text:
Isotopes of mercury
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Main isotopes of mercury
Isotope
Decay
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
product
194Hg
syn 444 y ε 194Au
195Hg
syn 9.9 h ε 195Au
196Hg
0.15% stable
197Hg
syn 64.14 h ε 197Au
198Hg
10.04% stable
199Hg
16.94% stable
200Hg
23.14% stable
201Hg
13.17% stable
202Hg
29.74% stable
203Hg
syn 46.612 d β− 203Tl
204Hg
6.82% stable
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)
200.592(3)[1]
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There are seven stable isotopes of mercury (80Hg) with 202Hg being the most abundant (29.86%). The longest-lived radioisotopes are 194Hg with a half-life of 444 years, and 203Hg with a half-life of 46.612 days. Most of the remaining 32 radioisotopes have half-lives that are less than a day. 199Hg and 201Hg are the most often studied NMR-active nuclei, having spins of 1/2 and 3/2 respectively.
Mercury-180, producible from thallium-180, was found in 2010 to be capable of an unusual form of spontaneous fission.[2] The fission products are krypton-80 and ruthenium-100.
List of isotopes[edit]
nuclide
symbol
Z(p)
N(n)

isotopic mass (u)
half-life
decay
mode(s)[3][n 1]
daughter
isotope(s)[n 2]
nuclear
spin
representative
isotopic
composition
(mole fraction)
range of natural
variation
(mole fraction)
excitation energy
171Hg 80 91 171.00376(32)# 80(30) µs
[59(+36−16) µs] 3/2−#
172Hg 80 92 171.99883(22) 420(240) µs
[0.25(+35−9) ms] 0
173Hg 80 93 172.99724(22)# 1.1(4) ms
[0.6(+5−2) ms] 3/2−#
174Hg 80 94 173.992864(21) 2.0(4) ms
[2.1(+18−7) ms] 0+
175Hg 80 95 174.99142(11) 10.8(4) ms α 171Pt 5/2−#
176Hg 80 96 175.987355(15) 20.4(15) ms α (98.6%) 172Pt 0+
β+ (1.4%) 176Au
177Hg 80 97 176.98628(8) 127.3(18) ms α (85%) 173Pt 5/2−#
β+ (15%) 177Au
178Hg 80 98 177.982483(14) 0.269(3) s α (70%) 174Pt 0+
β+ (30%) 178Au
179Hg 80 99 178.981834(29) 1.09(4) s α (53%) 175Pt 5/2−#
β+ (47%) 179Au
β+, p (.15%) 178Pt
180Hg[n 3] 80 100 179.978266(15) 2.58(1) s β+ (52%) 180Au 0+
α (48%) 176Pt
SF 100Ru, 80Kr
181Hg 80 101 180.977819(17) 3.6(1) s β+ (64%) 181Au 1/2(−)
α (36%) 177Pt
β+, p (.014%) 180Pt
β+, α (9×10−6%) 177Ir
181mHg 210(40)# keV 13/2+
182Hg 80 102 181.97469(1) 10.83(6) s β+ (84.8%) 182Au 0+
α (15.2%) 178Pt
β+, p (10−5%) 181Pt
183Hg 80 103 182.974450(9) 9.4(7) s β+ (74.5%) 183Au 1/2−
α (25.5%) 179Pt
β+, p (5.6×10−4%) 182Pt
183m1Hg 198(14) keV 13/2+#
183m2Hg 240(40)# keV 5# s β+ 183Au 13/2+#
184Hg 80 104 183.971713(11) 30.6(3) s β+ (98.89%) 184Au 0+
α (1.11%) 180Pt
185Hg 80 105 184.971899(17) 49.1(10) s β+ (94%) 185Au 1/2−
α (6%) 181Pt
185mHg 99.3(5) keV 21.6(15) s IT (54%) 185Hg 13/2+
β+ (46%) 185Au
α (.03%) 181Pt
186Hg 80 106 185.969362(12) 1.38(6) min β+ (99.92%) 186Au 0+
α (.016%) 182Pt
186mHg 2217.3(4) keV 82(5) µs (8−)
187Hg 80 107 186.969814(15) 1.9(3) min β+ 187Au 3/2−
α (1.2×10−4%) 183Pt
187mHg 59(16) keV 2.4(3) min β+ 187Au 13/2+
α (2.5×10−4%) 183Pt
188Hg 80 108 187.967577(12) 3.25(15) min β+ 188Au 0+
α (3.7×10−5%) 184Pt
188mHg 2724.3(4) keV 134(15) ns (12+)
189Hg 80 109 188.96819(4) 7.6(1) min β+ 189Au 3/2−
α (3×10−5%) 185Pt
189mHg 80(30) keV 8.6(1) min β+ 189Au 13/2+
α (3×10−5%) 185Pt
190Hg 80 110 189.966322(17) 20.0(5) min β+ 190Au 0+
α (5×10−5%) 186Pt
191Hg 80 111 190.967157(24) 49(10) min β+ 191Au 3/2(−)
191mHg 128(22) keV 50.8(15) min β+ 191Au 13/2+
192Hg 80 112 191.965634(17) 4.85(20) h EC 192Au 0+
α (4×10−6%) 188Pt
193Hg 80 113 192.966665(17) 3.80(15) h β+ 193Au 3/2−
193mHg 140.76(5) keV 11.8(2) h β+ (92.9%) 193Au 13/2+
IT (7.1%) 193Hg
194Hg 80 114 193.965439(13) 444(77) y EC 194Au 0+
195Hg 80 115 194.966720(25) 10.53(3) h β+ 195Au 1/2−
195mHg 176.07(4) keV 41.6(8) h IT (54.2%) 195Hg 13/2+
β+ (45.8%) 195Au
196Hg 80 116 195.965833(3) Observationally Stable[n 4] 0+ 0.0015(1)
197Hg 80 117 196.967213(3) 64.14(5) h EC 197Au 1/2−
197mHg 298.93(8) keV 23.8(1) h IT (91.4%) 197Hg 13/2+
EC (8.6%) 197Au
198Hg 80 118 197.9667690(4) Observationally Stable[n 5] 0+ 0.0997(20)
199Hg 80 119 198.9682799(4) Observationally Stable[n 6] 1/2− 0.1687(22)
199mHg 532.48(10) keV 42.66(8) min IT 199Hg 13/2+
200Hg 80 120 199.9683260(4) Observationally Stable[n 7] 0+ 0.2310(19)
201Hg 80 121 200.9703023(6) Observationally Stable[n 8] 3/2− 0.1318(9)
201mHg 766.22(15) keV 94(3) µs 13/2+
202Hg 80 122 201.9706430(6) Observationally Stable[n 9] 0+ 0.2986(26)
203Hg 80 123 202.9728725(18) 46.595(6) d β− 203Tl 5/2−
203mHg 933.14(23) keV 24(4) µs (13/2+)
204Hg 80 124 203.9734939(4) Observationally Stable[n 10] 0+ 0.0687(15)
205Hg 80 125 204.976073(4) 5.14(9) min β− 205Tl 1/2−
205mHg 1556.40(17) keV 1.09(4) ms IT 205Hg 13/2+
206Hg 80 126 205.977514(22) 8.15(10) min β− 206Tl 0+
207Hg 80 127 206.98259(16) 2.9(2) min β− 207Tl (9/2+)
208Hg 80 128 207.98594(32)# 42(5) min
[41(+5−4) min] β− 208Tl 0+
209Hg 80 129 208.99104(21)# 37(8) s 9/2+#
210Hg 80 130 209.99451(32)# 10# min
[>300 ns] 0+
Jump up ^ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
Jump up ^ Bold for stable isotopes
Jump up ^ When produced from 180Tl can also undergo fission to 100Ru and 80Kr
Jump up ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 192Pt or β+β+ decay to 196Pt with a half-life over 2.5×1018 years
Jump up ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 194Pt
Jump up ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 195Pt
Jump up ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 196Pt
Jump up ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 197Pt
Jump up ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 198Pt
Jump up ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 200Pt or β−β− decay to 204Pb
Notes[edit]
Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Meija, J.; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
Jump up ^ Eugenie Samuel Reich (December 1, 2010). "Mercury serves up a nuclear surprise: a new type of fission". Scientific American.
Jump up ^ "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica. (Registration required (help)).
Isotope masses from:
G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

Isotopes of gold Isotopes of mercury Isotopes of thallium
Table of nuclides
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Isotopes of the chemical elements
1
H 2
He
3
Li 4
Be 5
B 6
C 7
N 8
O 9
F 10
Ne
11
Na 12
Mg 13
Al 14
Si 15
P 16
S 17
Cl 18
Ar
19
K 20
Ca 21
Sc 22
Ti 23
V 24
Cr 25
Mn 26
Fe 27
Co 28
Ni 29
Cu 30
Zn 31
Ga 32
Ge 33
As 34
Se 35
Br 36
Kr
37
Rb 38
Sr 39
Y 40
Zr 41
Nb 42
Mo 43
Tc 44
Ru 45
Rh 46
Pd 47
Ag 48
Cd 49
In 50
Sn 51
Sb 52
Te 53
I 54
Xe
55
Cs 56
Ba 57
La 72
Hf 73
Ta 74
W 75
Re 76
Os 77
Ir 78
Pt 79
Au 80
Hg 81
Tl 82
Pb 83
Bi 84
Po 85
At 86
Rn
87
Fr 88
Ra 89
Ac 104
Rf 105
Db 106
Sg 107
Bh 108
Hs 109
Mt 110
Ds 111
Rg 112
Cn 113
Nh 114
Fl 115
Mc 116
Lv 117
Ts 118
Og
58
Ce 59
Pr 60
Nd 61
Pm 62
Sm 63
Eu 64
Gd 65
Tb 66
Dy 67
Ho 68
Er 69
Tm 70
Yb 71
Lu
90
Th 91
Pa 92
U 93
Np 94
Pu 95
Am 96
Cm 97
Bk 98
Cf 99
Es 100
Fm 101
Md 102
No 103
Lr
Table of nuclides
Categories: Isotopes
Tables of nuclides
Metastable isotopes
Isotopes by element
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Megabyte
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the unit of data. For the ReBoot character, see Megabyte (ReBoot).
v
t
e
Multiples of bytes
Decimal
Value
Metric
1000 kB kilobyte
10002 MB megabyte
10003 GB gigabyte
10004 TB terabyte
10005 PB petabyte
10006 EB exabyte
10007 ZB zettabyte
10008 YB yottabyte
Binary
Value
IEC
JEDEC
1024 KiB kibibyte KB kilobyte
10242 MiB mebibyte MB megabyte
10243 GiB gibibyte GB gigabyte
10244 TiB tebibyte –
10245 PiB pebibyte –
10246 EiB exbibyte –
10247 ZiB zebibyte –
10248 YiB yobibyte –
Orders of magnitude of data
The megabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. Its recommended unit symbol is MB. The unit prefix mega is a multiplier of 1000000 (106) in the International System of Units (SI).[1] Therefore, one megabyte is one million bytes of information. This definition has been incorporated into the International System of Quantities.
However, in the computer and information technology fields, several other definitions are used that arose for historical reasons of convenience. A common usage has been to designate one megabyte as 1048576bytes (220 B), a measurement that conveniently expresses the binary multiples inherent in digital computer memory architectures. However, most standards bodies have deprecated this usage in favor of a set of binary prefixes,[2] in which this quantity is designated by the unit mebibyte (MiB). Less common is a convention that used the megabyte to mean 1000×1024 (1024000) bytes.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
2 Examples of use
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Definitions[edit]
The megabyte is commonly used to measure either 10002 bytes or 10242 bytes. The interpretation of using base 1024 originated as a compromise technical jargon for the byte multiples that needed to be expressed by the powers of 2 but lacked a convenient name. As 1024 (210) approximates 1000 (103), roughly corresponding to the SI prefix kilo-, it was a convenient term to denote the binary multiple. In 1998 the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) proposed standards for binary prefixes requiring the use of megabyte to strictly denote 10002 bytes and mebibyte to denote 10242 bytes. By the end of 2009, the IEC Standard had been adopted by the IEEE, EU, ISO and NIST. Nevertheless, the term megabyte continues to be widely used with different meanings:
Base 10
1 MB = 1000000 bytes (= 10002 B = 106 B) is the definition recommended by the International System of Units (SI) and the International Electrotechnical Commission IEC.[2] This definition is used in networking contexts and most storage media, particularly hard drives, flash-based storage,[3] and DVDs, and is also consistent with the other uses of the SI prefix in computing, such as CPU clock speeds or measures of performance. The Mac OS X 10.6 file manager is a notable example of this usage in software. Since Snow Leopard, file sizes are reported in decimal units.[4]
In this convention, one thousand megabytes (1000 MB) is equal to one gigabyte (1 GB), where 1 GB is one billion bytes.
Base 2
Main article: mebibyte
1 MB = 1048576 bytes (= 10242 B = 220 B) is the definition used by Microsoft Windows in reference to computer memory, such as RAM. This definition is synonymous with the unambiguous binary prefix mebibyte.
In this convention, one thousand and twenty-four megabytes (1024 MB) is equal to one gigabyte (1 GB), where 1 GB is 10243 bytes.
Mixed
1 MB = 1024000 bytes (= 1000×1024 B) is the definition used to describe the formatted capacity of the 1.44 MB 3.5-inch HD floppy disk, which actually has a capacity of 1474560bytes.
Semiconductor memory doubles in size for each address lane added to an integrated circuit package, which favors counts that are powers of two. The capacity of a disk drive is the product of the sector size, number of sectors per track, number of tracks per side, and the number of disk platters in the drive. Changes in any of these factors would not usually double the size. Sector sizes were set as powers of two (most common 512 bytes or 4096 bytes) for convenience in processing. It was a natural extension to give the capacity of a disk drive in multiples of the sector size, giving a mix of decimal and binary multiples when expressing total disk capacity.
Examples of use[edit]
1.44 MB floppy disks can store 1,474,560 bytes of data. MB in this context means 1,000×1,024 bytes.
Depending on compression methods and file format, a megabyte of data can roughly be:
a 1 megapixel bitmap image with 256 colors (8 bits/pixel color depth) stored without any compression.
a 4 megapixel JPEG image with normal compression.
approximately 1 minute of 128 kbit/s MP3 compressed music.
6 seconds of uncompressed CD audio.
a typical English book volume in plain text format (500 pages × 2000 characters per page).
The human genome consists of DNA representing 800 MB of data. The parts that differentiate one person from another can be compressed to 4 MB.[5]
See also[edit]
Timeline of binary prefixes
Gigabyte § Consumer confusion
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 7, 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Definitions of the SI units: The binary prefixes". National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Jump up ^ SanDisk USB Flash Drive "Note: 1 megabyte (MB) = 1 million bytes; 1 gigabyte (GB) = 1 billion bytes."
Jump up ^ "How Mac OS X reports drive capacity". Apple Inc. 2009-08-27. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
Jump up ^ Christley, S. .; Lu, Y. .; Li, C. .; Xie, X. . (2008). "Human genomes as email attachments". Bioinformatics. 25 (2): 274–275. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btn582. PMID 18996942.
External links[edit]
Historical Notes About The Cost Of Hard Drive Storage Space
the megabyte (established definition in Networking and Storage industries; from whatis.com)
International Electrotechnical Commission definitions
IEC prefixes and symbols for binary multiples
[hide]
v
t
e
Units of information
Base unit
bit
Platform-dependent units
nibble
byte
syllable
parcel
word
Platform-independent units
unibit (1)
dibit (2)
tribit (3)
quadbit (4)
quartet (4)
sextet (6)
octet (8)
hextet (16)
declet (10)
doublet (16)
quadlet (32)
octlet (64)
hexlet (128)
triad (3)
tetrad (4)
pentad (5)
hexad (6)
heptad (7)
octad (8)
slab (12)
catena (24)
Traditional bit units
kilobit
megabit
gigabit
terabit
petabit
exabit
zettabit
yottabit
Traditional byte units
kilobyte
megabyte
gigabyte
terabyte
petabyte
exabyte
zettabyte
yottabyte
IEC bit units
kibibit
mebibit
gibibit
tebibit
pebibit
exbibit
zebibit
yobibit
IEC byte units
kibibyte
mebibyte
gibibyte
tebibyte
pebibyte
exbibyte
zebibyte
yobibyte
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Driving licence in the United Kingdom
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Driving licence in the United Kingdom
Example of a driving licence in the United Kingdom (pre-2015 redesign)
Issued by
United Kingdom
Type of document
Driving licence
Purpose
Authorisation
In the United Kingdom, a driving licence is the official document which authorises its holder to operate motor vehicles on highways and other public roads. It is administered in England, Scotland and Wales by the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) and in Northern Ireland by the Driver & Vehicle Agency (DVA). A driving licence is required in England, Scotland, and Wales for any person driving a vehicle on any highway or other "road", as defined in s.192 Road Traffic Act 1988,[1] irrespective of the ownership of the land over which the road passes. Similar requirements apply in Northern Ireland under the Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Order 1981. As long as Great Britain and Northern Ireland remains within the European Union, the driving licence in the United Kingdom is a European driving licence.
As UK nationals do not normally have identity cards, a photographic driving licence can serve many of the purposes of an identity card in non-driving contexts, such as proof of identity (e.g. when opening a bank account) or of age (e.g. when buying age-restricted goods such as alcohol).
Some confusion surrounds the British spelling of licence, which is derived from the Latin licentia, and the associated variations thereof. Licence is the only acceptable spelling of the document (noun), but verbal forms of the word are spelled with an "s". Licensed is used for the state of holding a licence, licensing is the correct form for the process of issuing or obtaining a licence, and licensee for a person holding a licence[2] (although 'driving licence holder' is the term generally used in this context).[3] In the American orthography, all variants are of the c and subsequent s form.
Contents
[hide]
1 Regulations
1.1 Provisional licences and learner drivers
1.2 Newly qualified drivers
1.3 Towing restrictions
1.4 Other regulations
2 History
3 Driving licence categories
3.1 Current categories
3.2 Obsolete goods classes
4 Points and endorsements
5 Driving licence codes
6 Use as proof of identity
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Regulations[edit]
See also: United Kingdom driving test
Provisional licences and learner drivers[edit]
Applications for a provisional driving licence can be made in the UK from the age of 15 years and 9 months. Once a United Kingdom driving test has been passed, the driving licence is valid for driving a moped or light quad bike from age 16, and a car from age 17, or 16 for those who receive, or have applied for, the higher or enhanced rate of the mobility component of PIP or DLA.[4][5] A driving test consists of three sections: theory, hazard perception and a supervised driving examination. Until this test has been passed, a driver may hold only a provisional licence[6] and is subject to certain conditions.
The conditions attached to provisional licences for a particular category of vehicle are:[7]
L plate
D plate (Wales)
Learner driver plates in the UK.
L-plates or (in Wales only) D-plates (Welsh: Dysgwr) must be conspicuously displayed on the front and rear of the vehicle.
Learner drivers of a particular category and transmission type of vehicle must be accompanied by somebody aged 21 or above who has held a full driving licence for that category and transmission type for at least three years, except in the case of solo motorcycles and vehicles of certain categories designed solely for one person.
No trailer may be towed, except when driving a tractor or where a full licence gives provisional entitlement to drive a car with trailer, large goods vehicle with trailer or passenger carrying vehicle with trailer.
Motorcycle riders must not carry any pillion passengers.
Coach or bus drivers must not carry any passenger except a person giving or receiving instruction.
Motorways must not be used by holders of car and motorcycle provisional licences,[8] excluding category B (car) licence holders who are learner drivers for the purposes of the trailer category BE.
R plate that must be displayed by restricted drivers in Northern Ireland.
In Northern Ireland, learner drivers are limited to a speed of 45 mph (72 km/h), and drivers who have passed their test within the previous year must display R plates (restricted) and are also limited to a speed of 45 mph (72 km/h) until the expiry of the restricted period. R plates are similar in style to L plates, with a thick-set dark orange R displayed on a white background.[9]
After passing a driving test, the provisional licence may be surrendered within two years in exchange for a full UK licence[6] for the relevant kind of vehicle. Full car licences allow use of mopeds and motorcycles provided a CBT (Compulsory Basic Training) course is completed (the requirement to have a CBT in Northern Ireland was introduced on 21 February 2011).[10]
It is illegal in England and Wales for a qualified driver to display L-plates or D-plates.
Newly qualified drivers[edit]
There are no restrictions on newly qualified drivers in England, Wales or Scotland, but if a newly qualified driver receives six penalty points within two years of passing, the licence is automatically cancelled and the driver must pass the full test again.[11] These six points remain on the new licence until their designated expiry time.[12]
Towing restrictions[edit]
The rules on what a driver can tow are different depending on when they passed their driving test. If they passed their car driving test on or after 1 January 1997, they may drive a car or van up to 3,500 kg maximum authorised mass (MAM) towing a trailer of up to 750 kg MAM, and they may tow a trailer over 750 kg MAM as long as the combined MAM of the trailer and towing vehicle is no more than 3,500 kg MAM when loaded. They must pass the car and trailer driving test to tow anything heavier. If a driver passed their car test before 1 January 1997, they are usually allowed to drive a vehicle and trailer combination up to 8,250 kg MAM. They are also allowed to drive a minibus with a trailer over 750 kg MAM.[13]
Other regulations[edit]
Motor car licences issued in the United Kingdom distinguish between automatic and manual transmission vehicles, depending on whether or not a driving test was passed in a vehicle with manual transmission (unless a vehicle test was taken in the UK before such distinction was made). While a manual transmission vehicle licence permits the holder to drive a vehicle of either kind, an automatic transmission vehicle licence is solely for vehicles with automatic transmission. The licence also shows whether a driver requires glasses or contact lenses to meet the legal driving requirements, if known.
Drivers who obtained rights to drive category D1 minibuses before 1997 (by passing a test for the obsolete class A) must not drive such vehicles for hire or reward, nor accept any form of payment in money, goods or kind from any passengers carried.
There is no maximum age for driving or holding a driving licence, but holders must renew their licences at age 70 and every three years thereafter, at which times they must self-certify their continued fitness to drive.[14]
Forklift trucks require a separate licence, issued by third-party training companies rather than the DVLA or DSA.[15]
The DVLA has included Welsh on driving licences issued in Wales for many years. But requests for Scots Gaelic (also an official language in the UK) to be included on licences issued to drivers resident in Scotland have so far been rejected.
The Union Flag has been included on UK licences since July 2015.[16]
History[edit]
Driver registration was introduced in 1903 with the Motor Car Act. Holders of the sulphur-yellow coloured document were entitled to "drive a motor car or motor cycle".[17] The wording was changed in 1930 after which holders were allowed to "drive or steer a motor car or to drive a motor cycle". Shortly afterwards, the document cover was changed to a dark red colour. Holders were for a period entitled to drive a vehicle of "any class or description".[17] Subsequent changes saw the document list precisely those vehicle types for which holders were licensed.
Competency tests were introduced by the Motor Vehicles Regulations 1935 applicable to all drivers who started driving after 1 April 1934 . Competency tests were suspended in 1939 for seven years due to the Second World War and in 1956 for one year due to the Suez Crisis. The only person in the United Kingdom who is not required to have a driving licence in order to drive is The Queen.[18] She also does not require number plates on any vehicles which are personally owned by herself or her closest family members.[19]
Until 1973, driving licences (and tax discs) were issued by local authorities and had to be renewed every three years. In 1971, the decision was taken to computerise the licensing system to enable it to be linked to the Police National Computer and to extend the life of the licence up to the driver's 70th birthday, extendable at intervals thereafter provided the driver can prove fitness.
Except for Northern Ireland, driving licences issued before July 1998 did not have photographs on them.[20] Anyone who holds a licence issued before this date may retain their photo-less licence until expiry (normally one's seventieth birthday) or until they change address, whichever comes sooner. The new plastic photocard driving licences have to be renewed every ten years, for a fee. Until 2015, the licence consisted of both the photocard and a paper counterpart which detailed the individual's driving entitlements and convictions ("endorsements"). The counterpart was abolished on 8 June 2015[21] and the information formerly recorded on it is now available online via the View Driving Licence service, except in Northern Ireland where the counterpart must be kept with the photocard.[22]
Licences issued to residents of England, Northern Ireland and Scotland appear only in English, while those issued to residents of Wales appear in both English and Welsh.
Each licence holder in England, Scotland and Wales has a unique driver number, which is 16 characters long. The characters are constructed in the following way:[23]
1–5: The first five characters of the surname (padded with 9s if fewer than 5 characters). For surnames beginning with "MAC", they are treated as "MC" for all.[24]
6: The decade digit from the year of birth (e.g. for 1987 it would be 8)
7–8: The month of birth in two digit format (7th character is incremented by 50 if driver is female i.e. 51–62 instead of 01–12)
9–10: The date within the month of birth in two digit format (i.e. 01-31)
11: The year digit from the year of birth (e.g. for 1987 it would be 7)
12–13: The first two initials of the first names, padded with a 9 if no middle name
14: Arbitrary digit – usually 9, but decremented to differentiate drivers with the first 13 characters in common
15–16: Two computer check digits.
17–18: Appended, two digits representing the licence issue, which increases by 1 for each licence issued.
Each Northern Ireland licence holder has a unique driver number which is 8 characters long. The characters are not constructed in any particular pattern.
Driving licence categories[edit]
Current categories[edit]
This is a list of the categories that might be found on a driving licence in the United Kingdom.[25]
Category
Vehicle type
Minimum age
Notes[Notes 1]
AM
Mopeds 16 2-wheeled or 3-wheeled vehicles with a maximum design speed of over 25 km/h (15.5 mph) but not more than 45 km/h (28 mph).
This category also includes light quadricycles with an unladen mass of not more than 350 kg (not including batteries if it is an electric vehicle) and a maximum design speed of over 25 km/h (15.5 mph) but not more than 45 km/h (28 mph).
P
Mopeds 16 Motor vehicles with fewer than 4 wheels with a maximum design speed of over 45 km/h (28 mph) but not more than 50 km/h (31 mph). Its engine size must not be more than 50cc if powered by an internal combustion engine.
Q
Mopeds 16 Motor vehicles with fewer than 4 wheels which, if propelled by an internal combustion engine, have a cylinder capacity not exceeding 50cc and, if not equipped with pedals by means of which the vehicle is capable of being propelled, have a maximum design speed not exceeding 25 km/h (15.5 mph).
A1
Motorcycles 17 Light motorbicycles with an engine size up to 125cc, a power output of up to 11 kW (14.75 hp), and a power to weight ratio not more than 0.1 kW/kg (136.2 hp/ton). This category also includes motor tricycles with power output up to 15 kW (20.1 hp).
A2
Motorcycles 19 Motorbicycles in category A1, as well as motorbicycles with a power output up to 35 kW (46.9 hp) and power to weight ratio not more than 0.2 kW/kg (272.5 hp/ton). The motorcycle must also not be derived from a vehicle of more than double its power.
A
Motorcycles 24[Notes 2] Motorcycles in categories A1 and A2, as well as motorcycles with a power output more than 35 kW (46.9 hp) or a power to weight ratio more than 0.2 kW/kg (272.5 hp/ton) and motor tricycles with a power output more than 15 kW (20.1 hp).
B1
Light vehicles and quadricycles 17[Notes 3] Motor vehicles with 4 wheels up to 400 kg unladen, or 550 kg if they are designed for carrying goods.
B
Cars 17[Notes 4] Full licence obtained before 1 January 1997:
A vehicle and trailer combination up to 8,250 kg maximum authorised mass (MAM).
A minibus with a trailer over 750 kg MAM.
Full licence obtained after 31 December 1996:
Vehicles up to 3,500 kg MAM with up to 8 passenger seats (with a trailer up to 750 kg). Also covers heavier trailers if the total MAM of the vehicle and trailer is not more than 3,500 kg.
Motor tricycles with a power output higher than 15 kW if driver is over 21 years old.
Physically disabled drivers with provisional category B entitlement will also have provisional entitlement to ride category A1 or A motor tricycles. Able-bodied drivers can no longer ride motor tricycles with a provisional category B licence.
B auto
Cars 17[Notes 5] As Category B, but only automatic transmission.
BE
Cars 17[Notes 6] A vehicle with a MAM of 3,500 kg with a trailer. The size of the trailer depends on the BE ‘valid from’ date shown on the licence. If the date is before 19 January 2013, vehicle can tow any size trailer. If the date is on or after 19 January 2013, vehicle can tow a trailer with a MAM of up to 3,500 kg.
C1
Medium-sized vehicles 18[Notes 7] Vehicles between 3,500 and 7,500 kg MAM (with a trailer up to 750 kg).
C1E
Medium-sized vehicles 21[Notes 8] C1 category vehicles with a trailer over 750 kg. The combined MAM of both cannot exceed 12,000 kg.
C
Large vehicles 21[Notes 9] Vehicles over 3,500 kg (with a trailer up to 750 kg MAM).
CE
Large vehicles 21[Notes 9] Category C vehicles with a trailer over 750 kg.
D1
Minibuses 21[Notes 10] Vehicles with no more than 16 passenger seats, a maximum length of 8 metres, and a trailer up to 750 kg. See also Category B.
D1E
Minibuses 21[Notes 10] D1 category vehicles with a trailer over 750 kg MAM. The combined MAM of both cannot exceed 12,000 kg.
D
Buses 24[Notes 10] Any bus with more than 8 passenger seats (with a trailer up to 750 kg MAM).
DE
Buses 24[Notes 10] D category vehicles with a trailer over 750 kg.
f
Agricultural tractor 16 Maximum weight with trailer = 24 390 kg. Age 16 for tractors less than 2.45m wide. It must only pull trailers less than 2.45 m (96 in) wide with two wheels, or four close-coupled.
G
Road roller 21[Notes 11] N/A
H
Tracked vehicles 21[Notes 12]
N/A
k
Mowing machine or pedestrian-controlled vehicle 16 N/A
l
Electrically-propelled vehicle 17 Category now deprecated – tests no longer available (since 2001) for this category. Vehicles now fit into category B1 or B.
M
Trolley vehicles N/A
n
Exempt from duty N/A Category now deprecated – tests no longer available (since 2001) for this category. Vehicles now fit into category B1 or B.
Notes
Jump up ^ MAM = Maximum authorised mass
Jump up ^ Age 24 or 2 years from date of A2 test pass.
Jump up ^ At age 16, a licence may be issued if the licensee is in receipt of the higher rate of disability living allowance. However, if the rate is withdrawn, the normal minimum age for driving a car (17 years) applies.
Jump up ^ At age 16, a licence may be issued if the licensee is in receipt of the higher rate of disability living allowance. However if the rate is withdrawn, the normal minimum age for driving a car (17 years) applies.
Jump up ^ At age 16, a licence may be issued if the licensee is in receipt of the higher rate of disability living allowance. However, if the rate is withdrawn, the normal minimum age for driving a car (17 years) applies.
Jump up ^ If the driver has passed their category B or B automatic test before 1 January 1997, their licence will already show C1, C1E (8.25 tonnes), D1, D1E (not for hire or reward) as entitlement flowing from the category B.
Jump up ^ Age 17 if the driver is a member of the armed services
Jump up ^ Age 17 if the driver is a member of the armed services; Age 18 if they got their driving licence before 10 September 2009 and the weight of the vehicle and trailer together is under 7,500 kg; Age 18 under certain other circumstances
^ Jump up to: a b Age 17 if the driver is a member of the armed services; Age 18 under certain other circumstances
^ Jump up to: a b c d Age 17 if the driver is a member of the armed services; Age 18 having passed a passenger carrying vehicle (PCV) test before 10 September 2008 and driving under a authorised operator's licence (O-licence), or minibus permit, or community bus permit and under certain conditions; Age 18 under certain other circumstances; Age 20 after passing a PCV driving test and Driver Certificate of Professional Competence (DCPC) initial qualification
Jump up ^ Age 17 for small road-rollers with metal or hard rollers. They must not be steam powered, weigh more than 11.69 tonnes or be made for carrying loads
Jump up ^ Age 17 if the Maximum Authorised Mass of the tracked vehicle doesn't exceed 3,500 kg
Obsolete goods classes[edit]
Although the category system was changed over 20 years ago (1 January 1997), the freight industry and driver recruitment agencies [26] still predominently use the obsolete class numbers for the entitlement of HGV drivers.
The two systems are not exactly compatible, so the descriptions given are only a guideline.
Class 1: any goods vehicle over 7½ long tons (7,620 kg) with any trailer.
Class 2: any rigid goods vehicle over 7½ long tons.
Class 3: any rigid goods vehicle over 7½ long tons with no more than two axles.
Points and endorsements[edit]
Main article: List of UK driving licence endorsements
The UK uses a cumulative points system for driving offences. Points are deducted for driving offences by law courts, and the licence is endorsed accordingly. A UK driving licence may be endorsed by the courts for various offences, not only for those committed while driving or in charge of a vehicle. These are usually recorded by changing the second digit of the endorsement code (usually to 2, 4, 6 or 9).[27] If the individual committing the offence does not hold a valid driver's licence the endorsements may be put by until a licence is held.
Most endorsements remain valid for four years; some (such as driving under the influence) are recorded on the licence for 11 years because more severe penalties apply to those convicted twice within 10 years of drink or drug driving offences.
Twelve points on the licence within three years makes the driver liable to disqualification under the "totting-up" procedure; however this is not automatic and must be decided on by a court of law.[28][29] Endorsements remain on the licence for four years, rather than three, to ensure that offences are not removed while still legally applicable.
Driving licence codes[edit]
Certain codes are included on driving licences to indicate restrictions on use. These codes are listed on the back of the card under the column headed "12. Codes" and are listed for each category that is licensed.
As long as the UK remains within the EU, those code are the same than those for EU, currently defined by DIRECTIVE 2006/126/EC.
The codes and their meanings are as follows:[30]
01 – eyesight correction
02 – hearing/communication aid
10 – modified transmission
15 – modified clutch
20 – modified braking systems
25 – modified accelerator systems
30 – combined braking and accelerator systems
35 – modified control layouts
40 – modified steering
42 – modified rear-view mirror(s)
43 – modified driving seats
44 – modifications to motorcycles
44 (1) – single operated brake
44 (2) – (adjusted) hand operated brake (front wheel)
44 (3) – (adjusted) foot operated brake (back wheel)
44 (4) – (adjusted) accelerator handle
44 (5) – (adjusted) manual transmission and manual clutch
44 (6) – (adjusted) rear-view mirror(s)
44 (7) – (adjusted) commands (direction indicators, braking light, etc.)
44 (8) – seat height allowing the driver, in sitting position, to have 2 feet on the road at the same time
45 – motorcycles only with sidecar
46 – tricycles only (for licences issued before 29 June 2014)
70 – exchange of licence
71 – duplicate of licence
78 – restricted to vehicles with automatic transmission
79 – restricted to vehicles in conformity with the specifications stated in brackets on the licence
79.02 – restricted to category AM vehicles of the 3-wheel or light quadricycle type
79.03 – restricted to tricycles
96 – allowed to drive a vehicle and trailer where the trailer weighs at least 750 kg, and the combined weight of the vehicle and trailer is between 3,500 kg and 4,250 kg
97 – not allowed to drive category C1 vehicles which are required to have a tachograph fitted
101 – not for hire or reward (that is, not to make a profit)
102 – drawbar trailers only
103 – subject to certificate of competence
105 – vehicle not more than 5.5 metres long
106 – restricted to vehicles with automatic transmissions
107 – not more than 8,250 kilogrammes
108 – subject to minimum age requirements
110 – limited to transporting persons with restricted mobility
111 – limited to 16 passenger seats
113 – limited to 16 passenger seats except for automatics
114 – with any special controls required for safe driving
115 – organ donor
118 – start date is for earliest entitlement
119 – weight limit(s) for vehicle do(es) not apply
121 – restricted to conditions specified in the Secretary of State's notice
122 – valid on successful completion: Basic Moped Training Course
125 – tricycles only (for licences issued before 29 June 2014)
Use as proof of identity[edit]
See also: Identity Cards Act 2006
Identity cards for UK nationals were introduced in 2009 on a voluntary basis, and the attempt to introduce a nationwide identity-card scheme in 2010 was reversed mid-course. Its in-progress database was halted and then destroyed.[citation needed] Only workers in certain high-security professions, such as airport workers, were required to have an identity card in 2009, and this remains the case today. Therefore, driving licences, particularly the photocard driving licence introduced in 1998, along with passports, are the most widely used ID documents in the United Kingdom. Most people do not carry their passports with them; this leaves driving licences as the only valid form of ID to be presented. In day-to-day life, most authorities do not arbitrarily ask for identification from individuals, although this may become a concern in instances of stop and search.[citation needed]
Non-professional drivers are not legally obliged to carry a driving licence while driving, but section 164 of the Road Traffic Act 1998[31] allows a police officer to require a driver to produce a driving licence within seven days at a police station chosen by the driver. The form which was once issued in such circumstances, the HO/RT 1, was known colloquially as "a producer", as exemplified in Smiley Culture's hit single "Police Officer".[32]
See also[edit]
European driving licence
British passport
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "s.192 Road Traffic Act 1988 – General Interpretation of Act". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
Jump up ^ https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/licence
Jump up ^ as - for example - at "Statistical data set Driving licence holding and vehicle availability (NTS02)". Gov.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Provisional Driving Licence". Young Car Driver. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Direct.gov Motoring". Direct.gov.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Road Traffic Act 1988 s.89". Statutelaw.gov.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
Jump up ^ "Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) Regulations 1999 reg. 16" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2008. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
Jump up ^ Motorways Traffic (England and Wales) Regulations 1982 reg. 11 ISBN 0-11-027163-7
Jump up ^ "Motor vehicle documentation learner and restricted driver requirements". Nidirect.gov.uk. 4 October 2009. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland DVA website" (PDF). doeni.gov.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Road Traffic (New Drivers) Act 1995, ss.1 to 4". Statutelaw.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-08-05. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
Jump up ^ "Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988, s.45(5)". Statutelaw.gov.uk. 1992-01-07. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
Jump up ^ "Towing with a car". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 6 February 2017. This content is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
Jump up ^ "Renew your driving licence if you're 70 or over". Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Forklift Training". Wanadrive.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
Jump up ^ "Union Flags now feature on British driving licences". gov.uk. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Licensed to drive". Motor. 23 May 1970. p. 32.
Jump up ^ Mostrous, Alexi (20 December 2007). "81 facts about the Queen". The Times. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "1903 – 2003: 100 Years of Licensing and Registration in Britain". showplatesdirect.com. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "UK | Drivers face new photocard licence". BBC News. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
Jump up ^ "Driving licence changes". Gov.uk. Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency. 22 December 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "The photocard driving licence explained". nidirect.gov.uk. 2016-05-17. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
Jump up ^ "DVLA INF45/1 "Your new Driving Licence" June 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "ID checking guidelines for DBS check applications". 2015-10-23. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
Jump up ^ "Driving licence categories - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
Jump up ^ http://www.freightpersonnel.co.uk/
Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/penalty-points-endorsements/endorsement-codes-and-penalty-points
Jump up ^ ""Endorsements, penalty points and disqualification", Direct.gov.uk". Gov.uk. 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
Jump up ^ "New Driving Laws and What They Mean For Drivers". absolutereg.co.uk. 2015-08-06.
Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/driving-licence-codes (OGL 3.0)
Jump up ^ "Road Traffic Act 1988". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/music-obituaries/8386589/Smiley-Culture.html
External links[edit]
DVLA England, Scotland and Wales driver information website
DVA Northern Ireland driver licensing website
Driving licence codes
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Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions
Acts
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Organisations
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Schemes
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TV & Entertainment
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