberno-English
Indian English
Malaysian English
Manx English
New Zealand English
Philippine English
Scottish English
Singaporean English
South African English
References[edit]
Inline citations[edit]
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Jump up ^ Scragg, Donald (1974). A history of English spelling. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-0-06-496138-7. Johnson's dictionary became the accepted standard for private spelling ... of a literate Englishman ... during the nineteenth century ... Webster had more success in influencing the development of American usage than Johnson had with British usage.
Jump up ^ Algeo, John, "The Effects of the Revolution on Language" in A Companion to the American Revolution, John Wiley & Sons: 2008, p. 599.
^ Jump up to: a b -or. Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ Jump up to: a b Venezky, Richard. The American Way of Spelling: The Structure and Origins of American English Orthography. Guilford Press, 1999. p.26
^ Jump up to: a b Clark, 2009.
Jump up ^ Chambers, 1998.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e The Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition. The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd, 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b c Webster's Third, p. 24a.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, colour, color.
^ Jump up to: a b Onions, CT, ed. (1987) [1933]. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (Third Edition (1933) with corrections (1975) ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 370. ISBN 0-19-861126-9.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 397.
Jump up ^ Johnson 1755—preface
Jump up ^ Mencken, H L (1919). The American Language. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-40076-3.
Jump up ^ Staff. "The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674–1913". Humanities Research Institute, University of Sheffield. Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, honour, honor.
Jump up ^ Baldrige, Letitia (1990). Letitia Baldrige's Complete Guide to the New Manners for the '90s: A Complete Guide to Etiquette. Rawson. p. 214. ISBN 0-89256-320-6.
Jump up ^ "rigor - definition of rigor in English - Oxford Dictionaries".
Jump up ^ MacPherson, William (31 March 1990). "Practical concerns spelled the end for -our". Ottawa Citizen. p. B3.
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Jump up ^ Venezky, Richard L. (2001). "-re versus -er". In Algeo, John. The Cambridge History of the English Language. VI: English in North America. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 353. ISBN 0-521-26479-0.
Jump up ^ Howard, Philip (1984). The State of the Language—English Observed. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 148. ISBN 0-241-11346-6.
Jump up ^ (Oxford English Dictionary: Second edition).
Jump up ^ From the OED cites, Chaucer used both forms, but the last usages of the "re" form were in the early 18th century. The Oxford English Dictionary: 1989 edition.
Jump up ^ Except in a 1579 usage (Oxford English Dictionary: 1989 edition).
Jump up ^ Although acre was spelled æcer in Old English and aker in Middle English, the acre spelling of Middle French was introduced in the 15th century. Similarly, loover was respelled in the 17th century by influence of the unrelated Louvre. (See OED, s.v. acre and louvre)
Jump up ^ Gove, Philip, ed. (1989). "-er/-re". Webster's third new international dictionary of the English language. 2 (3 ed.). Springfield, MA: Merriam Webster. pp. 24a. ISBN 978-0-87779-302-1.
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Jump up ^ https://theatre.wisc.edu/
Jump up ^ "accoutre". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
Jump up ^ accouter
Jump up ^ Peters, p 461.
Jump up ^ Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers of Australian Government Publications, Third Edition, Revised by John Pitson, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1978, page 10, "In general, follow the spellings given in the latest edition of the Concise Oxford Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Peters (2004: 135)
Jump up ^ 1989 Oxford English Dictionary:connexion, connection.
Jump up ^ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language:complection". New York: Houghton Mifflin. 2000. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "complected". Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English usage. Springfield, Mass: Merriam-Webster, Inc. 1994. p. 271. ISBN 0-87779-132-5. not an error...simply an Americanism
Jump up ^ "complect, v.". Oxford English Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "-ize or -ise?". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary "-ise1"
^ Jump up to: a b Hart, Horace. Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford (39 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-212983-X.
Jump up ^ Weiner, E.S.C.; Delahunty, Andrew (1994). The Oxford Guide to English Usage (paperback). Oxford University Press. p. 32.
^ Jump up to: a b Allen, Robert, ed. (2008). Pocket Fowler's Modern English Usage. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-0-19-923258-1. may be legitimately spelled with either -ize or -ise throughout the English-speaking world (except in America, where -ize is always used)…Cambridge University Press and others prefer -ise
Jump up ^ University of Oxford Style Guide Linked 2017-10-13
^ Jump up to: a b c "Are spellings like 'privatize' and 'organize' Americanisms?". AskOxford.com. 2006.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 298: "[With] contemporary British writers the ise spellings outnumber those with ize in the ratio of about 3:2" (emphasis as original)
Jump up ^ Richard Dixon, "Questions answered", The Times, 13 January 2004.
Jump up ^ IANA language subtag registry, IANA, with "en-GM-oed" marked as added 2003-07-09 as grandfathered, and deprecated effective 2015-04-17, with "en-GB-oxendict" preferred (accessed 2015-08-08).
Jump up ^ "3.2 -is-/-iz- spelling". English Style Guide. A handbook for authors and translators in the European Commission (PDF) (8th ed.). 26 August 2016. p. 14.
Jump up ^ "prize". Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. Also, "prize". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Ed.
Jump up ^ According to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Ed.: prise is a "chiefly Brit var of PRIZE".
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 441
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 446.
Jump up ^ Garner, Bryan. A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-19-514236-5. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, analyse, -ze, v. [1].
Jump up ^ Both the Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary and The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language have "catalog" as the main headword and "catalogue" as an equal variant.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 236.
Jump up ^ "MSDN C#.NET OpenFileDialog Class". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 36.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 20.
Jump up ^ Webster's Third New International Dictionary, copyright 1993 by Merriam-Webster, Inc.
Jump up ^ "Definition of MEDIEVAL".
Jump up ^ Company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing. "The American Heritage Dictionary entry: medieval".
Jump up ^ "medieval - definition of medieval in English - Oxford Dictionaries".
Jump up ^ Aronson, Jeff (26 July 1997). "When I use a word...:Oe no!". British Medical Journal. 315 (7102). doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7102.0h. Archived from the original on 20 April 2005.
Jump up ^ New Oxford Dictionary of English.
Jump up ^ fetus, n.". OED Online. March 2017. Oxford University Press. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/72389?redirectedFrom=foetus (accessed April 10, 2017).
Jump up ^ Webster's Third, p. 23a.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). "subpoena, subpena (n., v.)". The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-06989-8. Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2007.
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, airplane.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 20, p. 389.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 338.
^ Jump up to: a b Peters, p. 309.
Jump up ^ Cf. Oxford English Dictionary, traveller, traveler.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 581
Jump up ^ "Surveil". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 3 January 2018. ; "British & World English > surveil". OxfordDictionaries.com. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Zorn, Eric (8 June 1997). "Errant Spelling: Moves for simplification turn Inglish into another langwaj". Chicago Tribune. pp. Section 3A page 14. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
Jump up ^ "Definition of KIDNAPPED".
Jump up ^ "Definition of WORSHIPPED".
Jump up ^ https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/focused
Jump up ^ "Jewelry vs. Jewellery". Lazaro Soho. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, jewellery UK, American jewelry
Jump up ^ OED Second Edition
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 283
Jump up ^ "fulfil". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "fulfil". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 501.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 22.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 480. Also National Routeing Guide
Jump up ^ In American English, swingeing is sometimes spelled swinging see American Heritage Dictionary entry, and the reader has to discern from the context which word and pronunciation is meant.
^ Jump up to: a b British National Corpus
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 7
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 303.
Jump up ^ "Spelling, Abbreviations and Symbols Guide" (pdf). Retrieved 2012-11-15.
Jump up ^ "BBC Mundo | Questions about English". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved 30 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Howarth, Lynne C; others (14 June 1999). ""Executive summary" from review of "International Standard Bibliographic Description for Electronic Resources"". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 16 April 2007. Retrieved 30 April 2007.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 282.
Jump up ^ "Chambers | Free English Dictionary". Chambersharrap.co.uk. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
Jump up ^ See Macquarie Dictionary (5th ed.)'s explanation under -in2. The dictionary also lists 'inquiry' as the primary spelling, with 'enquiry' being a cross-reference to the former (denoting lower prevalence in Australian English). The British distinction between 'inquiry' and 'enquiry' is noted.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 285
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster Online. . Retrieved 30 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 340.
^ Jump up to: a b Peters, p. 443.
Jump up ^ Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, 2006, p. 124.
Jump up ^ The Metric Conversion Act of 1985 gives the Secretary of Commerce of the US the responsibility of interpreting or modifying the SI for use in the US The Secretary of Commerce delegated this authority to the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (Turner, 2008 Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.). In 2008, the NIST published the US version (Taylor and Thompson, 2008a) of the English text of the eighth edition of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures publication Le Système International d'Unités (SI) (BIPM, 2006). In the NIST publication, the spellings "meter", "liter", and "deka" are used rather than "metre", "litre", and "deca" as in the original BIPM English text (Taylor and Thompson, 2008a, p. iii). The Director of the NIST officially acknowledged this publication, together with Taylor and Thompson (2008b), as the "legal interpretation" of the SI for the United States (Turner, 2008 ).
^ Jump up to: a b "etymonline.com". etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
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Jump up ^ British National Corpus. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
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Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, airdrome.
Jump up ^ "Ultra-light Aeroplane Transition Strategy – Transport Canada". Retrieved 13 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "History & Etymology of Aluminium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. 1 October 2002. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 32.
Jump up ^ https://aluminium.ca/en/
Jump up ^ Murray, James A. H. (1880). Spelling Reform. Annual address of the President of the Philological Society. Bath: Isaac Pitman. p. 5. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
Jump up ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition.
Jump up ^ OED, shivaree
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, furore.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 221.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, Grotty; Grody
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 242
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, mom and mam
Jump up ^ Added by Symphony on 15 October 2009 (15 October 2009). "Things I don't Understand: Part 3 – Canada!". giantbomb. Archived from the original on 23 December 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "naivety". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-01-26.
Jump up ^ "naivety". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Retrieved 2016-01-26.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 364.
Jump up ^ Merriam Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary, naïveté and naivety.
Jump up ^ "Grammar – Oxford Dictionaries Online". Askoxford.com. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
Jump up ^ OED, s.v. 'pyjamas'
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, persnickety
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 487
Jump up ^ In Webster's New World College Dictionary, scalawag is lemmatized without alternative, while scallawag and scallywag are defined by cross-reference to it. All of them are marked as "originally American".
Jump up ^ See the respective definitions in the American Heritage Dictionary.
Jump up ^ See, for example, the November 2006 BMA document titled Selection for Specialty Training Archived 30 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 510.
Jump up ^ "Annexes". Australiawide Annexes. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
Jump up ^ "Tui Eco Annex | Accommodation in Northland, New Zealand". Newzealand.com. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
Jump up ^ "artefact". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 49.
^ Jump up to: a b c Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. March 2009.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary online edition: entry "axe | ax"
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, online edition, entry "camomile | chamomile"
^ Jump up to: a b Peters, p. 104.
Jump up ^ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-4-19.
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster Online. . Retrieved 1 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "draught". Concise OED. Retrieved 1 April 2007.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2nd Edition, draught; draft (the latter being used in an international marine context) .
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 165.
Jump up ^ Draft. Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, draught.
Jump up ^ "gage.Merriam-Webster.com
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary: gage". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
Jump up ^ Garner, Bryan A. (1998). A Dictionary of Modern American Usage. New York: OUP. p. 313. ISBN 0-19-507853-5.
Jump up ^ "gauntlet2". Concise OED.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 235
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, online edition: entry "grey | gray"
Jump up ^ customcargrills.com. "Custom Car & Truck Grills – Billet & Mesh Grill Inserts". customcargrills.com. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
Jump up ^ Williams, Brian (3 June 2011). "Kookaburra survives 700km trip after being stuck in car's grille | thetelegraph.com.au". Dailytelegraph.com.au. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
Jump up ^ "Cat survives 35km wedged in car grille – National – NZ Herald News". Nzherald.co.nz. 11 June 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
Jump up ^ "Google Ngram Viewer". books.google.com. "grill:eng_us_2012/grille:eng_us_2012,grill:eng_gb_2012/grille:eng_gb_2012". Retrieved 2015-10-29.
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary".
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, online edition: entry "jail | gaol"
Jump up ^ tiscali.reference Archived 3 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved on 10 March 2007.
Jump up ^ OED entry and British Journal of Applied Physics Volume 13 page 456
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary: licorice". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
Jump up ^ Ernout, Alfred; Meillet, Antoine (2001). Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue latine. Paris: Klincksieck. p. 362. ISBN 2-252-03359-2.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 321.
Jump up ^ "The Century Dictionary Online in DjVu".
Jump up ^ Definition for MIDRIF – Webster’s 1844 dictionary. Emily Dickinson Lexicon. Brigham Young University.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, online edition: entry "mould | mold"
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 360
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 392.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary: plough, plow.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 230.
Jump up ^ COED 11th Ed
Jump up ^ "Maven's word of the day: rack/wrack". Randomhouse.com. 20 April 1998. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
Jump up ^ "Cald Rack". Dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, online edition: entry "sceptic | skeptic"
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 502.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, sceptic, skeptic.
Jump up ^ Berube, Margery S.; Pickett, Joseph P.; Leonesio, Christopher (28 September 2005). "slew / slough / slue". A Guide to Contemporary Usage & Style. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 435. ISBN 9780618604999. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "''A Concise Dictionary of Middle English''". Pbm.com. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
Jump up ^ Peters, Pam (2002). "storey or story". The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 517. ISBN 0-521-62181-X.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, online edition: entry "story | storey"
Jump up ^ "Royal Society of Chemistry 1992 policy change". Rsc.org. 1 January 1992. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
Jump up ^ "Action over non-English spellings". BBC News. 24 November 2000. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "The spelling sulfur predominates in United States technical usage, while both sulfur and sulphur are common in general usage. British usage tends to favor sulphur for all applications. The same pattern is seen in most of the words derived from sulfur." Usage note, Merriam-Webster Online. . Retrieved 1 January 2008.
Jump up ^ The contrasting spellings of the chemical elements Al and S mean that the American spelling aluminum sulfide becomes aluminum sulphide in Canada, and as aluminium sulphide in older British usage.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, online edition: entry "sulphur | sulfur"
Jump up ^ "Browse 1913 => Word Thru :: Search the 1913 Noah Webster's Dictionary of the English Language (Free)". 1913.mshaffer.com. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 553.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 566.
Jump up ^ "US Code of Federal Regulations – Title 27: Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms, Section 5.22: Standards of Identity for Distilled Spirits" (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 587. Yogourt is an accepted variant in French of the more normal Standard French yaourt.
Jump up ^ "Merriam-Webster Online – Yogurt entry". Mw1.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 258
Jump up ^ Rohdenburg, edited by Günter; Schlüter, Julia (2009). One language, two grammars? : differences between British and American English (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-521-87219-5. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Peters, p. 41.
Jump up ^ Bunton, David. Common English Errors in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Longman. p. 6. ISBN 0-582-99914-6.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, for ever.
Jump up ^ AskOxford: forever. Retrieved 24 June 2008. Cf. Peters, p. 214.
Jump up ^ For example, The Times, The Guardian, The Economist. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
Jump up ^ The Columbia Guide to Standard American English
Jump up ^ Marsh, David (14 July 2004). The Guardian Stylebook. Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-84354-991-3. Archived from the original on 20 April 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2007. acronyms: take initial cap: Aids, Isa, Mori, Nato
Jump up ^ See for example "Pc bitten on face in Tube attack". BBC. 31 March 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
Jump up ^ "Units outside the SI". Essentials of the SI. NIST. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009. although both l and L are internationally accepted symbols for the liter, to avoid this risk the preferred symbol for use in the United States is L
Jump up ^ "Core learning in mathematics: Year 4" (PDF). Review of the 1999 Framework. DCSF. 2006. p. 4. Retrieved 22 October 2009. Use, read and write standard metric units (km, m, cm, mm, kg, g, l, ml), including their abbreviations
Jump up ^ "PM". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "P.M.". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. 2000.
Jump up ^ "What is the correct or more usual written form when writing the time – a.m., am, or A.M.?". AskOxford. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., The Associated Press Stylebook: 4 p.m.; Microsoft Manual of Style: 4 P.M. (however, Microsoft prefers 24-hour time notations, in which 4 P.M. is 16:00.); The Chicago Manual of Style: 4 p.m. (recommended), also 4 PM or 4 P.M. (with PM in small capitals); Garner's Modern English Usage: 4 p.m. or 4 PM (with PM in small capitals); The Gregg Reference Manual: 4 p.m. or 4 P.M. (with PM in small capitals). See http://www.businesswritingblog.com/business_writing/2009/06/what-is-the-correct-time-am-pm-am-pm-am-pm-.html. See also https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/p.m.
Jump up ^ Trask, Larry (1997). "Quotation Marks and Direct Quotations". Guide to Punctuation. University of Sussex. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Quinion, Michael (2010). "Punctuation and Quotation Marks". World Wide Words. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
Sources referenced[edit]
Chambers, J.K. (1998). "Canadian English: 250 Years in the Making", in The Canadian Oxford Dictionary, 2nd ed., p xi.
Clark, Joe (2009). Organizing Our Marvellous Neighbours: How to Feel Good About Canadian English (e-book, version 1.1). ISBN 978-0-9809525-0-6.
Fowler, Henry; Winchester, Simon (introduction) (2003 reprint). A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (Oxford Language Classics Series). Oxford Press. ISBN 0-19-860506-4.
Hargraves, Orin (2003). Mighty Fine Words and Smashing Expressions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515704-4
Mencken, H. L. (1921). "Chapter 8. American Spelling > 1. The Two Orthographies". The American language: An inquiry into the development of English in the United States, (2nd ed., rev. and enl. ed.). New York: A.A. Knopf. ISBN 1-58734-087-9.
Nicholson, Margaret; (1957). "A Dictionary of American-English Usage Based on Fowler's Modern English Usage". Signet, by arrangement with Oxford University Press.
Oxford English Dictionary, 20 vols. (1989) Oxford University Press.
Peters, Pam (2004). The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62181-X.
Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1961; repr. 2002) Merriam-Webster, Inc.
External links[edit]
Look up Category:American English in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up Category:British English in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for English language varieties.
The Chicago Manual of Style
The Guardian style guide
Word substitution list, by the Ubuntu English (United Kingdom) Translators team
What will the English language be like in 100 years? (future outlook)
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