text:
Frances Bavier
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Frances Bavier
Frances in 1964.
Born
Frances Elizabeth Bavier
(1902-12-14)December 14, 1902
New York City, New York, U.S.
Died
December 6, 1989(1989-12-06) (aged 86)
Siler City, North Carolina, U.S.
Resting place
Oaklawn Cemetery, Siler City, North Carolina, U.S.
Other names
Hazel Howard
Alma mater
Columbia University
American Academy of Dramatic Arts
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1927–1974
Known for
The Andy Griffith Show
Mayberry R.F.D.
Frances Elizabeth Bavier (December 14, 1902 – December 6, 1989) was an American stage and television actress. Originally from New York theatre, Bavier worked in film and television from the 1950s. She is best known for her role of Aunt Bee on The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry R.F.D. from 1960–70. Aunt Bee logged more Mayberry years (ten) than any other character. She won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Comedy Actress for the role in 1967.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and career
2 Later years
3 Death
4 Filmography
5 Television credits
6 References
7 External links
Early life and career[edit]
Born in New York City in a brownstone on Gramercy Park[1] to Charles S., a stationary engineer, and Mary S. (née Birmingham) Bavier, Frances originally planned to become a teacher after attending Columbia University. She first appeared in vaudeville, later moving to the Broadway stage.[2]
After graduating from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in 1925, she was cast in the stage comedy The Poor Nut.[3] Bavier's big break came in the original Broadway production of On Borrowed Time. She later appeared with Henry Fonda in the play Point of No Return.[3]
Bavier had roles in more than a dozen films, as well as playing a range of supporting roles on television. Career highlights include her turn as Mrs. Barley in the classic 1951 film The Day the Earth Stood Still. In 1955, she played the rough and tough "Aunt Maggie" Sawtelle, a frontier Ma Barker-type character, in the Lone Ranger episode "Sawtelle's Saga End". In the episode, she fights with Tonto while the Lone Ranger battles with her nephew. At the conclusion, Tonto says that he would like to trade opponents next time. In 1957, she played Nora Martin, mother to Eve Arden's character on The Eve Arden Show, despite the fact that Arden was only 6 or 7 years younger than Bavier. That same year, Bavier guest-starred in the eighth episode of Perry Mason as Louise Marlow in "The Case of the Crimson Kiss".
She was in an episode of Make Room for Daddy, which featured Andy Griffith as Andy Taylor and Ron Howard as Opie Taylor. She played a character named Henrietta Perkins. The episode led to The Andy Griffith Show, and Bavier was cast in the new role of Aunt Bee. Bavier had a love-hate relationship with her famous role during the run of the show. As a New York City actress, she felt her dramatic talents were being overlooked, yet after playing Bee for eight seasons, she was the only original cast member to remain with the series in the spin-off, Mayberry R.F.D., for two additional seasons.[4]
In contrast to her character, Bavier was easily offended on the set, and the production staff took a very cautious approach when communicating with her. Series star Andy Griffith once admitted the two clashed sometimes during the series' long run. In an April 24, 1998, appearance on Larry King Live, Griffith said Bavier phoned him four months before she died and apologized for being "difficult" during the series' run.[citation needed]
Bavier won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Comedy in 1967.
Later years[edit]
In 1972, Bavier retired from acting and bought a home in Siler City, North Carolina.[4] On choosing to live in North Carolina instead of her native New York, Bavier said, "I fell in love with North Carolina, all the pretty roads and the trees." Bavier never married or had children. Somewhat awkward in one-on-one relationships, she was nonetheless altruistic at heart. According to a 1981 article by Chip Womick, a staff writer of The Courier Tribune, Bavier enthusiastically promoted Christmas and Easter Seal Societies from her Siler City home, and often wrote inspirational letters to fans who sought autographs.[citation needed]
Death[edit]
On November 22, 1989, Bavier was admitted to Chatham Hospital, where she was kept in the coronary care unit for two weeks. She was discharged on December 4, 1989, and died at her home two days later, eight days before her 87th birthday. The immediate causes of death were listed as congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and atherosclerosis, with supporting factors being breast cancer, arthritis, and COPD.[5] Upon her death, she was found to have had 14 cats and worn furniture, fixtures, and carpet. She was described "...as living a sparse life in her latter years, a very quiet life".[6] [7] Bavier is interred at Oakwood Cemetery in Siler City.[8] Her headstone includes the name of her most famous role, "Aunt Bee" and reads, "To live in the hearts of those left behind is not to die."[3]
Filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1931 Girls About Town Joy
1951 The Day the Earth Stood Still Mrs. Barley
1952 The Lady Says No Aunt Alice Hatch
1952 Bend of the River Mrs. Prentiss Alternative title: Where the River Bends
1952 Sally and Saint Anne Mrs. Kitty "Mom" O'Moyne
1952 My Wife's Best Friend Mrs. Chamberlain
1952 Horizons West Martha Hammond
1952 Stooge, TheThe Stooge Mrs. Rogers
1953 Man in the Attic Helen Harley
1956 Bad Seed, TheThe Bad Seed Woman in dinner party scene Uncredited
1958 A Nice Little Bank That Should Be Robbed Mrs. Solitaire Alternative title: How to Rob a Bank
1959 It Started with a Kiss Mrs. Tappe
1974 Benji Lady with cat
Television credits[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1952 Racket Squad Martha Carver 1 episode
1952–
1953 Gruen Guild Playhouse Sarah Cummings 2 episodes
1953 Hallmark Hall of Fame Lou Bloor 1 episode
1953–
1954 City Detective Various roles 3 episodes
1953–
1954 Letter to Loretta Various roles 3 episodes
1953–
1955 Dragnet Hazel Howard 3 episodes
1954 Pepsi-Cola Playhouse, TheThe Pepsi-Cola Playhouse Thelma 2 episodes
1954–
1955 Waterfront Martha
Amy 2 episodes
1954–
1956 It's a Great Life Mrs. Amy Morgan 62 episodes
1955 Lone RangerThe Lone Ranger Aunt Maggie Sawtelle 1 episode
1955 Soldiers of Fortune Amelia Lilly 1 episode
1955 Damon Runyon Theater 1 episode
1955 Alfred Hitchcock Presents: Revenge Mrs. Fergusen 1 episode
1956 Lux Video Theatre 1 episode
1956 Cavalcade of America Mrs. Hayes 1 episode
1957 Jane Wyman Presents The Fireside Theatre 1 episode
1957 General Electric Theater Miss Trimingham 1 episode
1957 Perry Mason Louise Marlow 1 episode
1957–
1958 Eve Arden Show, TheThe Eve Arden Show Mrs. Nora Martin 5 episodes
1958 Colgate Theatre 1 episode
1959 Ann Sothern Show, TheThe Ann Sothern Show Mrs. Wallace 1 episode
1959 Thin Man, TheThe Thin Man 1 episode
1959 Sugarfoot Aunt Nancy Thomas 1 episode
1959 Wagon Train Sister Joseph 1 episode - "The Sister Rita Story"
1959 77 Sunset Strip Grandma Fenwick 1 episode
1960 Danny Thomas Show, TheThe Danny Thomas Show Henrietta Perkins 1 episode
1960 Rawhide Ellen Ferguson 1 episode
1960–
1968 Andy Griffith Show, TheThe Andy Griffith Show Aunt Beatrice "Bee" Taylor 175 episodes
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress – Comedy Series (1967)
1967 Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. Aunt Bee Taylor 1 episode
1968–
1970 Mayberry R.F.D. Aunt Bee Taylor 24 episodes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Childhood Jealousy Leads Frances Bavier to Stage". The Ogden Standard-Examiner: pg. 13. June 26, 1936.
Jump up ^ "Frances Bavier Dead; TV Performer Was 86". The New York Times. 1989-12-08. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c Carp, Randy. "Aunt Bee: Sex Symbol and Diva?". Fans Pages. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Kelly, Richard Michael (1985). The Andy Griffith Show. pp. 13–14. ISBN 0-89587-043-6.
Jump up ^ "The case of 'Griffith Show' mourns Frances Bavier". Chicago Tribune. December 8, 1989. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Andy Griffith' Aunt Bee Recluse in Final Years". Los Angeles Times. January 17, 1990. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Frances Bavier death certificate, autopsyfiles.org; accessed September 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, James L.; Grizzle, Ralph (2007). Day Trips From Raleigh-Durham. Globe Pequot. pp. 184–86. ISBN 0-7627-4543-6.
External links[edit]
Biography portal
Frances Bavier on IMDb
Frances Bavier at the Internet Broadway Database
Frances Bavier at AllMovie
Frances Elizabeth Bavier at Find a Grave
Frances Bavier Papers, 1930s-1990
[hide]
v
t
e
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Vivian Vance (1953)
Audrey Meadows (1954)
Nanette Fabray (1955)
Pat Carroll (1956)
Ann B. Davis (1957)
Ann B. Davis (1959)
Alice Pearce (1966)
Frances Bavier (1967)
Marion Lorne (1968)
Karen Valentine (1970)
Valerie Harper (1971)
Sally Struthers / Valerie Harper (TIE) (1972)
Valerie Harper (1973)
Cloris Leachman (1974)
Betty White (1975)
Betty White (1976)
Mary Kay Place (1977)
Julie Kavner (1978)
Sally Struthers (1979)
Loretta Swit (1980)
Eileen Brennan (1981)
Loretta Swit (1982)
Carol Kane (1983)
Rhea Perlman (1984)
Rhea Perlman (1985)
Rhea Perlman (1986)
Jackée Harry (1987)
Estelle Getty (1988)
Rhea Perlman (1989)
Bebe Neuwirth (1990)
Bebe Neuwirth (1991)
Laurie Metcalf (1992)
Laurie Metcalf (1993)
Laurie Metcalf (1994)
Christine Baranski (1995)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (1996)
Kristen Johnston (1997)
Lisa Kudrow (1998)
Kristen Johnston (1999)
Megan Mullally (2000)
Doris Roberts (2001)
Doris Roberts (2002)
Doris Roberts (2003)
Cynthia Nixon (2004)
Doris Roberts (2005)
Megan Mullally (2006)
Jaime Pressly (2007)
Jean Smart (2008)
Kristin Chenoweth (2009)
Jane Lynch (2010)
Julie Bowen (2011)
Julie Bowen (2012)
Merritt Wever (2013)
Allison Janney (2014)
Allison Janney (2015)
Kate McKinnon (2016)
Kate McKinnon (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 28601553
ISNI: 0000 0001 1469 8559
BNF: cb14153802j (data)
IATH: w6c03w78
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frances_Bavier&oldid=801121244"
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text:
List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Ronaldo celebrates after scoring a penalty against New Zealand at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Cristiano Ronaldo is the all-time top goalscorer for the Portugal national football team and has the most international goals among currently active players. As of 30 June 2018, he has scored 85 goals in 154 appearances since his debut on 20 August 2003.[1]
On 5 March 2014, he scored twice in Portugal's 5–1 friendly win over Cameroon to take his tally to 49 goals, thus becoming his country's all-time leading goalscorer, surpassing the 47 set by Pauleta.[2] On 14 November 2014, he scored the only goal in a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Armenia, his 23rd in European Championship matches. This surpassed the record previously held by Turkey's Hakan Şükür and Denmark's Jon Dahl Tomasson.[3] On 20 June 2018, he scored his 85th goal for Portugal in a 1–0 win over Morocco at the World Cup, surpassing Hungary's Ferenc Puskás as the all-time top scorer for a European national team.[4] He has scored five international hat-tricks and on one occasion, four international goals in a single match.[1]
Ronaldo has participated in nine major tournaments: four UEFA European Championships in 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016, four FIFA World Cups in 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018, and one FIFA Confederations Cup in 2017, and scored in all of them.[1] Following Portugal's win at UEFA Euro 2016, Ronaldo lifted the trophy as his team's captain,[5] and was also awarded the Silver Boot as the joint second-highest goalscorer of the tournament, with three goals and three assists;[6] he was also named to the team of the tournament for the third time in his career.[7][8][9] He has scored nine goals at the European Championships, seven at the World Cup finals and two at the Confederations Cup.[1] Ronaldo has scored 30 goals in FIFA World Cup qualifiers, and 20 in UEFA Euro qualifiers, hence becoming the first player to score 50 goals in European qualifiers.[10] As of May 2018[update] he is second in the list of all-time top scorers in European qualifiers, behind Poland's Robert Lewandowski.[10] His other 17 goals have come in friendly matches. The opponents against whom he has scored most often are Armenia, Andorra, Latvia and Sweden with five goals.[1] He has scored nine international goals at Lisbon's Estádio da Luz, his most at a single ground.
Contents
1 Goals
2 Statistics
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Goals[edit]
As of 20 June 2018
Scores and results list Portugal's goal tally first.[1]
Key
Indicates goal was scored from a penalty kick
Goal
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
Ref.
1
12 June 2004 Estádio do Dragão, Porto, Portugal Greece 1–2 1–2 UEFA Euro 2004 [11]
2
30 June 2004 Estádio José Alvalade, Lisbon, Portugal Netherlands 1–0 2–1 UEFA Euro 2004 [12]
3
4 September 2004 Skonto Stadium, Riga, Latvia Latvia 1–0 2–0 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification [13]
4
8 September 2004 Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa, Leiria, Portugal Estonia 1–0 4–0 [14]
5
13 October 2004 Estádio José Alvalade, Lisbon, Portugal Russia 2–0 7–1 [15]
6
4–0
7
17 November 2004 Stade Josy Barthel, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg Luxembourg 2–0 5–0 [16]
8
4 June 2005 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal Slovakia 2–0 2–0 [17]
9
8 June 2005 A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia Estonia 1–0 1–0 [18]
10
1 March 2006 LTU Arena, Düsseldorf, Germany Saudi Arabia 1–0 3–0 Friendly [19]
11
3–0
12
17 June 2006 Waldstadion, Frankfurt, Germany Iran 2–0 2–0 2006 FIFA World Cup [20]
13
7 October 2006 Estádio do Bessa, Porto, Portugal Azerbaijan 1–0 3–0 UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying [21]
14
3–0
15
15 November 2006 Estádio Cidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Kazakhstan 2–0 3–0 [22]
16
22 January 2007 Estádio José Alvalade, Lisbon, Portugal Belgium 2–0 4–0 [23]
17
4–0
18
2 May 2007 Hanrapetakan Stadium, Yerevan, Armenia Armenia 1–1 1–1 [24]
19
8 September 2007 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal Poland 2–1 2–2 [25]
20
17 October 2007 Almaty Central Stadium, Almaty, Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 2–0 2–1 [26]
21
11 June 2008 Stade de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland Czech Republic 2–1 3–1 UEFA Euro 2008 [27]
22
11 February 2009 Estádio Algarve, Faro, Portugal Finland 1–0 1–0 Friendly [28]
23
21 June 2010 Cape Town Stadium, Cape Town, South Africa North Korea 6–0 7–0 2010 FIFA World Cup [29]
24
8 October 2010 Estádio do Dragão, Porto, Portugal Denmark 3–1 3–1 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying [30]
25
12 October 2010 Laugardalsvöllur, Reykjavík, Iceland Iceland 1–0 3–1 [31]
26
9 February 2011 Stade de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland Argentina 1–1 1–2 Friendly [32]
27
17 August 2011 Estádio Algarve, Faro, Portugal Luxembourg 2–0 5–0 [33]
28
2 September 2011 GSP Stadium, Nicosia, Cyprus Cyprus 1–0 4–0 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying [34]
29
2–0
30
11 October 2011 Parken Stadium, Copenhagen, Denmark Denmark 1–2 1–2 [35]
31
15 November 2011 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal Bosnia and Herzegovina 1–0 6–2 [36]
32
3–1
33
17 June 2012 Metalist Stadium, Kharkiv, Ukraine Netherlands 1–1 2–1 UEFA Euro 2012 [37]
34
2–1
35
21 June 2012 National Stadium, Warsaw, Poland Czech Republic 1–0 1–0 UEFA Euro 2012 [38]
36
15 August 2012 Estádio Algarve, Faro, Portugal Panama 2–0 2–0 Friendly [39]
37
7 September 2012 Stade Josy Barthel, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg Luxembourg 1–1 2–1 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification [40]
38
6 February 2013 Estádio D. Afonso Henriques, Guimarães, Portugal Ecuador 1–1 2–3 Friendly [41]
39
10 June 2013 Stade de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland Croatia 1–0 1–0 [42]
40
17 August 2013 Estádio Algarve, Faro, Portugal Netherlands 1–1 1–1 [43]
41
6 September 2013 Windsor Park, Belfast, Northern Ireland Northern Ireland 2–2 4–2 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification [44]
42
3–2
43
4–2
44
15 November 2013 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal Sweden 1–0 1–0 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification [45]
45
19 November 2013 Friends Arena, Solna, Sweden Sweden 1–0 3–2 [46]
46
2–2
47
3–2
48
5 March 2014 Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa, Leiria, Portugal Cameroon 1–0 5–1 Friendly [47]
49
5–1
50
26 June 2014 Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha, Brasília, Brazil Ghana 2–1 2–1 2014 FIFA World Cup [48]
51
14 October 2014 Parken Stadium, Copenhagen, Denmark Denmark 1–0 1–0 UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying [49]
52
12 November 2014 Estádio Algarve, Faro, Portugal Armenia 1–0 1–0 [50]
53
13 June 2015 Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium, Yerevan, Armenia Armenia 1–1 3–2 [51]
54
2–1
55
3–1
56
29 March 2016 Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa, Leiria, Portugal Belgium 2–0 2–1 Friendly [52]
57
8 June 2016 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal Estonia 1–0 7–0 [53]
58
3–0
59
22 June 2016 Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Lyon, France Hungary 2–2 3–3 UEFA Euro 2016 [54]
60
3–3
61
6 July 2016 Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Lyon, France Wales 1–0 2–0 UEFA Euro 2016 [55]
62
7 October 2016 Estádio Municipal de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal Andorra 1–0 6–0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification [56]
63
2–0
64
4–0
65
5–0
66
17 October 2016 Tórsvøllur, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands Faroe Islands 4–0 6–0 [57]
67
13 November 2016 Estádio Algarve, Faro, Portugal Latvia 1–0 4–1 [58]
68
3–1
69
25 March 2017 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal Hungary 2–0 3–0 [59]
70
3–0
71
28 March 2017 Estádio do Marítimo, Funchal, Portugal Sweden 1–0 2–3 Friendly [60]
72
9 June 2017 Skonto Stadium, Riga, Latvia Latvia 1–0 3–0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification [61]
73
2–0
74
21 June 2017 Spartak Stadium, Moscow, Russia Russia 1–0 1–0 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup [62]
75
24 June 2017 Krestovsky Stadium, Saint Petersburg, Russia New Zealand 1–0 4–0 [63]
76
31 August 2017 Estádio do Bessa, Porto, Portugal Faroe Islands 1–0 5–1 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification [64]
77
2–0
78
4–1
79
7 October 2017 Estadi Nacional, Andorra la Vella, Andorra Andorra 1–0 2–0 [65]
80
23 March 2018 Letzigrund, Zürich, Switzerland Egypt 1–1 2–1 Friendly [66]
81
2–1
82
15 June 2018 Fisht Olympic Stadium, Sochi, Russia Spain 1–0 3–3 2018 FIFA World Cup [67]
83
2–1
84
3–3
85
20 June 2018 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow, Russia Morocco 1–0 1–0 [68]
Statistics[edit]
Updated to game played 30 June 2018.[69]
Goals by year
Year
Caps
Goals
2003
2 0
2004
16 7
2005
11 2
2006
14 6
2007
10 5
2008
8 1
2009
7 1
2010
11 3
2011
8 7
2012
13 5
2013
9 10
2014
9 5
2015
5 3
2016
13 13
2017
11 11
2018
7 6
Total
154 85
Caps and goals by competition
Competition
Caps
Goals
Friendlies
47 17
UEFA Euro qualifying
27 20
UEFA Euro Finals
21 9
FIFA World Cup qualification
38 30
FIFA World Cup Finals
17 7
FIFA Confederations Cup
4 2
Total
154 85
Goals by opponent
Opponent
Goals
Armenia 5
Sweden 5
Latvia 5
Andorra 5
Netherlands 4
Estonia 4
Hungary 4
Faroe Islands 4
Luxembourg 3
Northern Ireland 3
Denmark 3
Belgium 3
Russia 3
Spain 3
Saudi Arabia 2
Azerbaijan 2
Kazakhstan 2
Cyprus 2
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2
Czech Republic 2
Cameroon 2
Egypt 2
Greece 1
Slovakia 1
Iran 1
Poland 1
Finland 1
North Korea 1
Iceland 1
Argentina 1
Panama 1
Ecuador 1
Croatia 1
Ghana 1
Wales 1
New Zealand 1
Morocco 1
Total
85
This article is part of a series about
Cristiano Ronaldo
Portuguese professional footballer
International goals
Career achievements
Comparisons to Lionel Messi
Namesakes
Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol
Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport
Galaxy CR7
Museu CR7
Films
Cristiano Ronaldo: The World at His Feet
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See also[edit]
Biography portal
Association football portal
Portugal portal
List of men's association football players with 50 or more international goals
List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals
List of top international association football goal scorers by country
List of footballers with 100 or more caps
List of footballers with the most official appearances
List of association football players considered the greatest of all time
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Mamrud, Roberto (11 January 2018). "Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro – Century of International Appearances". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Records come naturally to me, says Ronaldo". ESPN. 5 March 2014. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "European Championship's all-time top scorers". UEFA. 14 November 2014. Archived from the original on 18 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Portugal's Cristiano Ronaldo becomes Europe's top scorer in internationals". ESPN. 20 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Euro 2016: watch winners Portugal lift trophy". The Daily Telegraph. 10 July 2016. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Miller, Max (11 July 2016). "Cristiano Ronaldo gives fellow ex-Manchester United star Nani Euro 2016 Silver Boot". Metro. London. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "EURO 2004 team of the tournament". UEFA. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "EURO 2008 team of the tournament". UEFA. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "UEFA EURO 2016 Team of the Tournament". UEFA. 11 July 2016. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Saffer, Paul (8 October 2017). "Lewandowski holds outright European Qualifiers goal record". UEFA. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal 1–2 Greece". The Guardian. 12 June 2004. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal 2–1 Holland". BBC Sport. 30 June 2004. Archived from the original on 3 September 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Latvia 0–2 Portugal". Eurosport. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal 4–0 Estonia". Eurosport. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal 7–1 Russia". Goal. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Luxembourg – Portugal 0:5 (0:2)". FIFA. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Pietra, Hugo (4 June 2005). "Three-point cushion cheers Portugal". UEFA. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Estonia –- Portugal 0:1 (0:1)". FIFA. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal 3–0 Saudi Arabia". Goal. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal 2–0 Iran". BBC Sport. 17 June 2006. Archived from the original on 16 August 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal 3–0 Azerbaijan". Eurosport. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Simão strikes inspire Portugal". UEFA. 15 November 2006. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Classy Portugal cruise past Belgium". UEFA. 25 March 2007. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal pegged back in Armenia". UEFA. 23 August 2007. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Krzynówek pounces to deny Portugal". UEFA. 9 September 2007. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal leave it late for victory". UEFA. 18 October 2007. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Czech Republic 1–3 Portugal". BBC Sport. 11 June 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Landolina, Salvatore. "Cristiano Ronaldo Penalty Enough As Portugal Edge Finland". Goal.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Bevan, Chris. "Portugal 7–0 North Korea". BBC Sport. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Brassall, Andy (9 October 2010). "Denmark defeated on Bento's Portugal debut". UEFA. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal continue revival with Iceland win". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Lionel Messi scores winner for Argentina as Cristiano Ronaldo's Portugal beaten in Geneva". The Daily Telegraph. 10 February 2011. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal 5–0 Luxembourg". Sky Sports. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ronaldo leads Portugal charge in Cyprus". UEFA. 2 September 2011. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Mark, Thomas (11 October 2011). "Denmark qualify, play-offs for Portugal". UEFA. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Cristiano Ronaldo double pilots Portugal past 10-man Bosnia". The Guardian. 15 November 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Sanghera, Mandeep (17 June 2012). "Portugal 2–1 Netherlands". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Rostance, Tom (21 June 2012). "Czech Republic 0–1 Portugal". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Mark (16 August 2012). "Portugal 2–0 Panama: Ronaldo rocket helps hosts to easy win". Goal.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Gonçalves, Pedro (7 September 2012). "Portugal survive scare to see off Luxembourg". UEFA. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal 2–3 Ecuador". Sky Sports. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Cristiano Ronaldo earns Portugal a narrow 1–0 win over Croatia in Geneva". Sky Sports. 10 June 2013. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Gonçalves, Pedro (14 August 2013). "Ronaldo strikes late as Portugal hold the Oranje". UEFA. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ McCaig, Alvin (6 September 2013). "Northern Ireland 2–4 Portugal". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ronaldo edges Portugal ahead of dogged Sweden". UEFA. 15 November 2013. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Dutt, Sujay (22 November 2013). "Ronaldo hat-trick takes Portugal past Sweden". UEFA. Archived from the original on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal 5–1 Cameroon". Sky Sports. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Rose, Gary (26 June 2014). "Portugal 2–1 Ghana". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ronaldo wins it for Portugal". UEFA. 14 October 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Record scorer Ronaldo helps Portugal pip Armenia". UEFA. 12 November 2014. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Armenia 2–3 Portugal". BBC Sport. 13 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal 2–1 Belgium". BBC Sport. 29 March 2016. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal 7–0 Estonia: Cristiano Ronaldo scores twice in thumping". Sky Sports. 9 June 2016. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018 – via Associated Press.
Jump up ^ Sanghera, Mandeep (22 June 2016). "Hungary 3–3 Portugal". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (6 July 2016). "Portugal 2–0 Wales". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal 6–0 Andorra". BBC Sport. 7 October 2016. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Faroe Islands 0–6 Portugal". BBC Sport. 17 October 2016. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal 4–1 Latvia". BBC Sport. 13 November 2016. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal 3–0 Hungary". Sky Sports. 9 March 2018. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal 2–3 Sweden". BBC Sport. 28 March 2017. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Latvia 0–3 Portugal". Sky Sports. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Russia 0–1 Portugal". BBC Sport. 21 June 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Paul (24 June 2017). "New Zealand 0–4 Portugal: Confederations Cup – as it happened". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Pessoa, Magalhaes (31 August 2017). "Portugal 5–1 Faroe Islands". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Andorra 0–2 Portugal". BBC Sport. 7 October 2017. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal 2–1 Egypt". BBC Sport. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Jennings, Patrick (15 June 2018). "Portugal 3 Spain 3". BBC Sport. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portugal v Morocco: World Cup 2018 – LIVE!". Evening Standard. 20 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Cristiano Ronaldo". Portuguese Football Federation. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Cristiano Ronaldo – FPF competition record
List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo – UEFA competition record
List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo – FIFA competition record
List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo at National-Football-Teams.com
List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo at BDFutbol
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_international_goals_scored_by_Cristiano_Ronaldo&oldid=853798870"
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History of time in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1913
Map of U.S. time zones between April 2, 2006, and March 11, 2007. The current situation is different only in that six Indiana counties have since been moved from the Central time zone to the Eastern time zone.
The history of standard time in the United States began November 18, 1883, when United States and Canadian railroads instituted standard time in time zones. Before then, time of day was a local matter, and most cities and towns used some form of local solar time, maintained by some well-known clock (for example, on a church steeple or in a jeweler's window). The new standard time system was not immediately embraced by all.
Use of standard time gradually increased because of its obvious practical advantages for communication and travel. Standard time in time zones was not established in U.S. law until the Standard Time Act of 1918 of March 19, 1918, also known as the Calder Act (15 USC 260).[1][2] The act also established daylight saving time, itself a contentious idea.
Daylight saving time was repealed in 1919, but standard time in time zones remained in law, with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) having the authority over time zone boundaries. Daylight time became a local matter. It was re-established nationally early in World War II, and was continuously observed until the end of the war.
After the war its use varied among states and localities. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 provided standardization in the dates of beginning and end of daylight time in the U.S. but allowed for local exemptions from its observance. The act also continued the authority of the ICC over time zone boundaries. In subsequent years, the United States Congress transferred the authority over time zones to the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), modified (several times) the beginning date of daylight time, and renamed the three westernmost time zones.
Time zone boundaries have changed greatly since their original introduction and changes still occasionally occur. DOT issues press releases when these changes are made. Generally, time zone boundaries have tended to shift westward. Places on the eastern edge of a time zone can effectively move sunset an hour later (by the clock) by shifting to the time zone immediately to their east.
If they do so, the boundary of that zone is locally shifted to the west; the accumulation of such changes results in the long-term westward trend. The process is not inexorable, however, since the late sunrises experienced by such places during the winter may be regarded as too undesirable. Furthermore, under the law, the principal standard for deciding on a time zone change is the "convenience of commerce". Proposed time zone changes have been both approved and rejected based on this criterion, although most such proposals have been accepted.
Contents
[hide]
1 War Time 1918 and 1942
2 Daylight Saving Time 1945 to 1966
3 DST 1966
4 DST 2007
5 Start and end dates of United States Daylight Time
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
War Time 1918 and 1942[edit]
"War Time" redirects here. This usage refers to the changes of the US War Time Act, not a general period of war.
Daylight saving time was established by the Standard Time Act of 1918. The Act was intended to save electricity for seven months of the year, during World War I.[3] DST was repealed in 1919 over a Presidential veto,[4] but standard time in time zones remained in law, with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) having the authority over time zone boundaries. Daylight time became a local matter.
During World War II, Congress enacted the War Time Act (56 Stat. 9) on January 20, 1942. Year-round DST was reinstated in the United States on February 9, 1942, again as a wartime measure to conserve energy resources.[5] This remained in effect until after the end of the war. The Amendment to the War Time Act (59 Stat. 537), enacted September 25, 1945, ended DST as of September 30, 1945. During this period, the official designation War Time was used for year-round DST. For example, Eastern War Time (EWT) would be the equivalent of Eastern Daylight Time during this period.
Daylight Saving Time 1945 to 1966[edit]
From 1945 to 1966 U.S. federal law did not address DST. States and cities were free to observe DST or not, and most places that did observe DST did so from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in September. In the mid-1950s many areas in the northeastern United States began extending DST to the last Sunday in October. The lack of standardization led to a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not, and it was not unheard of to have to reset a clock several times during a short trip (e.g., bus drivers operating on West Virginia Route 2 between Moundsville, West Virginia, and Steubenville, Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles).[6]
In summer 1960 April–October Daylight Time was nearly universal in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware and states east and north of there. In Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kentucky and Virginia and states north and east of there, some areas had it and some did not. Except for California and Nevada, which had April-Sept Daylight Time, 99% of the rest of the country used Standard Time year-round. (The Official Guide says "State law prohibits the observance of "Daylight Saving" time in Kentucky but Anchorage, Louisville and Shelbyville will advance their clocks one hour from Central Standard time for the period April 24 to October 29, inclusive.")
In the middle 1960s the airline and other transportation industries lobbied for uniformity of Daylight dates in the United States.
DST 1966[edit]
The U.S. federal Uniform Time Act became law on April 13, 1966 and it mandated that DST begin nationwide on the last Sunday in April and end on the last Sunday in October, effective in 1967. The act explicitly preempted all previously enacted state laws related to the beginning and ending of DST. Any state that wanted to be exempt from DST could do so by passing a state law, provided that it exempted the entire state, and Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Indiana, and Michigan chose to do so. However, Alaska, Indiana, and Michigan subsequently chose to observe DST. The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone. Indiana chose to exempt the portion of the state lying in the Eastern Time Zone; however, that exemption was eliminated in 2006 and the entire state of Indiana now observes DST, leaving Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Indian Reservation) and Hawaii as the only two states not to observe DST. On July 8, 1986, President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law that contained a daylight saving rider authored by Senator Slade Gorton (R-WA).[3] The starting date of DST was amended to the first Sunday in April effective in 1987. DST continued to end on the last Sunday in October. While the states retain the capability to exempt themselves from DST, they are forbidden by the 1966 federal law (15 USC 260a(b))[7] from increasing a state's time spent on DST, unless the United States Congress does this for the entire nation.
In response to the 1973 energy crisis, DST in the United States began earlier in both 1974 and 1975, commencing on the first Sunday in January (January 6) in the former year and the last Sunday in February (February 23) in the latter. The extension of daylight saving time was not continued due to public opposition to late sunrise times during the winter months. In 1976, the United States reverted to the schedule set in the Uniform Time Act.
DST 2007[edit]
Starting March 11, 2007, DST was extended another four to five weeks, from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. The change was introduced by Representatives Fred Upton (R-MI) and Edward Markey (D-MA) and added to the Energy Policy Act of 2005; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even farther from the first Sunday in March to the last Sunday in November, but Senators Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) and Pete Domenici (R-NM) agreed to scale back the proposal in conference committee due to complaints from farmers and the airline industry. Proponents claimed that the extension would save "the equivalent of" 10,000 barrels (1,600 m3) of oil per day, but this figure was based on U.S. Department of Energy information from the 1970s, the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by. More recent studies by the Department of Energy and California Energy Commission have predicted much smaller energy benefits.[8] There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be.
Since DST moves sunrise one hour later by the clock, late sunrise times become a problem when DST is observed either too far before the vernal equinox or too far after the autumnal equinox. Because of this, the extension was greeted with criticism by those concerned for the safety of children who would have been forced to travel to school before sunrise, especially in the month of March. In addition, the airline industry was especially concerned if DST were to be extended through to the last Sunday in November, as this is very often (6 out of every 7 years) the Sunday after Thanksgiving. This is one of the busiest travel days at American airports, and could have resulted in much havoc among travelers who forgot that the clocks were changing that day.
If the original proposal to extend DST through the last Sunday in November had been adopted, the entire United States, with the exception of the states that exempted themselves, would have experienced the latest sunrises of the year during the month of November, which would have approached the extremely late sunrise times when DST went into effect on January 6, 1974 due to the 1973 energy crisis creeping after 9 am in places like New Salem, North Dakota at the northwestern edges of time zones.
Start and end dates of United States Daylight Time[edit]
Key to colors
future date
2nd Sunday March 1st Sunday November
1st Sunday April last Sunday October
last Sunday April last Sunday October
Year
Begins (local)
Ends (local)
Notes
2020
Sun March 8 02:00 Sun November 1 02:00
2019
Sun March 10 02:00 Sun November 3 02:00
2018
Sun March 11 02:00 Sun November 4 02:00
2017
Sun March 12 02:00 Sun November 5 02:00
2016
Sun March 13 02:00 Sun November 6 02:00
2015
Sun March 8 02:00 Sun November 1 02:00
2014
Sun March 9 02:00 Sun November 2 02:00
2013
Sun March 10 02:00 Sun November 3 02:00
2012
Sun March 11 02:00 Sun November 4 02:00
2011
Sun March 13 02:00 Sun November 6 02:00
2010
Sun March 14 02:00 Sun November 7 02:00
2009
Sun March 8 02:00 Sun November 1 02:00
2008
Sun March 9 02:00 Sun November 2 02:00
2007
Sun March 11 02:00 Sun November 4 02:00 Energy Policy Act of 2005
2006
Sun April 2 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00 All of Indiana now on DST
2005
Sun April 3 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00
2004
Sun April 4 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00
2003
Sun April 6 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00
2002
Sun April 7 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00
2001
Sun April 1 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00
2000
Sun April 2 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00
1999
Sun April 4 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00
1998
Sun April 5 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00
1997
Sun April 6 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00
1996
Sun April 7 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00
1995
Sun April 2 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00
1994
Sun April 3 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00
1993
Sun April 4 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00
1992
Sun April 5 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00
1991
Sun April 7 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00
1990
Sun April 1 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00
1989
Sun April 2 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00
1988
Sun April 3 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00
1987
Sun April 5 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00 Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986
1986
Sun April 27 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00
1985
Sun April 28 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00
1984
Sun April 29 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00
1983
Sun April 24 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00 Alaska time zones changed Sun October 30 02:00
1982
Sun April 25 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00
1981
Sun April 26 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00
1980
Sun April 27 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00
1979
Sun April 29 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00
1978
Sun April 30 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00
1977
Sun April 24 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00
1976
Sun April 25 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00
1975
Sun February 23 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00 Emergency Daylight Time Act
Michigan exempted, began DST Sun April 27 02:00
1974
Sun January 6 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00 Emergency Daylight Time Act
Southern Idaho and eastern Oregon (Mountain time zone)
began DST Sun February 3 02:00
1973
Sun April 29 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00 All of Michigan now on DST
1972
Sun April 30 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00
1971
Sun April 25 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00 Indiana (Eastern time zone) opts out
1970
Sun April 26 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00
1969
Sun April 27 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00 All of Alaska and Indiana now on DST
1968
Sun April 28 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00 Arizona and Michigan opt out
1967
Sun April 30 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00 Uniform Time Act of 1966
Alaska, Hawaii, Indiana and territories opt out
1946–66
Local decision, various dates
1945
Sun September 30 02:00 War Time ends
1944
War Time all year
Arizona War Time not observed Sat January 1 02:00–Sat April 1 02:00
Arizona War Time ends Sat September 30 02:00[9]
1943
War Time all year
1942
Mon February 9 02:00 War Time begins year round
1920–41
Local decision, various dates
1919
Sun March 30 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00 War Time ends
1918
Sun March 31 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00 War Time begins summer only
See also[edit]
Time in the United States
Time in Indiana
Daylight saving time in the United States - gives a list of future daylight saving dates
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ United States statutes at large: containing the laws and concurrent resolutions enacted during the second session of the one hundred fifth congress of the United States of America 1998 and proclamations. Government Printing Office. 1999. p. 599.
Jump up ^ History of Daylight Time in the U.S., United States Naval Observatory
^ Jump up to: a b A Time-Change Timeline, National Public Radio, March 8, 2007
Jump up ^ An Act For the repeal of the daylight-saving law, Pub.L. 66–40, 41 Stat. 280, enacted August 20, 1919
Jump up ^ 24/7: A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards", June 3, 2002
Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time: Early adoption in law
Jump up ^ 15 USC 260a
Jump up ^ Energy Concerns Push Clocks Forward this Weekend by Nell Boyce. Morning Edition, National Public Radio, 9 March 2007.
Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time in Arizona
References[edit]
Prerau, David. Seize the Daylight: The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time (Thunder’s Mouth Press; ISBN 1-56025-655-9) Discusses the establishment of standard time and daylight saving time.
External links[edit]
U.S. Navy time zone page
Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71
U.S. Law 15USC260-267
History of Daylight Saving Time at WebExhibits
Congressional Research on Daylight Saving Time
History of DST in Arizona
A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards
1918 and 1942 Acts
Indiana Time Zone Article
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_time_in_the_United_States&oldid=792268250"
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Colorado River Compact
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Member states of the Colorado River Compact
Upper Division states
Lower Division states
Map of Colorado River Basin
The Colorado River Compact is a 1922 agreement among seven U.S. states in the basin of the Colorado River in the American Southwest governing the allocation of the water rights to the river's water among the parties of the interstate compact. The agreement was signed at a meeting at Bishop's Lodge, near Santa Fe, New Mexico, by representatives of the seven states the Colorado river and its tributaries pass through on the way to Mexico.
Contents
1 Law of the River
2 Provisions
3 Future developments and issues
4 Criticism and renegotiation
5 References
6 Further reading
Law of the River[edit]
The Colorado River is managed and operated under numerous compacts, federal laws, court decisions and decrees, contracts, and regulatory guidelines collectively known as "The Law of the River."[1]
Provisions[edit]
The compact divides the river basin into two areas, the Upper Division (comprising Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming) and the Lower Division (Nevada, Arizona and California). The compact requires the Upper Basin states not to deplete the flow of the river below 7,500,000 acre feet (9.3 km3) during any period of ten consecutive years. Based on rainfall patterns observed in the years before the treaty's signing in 1922, the amount specified in the compact was assumed to allow a roughly equal division of water between the two regions. The states within each basin were required to divide their 7,500,000-acre (30,000 km2) foot per year (289 m³/s) share allotment among themselves. The compact enabled the widespread irrigation of the Southwest, as well as the subsequent development of state and federal water works projects under the United States Bureau of Reclamation. Such projects included the Hoover Dam and Lake Powell.
The current specific annual allotments in the Lower Basin were established in 1928 as part of the Boulder Canyon Project, while the current specific annual allotments in the Upper Basin were established by the Upper Colorado River Basin Compact of 1948.[2] They are:
Upper Basin, 7.5 million acre·ft/year (293 m³/s) total
Colorado 51.75%* 3.86 million acre·ft/year (150.7 m³/s)
Utah 23.00%* 1.71 million acre·ft/year (67.0 m³/s)
Wyoming 14.00%* 1.04 million acre·ft/year (40.8 m³/s)
New Mexico 11.25%* 0.84 million acre·ft/year (32.8 m³/s)
Arizona 0.70% 0.05 million acre·ft/year (2.0 m³/s)
*Percentages with a star are a percentage of the total after Arizona's
0.05 million are deducted. Arizona's percentage is of the total.
Lower Basin, 7.5 million acre·ft/year (293 m³/s) total
California 58.70% 4.40 million acre·ft/year (172 m³/s)
Arizona 37.30% 2.80 million acre·ft/year (109 m³/s)
Nevada 4.00% 0.30 million acre·ft/year (12 m³/s)
In addition to this, 1,500,000-acre-foot (1.9×109 m3)/year of Colorado River water is allocated to Mexico, pursuant to the treaty relating to the use of waters of the Colorado and Tijuana rivers and of the Rio Grande, signed February 3, 1944, and its supplementary protocol signed November 14, 1944. Also, the lower basin can get an additional 1,100,000-acre-foot (1.4×109 m3)/year in surplus conditions.[3]
The compact was the fruit of several years of negotiations among the states. The seven states had previously formed the League of the Southwest in 1917 to promote development along the river.[4] In 1921, Congress authorized the states to enter into a compact for allocation of the river resources. The agreement was approved by Congress in 1922, the same year it was signed. Colorado River Compact was signed by the delegates from the seven Colorado River Basin states: Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico were designated Upper Basin states and California, Arizona and Nevada as the Lower Basin states. This compact determined that the water would be shared equally among the upper and lower basin states. Prior to the compact, the name of the river was standardized along its length. Previously the portion of the river upstream from its confluence with the Green River had been known locally as the "Grand River". The change was opposed by many local residents in Utah and Colorado, and the new name was enforced locally by acts of the state legislatures in both states in the early 1920s. One of the major concerns both today and back in the 1920s was the expanding population, and this increased the demand for water, particularly in California. In more recent years, mainly because of Las Vegas, Nevada has been looking for more use of the Colorado River.[5]
In 1934, Arizona, unhappy with California's decision to dam and divert the river, called out the National Guard and even commissioned a two boat "navy." The matter was eventually settled in court.[6]
The agreement was controversial even at the time, however. Arizona, for example, was dissatisfied with the lower basin allotment.[7] Led by Fred Colter, the state refused to sign the agreement, and did not do so until two months after Colter's death in 1944.[8]:17–18 The specific allotments were disputed by Arizona until the United States Supreme Court upheld the amount in the 1963 decision in Arizona v. California. The agreement ended many years of dispute, clearing the way for the Central Arizona Project, authorized by Congress in 1968. Mexico was able to gain some of the river rights, Arizona took steps to protect its water rights and keep California from gaining too large of a share, which ultimately led to the Arizona v. California supreme Court Case.[9] The Arizona v. Colorado court case lasted 11 years and cost over $5 million and 50 lawyers.[10] This case set the precedent of SCOTus using water rights. The case ultimately decided that the Boulder Canyon Provision was correct for the lower states (which are California, Nevada, and Arizona).[11] The Court ultimately ruled in favor of Arizona, however they agreed with the way that California interpreted that it got surplus water was correct and so there was essentially some compromise on both sides.
Future developments and issues[edit]
Since the development of the Colorado River Compact, California has been using the surplus water that has been left over from other states. With increasing population growth in the Southwest there is concern that this surplus soon will not exist for California’s use. In 2001, Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt signed an interim agreement, determining how water surplus from the Colorado River will be allocated between the states, and creating a fifteen-year period to allow California time to put conservation methods in place to reduce the state’s water usage and dependence on Colorado River water.[12]
There is also concern regarding Nevada’s increasing population and the state’s water usage. Nevada, with the smallest water allocation in the lower river basin, may find in the near future that the water supplied by the Colorado River will not meet the state’s growing needs. In 2008 Southern Nevada Water Authority General Manager Pat Mulroy said that she does not support a water reallocation. This is because all of the states in the river basin have experienced growth she says that it is unlikely that Nevada’s allocation would increase, and it could even decrease.[13] Instead Nevada, like California, may have to work on conservation methods as well as finding other water sources to support the state’s growing population.
Development was the prime concern of the Colorado River Compact, when signed in 1922. Using and reusing the river water as well as frequent damming results in an unfavorable environment for native fish species. Dams block fish passage, reduce natural silt deposition along flood plains and in deltas, and change water temperatures—all negatively impacting the natural ecosystem.[14] The high water usage has also caused the river delta, located in Mexico, to significantly deteriorate. Once a lush and green area from the high amounts of silt deposit, the plentiful ecosystem has now all but disappeared. The Colorado River had been over allocated since the beginning of its time, as during the signing of the Colorado River Compact, the flows were vastly overestimated and much more generous than they should have been. It was originally estimated to have 17 million acre-feet a year, but even prior to the drought flows have often been less than a third of that.[11]
Criticism and renegotiation[edit]
In recent years, the compact has become the focus of even sharper criticism, in the wake of a protracted decrease in precipitation in the region. Specifically, the amount of water allocated was based on an expectation that the river's average flow was 16,400,000 acre feet (20.2 km3) per year (641 m³/s). Subsequent tree ring studies, however, have concluded that the long-term average water flow of the Colorado is significantly less. Estimates have included 13,200,000 acre feet (16.3 km3) per year (516 m³/s),[14] 13,500,000 acre feet (16.7 km3) per year (528 m3/s),[15] and 14,300,000 acre feet (17.6 km3) per year (559 m3/s).[16] Many analysts have concluded that when the compact was negotiated, the period used as the basis for "average" flow of the river (1905–1922) included periods of abnormally high precipitation,[17] and that the recent drought in the region is in fact a return to historically typical patterns. The decrease in precipitation has led to widespread dropping of reservoir levels in the region, in particular at Lake Powell, created by the Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, where the exposure of long-inundated canyons has prompted calls for the reservoir to be permanently drained and decommissioned.
In December 2007, a set of interim guidelines on how to allocate Colorado River water in the event of shortages was signed by the Secretary of the Interior.[3][18] The guidelines are described as interim because they extend through 2026, and, "acknowledging the potential for impacts due to climate change and increased hydrologic variability," interim guidelines provide "the opportunity to gain valuable operating experience for the management of Lake Powell and Lake Mead, particularly for low reservoir conditions...whether during the interim period or thereafter."[19] The agreement specifies three levels of shortage conditions, depending on the level of Lake Mead:
Light shortage. When the surface elevation at Lake Mead is below 1,075 feet (328 m) relative to mean sea level but above 1,050 feet (320 m), the Lower Basin states will receive 7,167,000 acre feet (8.840 km3) per year: 4,400,000 acre feet (5.4 km3) to California, 2,480,000 acre feet (3.06 km3) to Arizona, and 287,000 acre feet (0.354 km3) to Nevada.
Heavy shortage. When the surface elevation of Lake Mead is below 1,050 feet (320 m) but above 1,025 feet (312 m), 7,083,000 acre feet (8.737 km3) per year will be delivered to the Lower Basin states: 4,400,000 acre feet (5.4 km3) to California, 2,400,000 acre feet (3.0 km3) to Arizona, and 283,000 acre feet (0.349 km3) to Nevada.
Extreme shortage. The most severe shortage considered in the interim guidelines is when the level of Lake Mead drops below 1,025 feet (312 m), in which event 7,000,000 acre feet (8.6 km3) per year will be delivered to the Lower Basin states: 4,000,000 acre feet (4.9 km3) to California, 2,320,000 acre feet (2.86 km3) to Arizona, and 280,000 acre feet (0.35 km3) to Nevada.
On August 15, 2008, Arizona Senator John McCain called for the compact to be renegotiated.[20] Due to the Senator's position as the Republican Party nominee in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election and Colorado's swing state status, criticism of the compact may have gained national significance.[21]
Minute 319. On November 20, 2012, the International Boundary and Water Commission of the United States and Mexico signed an agreement termed "Minute 319," which updated the Law of the River to address how the 1,500,000 acre feet (1.9 km3) of Colorado River water that Mexico receives every year would be affected by surplus or drought conditions.[22] Under surplus conditions (when the surface elevation of Lake Mead is above 1,145 feet (349 m) relative to mean sea level) the annual flow to Mexico will increase by 40,000 acre feet (0.049 km3). In cases where the surface elevation of Lake Mead is higher than that, the extra deliveries to Mexico progressively increase, reaching a maximum of an additional 200,000 acre feet (0.25 km3) per year.
Minute 319 also specifies that deliveries to Mexico will be reduced under drought conditions. Starting from the base allocation of 1,500,000 acre feet (1.9 km3) per year, annual deliveries will be reduced by 50,000 acre feet (0.062 km3) if the surface elevation of Lake Mead is between 1,075 feet (328 m) and 1,050 feet (320 m) above mean sea level; reduced by 70,000 acre feet (0.086 km3) acre-feet if the elevation is 1,050 feet (320 m) to 1,025 feet (312 m); and reduced by 125,000 acre feet (0.154 km3) if the surface elevation is below 1,025 feet (312 m).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bureau of Reclamation: Lower Colorado Region - Law of the River". United States Bureau of Reclamation. 2005-03-21. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Upper Colorado River Basin Compact, 1948" (PDF). United States Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "Colorado River interim guidelines for Lower Basin shortages and the coordinated operations for Lake Powell and lake Mead" (PDF). U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. December 1, 2007. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
Jump up ^ Eric I. Boime, "Fluid Boundaries: Southern California, Baja California, and the Conflict over the Colorado River, 1848-1944," (Ph.D diss. University of California, San Diego, 2002)
Jump up ^ "Sharing Colorado River Water: History, Public Policy and the Colorado River Compact". Wrrc.arizona.edu. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Arizona". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
Jump up ^ "Central Arizona Project". 2005-04-04. Archived from the original on 2005-04-04. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
Jump up ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form". National Park Service. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Law of the River". www.crwua.org. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Hundley, Norris (2 July 1972). "Clio Nods: Arizona v. California and the Boulder Canyon Act - A Reassessment". The Western Historical Quarterly. 3 (1): 17–51. doi:10.2307/967706. JSTOR 967706.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Disappearing Colorado River". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20011116063049/http://www.mwdh2o.com/mwdh2o/pages/yourwater/supply/colorado/colorado04.html
Jump up ^ Sweet, P. "Leave the Venerable Colorado River Be." Las Vegas Sun, November 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ H. G. Hidalgo, T. C. Piechota, and J. A. Dracup, 2000: Alternative principal components regression procedures for dentrohydrological reconstructions, Water Resources Research v. 36, p. 3241-3249
Jump up ^ C. W. Stockton and G. C. Jacoby, 1976: Long-term surface-water supply and streamflow trends in the Upper Colorado River Basin. Lake Powell Res. Proj. Bulletin no 18, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA
Jump up ^ C. A. Woodhouse, S. T. Gray, and D. M. Meko, 2005: Updated streamflow reconstructions for the Upper Colorado River Basin, Water Resources Research v. 42, W05415, doi:10.1029/2005/WR004455, 2006
Jump up ^ National Research Council, Colorado River Basin Water Management, National Academies Press, Jun 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Western States to Share Colorado River Water". National Public Radio. 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Final Environmental Impact Statement: Colorado River Interim guidelines for Lower Basin shortages and coordinated operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. October 2007. p. 15. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Silver, Nate (2008-08-16). "Today's Polls, 8/16". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Interim International Cooperative Measures in the Colorado River Basin Through 2017..." (PDF). Ibwc.gov. 2012-11-20. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
Further reading[edit]
Norris Hundley. Water and the West: The Colorado River Compact and the Politics of Water in the American West (University of California Press, 2009) 415 pp. the standard scholarly history; ISBN 978-0-520-26011-5
Lawrence J. MacDonnell; et al. (October 1995). "The Law of the Colorado River: Coping with Severe Sustained Drought". Water Resources Bulletin. 31: 825–836. doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1995.tb03404.x.
Jason Robison. "Review of Hundley, Water and the West," H-Water, H-Net Reviews. September, 2010. online
Sandra Postel. The Colorado River Delta Series, National Geographic. March through May, 2013. online
Daniel Tyler. Silver Fox of the Rockies: Delphus E. Carpenter and Western Water Compacts, (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press) 2003.
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Related topics
Arizona v. California
Colorado River Board of California
Colorado River Compact
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