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The Bold and the Beautiful cast members
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The Bold and the Beautiful is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 23, 1987.[1] Currently, John McCook (Eric Forrester) and Katherine Kelly Lang (Brooke Logan) are the two longest-running cast members, having appeared on the show when it first aired.[2][3] The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: the main cast and recurring, or who are upcoming, returning or departing from the series.
Contents
1 Current cast members
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Recurring cast
2 Former cast members
3 Deceased cast members
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Current cast members
Main cast
Actor
Character
Duration
Ref
Kiara Barnes
Zoe Buckingham 2018– [4]
Adain Bradley
Alexander Avant 2018– [5]
Darin Brooks
Wyatt Spencer 2013– [6]
Scott Clifton
Liam Spencer 2010– [7]
Don Diamont
Bill Spencer, Jr. 2009– [8]
Jennifer Gareis
Donna Logan 2006– [9][10]
Courtney Hope
Sally Spectra 2017– [11][12][13]
Thorsten Kaye
Ridge Forrester 2013– [14][15]
Katherine Kelly Lang
Brooke Logan 1987– [2]
John McCook
Eric Forrester 1987– [3]
Alley Mills
Pamela Douglas 2006– [16]
Karla Mosley
Maya Avant 2013– [17]
Annika Noelle
Hope Logan 2018– [18][19][20]
Ingo Rademacher
Thorne Forrester 2017– [21][22]
Nia Sioux
Emma Barber 2018– [23]
Rena Sofer
Quinn Fuller 2013– [24]
Aaron D. Spears
Justin Barber 2009– [25][26]
Heather Tom
Katie Logan 2007– [27]
Jacqueline MacInnes Wood
Steffy Forrester 2008–13, 2015– [28][29][30]
Recurring cast
Actor
Character
Duration
Ref
Obba Babatundé
Julius Avant 2015– [31]
Kimberlin Brown
Sheila Carter 1992–98, 2002–03, 2017– [32][33]
Ian Buchanan
Dr. James Warwick 1993–99, 2004, 2007–11, 2017– [34][35]
Mick Cain
C.J. Garrison 1997–2004, 2007, 2010, 2017–
Crystal Chappell
Danielle Spencer 2012– [36]
Dick Christie
Charlie Webber 2013–
Othello Clark
Othello 2011– [37]
Andrew Collins
Jarrett Maxwell 2004– [38]
Reign Edwards
Nicole Avant 2015– [39][40]
Finnegan George
Will Spencer 2018– [41]
Courtney Grosbeck
Coco Spectra 2017– [42]
Theodora Greece
Alison Montgomery 2011–
Jacqueline Hahn
Dr. Caspary 2005–
Jon Hensley
Dr. Meade 2012– [43]
Anna Maria Horsford
Vivienne Avant 2015– [31]
Dan Martin
Lieutenant Baker 1997– [38]
Chris McKenna
Dr. Hayden 2016– [44][45]
Zach Rance
Zach 2014– [46]
Lawrence Saint-Victor
Carter Walton 2013– [47]
Rodney Saulsberry
Anthony Wallace 2010– [38]
Scott Turner Schofield
Nick 2015– [48]
Tigerlily and Ginger Siler
Rosie Forrester 2011–
Taja V. Simpson
Adele 2012– [49]
Hunter Tylo
Taylor Hayes 1990–2002, 2004, 2005–14, 2018– [50]
Jeremy Ray Valdez
Detective Sanchez 2018– [51]
Sandra Vergara
Theresa Corazon 2013–
Stephanie Wang
Madison Lee 2007–
Fred Willard
John Forrester 2014– [52]
Jacob Young
Rick Forrester 1997–99, 2011– [53][54]
Andres Zuno
Rafael 2013–
Former cast members
Actor
Character
Duration
Ref
Zane Achor Will Spencer 2013–18 [41]
Marla Adams Beth Logan 1991
Luigi Amodeo Lorenzo Barelli 2002–03
Justin Baldoni Graham Darros 2010
Judith Baldwin Beth Logan 1987
Texas Battle Marcus Forrester 2008–13
Kabir Bedi Prince Omar Rashid 1994–95, 2005
Brandon Beemer Owen Knight
Casper Knight 2008–12
2009
Drew Tyler Bell Thomas Forrester 2004–10
Paulo Benedeti Antonio Dominguez 2001–02, 2012–13, 2017 [55]
Tracey E. Bregman Lauren Fenmore Baldwin 1992–99, 2002, 2004, 2007
Ashleigh Brewer Ivy Forrester 2014–18 [56][57]
Peter Brown Blake Hayes 1991–92
Sarah Joy Brown Agnes Jones 2009–11
Agnes Bruckner Bridget Forrester 1997–99
Sabrina Bryan Alisa Cordova 2002
Nancy Burnett Beth Logan 1987–89, 1994, 1996–98, 2000–01
Sarah G. Buxton Morgan DeWitt 2000–01, 2005
Ashley Lyn Cafagna Kimberly Fairchild 1998–2001
Brian Patrick Clarke Storm Logan (#2) 1990–91
Robert Clary Pierre Jourdan 1988–89
Darlene Conley Sally Spectra 1989–2006
Felisha Cooper Sasha Thompson 2015–17 [58]
Mace Coronel R.J. Forrester 2013–14 [55]
Barbara Crampton Maggie Forrester 1995–98
Patrika Darbo Shirley Spectra 2017–18 [11][12][59]
Eileen Davidson Ashley Abbott 2007–08
Tamara Davies Tricia Quick 2002-03
Michelle Davison Ruthanne Owens 1991–93, 1995, 1997
William deVry Storm Logan 2006–08, 2012
Michael Dietz Mark Maclaine 2002–05
Lesley-Anne Down Jackie Marone 2003–12
Courtnee Draper Mary Warwick 2002
Patrick Duffy Stephen Logan 2006–11
Bobbie Eakes Macy Alexander 1989–2000, 2001, 2002-03
Andrea Evans Tawny Moore 1999–2000, 2010–11
Kayla Ewell Caitlin Ramirez 2004–05
Jennifer Finnigan Bridget Forrester 2000–03
Susan Flannery Stephanie Forrester 1987–2012
Rome Flynn Zende Forrester Dominguez 2015–17 [60][61]
Pierson Fodé Thomas Forrester 2015–18 [62][63][64]
Adrienne Frantz Amber Moore
April Knight 1997–2005, 2010–12
2003 [65][66]
Brian Gaskill Oscar Marone 2003–04
Bryan Genesse Rocco Carner 1987–89, 2009
Frank and Morgan Gingerich Jack Marone 2010–11
Linsey Godfrey Caroline Spencer 2012–18 [67]
Ricky Paull Goldin Jesse Graves 2013
Charles Grant Grant Chambers 1996–98
Adam Gregory Thomas Forrester 2010–13, 2014
Dax Griffin Shane McGrath 2006–07
Ken Hanes Mike Guthrie 1993–98, 2010
Winsor Harmon Thorne Forrester 1996–2016 [68][69][70]
Emily Harrison Bridget Forrester 2004
Rick Hearst Whipple Jones 2002, 2009–11
Danube Hermosillo Darlita 2017–18 [11][12][71]
Ben Hogestyn Harry Jackson 2006
Addison Hoover Phoebe Forrester 2005–06
Alex Hoover Steffy Forrester 2005–06
Jack Horan R.J. Forrester 2011
Mykel Shannon Jenkins Charlie Baker 2007–09, 2012
Joanna Johnson Caroline Spencer Forrester
Karen Spencer 1987–90, 2001
1991–94, 2009, 2011–14
Ashley Jones Bridget Forrester 2004–12, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2018 [72]
Sean Kanan Deacon Sharpe 2000–05, 2012, 2014–2017 [73]
Lesli Kay Felicia Forrester 2005–11, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016 [55]
Lauren Koslow Margo Maclaine Lynley 1987–92, 2002
Lorenzo Lamas Hector Ramirez 2004–06
Teri Ann Linn Kristen Forrester 1987–90, 1992–94
Kristolyn Lloyd Dayzee Leigh Forrester 2010–13 [74][75]
Mario Lopez Dr. Christian Ramirez 2006
Kyle Lowder Rick Forrester 2007–11
Constantine Maroulis Constantine Parros 2007
A Martinez Dr. Ramon Montgomery 2011–12
Joseph Mascolo Massimo Marone 2001–06
Kim Matula Hope Logan 2010–14, 2015, 2016 [76][77][78][79]
MacKenzie Mauzy Phoebe Forrester 2006–08
Todd McKee Jake Maclaine 1990–92, 2007–13, 2015–16, 2018
Daniel McVicar Clarke Garrison 1987–92, 1996–2009
Tracy Melchior Kristen Forrester 2001–06, 2008–09, 2012–13 [55]
Lilly Melgar Claudia Cortez 1996-97
Carrie Mitchum Donna Logan 1987–91, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2001
Ronn Moss Ridge Forrester 1987–2012 [80][81]
Dylan Neal Dylan Shaw 1994–97
Clayton Norcross Thorne Forrester 1987–89
Ashlyn Pearce Alexandria Forrester 2013–15 [82][83][84]
Sydney Penny Samantha Kelly 2003–05
Robert Pine Stephen Logan 1988, 1994, 1996, 1997–98, 2001
Lindsay Price Michael Lai 1995–97
Usher Raymond Raymond 1999
Robin Riker Beth Logan 2008–10
Victor Rivers Ricardo Montemayor 2013–14
Chris Robinson Jack Hamilton 1992-94, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005
Gina Rodriguez Beverly 2011–12
Jane A. Rogers Julie DeLorean 1990–92
Antonio Sabàto Jr. Dante Damiano 2005–06
Francisco San Martin Mateo 2017 [85]
Colleen Dion-Scotti Felicia Forrester 1990–92, 1997, 2004
Mary Sheldon Donna Logan 1991
Nancy Sloan Katie Logan 1987–89, 1991, 1994–96, 1997–98, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004
Hillary B. Smith Dr. Stacy Barton 2012
Jim Storm Bill Spencer, Sr. 1987–94, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2009
Michael Swan Adam Alexander 1998–2000, 2001, 2002–03
Marissa Tait Becky Moore 1999-2000
Justin Torkildsen Rick Forrester 1999–2006
Jeff Trachta Thorne Forrester 1989–96
Anthony Turpel R.J. Forrester 2016–18 [86]
Sandra Vidal Sofia Alonso 2001–03
Lark Voorhies Jasmine Malone 1995–96
Jack Wagner Nick Marone 2003–12
Maitland Ward Jessica Forrester 1994–96
Chris Warren Jr. Jimmy Ramirez 2004–05
Ethan Wayne Storm Logan 1987–89, 1994, 1997–98, 2000, 2001, 2003
Betty White Ann Douglas 2006–07, 2008, 2009
Fred Willard John Forrester 2014–15
Shanelle Workman Gabriela Moreno 2005
Alex Wyse Saul Feinberg 2017–18 [11][12][59]
Deceased cast members
Actor
Character
Date of Death
Michael Fox Saul Feinberg June 1, 1996
Philip O'Brien Minister / Rev. Marshall January 9, 1999
Steve Allen Himself October 30, 2000
Lesley Woods Grandma Helen Logan August 2, 2003
Sandy Ward Det. Roy Banks March 6, 2005
Frank Gorshin George May 17, 2005
James Doohan Damon Warwick July 20, 2005 [87]
Perry Stephens Steve Crown September 8, 2005 [88]
Mark Roberts Dr. Adams / Dr. Reston January 5, 2006
Michelle Davison Ruthanne Owens April 2, 2006
Ric Mancini Vendor #1 May 26, 2006
Don Snell Clerk December 2, 2006
Darlene Conley Sally Spectra January 14, 2007
Luciano Giancarlo Waiter July 16, 2007
Charlton Heston Himself April 5, 2008
Patricia Place Nurse Busch September 20, 2008
Richard Blackwell Himself October 19, 2008
Douglas Barcellos Rico December 24, 2008
Dick Gjonola Wayne Garfield October 25, 2009
Christopher Cazenove Himself April 7, 2010
Don Ross Charles Barnes January 15, 2011
Jeff Conaway Mick Savage May 27, 2011 [89]
Frank Marocco Musician March 3, 2012
Kathryn Joosten Herself June 2, 2012
Holly Lewis Gladys' assistant June 22, 2012
Phyllis Diller Gladys Pope August 20, 2012 [90][91]
Michael Clarke Duncan Slash September 3, 2012
Karen Kim Maya October 21, 2012
Zheng Cao Herself February 21, 2013
Jeanne Cooper Katherine Chancellor May 8, 2013
Jerry Ayres Conway Weston, P.I. May 14, 2013 [92]
Kirk Scott Frank Leonard November 16, 2013
Tony Genaro Luis May 7, 2014
Matthew Cowles Curtis Love May 22, 2014
Bern Bennett Announcer May 29, 2014
John Brandon Ben Maclaine August 25, 2014
R. J. Adams David Johns Esq. January 26, 2015
Jayne Meadows Herself April 26, 2015
John Carter Richard Baker May 23, 2015
Peter Brown Blake Hayes March 21, 2016
Anthony Addabbo Tony "Rush" Carrera/Jonny Carrera October 18, 2016
Joseph Mascolo Massimo Marone December 8, 2016
Alan Thicke Rich Ginger December 13, 2016
Erin Moran Kelly DeMartin April 22, 2017
Bruce Gray Judge Morrissey December 13, 2017
Joseph Campanella Jonathan Young May 16, 2018
See also
List of The Bold and the Beautiful characters
References
Jump up ^ "The Bold and the Beautiful Cast and Details". Tvguide.com. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Brooke Logan Forrester Played by Katherine Kelly Lang on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com". Soaps.sheknows.com. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "Eric Forrester Played by John McCook on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com". Soaps.sheknows.com. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ SOD (June 18, 2018). "B&B Casting News". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ SOD (May 3, 2018). "B&B Hires A New Avant". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (May 15, 2013). "Exclusive: Emmy Winner Darin Brooks Joins The Bold and the Beautiful". TV Guide. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Liam (William) Spencer III Played by Scott Clifton on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com". Soaps.sheknows.com. August 31, 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Bill Spencer, Jr. Played by Don Diamont on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com". Soaps.sheknows.com. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Donna Logan Forrester Played by Jennifer Gareis on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com". Soaps.sheknows.com. August 31, 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ SOD (September 20, 2018). "B&B Brings Back Jennifer Gareis". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d SOD (January 31, 2017). "Spoiler Alert! Spectra Gang Back At B&B!". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Logan, Michael (January 31, 2017). "The Bold and the Beautiful Shocks Fans With Spectra Surprise and We Have the Inside Scoop". TV Insider. United States: CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ SOD (April 19, 2018). "Courtney Hope Back To B&B!". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Archived from the original on April 19, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (October 15, 2013). "Exclusive: Thorsten Kaye Cast as the New Ridge on The Bold and the Beautiful". TV Guide. TVGuide.com. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ SOD (October 15, 2013). "Thorsten Kaye Is B&B's New Ridge". Soap Opera Digest. Soapoperadigest.com. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pamela Douglas Played by Alley Mills on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com". Soaps.sheknows.com. August 31, 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ http://www.boldandbeautiful.com/index.cfm/pk/view/cd/NAA/cdid/478205/pid/400154
Jump up ^ "Who's Coming". Comings and Goings. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 42 (49): 12–13. December 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ SOD (November 22, 2017). "Casting Exclusive! B&B Recasts Hope". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows (November 30, 2017). "Annika Noelle's B&B Air Date, First Look Photo Revealed As Hope Logan". Soaps.com. United States: SheKnows Media. Archived from the original on November 30, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Various citations concerning the cast of Ingo Rademacher in the role of Thorne Forrester:
Eades, Chris (September 25, 2017). "General Hospital Star Ingo Rademacher Cast as Thorne on The Bold & the Beautiful!". CBS Soaps In Depth. United States: Bauer Media Group. Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
SOD (September 25, 2017). "Ingo Rademacher Is B&B's New Thorne". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Giddens, Jamey (September 25, 2017). "Ingo Rademacher is B&B's New Throne". Daytime Confidential. United States: Confidential Media, Inc. (SAY Media). Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Fairman, Michael (September 25, 2017). "Ingo Rademacher Is The Bold and the Beautiful's New Thorne!". On-Air On-Soaps. United States: Michael Fairman Soaps, Inc. Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Logan, Michael (September 25, 2017). "The Bold and the Beautiful Casts Ingo Rademacher as the New Thorne Forrester". TV Insider. United States: CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ SOD (October 2, 2017). "B&B Announces Ingo Rademacher's First Air Date". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rice, Lynette (April 20, 2018). "Dance Moms star Nia Sioux joins The Bold and the Beautiful as series regular". Entertainment Weekly. United States: Time Inc. Archived from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (May 20, 2013). "Exclusive: Rena Sofer Joins The Bold and the Beautiful". TV Guide. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Justin Barber Played by Aaron D. Spears on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com". Soaps.sheknows.com. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ SOD (October 27, 2017). "Exclusive! Aaron D. Spears Upped At B&B". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Katie Logan Spencer Played by Heather Tom on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com". Soaps.sheknows.com. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Steffy Forrester Played by Jacqueline MacInnes Wood on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com". Soaps.sheknows.com. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Jacqueline MacInnes Wood staying at B&B". Soaps.sheknows.com. June 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (April 10, 2015). "Exclusive: Jacqueline MacInnes Wood Returns to The Bold and the Beautiful". TV Insider. United States: CBS Interactive. Retrieved April 10, 2015. Two-time Emmy nominee Jacqueline MacInnes Wood is heading back to CBS's The Bold and the Beautiful as that maddeningly complicated sexbomb Steffy Forrester—and this time the actress is under contract.
^ Jump up to: a b Logan, Michael (June 4, 2015). "Meet the Parents: Anna Maria Horsford and Obba Babatundé Join The Bold and the Beautiful". TV Insider. United States: CBS Interactive. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (June 9, 2017). "Kimberlin Brown Returns to '"The Bold and the Beautiful as Supervillain Sheila Carter". TV Insider. United States: CBS Interactive. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (June 19, 2017). "The Bold and the Beautiful: EP Bradley Bell Answers Our Burning Sheila Carter Questions". TV Insider. United States: TVGM Holdings LLC. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ SOD (July 5, 2017). "Ian Buchanan Back to B&B". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (July 5, 2017). "The Doctor Is In: Ian Buchanan Returns to The Bold and the Beautiful". TV Insider. United States: TVGM Holdings LLC. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Danielle Spencer Played by Crystal Chappell on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com". Soaps.sheknows.com. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ Ostrow, Joanne (September 6, 2011). "The Bold and the Beautiful does Aspen". The Denver Post. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.boldandbeautiful.com/index.cfm/pk/content/pid/400037
Jump up ^ SOD (December 2, 2014). "B&B CASTING EXCLUSIVE!". Soap Opera Digest. United States: soapoperadigest.com. American Media, Inc. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Comings and Goings". Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 43 (21): 12. May 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Soaps SheKnows (July 18, 2018). "B&B Recasts Will Spencer: Zane Achor Out, Finnegan George In". Soaps.com. United States: SheKnows Media. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ SOD (February 10, 2017). "B&B Adds Another Spectra". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Giddens, Jamey (August 31, 2012). "Could Jon Hensley Fill Ronn Moss' Speedo on Bold and Beautiful?". Daytime Confidential. Zap2It. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Michael (January 20, 2016). "Chris McKenna Joins The Bold and the Beautiful". Serial Scoop. United States: Blogger (Google). Retrieved February 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Clifford, Kambra (February 24, 2016). "Chris McKenna's first B&B airdate and character details revealed". United States: Soapcentral. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Errol (January 3, 2015). "'Big Brother's' Zach Rance Returning to 'B&B' in February". United States: Soapoperanetwork.com. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.boldandbeautiful.com/index.cfm/pk/view/cd/NAA/cdid/478207/pid/400154
Jump up ^ Daniels, Karu F. (April 28, 2015). "Transgender actor Scott Turner Schofield lands 'The Bold and the Beautiful' role". Daily News. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Casting for the Weeks of July 21 – August 11". CBS Interactive. July 18, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ SOD (April 12, 2018). "Spoiler Alert! B&B Shocker: Hunter Tylo Is Back!". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Eades, Chris (March 8, 2018). "Meet Jeremy Ray Valdez, the New Cop on The Bold and the Beautiful! (EXCLUSIVE)". CBS Soaps In Depth. United States: Bauer Media Group. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (August 25, 2014). "Exclusive: Fred Willard Guest Stars on The Bold and the Beautiful". TV Guide. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rick Forrester Played by Jacob Young on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com". Soaps.sheknows.com. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ Eades, Chris (April 19, 2018). "Jacob Young Reveals He's Off-Contract at The Bold and the Beautiful". CBS Soaps In Depth. United States: Bauer Media Group. Archived from the original on April 19, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Simms, Richard M. (December 30, 2013). "A Forrester Family Reunion!". CBS Soaps In Depth. 17 (52): pg.12.
Jump up ^ SOD (May 22, 2014). "B&B CASTING NEWS". Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Epstein, Jackie (January 30, 2018). "Neighbours star 'inspired' by Margot Robbie". Herald Sun. Australia: The Herald and Weekly Times. News Corp Australia. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Who's Going". Comings and Goings. Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 42 (10): 12–13. March 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilson, Lori (March 21, 2018). "Interview: Patrika Darbo Talks B&B Exit, Days Storylines, Indie Soaps". Soaps.com. United States: SheKnows Media. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (May 12, 2015). "The Bold and the Beautiful Recruits Drumline Star Rome Flynn". TV Insider. United States: CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ SOD (August 17, 2017). "B&B's Rome Flynn Out". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ SOD (June 25, 2015). "EXCLUSIVE! MEET B&B'S NEW THOMAS". Soap Opera Digest. United States. American Media, Inc. Archived from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (June 25, 2015). "The Bold and the Beautiful Has Their New Thomas: Pierson Fodé Joins The Cast!". On-Air On-Soaps. United States: Michael Fairman Soaps, Inc. Archived from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ SOD (February 16, 2018). "Pierson Fodé Back To B&B!". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ http://www.soapcentral.com/bb/ftrees/moore.php
Jump up ^ "Amber Moore Played by Adrienne Frantz on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com". Soaps.sheknows.com. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Caroline Spencer Played by Linsey Godfrey on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com". Soaps.sheknows.com. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Thorne Forrester Played by Winsor Harmon on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com". Soaps.sheknows.com. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (May 31, 2010). "B&B's Winsor Harmon goes to recurring!". On Air, On Soaps. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ SOD (September 23, 2017). "B&B's Shocking Recast!". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows (March 20, 2018). "Danube Hermosillo Exits B&B As Darlita". Soaps.com. United States: SheKnows Media. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ SOD (August 2, 2018). "Exclusive! Ashley Jones Back to B&B". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (March 17, 2014). "Exclusive: Sean Kanan Out at General Hospital, In at The Bold and the Beautiful". TV Guide. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dayzee Leigh Played by Kristolyn Lloyd on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com". Soaps.sheknows.com. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ SOD (December 20, 2013). "B&B's Lloyd Taking A Break". Soap Opera Digest. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (November 5, 2014). "Kim Matula Leaving The Bold and the Beautiful!". Michael Fairman On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kim Matula Last Scene on The Bold and the Beautiful!". Kim Matula's Official Instagram. November 6, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hope Logan's Final Day". Soaps She Knows. November 24, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (December 5, 2014). "Kim Matula's Final Airdate Revealed As December 12th On The Bold and The Beautiful!". Michael Fairman On-Air On-Soaps. United States. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ridge Forrester Played by Ronn Moss on The Bold and the Beautiful - Soaps.com". Soaps.sheknows.com. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Moss's Final Air Date Confirmed". Soap Opera Digest. Soapoperadigest.com. August 14, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Meet The New Aly!". Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. 17 (45): 11. November 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Thorne's New Daughter!". Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. October 2, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "New Forrester Cast On B&B". Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. October 2, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (September 8, 2017). "The Bold and the Beautiful LandsJane the Virgin Dreamboat Francisco San Martin". TV Insider. United States: CBS Interactive. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "B&B Casting News". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. August 18, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "James Doohan". Imdb.it. May 1, 2009. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Perry Stephens". Imdb.it. May 1, 2009. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001063/
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0226887/filmoseries#tt0092325
Jump up ^ "Comedian Phyllis Diller Dies at 95 - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. August 20, 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
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Biblical manuscript
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A biblical manuscript is any handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Bible. The word Bible comes from the Greek biblia (books); manuscript comes from Latin manu (hand) and scriptum (written). Biblical manuscripts vary in size from tiny scrolls containing individual verses of the Jewish scriptures (see Tefillin) to huge polyglot codices (multi-lingual books) containing both the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and the New Testament, as well as extracanonical works.
The study of biblical manuscripts is important because handwritten copies of books can contain errors. The science of textual criticism attempts to reconstruct the original text of books, especially those published prior to the invention of the printing press.
Contents
[hide]
1 Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh) manuscripts
1.1 Extant Tanakh manuscripts
2 New Testament manuscripts
2.1 Transmission
2.2 Manuscript construction
2.3 Script and other features
2.4 Cataloging
2.4.1 Von Soden
2.4.2 Gregory–Aland
2.5 Dating the New Testament manuscripts
2.5.1 Earliest extant manuscripts
2.6 Textual criticism
2.7 Listings
3 Gallery
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh) manuscripts[edit]
A page from the Aleppo Codex, Deuteronomy
Main article: List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
The Aleppo Codex (c. 920 CE) and Leningrad Codex (c. 1008 CE) were the oldest Hebrew language manuscripts of the Tanakh. In 1947 the finding of the Dead Sea scrolls at Qumran pushed the manuscript history of the Tanakh back a millennium from the two earliest complete codices. Before this discovery, the earliest extant manuscripts of the Old Testament were in Greek in manuscripts such as Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus. Out of the roughly 800 manuscripts found at Qumran, 220 are from the Tanakh. Every book of the Tanakh is represented except for the Book of Esther; however, most are fragmentary. Notably, there are two scrolls of the Book of Isaiah, one complete (1QIsa), and one around 75% complete (1QIsb). These manuscripts generally date between 150 BCE to 70 CE.[1]
Extant Tanakh manuscripts[edit]
Version
Examples
Language
Date of Composition
Oldest Copy
Silver Scrolls Paleo-Hebrew 587-586 BCE[2] (Amulets with the Priestly Blessing recorded in the Book of Numbers)
Dead Sea Scrolls Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek c. 150 BCE – 70 CE c. 150 BCE – 70 CE (fragments)
Septuagint Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus and other earlier papyri Greek 300–100 BCE 2nd century BCE (fragments)
4th century CE (complete)
Peshitta Syriac early 5th century CE
Vulgate Codex Amiatinus Latin early 5th century CE
early 8th century CE (complete)
Masoretic Aleppo Codex, Leningrad Codex and other, incomplete MSS Hebrew c. 100 CE 10th century CE (complete)
Samaritan Pentateuch Samaritan Hebrew 200–100 BCE Oldest extant MSS, c. 11th century CE; oldest MSS available to scholars, 16th century CE
Targum Aramaic 500–1000 CE 5th century CE
Coptic Crosby-Schøyen Codex, British Library MS. Oriental 7594 Coptic 3rd or 4th century CE
New Testament manuscripts[edit]
Folio 41v from Codex Alexandrinus contains the Gospel of Luke with decorative tailpiece.
The New Testament has been preserved in more manuscripts than any other ancient work, having over 5,800 complete or fragmented Greek manuscripts, 10,000 Latin manuscripts and 9,300 manuscripts in various other ancient languages including Syriac, Slavic, Gothic, Ethiopic, Coptic and Armenian. The dates of these manuscripts range from c. 125 (the P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 52 papyrus, oldest copy of John fragments) to the introduction of printing in Germany in the 15th century.
There are more manuscripts that preserve the New Testament than there are for any other ancient writing, the exact form of the text preserved in later manuscripts may not be identical to the form of the text as it existed in antiquity but are agreed by most scholars to be 99.5% identical in content, with the differing .5% attributed to minor variations such as spelling. These variations are not seen to affect the meaning or interpretation of NT scriptures and are usually given reference to as in-page footnotes in most of today's bibles.
The difficulty is in where the manuscripts are coming from. Often, especially in monasteries, a manuscript cache is little more than a former manuscript recycling center where imperfect and incomplete copies of manuscripts were stored while the monastery or scriptorium decided what to do with them.[3] There were several options. The first was to simply "wash" the manuscript and reuse it. This was very common in the ancient world and even up into the Middle Ages; such reused manuscripts are called palimpsests. The most famous palimpsest is probably the Archimedes Palimpsest. If this was not done within a short period of time after the papyri was made, then washing it was less likely since the papyri might deteriorate and thus be unusable. When washing was no longer an option, the second choice was burning: since they contained the words of Christ, they were thought to have had a level of sanctity,[3] and burning them was considered more reverent than simply throwing them into a garbage pit (although that was not unheard of as in the case of Oxyrhynchus 840). The third option was simply to leave them in what has become known as a manuscript gravesite. When scholars come across manuscript caches, for example that at Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai (source of the Codex Sinaiticus), or Saint Sabbas Monastery outside Bethlehem, they are not finding libraries, but storehouses of rejected texts[3] (sometimes kept in boxes or back shelves in libraries due to space constraints). These texts were unacceptable because of their scribal errors and contain corrections inside the lines[4] possibly evidence that monastery scribes were comparing them to what must have been a master text. In addition, texts thought to be complete and correct but which had deteriorated due to heavy usage or had missing folios would also be placed in these caches. Once in a cache, insects and humidity would often contribute to the continued deterioration of the documents.[3]
Complete and correctly copied texts would usually be immediately placed in use and thus usually would wear out fairly quickly, requiring repeated recopying. Further, because manuscript copying was highly costly when it required a scribe's attention for extended periods, a manuscript might only be made when commissioned, in which case the size of the parchment, script used, any illustrations (thus raising the effective cost), whether it was one book or a collection of several, etc. would be determined by the one commissioning the work. The idea of stocking extra copies would probably have been considered at best wasteful and unnecessary since the form and presentation of a manuscript were more often than not customized to the aesthetic tastes of the buyer. This is part of the reason why scholars are more likely to find incomplete, and at times conflicting, segments of manuscripts than complete and largely consistent works.[3]
Distribution of Greek manuscripts by century[5]
New Testament manuscripts Lectionaries
Century Papyri Uncials Minuscules Uncials Minuscules
2nd 2 - - - -
2nd/3rd 5 1 - - -
3rd 28 2 - - -
3rd/4th 8 2 - - -
4th 14 14 - 1 -
4th/5th 8 8 - - -
5th 2 36 - 1 -
5th/6th 4 10 - - -
6th 7 51 - 3 -
6th/7th 5 5 - 1 -
7th 8 28 - 4 -
7th/8th 3 4 - - -
8th 2 29 - 22 -
8th/9th - 4 - 5 -
9th - 53 13 113 5
9th/10th - 1 4 - 1
10th - 17 124 108 38
10th/11th - 3 8 3 4
11th - 1 429 15 227
11th/12th - - 33 - 13
12th - - 555 6 486
12th/13th - - 26 - 17
13th - - 547 4 394
13th/14th - - 28 - 17
14th - - 511 - 308
14th/15th - - 8 - 2
15th - - 241 - 171
15th/16th - - 4 - 2
16th - - 136 - 194
Transmission[edit]
The task of copying manuscripts was generally done by scribes who were trained professionals in the arts of writing and bookmaking. Some manuscripts were also proofread, and scholars closely examining a text can sometimes find the original and corrections found in certain manuscripts. In the 6th century, a special room devoted to the practice of manuscript writing and illumination called the scriptorium came into use, typically inside medieval European monasteries. Sometimes a group of scribes would make copies at the same time as one individual read from the text.[6]
Manuscript construction[edit]
An important issue with manuscripts is preservation. The earliest New Testament manuscripts were written on papyrus, made from a reed that grew abundantly in the Nile Delta. This tradition continued as late as the 8th century.[7] Papyrus eventually becomes brittle and deteriorates with age. The dry climate of Egypt allowed some papyrus manuscripts to be partially preserved, but, with the exception of P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 77, no New Testament papyrus manuscript is complete; many consist only of a single fragmented page.[8] Beginning in the fourth century, parchment (also called vellum) began to be a common medium for New Testament manuscripts.[9] It wasn't until the twelfth century that paper (made from cotton or plant fibers), which was invented in first-century China, began to gain popularity in biblical manuscripts.[10]
Of the 476 non-Christian manuscripts dated to the second century, 97% of the manuscripts are in the form of scrolls; however, eight Christian manuscripts are codices. In fact, most New Testament manuscripts are codices. The adaptation of the codex form in non-Christian text did not become dominant until the fourth and fifth centuries, showing a preference for that form amongst early Christians.[11] The considerable length of some New Testament books (such as the Pauline epistles), and the New Testament itself, was not suited to the limited space available on a single scroll; in contrast a codex could be expanded to hundreds of pages.
The beginning of the Gospel of Mark from the Book of Durrow.
Script and other features[edit]
The handwriting found in New Testament manuscripts varies. One way of classifying handwriting is by formality: book-hand vs. cursive. More formal, literary Greek works were often written in a distinctive style of even, capital letters called book-hand. Less formal writing consisted of cursive letters which could be written quickly. Another way of dividing handwriting is between uncial script (or majuscule) and minuscule. The uncial letters were a consistent height between the baseline and the cap height, while the minuscule letters had ascenders and descenders that moved past the baseline and cap height. Generally speaking, the majuscules are earlier than the minuscules, with a dividing line roughly in the 11th century.[12]
The earliest manuscripts had negligible punctuation and breathing marks. The manuscripts also lacked word spacing, so words, sentences, and paragraphs would be a continuous string of letters (scriptio continua), often with line breaks in the middle of words. Bookmaking was an expensive endeavor, and one way to reduce the number of pages used was to save space. Another method employed was to abbreviate frequent words, such as the nomina sacra. Yet another method involved the palimpsest, a manuscript which recycled an older manuscript. Scholars using careful examination can sometimes determine what was originally written on the material of a document before it was erased to make way for a new text (for example Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus and the Syriac Sinaiticus).
The original New Testament books did not have titles, section headings, or verse and chapter divisions. These were developed over the years as "helps for readers". The Eusebian Canons were an early system of division written in the margin of many manuscripts. The Eusebian Canons are a series of tables that grouped parallel stories among the gospels. Starting in the fifth century, subject headings (κεφαλαία) were used.
Manuscripts became more ornate over the centuries, which developed into a rich illuminated manuscript tradition, including the famous Irish Gospel Books, the Book of Kells and the Book of Durrow.
Cataloging[edit]
A page from the Sinope Gospels. The miniature at the bottom shows Jesus healing the blind.
Desiderius Erasmus compiled the first printed edition of the Greek New Testament in 1516, basing his work on several manuscripts because he did not have a single complete work and because each manuscript had small errors. In the 18th century, Johann Jakob Wettstein was one of the first biblical scholars to start cataloging biblical manuscripts. He divided the manuscripts based on the writing used (uncial, minuscule) or format (lectionaries) and based on content (Gospels, Pauline letters, Acts + General epistles, and Revelation). He assigned the uncials letters and minuscules and lectionaries numbers for each grouping of content, which resulted in manuscripts being assigned the same letter or number.[13]
For manuscripts that contained the whole New Testament, such as Codex Alexandrinus (A) and Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (C), the letters corresponded across content groupings. For significant early manuscripts such as Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 (B), which did not contain Revelation, the letter B was also assigned to a later 10th-century manuscript of Revelation, thus creating confusion. Constantin von Tischendorf found one of the earliest, nearly complete copies of the Bible, Codex Sinaiticus, over a century after Wettstein's cataloging system was introduced. Because he felt the manuscript was so important, Von Tischendorf assigned it the Hebrew letter aleph (א). Eventually enough uncials were found that all the letters in the Latin alphabet had been used, and scholars moved on to first the Greek alphabet, and eventually started reusing characters by adding a superscript. Confusion also existed in the minuscules, where up to seven different manuscripts could have the same number or a single manuscript of the complete New Testament could have 4 different numbers to describe the different content groupings.[14]
Von Soden[edit]
Hermann, Freiherr von Soden published a complex cataloging system for manuscripts in 1902-10.[15] He grouped the manuscripts based on content, assigning them a Greek prefix: δ for the complete New Testament, ε for the Gospels, and α for the remaining parts. This grouping was flawed because some manuscripts grouped in δ did not contain Revelation, and many manuscripts grouped in α contained either the general epistles or the Pauline epistles, but not both. After the Greek prefix, Von Soden assigned a numeral that roughly corresponded to a date (for example δ1-δ49 were from before the 10th century, δ150-δ249 for the 11th century). This system proved to be problematic when manuscripts were re-dated, or when more manuscripts were discovered than the number of spaces allocated to a certain century.[16]
Gregory–Aland[edit]
Caspar René Gregory published another cataloging system in 1908 in Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments, which is the system still in use today. Gregory divided the manuscripts into four groupings: papyri, uncials, minuscules, and lectionaries. This division is partially arbitrary. The first grouping is based on the physical material (papyrus) used in the manuscripts. The second two divisions are based on script: uncial and minuscule. The last grouping is based on content: lectionary. Most of the papyrus manuscripts and the lectionaries before the year 1000 are written in uncial script. There is some consistency in that the majority of the papyri are very early because parchment began to replace papyrus in the 4th century (although the latest papyri dates to the 8th century). Similarly, the majority of the uncials date to before the 11th century, and the majority of the minuscules to after.[17]
Gregory assigned the papyri a prefix of P, often written in blackletter script ( P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} n), with a superscript numeral. The uncials were given a prefix of the number 0, and the established letters for the major manuscripts were retained for redundancy (e.g. Codex Claromontanus is assigned both 06 and D). The minuscules were given plain numbers, and the lectionaries were prefixed with l often written in script (ℓ). Kurt Aland continued Gregory's cataloging work through the 1950s and beyond. Because of this, the numbering system is often referred to as "Gregory-Aland numbers". The most recent manuscripts added to each grouping are P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 131, 0323, 2928, and ℓ 2463.[18] Due to the cataloging heritage and because some manuscripts which were initially numbered separately were discovered to be from the same codex, there is some redundancy in the list (i.e. the Magdalen papyrus has both the numbers of P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 64 and P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 67).[19]
The majority of New Testament textual criticism deals with Greek manuscripts because scholars believe the original books of the New Testament were written in Greek. The text of the New Testament is also found both translated in manuscripts of many different languages (called versions) and quoted in manuscripts of the writings of the Church Fathers. In the critical apparatus of the Novum Testamentum Graece, a series of abbreviations and prefixes designate different language versions (it for Old Latin, lowercase letters for individual Old Latin manuscripts, vg for Vulgate, lat for Latin, sys for Sinaitic Palimpsest, syc for Curetonian Gospels, syp for the Peshitta, co for Coptic, ac for Akhmimic, bo for Bohairic, sa for Sahidic, arm for Armenian, geo for Georgian, got for Gothic, aeth for Ethiopic, and slav for Old Church Slavonic).[20]
Dating the New Testament manuscripts[edit]
An illustration of a European scribe at work
The New Testament books appear to have been completed within the 1st century. The original manuscripts of the New Testament books have not survived. The autographs were lost or destroyed a long time ago. What survives are copies of the original. Generally speaking, these copies were made centuries after the originals from other copies rather than from the autograph. Paleography, a science of dating manuscripts by typological analysis of their scripts, is the most precise and objective means known for determining the age of a manuscript. Script groups belong typologically to their generation; and changes can be noted with great accuracy over relatively short periods of time. Dating of manuscript material by a radiocarbon dating test requires that a small part of the material be destroyed in the process; it is less accurate than dating from paleography.[21] Both radiocarbon and paleographical dating only give a range of possible dates, and it is still debated just how narrow this range might be. Dates established by radiocarbon dating can present a range of 10 to over 100 years. Similarly, dates established by paleography can present a range of 25 to over 125 years.[22]
Earliest extant manuscripts[edit]
The earliest manuscript of a New Testament text is a business-card-sized fragment from the Gospel of John, Rylands Library Papyrus P52, which may be as early as the first half of the 2nd century. The first complete copies of single New Testament books appear around 200, and the earliest complete copy of the New Testament, the Codex Sinaiticus dates to the 4th century.[23] The following table lists the earliest extant manuscript witnesses for the books of the New Testament.
Book
Earliest extant
manuscripts
Date
Condition
Matthew
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 1, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 19, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 21, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 25, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 37, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 45, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 53, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 64, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 67, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 70, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 77, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 101, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 103, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 104[24]
c. 150–250 (2nd–3rd century)
Large fragments
Mark
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 45
c. 250 (3rd century)
Large fragments
Luke
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 4, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 69, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 75, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 45
c. 175–250 (2nd–3rd century)
Large fragments
John
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 5, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 6, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 22, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 28, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 39, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 45, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 52, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 66, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 75, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 80, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 90, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 95, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 106
c. 125–250 (2nd–3rd century)
Large fragments
Acts
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 29, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 38, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 45, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 48, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 53, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 74, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 91
Early 3rd century[25]
Large fragments
Romans
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 27, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 40, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
Fragments
1 Corinthians
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 14, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 15, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
Fragments
2 Corinthians
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
Fragments
Galatians
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
Fragments
Ephesians
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 49
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
Fragments
Philippians
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 16, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
Fragments
Colossians
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
Fragments
1 Thessalonians
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 30, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 65
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
Fragments
2 Thessalonians
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 30
Early 3rd century
Fragments
1 Timothy
א
c. 350 (4th century)
Complete
2 Timothy
א
c. 350 (4th century)
Complete
Titus
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 32
c. 200 (late 2nd – early 3rd century)
Fragment
Philemon
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 87
3rd century
Fragment
Hebrews
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 12, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 13, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 17, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
Fragments
James
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 20, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 23, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 100
3rd Century
Fragments
1 Peter
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 81,[24] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 72
c. 300 (late 3rd – early 4th century)
Fragments
2 Peter
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 72
c. 300 (late 3rd – early 4th century)
Fragments
1 John
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 9
3rd century
Fragment
2 John
א
c. 350 (4th century)
Complete
3 John
א
c. 350 (4th century)
Complete
Jude
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 72, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 78
c. 300 (late 3rd – early 4th century)
Fragments
Revelation
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 18, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 24, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 47, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 98, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 115
c. 150–250 (2nd-3rd century)
Fragment
Textual criticism[edit]
Main article: Textual Criticism
Further information: Textual variants in the New Testament and List of Bible verses not included in modern translations
None of the original documents of the New Testament is extant and the existing copies differ from one another. The textual critic seeks to ascertain from the divergent copies which form of the text should be regarded as most conforming to the original.[26] The New Testament has been preserved in three major manuscript traditions: the 4th-century-CE Alexandrian text-type, the Western text-type, and the Byzantine text-type, which includes over 80% of all manuscripts, the majority comparatively very late in the tradition.
Since the mid-19th century, eclecticism, in which there is no a priori bias to a single manuscript, has been the dominant method of editing the Greek text of the New Testament (currently, the United Bible Society, 4th ed. and Nestle-Aland, 27th ed.). In textual criticism, eclecticism is the practice of examining a wide number of text witnesses and selecting the variant that seems best. The result of the process is a text with readings drawn from many witnesses. In a purely eclectic approach, no single witness is theoretically favored. Instead, the critic forms opinions about individual witnesses, relying on both external and internal evidence. Even so, the oldest manuscripts, being of the Alexandrian text-type, are the most favored, and the critical text has an Alexandrian disposition.[27] Modern translations of the New Testament are based on these copies.
Textual scholar Bart D. Ehrman writes: "It is true, of course, that the New Testament is abundantly attested in the manuscripts produced through the ages, but most of these manuscripts are many centuries removed from the originals, and none of them perfectly accurate. They all contain mistakes - altogether many thousands of mistakes. It is not an easy task to reconstruct the original words of the New Testament...."[28] In reference to the textual evidence for the New Testament, Bruce M. Metzger wrote,
In evaluating the significance of these statistics...one should consider, by way of contrast, the number of manuscripts which preserve the text of the ancient classics. Homer's Iliad...is preserved by 457 papyri, 2 uncial manuscripts, and 188 minuscule manuscripts. Among the tragedians the witnesses to Euripides are the most abundant; his extant works are preserved in 54 papyri and 276 parchment manuscripts, almost all of the later dating from the Byzantine period...the time between the composition of the books of the New Testament and the earliest extant copies is relatively brief. Instead of the lapse of a millennium or more, as is the case of not a few classical authors, several papyrus manuscripts of portions of the New Testament are extant which were copies within a century or so after the composition of the original documents.[29][30]
Biblical scholar Gary Habermas adds, "What is usually meant is that the New Testament has far more manuscript evidence from a far earlier period than other classical works. There are just under 6000 NT manuscripts, with copies of most of the NT dating from just 100 years or so after its writing. Classical sources almost always have fewer than 20 copies each and usually date from 700-1400 years after the composition of the work. In this regard, the classics are not as well attested. While this doesn't guarantee truthfulness, it means that it is much easier to reconstruct the New Testament text. Regarding genre, the Gospels are usually taken today to be examples of Roman biographies."[31]
Every year, several New Testament manuscripts handwritten in the original Greek format are discovered. The latest substantial find was in 2008, when 47 new manuscripts were discovered in Albania; at least 17 of them unknown to Western scholars.[32] There has been an estimate of 400,000 variations among all these manuscripts (from the 2nd to 15th century).[33] If you spread those 400,000 variations over 5,600 manuscripts, that comes out to only about 71 variations per manuscript. (400,000 divided by 5,600). And some of these manuscripts are the equivalent of several hundred pages of text, hand-written (see Codex Vaticanus, Codex Alexandrinus, et al.). The number of variants is additionally less significant than may appear since it is a comparison across linguistic boundaries. More important estimates focus on comparing texts within languages. Those variations are considerably fewer. The vast majority of these are accidental errors made by scribes, and are easily identified as such: an omitted word, a duplicate line, a misspelling, a rearrangement of words. Some variations involve apparently intentional changes, which often make more difficult a determination of whether they were corrections from better exemplars, harmonizations between readings, or ideologically motivated.[34] The variants are all known and logged, of course, and critical editions of the text are available which document all important variants.[35] For over 250 years, Christian scholars have argued that no textual variant affects key Christian doctrine.[36][37] Palaeography is the study of ancient writing, and textual criticism is the study of manuscripts in order to reconstruct a probable original text.
Listings[edit]
List of New Testament papyri
List of New Testament uncials
List of New Testament minuscules
List of New Testament lectionaries
List of New Testament Latin manuscripts
Gallery[edit]
This section contains what may be an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images. Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged; please improve or remove the section accordingly. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Fragments of the Dead Sea scrolls on display at the Archeological Museum, Amman
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 52 is the oldest known manuscript fragment of the New Testament, containing a portion of the Gospel of John
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 is the earliest (nearly) complete manuscript of the Epistles written by Paul in the new testament.
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 45 is a manuscript of Gospels and Acts. It contains the earliest known text of Mark. Scholars find it hard to read it because of its fragmentary state.
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 87 is the earliest known manuscript of Philemon.
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 37 is a fragment of the Gospel of Matthew containing nomina sacra.
P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 1 is an early third century fragment of the Gospel of Matthew.
Codex Sinaiticus (c. 350) contains the oldest complete copy of the New Testament, as well as most of the Greek Old Testament, known as the Septuagint
Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 is one of the best available Greek manuscripts of almost the entire bible.
P. Chester Beatty VI showing portions of Deuteronomy
Uncial 0308 is a fragment of the Book of Revelation.
The first page of the Gothic language Codex Argenteus
folio 5r of the Codex Amiatinus, manuscript of Vulgate
See also[edit]
Bible portal
Dating the Bible
Biblical criticism
Textual criticism
Categories of New Testament manuscripts
Alexandrian text-type
Byzantine text-type
Caesarean text-type
Western text-type
List of major textual variants in the New Testament
Higher Criticism
Manuscript culture
Nag Hammadi library
Fifty Bibles of Constantine
List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
List of illuminated manuscripts
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Bruce 1964
Jump up ^ Barkay, Vaughn, Lundberg and Zuckerman 2004 pp. 41-71
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ehrman 2005
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-12-31. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
Jump up ^ Aland, p 81
Jump up ^ "Seid". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Metzger 2005, pp.3f
Jump up ^ "Waltz". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Metzger 2005, pp.3-10
Jump up ^ Aland 1995, p. 77
Jump up ^ "Seid". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Metzger 2005, pp. 17-18, 20
Jump up ^ Aland 1995, p. 72
Jump up ^ Aland 1995, pp. 72-73
Jump up ^ Hermann von Soden, Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte 4 vols., Berlin: Glaue, 1902-1910.
Jump up ^ Aland 1995, pp. 40-41
Jump up ^ Aland 1995, pp. 73-77
Jump up ^ New Testament Virtual Manuscript Room at the University of Münster website
Jump up ^ Aland 1995, pp. 73f
Jump up ^ NA27 1996, pp. 64*-76*
Jump up ^ "Britannica Online: Types of manuscript errors". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ F. V. Greifenhagen, Egypt on the Pentateuch's Ideological Map.
Jump up ^ Ehrman 2004, pp. 479-480
^ Jump up to: a b Willker, Wieland (17 April 2008). "Complete List of Greek NT Papyri". Archived from the original on 12 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Philip W. Comfort and David P. Barrett. The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers Incorporated, 2001, p. 65.
Jump up ^ Bruce M. Metzger, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration.
Jump up ^ Aland, B. 1994: 138
Jump up ^ The New Testament: An Historical Introduction To The Early Christian Writings, Bart Ehrman p. 449
Jump up ^ The Text Of The New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption & Restoration, 1992, Third Enlarged Edition, Bruce Metzger, p. 33-35
Jump up ^ As a footnote to his comments, Metzger also said, "Lest, however, the wrong impression be conveyed from the statistics given above regarding the total number of Greek manuscripts of the New Testament, it should be pointed out that most of the papyri are relatively fragmentary and that only about fifty manuscripts (of which the Codex Sinaiticus is the only Uncial manuscript) contain the entire New Testament." The Text Of The New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption & Restoration, 1992, Third Enlarged Edition, Bruce Metzger, p. 34
Jump up ^ [Quoted from http://www.garyhabermas.com/qa/qa_index.htm]
Jump up ^ Michelle A Vu, "NT scholar on discovery of giant trove of Bible manuscripts," Christianity Today, April 21, 2008
Jump up ^ Daniel Wallace, https://bible.org/article/number-textual-variants-evangelical-miscalculation
Jump up ^ Ehrman 2004, pp.480f
Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece#Current_editions
Jump up ^ Wallace, Daniel. "The Majority Text and the Original Text: Are They Identical?". Retrieved 23 November 2013.
Jump up ^ c.f. F.F. Bruce, "Are the New Testament Documents Reliable?"
References[edit]
Barkay, G., A.G. Vaughn, M.J. Lundberg and B. Zuckerman, "The Amulets from Ketef Hinnom: A New Edition and Evaluation," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 334 (2004): 41-71. (An innovation in the report was the simultaneous publication of an accompanying "digital article," a CD version of the article and the images).
F. F. Bruce (1964). "The Last Thirty Years". Story of the Bible. ed. Frederic G. Kenyon Retrieved June 19, 2007
Aland, Kurt; Barbara Aland (1995). The Text of The New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Translated by Erroll F. Rhodes (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 40f, 72f. ISBN 0-8028-4098-1.
Ehrman, Bart D. (2004). The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. New York: Oxford. pp. 480f. ISBN 0-19-515462-2.
Metzger, Bruce M. The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-516667-1
Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece rv. 27 (2006) Hendrickson Publishers, ISBN 1-59856-172-3
Seid, Timothy W. "Interpreting Ancient Manuscripts". Interpreting Ancient Manuscripts Web - Earlham School of Religion. Retrieved 2007-06-19.
Waltz, Robert. "An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism". A Site Inspired By: The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism. Archived from the original on 18 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-19.
Wilson, Robert Dick. (1929) 'The Textual Criticism of the Old Testament', The Princeton Theological Review 27: pp. 40f.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bible manuscripts.
Look up manuscript in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Michael D. Marlowe's Bible Research site
Micheal W. Palmer's Greek-Language.com Manuscripts page
TextCrit.com: Eusebian Canon in Codex A
Biblical Manuscripts Project
Fragment of Psalms at the Heidelberger Papyrus-Sammlung
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Manuscripts of the Bible". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Contantinus Siamakis, Oldest Manuscript of the Bible
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