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Sam's Club
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Sam's West Inc.
Trading name
Sam's Club
Type
Subsidiary
Industry
Retailer local warehouse club
Founded
April 7, 1983; 34 years ago (1983-04-07)
Midwest City, Oklahoma, U.S.
Founder
Sam Walton
Headquarters
Bentonville, Arkansas, U.S.
Number of locations
606 U.S. (as of January 31, 2017)[1]
202 international (Mexico, Brazil, China)
Key people
John Furner (CEO)
Products
Electronics, Office, Home, Furniture, Auto, Patio and Garden Supplies, Children's accessories, Grocery, Pet Supplies, Health and Beauty, Jewelry, Toys, and Sporting Goods.
Parent
Walmart
Website
www.samsclub.com
Sam's West, Inc. (doing business as Sam's Club) is an American chain of membership-only retail warehouse clubs owned and operated by Walmart, founded in 1983 and named after Walmart founder Sam Walton. As of 2012[update], Sam's Club chain serves 47 million U.S. (including Puerto Rico) members and is the 8th largest U.S. retailer.[2] As of January 31, 2008[update], Sam's Club ranks second in sales volume among warehouse clubs with $56.828 billion in sales[3] (in fiscal year 2016) behind Costco.
Sam's Club had sales of $57.157 billion in FY 2014.[4] It reported a 0.3% sales increase in 2014, 4.1% in 2013, and 8.4% sales increase in 2012. This is significantly higher growth than Walmart U.S. stores, which have not had higher than 2% growth since 2010.[4]
Its major competitors are Costco and BJ's Wholesale Club.
As of January 31, 2017[update], Sam's Club operates 660 membership warehouse clubs in 47 U.S. states and Puerto Rico.[1] Oregon, Rhode Island (which that state's only location closed in February 2016) and Vermont are the only states where Sam's Club does not operate, as is the case for the District of Columbia. Walmart International also operates Sam's Clubs in Mexico, Brazil, and China. It has 160 locations in Mexico,[1] 27 locations in Brazil,[1] and 15 in China.[1] Locations generally range in size from 71,000–168,000 sq ft (6,600–15,600 m2), with an average club size of approximately 134,000 sq ft (12,400 m2).[3]
There were also Sam's Club locations in Canada, in which the last location closed in 2009.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Design
3 Sam's Business Center
4 Other retail formats
5 Membership
6 Payment options and store credit products
6.1 Payment options
6.2 Sam's Club credit
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The first Sam's Club opened on April 7, 1983, in Midwest City, Oklahoma in the United States.[5]
In 1987, Sam's Club made its first acquisition by purchasing West Monroe, Louisiana-based SuperSaver Wholesale Warehouse Club; the purchase expanded the chain by 24 locations. The stores were owned by Alton Howard and his son John. John's daughter Korie later married Willie Robertson and became a regular cast member on Duck Dynasty.[6]
In 1989, Sam's Club entered New Jersey with a club in Delran in a former Two Guys / Jefferson Ward store. This was Walmart's first expansion into the Northeast. The first Walmart discount store (now expanded into a Supercenter) in New Jersey opened in 1991 in Turnersville. The company entered the Pennsylvania market in 1990.
In 1993, Walmart acquired PACE Membership Warehouse from Kmart and converted many (but not all) PACE locations into Sam's Clubs.
Sam's Club entered the Canadian market in Ontario in 2003.[7]
The latest flagship club opening as of September 13, 2007[update], was in Fayetteville, Arkansas. The largest Sam's Club is located in Pineville, North Carolina with 185,000 sq ft (17,200 m2) of retail space that was formerly an Incredible Universe.[citation needed]
On September 24, 2006, Sam's Club received a new logo. The new logo has an updated serif font and features a green and blue diamond inside the big blue diamond found above the word 'Sam's'.
Sam's Club's previous slogan was "We Are In Business For Small Business" until 2006; the decision to remove the slogan comes as Sam's Club attempts to remove itself from serving just small businesses and open up to more individual customers.
In December 2007, Sam's Club launched a new slogan, "Enjoy the Possibilities". Since then it became an official advertising slogan, mentioned in television and radio advertisements, but it is not mentioned on its website. As of January 2008, the "Enjoy the Possibilities" slogan was no longer in use. Sam's Club launched their latest slogan "Savings Made Simple" in the fourth quarter of 2009.
Starting in April 2007, there was speculation of a possible sale or spinoff of Sam's Club from parent company Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.[8][9] At Walmart's 2007 annual shareholder's meeting in June, management said that Sam's Club is not for sale, although they did not say they are not considering a spinoff.
On February 26, 2009, Walmart Canada announced that it would close all six of its Canadian Sam's Club locations.[10][11][12] This was part of Walmart Canada's decision to shift focus towards supercentres, but some industry observers suggested that the operation was struggling in competition with Costco and the non-membership The Real Canadian Superstore (known as Maxi & Cie in Quebec), that had a well-established history in the country. Sam's Club also rebranded the two as yet unopened locations as new Walmart Supercentres.
In January 2010, it was announced that ten clubs would be closed, including four in California. At the same time, Sam's will open six new clubs at various locations in the United States.[13]
On January 24, 2010, it was announced that approximately 11,200 Sam's Club employees would be laid off. The layoffs resulted from the decision to outsource product sampling duties to an outside company (Rogers, Arkansas-based Shopper Events, which already performs in-store product demonstrations for Walmart) and to eliminate New Business Membership Representative positions throughout the chain. Most of the laid-off employees were part-time and represented about 10% of the total Sam's Club workforce.
Rosalind Brewer was named as the new CEO for Sam's Club, a change that came into effect on February 1, 2012.[14]
On January 24, 2014, it was announced that Walmart will cut 2,300 jobs at the underperforming Sam's Club locations.[15] On February 1, 2017, John Furner replaced Brewer as CEO of Sam's Club.[16]
Design[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A Sam's Club store in Maplewood, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis
A Sam's Club store in Ciudad Lerdo, Durango, Mexico
A Sam's Club store in Suzhou, China
Like other warehouse clubs, Sam's Club sells most of its merchandise in bulk and directly off pallets. The clubs are arranged much like warehouses, with merchandise stocked in warehouse-style steel bins. Products sold include jewelry, designer goods, sunglasses, crystal and collectibles, electronics, floral, apparel, food, and meats. Most locations have Pharmacy, Tire and Battery, Photo, Bakery, Optical, Café and Floral departments. Sam's Club markets items under the private labels Simply Right, Member's Mark, Bakers & Chefs, Daily Chef, and Sam's Club — including products by Richelieu Foods,[17] a private label manufacturer of frozen pizza, salad dressing, sauces, marinades, condiments and deli salads. Sam's Club does not sell the Sam's Choice or Great Value brands that are available in Walmart stores. However, Sam's Club is changing some of the Member's Mark items to the name Simply Right. The Member's Mark Deli products are also changing names to Artisan Fresh.
Sam's Business Center[edit]
Sam's Club opened their first Business Center in Houston, Texas, in August 2008. Converted from an existing Sam's location, the Business Center is similar in concept to Costco's Business Centers.
In January 2010, the company announced it would be closing its Business Center, along with nine other clubs across the United States.[18]
Other retail formats[edit]
In Houston, Sam's Club opened Más Club in August 2009,[19] a club geared towards the Hispanic population. Membership in Más Club was separate from membership in Sam's Club. It closed in February 2014.
Membership[edit]
Membership is required to purchase at Sam's Club (except at the cafe, eye exams in optical, and pharmacy where federal law prohibits sales of prescription drugs to members only, as well as liquor and gasoline in some states); however, a one-time 60-day pass may be obtained from many Walmart newspaper ads. A 10% surcharge is added (except where forbidden by local laws, such as in Elmsford, NY, CA, SC) to the prices for non-members, except for pharmacy, cafe, or alcohol items where available. All memberships fees are 100% guaranteed at any point of time in the membership tenure.
Renewal of memberships can be done via the internet, through the mail, in-club at the Membership Services desk, any cash register, and also at the new ATM/Membership kiosks (the latter only available in select locations).
In the United States, Sam's Club memberships are divided into three categories: Business, Savings and Plus, each with an annual fee. Sam's Plus is the most comprehensive membership plan, that includes Cash Rewards and extra savings in Pharmacy and Optical.[20]
Payment options and store credit products[edit]
A Sam's Club in California.
Some Sam's Clubs in U.S. include gas stations
Shelves of Sam's Club in Suzhou, China
Payment options[edit]
Sam's Club locations, as well as their online storefront, accept Sam's Club (online and in-store) and Walmart credit cards (in-store only), Discover Card, Visa, MasterCard, American Express, debit cards (PIN-based, except MasterCard and Discover, which also can be signature-based), Walmart and Sam's Club gift cards, cash, or checks.[21] As of March 2009[update], EBT SNAP benefits are accepted in-store.[22] In the past, Visa credit cards were not accepted, except at gas stations because of the high processing fees compared with Walmart's discounted rates with MasterCard.[23]
In 2016, Sam's Club rolled out a mobile application that allows users to scan items while they shop and pay for them, skipping the checkout line.[24] As of December 2016, the app can be used at all locations in the United States.
Sam's Club credit[edit]
Sam's Club offers store credit lines to individuals and businesses linked to the member's membership card. As of June 2014, Sam's Club discontinued offering the Sam's Discover card and now offers a Sam's Club MasterCard Card that can be used at Sam's Club and anywhere Mastercards are accepted. Sam's Club MasterCard offers a cash back program of 5% (Up to $6,000 a year then 1% thereafter) on gasoline, 3% on dining and travel and 1% on all other purchases. Sam's Club is also the first merchant in the United States to offer EMV (Europay/MasterCard/Visa) chip-enabled cards.
See also[edit]
BJ's Wholesale Club – competitor in eastern US
Costco Wholesale – national US competitor
Más Club
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. – owner
Warehouse club
Arkansas portal
Companies portal
Business and economics portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Information for Walmart Investors: Unit Counts & Square Footage". Retrieved February 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sam's Club Corporate Facts 2012" (PDF) (Press release). Retrieved May 7, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Walmart FY 2016 Annual Report" (PDF). Walmart.
^ Jump up to: a b "Five–Year Financial Summary - 2014 Annual Report" (PDF) (Press release). Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sam's Club celebrates 25th anniversary with nationwide open house" (Press release). Sam's Club. April 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ Willie and Korie Robertson with Mark Schlabach, The Duck Commander Family. West Monroe, LA: Howard Books (owned by Simon & Schuster, 2013, p. 33
Jump up ^ http://www.calgaryherald.com/business/fp/Mart+Canada+shut+Club+wholesale+unit/1332667/story.html
Jump up ^ Otte, Timothy M. (May 7, 2007). "Spinoff in Bentonville Revisited". The Motley Fool. Retrieved November 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ Otte, Timothy M. (April 17, 2007). "A Spinoff in Bentonville?". The Motley Fool. Retrieved November 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ Georgiades, Andy (February 26, 2009). "Walmart Canada to Close Sam's Club Division". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ "Walmart Canada to close six Ontario Sam's Club locations to focus on supercenter expansion" (Press release). Walmart Canada. February 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Flavelle, Dana (February 26, 2009). "Walmart to close all Canadian Sam's Club stores". Toronto Star. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sam's Club to close 10 stores, four in California". Los Angeles Times. January 12, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Walmart names Rosalind Brewer as Sam's Club CEO, first woman to hold CEO position". The Washington Post. January 20, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Wal-Mart to Lay Off 2,300 Sam's Club Employees". The Wall Street Journal. January 24, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sam's Club CEO Rosalind Brewer to retire Feb. 1".
Jump up ^ "Richelieu experiences hiring boom, starts expansion". WCF Courier, RC Balaban. August 27, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Sam's Club Closing Houston Location". MyFoxHouston.com.
Jump up ^ "Más Club Opens August 6 in Houston" (Press release). Sam's Club. July 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sam's Club Application".
Jump up ^ "Accepted Payment Methods".
Jump up ^ "Does Sam's Club accept SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) cards?".
Jump up ^ Pricing, Retailing Rivalry Likely Led to Sam's Club's MasterCard Deal
Jump up ^ Sozzi, Brian (22 September 2016). "Walmart's Sam's Club scan-and-go app may make cash registers obsolete". TheStreet. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sam's Club.
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Trojan Horse
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Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the mythological Trojan Horse. For other uses, see Trojan horse (disambiguation).
Trojan horse as depicted in the Vergilius Vaticanus
Detail from The Procession of the Trojan Horse in Troy by Domenico Tiepolo (1773), inspired by Virgil's Aeneid
Trojan Horse is a tale from the Trojan War about the subterfuge that the Greeks used to enter the independent city of Troy and win the war. In the canonical version, after a fruitless 10-year siege, the Greeks constructed a huge wooden horse, and hid a select force of men inside. The Greeks pretended to sail away, and the Trojans pulled the horse into their city as a victory trophy. That night the Greek force crept out of the horse and opened the gates for the rest of the Greek army, which had sailed back under cover of night. The Greeks entered and destroyed the city of Troy, ending the war.
Metaphorically a "Trojan Horse" has come to mean any trick or stratagem that causes a target to invite a foe into a securely protected bastion or place. A malicious computer program which tricks users into willingly running it is also called a "Trojan horse" or simply a "Trojan".
The main ancient source for the story is the Aeneid of Virgil, a Latin epic poem from the time of Augustus. The event is also referred to in Homer's Odyssey.[1] In the Greek tradition, the horse is called the "Wooden Horse" (Δούρειος Ἵππος, Doúreios Híppos, in the Homeric Ionic dialect).
Contents
[hide]
1 Literary accounts
1.1 Men in the horse
2 Factual explanations
3 Images
4 Notes
5 External links
Literary accounts[edit]
Sinon is brought to Priam, from folio 101r of the Roman Vergil
According to Quintus Smyrnaeus, Odysseus thought of building a great wooden horse (the horse being the emblem of Troy), hiding an elite force inside, and fooling the Trojans into wheeling the horse into the city as a trophy. Under the leadership of Epeius, the Greeks built the wooden horse in three days. Odysseus's plan called for one man to remain outside the horse; he would act as though the Greeks had abandoned him, leaving the horse as a gift for the Trojans. An inscription was engraved on the horse reading: "For their return home, the Greeks dedicate this offering to Athena". Then they burned their tents and left to Tenedos by night. Greek soldier Sinon was "abandoned", and was to signal to the Greeks by lighting a beacon.[2] In Virgil's poem, Sinon, the only volunteer for the role, successfully convinces the Trojans that he has been left behind and that the Greeks are gone. Sinon tells the Trojans that the Horse is an offering to the goddess Athena, meant to atone for the previous desecration of her temple at Troy by the Greeks, and ensure a safe journey home for the Greek fleet. Sinon tells the Trojans that the Horse was built to be too large for them to take it into their city and gain the favor of Athena for themselves.
While questioning Sinon, the Trojan priest Laocoön guesses the plot and warns the Trojans, in Virgil's famous line Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes ("I fear Greeks, even those bearing gifts"),[3] Danai (acc Danaos) or Danaans (Homer's name for the Greeks) being the ones who had built the Trojan Horse. However, the god Poseidon sends two sea serpents to strangle him and his sons Antiphantes and Thymbraeus before any Trojan heeds his warning. According to Apollodorus the two serpents were sent by Apollo, whom Laocoon had insulted by sleeping with his wife in front of the "divine image".[4] In the Odyssey, Homer says that Helen of Troy also guesses the plot and tries to trick and uncover the Greek soldiers inside the horse by imitating the voices of their wives, and Anticlus attempts to answer, but Odysseus shuts his mouth with his hand.[5] King Priam's daughter Cassandra, the soothsayer of Troy, insists that the horse will be the downfall of the city and its royal family. She too is ignored, hence their doom and loss of the war.[6]
Trojan War
Achilles tending the wounded Patroclus
(Attic red-figure kylix, c. 500 BC)
The war
Setting: Troy (modern Hisarlik, Turkey)
Period: Bronze Age
Traditional dating: c. 1194–1184 BC
Modern dating: c. 1260–1180 BC
Outcome: Greek victory, destruction of Troy
See also: Historicity of the Iliad
Literary sources
Iliad
Epic Cycle
Aeneid, Book 2
Iphigenia in Aulis
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The Trojan Women
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See also: Trojan War in popular culture
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Trojan Horse
Sack of Troy
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See also: Catalogue of Ships
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See also: Trojan Battle Order
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This incident is mentioned in the Odyssey:
What a thing was this, too, which that mighty man wrought and endured in the carven horse, wherein all we chiefs of the Argives were sitting, bearing to the Trojans death and fate! 4.271 ff
But come now, change thy theme, and sing of the building of the horse of wood, which Epeius made with Athena's help, the horse which once Odysseus led up into the citadel as a thing of guile, when he had filled it with the men who sacked Ilion . 8.487 ff (trans. Samuel Butler)
The most detailed and most familiar version is in Virgil's Aeneid, Book II[7] (trans. A. S. Kline).
After many years have slipped by, the leaders of the Greeks,
opposed by the Fates, and damaged by the war,
build a horse of mountainous size, through Pallas's divine art,
and weave planks of fir over its ribs:
they pretend it's a votive offering: this rumour spreads.
They secretly hide a picked body of men, chosen by lot,
there, in the dark body, filling the belly and the huge
cavernous insides with armed warriors.
[...]
Then Laocoön rushes down eagerly from the heights
of the citadel, to confront them all, a large crowd with him,
and shouts from far off: "O unhappy citizens, what madness?
Do you think the enemy's sailed away? Or do you think
any Greek gift's free of treachery? Is that Ulysses's reputation?
Either there are Greeks in hiding, concealed by the wood,
or it's been built as a machine to use against our walls,
or spy on our homes, or fall on the city from above,
or it hides some other trick: Trojans, don't trust this horse.
Whatever it is, I'm afraid of Greeks even those bearing gifts."
Book II includes Laocoön saying: "Equo ne credite, Teucri. Quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentes." ("Do not trust the horse, Trojans! Whatever it is, I fear the Greeks, even bringing gifts.")
Well before Virgil, the story is also alluded to in Greek classical literature. In Euripides' play Trojan Women, written in 415 BC, the god Poseidon proclaims: "For, from his home beneath Parnassus, Phocian Epeus, aided by the craft of Pallas, framed a horse to bear within its womb an armed host, and sent it within the battlements, fraught with death; whence in days to come men shall tell of 'the wooden horse,' with its hidden load of warriors."[8]
Men in the horse[edit]
Thirty of the Achaeans' best warriors hid in the Trojan horse's belly and two spies in its mouth. Other sources give different numbers: The Bibliotheca 50;[9] Tzetzes 23;[10] and Quintus Smyrnaeus gives the names of 30, but says there were more.[11] In late tradition the number was standardized at 40. Their names follow:[12]
Ulysseus (leader)
Acamas
Uden
Ajax the Lesser
Amphidamas
Amphimachus
Anticlus
Antimachus
Antiphates
Calchas
Cyanippus
Demophon
Diomedes
Ishana
Epeius
Eumelus
Euryalus
Eurydamas
Eurymachus
Eurypylus
Ialmenus
Idomeneus
Iphidamas
Leonteus
Machaon
Meges
Menelaus
Menestheus
Meriones
Neoptolemus
Peneleos
Philoctetes
Podalirius
Polypoetes
Sthenelus
Teucer
Thalpius
Thersander
Thoas
Thrasymedes
Factual explanations[edit]
Heinrich Schliemann, modern excavator of Troy
There has been speculation that the Trojan Horse may have been a battering ram or other sort of siege engine resembling, to some extent, a horse, and that the description of the use of this device was then transformed into a myth by later oral historians who were not present at the battle and were unaware of that meaning of the name. Assyrians at the time used siege machines with animal names, often covered with dampened horse hides to protect against flaming arrows; it is possible that the Trojan Horse was such.[13] Pausanias, who lived in the 2nd century AD, wrote in his book Description of Greece "That the work of Epeius was a contrivance to make a breach in the Trojan wall is known to everybody who does not attribute utter silliness to the Phrygians"[14] where, by Phrygians, he means the Trojans.
Some authors have suggested that the gift was not a horse with warriors hiding inside, but a boat carrying a peace envoy,[15] and it has also been noted that the terms used to put men in the horse are those used when describing the embarkation of men on a ship.[16]
A more speculative theory, originally proposed by Fritz Schachermeyr, states that the Trojan Horse is a metaphor for a destructive earthquake that damaged the walls of Troy and allowed the Greeks in.[17] In this theory, the horse represents Poseidon, who as well as being god of the sea was also god of horses and earthquakes. This theory is supported by the fact that archaeological digs have found that Troy VI was heavily damaged in an earthquake,[17] but is hard to square with the mythological claim that Poseidon built the walls of Troy in the first place.[18]
A recent discovery made by the Italian Naval Archaeologist Francesco Tiboni, first presented in 2016 in a peer review academic journal[19], has demonstrated that the Trojan Horse was indeed a Ship. According to the Homeric texts and the archaeology of ancient boats and ships, in fact, the Hippos built by Epeus has to be considered a galley like the ones in use along the Greek and the Phoenician coasts of that time to pay tribute after the end of the wars.
Images[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2010)
The Mykonos vase, with one of the earliest known renditions of the Trojan Horse. (Note the depiction of the faces of hidden warriors shown on the horse's side.)
There are three known surviving classical depictions of the Trojan Horse. The earliest is on a fibula brooch dated about 700 BC. The other two are on relief pithos vases from the adjoining Grecian islands Mykonos and Tinos, both usually dated between 675 and 650 BC, the one from Mykonos being known as the Mykonos Vase.[20][21] Historian Michael Wood, however, dates the Mykonos Vase to the 8th century BC, some 500 years after the supposed time of the war, but before the written accounts attributed by tradition to Homer. Wood concludes from that evidence that the story of the Trojan Horse existed before those accounts were written.[22]
At the Istanbul Archaeological Museum in Istanbul, Turkey
At the Schliemann Museum in Ankershagen, Germany
From the 2004 movie Troy
A modern interpretation at the Troja-Ausstellung (Troy Fair) in Stuttgart, Germany (May 2001)
The story of the Trojan horse was depicted in the art of Gandhara. British Museum.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Broeniman, Clifford (1996). "Demodocus, Odysseus, and the Trojan War in "Odyssey" 8". The Classical World. 90 (1): 3–13. JSTOR 4351895.
Jump up ^ Bibliotheca, Epitome, e.5.15
Jump up ^ "Virgil:Aeneid II". Poetryintranslation.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Jump up ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, Epitome,Epit. E.5.18
Jump up ^ Homer, Odyssey, 4. 274-289.
Jump up ^ Virgil. The Aeneid. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. New York: Everyman's Library, 1992. Print.
Jump up ^ "Virgil". poetryintranslation.com.
Jump up ^ "The Trojan Women, Euripides". Classics.mit.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Jump up ^ Epitome 5.14
Jump up ^ Posthomerica 641–650
Jump up ^ Posthomerica xii.314-335
Jump up ^ "THE WOODEN HORSE - Greek Mythology Link". Maicar.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Jump up ^ Michael Wood, in his book "In search of the Trojan war" ISBN 978-0-520-21599-3 (which was shown on BBC TV as a series)
Jump up ^ "Pausanias, Description of Greece 1, XXIII,8". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Jump up ^ See pages 51-52 inTroy C. 1700-1250 BC,Nic Fields, Donato Spedaliere & Sarah S. Spedalier, Osprey Publishing, 2004
Jump up ^ See pages 22-23 in The fall of Troy in early Greek poetry and art, Michael John Anderson, Oxford University Press, 1997
^ Jump up to: a b Eric H. Cline (2013). The Trojan War: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 0199333823.
Jump up ^ Stephen Kershaw (2010). A Brief Guide to Classical Civilization. ISBN 1849018006.
Jump up ^ Tiboni, Francesco. "The Dourateos Ippos from allegory to Archaeology: a Phoenician Ship to break the Wall." Archaeologia maritima mediterranea 13.13 (2016): 91-104
Jump up ^ Sparks, B.A. (April 1971). "The Trojan Horse in Classical Art". Greece & Rome. Second series. 18 (1): 54–70. JSTOR 642388. doi:10.1017/s001738350001768x.
Jump up ^ Caskey, Miriam Ervin (Winter 1976). "Notes on Relief Pithoi of the Tenian-Boiotian Group". American Journal of Archaeology. 80 (1): 19–41. JSTOR 502935.
Jump up ^ Wood, Michael (1985). In Search of the Trojan War. London: BBC books. pp. 80; 251. ISBN 978-0-563-20161-8.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Trojan Horse
Media related to Trojan horse at Wikimedia Commons
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