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Category:Burials at St Paul's Cathedral
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The main article for this category is St Paul's Cathedral.
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This category includes people buried in Old St Paul's Cathedral, the predecessor to the present building.
Pages in category "Burials at St Paul's Cathedral"
The following 77 pages are in this category, out of 77 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
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Æthelred the Unready
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Nicholas Bacon (Lord Keeper)
Henry Barton
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Thomas Baskerville (general)
Jonathan Battishill
John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp de Warwick
Max Beerbohm
Blanche of Lancaster
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Jeremiah Clarke
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John Colet
Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood
Louise Creighton
Mandell Creighton
George Cruikshank
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George Dance the Younger
Walter de la Mare
William Dethick
William Reid Dick
John Donne
Anthony van Dyck
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Alexander Fleming
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Henry Bartle Frere
Henry Fuseli
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George Grey
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William Hale (priest)
Robert Hare (antiquary)
Christopher Hatton
Thomas Heneage
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William Holman Hunt
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John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe
John of Gaunt
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Edwin Landseer
John Neville, 3rd Baron Latimer
John Neville, 4th Baron Latimer
Thomas Linacre
Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln
Edwin Lutyens
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Henry Melvill
John Everett Millais
Henry Hart Milman
Robert Morton (bishop)
Thomas Murfyn
Robert Mylne (architect)
N
Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala
Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson
William Carnegie, 7th Earl of Northesk
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John Opie
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Edward Henry Palmer
Hubert Parry
Anne Parr, Countess of Pembroke
William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1570)
Sir John de Pulteney
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John Rennie the Elder
Joshua Reynolds
Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts
Paon de Roet
Alexander Wedderburn, 1st Earl of Rosslyn
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Sæbbi of Essex
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Philip Sidney
Ursula St Barbe
Ralph Stratford
Arthur Sullivan
T
J. M. W. Turner
W
Roger Walden
Francis Walsingham
Brian Walton (bishop)
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
George Williams (YMCA)
Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet
Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley
Christopher Wren
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Annunciator panel
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An annunciator panel, also known in some aircraft as the Centralized Warning Panel (CWP), is a group of lights used as a central indicator of status of equipment or systems in an aircraft, industrial process, building or other installation. Usually, the annunciator panel includes a main warning lamp or audible signal to draw the attention of operating personnel to the annunciator panel for abnormal events or condition.
Contents
1 Aviation
2 Process control
2.1 Obsolescence and revival
2.2 Discrete annunciators vs SCADA alarm systems
3 Fire alarm panel
4 See also
5 References
Aviation[edit]
The annunciator panel of a Cessna 441 aircraft. The illuminated process annunciators are those that are normally lit when the engines are not running, plus one annunciating that the aircraft's door is not locked
Close-up view of the left module of the Cessna 441 annunciator panel in 'test' mode
In the aircraft industry, annunciator panels are groupings of annunciator lights that indicate status of the aircraft's subsystems. The lights are usually accompanied with a test switch, which when pressed illuminates all the lights to confirm they are in working order. More advanced modern aircraft replaces these with the integrated electronic Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System or Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitor.
An aviation annunciator panel will have a test switch to check for burned out lamps. Indicator lights are grouped together by their associated systems into various panels of lights.[1]
Lamp colours are normally given the following meanings:[2]
Red: Warning, this systems condition is critical and requires immediate attention (such as an engine fire, hydraulic pump failure)
Amber: Caution, this system requires timely attention or may do so in the future (ice detected, fuel imbalance)
Green: Advisory/Indication, a system is in use or ready for operation (such as landing gear down and locked, APU operating)
White/blue: Advisory/Indication, a system is in use (seatbelt signs on, anti-ice system in-use, landing lights on)
The annunciator panel may display warnings or cautions that are not necessarily indicative of a problem; for example, a Cessna 172 on its after-landing roll will often flicker the "Volts" warning simply due to the idle throttle position and therefore the lower voltage output of the alternator to the aircraft's electrical system.
More complicated aircraft will feature "Master Warning" and "Master Caution" lights/switches. In the event of any red or yellow annunciator being activated, the yellow or red master light, usually located elsewhere in the pilot's line of sight, will illuminate. In most installations they will flash and an audible alert will accompany them. These "masters" will not stop flashing until they have been acknowledged, usually by pressing the light itself, and in some cases the audible alert will also continue until this acknowledgement. On some aircraft (most Boeing airliners, for example) the "masters" will also flash briefly and the audible alert will sound whenever the autopilot is disconnected, as an additional reminder to the pilots that manual control is now required.
Process control[edit]
In industrial process control, an annunciator panel is a system to alert operators of alarm conditions in the plant. Multiple back-lit windows are provided, each engraved with the name of a process alarm. Lamps in each window are controlled by hard-wired switches in the plant, arranged to operate when a process condition enters an abnormal state (such as high temperature, low pressure, loss of cooling water flow, or many others). Single point or multipoint alarm logic modules operate the window lights based on a preselected ISA 18.1 or custom sequence.
In one common alarm sequence, the light in a window will flash and a bell or horn will sound to attract the operator's attention when the alarm condition is detected. The operator can silence the alarm with a button, and the window will remain lit as long as the process is in the alarm state. When the alarm clears (process condition returns to normal), the lamps in the window go out.
Alarm Annunciator used for process controls
Alarm Annunciators Being Used In Electricity Distribution Substations
Example of an Alarm Annunciator that would be used in a variety of different plants.
Annunciator panels were relatively costly to install in a plant because they had dedicated wiring to the alarm initiating devices in the process plant. Since incandescent lamps were used, a lamp test button was always provided to allow early detection of failed lamps. Modern electronic distributed control systems usually require less wiring since the process signals can be monitored within the control system, and the engraved windows are replaced by alphanumeric displays on a computer monitor.[3]
Behavior of alarm systems, and colors used to indicate alarms, are standardized. Standards such as ISA 18.1 or EN 60073 simplify purchase of systems and training of operators by giving standard alarm sequences.
Obsolescence and revival[edit]
The introduction of computer monitor based control systems during the 1980s and 1990s saw a wholesale absorption of alarm window displays on to the computer screen. This created a down-turn in the sales of the conventional Alarm Annunciator systems and many of the companies manufacturing these alarm annunciator products were either sold off or went out of business. This has left today a major obsolescence support problem for customers who are still using these Alarm Annunciator systems as part of their safety systems.
Over the last five years the Alarm Annunciator has seen a resurgence in popularity especially for use in IEC61508 SIL 1 and SHE (Safety Health and Environmental) alarm monitoring applications.[citation needed] The modern trend is to identify critical alarms and return them from the computer screen to discrete alarm windows. This is being done for two reasons. Firstly, alarm annunciators offer pattern recognition to the operators in the form of LED alarm fascias instead of just providing an exhaustive list of alarms and events which the operators have to scroll through and in some instances alarms can be overlooked. Secondly, the analysis of plant failure modes is leading to the separation of critical alarm monitoring and process control systems for safety reasons.
Discrete annunciators vs SCADA alarm systems[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
SCADA systems were formerly[when?] considered the preferred alternative to discrete annunciators. A software-based solution, with almost endless ability to analyze, present and process alarms, has the potential for replacing discrete alarms switches altogether.
However, software carries its own reliability risks. Reliance on a software program to trigger an alarm assumes that the analog signal, the programmer's logic code and HMI, the PLC or PC running the programs, and the interaction between all of the above, are all entirely trustworthy. This is exacerbated by frequently changing computer hardware & firmware platforms and the need to modify existing software. Alternatively new annunciator panels are utilizing long lasting and bright LEDs that significantly reduce the cost and maintenance of the panels. These new versions of the traditional system are still preferred over computer based systems especially in critical plants like nuclear power generation, oil and gas.
In addition to the above, latest annunciator designs now feature clever electronics to give them very high immunity to noise, and can therefore reduce the amount of false alarms due to noise.
Fire alarm panel[edit]
Main article: Fire alarm panel
In large buildings, a central fire alarm annunciator panel is located where it is accessible to fire-fighting crews. The annunciator panel will indicate the zone and approximate physical location of the source of a fire alarm in the building. The annunciator will also include lamps and audible warning devices to indicate failures of alarm circuits. In a large building such as an office tower or hotel, the fire annunciator may also be associated with a control panel for building ventilation systems, and may also include emergency communication systems for the building.
See also[edit]
Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
Alarm management
Attendant console
Beacon
Glass cockpit
Tell-tale (automotive) ("idiot light")
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Photos: British Aerospace BAe-146-200A Aircraft Pictures | Airliners.net
Jump up ^ Warning Systems
Jump up ^ Béla G. Lipták (ed), Instrument engineers' handbook: Process software and digital networks, Volume 3, CRC Press, 2002 ISBN 0-8493-1082-2, page 289
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text:
The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea
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The Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea
First English-language edition
Author
Yukio Mishima
Original title
午後の曳航 (Gogo no Eiko — Eng trans. Afternoon Shiptowing)
Translator
John Nathan
Cover artist
Susan Mitchell
Country
Japan
Language
Japanese
Genre
Philosophical fiction
Publisher
Kodansha
Alfred A. Knopf (U.S.)
Publication date
1963
Published in English
1965
Media type
Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Pages
181 pp
OCLC
29389499
Dewey Decimal
895.6/35 20
LC Class
PL833.I7 G613 1994
The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea (Japanese: 午後の曳航, meaning The Afternoon Towing) is a novel written by Yukio Mishima, published in Japanese in 1963 and translated into English by John Nathan in 1965.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Themes
3 Characters
4 Context
5 Adaptations
6 References
Plot[edit]
Much of the story is told following the actions of Noburu Kuroda, an adolescent boy living in Yokohama, Japan, who does well in school but is secretly "Number Three" in an adolescent group of boys who reject conventional morality and are led by their schoolmate, the "Chief". Noburu discovers in his chest of drawers a secret peephole into his widowed mother's bedroom (speculated to have been put there by previous occupants, American troops), and uses it to spy on her. Since Noburu has a keen interest in ships, his upper-class mother Fusako, who owns Rex, a European-style haute fashion clothing store, takes him to visit one near the end of the summer. There they meet Ryuji Tsukazaki, a sailor and second mate aboard the commercial steamer Rakuyo with vague notions of a special honor awaiting him at sea. Ryuji has always remained aloof from the land, and while accruing a substantial savings, has no real ties with other sailors either. Ryuji and Fusako develop a romantic relationship, their first night of sex is spied upon by Noburu at the peephole but the second takes place at a hotel to Noburu's disappointment. The relationship continues but ultimately ends when the Rakuyo sets sail again.
Noburu at first reveres Ryuji, but a chance encounter on the second day of their acquaintance changes his stance. Noburu and his friends have just come from Noburu capturing (and then the Chief vivisecting) a stray kitten, and he has lied about his whereabouts to his household. Ryuji has combatted the extreme heat by dousing himself with water. Noburu takes issue with what he perceives as an undignified appearance and greeting by Ryuji, although he is later thrilled by Ryuji recounting his voyages around the world.
While Ryuji is sailing, he and Fusako exchange letters, and they fall deeply in love. Returning to Yokohama around the New Year, he moves into their house, lets the Rakuyo sail without him, and ultimately decides to marry Fusako (Fusako plans to install him in a managing position at Rex, after Ryuji passes a private investigator audit of his circumstances). This estranges him from Noburu, whose group resents fathers as a terrible manifestation of a terrible position. Noburu is nonetheless able to hide his true feelings behind a mask of youthful innocence. Noburu is discovered in his peephole position (for which he must crawl into his chest of drawers) but Ryuji does not punish him severely despite being asked to by Fusako.
As Ryuji begins to draw close to Fusako, a woman of the shore, he is eventually torn away from the nautical dreams he has pursued his entire life. After an "emergency meeting" of the gang, the Chief determines that the only way to restore Ryuji to being a "hero" is to kill him in a similar manner to the kitten (they will use drugged tea to subdue Ryuji after luring him to a remote location under the guise of asking him for sea stories). The Chief expressly quotes from the Japanese criminal law to show that they, as individuals under 14, cannot be held criminally responsible for their actions. Their plan works perfectly; as he drinks the tea, Ryuji muses on the life he has given up at sea, and the no-longer-possible heroic life of love and death he has abandoned. The novel ends with the boys' plan being carried to completion.
Themes[edit]
Glory and honour
The themes of glory and honour are central to the story, and Mishima explores these ideas mainly through the character Ryuji Tsukazaki.
When Ryuji is first introduced, he is strongly associated with gold, a colour which often has positive connotations of triumph, achievement, and royalty. Gold is often highly regarded and respected, and can symbolise higher ideals. This therefore casts Ryuji as a representation of ultimate glory and honour. Furthermore, it is emphasised that this is "authentic gold", hence removing negative connotations of artificiality and pretentiousness, as well as establishing that Ryuji exists in the real world, and is not simply an illusory dream. Gold could also be a symbol of masculine energy and power, which highlights Ryuji's manliness. This masculinity is a point of pride and honour – Ryuji reflected later in the novel on how the sailor's life "impelled (him) toward the pinnacle of manliness", and agonised over whether he could "give it up". This aligns with the author's ideals as well – Mishima had been obsessed with hyper-masculinity and had strived to attain it himself, as exemplified by his endeavours in bodybuilding.
Ryuji's pursuit of glory deeply affects Noboru. For the thirteen-year-old Noboru, Ryuji is a hero, a "luminous evidence of the internal order of life". Noboru is therefore determined to protect the glorious image of Ryuji after he witnesses Ryuji making love with his mother ""If this is ever destroyed, it'll mean the end of the world." Noboru murmured, barely conscious. I guess I'd do anything to stop that, no matter how awful!" Noboru's obsession with Ryuji and the idea of glory he represents ultimately lead to Ryuji's murder.
Death is strongly associated with glory in Mishima's text. Mishima had said in one of his interviews: “It is natural for me to find it obscene that human beings live only for themselves. You might call this the boredom of living ... they get bored living just for themselves ... always think of living for some kind of ideal. Because of this, the need to die for something arises. That need is the “great cause” people talked about in the past. Dying for a great cause was considered the most glorious heroic or brilliant way of dying”[1] Thus in a certain way Mishima hereby personifies his ideology in Ryuji's character. When Ryuji was first introduced as an almost god-like figure, attention was drawn to his "dangerous, glittering gaze", hence firmly linking glory with danger, and by extension, death. Glory in the text is also found in the turbulence and uncertainty of the sea and in the danger of death that the sea may bring about: "They were consubstantial: glory and the capsized world. He longed for a storm".
Glory is presented as inherently dangerous in the novel, as evident in how Ryuji felt "glory knifing toward him like a shark from some great distance". The sharp violence and peril associated with knives, as well as the predatory nature of sharks, illustrates the great risks that came with the pursuit of glory.
When Ryuji gives up his Grand Cause and settles onto the land, he loses his life. Before his death, his thoughts drift back to the glory that he has longed to pursue: " Emperor palms. Wine palms. Surging out of the splendor of the sea, death had swept down on him like a stormy bank of clouds. A vision of death now eternally beyond his reach, majestic, acclaimed, heroic death unfurled its rapture across his brain. And if the world had been provided for just this radiant death, then why shouldn't the world also perish for it!"
Alienation
The theme of alienation is shown through the isolation of the characters Noboru and Ryuji Tsukazaki. The character Noboru is portrayed as isolated in the book as he seems to not understand all that going around him. The idea of westernisation is also brought into play as Noboru is seen as very traditional yet his mother is westernised, which is seen through a physical description of her room. In the physical description of Fusako's (Noboru's Mother) room, Mishima constantly refers back to where a certain element is imported from. Written through Noboru's perspective we can see that because he is not westernised and is still very much traditional to his culture he notices these elements- where the item is from. Through this separation due to westernisation the idea of Noboru being alienated is brought up as he is detached from even the closest person to him- his mother. In the book Mishima describes "Noboru couldn’t believe he was looking at his mother’s bedroom; it might have belonged to a stranger." Through this quote we can see that not only is he not close to his mother but that he feels as though his mother is a stranger which reinforces the idea of alienation.
The theme of alienation is highlighted also by the character Ryuji Tuskazaki due to his detachment to society. Mishima describes ‘’He grew indifferent to the lure of exotic lands. He found himself in the strange predicament all sailors share: essentially he belonged neither to the land nor to the sea. Possible a man who hates the land should dwell on shore forever." The phrase "belonged neither to the land nor to the sea" implicates the idea of alienation as there is only land and sea, but Tsukazaki belongs to neither which questions the reader where does he belong?
In conclusion, both Ryuji and Noboru feel detached to society, and in various degrees and for different reasons, they both try to relieve their isolation. In Fusako, Ryuji finds the anchor for which he has been searching, and moves quickly into the comfortable life of lover and father. Noboru has chosen to turn his loneliness to hatred and seek for strength using murder. The prevalence of alienation and loneliness as a theme can be linked back to Mishima’s own background. Not unlike Noboru and The chief, Mishima dreamt that Japan was restored to its original power and glory. Mishima’s dislike towards Japan’s westernization is reflected through “Chief’s contempt of adult nature.
Gender roles
The role of females in the novel seem sparse – the main female character is Fusako, who is the love interest of Ryuji and the mother of Noboru. In some ways, she is one of the most important characters in the novel as her relationship with Ryuji is the unbecoming of him in some ways. The balance of their relationship seems quite equal and Fusako is portrayed to be the perfect partner and housewife. She is also portrayed to be an independent woman who is doing better in her business than Ryuji is with his work. She is also seen to be diplomatic with her clients in her business. Male characters dominate the book, but most seem dependent or obsessed with some sort of notion – Ryuji with his quest for glory, Noboru and his need to conform to his ‘gang’s’ ideology, and the chief and his obsession with his ideas surrounding life. Males in the book also seem to be the characters who are pursuing a specific goal, unlike Fusako, who seems to be a static character throughout the novel.
Characters[edit]
Ryuji Tsukazaki
Ryuji Tsukazaki is a sailor and Fusako Kuroda's lover. Throughout the book it is shown that Ryuji (also known as the sailor) sees himself destined for glory though at that point he is not sure as to what kind of glory he will receive. Ryuji falls in love with Fusako and then later he gets married to her becoming a father figure to her son Noboru. This new love and the failure of achieving glory in the presence of the sea makes him determine to retire from the sea, thus outraging Noboru and causing him to take action.
Noboru Kuroda:
Noboru is a thirteen-year boy and the son of Fusako. He is the protagonist of this novel. He is influenced by his friends, especially the chief who thinks “..society is basically meaningless, a Roman mixed bath.” They have nihilistic view of the world and Noboru, after killing the innocent cat thinks murder would “fill those gaping caves” and he and his gang can achieve “real power over existence.”
Although he thinks there is little meaning in life, he is fascinated with the strength and vastness of the sea as he thinks it has “internal order of life.” Chief also explains him that the sea is “more permissible than any of the few other permissible things.” Therefore, he idealises Ryuji who lives and works in the ship. He is delighted when he sees his mother and the sailor are in love, saying “...Ryuji was perfect. So was his mother.”
However, he becomes extremely disappointed when he found out that the sailor was different from what he thought, “...But he hadn’t said anything of the kind. Instead he had offered his ridiculous explanation.” Eventually when Ryuji gives up his life as a sailor for Fusako and Noboru and destroyed the heroic image that Noboru had, Noboru and his gang punish him for giving up his glory.
Fusako Kuroda:
the chief:
A thirteen-year-old boy, known only as “the chief” to his gang, who Noboru is part of, leads an investigation to understand existence through analysis and criticism of human nature, social structure and life. “The Chief” is arrogant and dispassionate, but is also precocious. His hatred towards the normality of life has led him to committing extreme acts, namely his butchering and subsequent dissection of a kitten.
Context[edit]
The entire novel is an allegory for the situation following Japan’s defeat after World War 2. This can be seen by the characters and their representation of the different components of Japan that had surfaced following the war. Noboru and his ‘gang’ represent old Japanese traditions and values. Noboru’s mother, Fusako, represents westernisation of the Japanese culture. The sea represented glory, and Ryuji’s attraction towards this notion was in itself a metaphor for Japan’s quest in the war. Some of the gang's inhumane actions symbolise how some of the decisions made by the Japanese in the war were also inhumane. Thirteen year old boys killing a baby cat goes against usual human nature, and in the war there were kamikaze bombings, where a person would kill themselves for a desperate offensive attack and a glorious death. At the end of the novel, Mishima explores the choices that Ryuji has made. Ryuji seems to regret his decision to give up the sea and ‘majestic, acclaimed, heroic death’, which is likened to glory. Instead, he has been ‘abandoned’, condemned to ‘a life bereft of motion’. The ‘life bereft of motion’ refers to the surrender of Japan to western values, and the ‘majestic, acclaimed, heroic death’ refers to sticking by Japanese traditions and values. Through these melancholy destinies that Ryuji has chosen from, Mishima expresses his thoughts on how the Japanese seem to be condemned to a glorified death or bottomless limbo.
Adaptations[edit]
The novel was adapted into the film The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea starring Kris Kristofferson and Sarah Miles in 1976 by Lewis John Carlino. The setting was changed from Japan to England.
An opera by Hans Werner Henze, Das verratene Meer, is based on the novel; it was premiered in Berlin in 1990. The reception was not good, since a revised version, entitled Goko no Eiko written by Henze under the initiative of the maestro conductor Gerd Albrecht, was adapted to a Japanese libretto close to Mishima's original. The world premiere at Salzburger Festspiele 2005 is released on the label Orfeo, unfortunately without any libretto included.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Interview with Mishima with English Subtitles".
[show]
v
t
e
Yukio Mishima
Prose
Confessions of a Mask
Thirst for Love
Forbidden Colors
The Sound of Waves
The Temple of the Golden Pavilion
Kyoko's House
After the Banquet
The School of Flesh
The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea
Silk and Insight
The Sea of Fertility
Spring Snow
Runaway Horses
The Temple of Dawn
The Decay of the Angel
Death in Midsummer and other stories
Patriotism
Ken
Acts of Worship
Sun and Steel
Drama
Five Modern Noh Plays
The Lady Aoi
Iwashi Uri Koi Hikiami
Rokumeikan
Black Lizard
Madame de Sade
My Friend Hitler
Film
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Related topics
Enjō
Afraid to Die
Hitokiri
Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters
11:25 The Day He Chose His Own Fate
Tatenokai
Yukio Mishima Prize
The Lady Aoi (Bahram Beyzai production)
Bibliography
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The Land Before Time (franchise)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Land Before Time
Created by
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss
Owner
Universal Pictures
Films and television
Film(s)
The Land Before Time (1988)
The Great Valley Adventure (1994)
The Time of the Great Giving (1995)
Journey Through the Mists (1996)
The Mysterious Island (1997)
The Secret of Saurus Rock (1998)
The Stone of Cold Fire (2000)
The Big Freeze (2001)
Journey to Big Water (2002)
The Great Longneck Migration (2003)
Invasion of the Tinysauruses (2005)
The Great Day of the Flyers (2006)
The Wisdom of Friends (2007)
Journey of the Brave (2016)
Animated series
The Land Before Time (2007–2008)
Games
Video game(s)
See list of The Land Before Time video games
The Land Before Time, is an American franchise of animated adventure films by Universal Pictures centered on dinosaurs. The series began in 1988 with the eponymous The Land Before Time, directed and produced by Don Bluth and executive produced by George Lucas and Steven Spielberg. It was followed by a total of thirteen direct-to-video musical sequels, TV series, video games, soundtracks and related merchandising. Neither the sequels nor the series involve the participation of Bluth, Lucas, or Spielberg. All 14 films were released in a Complete Collection DVD set on June 14, 2016.[1]
Contents
1 Plot
2 List of titles
2.1 Films
2.2 Albums
2.3 Television series
2.4 Games
3 Cast
3.1 Principal characters
3.2 Recurring characters
4 References
Plot[edit]
The films follow a friendship of a group of young dinosaurs by the names of Littlefoot (Apatosaurus), Cera (Triceratops), Petrie (Pteranodon), Ducky (Saurolophus), and Spike (Stegosaurus). After finding The Great Valley, they raise a carnivorous baby who they name Chomper, survive a drought, a cold snap, encounter aliens, and witness a solar eclipse. Throughout all films, they embark upon adventures, learning lessons about life and friendship along the way.
List of titles[edit]
Films[edit]
The following is a list of the fourteen films in The Land Before Time series.
#
Title
Release Date
Director(s)
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Editor(s)
Composer(s)
1 The Land Before Time November 18, 1988 Don Bluth Screenplay:
Stu Krieger
Story:
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss Don Bluth
Gary Goldman
John Pomeroy
Executive producers:
Steven Spielberg
George Lucas
Co-executive producers:
Frank Marshall
Kathleen Kennedy
Associate producer:
Deborah Jelin Newmyer John K. Carr
Dan Molina James Horner
2 The Great Valley Adventure December 13, 1994 Roy Allen Smith Screenplay:
John Loy
John Ludin
Dev Ross
Characters:
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss Roy Allen Smith
Co-producer:
Zahra Dowlatabadi
Animation producer:
Nelson Shin Jay Bixsen Michael Tavera
3 The Time of the Great Giving December 12, 1995 Screenplay:
Dev Ross
Characters:
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss Roy Allen Smith
Zahra Dowlatabadi
Animation producer:
Nelson Shin
4 Journey Through the Mists December 10, 1996 Roy Allen Smith
Co-producer:
Zahra Dowlatabadi
Animation producer:
Nelson Shin Warren Taylor
5 The Mysterious Island December 9, 1997 Charles Grosvenor Screenplay:
John Loy
54 Characters:
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss Charles Grosvenor
Associate producer:
Rocky Solotoff Jay Bixsen
6 The Secret of Saurus Rock December 1, 1998 Screenplay:
Libby Hinson
John Loy
Characters:
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss Charles Grosvenor
Associate producer:
Melinda Rediger
Rocky Solotoff
7 The Stone of Cold Fire December 5, 2000 Len Uhley Charles Grosvenor
Associate producer:
Daniel J. Wiley Danik Thomas
8 The Big Freeze December 4, 2001 John Loy
9 Journey to Big Water December 10, 2002 Dev Ross
Characters:
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss Jay Bixsen
10 The Great Longneck Migration December 2, 2003 John Loy
Characters:
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss Charles Grosvenor
Executive producer:
James Wang
Associate producer:
Daniel J. Wiley
11 Invasion of the Tinysauruses January 11, 2005 John Loy Charles Grosvenor
Associate producer:
Daniel J. Wiley
12 The Great Day of the Flyers December 6, 2006 John Loy
Characters:
Judy Freudberg
Tony Geiss Michael Tavera
Kyle Kenneth Batter
13 The Wisdom of Friends November 27, 2007 Jamie Mitchell
Supervising director:
Charles Grosvenor John Loy Daniel J. Wiley Michael Tavera
14 Journey of the Brave February 2, 2016 Davis Doi Elana Lesser
Cliff Ruby Lisa Melbye
Deidre Brenner Luke Guidici
Albums[edit]
The Land Before Time (1990) Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
The Land Before Time: Sing-Along Songs (1997) Songs from The Land Before Time, II, III & IV
The Land Before Time: More Sing-Along Songs (1999) Songs from The Land Before Time V & VI and An American Tail III & IV
Television series[edit]
Main article: The Land Before Time (TV series)
A television series based on the films began airing on YTV in Canada on January 5, 2007. It consisted of one season of 26 episodes, and officially premiered on Cartoon Network in the United States on March 5, 2007, after the DVD release of The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers.[2] The TV series takes place after the events of The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends. It has since been collected and released on 6 DVDs, each containing 4 episodes, in the United States and the UK.
Games[edit]
Main article: List of The Land Before Time video games
The series has spawned 14 spin-off games, eight for PC, one for the Game Boy Color, two for the Game Boy Advance and three for the original PlayStation. The PC games are usually educational games aimed for preschool and kindergarten. Games for the Game Boy Color and Advance include The Land Before Time and The Land Before Time: Into the Mysterious Beyond, in which the original six characters must search for Chomper. Games for the PlayStation include The Land Before Time: Big Water Adventure, a spin-off of Journey to Big Water, The Land Before Time: Great Valley Racing Adventure and The Land Before Time: Return to the Great Valley.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of The Land Before Time characters
Principal characters[edit]
Characters
Films
Television series
The Land Before Time
II
The Great Valley Adventure
III
The Time of the Great Giving
IV
Journey Through the Mists
V
The Mysterious Island
VI
The Secret of Saurus Rock
VII
The Stone of Cold Fire
VIII
The Big Freeze
IX
Journey to Big Water
X
The Great Longneck Migration
XI
Invasion of the Tinysauruses
XII
The Great Day of the Flyers
XIII
The Wisdom of Friends
Journey of the Brave
The Land Before Time
1988
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
2000
2001
2002
2003
2005
2006
2007
2016
2007–2008
Littlefoot
Gabriel Damon Scott McAfee Brandon LaCroix
Thomas Dekker
(singing voice) Thomas Dekker Alec Medlock Aaron Spann Nick Price Cody Arens and Logan Riley Arens
Anthony Skillman
(singing voice) Felix Avitia Cody Arens
Anthony Skillman
(singing voice)
Cera
Candace Hutson Anndi McAfee
Ducky
Judith Barsi Heather Hogan Aria Noelle Curzon
Petrie
Will Ryan Jeff Bennett
Spike
Frank Welker Rob Paulsen Jeff Bennett Rob Paulsen
Grandpa Longneck
Bill Erwin Kenneth Mars Character is mute Barry Bostwick Kenneth Mars
Grandma Longneck
Character is mute Linda Gary Miriam Flynn Character is mute Miriam Flynn
Cera's Father
Burke Byrnes John Ingle George Ball John Ingle
Chomper
Rob Paulsen Cannon Young Issac Brown Max Burkholder
Ruby
Meghan Strange
Recurring characters[edit]
Characters
Films
Television series
The Land Before Time
II
The Great Valley Adventure
III
The Time of the Great Giving
IV
Journey Through the Mists
V
The Mysterious Island
VI
The Secret of Saurus Rock
VII
The Stone of Cold Fire
VIII
The Big Freeze
IX
Journey to Big Water
X
The Great Longneck Migration
XI
Invasion of the Tinysauruses
XII
The Great Day of the Flyers
XIII
The Wisdom of Friends
Journey of the Brave
The Land Before Time
1988
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
2000
2001
2002
2003
2005
2006
2007
2016
2007–2008
Bron
Kiefer Sutherland Scott Whyte Cam
Clarke
Petrie's Mother
N/A Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille Character is mute Anndi McAfee Tress MacNeille
Tria
Camryn Manheim Jessica Gee
Ducky's Mother
N/A Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille Meghan Strange Tress MacNeille
Tricia
Nika Futterman Nika Futterman
Ali
Juliana Hansen
Shorty
Brandon Michael DePaul Elizabeth Daily
Old One
Carol Bruce Jessica Walter
Tippy
Jeremy Suarez Cree Summer
Tippy's Mother
Susan Krebs Susan Krebs
Hyp
Whitby Herford Mikey Kelley
Nod
Scott Menville Scott Menville
Mutt
Jeff Bennett Jeff Bennett
Kosh
Rob Paulsen Jeff Bennett Rob Paulsen Pete Sepenuk
Jeff Bennett
Doc
Kris Kristofferson Jeff Bennett
Mo
Rob Paulsen Rob Paulsen
Guido
Rob Paulson
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Grosvenor, Charles; Bluth, Don; Smith, Roy Allen; Mitchell, Jamie; Doi, Davis (June 14, 2016), The Land Before Time: The Complete Collection, Universal Studios Home Entertainment, retrieved October 4, 2016
Jump up ^ The Land Before Time, 2007-03-05, retrieved 2016-07-26
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Nativity of Mary
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary
The Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary
by Giotto, in the Scrovegni Chapel
Padua, Italy (circa 1305)
Pure, Sinless,[1] Immaculate
Without Original Sin
Venerated in
Roman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, Anglican Communion
Feast
September 8 (Universal)
Attributes
Birth of Mary, by her mother Saint Anne
Patronage
Senglea, Malta - Virgin of Nativity
Cuba - Our Lady of Charity
Vailankanni, India - Our Lady of Good Health
Pampanga, Philippines - Virgin of Remedies
Order of Slaves of the Immaculate Child
Order of Sisters of Charity of the Maria Bambina
The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Nativity of Mary, or the Birth of the Virgin Mary, refers to a Christian feast day celebrating the birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
The modern canon of scripture does not record Mary's birth. The earliest known account of Mary's birth is found in the Protoevangelium of James (5:2), an apocryphal text from the late second century, with her parents known as Saint Anne and Saint Joachim.[2]
In the case of saints, the Church commemorates their date of death, with Saint John the Baptist and the Virgin Mary as the few whose birth dates are commemorated. The reason for this is found in the singular mission each had in salvation history,[3] but traditionally also because these alone (besides the prophet Jeremiah, Jer 1:5) were holy in their very birth (for Mary, see Immaculate Conception; John was sanctified in Saint Elizabeth's womb according to the traditional interpretation of Lk 1:15).
Devotion to the innocence of Mary under this Marian title is widely celebrated in many cultures across the globe.
Contents
[hide]
1 Traditional account
2 Feast day
2.1 History
2.2 Legends
2.3 Customs
3 In Catholic iconography
4 Commemorations
5 In Islamic scripture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Traditional account[edit]
The Infant Mary wrapped in swaddling clothes. Museum of Valenzuela City, Philippines .
The "Protoevangelium of James", which was probably put into its final written form in the early second century, describes Mary's father Joachim as a wealthy member of one of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. He and his wife Anne were deeply grieved by their childlessness.[4]
Pious accounts place the birthplace of the Virgin Mary in Tzippori, Israel where a 5th-century basilica is excavated at the site. Some accounts speak of Nazareth and others say it was in a house near the Sheep Gate in Jerusalem. It is possible that a wealthy man such as Joachim had a home in both Judea and Galilee.[5] However, Charles Souvay, writing in the Catholic Encyclopedia, says that the idea that Joachim possessed large herds and flocks cannot be asserted with certainty, as the sources for this are "...of very doubtful value....".[6]
Feast day[edit]
Tradition celebrates the event as a liturgical feast in the General Roman Calendar and in most Anglican liturgical calendars[7] on 8 September, nine months after the solemnity of her Immaculate Conception, celebrated on 8 December. The feast is also included in the Tridentine Calendar for 8 September. This date is also used in the Western Rite Orthodox Church.[8]
The Byzantine Rite Orthodox likewise celebrate the Nativity of the Theotokos on 8 September.[9] The Syriac Orthodox Church, like its closely related sister church, the Byzantine Rite Antiochian Orthodox Church, also celebrates the feast on 8 September.[10] For churches using the old Julian Calendar for liturgical purposes September 8 falls on September 21 of the Gregorian Calendar. In other words, "Old Calendar" Churches, such as the Russian Orthodox Church, still celebrate the Nativity of the Theotokos on the 8th, but the day is actually the 21st according to the everyday calendar used by society at large.[11]
The Armenian Apostolic Church also uses the traditional date of 8 September. Yet the Coptic Orthodox and Ethiopian Orthodox Christians celebrate it on May 9 (1 Bashans, EC 1 Ginbot).
History[edit]
The earliest document commemorating this feast comes from a hymn written in the sixth century. The feast may have originated somewhere in Syria or Palestine in the beginning of the sixth century, when after the Council of Ephesus, the cult of the Mother of God was greatly intensified, especially in Syria.[12]
The first liturgical commemoration is connected with the sixth century dedication of the Basilica Sanctae Mariae ubi nata est, now called the Church of St. Anne in Jerusalem. The original church built, in the fifth century, was a Marian basilica erected on the spot known as the shepherd's pool and thought to have been the home of Mary's parents.[2] In the seventh century, the feast was celebrated by the Byzantines as the feast of the Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Since the story of Mary's Nativity is known only from apocryphal sources, the Latin Church was slower in adopting this festival. At Rome the Feast began to be kept toward the end of the 7th century, brought there by Eastern monks.[3]
Legends[edit]
The church of Angers in France claims that St. Maurilius instituted this feast at Angers in consequence of a revelation about 430. On the night of 8 September, a man heard the angels singing in heaven, and on asking the reason, they told him they were rejoicing because the Virgin was born on that night;[13] but this tradition is not substantiated by historical proofs.[12]
Customs[edit]
The winegrowers in France called this feast "Our Lady of the Grape Harvest". The best grapes are brought to the local church to be blessed and then some bunches are attached to the hands of the statue of Mary. A festive meal that includes the new grapes is part of this day.[14]
In Goa, the feast of Mary's Nativity, called the "Monti Fest", is a major family celebration, serving as a thanksgiving festival blessing the harvest of new crops, and observed with a festive lunch centered on the blessed grain of the harvest.[15] In Mangalore it is the feast of Mary's Nativity, called the "Monthi Fest". On this day every Mangalorean eats pulses and vegetables. The priest blesses a branch of grain which is added to food. Before the feast on 8 September there are nine days of novena followed by the throwing of flowers on baby Mary's statue.
In Catholic iconography[edit]
Holy card depicting the birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary. University of Dayton Libraries.
The scene was frequently depicted in art, as part of cycles of the Life of the Virgin. Medieval depictions of Mary in infancy often include her birth by Saint Anne. In late medieval depictions the setting was often in a wealthy household.
In 1730, devotion to Mary in her first infancy among the Franciscan nuns in Lovere, Italy, where a wax statue of the Santissima Maria Bambina was venerated and later brought to Milan under the care of Sisters of Charity. In Southern France, the devotion penetrated into the bride gift wedding custom of Globe de Marièe, where the baby Mary is placed on the cushion, representing children and fertility as one of the ideal wishes of a newlywed bride.
A similar devotion showcasing the toddler years of Mary began to develop, mainly in former Spanish territories such as Mexico, Guatemala and the Philippines, where the La Niña María is portrayed as a prepubescent girl.
In 19th-century Mexico, the Conceptionists nun Sister Magdalena endorsed a devotion to the infant Virgin, using the Cabeza or head of a cherub angel from a damaged monstrance to create a Santo image. This pious devotion was later sanctioned by Pope Gregory XVI who granted indulgences to the beliefs of Marian apparition.[citation needed] Ten years later, another Marian visionary, Rosario Arrevillaga, began a religious order devoted to the same Marian title called the Order of the Slaves of the Immaculate Child.
Pope Benedict XV recognised the Marian image in Senglea, Malta under the title of Maria Bambina honouring the nativity of the Virgin Mary, granting the decree of its canonical coronation on 1 May 1920, subsequently crowned by Archbishop Mauro Caruana on 4 September 1921. The image which once adorned a Catholic galleon was shipwrecked in 1618 near the Dalmatian islands and was rescued to the present town, which also celebrates its feast on September 8.[16]
In the Philippines, pious Catholics adopted the same devotion to the toddler Virgin, dressing her in pastel colours and crowning her with flowers to emphasise her virginity and innocence, as opposed to the traditional diadem reserved for images of adult saints. Similar to Hispanic traditions, candies and cakes are popularly offered in the infant Virgin's honour, emphasizing her honorific title as La Dulce María or the Sweet Mary.
Though unrelated, certain places with Marian devotion juxtapose the Feast of Mary's birthdate with their own respective localised images such as Cobre in Cuba, (Our Lady of Charity), Pampanga in the Philippines (Our Lady of Remedies), and Velankanni in India (Our Lady of Good Health).
Commemorations[edit]
Roman Catholic:
The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Cathedral is located in Biloxi, Mississippi.[17] There is also a Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Juneau, Alaska.[18] The Nativity of Mary, Blessed Virgin Catholic Church in High Hill, Texas is an historic church built in 1906. The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Parish in Lorain, Ohio was founded in 1898 to serve the Polish-American community.[19] Nativity of Mary Catholic Church[20] and School[21] is located in Bloomington, Minnesota and is part of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul-Minneapolis.
Orthodox Church:
The Nativity of the Virgin Mary Orthodox Church in Madison, Illinois is part of the Orthodox Church in America Diocese of the Midwest.[22] The Nativity of the Theotokos Monastery in Saxonburg PA, north of Pittsburgh, is the first Greek Orthodox women's monastery in America, founded in 1989. [23]
In Islamic scripture[edit]
The birth of Mary is narrated in the third sura (chapter) of the Qur'an with references to her father Imran, after whom the chapter is named, as well as her mother, Hannah. Hannah prayed to God to fulfil her desire to have a child[24] and vowed, if her prayer was accepted, that her child (whom she initially thought would be male) would be dedicated to the service of God (a direct parallel to the Old Testament Hannah, whose mothering of the judge and prophet Samuel followed an identical storyline). She prayed for her child to remain protected from Satan (Shayṭān) and Muslim tradition records a hadith, which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan", were Mary and Jesus.[25]
See also[edit]
Maria Bambina
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Birth of Mary.
Jump up ^ - Denzinger Stanza # 833 Archived July 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Roten S.M., Johann G., The History of the Liturgical Celebration of Mary's Birth Archived September 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Valentini, A. "Birth of Mary", Dictionary of Mary, Catholic Book Publishing Company, New York, 1985
Jump up ^ "The Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary", Catholic News Agency
Jump up ^ "Nativity of the Virgin Mary the Theotokos", Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral, Greenville, South Carolina
Jump up ^ Souvay, Charles. "St. Joachim." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 7 September 2017
Jump up ^ "Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary", Churchman's Ordo Kalendar, Episcopalnet.org
Jump up ^ http://www.stgregoryoc.org/calendar/
Jump up ^ "Feast of the Nativity of Our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary", The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
Jump up ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 102
Jump up ^ https://orthodoxwiki.org/Nativity_of_the_Theotokos
^ Jump up to: a b Holweck, Frederick. "Feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 3 April 2016
Jump up ^ La fête angevine N.D. de France, IV, Paris, 1864, 188
Jump up ^ Weiser S.J., Francis, The Holyday Book
Jump up ^ Anup Gonsalves, Antonio. "Indians in Holy Land eager to celebrate Nativity of Mary", Catholic News Agency, 4 September 2014
Jump up ^ Mangione, Fabian. "Senglea’s statue of Maria Bambina", Times of Malta, 6 September 2015
Jump up ^ Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Cathedral
Jump up ^ Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Juneau, Alaska
Jump up ^ Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Parish, Lorain, Ohio
Jump up ^ "Nativity of Mary Catholic Church".
Jump up ^ "Nativity of Mary School".
Jump up ^ Nativity of the Virgin Mary Orthodox Church, Madison, Illinois
Jump up ^ http://www.nativityofthetheotokosmonastery.org
Jump up ^ Quran 3:35
Jump up ^ Bukhari, Anbiya, 44; Muslim, Fada'il, trad. 146, 147
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
External links[edit]
Nativitatis Beatae Mariae Virginis
Roten S.M., Johann G., The History of the Liturgical Celebration of Mary's Birth
"Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary", Foley O.F.M., Leonard. Saint of the Day, Franciscan Media
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values: Аҭыҧҳа Мариа лира – Abkhazian

values: Нараджэнне Найсвяцейшай Багародзіцы – Belarusian

values: Нараджэньне Найсьвяцейшай Багародзіцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Рождество на Пресвета Богородица – Bulgarian

values: Natività della Beata Vergine Maria – Italian

values: Ен Мамлӧн Рӧштвоыс – Komi

values: Nativitas Beatae Mariae Virginis – Latin

values: Рождество на Пресвета Богородица – Macedonian

values: Narodzenie Najświętszej Maryi Panny – Polish

values: Natividade de Nossa Senhora – Portuguese

values: Рождество Пресвятой Богородицы – Russian

values: Narodenie presvätej Bohorodičky – Slovak

values: Мала Госпојина – Serbian

values: மரியாவின் பிறப்பு – Tamil

values: แม่พระบังเกิด – Thai

values: Різдво Пресвятої Богородиці – Ukrainian

values: Natività deła Beata Vergine Maria – Venetian

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