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Electromyography
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Not to be confused with other types of electrography.
Electromyography
EMG from gait termination, bottom left is the raw EMG, right is the rectified pattern
ICD-9-CM
93.08
MeSH
D004576
[edit on Wikidata]
Electromyography (EMG) is an electrodiagnostic medicine technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.[1] EMG is performed using an instrument called an electromyograph to produce a record called an electromyogram. An electromyograph detects the electric potential generated by muscle cells[2] when these cells are electrically or neurologically activated. The signals can be analyzed to detect medical abnormalities, activation level, or recruitment order, or to analyze the biomechanics of human or animal movement.
Contents
[hide]
1 Medical uses
2 Technique
2.1 Skin preparation and risks
2.2 Surface and intramuscular EMG recording electrodes
2.3 Maximal voluntary contraction
2.4 Other measurements
2.5 EMG signal decomposition
2.6 EMG signal processing
2.7 Limitations
2.8 Electrical characteristics
3 Procedure outcomes
3.1 Normal results
3.2 Abnormal results
4 History
5 Research
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Medical uses[edit]
EMG testing has a variety of clinical and biomedical applications. EMG is used as a diagnostics tool for identifying neuromuscular diseases, or as a research tool for studying kinesiology, and disorders of motor control. EMG signals are sometimes used to guide botulinum toxin or phenol injections into muscles. EMG signals are also used as a control signal for prosthetic devices such as prosthetic hands, arms, and lower limbs.
EMG then an acceleromyograph may be used for neuromuscular monitoring in general anesthesia with neuromuscular-blocking drugs, in order to avoid postoperative residual curarization (PORC).[3][4][5][6]
Except in the case of some purely primary myopathic conditions EMG is usually performed with another electrodiagnostic medicine test that measures the conducting function of nerves. This is called a nerve conduction studies (NCS). Needle EMG and NCSs are typically indicated when there is pain in the limbs, weakness from spinal nerve compression, or concern about some other neurologic injury or disorder.[7] Spinal nerve injury does not cause neck, mid back pain or low back pain, and for this reason, evidence has not shown EMG or NCS to be helpful in diagnosing causes of axial lumbar pain, thoracic pain, or cervical spine pain.[7] Needle EMG may aid with the diagnosis of nerve compression or injury (such as carpal tunnel syndrome), nerve root injury (such as sciatica), and with other problems of the muscles or nerves. Less common medical conditions include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and muscular dystrophy.
Technique[edit]
Skin preparation and risks[edit]
The first step before insertion of the needle electrode is skin preparation. This typically involves simply cleaning the skin with an alcohol pad.
The actual placement of the needle electrode can be difficult and depends on a number of factors, such as specific muscle selection and the size of that muscle. Proper needle EMG placement is very important for accurate representation of the muscle of interest, although EMG is more effective on superficial muscles as it is unable to bypass the action potentials of superficial muscles and detect deeper muscles. Also, the more body fat an individual has, the weaker the EMG signal. When placing the EMG sensor, the ideal location is at the belly of the muscle: the longitudinal midline. The belly of the muscle can also be thought of as in-between the motor point (middle) of the muscle and the tendonus insertion point.[8]
Cardiac pacemakers and implanted cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) are used increasingly in clinical practice, and no evidence exists indicating that performing routine electrodiagnostic studies on patients with these devices pose a safety hazard. However, there are theoretical concerns that electrical impulses of nerve conduction studies (NCS) could be erroneously sensed by devices and result in unintended inhibition or triggering of output or reprogramming of the device. In general, the closer the stimulation site is to the pacemaker and pacing leads, the greater the chance for inducing a voltage of sufficient amplitude to inhibit the pacemaker. Despite such concerns, no immediate or delayed adverse effects have been reported with routine NCS.[9]
No known contraindications exist for performing needle EMG or NCS on pregnant patients. Additionally, no complications from these procedures have been reported in the literature. Evoked potential testing, likewise, has not been reported to cause any problems when it is performed during pregnancy.[9]
Patients with lymphedema or patients at risk for lymphedema are routinely cautioned to avoid percutaneous procedures in the affected extremity, namely venipuncture, to prevent development or worsening of lymphedema or cellulitis. Despite the potential risk, the evidence for such complications subsequent to venipuncture is limited. No published reports exist of cellulitis, infection, or other complications related to EMG performed in the setting of lymphedema or prior lymph node dissection. However, given the unknown risk of cellulitis in patients with lymphedema, reasonable caution should be exercised in performing needle examinations in lymphedematous regions to avoid complications. In patients with gross edema and taut skin, skin puncture by needle electrodes may result in chronic weeping of serous fluid. The potential bacterial media of such serous fluid and the violation of skin integrity may increase the risk of cellulitis. Before proceeding, the physician should weigh the potential risks of performing the study with the need to obtain the information gained.[9]
Surface and intramuscular EMG recording electrodes[edit]
There are two kinds of EMG: surface EMG and intramuscular EMG. Surface EMG assesses muscle function by recording muscle activity from the surface above the muscle on the skin. Surface electrodes are able to provide only a limited assessment of the muscle activity. Surface EMG can be recorded by a pair of electrodes or by a more complex array of multiple electrodes. More than one electrode is needed because EMG recordings display the potential difference (voltage difference) between two separate electrodes. Limitations of this approach are the fact that surface electrode recordings are restricted to superficial muscles, are influenced by the depth of the subcutaneous tissue at the site of the recording which can be highly variable depending of the weight of a patient, and cannot reliably discriminate between the discharges of adjacent muscles.
Intramuscular EMG can be performed using a variety of different types of recording electrodes. The simplest approach is a monopolar needle electrode. This can be a fine wire inserted into a muscle with a surface electrode as a reference; or two fine wires inserted into muscle referenced to each other. Most commonly fine wire recordings are for research or kinesiology studies. Diagnostic monopolar EMG electrodes are typically insulated and stiff enough to penetrate skin, with only the tip exposed using a surface electrode for reference. Needles for injecting therapeutic botulinum toxin or phenol are typically monopolar electrodes that use a surface reference, in this case, however, the metal shaft of a hypodermic needle, insulated so that only the tip is exposed, is used both to record signals and to inject. Slightly more complex in design is the concentric needle electrode. These needles have a fine wire, embedded in a layer of insulation that fills the barrel of a hypodermic needle, that has an exposed shaft, and the shaft serves as the reference electrode. The exposed tip of the fine wire serves as the active electrode. As a result of this configuration, signals tend to be smaller when recorded from a concentric electrode than when recorded from a monopolar electrode and they are more resistant to electrical artifacts from tissue and measurements tend to be somewhat more reliable. However, because the shaft is exposed throughout its length, superficial muscle activity can contaminate the recording of deeper muscles. Single fiber EMG needle electrodes are designed to have very tiny recording areas, and allow for the discharges of individual muscle fibers to be discriminated.
To perform intramuscular EMG, typically either a monopolar or concentric needle electrode is inserted through the skin into the muscle tissue. The needle is then moved to multiple spots within a relaxed muscle to evaluate both insertional activity and resting activity in the muscle. Normal muscles exhibit a brief burst of muscle fiber activation when stimulated by needle movement, but this rarely lasts more than 100ms. The two most common pathologic types of resting activity in muscle are fasciculation and fibrillation potentials. A fasciculation potential is an involuntary activation of a motor unit within the muscle, sometimes visible with the naked eye as a muscle twitch or by surface electrodes. Fibrillations, however, are only detected by needle EMG, and represent the isolated activation of individual muscle fibers, usually as the result of nerve or muscle disease. Often, fibrillations are triggered by needle movement (insertional activity) and persist for several seconds or more after the movement ceases.
After assessing resting and insertional activity, the electromyographer assess the activity of muscle during voluntary contraction. The shape, size, and frequency of the resulting electrical signals are judged. Then the electrode is retracted a few millimetres, and again the activity is analyzed. This is repeated, sometimes until data on 10–20 motor units have been collected in order to draw conclusions about motor unit function. Each electrode track gives only a very local picture of the activity of the whole muscle. Because skeletal muscles differ in the inner structure, the electrode has to be placed at various locations to obtain an accurate study.
Single fiber electromyography assesses the delay between the contractions of individual muscle fibers within a motor unit and is a sensitive test for dysfunction of the neuromuscular junction caused by drugs, poisons, or diseases such as myasthenia gravis. The technique is complicated and typically only performed by individuals with special advanced training.
Surface EMG is used in a number of settings; for example, in the physiotherapy clinic, muscle activation is monitored using surface EMG and patients have an auditory or visual stimulus to help them know when they are activating the muscle (biofeedback). A review of the literature on surface EMG published in 2008, concluded that surface EMG may be useful to detect the presence of neuromuscular disease (level C rating, class III data), but there are insufficient data to support its utility for distinguishing between neuropathic and myopathic conditions or for the diagnosis of specific neuromuscular diseases. EMGs may be useful for additional study of fatigue associated with post-poliomyelitis syndrome and electromechanical function in myotonic dystrophy (level C rating, class III data).[9]
Certain US states limit the performance of needle EMG by nonphysicians. New Jersey declared that it cannot be delegated to a physician's assistant.[10][11] Michigan has passed legislation saying needle EMG is the practice of medicine.[12] Special training in diagnosing medical diseases with EMG is required only in residency and fellowship programs in neurology, clinical neurophysiology, neuromuscular medicine, and physical medicine and rehabilitation. There are certain subspecialists in otolaryngology who have had selective training in performing EMG of the laryngeal muscles, and subspecialists in urology, obstetrics and gynecology who have had selective training in performing EMG of muscles controlling bowel and bladder function.
Maximal voluntary contraction[edit]
One basic function of EMG is to see how well a muscle can be activated. The most common way that can be determined is by performing a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the muscle that is being tested.[13]
Muscle force, which is measured mechanically, typically correlates highly with measures of EMG activation of muscle. Most commonly this is assessed with surface electrodes, but it should be recognized that these typically only record from muscle fibers in close approximation to the surface.
Several analytical methods for determining muscle activation are commonly used depending on the application. The use of mean EMG activation or the peak contraction value is a debated topic. Most studies commonly use the maximal voluntary contraction as a means of analyzing peak force and force generated by target muscles. According to the article, Peak and average rectified EMG measures: Which method of data reduction should be used for assessing core training exercises?,[14] concluded that the “average rectified EMG data (ARV) is significantly less variable when measuring the muscle activity of the core musculature compared to the peak EMG variable.” Therefore, these researchers would suggest that “ARV EMG data should be recorded alongside the peak EMG measure when assessing core exercises.” Providing the reader with both sets of data would result in enhanced validity of the study and potentially eradicate the contradictions within the research.[15][16]
Other measurements[edit]
EMG can also be used for indicating the amount of fatigue in a muscle. The following changes in the EMG signal can signify muscle fatigue: an increase in the mean absolute value of the signal, increase in the amplitude and duration of the muscle action potential and an overall shift to lower frequencies. Monitoring the changes of different frequency changes the most common way of using EMG to determine levels of fatigue. The lower conduction velocities enable the slower motor neurons to remain active.[17]
A motor unit is defined as one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. When a motor unit fires, the impulse (called an action potential) is carried down the motor neuron to the muscle. The area where the nerve contacts the muscle is called the neuromuscular junction, or the motor end plate. After the action potential is transmitted across the neuromuscular junction, an action potential is elicited in all of the innervated muscle fibers of that particular motor unit. The sum of all this electrical activity is known as a motor unit action potential (MUAP). This electrophysiologic activity from multiple motor units is the signal typically evaluated during an EMG. The composition of the motor unit, the number of muscle fibres per motor unit, the metabolic type of muscle fibres and many other factors affect the shape of the motor unit potentials in the myogram.
Nerve conduction testing is also often done at the same time as an EMG to diagnose neurological diseases.
Some patients can find the procedure somewhat painful, whereas others experience only a small amount of discomfort when the needle is inserted. The muscle or muscles being tested may be slightly sore for a day or two after the procedure.
EMG signal decomposition[edit]
EMG signals are essentially made up of superimposed motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) from several motor units. For a thorough analysis, the measured EMG signals can be decomposed into their constituent MUAPs. MUAPs from different motor units tend to have different characteristic shapes, while MUAPs recorded by the same electrode from the same motor unit are typically similar. Notably MUAP size and shape depend on where the electrode is located with respect to the fibers and so can appear to be different if the electrode moves position. EMG decomposition is non-trivial, although many methods have been proposed.
EMG signal processing[edit]
Rectification is the translation of the raw EMG signal to a single polarity frequency (usually positive). The purpose of rectifying a signal is to ensure the raw signal does not average zero, due to the raw EMG signal having positive and negative components. The two types of rectification of signals refer to what happens to the EMG wave when it is processed. These types include full length frequency and half length. Full length frequency adds the EMG signal below the baseline (usually negative polarity) to the signal above the baseline making a conditioned signal that is all positive. This is the preferred method of rectification because it conserves all signal energy for analysis, usually in the positive polarity. Half length rectification deletes the EMG signal below the baseline. In doing so, the average of the data is no longer zero therefore it can be used in statistical analyses. The only difference between the two types of rectification is that full-wave rectification takes the absolute value of the signal array of data points.[18][19]
Limitations[edit]
Needle EMG use in clinical settings has practical applications such as helping to discover disease. Needle EMG has limitations, however, in that it does involve voluntary activation of muscle, and as such is less informative in patients unwilling or unable to cooperate, children and infants, and in individuals with paralysis., Surface EMG can have limited applications due to inherent problems associated with surface EMG. Adipose tissue (fat) can affect EMG recordings. Studies show that as adipose tissue increased the active muscle directly below the surface decreased. As adipose tissue increased, the amplitude of the surface EMG signal directly above the center of the active muscle decreased. EMG signal recordings are typically more accurate with individuals who have lower body fat, and more compliant skin, such as young people when compared to old. Muscle cross talk occurs when the EMG signal from one muscle interferes with that of another limiting reliability of the signal of the muscle being tested. Surface EMG is limited due to lack of deep muscles reliability. Deep muscles require intramuscular wires that are intrusive and painful in order to achieve an EMG signal. Surface EMG can only measure superficial muscles and even then it is hard to narrow down the signal to a single muscle.[20]
Electrical characteristics[edit]
The electrical source is the muscle membrane potential of about –90 mV.[21] Measured EMG potentials range between less than 50 μV and up to 20 to 30 mV, depending on the muscle under observation.
Typical repetition rate of muscle motor unit firing is about 7–20 Hz, depending on the size of the muscle (eye muscles versus seat (gluteal) muscles), previous axonal damage and other factors. Damage to motor units can be expected at ranges between 450 and 780 mV.[citation needed]
Procedure outcomes[edit]
Normal results[edit]
Muscle tissue at rest is normally electrically inactive. After the electrical activity caused by the irritation of needle insertion subsides, the electromyograph should detect no abnormal spontaneous activity (i.e., a muscle at rest should be electrically silent, with the exception of the area of the neuromuscular junction, which is, under normal circumstances, very spontaneously active). When the muscle is voluntarily contracted, action potentials begin to appear. As the strength of the muscle contraction is increased, more and more muscle fibers produce action potentials. When the muscle is fully contracted, there should appear a disorderly group of action potentials of varying rates and amplitudes (a complete recruitment and interference pattern).
Abnormal results[edit]
EMG findings vary with the type of disorder, the duration of the problem, the age of the patient, the degree to which the patient can be cooperative, the type of needle electrode used to study the patient, and sampling error in terms of the number of areas studied within a single muscle and the number of muscles studied overall. Interpreting EMG findings is usually best done by an individual informed by a focused history and physical examination of the patient, and in conjunction with the results of other relevant diagnostic studies performed including most importantly, nerve conduction studies, but also, where appropriate, imaging studies such as MRI and ultrasound, muscle and nerve biopsy, muscle enzymes, and serologic studies.
Abnormal results may be caused by the following medical conditions (please note this is not an exhaustive list of conditions that can result in abnormal EMG studies):
Disorders of Muscle:
Inflammatory myopathies
Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis
Inclusion body myopathy
Myotonia Congenita
Muscular dystrophies:
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Becker muscular dystrophy
Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy
Limb girdle muscular dystrophy
Centronuclear myopathy
Myotonic dystrophy
Mitochondrial myopathies
Disorders of the neuromuscular junction:
Myasthenia Gravis
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Botulism poisoning
Organophosphate poisoning
Hypermagnesemia
Hypocalcemia
Disorders of Nerves:
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow
Radial nerve palsy (Saturday night palsy)
Peroneal (fibular) nerve palsy
Diabetic neuropathy
Alcohol related neuropathy
Nutritional neuropathy
Amyloid neuropathy
AIDP
CIDP
Bell’s palsy
Laryngeal neuropathy
Pudendal neuropathy
Femoral neuropathy
Sciatic Neuropathy
Tibial neuropathy
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome
Zoster neuropathy
Oculomotor, Facial, vagal, trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, spinal accessory neuropathies
Hemifacial spasm
Multifocal motor neuropathy
Axillary neuropathy
Long thoracic neuropathy
Suprascapular neuropathy
Toxic neuropathies
Drug-induced neuropathies
Plexus disorders:
Neuralgic Amyotrophy (idiopathic brachial plexitis)
Traumatic brachial plexopathy
Lumbosacral radiculopathy
Hirayama disease
Root disorders:
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral radiculopathy
Spinal stenosis
Arachnoiditis
Leptomeningeal disorders
Motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
West Nile virus
Poliomyelitis
Kennedy’s syndrome (Spinobulbar muscular atrophy).
History[edit]
The first documented experiments dealing with EMG started with Francesco Redi’s works in 1666. Redi discovered a highly specialized muscle of the electric ray fish (Electric Eel) generated electricity. By 1773, Walsh had been able to demonstrate that the eel fish’s muscle tissue could generate a spark of electricity. In 1792, a publication entitled De Viribus Electricitatis in Motu Musculari Commentarius appeared, written by Luigi Galvani, in which the author demonstrated that electricity could initiate muscle contraction. Six decades later, in 1849, Emil du Bois-Reymond discovered that it was also possible to record electrical activity during a voluntary muscle contraction. The first actual recording of this activity was made by Marey in 1890, who also introduced the term electromyography. In 1922, Gasser and Erlanger used an oscilloscope to show the electrical signals from muscles. Because of the stochastic nature of the myoelectric signal, only rough information could be obtained from its observation. The capability of detecting electromyographic signals improved steadily from the 1930s through the 1950s, and researchers began to use improved electrodes more widely for the study of muscles. The AANEM was formed in 1953 as one of several currently active medical societies with a special interest in advancing the science and clinical use of the technique. Clinical use of surface EMG (sEMG) for the treatment of more specific disorders began in the 1960s. Hardyck and his researchers were the first (1966) practitioners to use sEMG. In the early 1980s, Cram and Steger introduced a clinical method for scanning a variety of muscles using an EMG sensing device.[22]
It was not until the middle of the 1980s that integration techniques in electrodes had sufficiently advanced to allow batch production of the required small and lightweight instrumentation and amplifiers. At present, a number of suitable amplifiers are commercially available. In the early 1980s, cables that produced signals in the desired microvolt range became available. Recent research has resulted in a better understanding of the properties of surface EMG recording. Surface electromyography is increasingly used for recording from superficial muscles in clinical or kinesiological protocols, where intramuscular electrodes are used for investigating deep muscles or localized muscle activity.
There are many applications for the use of EMG. EMG is used clinically for the diagnosis of neurological and neuromuscular problems. It is used diagnostically by gait laboratories and by clinicians trained in the use of biofeedback or ergonomic assessment. EMG is also used in many types of research laboratories, including those involved in biomechanics, motor control, neuromuscular physiology, movement disorders, postural control, and physical therapy.
Research[edit]
EMG can be used to sense isometric muscular activity where no movement is produced. This enables definition of a class of subtle motionless gestures to control interfaces without being noticed and without disrupting the surrounding environment. These signals can be used to control a prosthesis or as a control signal for an electronic device such as a mobile phone or PDA[citation needed].
EMG signals have been targeted as control for flight systems. The Human Senses Group at the NASA Ames Research Center at Moffett Field, CA seeks to advance man-machine interfaces by directly connecting a person to a computer. In this project, an EMG signal is used to substitute for mechanical joysticks and keyboards. EMG has also been used in research towards a "wearable cockpit," which employs EMG-based gestures to manipulate switches and control sticks necessary for flight in conjunction with a goggle-based display.
Unvoiced speech recognition recognizes speech by observing the EMG activity of muscles associated with speech. It is targeted for use in noisy environments, and may be helpful for people without vocal cords and people with aphasia.
EMG has also been used as a control signal for computers and other devices. An interface device based on EMG could be used to control moving objects, such as mobile robots or an electric wheelchair.[23] This may be helpful for individuals that cannot operate a joystick-controlled wheelchair. Surface EMG recordings may also be a suitable control signal for some interactive video games.[24]
In 1999 an EMG program called Echidna was used to enable a man with locked in syndrome to send a message to a computer. That program, now called NeuroSwitch, developed by Control Bionics enables people with severe disabilities to communicate by text, email, SMS, computer-generated voice and to control computer games and programs, and - through the internet - Anybots telepresence robots.
A joint project involving Microsoft, the University of Washington in Seattle, and the University of Toronto in Canada has explored using muscle signals from hand gestures as an interface device.[25] A patent based on this research was submitted on June 26, 2008.[26]
See also[edit]
Chronaxie
Compound muscle action potential
Electrical muscle stimulation
Electrodiagnostic medicine
Electromyoneurography
Magnetomyography
Nerve conduction study
Neuromuscular ultrasound
Phonomyography
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kamen, Gary. Electromyographic Kinesiology. In Robertson, DGE et al. Research Methods in Biomechanics. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publ., 2004.
Jump up ^ Electromyography at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Jump up ^ Harvey AM, Masland RL: Actions of durarizing preparations in the human. Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 73, Issue 3, 304-311, 1941
Jump up ^ Botelho SY: Comparison of simultaneously recorded electrical and mechanical activity in myasthenia gravis patients and in partially curarized normal humans. Am J Med. 1955 Nov;19(5):693-6. PMID 13268466
Jump up ^ Christie TH, Churchill-Davidson HC: The St. Thomas's Hospital nerve stimulator in the diagnosis of prolonged apnoea. Lancet. 1958 Apr 12;1(7024):776. PMID 13526270
Jump up ^ Engbaek J, Ostergaard D, Viby-Mogensen J: Double burst stimulation (DBS): a new pattern of nerve stimulation to identify residual neuromuscular block. Br J Anaesth. 1989 Mar;62(3):274-8. PMID 2522790
^ Jump up to: a b North American Spine Society (February 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, North American Spine Society, retrieved 25 March 2013 , which cites
Sandoval, AE (Nov 2010). "Electrodiagnostics for low back pain". Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clincs of North America. 21 (4): 767–76. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2010.06.007. PMID 20977959.
North American Spine Society (2011). "Diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis". Burr Ridge, Illinois: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: 104.
Jump up ^ https://www.delsys.com/Attachments_pdf/TN101%20-%20EMG%20Sensor%20Placement-web.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b c d http://www.aanem.org/getmedia/2034191e-583b-4c55-b725-fc38ea8262e2/risksinEDX.pdf.aspx.
Jump up ^ Arthur C. Rothman, MD, v. Selective Insurance Company of America, Supreme Court of New Jersey, Jan. 19
Jump up ^ Texas Court of Appeals, Third District, at Austin, Cause No. 03-10-673-CV. April 5, 2012
Jump up ^ Section 333.17018 Michigan Compiled Laws http://legislature.mi.gov/doc.aspx?mcl-333-17018
Jump up ^ Behm, D.G., Whittle, J., Button, D., & Power, K. (2002). Intermuscle differences in activation. Muscle and Nerve. 25(2); 236-243.
Jump up ^ Hibbs, A.E., Thompson, K.G., French, D.N., Hodgson, D., Spears, I.R. Peak and average rectified EMG measures: Which method of data reduction should be used for assessing core training exercises? Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 21(1), 102 – 111. 2011.
Jump up ^ Buchanan, T. S., Lloyd, D. G., Manal, K., & Besier, T. F. (2004). Neuromusculoskeletal modeling: estimation of muscle forces and joint moments and movements from measurements of neural command. Journal of applied biomechanics, 20(4), 367.
Jump up ^ Halperin, I., Aboodarda, S. J., Button, D. C., Andersen, L. L., & Behm, D. G. (2014). ROLLER MASSAGER IMPROVES RANGE OF MOTION OF PLANTAR FLEXOR MUSCLES WITHOUT SUBSEQUENT DECREASES IN FORCE PARAMETERS. International journal of sports physical therapy, 9(1), 92.
Jump up ^ Cifrek, M., Medved, V., Tonković, S., & Ostojić, S. (2009). Surface EMG based muscle fatigue evaluation in biomechanics. Clinical Biomechanics, 24(4), 327-340.
Jump up ^ Weir, JP; Wagner, LL; Housh, TJ (1992). "Linearity and reliability of the IEMG v. torque relationship for the forearm flexors and leg extensors". American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 71 (5): 283–287.
Jump up ^ Vrendenbregt, J; Rau, G; Housh (1973). "Surface eletromyography in relation to force, muscle length and endurance". New developments in electromyography and clinical neurophysiology: 607–622.
Jump up ^ Kuiken, TA; Lowery, Stoykob (April 2003). "The Effect of Subcutaneous Fat on myoelectric signal amplitude and cross talk". Prosthetics and Orthodontics International. 27 (1): 48–54.
Jump up ^ Nigg B.M., & Herzog W., 1999. Biomechanics of the Musculo-Skeletal system. Wiley. Page:349.
Jump up ^ Cram, JR.; Steger, JC. (Jun 1983). "EMG scanning in the diagnosis of chronic pain". Biofeedback Self Regul. 8 (2): 229–41. PMID 6227339.
Jump up ^ Andreasen, DS.; Gabbert DG,: EMG Switch Navigation of Power Wheelchairs, RESNA 2006. [1]
Jump up ^ Park, DG.; Kim, HC. Muscleman: Wireless input device for a fighting action game based on the EMG signal and acceleration of the human forearm. [2]
Jump up ^ Hsu, Jeremy (2009-10-29). "The Future of Video Game Input: Muscle Sensors". Live Science. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
Jump up ^ "Recognizing Gestures from Forearm EMG Signals". United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2008-06-26. Archived from the original on 2017-01-12. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
Further reading[edit]
Piper, H.: Elektrophysiologie menschlicher Muskeln. Berlin, J. Springer, 1912.
External links[edit]
Association of Electromyography Technologists of Canada (AETC)
MedlinePlus entry on EMG describes EMG
Neuromuscular.edu
American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine
EmedicineHealth page on EMG
Risks in Electrodiagnostic Medicine
Interactively design an EMG signal processing RMS envelope measurement application with the ASN Filter Designer (ASN-AN024)
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Book of Obadiah
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For the author to whom the Book of Obadiah is attributed, see Obadiah.
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The Book of Obadiah is an oracle concerning the divine judgment of Edom and the restoration of Israel.[1] The text consists of a single chapter, divided into 21 verses, making it the shortest book in the Hebrew Bible.[2]
In Judaism and Christianity, its authorship is attributed to a prophet who lived in the Assyrian Period and named himself in the first verse, Obadiah. His name means “servant of Yahweh”.
In Christianity, the Book of Obadiah is classified as a minor prophet of the Old Testament, due to its short length.
In Judaism, Obadiah is considered a “later prophet”, placed in the last section (Nevi'im) of the Tanakh, where it is one of the "Twelve Prophets."
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Scholarly issues
2.1 Dating Obadiah
2.2 Contrast with Amos
2.3 Sepharad
3 Scriptural parallels
4 Protestant view
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Content[edit]
The book of Obadiah is based on a prophetic vision concerning the fall of Edom,[v.1,4,18] a mountain dwelling nation[v.8,9,19,21] whose founding father was Esau.[v.6][Genesis 36:9] Obadiah describes an encounter with God who addresses Edom’s arrogance and charges them for their violent actions against their brother nation, the House of Jacob (Israel).[v.10]
The western half of ancient Edom is the Negev desert all the way to Eilat, all part of modern Israel. The eastern half is possessed by the Hashemite kingdom of Jordan. In the days of Obadiah, the Edomites lived along the cliffs and mountaintops of the arid land south of the Dead Sea, all the way to the Gulf of Aqaba on the Red Sea. There was very little in the way of arable land, so the Edomites made their living supporting (and controlling) the main caravan route between Egypt and Babylon that passed through their whole land.
Throughout most of the history of Judah, Edom was controlled absolutely from Jerusalem as a vassal state. Among the region's great powers, Edom was held in low regard. Obadiah said that the high elevation of their dwelling place in the mountains of Seir had gone to their head, and they had puffed themselves up in pride. "Though you soar like the eagle and make your nest among the stars, from there I will bring you down," declares the Lord. (Obadiah 1:4, NIV)
In 597 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar II sacked Jerusalem, carted away the King of Judea and installed a puppet ruler. The Edomites helped the Babylonians loot the city. Obadiah, writing this prophecy around 590 BCE, suggests the Edomites should have remembered that blood was thicker than water. '"On the day you stood aloof while strangers carried off his wealth and foreigners entered his gates and cast lots for Jerusalem, you were like one of them... You should not march through the gates of my people in the day of their disaster, nor gloat over them in their calamity in the day of their disaster, nor seize their wealth in the day of their disaster."' (Obadiah 1:11, 13 NIV)
Obadiah said in judgement God would wipe out the house of Esau forever, and not even a remnant would remain. The Edomites' land would be possessed by Egypt and they would cease to exist as a people. But the Day of the Lord was at hand for all nations, and someday the children of Israel would return from their exile and possess the land of Edom.
Scholarly issues[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Dating Obadiah[edit]
The date of composition is disputed and is difficult to determine due to the lack of personal information about Obadiah, his family, and his historical milieu. The date of composition must therefore be determined based on the prophecy itself. Edom is to be destroyed due to its lack of defense for its brother nation, Israel, when it was under attack. There are two major historical contexts within which the Edomites could have committed such an act. These are during 853 – 841 BC when Jerusalem was invaded by Philistines and Arabs during the reign of Jehoram of Judah (recorded in 2 Kings 8:20–22 and 2 Chronicles 21:8–20 in the Christian Old Testament) and 607 – 586 BC when Jerusalem was attacked by Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon, which led to the Babylonian exile of Israel (recorded in Psalm 137). The earlier period would place Obadiah as a contemporary of the prophet Elijah as reflected in 1 Kings 18:1-16. In particular, 1 Kings 18:7-8 reads: "As Obadiah was walking along, Elijah met him. Obadiah recognized him, bowed down to the ground, and said, 'Is it really you, my lord Elijah?' 'Yes,' he replied. 'Go tell your master, "Elijah is here."'" (NIV)
The later date would place Obadiah as a contemporary of the prophet Jeremiah, both of whom were prophets in the respective time periods. A sixth-century date for Obadiah is a "near consensus" position among scholars.[3] Obadiah 1-9 contains parallels to Jeremiah 49:7-22. The passage in Jeremiah dates from the fourth year of the reign of Jehoiakim (604 BC), and therefore Obadiah 11-14 seems to refer to the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadrezzar II (586 BC). It is more likely that Obadiah and Jeremiah together were drawing on a common source presently unknown to us than Jeremiah drawing on previous writings of Obadiah as his source.[4] There is also much material found in Obadiah 10-21 which Jeremiah does not quote, and which, had he had it laid out before him, would have suited his purpose admirably. Despite everything, however, there are some[citation needed] who support both dates and even some[citation needed] who support dates other than the two major possibilities presented. Any date for the composition of Obadiah must be held tentatively.
Contrast with Amos[edit]
In verse eighteen, it says that once judgment has been carried out, “There will be no survivors from the house of Esau” (NIV). So, according to Obadiah there will not remain even a remnant after Edom’s judgment. This is in contrast to Amos 9:12, where Amos refers to such a remnant, however, it is stated that their possession will be given to Israel. Some scholars have suggested that Amos’s reference to Edom is symbolic of all nations who were once enemies of Israel and not intended to mean literal Edomites. This is certainly the perspective of Luke as he recites the passage from Amos in Acts 15:17. Edom is symbolic of the remnant of men and Gentiles who will eventually bear God’s name. Moreover, Frederick A. Tatford in Prophet of Edom’s Doom says that Obadiah’s prophecy is fulfilled today as there is currently no trace of anyone who may be identified as a fleshly Edomite.
Sepharad[edit]
Main article: Sepharad
The identity of the land of "Sepharad", mentioned only here in this verse in the Bible, Obadiah 1:20, is currently unknown. It is also unknown whether or not Sepharad is a city, district or territory. The only clues for its possible existence are Persian inscriptions that refer to two places called "Saparda": one area in Media and another in Asia Minor, arguably Sardis.
Scriptural parallels[edit]
The exact expression "the Day of the Lord”, from Obadiah 1:15, has been used by other authors throughout the Old and New Testaments, as follows:
Old Testament:
Isaiah 2, 13, 34, 58, Jeremiah 46:10, Lamentations 2:22, Ezekiel 13:5, Joel 1, 2, 3, Amos 5:18, 20, Zephaniah 1, 2, Zechariah 14:1, Malachi 4:5
New Testament:
1 Thessalonians 5:2, 2 Peter 3:10, Acts 2:20, 1 Corinthians 5:5, 2 Corinthians 1:14
For other parallels, compare Obadiah 1:1–8 with Jeremiah 49:7–16.
Protestant view[edit]
The overwhelming theme found in Obadiah is the destruction of the enemies of God’s people[citation needed]. Unlike other prophets who call the hearers to repent before they fall under judgment, Obadiah's message is one of inevitable doom as a consequence of previous actions. A Christian with a knowledge of the New Testament of the Bible would say that although God’s grace and forgiveness abound in such situations, because God is just there are consequences for opposing God and God's people. Obadiah shows that judgment falls even within the family of God, as Israel and Edom descended from twin brothers, Jacob and Esau. His purpose[citation needed] was to make it known that according to his God, if members of the same family were to treat each other in the same manner as Edom treated the Israelites, they too may be subject to the wrath of God.
In relating to theme of Obadiah, it is important to underscore the “punishment” theme this book outlines against Edom. W.J. Deane and J.R. Thomson write this conclusion, “The Book of Obadiah is occupied with one subject – the punishment of Edom for its cruel and unbrotherly conduct towards Judah...”[5] One can link this idea of punishment to one of the major prophets “Ezekiel” who “...interprets the exile to Babylon and the destruction of Jerusalem as deserved punishments for the sins of those who themselves committed them.”[6] Verses 3–7[7] in Obadiah explain to the reader the reason for the punishment theme, “Confidence in one’s power, intelligence, allies, or the topographical features of one’s territory is often mentioned as an attribute of those who foolishly confront the Lord and are consequently punished.”[8] Although destruction is vital to understanding Obadiah, it is of note to understand the destruction being a consequence of action.
See also[edit]
Teman [v.9]
The lowland of Philistia [v.19]
The fields of Ephraim [v.19]
The fields of Samaria [v.19]
The land of Gilead [v.19]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Coogan, M.“A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in its Context. Oxford University Press, New York (2009) p. 315
Jump up ^ Nelson's Compact Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1978, p. 191, ISBN 0-8407-5636-4
Jump up ^ Jason C. Dykehouse (2008). An Historical Reconstruction of Edomite Treaty Betrayal in the Sixth Century B.C.E. Based on Biblical, Epigraphic, and Archaeological Data. ProQuest. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-549-59500-7.
Jump up ^ Ehud Ben Zvi (1 January 1996). A Historical-Critical Study of the Book of Obadiah. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 104–106. ISBN 978-3-11-080963-3.
Jump up ^ Deane, W.J. & Thomson, J.R., The Book of Obadiah, The Pulpit Commentary, Vol. 14 Amos – Malachi. Eds. Spence, H.D.M. & Exell, Joseph S., Eerdmans: Grand Rapids (1981). p.1
Jump up ^ Coogan, M.“A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in its Context. Oxford University Press, New York (2009) p. 319
Jump up ^ "oremus Bible Browser : Obadiah 1". Bible.oremus.org. 2011-02-10. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
Jump up ^ Henshaw, R.A. (revised by Zvi, Ehud Ben), The HarperCollins Study Bible. Ed. Attridge, H.W., HarperOne; New York. p. 1230
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Book of Obadiah
Masoretic text from Mechon Mamre
Translations:
Jewish translations:
Ovadiah (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] from Chabad.org
Christian translations:
Online Bible at GospelHall.org (KJV ESV Darby BBE)
Obadiah at The Great Books (New Revised Standard Version)
Bible: Obadiah public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Commentary:
Ovadiah (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] from Chabad.org
Obadiah, from John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible.
Obadiah, from the United Church of God, an International Association Bible Reading Program – This Hebrew scholar provides extensive background information as well as verse-by-verse exposition]
Kretzmann's Popular Commentary of the Bible (navigate to Obadiah using the menu on the left)
Obadiah: The Lord Will Have His Day by Jonathan Kuske
Obadiah: an Introduction by Jim West
Book of Obadiah
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text:
Living Next Door to Alice
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Living Next Door to Alice"
Single by New World
B-side
"Something to Say"
Released
1972
Format
7" vinyl
Recorded
1972
Genre
Pop, folk
Label
RAK
Songwriter(s)
Nicky Chinn, Mike Chapman
New World singles chronology
"Sister Jane"
(1972) "Living Next Door to Alice"
(1972) "Rooftop Singing"
(1973)
"Sister Jane"
(1972) "Living Next Door to Alice"
(1972) "Rooftop Singing"
(1973)
"Living Next Door to Alice"
Single by Smokie
from the album Midnight Café
(2007 Remastered Edition)
B-side
"Run to You" (UK)
When My Back was Against the Wall (US & Canada)[1]
Released
12 August 1976
Format
7" vinyl
Recorded
1976
Genre
Pop rock
Label
RAK (UK)
RSO (US & Canada)[2]
Songwriter(s)
Nicky Chinn, Mike Chapman
Producer(s)
Nicky Chinn, Mike Chapman
Smokie singles chronology
"I'll Meet You at Midnight"
(1976) "Living Next Door to Alice"
(1976) "Lay Back in the Arms of Someone"
(1977)
"I'll Meet You at Midnight"
(1976) "Living Next Door to Alice"
(1976) "Lay Back in the Arms of Someone"
(1977)
Music video
"Living Next Door to Alice" on YouTube
"Living Next Door to Alice"
Single by Johnny Carver
from the album The Best of Johnny Carver
Released
February 1977
Format
7" vinyl
Recorded
1976
Genre
Country
Label
ABC
Songwriter(s)
Nicky Chinn, Mike Chapman
Producer(s)
Ron Chancey
Johnny Carver singles chronology
"Afternoon Delight"
(1976) "Living Next Door to Alice"
(1977) "Down at the Pool"
(1977)
"Afternoon Delight"
(1976) "Living Next Door to Alice"
(1977) "Down at the Pool"
(1977)
"Alice, Who the X is Alice?"
Single by Gompie
from the album Who the X Is Gompie!
B-side
various versions of "Alice, Who the X is Alice?"
"My Brother Is a Rocker"
"Slaves on the Run"
Released
1995
Format
CD
Songwriter(s)
Nicky Chinn, Mike Chapman
Producer(s)
Rob Peters, Ono Pelser, John van de Ven
"Living Next Door to Alice"
Single by Smokie featuring Roy 'Chubby' Brown
B-side
"Living Next Door to Alice" (Unbleeped)
Released
1995
Genre
Pop rock, parody
Songwriter(s)
Nicky Chinn, Mike Chapman
"Living Next Door to Alice" is a song co-written by Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman. Originally released by the Australian vocal harmony trio New World in 1972,[3] the song charted at No. 35 on the Australian chart. The song later became a worldwide hit for British band Smokie.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Smokie versions
3 Gompie version
4 Other cover versions
4.1 Translations
5 References
6 Bibliography
Plot[edit]
The song is about a young man's long-standing unrequited love toward the girl next door and his neighbour of 24 years, Alice. The protagonist had seen a limousine parked at Alice's home, learning through mutual friend Sally that she is moving away, and begins to reflect on childhood memories and his friendship with Alice, and becomes heartbroken as he sees Alice get inside the limousine.
As he watches the car drive out of sight, the protagonist feels regret about two things:
Alice leaving without explanation;
That, in 24 years, he never took the opportunity to express his feelings for her.
In the final verse, Sally explains that "Alice is gone, but (she's) still here" and that all the time that the singer had been pining for Alice, Sally herself had been waiting 24 years for her opportunity with him. As the song ends with the singer still hurt and having difficulty getting over his previous crush, the last words of the last verse hint at optimism (and a potential future relationship with Sally) as Alice's limousine disappears down the road.
Later versions of the song insert a profane interjection during a pause in the chorus (from the audience during live performances or from a guest separate from the lead singer): "Alice! Who the fuck is Alice?" (guests will sometimes say "hell" or "heck" for cleaner performances). These performances may also change a line in the chorus so that the singer's affections are as much sexual as they are romantic, and that the singer had hoped "to get inside her pants", instead of "get a second glance."
On the American Top 40 broadcast of 26 May 1979, Casey Kasem reported that Chapman stated that his source of inspiration for "Living Next Door to Alice" was "Sylvia's Mother" by Dr. Hook.
Smokie versions[edit]
In November 1976, the British band Smokie released their version of "Living Next Door to Alice". The single peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart[4] and, in March 1977, reached 25 in the United States. It was a number one hit in Austria, Germany, Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway and Switzerland. Smokie collaborated on a parody version in 1995 with comedian Roy 'Chubby' Brown, which peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart, selling almost half a million copies.[5]
Ex-Smokie vocalist Chris Norman included his solo cover of the song on his 2000 studio album Full Circle.[6]
Chart (1976/1977)
Peak
position
Australia 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[7] 1
Canada RPM Top Singles[8] 17
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[9] 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[10] 1
Ireland (IRMA)[11] 1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[12] 7
Norway (VG-lista)[13] 1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[14] 3
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[15] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[16] 5
US Billboard Hot 100[17] 25
Chart (1995)
with Roy 'Chubby' Brown
Peak
position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[18] 3
Ireland (IRMA)[11] 26
Germany (Official German Charts)[19] 18
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[20] 22
Gompie version[edit]
It spawned a more risqué version in 1995 by the Dutch novelty act Gompie, titled "Alice, Who the Fuck Is Alice?". Their version topped the charts in the Netherlands and Belgium (Flanders), and reached the top 10 in Austria, Germany, Norway and Switzerland. In the UK, the song peaked at number 17, but its sales topped 150,000 despite its low peak.
Gompie is a project of Peter Koelewijn and Rob Peters. Peters, while visiting a bar called Gompie in Nijmegen, heard "Living Next Door to Alice" by Smokie. After the name Alice in the song, the disc jockey Onno Pelser turned down the volume and the crowd sang 'Alice, who the fuck is Alice?'. Peters realized it could become a hit record, contacted Koelewijn and a day later the song was recorded and released under the name Gompie.[21]
The success of this version resulted in various similar versions, including a new recording by Smokie with blue comedian Roy 'Chubby' Brown. A dance version of "Alice, Who the Fuck Is Alice?" was released by The Steppers, reaching No. 2 on the Australian charts in September 1995.[22] Actor Alan Fletcher, who plays doctor Karl Kennedy in the soap opera Neighbours, took up the song as "Who the Fuck Is Susan?" at fan events, in reference to his erstwhile fictional wife.
Chart (1995)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[23] 54
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[24] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[25] 2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[26] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[27] 36
Germany (Official German Charts)[28] 2
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[29] 29
Norway (VG-lista)[30] 4
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[31] 2
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[32] 17
Other cover versions[edit]
Concurrent with Smokie's American success with the song, country music singer Johnny Carver released his own version of "Living Next Door to Alice". Carver's version peaked at No. 29 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in April 1977.[33]
In 1985, The Australian musician Kevin Bloody Wilson released "Living Next Door to Alan", a parody of "Living Next Door to Alice" imagining an Aborigine family living next door to Alan Bond, a famous Australian entrepreneur.
In 1996, Jimmy Sturr recorded the song under the title "Alice" on his album Polka! All Night Long.[34]
The 1996 album The Smurfs Go Pop! by The Smurfs included a song to the same tune, titled "Smurfland".[35]
The anti-Islamist street protest group the English Defence League sing "Allah, Allah, who the fuck is Allah?"[36]
The Danish singer Flemming "Bamse" Jørgensen covered the song as 'Alice' on his 1977 solo debut Din Sang.[37]
In 2016, to celebrate their team's success in qualifying for the finals of the 2016 European Championships in France, a group of London-based Northern Ireland football fans released their own cover version, as "Making Our Way To Paris" by The London Green And White Army, featuring Jinski.[38]
Translations[edit]
In 1981 South Korean band Oxen 80 (옥슨80) recorded cover of the song with title "In A Lonely Night" (그대 떠난 이 밤에).
In Finnish, the song was recorded in 1977 by Kari Tapio, with the title "Viisitoista kesää" (Fifteen summers).[39] The arrangement is by Veikko Samuli and the Finnish lyrics by Juha Vainio.
In Norwegian, there is a translation, "I 24 år har jeg bodd i samme gård som Anne". There are also other songs to the same tune. "Storholt, Stensen, Stenshjemmet, Sjøbrend åsså'n Hjallis" deals about the famous Norwegian speed skating team known as The Four Aces. The single was released in 1977 by Stein Ingebrigtsen & Store Stå and peaked at No. 3 in the Norwegian VG-lista.[40]
A German version of the song, titled "Tür an Tür mit Alice", was a hit for Howard Carpendale in 1977. The single peaked at No. 8 in Germany[41] and Switzerland[42] and at No. 11 in Austria.[43]
In Czechoslovakia the song was released on 21 February 1973 under the title "Alenka v říši divů" (Alice in Wonderland), performed by Karel Zich. There has also been a parody under the name Denis in Czech Republic.[44]
A Hungarian version was performed by István Torontáli with the title 'Drága Alice' ('Dear Alice')[45], including lyrics translated by Tibor Bornai[46]
In former Yugoslavia, Toni Montano made a song based on original tune and named it '10 godina' ('10 years').
A Russian version of the song, titled "Элис" (Alice) was released by Конец фильма (Movie End) rock band in 2001 as the closing song of their studio album Soundtracks (Goodbye, innocence).[47] Lyrics is by Mikhail Bashakov. The humorous lyrics are driven by "А кто такая Элис?" ("But who is actually Alice?") interjection (thus, no profanity in Russian version) and are about some company considering crashing at Alice's place, indeed answering to the ever repeated question in form of a long list of her virtues ("she is well dressed, she speaks beautifully, she is fluent in English and Hebrew" etc.) There is also an animation cartoon by Dmitry Rezchikov based on this version.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Smokie-Living-Next-Door-To-Alice-When-My-Back-Was-Against-The-Wall/release/6136243
Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Smokie-Living-Next-Door-To-Alice/master/5724
Jump up ^ "Living Next Door To Alice – NEW WORLD (1972) – Pop Archives – Sources of Australian Pop Records from the 50s, 60s and 70s". Retrieved 30 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Chart Stats – Smokie – Living Next Door To Alice". Retrieved 30 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Chart Stats – Smokie Featuring Roy 'Chubby' Brown – Living Next Door to Alice (Who the Fuck is Alice)". Retrieved 30 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "spanishcharts.com - Chris Norman - Full Circle". Retrieved 20 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Smokie – Living Next Door to Alice" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "RPM Top Singles – Volume 26, No. 24, March 12, 1977". Retrieved 30 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 6, 1977" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Smokie Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "irishcharts.ie search results". Retrieved 30 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Smokie – Living Next Door to Alice". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Smokie – Living Next Door to Alice". VG-lista. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Smokie – Living Next Door to Alice". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Smokie – Living Next Door to Alice". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Smokie: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Smokie > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles". Allmusic. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Smokie featuring Roy 'Chubby' Brown: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Smokie featuring Roy 'Chubby' Brown Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved 2015-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Smokie – WHO THE F... IS ALICE?". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 2015-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Muziekencyclopedie – Gompie (1995–2000)" (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "australian-charts.com – The Steppers – Who The F..k Is Alice?". Retrieved 30 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 08 Oct 1995". Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA). Retrieved 6 July 2017. N.B. The HP column displays the highest peak reached.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 10, 1995" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Gompie – Alice, Who The X Is Alice?" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Gompie – Alice, Who the X is Alice?" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Gompie – Alice, Who the X is Alice?" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Gompie Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Gompie – Alice, Who the X is Alice?". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Gompie – Alice, Who the X is Alice?". VG-lista. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Gompie – Alice, Who the X is Alice?". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Gompie: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Carver > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles". Allmusic. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Bob Tarte. "Polka! All Night Long - Jimmy Sturr | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Smurfland - The Smurfs | Song Info". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Toby Helm; Matthew Taylor; Rowenna Davis. "David Cameron sparks fury from critics who say attack on multiculturalism has boosted English Defence League | Politics". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Těžkej Pokondr - Denis" (in Czech). Retrieved 1 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Torontáli István - Drága Alice" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 8 September 2017.
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Bibliography[edit]
Whitburn, Joel (2006). Top Country Songs: 1944–2005.
Whitburn, Joel (2007). Top Pop Songs: 1955–2006.
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