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Santa's Little Helper
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This article is about the Simpsons character. For the creature sometimes called Santa's little helper, see Christmas elf. For the television film, see Santa's Little Helper (2015 film).
Santa's Little Helper
The Simpsons character
Information
Voiced by
Frank Welker (1991–95)
Dan Castellaneta (1992–present)
Gender
Male hound
First appearance
The Simpsons
"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire"
Santa's Little Helper is a recurring character in the American animated television series The Simpsons. He is the pet greyhound of the Simpson family. The dog was introduced in the first episode of the show, the 1989 Christmas special "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", in which his owner abandons him for finishing last in a greyhound race. Homer Simpson and his son Bart, who are at the race track in hope of winning some money for Christmas presents, see this and decide to adopt the dog.
Santa's Little Helper has since appeared frequently on The Simpsons, and is the center of the plots of several episodes. During the course of the show, he has fathered litters of puppies, passed obedience school, had surgery for bloat, replaced Duffman as the mascot for Duff Beer, and been trained as a police dog at Springfield's Animal Police Academy. Some of the episodes that focus on Santa's Little Helper have been inspired by popular culture or real experiences that staff members of the show have gone through.
Although cartoon animals are often anthropomorphized,[1] Santa's Little Helper generally exhibits canine behavior. Cast member Dan Castellaneta currently provides the dog's sounds on the show, but voice artist Frank Welker has also voiced him. Santa's Little Helper has become a popular character following his appearances on The Simpsons. He ranked 27th in Animal Planet's 2003 television special 50 Greatest TV Animals that was based on popularity, name recognition, and the longevity of the shows. He has also been featured in merchandise relating to The Simpsons, such as video games, board games, and comics.
Contents
1 Role in The Simpsons
2 Creation and development
2.1 Sounds
3 Reception
4 Influence
5 References
6 External links
Role in The Simpsons[edit]
Santa's Little Helper is a greyhound that appears on the animated television series The Simpsons and is the pet dog of the Simpson family.[2] He can often be seen on the show in minor appearances, although there have been some episodes that feature him heavily, including the first episode of The Simpsons. In that episode, "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" (season one, 1989), Homer discovers that he has no money to buy Christmas presents for the family. Desperate for a miracle, he and Bart go to the greyhound racing track on Christmas Eve in hopes of winning some money. Although Homer has inside information on which dog is the most likely to win, he instead bets on a last-minute entry, Santa's Little Helper (here despite being brown), believing the dog's Christmas-inspired name to be a sign. However, the greyhound finishes last. As Homer and Bart leave the track, they watch the dog's owner abandon him for losing the race. Bart pleads with Homer to keep the dog as a pet and he agrees after it affectionately licks him on the cheek. When Bart and Homer return home, Santa's Little Helper is assumed by the rest of the family to be a Christmas present.[3]
In various episodes, Santa's Little Helper can be seen chewing on newspapers and other objects in the Simpsons' household, destroying furniture, and digging holes in the backyard.[4][5] In "Bart's Dog Gets an F" (season two, 1991), he manages to infuriate the entire family by destroying valued items in the home. As a result, Homer and Marge want to get rid of the dog, but Bart and Lisa convince them that he can be trained at an obedience school. Santa's Little Helper does not do well there as Bart is unwilling to use a choke chain suggested by the instructor. The night before the final exam, Bart and Santa's Little Helper play, thinking it will be their last few hours together. This bonding breaks down the communication barrier, allowing the dog to understand Bart's commands, and consequently pass the obedience school.[6]
Santa's Little Helper has fathered several puppies. In "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds" (season six, 1995), he runs away to the dog racing track where he mates with a female hound named She's the Fastest. She later gives birth to 25 puppies and when the Simpsons cannot take care of them any longer, they decide to sell them; however, Mr. Burns steals the puppies and decides to make a tuxedo out of them. Before he does this, however, he becomes emotionally touched by them. This convinces him to never wear fur again and instead raise the puppies to be world-class racing dogs.[7] Santa's Little Helper sires another litter of puppies with Dr. Hibbert's poodle in the episode "Today I Am a Clown" (season 15, 2003). These puppies are given away to townspeople.[8]
The dog has been neglected or treated unfavorably by the family in some episodes.[9] In "Dog of Death" (season three, 1992), he nearly dies of bloat and they decide to make budget cuts in order to pay for the required operation. Although the dog's life is saved, the family begins to feel the strain of their sacrifices and starts treating him badly, causing him to run away. He ends up in the possession of Mr. Burns, who trains him to become a vicious attack dog. Several days later, Bart stumbles upon the trained Santa's Little Helper and is attacked, but the greyhound eventually recognizes his old friend and stops.[10] In "The Canine Mutiny" (season eight, 1997), Bart uses a fake charge card to buy a well-trained rough collie named Laddie from a mail-order catalog. Laddie learns many tricks that Santa's Little Helper is completely unable to perform, and the Simpson family nearly forgets about their old pet. Bart eventually gives Santa's Little Helper away instead of Laddie when repo men take back everything he fraudulently purchased. Feeling guilty about this disloyalty and bored with his too perfect new dog, Bart tries to get him back. When he finally finds him, Santa's Little Helper is serving as a seeing-eye dog for a blind man, but eventually decides to return to the family.[11]
In "Stop or My Dog Will Shoot" (season 18, 2007), Santa's Little Helper becomes a local hero after finding a lost Homer, and the Simpsons decide to enroll him in the Animal Police Academy. However, his new crime-fighting job makes him jaded and one day at home he bites Bart. The Simpsons must therefore send the dog away to live with officer Lou. However, he gets to return after saving Bart from a toxic smoke cloud at school and then leaving the police force.[12] In "How Munched is That Birdie in the Window?" (season 22, 2010), after Santa's Little Helper devours a pigeon with a broken leg that Bart was nursing, Bart gets mad at the dog and is unable to forgive him. The Simpsons therefore give him away to an ostrich farm. There, Bart says goodbye to him and explains that he should never, ever devour a bird. Bart then gets into a fight with an angry ostrich. After remembering that he was told that it's wrong to kill birds, he ceases to aid Bart in the fight, confused at his own loyalty (for Bart's sake or his orders) leaving Bart to strangle the ostrich to death. Bart then realizes that he could not help killing the pigeon and apologizes. Afterwards, the family goes back home with the dog.[13]
The dog once replaced Duffman as the mascot for Duff Beer in the episode "Old Yeller Belly" (season 14, 2003), after he was seen drinking from a can of beer by balancing it on his nose. He becomes known as Suds McDuff and boosts sales of Duff Beer, making the family's fortunes explode. However, this prompts his original sleazy owner and racing trainer to visit the Simpsons and prove that he's the owner of the dog. The family later figures that if they can get Duffman to replace Suds as the Duff mascot, they can get their dog back. They plan to turn Duffman into a hero at a Duff Beer-sponsored beach volleyball event; however, their plan fails and a drunk shark that's discovered at the event becomes the new mascot instead. Santa's Little Helper gladly returns to the Simpson family.[14]
Creation and development[edit]
The Simpsons creator Matt Groening prefers that animals in cartoons act realistically.
Santa's Little Helper's initial appearance on The Simpsons was in the first episode of the series, "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", which aired on Dec. 17, 1989.[15] Since then, he has become a recurring character. The Simpsons creator Matt Groening told TV Guide in 2000 that "we [the staff] painted ourselves into a corner with our Christmas episode. Once we wrote the dog into the show, we were stuck with him."[15] The name "Santa's Little Helper" was chosen because, according to writer Al Jean in the same TV Guide article, "we needed a name that would inspire Homer to bet on him, an omen, a Christmas name since he was betting on Christmas Eve. But, at that point, nobody was thinking long-term. We weren't considering what might happen in ten years, when we've got to use this name."[15] Although "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" was the first episode of the series to air on TV, it was the eighth episode produced by the staff. It was chosen to air first because there were animation problems with the others. Jean told the Houston Chronicle in 2001 that after the first episode was broadcast and "the next seven didn't have the dog, people wondered why."[16] He also said in 2003 that the staff enjoyed the first episodes that centered on him, particularly "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", which is the reason that more episodes about him were written.[17]
Writer John Swartzwelder has noted that the staff members of the show write the character Homer in the same way that they write Santa's Little Helper: "Both are loyal. Both have the same emotional range. And both will growl and possibly snap if you try to take their food."[15] Although animals in cartoons often behave with "semi-human awareness", Groening said on the DVD audio commentary for the episode "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds" that he prefers animals in cartoons to behave exactly the way they do in real life. As a result, Santa's Little Helper is depicted in this way on the show.[18] There have, however, been some exceptions for gags, but most of the time the staff of The Simpsons tries to keep animals acting realistically.[19][20] Several journalists have commented on the greyhound's lack of intelligence. In an article that compared The Simpsons to the animated series Family Guy, Todd Camp of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram noted that "though Santa's Little Helper may be the only Simpson who's dumber than Homer, the Griffins' pooch [Brian Griffin] is the brainiest member of the household".[21] In 1991, Copley News Service's Alison Ashton described Santa's Little Helper as a "sweet and stupid dog".[22] Tom Coombe of The Morning Call wrote in 2002 that "fans of The Simpsons will tell you that the cartoon family's dog [...] is often dumb, disobedient and skittish. Fans of the real-life breed will paint a different picture — of dogs that are peaceful, affectionate, [and] not given to drooling, panting".[23]
Some ideas for episodes featuring Santa's Little Helper come from reality. The plot of "Dog of Death" was based on Swartzwelder's experiences with his own dog, which had also suffered from bloat. However, unlike the events in the episode, Swartzwelder's dog did not receive treatment as the operation was too expensive and the dog was too old.[17] The Gold Coast Bulletin's Ryan Ellem commented in 2005 that the Simpson family's dilemma with the cost of the veterinary procedure is a realistic dilemma faced by many families who own dogs.[24] Other episode ideas come from popular culture. For example, Santa's Little Helper fathering 25 puppies in "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds" is a parody of the Disney film One Hundred and One Dalmatians,[25] and Mr. Burns' technique of brainwashing him into an attack dog in "Dog of Death" parodies A Clockwork Orange.[26] Susan McHugh, who teaches theories of animals, literature, and culture at the University of New England, wrote in her 2004 book Dog that, "remaining loyal to his unlikely saviours, the boy Bart and his father Homer, this greyhound has prompted satires of contemporary dog culture, from Barbara Woodhouse's authoritarian training methods [in "Bart's Dog Gets an F"] to Lassie's flawless service to the status quo [in "The Canine Mutiny"]."[27]
Sounds[edit]
Dan Castellaneta currently voices Santa's Little Helper.
Although cast member Dan Castellaneta occasionally voiced Santa's Little Helper for bit parts,[17] American voice artist Frank Welker most often provided the sounds of the dog and other animals on the show from "Bart's Dog Gets an F", which aired on March 7, 1991, to "Home Sweet Homediddly-Dum-Doodily", which aired on October 1, 1995.[28] He said on his official website in 2007 that he liked portraying Santa's Little Helper because the dog was a "sympathetic" character.[29] Welker has been praised by staff members for his performances on the show. David Mirkin has noted that "he can do anything, and it fits perfectly. You forget you're listening to a guy, and he's a pleasure to work with."[19] Groening has commented that he was "unbelievably good" at doing animal noises.[18] After 1995, Castellaneta voiced Santa's Little Helper on his own while Welker performed other animal noises until his full departure in 2002, when he was denied a pay raise.[29] In the "questions and answers" section on his website, Welker revealed that the reason he stopped performing as Santa's Little Helper was because "The producers thought... 'Hmmm, Dan barks pretty good, and we are already paying him and he seems to like doing the dog thing... why do we need to pay Welker who comes in here, spends less than an hour, eats all the doughnuts, refuses to come to rehearsals... let's just give the damn dog to Dan!'"[29]
Reception[edit]
Santa's Little Helper has become a well-known dog because of his appearances in the series. A writer for The Grand Rapids Press wrote in 2002 that "we all know who Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie are—heck, most Americans probably recognize their pets, Santa's Little Helper and Snowball II".[30] McHugh wrote in Dog that while Master McGrath was the most famous greyhound of the 19th century, "the most popular greyhound a hundred years later" is Santa's Little Helper.[27] In the television special 50 Greatest TV Animals that was hosted by Mario Lopez and aired on Animal Planet in 2003, the dog ranked 27th.[31] Other dogs featured on the list were Lassie (first), Eddie (fifth), Snoopy (sixth), Scooby-Doo (13th), Rin Tin Tin (14th), Max (20th), Triumph, the Insult Comic Dog (24th), Buck (29th), Chipper (44th), and Tiger (50th).[31] According to a writer for McClatchy News Service, the rankings were "determined by popularity, name recognition and how long the show lasted."[31]
Among fans and critics, Santa's Little Helper has been mostly well received. He ranked seventh in a 2008 poll by Dog Whisperer's Cesar Millan that determined the "best-loved television dog of all time." Lassie ranked first in the poll.[32] In addition, he was voted the tenth favorite Simpsons character by readers of Simpsons Comics in the United Kingdom in 2010.[33] In a list of their top twelve favorite dogs from cartoons, comics, and animation, writers for The Tampa Tribune listed Santa's Little Helper at number six, writing: "We admire his upbeat nature even after having his legs broken by Mr. Burns and being abandoned by Bart for another dog, Laddie."[34] He also ranked 75th on Retrocrush author Robert Berry's list of "The 100 Greatest Dogs of Pop Culture History" in 2006.[35] The character has attracted some criticism too, though. While reviewing the episode "Bart's Dog Gets an F" in 2010, Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club wrote:
"As cartoon dogs go, Santa’s Little Helper is spectacularly unspectacular. In a realm of aggressively anthropomorphic canines, some of whom, admittedly, have strong speech impediments, he doesn’t talk or wisecrack or engage in shenanigans. His abilities and powers begin and end with masticating, defecating, and regular napping. You know, just like a real dog. Consequently, episodes devoted to Santa’s Little Helper tend to be a little on the sleepy side, even the Simpsons Christmas special that launched the series."[1]
Influence[edit]
Since his first appearance on The Simpsons, Santa's Little Helper has appeared in merchandise relating to the show. On the board art of The Simpsons Clue, a 2000 board game by USAopoly based on Clue, he is shown drinking Duff Beer that has been spilled on the floor.[36] In another board game published by USAopoly called The Simpsons Monopoly, based on Monopoly and released in 2001, the dog is featured as one of the six pewter playing pieces.[37] Santa's Little Helper has also appeared in issues of Simpsons Comics,[38][39] in the 2007 film The Simpsons Movie,[40] and in video games based on The Simpsons such as Night of the Living Treehouse of Horror and The Simpsons Game.[41][42] In addition, the dog has been made into action figures by McFarlane Toys,[43] action figures by Playmates Toys in the World of Springfield series,[44] and plush toys.[45]
Santa's Little Helper has made an impact on real life in that an espresso-based drink has been named after him at the award-winning restaurant and bar Bambara in Salt Lake City's Hotel Monaco. Bartender Ethan Moore told The Salt Lake Tribune in 2004 that it is "one of the most popular holiday drinks" at Bambara.[46] In addition, a dog walking and pet sitting company in New York City, called "Santa's Little Helper Dog Walking and Pet Sitting", has been named after him.[47] The greyhound has also appeared by himself on the cover of the October 16, 2000 issue of TV Guide. This issue was released with 24 different covers, all featuring different characters from The Simpsons.[48]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Rabin, Nathan (2010-12-16). "'Bart's Dog Gets an F'". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2011-08-14.
Jump up ^ "Highlights". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1992-03-12. p. 5E.
Jump up ^ "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire". The Simpsons. Season 01. Episode 01. 1989-12-17. Fox Broadcasting Company.
Jump up ^ Groening, Matt (1997). Richmond, Ray; Coffman, Antonia, eds. The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family (1st ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-06-095252-5. LCCN 98141857. OCLC 37796735. OL 433519M. .
Jump up ^ "Santa's Little Helper". TheSimpsons.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
Jump up ^ "Bart's Dog Gets an F". The Simpsons. Season 02. Episode 16. 1991-03-07. Fox Broadcasting Company.
Jump up ^ "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds". The Simpsons. Season 06. Episode 20. 1995-04-09. Fox Broadcasting Company.
Jump up ^ "Today I Am a Clown". The Simpsons. Season 15. Episode 06. 2003-12-07. Fox Broadcasting Company.
Jump up ^ Guzior, Betsey (2002-06-14). "Pulp fiction". The State. p. E3.
Jump up ^ "Dog of Death". The Simpsons. Season 03. Episode 19. 1992-03-12. Fox Broadcasting Company.
Jump up ^ "The Canine Mutiny". The Simpsons. Season 08. Episode 20. 1997-04-13. Fox Broadcasting Company.
Jump up ^ "Stop or My Dog Will Shoot". The Simpsons. Season 18. Episode 20. 2007-05-13. Fox Broadcasting Company.
Jump up ^ "How Munched is That Birdie in the Window?". The Simpsons. Season 22. Episode 07. 2010-11-28. Fox Broadcasting Company.
Jump up ^ "Old Yeller Belly". The Simpsons. Season 14. Episode 19. 2003-05-04. Fox Broadcasting Company.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rhodes, Joe (2000-10-21). "Flash! 24 Simpsons stars reveal themselves". TV Guide.
Jump up ^ Westbrook, Bruce (2001-11-04). "Animated icons After a dozen seasons, Fox's 'The Simpsons' still has strange appeal". Houston Chronicle. p. 11.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jean, Al (2003). The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season DVD commentary for the episode "Dog of Death" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b Groening, Matt (2005). The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season DVD commentary for the episode "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b Mirkin, David (2005). The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season DVD commentary for the episode "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
Jump up ^ Reardon, Jim (2003). The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season DVD commentary for the episode "Dog of Death" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
Jump up ^ Camp, Todd (1999-04-11). "What a 'Guy' – New Fox cartoon mocks TV, 'The Simpsons'". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Ashton, Alison (1991-11-26). "Questions that yule like – See how much you know about this time of year". The San Diego Union-Tribune. p. NC-6.
Jump up ^ Coombe, Tom (2002-01-21). "Furry friend raises cash for greyhounds – Group selling stuffed animals to help pay for adoption program". The Morning Call. p. B5.
Jump up ^ Ellem, Ryan (2005-10-29). "All creatures great and small – Purr-fect cover for vet bills". The Gold Coast Bulletin. p. 060.
Jump up ^ Scully, Mike (2005). The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season DVD commentary for the episode "Two Dozen and One Greyhounds" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
Jump up ^ "Stanley and Bart... another Kubrick legend". The Guardian. 1999-07-16. Retrieved 2011-03-01.
^ Jump up to: a b McHugh, Susan (2004). Dog. Reaktion Books. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-1-86189-203-4.
Jump up ^ Vitti, Jon (2002). The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season DVD commentary for the episode "Bart's Dog Gets an F" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b c Welker, Frank. "Ask Frank". The Frank Welker Homepage (official website). Retrieved 2011-08-14.
Jump up ^ "... And with a huge cast of oddball characters". The Grand Rapids Press. 2002-11-03. p. F1.
^ Jump up to: a b c McClatchy News Service (2007-09-28). "Doggy details". Gilroy Dispatch. Retrieved 2011-08-14.
Jump up ^ Rollo, Sarah (2008-11-27). "Lassie crowned top TV dog in poll". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
Jump up ^ Mayer, Nissim (2010-01-19). "Bart named favourite 'Simpsons' character". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
Jump up ^ Walker, Kevin (2004-03-26). "Top Dogs". The Tampa Tribune. p. 24.
Jump up ^ Berry, Robert (2006). "Year of the dog – The 100 greatest dogs of pop culture history". Retrocrush. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
Jump up ^ Barker, Olivia (2000-12-15). "'Millionaire,' 'Simpsons' win the board game". USA Today. p. 15E.
Jump up ^ Gintout, Sarah (2011-12-11). "Gifts galore – Captivate the art and tech lovers on your list". Richmond Times-Dispatch. p. D-1.
Jump up ^ "Simpsons Comics Issue #181". Titan Magazines. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Simpsons Comics Issue 141". Titan Magazines. Retrieved 2011-08-18. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "The Simpsons Movie Cast and Crew". Fandango. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
Jump up ^ Harris, Craig (2001-04-24). "The Simpsons: Night of the Living Treehouse of Horror review". IGN. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
Jump up ^ Harris, Craig (2007-09-05). "The Simpsons: Mr. Sparkle hands-on". IGN. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
Jump up ^ "Jonesing for Simpsons Toys". IGN. 2006-06-26. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
Jump up ^ "Simpsons – Family Christmas – Interactive Environment w/5 exclusive figures". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
Jump up ^ Rogers, Sherman (2010). The African American Entrepreneur: Then and Now. ABC-CLIO. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-313-35111-2.
Jump up ^ "When weather outside is frightful, rich holiday drinks are delightful". The Salt Lake Tribune. 2004-12-15. p. D1.
Jump up ^ Long, Cricky (2004). City Dog: New York City. City Dog Publishing. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-933068-02-2.
Jump up ^ "That Azaria is quite a character: In fact, he's a few on TV Guide's cover". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 2000-10-18. p. A2.
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Goa liberation movement
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The Goa liberation movement was a movement which sought to end Portuguese colonial rule in Goa, India. The movement built on the small scale revolts and uprisings of the 19th century, and grew powerful during the period 1940-1961. The movement was conducted both inside and outside Goa, and was characterised by a range of tactics including nonviolent demonstrations, revolutionary methods and diplomatic efforts.[1][2] However, Portuguese control of its Indian colonies ended only when India invaded Goa in 1961[3] and incorporated the territories into the Indian Union.
Contents
[hide]
1 Portuguese possessions in India
2 Revolts against Portuguese rule
3 The independence movement
3.1 Early 20th century
3.2 1920–1940
3.3 1940s
3.4 Demand for autonomy
3.5 Diplomatic efforts
3.6 Revolutionary groups
3.7 1953 onwards: intensification of Satyagraha movement
3.8 Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli
4 Annexation of Goa
5 Subsequent events
6 Films
7 See also
8 Gallery: Goa independence activists
9 References
Portuguese possessions in India[edit]
Main article: Portuguese India
The Portuguese colonised India in 1510, conquering many parts of the western coast and establishing several colonies in the east. By the end of the 19th century, Portuguese colonies in India were limited to Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra, Nagar Haveli and Anjediva Island.
Revolts against Portuguese rule[edit]
Many Goans living under colonial rule resented Portuguese rule due to policies perceived as brutal as well as mandates and relentless government campaigns to convert the predominantly Hindu Goans to Christianity.[4] Despite 14 revolts against Portuguese rule (the final attempt in 1912),[5] none of these uprisings were successful in ending the colonial era. The failure of these uprisings to effect meaningful change was attributed to the lack of a broad, active support base and their localised nature.
The independence movement[edit]
Early 20th century[edit]
The abolition of the Portuguese monarchy in 1910 raised hopes that the colonies would be granted self-determination; however, when Portuguese colonial policies remained unchanged, an organised and dedicated anti-colonial movement emerged.[5] Luís de Menezes Bragança founded O Heraldo, the first Portuguese language newspaper in Goa, which was critical of Portuguese colonial rule.[citation needed] In 1917, the "Carta Organica" law was passed, overseeing all civil liberties in Goa.
In reaction to growing dissent, the Portuguese government in Goa implemented policies which curtailed civil liberties, including censorship of the press. Strict censorship policies required any material containing printed words, including invitation cards, to be submitted to a censorship committee for screening. The Portuguese governor of Goa was empowered to suspend publication, close down printing presses and impose heavy fines on newspapers which refused to comply with these policies. Many Goans criticised the curtailing of press freedoms, stating that the only newspapers and periodicals the Portuguese permitted them to publish were pro-colonialist propaganda materials.[6]
Menezes Bragança organised a rally in Margao denouncing the law and, for some time, the Goans received the same rights as mainland Portuguese.[7] However, the Portuguese Catholic Church strongly supported pro-colonial policies and attempted to influence Goan Christians to oppose the independence movement. The Portuguese Patriarch of the Catholic Church in Goa issued over 60 official letters to the priests of the archdiocese, instructing them to preach to their congregations that salvation lay with the Portuguese and in dissociating themselves from cultural-political relationship with the rest of India.[8]
1920–1940[edit]
In 1928, Tristão de Bragança Cunha founded the Goa National Congress. At the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress, the Goa Congress Committee received recognition and representation in the All-India Congress Committee.[citation needed]
In May 1930, Portugal passed the "Acto Colonial" (Colonial Act), which restricted political rallies and meetings within all Portuguese colonies. The introduction of this act politically relegated Goa to the status of a colony. The Portuguese also introduced a policy of compulsory conscription in Portuguese India, which contributed significantly to growing resentment against the colonial government.[7]
The Portuguese government pressured the Indian National Congress to disaffiliate the National Congress (Goa); however, in 1938, Goans in Bombay city formed the Provisional Goa Congress.[citation needed]
1940s[edit]
By the 1940s, the Goan independence movement had gained momentum, inspired by the Indian independence movement, which had entered its crucial phase, as well as the 1946 British announcement to grant India independence, after which Indian leaders focused their attention on the movements in Portuguese India and French India that sought to join the newly independent Indian state.
When Bragança Cunha was arrested in 1946, A.G. Tendulkar became the president of the Goa Congress and organised a meeting in Londa (outside Goa).[citation needed] Dr Julião Menezes studied in Goa and after finishing Lyceum, (Portuguese high school) he attended Berlin University in the 1920s and graduated in medicine – MD. He also took courses in Indology in Berlin. It was there that he met Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, who was studying at the same University.[9] Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia and Dr Julião Menezes remained in contact and Dr. Menezes even provided him shelter after the ‘Do or Die’ call given by Mahatma Gandhi. It is believed that Dr. Lohia wanted to hide in Goa but decided against it following counselling by Dr. Menezes who was worried that British agents were active in Goa as well. The two met again in 1946 after Dr. Lohia’s release from prison in Lahore where he was taken after his arrest in Mumbai. Dr. Lohia had visited Dr. Menezes for a medical examination in Bombay where the latter advised the former that he rest and invited him to his house in Assolna, Goa.,[9][10] Accepting the invitation, Dr. Lohia arrived in Goa on 10 June 1946 and stayed at the residence of Menezes at Assolna, where the two stalwarts discussed the situation prevailing in Goa during that period and decided to defy the ban on public meetings imposed by the Portuguese Government. This was the first civil disobedience movement against the then 435-year-old Portuguese rule. The news of Lohia’s arrival spread among Goans and Dr. Menezes’ place in Assolna became the meeting place for Goan intellectuals and political activists, who wanted to consult Dr. Lohia and Dr. Menezes.[10] On 15 June 1946, Dr. Menezes and Dr. Lohia addressed a gathering of the people in Panjim but the police did not intervene and stop the meeting even as they were posted at the place where the meeting took place. Buoyed with the success of the meeting, the two entered Margao square in a horse carriage.[10] On 18 June with thousands of men and women welcoming them and chanting their names "Dr Lohia-ki Jai! Dr Julião Menezes-ki-Jai!". Dr. Lohia's and Dr. Menezes were arrested. The colonial administration, which was caught off guard, failed to subdue the fervor of the crowd. Julião and Lohia were arrested and removed at the dead of night to the Panjim police station. The news of their arrest spread throughout Goa, and the people demonstrated in most of the towns. In Margão, next morning, the citizens drove in procession, and in the evening, they gathered in front of the Câmara. Even though the troops sought to disperse the crowd, they squatted resolutely on the ground, shouting in unison at the top of their voices, which resounded throughout the town: Jai Hind!! Dr. Lohiako shodd do! Dr. Julião Menezesko shodd do!
In the end that day, Dr Julião Menezes was released and Dr Lohia was driven outside of Goa and released. Their arrest at this demonstration motivated people to hold large-scale protests in support of the independence movement, which resulted in large-scale arrests and the incarceration of over 1,500 people.[5] Goan leaders, including Bragança Cunha, Purushottam Kakodkar and Laxmikant Bhembre were deported to Portugal for their participation in the independence protests.[7]
The Government of Goa, Daman and Diu failed to recognize Dr. Julião’s contribution to the cause when he was alive. Though he was honored on 18 June 1986 after his death, he deserves to be remembered in a monumental way.[9]
From October to November 1946, a series of satyagrahas (non-violent civil-disobedience actions) were held in Goa; however, many of the leaders of these actions were arrested. With the arrest of the leadership, much of the momentum of the movement was lost and, subsequently, the Goa Congress began to operate from Bombay.[citation needed]
During the mid-1940s, a number of new political parties emerged in Goa, each having a conflicting agenda and perspective in relation to achieving Goan independence and autonomy. These political parties advocated for vastly different policies including Goa's merger with Maharashtra state, Goa's merger with the southern Indian state of Karnataka, independent statehood for Goa and autonomy within Portuguese rule.[citation needed]
Mahatma Gandhi sensed that an independence movement with such disparate perspectives would be ineffective and could undermine the struggle for independence; hence, Gandhi suggested that the various independence factions should attempt to unite under the broad guise of civil liberties. In response to Gandhi's suggestion, the different Goan political factions met in Bombay in June 1947 to formally launch a campaign demanding that the Portuguese government "quit India". The Goan leadership believed that with the end of British colonial occupation, an end to Portuguese colonial occupation would logically follow. However, on 3 August 1947, Lohia[clarification needed] announced that Goa's independence would not coincide with Indian national independence and that the Goans would have to continue their struggle, "not just for civil liberties, but for freedom itself".[citation needed]
The failure of Goa to achieve independence within the national independence struggle, in conjunction with mixed signals from the new national Indian leadership in New Delhi and harsh repression by the Portuguese, led to a temporary lull in the Goan independence movement. Similarly, the partition of India and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 diverted the focus of the national Indian leadership from the anti-colonial struggles in the Portuguese and French colonies.[citation needed]
Following national Indian independence, a separate demand for independence was raised by Dr. Froilano de Mello, a prominent Goan microbiologist and MP in the Portuguese National Assembly. De Mello sought independence for Goa, Daman and Diu as autonomous state entities within the framework of a Portuguese commonwealth, similar to the British Commonwealth.[11]
Demand for autonomy[edit]
Within Goa and Portugal, periodic demands for autonomy for Portuguese India continued. In July 1946, a public meeting was held which openly petitioned the Salazar administration to grant autonomy to the Estado da India. The meeting was facilitated by José Inácio de Loyola, and inspired the formation of a committee chaired by Uday Bhembre to pursue autonomy. Bhembre's committee failed to provoke a response from the Portuguese administration, and subsequently the last demand for autonomy was made by Purushottam Kakodkar in early 1961.[12]
Diplomatic efforts[edit]
In December 1947, independent India and Portugal established diplomatic ties. In January 1948, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru met the Portuguese consul and raised the issue of Goa's integration into the Indian Union. The Portuguese, who valued their strategic Indian colonial outposts, were unwilling to negotiate and by 1948, the Goan anti-colonial movement had virtually disbanded.[citation needed]
In January 1953, the Indian delegation in Portugal (a representative body of the Indian government), sought to negotiate with Portugal on the issue of its territories in India. The Indian government offered a direct transfer; however, the Portuguese refused and diplomatic relations between the two countries deteriorated. On 11 June 1953, the Indian delegation in Lisbon was closed[citation needed] and diplomatic ties were formally severed. In July 1953, Nehru stated that the Indian government's position involved French and Portuguese colonies in India integrating into the Indian Union.[citation needed] Despite Nehru clearly stating India's policy in relation to colonial outposts, Portugal and France refused to cede their colonies. Subsequently, India launched a campaign through the UN in an attempt to persuade the Portuguese to leave India peacefully.[5]
Revolutionary groups[edit]
Azad Gomantak Dal, a revolutionary group, vowed to fight the Portuguese using direct action strategies. Azad Gomantak Dal was founded by Vishwanath Lawande, Narayan Hari Naik, Dattatraya Deshpande, Prabhakar Sinari who along with their other friends carried out series of attacks on Portuguese police stations and banks . all of them were sentenced to 28–29 years of imprisonment in exile by the Portuguese courts. Narayan Naik and Dattatraya Deshpande suffered about 14 years of imprisonment in prisons in Portugal and Angola, however they were released after annexation of Goa. Vishwanath Lawande and Prabhakar Sinari managed to escape the prisons and continued their armed struggle against the Portuguese rule by forming huge armed force of anti-colonial fighters with headquarter on Goa India border at Vazarem . Azad Gomantak Dal successfully carried out raids on police stations and factories, ambushed military patrols, attacked troops stationed at the border and blew up ammunition dumps. they freed part of Goa called "Dadara and Nagarhaveli" vide military action. the leader of the military organisation Vishwanath Lawande declared himself as Governor of Dadra and Nagarhaveli. However, in response to the group's revolutionary tactics, the Portuguese increased their military presence by bringing in white and African troops to quell the insurgency.[citation needed]
The Goa Liberation Army, founded by Shivajirao Desai, an Indian army officer in the 1950s, attempted to utilise revolutionary tactics and direct action strategies to challenge Portuguese colonialism. It blasted Sesa Goa's Sonshi mine, which caused temporary suspension of the mining activity of the Portuguese. The Goa Liberation Army was credited with many other blasts and raids, and played a pivotal role in defending the bridges at the time of Indian invasion.[5]
1953 onwards: intensification of Satyagraha movement[edit]
In 1953, Tristão de Bragança Cunha formed the Goa Action Committee to coordinate the various anti-colonial groups working independently in Mumbai. Goans and non-Goans offered Satyagraha in solidarity with the struggle.[citation needed]
In Goa, the anti-colonial movement had evolved into two camps, which advocated distinct anti-colonial strategies. The National Congress Goa utilised peaceful satyagraha tactics, while Azad Gomantak Dal advocated revolutionary methods. On 15 August 1954, a mass satyagraha was instigated; however, despite the use of non-violent civil disobedience protest strategies, the Portuguese authorities assaulted and arrested many participants.[5] P.D. Gaitonde was arrested for publicly protesting Portuguese colonialist policy.[citation needed]
A year later, another protest was organised on the same date. The Jana Sangh leader, Karnataka Kesari Jagannathrao Joshi, led 3,000 protesters including women, children and Indians from Maharashtra state, through the Goa border. The security forces baton charged the protesters and opened fire on the satyagraha, resulting in several deaths and hundreds of injuries.[5]
As Portugal was now a member of NATO, the Indian government was reticent to react to the situation. NATO member nations had a pact to protect each other in the event that any member state came under attack from an external force. Although the NATO treaty did not cover colonies, Portugal insisted that its overseas interests were not colonies but an integral part of the Nation of Portugal. Hence, in order for India to avoid NATO involvement in Goa, the Indian government was impeded from speaking out against Portugal's response to satyagraha protest actions.[citation needed]
In 1954, the Goa Vimochan Sahayak Samiti (All-Party Goa Liberation Committee), was formed with the aim of continuing the civil disobedience campaign and providing financial and political assistance to the satyagrahis. The Maharashtra and Gujarat chapters of the Praja Socialist Party assisted the liberation committee, motivated by an agenda for independent Goa to merge into Maharashtra state. The liberation committee and the Praja Socialist Party collaboratively organised several satyagrahas in 1954–55.[citation needed]
The Portuguese government appealed to various international powers, charging India with violation of Portugal's territorial sovereignty due to the actions of the Satyagrahas in crossing Portuguese Goan borders. Nehru was subsequently pressured to announce that India formally disapproved of the Satyagrahas.[citation needed]
Nehru's denouncement of the Satyagraha severely impacted on the independence movement. Following Nehru's professed lack of support for the satyagrahi, a satyagrahi plan to cross the Goan border at Terekhol Fort attracted very few supporters. Despite the low turnout, a small group managed to cross the Goan border to successfully occupy the Terekhol fort overnight.
With the exception of a small number of satyagrahas and the activities of the All-Goa Political Party Committee, lacking the support of the national Indian government, the anti-colonial movement lost its momentum.[citation needed] Pro-independence advocacy actions were sporadic and few were willing to involve themselves in the movement. On 18 June 1954, Satyagrahis infiltrated Goa and hoisted the Indian flag; however, the demonstrators and suspected sympathisers were arrested, and anti-colonialist activists Dr. Gaitonde and Shriyut Deshpande were deported to Portugal.[7]
Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli[edit]
Main article: Indian annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli
On 21 July 1954, the United Front of Goans (led by Francis Mascarenhas) forced the Portuguese to retreat from the colonial enclave of Dadra, a small landlocked territory bordering Nagar Haveli. A group of volunteers from the National Movement Liberation Organisation (NMLO), an umbrella organisation involving revolutionary groups Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Azad Gomantak Dal, led an attack on Nagar Haveli on 28 July 1954, and took it on 2 August.[13] Despite successfully conquering the territories, India did not immediately assimilate these enclaves into the Indian Union. For some time, both enclaves functioned as de facto independent states, administered by the Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
The successful annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli provided the dormant Goa anti-colonial movement with renewed vigour and motivation to continue the anti-colonial struggle.[citation needed] On 15 August 1954, hundreds of people crossed the Portuguese Goan borders, defying a ban by the Indian government on participating in Satyagrahas. The Portuguese responded to the action by injuring and fatally shooting many Satyagrahis.[7]
The Portuguese responded to the Satyagrahas, which continued throughout 1955, by sealing Goa's borders in an attempt to curb the growing support for the movement. By 1955, the Indian government had developed a clear policy on Portuguese Goan territory, which supported the anti-colonial movement. Between 1955 and 1961, six political parties were formed to advocate for an end to Portuguese colonial rule. These parties included Azad Gomantak Dal, Rancour Patriota, the United Front of Goans, Goan People's Party, Goa Liberation Army and Quit Goa Organisation.[citation needed]
Many Goans reportedly felt that the Portuguese were deliberately misleading the international community by portraying Goans as Luso-Indian or Portuguese. Following his release from prison, P.D. Gaitonde conducted a series of international lectures to challenge this notion. With increased support from the international community and rebellions in the Portuguese African colonies, the policy position of the India government was able to become more hardline.[citation needed]
In 1961, India proclaimed that Goa should join India "either with full peace or with full use of force". In August 1961, India began military preparations and, following Nehru's announcement on 1 December 1961, that India would not remain silent in relation to the Goan situation, Indian troops were strategically stationed close to the Goan border.[citation needed]
Annexation of Goa[edit]
After failure of diplomacy with the Portuguese, Nehru ordered the Indian Armed Forces to take Goa by force. In a military operation conducted on 18 and 19 December 1961, Indian troops captured Goa with little resistance. The governor-general of Portuguese India signed an instrument of surrender.[5]
Subsequent events[edit]
Major General Kunhiraman Palat Candeth was appointed military governor of Goa that was first created by British government in 1934. In 1963, the Parliament of India passed the 12th Amendment Act to the Constitution of India, formally integrating the captured territories into the Indian Union.[5] Goa, Daman and Diu became a Union Territory. Dadra and Nagar Haveli,which was previously a part of the Estado da India, but independent between 1954 and 1961, became a separate Union Territory.
In October 1962, Panchayat elections were held in Goa, followed by assembly elections in December 1962. On 16 January 1967, a referendum was held in which the people of Goa voted against merger with Maharashtra. Portugal recognised Goa's accession into the Indian union only in 1974. In 1987, Goa was separated from Daman and Diu and made a full-fledged state. Daman and Diu continued as a new Union Territory.[5]
Due to an unabated influx of people from all over India to Goa, the native Goan people have begun to fear for their identity and culture. There are growing calls for the government of India to grant Goa Special Status so that the local government can regulate in-migration and stop the sale of land to non-Goans.
Films[edit]
Saat Hindustani (translation: Seven Indians) is a 1969 film written and directed by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas. The film portrays the story of seven Indians who attempt to liberate Goa from Portuguese colonial rule.
"Pukar" (translation : "The Call") is another film based on Goan Feedom Movement. It was directed by Ramesh Behl in 1983, acted by superstar Amitabh Bachchan.
See also[edit]
History of Goa
Portuguese India
Annexation of Goa
Gallery: Goa independence activists[edit]
Some of Goa's independence activists, as seen in Goa State Museum
Anthony D'Souza
Mark Fernandes
Alfred Afonso
Mitra Bir
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Liberation of Goa". Retrieved 2009-06-01. The struggle for Goa’s liberty was two fold – from within Goa and from the outside Goa – which was conducted by the Indian Government.
Jump up ^ "History Of Goa – Goa's Past". Retrieved 2009-06-01. The success of the post independence Goans struggle for freedom from Portugal owed as much to the efforts of the Indian Government who cut off diplomatic ties with Portugal as to the work of freedom fighters ...
Jump up ^ "Liberation of Goa". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Amelia Thomas (2009). Goa and Mumbai. Lonely Planet. pp. 45. ISBN 978-1-74104-894-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Harding, Paul (2003). Lonely Planet. Lonely Planet. p. 224. ISBN 1-74059-139-9. ISBN 9781740591393.
Jump up ^ Janaka Perera, Goa's Liberation and Sri Lanka's Crisis, Asian Tribune, 18 December 2006 [1]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sakshena, R.N. (1 June 2003). Goa: Into the Mainstream. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-005-2. ISBN 978-81-7017005-1. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Teotonio R. de Souza, "The Church in Goa: Giving to Caesar What is Caesar's?" para 5 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.colaco.net/1/leitaoDrJuliao.htm
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-forgotten-history-of-18th-June/89901.html
Jump up ^ Professor Froilano de Mello, MD (1887–1955): A short biography of his life and achievements Archived 24 December 2011 at WebCite – Goacom.com
Jump up ^ Leitao, Lino (23 December 2005). "BLOOD, NEMESIS AND MISREADING QUITE WHAT MAKES GOAN SOCIETY TICK by Ben Antao, review by Lino Leitao". Retrieved 2009-05-23.
Jump up ^ P S Lele, Dadra and Nagar Haveli: past and present, Published by Usha P. Lele, 1987,
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The Romance of Rosy Ridge
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Romance of Rosy Ridge
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Roy Rowland
Produced by
Jack Cummings
Written by
Lester Cole
Story by
MacKinlay Kantor
Starring
Van Johnson
Thomas Mitchell
Janet Leigh
Music by
George Bassman
Cinematography
Sidney Wagner
Edited by
Ralph E. Winters
Distributed by
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Release date
August 4, 1947 (1947-08-04)
Running time
105 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$2,117,000[1]
Box office
$2,445,000[1]
The Romance of Rosy Ridge is a 1947 drama film about a rural community bitterly divided during the aftermath of the American Civil War directed by Roy Rowland. It stars Van Johnson, Thomas Mitchell, and Janet Leigh in her film debut. It was adapted from the novel of the same name by MacKinlay Kantor.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Henry Carson (Van Johnson), a schoolteacher before the Civil War, shows up in a rural region of the Missouri hills. He spends the night with a family consisting of Gill MacBean (Thomas Mitchell), his wife Sairy (Selena Royle), and two of their children, Lissy Anne (Janet Leigh), and youngster Andrew (Dean Stockwell). Another son, Ben (Marshall Thompson), had run off to fight in the war; the family's hope that he will someday return is gradually waning.
Gill does not welcome the stranger, unsure of his allegiance, but the others like the good-natured young man, especially Lissy Anne. Henry offers to help with the farming; the MacBeans desperately need more hands, but Gill remains very suspicious of his motives. A band had been burning the barns of those still loyal to the defeated Confederacy; the MacBeans had been the latest victims. Henry, however, proves to be a hard worker.
When storekeeper and unofficial banker Cal Baggett (Guy Kibbee) visits the family to ask about repayment of a loan, Henry talks him into hosting a "play party", inviting everyone, regardless of affiliation, to help heal the rift in the community. Gill is strongly opposed to it, but Henry tricks him into bringing his family.
At first, the two groups do not mix, but Sairy talks Northern sympathizer Dan Yeary (Russell Simpson) into dancing with her, breaking the ice. Soon, everyone is having a very good time. However, an argument breaks out about the playing of a tune associated with the North. To forestall a fight, Cal calls for a vote. Unfortunately, it is a tie. Gill calls upon Henry to cast the deciding vote. Henry is finally forced to reveal that he fought in the Union army. After that, the party quickly breaks up, much to the secret delight of John Dessark (Charles Dingle) and his son Badge (Jim Davis).
Henry is no longer welcome at the MacBeans. He does not leave the area though; he starts building a schoolhouse.
Eventually, Lissy Anne can no longer bear to be apart from Henry. She walks away into the night with him, without her father's knowledge but with her mother's approval, after Henry escorts her brother home from the schoolhouse where he had walked to attend class. Gill tracks them down with a bloodhound, intending to shoot his would-be son-in-law. When five masked nightriders approach, Henry strikes Gill unconscious and seizes his rifle. The horsemen start shooting to kill. Taking cover Henry kills four and captures the fifth after a lengthy footchase and fistfight at a burnt-out dwelling. It is Badge Dessark. He confesses that his father is behind the raids, not out of loyalty to the South, but simply for financial profit. With the Dessarks hanged, the community starts to heal.
Finally, Henry reveals why he sought out the MacBeans. In a flashback, it is revealed that he first met Ben as they were walking across the hills to enlist in the war. As they traveled together singing and laughing, they became good friends. Approaching the turn-off signpost they decided in jest on a foot race to see who could be the first to reach it. Henry ended up on the north branch, with Ben on the south. They were momentarily silent on the choice that each had made. Henry proposed that they "take a five minute rest". Henry ultimately persuaded Ben into going north. Two days before the war's end, Ben was killed suddenly. Before dying, he made Henry promise to help the family with the crop harvest. After hearing Henry's quiet testimony of their deep trust and friendship, a teary-eyed Gill gives Henry and Lissy Anne his blessing to get married. Sairy reaches out to touch Gill's arm, offering agreement. As the wagon rolls down the road with Lissy Anne and Henry aboard, Andrew and the dogs climb in the back, to indicate that the picture is once more complete.
Cast[edit]
Van Johnson as Henry Carson
Thomas Mitchell as Gill MacBean
Janet Leigh as Lissy Anne MacBean
Marshall Thompson as Ben MacBean
Selena Royle as Sairy MacBean
Charles Dingle as John Dessark
Dean Stockwell as Andrew MacBean
Guy Kibbee as Cal Baggett
Elisabeth Risdon as Emily Baggett
Jim Davis as Badge Dessark
Russell Simpson as Dan Yeary
Reception[edit]
According to MGM records, the film earned $1,820,000 in the US and Canada and $625,000 elsewhere, resulting in a loss of $533,000.[1][2]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study .
Jump up ^ Variety says the film earned $2.2 million in US rentals - see "Top Grossers of 1947", Variety, 7 January 1948 p 63
External links[edit]
The Romance of Rosy Ridge at IMDB
The Romance of Rosy Ridge at the TCM Movie Database
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Roy Rowland
Hollywood Party (1934)
A Night at the Movies (1937)
A Stranger in Town (1943)
Lost Angel (1943)
Our Vines Have Tender Grapes (1945)
Boys' Ranch (1946)
The Romance of Rosy Ridge (1947)
Killer McCoy (1947)
Tenth Avenue Angel (1948)
Scene of the Crime (1949)
The Outriders (1950)
Two Weeks with Love (1950)
Bugles in the Afternoon (1952)
Affair with a Stranger (1953)
The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. (1953)
The Moonlighter (1953)
Witness to Murder (1954)
Rogue Cop (1954)
Light's Diamond Jubilee (1954, TV special)
Hit the Deck (1955)
Many Rivers to Cross (1955)
Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956)
These Wilder Years (1956)
Gun Glory (1957)
Seven Hills of Rome (1958)
The Girl Hunters (1962)
Gunfighters of Casa Grande (1964)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Romance_of_Rosy_Ridge&oldid=821176487"
Categories:
1947 films
English-language films
American films
American black-and-white films
Films based on American novels
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
1940s romantic drama films
Films directed by Roy Rowland
American romantic drama films
Films based on works by MacKinlay Kantor
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