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Convention of 1833
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The Convention of 1833 (April 1–13, 1833), a political gathering of settlers in Mexican Texas, was a successor to the Convention of 1832, whose requests had not been addressed by the Mexican government. Despite the political uncertainty resulting from a recently concluded civil war, 56 delegates met in San Felipe de Austin to draft a series of petitions to the Government of Mexico.
The volatile William H. Wharton presided over the meeting. Although the convention's agenda largely mirrored that of the Convention of 1832, delegates also agreed to pursue independent statehood for the province, which was at the time part of the state of Coahuila y Tejas. Under the guidance of Sam Houston, former governor of the US state of Tennessee, a committee drafted a state constitution to submit to the Mexican Congress. The proposed constitution was largely patterned on US political principles, yet retained several Spanish customs. Delegates also requested customs exemptions and asked that a ban on immigration into Texas be lifted.
Some residents complained that this convention, like its predecessor, was illegal. Nevertheless, Stephen F. Austin journeyed to Mexico City to present the petitions to the government. Frustrated with the lack of progress, in October Austin wrote a letter encouraging Texans to form their own state government. This letter was forwarded to the Mexican government and Austin was imprisoned in early 1834. During his imprisonment, the federal and state legislatures later passed a series of measures to placate the colonists, including the introduction of trial by jury. Austin acknowledged that "[e]very evil complained of has been remedied."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Preparation
3 Proceedings
3.1 State constitution
3.2 Resolutions
4 Preparations for delivery
5 Reception
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Sources
10 External links
Background[edit]
Further information: Mexican Texas and Convention of 1832
Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821. After the new country's monarchy was overthrown, the Constitution of 1824 established a federalist republic composed of multiple states. Sparsely populated provinces were denied independent statehood and instead merged with neighboring areas. Mexican Texas, which marked the country's eastern border with the United States, was combined with Coahuila to form the new state Coahuila y Tejas.[2] To facilitate government of the large area, the state was subdivided into several departments; all of Texas was included in the Department of Béxar.[3]
Texas was part of the Mexican frontier, and settlers faced frequent raids by native tribes. Bankrupt and unable to provide much military assistance, in 1824 the federal government legalized immigration from the United States and Europe, hoping that an influx of settlers would discourage raiding.[2] As the number of Americans living in Texas increased, Mexican authorities became apprehensive that the United States intended to annex the area, possibly by force.[4][5] To curb the perceived threat, the Mexican government passed the Law of April 6, 1830, which restricted immigration from the United States into Texas and called for the first enforcement of customs duties.[4] The new laws were unpopular with both native Mexicans in Texas (Tejanos) and recent immigrants (Texians).[6]
General Antonio López de Santa Anna's revolt against the Mexican government gave the Texians an excuse for their own rebellion
In 1832, General Antonio López de Santa Anna led a revolt against President Anastasio Bustamante's centralist government.[7] Under the pretext that they supported Santa Anna, a small group of Texians armed themselves and overthrew the commander of the garrison that was enforcing the new customs duties.[8] Other settlers followed their example, and within weeks all Mexican soldiers in eastern Texas had been forced to leave.[9]
Buoyed by their military success, Texians organized a political convention to persuade Mexican authorities to weaken the Laws of April 6, 1830.[10] Although the two municipalities with the largest Tejano populations, San Antonio de Béxar and Victoria, refused to participate, 55 delegates met in October for the Convention of 1832.[11] They adopted a series of resolutions that requested changes in the governance of Texas. The most controversial item was for Texas to become an independent state, separate from Coahuila.[10] After approving the list of resolutions, delegates created a seven-member central committee to convene future meetings.[12]
Before the list of concerns could be presented to the state and federal governments, Ramón Músquiz, the political chief of the Department of Béxar, ruled that the convention was illegal.[13] The law directed that citizens should protest to their local ayuntamiento (similar to a city council), which would forward their concerns to the political chief. The political chief could then escalate the concerns to the appropriate governmental authority.[11] Because this process had not been followed, Músquiz annulled the resolutions.[13]
Preparation[edit]
The previous convention's lack of Tejano representation fostered a perception that only newcomers to Texas were dissatisfied.[14] The president of the Convention of 1832, Stephen F. Austin, traveled to San Antonio de Béxar to garner support for the changes the convention had requested. Austin found that the Tejano leaders largely agreed with the result of the convention but opposed the methods by which the resolutions had been proposed. They urged patience; Bustamante was still president and would not look favorably on a petition from settlers who had recently sided with his rival, Santa Anna.[12]
As a compromise, the ayuntamiento of San Antonio de Béxar drafted a petition containing similar language to the convention's resolutions. Following legal norms, they submitted this to Músquiz, who forwarded it to the Mexican Congress in early 1833.[13] At this time, the federal and state governments were in flux. Bustamante had resigned the presidency in late December 1832 as part of a treaty to end the civil war. There was no effective state government. The governor of Coahuila y Tejas had died in September 1832, and his replacement, federalist Juan Martín de Veramendi, immediately dissolved the state legislature, which had centralist leanings. Veramendi called elections to seat a new government in early 1833.[15] Due to the political uncertainty, Austin urged that the federal government be given several months to address the petition. If no action was eventually taken, he advised that Texas residents would form their own state government, essentially declaring independence from Coahuila, if not from Mexico.[13]
Austin's timeframe was endorsed by Tejano leaders, but it did not pacify the Texian settlers. Towards the end of December, the central committee called for a new convention to meet in San Felipe de Austin in April 1833.[Note 1] Elections were scheduled for March.[15] This action disturbed the Tejano leaders, who saw it as a violation of their agreement with Austin.[16]
Communities in Texas elected 56 delegates for the new convention.[17] In a departure from the previous election, San Antonio de Béxar also sent delegates, including James Bowie, the son-in-law of Governor Veramendi. Bowie, like many of his fellow delegates, was known as an agitator who wanted immediate change.[18] The majority of the delegates to the previous convention had been more cautious.[10]
Proceedings[edit]
The Convention of 1833 was called to order on April 1, 1833, in San Felipe de Austin. By coincidence, on that day Santa Anna was inaugurated as the new President of Mexico.[17] Delegates elected William H. Wharton, a "known hothead", as president of the convention.[18] Wharton had lost his bid to be president of the previous convention.[10][11] Historian William C. Davis describes Wharton's election as "a public declaration that while Austin was still respected, his moderate course would no longer be followed".[18]
On the first day, several delegates addressed the convention to justify the recent Texian actions. Many argued that the expulsion of most garrisons in the region was not an act of disloyalty to Mexico, but instead resistance to a particular form of governance. Sam Houston, who represented Nacogdoches, commented that "Santa Anna was only a name used as an excuse for resistance to oppression".[19] Several delegates argued that the recently concluded civil war had left Mexico in too much turmoil to provide effective rule for Texas. Echoing the American Revolution slogan "no taxation without representation", one delegate insisted that Texas was not bound by Mexican laws since its settlers had no representation. This delegate overlooked the fact that Texas had been granted two representatives to the Coahuila y Tejas legislature.[20]
Austin presented an overview of the events that had occurred in Texas and in the rest of Mexico over the previous year. He enumerated several grievances against the political and judicial systems and concluded that Texas needed to become an independent state. This could be justified, in his opinion, by language in the Constitution of 1824.[20]
State constitution[edit]
By the second day of the convention, delegates were in agreement to pursue separate statehood. Austin wrote to a friend, "We are now able to sustain A State Govt. and no country ever required one more than this".[20] Houston was named chairman of a committee to draft a new state constitution. Although Houston had not lived in Texas for very long, he was well-known, having served as governor of Tennessee and as a member of the United States Congress.[20]
Sam Houston chaired the committee which wrote a proposed state constitution.
The new constitution was based on a copy of the 1780 Massachusetts Constitution provided by one of the committee members.[17] The proposed document also drew from the constitutions of other states in the United States, including Louisiana, Missouri, and Tennessee. It provided "meticulous detail" for the new system of government.[21] The executive branch structure, proposed by Austin,[22] called for a governor who would serve two-year terms. The state would have a bicameral legislature and a three-tier judiciary system, with local and district courts ultimately kept in check by a state supreme court.[23]
A 27-article bill of rights,[23] containing, according to historian Howard Miller, an "impressive list" of protected rights,[21] was included. This document aligned closely with contemporary American political ideals, especially the notion that all men had a right to liberty. Much of the language and concepts were drawn from the first eight amendments to the United States Constitution.[24] The document called for trial by jury, a distinct departure from Mexican law, which required that trials be heard by the local alcalde.[23] Defendants would be granted counsel and would have the right to examine any evidence against them. They would be protected from excessive bail or cruel and unusual punishments. Civil authorities would take priority over military authorities.[25] Delegates also agreed to protect "free communication of thoughts and opinions",[26] a phrase carefully drafted to imply freedom of speech, of assembly, and of the press. Although it could also be interpreted to imply freedom of religion,[21] delegates were unwilling to explicitly grant that right, knowing that it would cause an uproar in Catholic Mexico.[Note 2][23]
A few of the rights were drawn from Spanish practices.[24] The proposed constitution forbade the English practices of primogeniture and entailment, following a change made to Spanish law in 1821. Delegates retained the traditional Spanish prohibition against seizing a debtor's physical property[27] and extended it to forbid imprisonment as a punishment for debt. This was a novel idea.[25] In the United States, nine states had enumerated certain conditions under which a debtor could not be imprisoned, but no state had an unqualified prohibition on the practice.[25]
Borrowing from the resolutions of the Convention of 1832,[10] delegates wrote into the constitution a guarantee of free public education. They further banned unsecured paper currency and insisted the state economy should be based solely on hard currency.[23] When the constitution was completed, David G. Burnet headed a subcommittee to craft a letter to Mexican authorities to explain the merits of the proposal.[23]
Resolutions[edit]
In addition to the development of a state constitution, delegates passed a series of resolutions that asked Mexican authorities for reforms. Several of these echoed resolutions passed at the previous year's convention. Delegates again insisted that the ban on immigration should be repealed and that customs duties be lifted. Resolutions also requested additional protection from raids by native tribes, and that the government implement a more efficient mail delivery system.[10][23]
We do hold in utter abhorrence all participation, whether direct or indirect, in the African Slave Trade; that we do concur in the general indignation which has been manifested throughout the civilized world against that inhuman and unprincipled traffic; and we do therefore earnestly recommend to our constituents, the good people of Texas, that they will not only abstain from all concern in that abominable traffic, but that they will unite their efforts to prevent the evil from polluting our shores.
—Text of resolution condemning slavery[28]
One of the resolutions would have been more suited for passage by a state legislature than a group of concerned citizens. Perhaps to atone for some of the more revolutionary items they had requested, as one of their final acts delegates passed a resolution that condemned the slave trade within Texas.[23] The Constitution of 1824 had already abolished the slave trade, and the constitution of Coahuila y Tejas had forbidden the importation of slaves into the state. Most settlers in Texas ignored the restrictions and instead converted their slaves to servants indentured for 99 years.[29] African slaves were still imported into Texas occasionally, and a ship carrying slaves docked in Galveston Bay as the convention met. This ship, like most others used to import slaves, came from Cuba, which was a possession of Spain. Because Spain did not officially recognize Mexican independence, delegates considered this trade treasonous to Mexico.[30]
Delegates ordered that the resolution be printed in newspapers in the Mexican interior and in New Orleans.[30] It was not printed in Texas,[Note 3] clearly indicating that it was intended to influence public opinion in the Mexican interior rather than in Texas.[31] The resolution was not binding, and slaves continued to be imported to Texas through Cuba.[30]
Despite a vocal minority advocating for the unilateral implementation of the proposals, delegates agreed to present the requests to the Mexican Congress for approval. They did agree to take action if it appeared their demands would be ignored.[31] As their last act, delegates elected Austin, James Miller, and Erasmo Seguín to deliver their petitions to Mexico City. Seguin, a prominent citizen of San Antonio de Béxar, had not attended the convention. Delegates hoped Austin could persuade Seguin to accompany him, thus implying that Tejanos supported the resolutions.[31]
Preparations for delivery[edit]
When the convention adjourned on April 13, Austin went directly to San Antonio de Béxar to meet with Seguin.[31] Seguin called a series of meetings, held from May 3 to 5, for prominent locals to discuss the convention proceedings. He was the only Béxar resident to fully support separate statehood.[32] Other residents suggested that the capital of Coahuila y Tejas should be moved to San Antonio de Béxar, giving Texas more power. There was precedent for this; under Veramendi, the capital had just been moved from Saltillo to Monclova. If the legislature rejected the move, these residents vowed to support separate statehood.[33]
A third group of residents believed that the convention, like its predecessor, was illegal. Under their interpretation of the laws, only the state legislature would be able to petition the Mexican Congress for such a drastic change.[33] Austin argued that the laws really meant that no one could petition on behalf of the people unless the people had been consulted, and the convention served as that consultation. The meetings ended with no agreement on how to proceed.[34] Austin wrote that "the people here agree in substance with the rest of Texas, but differ as to the manner, and will express no opinion for, nor against".[35]
Seguin declined to accompany Austin. Miller also withdrew.[33] Texas was in the throes of a cholera epidemic, and Miller, a physician, felt it his duty to stay and tend the sick.[36] Austin then visited Goliad but was unable to attract any more Tejano support.[37] He chose to go to Mexico City alone; he had visited several times and had established a good reputation among government officials. Although he was warned that his reception would likely be poor, he ignored suggestions to delay his journey.[36]
Reception[edit]
Within the Mexican interior, rumors abounded that Texas was on the verge of revolution. Many citizens in Matamoros believed Texians had already declared independence and were raising an army. Santa Anna was infuriated, especially at the involvement of Houston, a former officer in the United States military.[36]
Stephen F. Austin delivered the convention's resolutions to Mexico City.
Immediately after Santa Anna had taken office in April, he had handed over all decision-making authority to his vice president, Valentín Gómez Farías, and retired to the countryside. Farías enacted many federalist reforms, which angered citizens and army leaders.[38] Much of the country was clamoring for a return to centralism, yet Texians wanted to take further steps toward self-rule.[39] By the time Austin arrived in Mexico City on July 18, several Mexican states had engaged in minor revolts against Farías's reforms. Although Texians had expelled troops within their province before Santa Anna and Farías took office, many officials identified the province with the other rebellious states and were suspicious of Austin's intentions.[39]
The cholera epidemic reached Mexico City within days of Austin's arrival, prompting Congress to adjourn before Austin could present the convention's resolutions. As he waited for the legislature to reconvene, Austin heard rumors that Texians were planning a third convention to unilaterally declare themselves a separate state.[39] Although Austin was also frustrated at the lack of progress, he disapproved of this drastic proposal. In an attempt to quell the more radical groups in Texas, in October Austin sent a letter to the ayuntamiento in San Antonio de Béxar in which he proposed that all of the ayuntamientos should jointly form a new state government.[40] In what could be interpreted as an inflammatory gesture, Austin signed his letter "dios y Tejas" ("God and Texas") rather than the traditional Mexican closing "dios y libertad" ("God and liberty").[41] A few days after he had posted the letter, the immigration ban was repealed, assuaging one of the major Texian concerns.[40]
Austin had expected the letter to reach his friend Músquiz, who could be trusted to determine when or if it was appropriate to publicly disclose its contents. The letter arrived while Músquiz was out of town and was read by an unsympathetic ayuntamiento member.[42] At this member's request, the ayuntamiento of San Antonio de Béxar forwarded the letter to state officials in Coahuila.[43] The new governor,[Note 4] Francisco Vidaurri y Villaseñor, ordered Austin's arrest.[44] Austin was arrested in December on suspicion of treason.[43] He was imprisoned through all of 1834 and remained in Mexico City on bond until July 1835.[34]
During Austin's imprisonment, the government addressed several more of the convention's proposals. At Santa Anna's urging, the Coahuila y Tejas legislature enacted several measures to placate the Texians. In early 1834, Texas gained an additional seat in the state legislature.[45] An American immigrant was named state Attorney General, and, for the first time, foreigners were granted explicit permission to participate in retail trade.[46] Several American legal concepts, including trial by jury, were introduced to Texas, and English was authorized as a second language.[45] Finally, the state created four new municipalities in Texas: Matagorda, San Augustine, Bastrop, and San Patricio.[46] In a letter to a friend, Austin wrote "Every evil complained of has been remedied. This fully compensates me for all I have suffered."[1]
See also[edit]
Timeline of the Texas Revolution
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ San Felipe de Austin was the capital of the first colony founded by Stephen F. Austin.
Jump up ^ Although Mexican law mandated that settlers convert to Catholicism, most Texians continued to practice their former religions with little interference from governmental authorities.
Jump up ^ Although Davis clearly asserts that the resolution was not printed within Texas, Barker (Oct 1902, p. 151) claims it was published in the Texas Advocate. Barker does not specify where this newspaper was printed or by whom.
Jump up ^ Veramendi died in the cholera epidemic.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b quoted in Davis (2006), p. 117.
^ Jump up to: a b Manchaca (2001), pp. 164, 187.
Jump up ^ Ericson (2000), p. 33.
^ Jump up to: a b Henson (1982), pp. 47–8.
Jump up ^ Morton (1943), p. 33.
Jump up ^ Davis (2006), p. 77.
Jump up ^ Davis (2006), p. 85.
Jump up ^ Henson (1982), pp. 95–102, 109.
Jump up ^ Davis (2006), p. 86.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Davis (2006), p. 92.
^ Jump up to: a b c Davis (2006), p. 91.
^ Jump up to: a b Barker (1985), p. 351.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Davis (2006), p. 94.
Jump up ^ Steen, Ralph W., "Convention of 1832", Handbook of Texas, Texas State Historical Association, retrieved February 3, 2009 .
^ Jump up to: a b Davis (2006), p. 95.
Jump up ^ Barker (Jan 1943), p. 330.
^ Jump up to: a b c Steen, Ralph W., "Convention of 1833", Handbook of Texas, Texas State Historical Association, retrieved December 17, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b c Davis (2006), p. 96.
Jump up ^ quoted in Davis (2006), p. 97.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Davis (2006), p. 97.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miller (Jan 1988), p. 310.
Jump up ^ Miller (Jan 1988), p. 309.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Davis (2006), p. 98.
^ Jump up to: a b Ericson (Apr 1959), p. 458.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ericson (April 1959), p. 459.
Jump up ^ quoted in Miller (Jan 1988), p. 310.
Jump up ^ Ericson (Apr 1959), p. 460.
Jump up ^ quoted in Barker (Oct 1902), p. 151.
Jump up ^ Barker (Oct 1902), p. 150.
^ Jump up to: a b c Barker (Oct 1902), p. 151.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Davis (2006), p. 99.
Jump up ^ Barker (Jan 1943), p. 331.
^ Jump up to: a b c Davis (2006), p. 100.
^ Jump up to: a b Barker (Jan 1943), p. 332.
Jump up ^ quoted in Davis (2006), p. 100.
^ Jump up to: a b c Davis (2006), p. 101.
Jump up ^ Cantrell (1999), p. 268.
Jump up ^ Davis (2006), pp. 107–108.
^ Jump up to: a b c Davis (2006), p. 109.
^ Jump up to: a b Davis (2006), p. 110.
Jump up ^ Cantrell (1999), p. 271.
Jump up ^ Cantrell (1999), pp. 272–77.
^ Jump up to: a b Davis (2006), p. 111.
Jump up ^ Cantrell (1999), p. 278.
^ Jump up to: a b Davis (2006), p. 117.
^ Jump up to: a b Cantrell (1999), p. 291.
Sources[edit]
Barker, Eugene C. (October 1902), "The African Slave Trade in Texas", Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Texas State Historical Association, 6 (2): 145–158, retrieved December 17, 2009
Barker, Eugene C. (January 1943), "Native Latin American Contribution to the Colonization and Independence of Texas", Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Texas State Historical Association, 46 (3): 317–335, retrieved December 17, 2009
Barker, Eugene Campbell (1985), The Life of Stephen F. Austin, founder of Texas, 1793–1836, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-78421-X originally published 1926 by Lamar & Barton
Cantrell, Gregg (1999), Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-09093-2
Davis, William C. (2006), Lone Star Rising, College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 978-1-58544-532-5 originally published 2004 by New York: Free Press
Ericson, J.E. (April 1959), "Origins of the Texas Bill of Rights", Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Texas State Historical Association, 62 (4): 457–466
Ericson, Joe E. (2000), The Nacogdoches story: an informal history, Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, ISBN 978-0-7884-1657-6
Henson, Margaret Swett (1982), Juan Davis Bradburn: A Reappraisal of the Mexican Commander of Anahuac, College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 978-0-89096-135-3
Manchaca, Martha (2001), Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans, The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-75253-9
Miller, Howard (January 1988), "Stephen F. Austin and the Anglo-Texan Response to the Religious Establishment in Mexico, 1821–1836", Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Texas State Historical Association, 91 (3): 283–316, retrieved December 17, 2009
Morton, Ohland (July 1943), "Life of General Don Manuel de Mier y Teran", Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Texas State Historical Association, 47 (1), retrieved 2009-01-29
External links[edit]
Convention of 1833 from the Handbook of Texas Online
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Et tu, Brute?
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"You Too Brutus" redirects here. For 2015 Malayalam language film, see You Too Brutus (film).
Death of Caesar by Vincenzo Camuccini
Et tu, Brute? (pronounced [ɛt ˈtuː ˈbruːtɛ]) is a Latin phrase meaning "even you, Brutus?", made famous by its occurrence in William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, where it is uttered by the Roman dictator Julius Caesar to his friend Marcus Brutus at the moment of the former's assassination. The Latin expression first occurs in Elizabethan literary texts.[1] The quotation is widely used in the English-speaking world to signify the unexpected betrayal by a person, such as a friend.
Caesar utters these words in Act III, scene 2, as he is being stabbed to death, having recognized his friend and protégé Brutus among the assassins. However, there is no evidence that the historic Caesar had ever spoken these words.[2][3]
The name "Brutus", a second declension masculine noun, appears in the phrase in the vocative case, and so the -us ending of the nominative case is replaced by -e.[4]
Context[edit]
On March 15 (the Ides of March), 44 BCE, the historic Caesar was attacked by a group of senators, including Marcus Junius Brutus, Caesar's friend and protégé. Caesar initially resisted his attackers, but when he saw Brutus, he supposedly responded as he died.
The historical Caesar's last words are not known with certainty. The Roman historian Suetonius, a century and a half after the incident, claims Caesar said nothing as he died, but that others reported that Caesar's last words were the Greek phrase "καὶ σὺ, τέκνον;".[5][6] The phrase means "You too, child?" or "You too, young man?".[7] Sometimes this is rendered translated into Latin as "Tu quoque, Brute, fili mi".
Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing, but merely pulled his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators.[8]
In the play Julius Caesar (1599), Caesar says "Et tu, Brute? Then fall, Caesar!"[9] Shakespeare was making use of a phrase already in use: for example it is said, by Edmond Malone, to have appeared in a work that has been lost: Richard Eedes's Latin play Caesar Interfectus of 1582. It also occurs in The True Tragedie of Richard Duke of Yorke, and the death of good King Henrie the Sixt, with the Whole Contention betweene the two Houses Lancaster and Yorke of 1595, which is the earliest printed version of Shakespeare's play Henry VI, Part 3.[10][11]
Interpretation[edit]
It has been argued that the phrase can be interpreted as a curse or threat.[12] One theory states that the historic Caesar adapted the words of a Greek sentence which to the Romans had long since become proverbial: The complete phrase is said to have been "You too, my son, will have a taste of power," of which Caesar only needed to invoke the opening words to foreshadow Brutus' own violent death, in response to his assassination.[13] There is a poem by Horace, Satires; Book I, Satire 7, written approximately 30 BC, that mentions Brutus and his tyrannicide; in discussing that poem, author John Henderson considers that the expression "E-t t-u Br-u-t-e", (as he hyphenates it), can be interpreted as a complaint containing a "suggestion of mimetic compulsion".[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Henderson, John (1998). Fighting for Rome: Poets and Caesars, History, and Civil War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-58026-9.
Jump up ^ Henle, Robert J., S.J. Henle Latin Year 1 Chicago: Loyola Press 1945
Jump up ^ Shakespeare, William (1960). S.F. Johnson; Alfred Harbage, eds. Julius Caesar. Penguin Books. p. 74.
Jump up ^ Gill, N. S., "Latin – Vocative endings", About.com, retrieved 2012-09-16
Jump up ^ ...uno modo ad primum ictum gemitu sine voce edito; etsi tradiderunt quidam Marco Bruto irruenti dixisse "καὶ σύ, τέκνον". De Vita Caesarum, Liber I, Divus Iulius, LXXXII.
Jump up ^ Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Julius Caesar 82.2
Jump up ^ Billows, Richard A. (2009). Julius Caesar: The Colossus of Rome. London: Routledge. pp. 249–250. ISBN 978-0-415-33314-6.
Jump up ^ Plutarch, The Parallel Lives, Life of Caesar 66.9
Jump up ^ Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 1, Line 77
Jump up ^ Dyce, Alexander (1866). The Works of William Shakespeare. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 648.
Jump up ^ Garber, Marjorie. Shakespeare's Ghost Writers: Literature as Uncanny Causality. Routledge, 2010. ISBN 9781135154899. p. 72-73
Jump up ^ Woodman, A.J. (2006). "Tiberius and the Taste of Power: The Year 33 in Tacitus". Classical Quarterly. 56 (1): 175–189. doi:10.1017/S0009838806000140.
Jump up ^ Woodman, A. J. The Annals of Tacitus: Books 5–6; Volume 55 of Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries. Cambridge University Press, 2016. ISBN 9781316757314.
[hide]
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William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar
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Lepidus
Flavius
Marullus
Cicero
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Portia
Cinna
Titinius
Messala
Young Cato
Volumnius
Conspirators
Marcus Brutus
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Casca
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Cinna
Metellus Cimber
Trebonius
Caius Ligarius
Sources
Parallel Lives
On screen
1950
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The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV)
1970
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1994 (TV)
Adaptations
La morte di Cesare (1788)
Shakespeare Writing "Julius Caesar" (1907)
Caesar (1937)
Die Ermordung Cäsars (1959)
Dead Caesar (2007)
The Karaoke King (2007)
Roman Tragedies (2007)
Quotes
"The dogs of war"
"Et tu, Brute?"
"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears"
"Greek to me"
Music
Julius Caesar (1851)
Related
Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar
Assassination of Julius Caesar
Caesar's Comet
Ides of March
Battle of Philippi
Me and Orson Welles (2008)
Caesar Must Die (2012)
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American Grit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
American Grit
Genre
Reality[1]
Starring
John Cena
Rorke Denver
Noah Galloway
Tawanda Hanible
Nicholas Irving
John Burk
Riki Long
Chloe Mondesir
Grady Powell
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
20 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
John Cena
Brent Montgomery
David George
Adam Sher
Will Nothacker
Jon Kroll
Running time
43 minutes
Distributor
Leftfield Pictures
Hard Nocks South Productions
Release
Original network
Fox
Picture format
720p (16:9 HDTV)
Audio format
Dolby Digital
Original release
April 14, 2016 (2016-04-14) – present
External links
Official website
www.fox.com/american-grit
American Grit is an American reality television series that premiered on Fox on April 14, 2016.[2][3][4] The series stars WWE wrestler John Cena.[5] Fox ordered ten episodes for the first season of the competition series.[5][6] On July 29, 2016, Fox renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on Sunday, June 11, 2017.[7][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
1.1 Season 1
1.2 Season 2
2 Cadre
2.1 Season 1
2.2 Season 2
3 Contestants
3.1 Season 1
3.2 Season 2
4 Contestant progress
4.1 Season 1
4.2 Season 2
5 Episodes
5.1 Season 1 (2016)
5.2 Season 2 (2017)
6 Ratings
6.1 Season 1 (2016)
6.2 Season 2 (2017)
7 References
8 External links
Premise[edit]
Competitors are divided into four teams of four, each led by a military veteran who is designated as the team's Cadre[9] and compete in a series of Team Challenges. All members of the winning team are safe from elimination and advance to the next round, while a member of each losing team is chosen to participate in an Elimination Challenge. The elimination continues until one contestant quits, fails the challenge, or becomes physically unable to continue, at which point he or she is eliminated from the competition. Eliminated competitors ring a ship's bell on the site before departing, after the tradition of Navy SEAL trainees "ringing out" if they choose to withdraw from the program. In the finale, the remaining competitors take part in an elimination challenge that concludes with a winner being named and receiving a $250,000 cash prize.
Season 1[edit]
Filmed at the foothills of Mount Rainier in Eatonville, Washington, the first season focuses on "pushing teams to the brink" and features sixteen contestants with a variety of fitness backgrounds. Competitors who lose during Team Challenges, called "Evolutions", are selected by their own Cadre to participate in the Elimination Challenge. As long as a team has at least two members, a contestant cannot be sent to two consecutive Elimination Challenges. The Elimination Challenge begins with an obstacle course, called "The Circus", followed by an endurance test. The obstacle course remains constant, but the endurance test differs in each episode. The endurance test begins once all three participants have completed the obstacle course, with the first- and second-place finishers receiving an advantage over the third-place finisher, and concludes with the elimination of one competitor. As a team-based competition, all surviving members of the last remaining team are eligible to win. The season was won by Clare Painter and Mark Bouquin of Team Noah.
Season 2[edit]
Taking place in Hampton Island, Georgia in a location referred to as "Camp Grit", the second season focuses on "helping competitors find their grit" and features contestants with various issues "who either have lost their grit or never had it". Seventeen competitors appear at the start of the competition, one of whom is eliminated before the teams are formed. The Cadre of the winning team chooses the members of the losing teams who will be sent to the Elimination Challenge and consecutive appearances are allowed. Only an endurance test is featured in the Elimination Challenge and no advantages are provided to its participants. Depending on the Elimination Challenge, it concludes with one or two contestants being eliminated. The competition eventually becomes contestant-based, with all remaining competitors ultimately competing against each other and only one winner being named. Winning the second season was Gigi Gustin of Team Grady.
Cadre[edit]
Season 1[edit]
Rorke Denver, a US Navy SEAL Commander who led assault teams worldwide. He also starred in Act of Valor.[10]
Noah Galloway, a US Army member of the 502nd Infantry and 101st Airborne Division, awarded the Purple Heart when he lost his left arm and left leg in a roadside bomb attack[10]
Tawanda "Tee" Hanible, a US Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant[10]
Nicholas "Nick" Irving, a US Army sniper with the 3rd Ranger Battalion with thirty-three confirmed kills, nicknamed "The Reaper"[10]
Season 2[edit]
John Burk, a US Army Infantry Drill Sergeant who served in Iraq and Afghanistan and also trained younger soldiers for battle, now an entrepreneur[11]
Riki Long, a US Marine who was in charge of the legal administration at the largest Marine Corps personnel center, now a fitness nutrition specialist and weightlifter[12]
Chloe Mondesir, a US Marine Ammunition Technician, now working with a non-profit organization to raise money for Veteran Affairs programs[13]
Grady Powell, a US Army Green Beret with the 10th Special Forces Group with tours in Iraq and Africa, now runs a firearms training facility.[14] He also won NBC's reality television program Stars Earn Stripes alongside former WWE Divas Champion Eve Torres.
Contestants[edit]
Season 1[edit]
The contestants of Season 1 range in age from 22 to 54.[15]
Team Nick
Team Noah
Team Rorke
Team Tee
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Nickname
Occupation
Placement
Clare Painter 47 Omak, WA The Fisherman Horse trainer and fisherman Winners
Mark Bouquin 26 Colden, NY The Lumberjack Timbersports athlete
Tony Simmons 41 Chicago, IL Touchdown Tony Sports performance coach and former NFL player 3rd place
Jim Vaglica 54 Billerica, MA The Boston Cop Police officer 4th place
Tabatha "Goldie" Chandler 39 Chattanooga, TN The Roller Girl Registered nurse 5th place
David Neville 31 Fort Wayne, IN The Olympian College track and field head coach and former Olympic medalist 6th place
Ashley "Haze" Hazlett 31 Cincinnati, OH The Marine's Daughter Event coordinator 7th place
Mario Robinson 25 Queens, NY The Triathlete Personal Trainer 8th place
Cameron "Cam" Zagami 22 Salem, NH The Wrestler Professional wrestler 9th place
Kimberly Joy "KJoy" Lipson 38 Houston, TX The Yogi Yoga instructor 10th place
Ivette Saucedo 35 Los Angeles, CA The Equestrian Model 11th place
Lisa Traugott 42 Austin, TX The Bikini Bodybuilder Trainer and author 12th place
Maria Kang 35 Elk Grove, CA The No Excuses Mom Nonprofit founder and author 13th place
Marc Lobliner 35 Elgin, IL The Machine CEO of nutrition company 14th place
Brooke Van Paris 25 Indianapolis, IN The Obstacle Course Junkie Sales rep 15th place
Chris Krueger 32 Los Angeles, CA The Hollywood Trainer Strength and performance coach 16th place
Season 2[edit]
The second season contains 17 contestants,[16] ranging in age from 20 to 48.[17][18]
Team Chloe
Team Grady
Team Burk
Team Riki
Eliminated before teams chosen
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Placement
Gigi Gustin 20 Glassboro, NJ Sales associate Winner
Michael Wilson Morgan 38 Brooklyn, NY Costume designer Runner-up
Hannah Koen 23 Newburyport, MA Housewife 3rd place
Herman Brar 26 Billings, MT Nurse 4th place
Chris Edom 48 Merrick, NY Kindergarten teacher 5th place
Alison Kempkey 36 Seattle, WA Fashion consultant 6th place
George Foreman IV1 28 Houston, TX Publicist 7th place
Carla Mireles 26 Chino, CA Account executive 8th place
Richard Mallard 32 Berryville, TX Vlogger 9th place
Janessa Morgan 36 Los Angeles, CA Telecommunications manager 10th place
Scarlett Angelina 24 New Brunswick, NJ Public relations coordinator 11th place
Melanie Mahanna 29 Brooklyn, NY Tutor 12th place
Shermon Braithwaite 22 Brooklyn, NY Hotel clerk 13th place
Will Westwater 23 West Hollywood, CA Swimming instructor 14th place
Gill Morton 36 Vernal, UT Yoga instructor 15th place
Nathalie Martin 45 Youngsville, LA Cleaning business owner 16th place
Heather Pincelli 36 Lakeland, FL Private investigator 17th place
^Note 1 George was originally on Team Grady, but later became a member of Team Burk.
Contestant progress[edit]
Season 1[edit]
Color key
WINNER The player or players were the winner(s) of American Grit.
WIN The player was on the winning team in an Evolution and automatically advanced to the next stage of the competition.
EXEMPT The player was on a losing team, but was exempt from the Circus due to having been chosen for it in the previous episode.
SAFE The player was on a losing team in an Evolution, but was not chosen for the Circus.
CIRCUS The player was on a losing team in an Evolution, competed in the Circus, and advanced.
OUT The player competed in the Circus and was eliminated.
Contestants
Episodes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Clare WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE WIN WIN SAFE SAFE WINNER
Mark WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE WIN WIN CIRCUS EXEMPT WINNER
Tony SAFE SAFE CIRCUS EXEMPT CIRCUS EXEMPT CIRCUS WIN WIN OUT
Jim CIRCUS EXEMPT SAFE SAFE WIN CIRCUS EXEMPT SAFE CIRCUS OUT
Goldie CIRCUS EXEMPT SAFE SAFE SAFE CIRCUS EXEMPT CIRCUS EXEMPT OUT
David WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE WIN WIN SAFE CIRCUS OUT
Haze SAFE CIRCUS EXEMPT CIRCUS EXEMPT SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT
Mario SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE CIRCUS EXEMPT CIRCUS EXEMPT OUT
Cam SAFE SAFE CIRCUS EXEMPT WIN SAFE SAFE OUT
KJoy SAFE CIRCUS EXEMPT SAFE WIN SAFE OUT
Ivette SAFE SAFE SAFE CIRCUS EXEMPT OUT
Lisa WIN WIN WIN WIN OUT
Maria SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT
Marc SAFE SAFE OUT
Brooke SAFE OUT
Chris OUT
Season 2[edit]
Color key
WINNER The player was the winner of American Grit.
RUNNER-UP The player finished in second place and was the runner-up of American Grit.
WIN The player was on the winning team in a Team Challenge and automatically advanced to the next stage of the competition.
SAFE The player was on a losing team in a Team Challenge, but was not chosen for the Elimination Challenge.
LOW The player was on a losing team in a Team Challenge, competed in the Elimination Challenge, and advanced.
OUT The player competed in the Elimination Challenge and was eliminated.
CHOSEN The player was saved by being chosen to be on a team by one of the Cadre.
OUT The player was eliminated before teams were chosen, being the sole contestant to not be chosen for a team.
Contestants
Episodes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Gigi CHOSEN SAFE WIN WIN SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE WIN SAFE WINNER
Michael CHOSEN SAFE WIN WIN SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE WIN WIN RUNNER-UP
Hannah CHOSEN WIN LOW SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE LOW SAFE OUT
Herman CHOSEN SAFE WIN WIN LOW LOW WIN LOW WIN OUT
Chris CHOSEN WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN LOW SAFE OUT
Alison CHOSEN SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE LOW WIN OUT
George CHOSEN LOW WIN WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT
Carla CHOSEN SAFE SAFE LOW LOW SAFE SAFE OUT
Richard CHOSEN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT
Janessa CHOSEN SAFE LOW SAFE WIN OUT
Scarlett CHOSEN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT
Melanie CHOSEN WIN SAFE SAFE OUT
Shermon CHOSEN SAFE SAFE OUT
Will CHOSEN WIN SAFE OUT
Gill CHOSEN LOW OUT
Nathalie CHOSEN OUT
Heather OUT
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2016)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)
1
1 "Ruck Up" April 14, 2016 (2016-04-14) 2.35[19]
Sixteen competitors are split into teams of four. Led by the Cadre, four retired military members, the teams face the Evolution, which challenges their team skills. Team Noah wins the Evolution, an obstacle course where a log must be carried through holes in walls, carried over three miles, and placed in a locked hole. The other three teams pick Chris (Tee), Goldie (Rorke), and Jim (Nick). The three must hold a rope weighted with a sandbag. Chris drops the bag first, and rings out.
ELIMINATED: Chris Krueger
2
2 "Ice Cubed" April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21) 2.17[20]
After Chris' departure, the members of Team Tee find themselves one person down. The Evolution involves collecting a raft after climbing over a wall. They must row across a cold lake. Once on the other side, the teams must get a paddle back across the lake, either by opening a locked box, or by bringing the 100-pound lockbox. Team Noah wins again, followed by Team Tee. Tee sends Brooke to the Circus competition, Nick send KJoy, and Rorke sends Haze. Haze sets the record for the fastest time in the Circus. The endurance test is to do ten burpees, then submerge themselves in ice water. After many cycles of doing this, Brooke passes out and is eliminated.
ELIMINATED: Brooke Van Paris
3
3 "Moving Camp" April 28, 2016 (2016-04-28) 2.10[21]
The teams are challenged to move a full camp and set it up exactly the way they found it. Tee's group, being two members down, finds an advantage because they only have to set up two tents, while the other teams set up four. After packing the equipment into big suitcases, the teams must swim across the lake, build a wheelbarrow, and take all the wheelbarrow parts to the new campsite. Team Noah wins, followed by Team Tee, in the closest finish so far in the season. Tee sends Tony to the Circus, Rorke sends Marc, and Nick sends Cam. The endurance test is to stand on a wooden post, then switch to a higher and narrower post fifteen minutes later. Marc falls off while transitioning to the third and final post, and is eliminated.
ELIMINATED: Marc Lobliner
4
4 "Charlie Foxtrot" May 5, 2016 (2016-05-05) 1.77[22]
The teams must find and remember eight pictures to put on a board. Team Noah wins once again, extending the winning streak to four. In the Circus, Ivette must go because Tony went the previous week. Nick sends Maria, and Rorke sends Haze (who was the only person to previously face the Circus). Ivette arrives first after rolling over and passing Haze. The endurance portion is to hold onto a band of a pole, then switching to a lower band after 20 minutes. Maria is eliminated after slipping while adjusting back to the higher post.
ELIMINATED: Maria Kang
5
5 "Double Time" May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12) 1.78[23]
The teams must show survival skills by setting up a tent, purifying water, and making fire tall enough to ignite two flares. Cena then reveals there are two paths: a longer one with easier steps, and a shorter one with harder, longer steps. Team Nick breaks Team Noah's winning streak, by finishing first. In the Circus, Tony is forced to enter, Rorke chooses Mario, and Noah chooses Lisa. The endurance portion is to run laps between logs in under twenty seconds. The time shortens to 15 seconds after the fifteenth lap, and 10 seconds after the twentieth lap. After lap 25, Lisa is unable to touch the log in under ten seconds. She rings out and leaves.
ELIMINATED: Lisa Traugott
6
6 "Squat Till You Drop" May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19) 1.88[24]
The Evolution involves the teams using supplies to build bridges across various obstacles strewn across a 60-foot long field without their feet touching the ground. If a member's feet touch the ground, they must restart that portion of the obstacle. Team Noah wins the event and regains their confidence. They win a weightlifting workout with Cena as a reward. For the Circus, Team Tee is forced to send Ivette, Team Rorke sends Goldie, and Team Nick sends Jim. The endurance portion involves squatting to fit inside of a three-foot by five-foot frame while balancing a small cylinder on a plank. The first person to drop the cylinder or leave the frame is eliminated. Eventually, Ivette's cylinder falls, and she rings out and leaves.
ELIMINATED: Ivette Saucedo
7
7 "Dawn Patrol" May 26, 2016 (2016-05-26) 1.73[25]
All the teams receive land navigation compasses, and most teams struggle to learn to use them, but Mark from Team Noah has land nav experience and teaches the rest of the team how to use the device. Early the next morning, the teams are all blindfolded and taken to an unknown location in the woods. From there, they must use the compass and gear they are supplied to locate a checkpoint, solve a navigation problem at the checkpoint to get a map, then carry their gear to the finish. In a close finish, Team Noah wins again and is rewarded with massages. Rorke gives his team gifts of custom ammo shells to help inspire them. At the Circus, Tony is forced to go, while Rorke sends Mario and Nick sends KJoy. The endurance challenge involves carrying sandbags uphill and over a set of steps, and they must move at a constant pace. If a contestant stops or slows down too much, they will be eliminated. After over an hour of this endurance, KJoy cannot go any further and she quits, ringing out and going home.
ELIMINATED: Kimberly Joy "KJoy" Lipson
8
8 "Barricade the Bunker" June 2, 2016 (2016-06-02) 1.96[26]
At base camp, the teams are told the winners of the next Evolution will win visits from their loved ones. The Evolution involves one team member building a barricade with various materials in thirty minutes around a bunker with flags inside it. After thirty minutes, another team member must attempt to breach an opponent's bunker with a pair of pliers and retrieve their flag. Tony, on his own, barely beats out Mario and wins immunity and a visit from his family. Cam and Haze have a date and Nick is concerned that Haze is playing with Cam's emotions. Tony surprises Haze by sacrificing his reward so that she can visit her father instead. For the Circus, Nick chooses Cam, Rorke chooses Goldie, and Noah chooses Mark. Cena reveals that for this Circus, the military Cadre cannot assist. The endurance challenge involves stilts held together at the top with chains and three sets of increasingly smaller footholds on them. The contestants must climb the stilts and switch to the higher and narrower footholds at Cena's signal. After 45 minutes of this endurance, Cam slips and falls, and he is forced to ring out and go home.
ELIMINATED: Cameron "Cam" Zagami
9
9 "Tired Out" June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09) 2.11[27]
The Evolution involves obstacles over a five mile course: a tire shuffle, freeing a tire from a puzzle, crawling through a mud pit, and solving another tire puzzle, while each time grabbing a tire and carrying it back to a post at the start/finish line, and teams with multiple members must travel together. Tony wins his second Evolution in a row, guaranteeing him a spot in the finals. The Cadre each bring in a guest military member to give inspirational stories to their teams. Jim is forced to go to the Circus, while Noah sends Mark and Rorke sends Mario, which means by default that Clare and Haze are automatically in the finals, while Mark and Goldie are also automatically in due to being exempt from the Circus this week. The endurance trial involves a ladder that contestants must constantly climb down, under, up, and over within one minute. At the top of the ladder is a button which must be pressed, and the contestants must wait for all other contestants to press the button before the next cycle begins. In a rain-soaked Circus, Mario finishes the course first, but after over 71 rotations, he forgets to hit the button and is eliminated, ringing out and going home. Cena then reveals that the remaining contestants have only 30 minutes to gear up and get ready for the next challenge.
ELIMINATED: Mario Robinson
10
10 "Over the Falls" June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09) 2.11[27]
The contestants must cross a suspended traverse line hand-over-hand that spans over a 125-foot high waterfall, and for teams with multiple members, the average time of the team will be what counts, with the winning team earning an advantage in the final Circus. Team Noah wins this challenge. Cena explains that the final Circus has been expanded, and he spends some time thanking the remaining contestants before bringing in their family members for a visit. Cena explains that all seven remaining contestants must run the tougher Circus twice, with a fifteen-minute endurance in between the two runs. The endurance involves a rope suspended from a pole with two knots tied into it. After the first run, contestants must hold on via the top knot, and after the second run, they must hold on via the bottom knot. Contestants will be eliminated one after another until one team remains and the remaining members of that team will be the winners. Team Noah's advantage is a one-minute head start in the first run, which they use to gain the advantage in the first endurance. All teams make it through to the second run, and Tony from Team Tee finishes it first, Jim from Team Nick finishes second, Team Noah is third, and Team Rorke finishes fourth. Haze drops out in seventh place, David finishes in sixth, Goldie drops out in fifth and eliminates Team Rorke. Jim drops out next in fourth and eliminates Team Nick. After over 90 minutes of endurance, Tony drops out in third place eliminating Team Tee, and giving the win and the $250,000 prize to both Clare and Mark from Team Noah.
ELIMINATED: Ashley "Haze" Hazlett, David Neville, Tabatha "Goldie" Chandler, Jim Vaglica, Tony Simmons
WINNERS: Clare Painter and Mark Bouquin
Season 2 (2017)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)
11
1 "Find Your Grit" June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11) 1.11[28]
At the new location known as Camp Grit, John Cena and the new Cadre meet the 17 new competitors. Cena tells them that there are only 16 beds in the cabin, and that one contestant will go home before the team challenges start. The contestants race around a lake to claim one of the beds. The next day, the contestants are hung upside down over a lake, and the first person to give up will be eliminated. After over 30 minutes of the players being repeatedly dunked in the lake, no one gives up, and Cena ends the contest with no one eliminated. On day three, the contestants must spin a beach ball over their heads until the Cadre pick them for a team and only 16 players will be on the teams. Eventually, Heather is not chosen for a team and she is eliminated.
ELIMINATED: Heather Pincelli
12
2 "Cena Does the Dishes" June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18) 1.67[29]
The four teams must complete a relay race where they must pass through a gate and get a flag then plant the flags at the finish line. In addition, when a gate is reached, one of the team members must complete a task of either putting on a shock collar, drinking a liquefied alligator tail, or stripping naked. Team Burk wins the race, but Cena tells them they will not be immune unless the fourth member who did not complete a task has their head shaved. Melanie agrees to have her head shaved and thus Team Burk wins immunity and Burk gets to choose one member of the other three teams for the Elimination Challenge. He chooses Nathalie, George, and Gill. The Elimination Challenge has the contestants hold a bar while standing inside a frame suspended over the lake. Every 15 minutes, the frame will be tilted forward. The first person to drop will be eliminated. Nathalie drops out first, ending her day.
ELIMINATED: Nathalie Martin
13
3 "Liar Liar" June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25) 1.00[30]
The Team Challenge has the four teams blindfolded and in a canoe race where they must navigate a series of gates while being led by one member designated as team captain who is able to see. Team Grady wins the race and Grady chooses the other three team captains, Gill, Janessa, and Hannah, for the Elimination Challenge. In this challenge, the contestants have a set of four wheels slightly separate from one another which they must constantly keep spinning. The first contestant to have a wheel stop spinning is eliminated. After over an hour of endurance, one of Gill's wheels stops turning and she is eliminated.
ELIMINATED: Gill Morton
14
4 "Secrets Are Revealed" July 2, 2017 (2017-07-02) 1.04[31]
Cena advises the contestants that this week will have a double elimination. The Team Challenge has the members tethered together at the waist by a rope and they must complete a muddy race through a swamp. Team Grady wins the challenge, but Hannah from Team Burke is injured. She receives medical attention and is okay the next day. Grady selects Carla, Shermon, and Will for the Elimination Challenge. This challenge has the contestants balance on a platform while holding a ball over their heads suspended over the lake. When the ball is let go, it will swing into a bell to signal the elimination of that contestant. After an hour, Will loses control of the ball and is eliminated. After three hours, Shermon loses control of the ball and is also eliminated.
ELIMINATED: Will Westwater and Shermon Braithwaite
15
5 "Camp Love" July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09) 1.10[32]
The Team Challenge has the members releasing triangle-shaped puzzle pieces that must be placed on stakes to spell out the words love, money, or power. If the winning team spells love, they win a visit from their families, while spelling money wins the team $1,000 each, and spelling power gives the team the ability to move members around. Team Chloe wins by spelling out love, and they earn a visit from their families. Chloe chooses Carla, Herman, and Melanie for the Elimination Challenge. In this challenge, there is an hourglass filled with sand which will slowly drain out. The competitors must repeatedly cross a balance beam and refill the sand using either a small bag or a larger bucket with holes in it. They also have one bucket of sand near the hourglass for a single use. The contestant whose hourglass drains out first is eliminated. Eventually, Melanie's hourglass empties and she is sent home.
ELIMINATED: Melanie Mahanna
16
6 "Selfish vs. Selfless" July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16) 0.95[33]
Cena tells the Cadre that they will not be beside their team for the challenge. The challenge tasks each individual to pick whether they would choose to do something for the team (worth more points) or something personally for themselves (worth less points). Team Burk wins and also gets the reward to steal someone from another team, while Carla secures a safety which grants her next week free of elimination. Chris, having won the reward for his team, takes George from Grady's team. Burk sends Janessa, Scarlett, and Herman to the Elimination Challenge, which is a double elimination this week. The challenge is to hold on to an outcrop on a 45° slope with water running down it. Scarlett slides into the water and has to ring out, while an hour later, Janessa does too. Cena then reveals if all of one Cadre's team has rung out, the Cadre too must ring out.
ELIMINATED: Scarlett Angelina and Janessa Morgan
17
7 "Role Reversal" July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23) 1.14[34]
This week's challenge looks nearly identical to the last Elimination Challenge in that there is a 45° slope with water running down it and a handle at the top, but this time, the Cadre are the ones who will participate. Grady wins the challenge and his team selects Richard, Alison, and Chris for the Elimination Challenge. In this challenge, three floating balls are under ropes, and the contestants must balance on the balls while using the ropes to prevent floating away. The first one to drop will be eliminated. Richard falls quickly and is sent home.
ELIMINATED: Richard Mallard
18
8 "Shady Grady" July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30) 1.15[35]
For this week's Team Challenge there is a rotating set of four basketball hoops on one end of a court, a pile of colored balls on another, and large bungee cords in the middle. The contestants must run with the bungee attached to them to grab a ball then shoot it into an opponent's colored basket. The first three teams that have five balls in their baskets will go to elimination, which this week is another double elimination. Alison secures the win for Team Chloe. By default, Carla is sent to elimination while Allison selects George and Herman. In this challenge, the competitors are harnessed to an underwater pulley system which supports a box that holds 50% of each competitor's weight. They must hold on to a rope while in the water to support the box. The first two competitors to let go will both be eliminated. Carla drops out first, eliminating Team Riki altogether. After over 50 minutes, George loses his grip and is eliminated.
ELIMINATED: Carla Mireles and George Foreman IV
19
9 "Cena Says" August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06) 1.01[36]
With Riki's team being eliminated, Riki becomes the first-ever Cadre to ring out. Cena visits the contestants and shares with them a story with details about his life. For the Team Challenge, Cena quizzes the contestants about details of his story, and they must slide down a ramp into a mud pit to grab a tile with the correct answer, then return it to the start. The first team with four correct answers is safe from another double elimination. Team Grady wins the challenge. All members of the other teams must compete in the Elimination Challenge. This challenge has the contestants balance a weighted ball on a shelf while also balancing themselves on an unstable platform. After ten minutes, they must transition to another platform that is more unstable. The first two contestants to drop their balls will be eliminated. After about 36 minutes, Alison drops her ball, thus also eliminating Team Chloe. A few minutes later, Chris drops his ball and is also eliminated.
ELIMINATED: Alison Kempkey and Chris Edom
20
10 "Who's Got Grit?" August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06) 1.01[36]
Cena tells the remaining contestants that they are now competing as individuals and their Cadre can no longer assist them. In the first challenge, the contestants have a puzzle where every piece is the face of a former contestant, and they must put them in the order that they were eliminated. Michael solves the puzzle first, and he gets to choose two other people to compete with him in the finals. He chooses Hannah and Gigi to move on, thus eliminating Herman.
ELIMINATED: Herman Brar
For the final challenge, the contestants are suspended over the lake while holding on to a crossbar. They will be quizzed on facts that occurred during the course of the season, and must answer them by releasing either their left or right hand. Getting a wrong answer results in a penalty of holding the bar with one hand for three minutes. The last competitor to hold on will be the winner. After over an hour, Hannah loses her grip and is eliminated in third place. After over two hours, Cena runs out of trivia questions and forces the two contestants to hold on with one hand for the remainder. Michael loses his grip and is eliminated, making Gigi the winner of season two of American Grit and the $250,000 prize.
ELIMINATED: Hannah Koen
RUNNER-UP: Michael Wilson Morgan
WINNER: Gigi Gustin
Ratings[edit]
Season 1 (2016)[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Ruck Up" April 14, 2016 (2016-04-14) 0.8/3 2.35[19] N/A N/A N/A N/A
2 "Ice Cubed" April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21) 0.7/2 2.17[20] N/A N/A N/A N/A
3 "Moving Camp" April 28, 2016 (2016-04-28) 0.7/2 2.10[21] N/A N/A N/A N/A
4 "Charlie Foxtrot" May 5, 2016 (2016-05-05) 0.6/2 1.77[22] N/A N/A N/A N/A
5 "Double Time" May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12) 0.6/2 1.78[23] N/A N/A N/A N/A
6 "Squat Till You Drop" May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19) 0.6/2 1.88[24] N/A N/A N/A N/A
7 "Dawn Patrol" May 26, 2016 (2016-05-26) 0.5/2 1.73[25] 0.2 0.53 0.7 2.26[37]
8 "Barricade the Bunker" June 2, 2016 (2016-06-02) 0.6/2 1.96[26] 0.3 0.55 0.9 2.51[38]
9 "Tired Out" June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09) 0.7/3 2.11[27] 0.2 0.47 0.9 2.58[39]
10 "Over the Falls" June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09) 0.7/3 2.11[27] 0.2 0.47 0.9 2.58[39]
Season 2 (2017)[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Find Your Grit" June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11) 0.4/2 1.11[28] 0.2 0.47 0.6 1.58[40]
2 "Cena Does the Dishes" June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18) 0.5/2 1.67[29] 0.2 0.47 0.7 2.14[41]
3 "Liar Liar" June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25) 0.4/2 1.00[30] 0.1 0.44 0.5 1.43[42]
4 "Secrets Are Revealed" July 2, 2017 (2017-07-02) 0.4/2 1.04[31] N/A N/A N/A N/A
5 "Camp Love" July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09) 0.4/2 1.10[32] N/A N/A N/A N/A
6 "Selfish vs. Selfless" July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16) 0.4/2 0.95[33] 0.1 0.44 0.5 1.39[43]
7 "Role Reversal" July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23) 0.4/2 1.14[34] N/A N/A N/A N/A
8 "Shady Grady" July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30) 0.4/2 1.15[35] N/A N/A N/A N/A
9 "Cena Says" August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06) 0.4/2 1.01[36] N/A N/A N/A N/A
10 "Who's Got Grit?" August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06) 0.4/2 1.01[36] N/A N/A N/A N/A
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Conway, Tyler (November 18, 2015). "John Cena Announces He'll Host 'American Grit' Reality TV Series". Bleacher Report. Turner Broadcasting System (Time Warner). Retrieved December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "AMERICAN GRIT SERIES PREMIERE SET FOR THURSDAY, APRIL 14". Fox.com. Fox. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 10, 2016). "‘Bones’ returns in April, paired with ‘American Grit’ on Thursdays". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Digital Ventures. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "All-New Military-Inspired Competition Series "American Grit" to Debut Following Return of "Bones" on Thursday, April 14, on FOX". The Futon Critic. Futon Media. February 10, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "AMERICAN GRIT STARRING JOHN CENA TO AIR IN 2016". Fox.com. Fox. November 18, 2015. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Paul, Tyson (November 19, 2015). "JOHN CENA TO HOST "AMERICAN GRIT" TV SHOW". Kaboom Magazine. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (July 29, 2016). "John Cena’s ‘American Grit’ Renewed For Second Season By Fox". Deadline.com.
Jump up ^ "FOX Announces Summer Premiere Dates". The Futon Critic. March 22, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "John Cena has grit to get American Grit renewed". Retrieved June 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "“American Grit” starring WWE® Superstar John Cena® to air in 2016". Fox. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Get to Know John Burk | American Grit on FOX". Fox Broadcasting Company. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Get to Know Riki Long | American Grit on FOX". Fox Broadcasting Company. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Get to Know Chloe Mondesir | American Grit on FOX". Fox Broadcasting Company. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Get to Know Grady Powell | American Grit on FOX". Fox Broadcasting Company. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Eng, Joyce (February 24, 2016). "Exclusive: Meet the Competitors on John Cena's American Grit". TV Guide. NTVB Media (magazine) and CBS Interactive (CBS Corporation)
(digital assets). Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Competitors". Retrieved June 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kwiatkowski, Elizabeth (June 12, 2017). "'American Grit' recap: Four new military cadres introduced, one competitor goes home". Reality TV World. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Manning, Judy. "Meet the 17 New Competitors of AMERICAN GRIT Season 2". Your Entertainment Corner. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 15, 2016). "Thursday final ratings: ‘The Blacklist’ adjusts up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 22, 2016). "Thursday final ratings: ‘Big Bang Theory’ and ‘Bones’ adjust up, ‘2 Broke Girls’ and ‘Legends of Tomorrow’ adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 29, 2016). "Thursday final ratings: 'Grey's Anatomy' and ‘Big Bang Theory’ adjust up, 'Odd Couple,' 'Mom' and 'The 100' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 6, 2016). "Thursday final ratings: 'Big Bang Theory' adjusts up, 'Mom' and 'Rush Hour' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 13, 2016). "Thursday final ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory,' ‘The Catch’ and ‘Legends of Tomorrow’ adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 20, 2016). "Thursday final ratings: ‘Bones’ adjusts up, 'The Catch' finale and 'Game of Silence' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 27, 2016). "Thursday final ratings: ‘Bones’ and 'Modern Family' rerun adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 3, 2016). "Thursday final ratings: NBA Finals tops 2015's Game 1, ‘Big Bang’ adjusts up, 'American Grit' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (June 10, 2016). "Thursday final ratings: Stanley Cup Finals rise". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 13, 2017). "Stanley cup adjusts up, ‘Funderdome’ and ‘Megyn Kelly’ adjust down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 20, 2017). "‘Madam Secretary’ rerun adjusts down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 27, 2017). "‘Celebrity Family Feud,’ everything else unchanged: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (July 6, 2017). "‘American Grit,’ ‘Big Brother’ and reruns unchanged: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (July 11, 2017). "‘Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly,’ ‘AFV’ rerun adjust up: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (July 18, 2017). "‘Celebrity Family Feud,’ ‘Big Brother,’ everything else unchanged: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (July 25, 2017). "‘Spartan’ finale, ‘Big Brother’ and everything else unchanged: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (August 1, 2017). "‘Big Brother’ adjusts up, ‘Candy Crush’ adjusts down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (August 8, 2017). "‘Big Brother’ adjusts up to season high, ‘Candy Crush’ adjusts down: Sunday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 13, 2016). "Broadcast Live +7 ratings: ‘Blindspot’ leads for May 23-29 as summer slowdown begins". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 24, 2016). "Broadcast Live +7 ratings: ‘Bachelorette,’ ‘America’s Got Talent’ premiere lead the week of May 30-June 5". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 27, 2016). "Broadcast Live +7 ratings: ‘Bachelorette’ and ‘America’s Got Talent’ top the week of June 6-12". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 23, 2017). "'America's Got Talent,' 'iZombie' get biggest bumps in broadcast Live +7 ratings for June 5-11". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 29, 2017). "'Reign' series finale doubles: Broadcast Live +7 ratings for June 12-18". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 7, 2017). "'America's Got Talent' leads, 'Originals' finale doubles: Broadcast Live +7 ratings for June 19-25". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 26, 2017). "'America's Got Talent' remains No. 1 in broadcast Live +7 ratings for July 10-16". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
General references
"Shows A-Z – american grit on fox". The Futon Critic. Futon Media. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
External links[edit]
Television portal
American Grit on IMDb
American Grit at TV Guide
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p-cactions
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p-cactions-label

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