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Royal Caribbean International
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Royal Caribbean International
Type
Subsidiary
Industry
Hospitality, tourism
Founded
1968 (1968) in Norway
Headquarters
1050 Caribbean Way, Miami, Florida, USA
Key people
Michael Bayley (President & CEO)
Services
Cruise line
Parent
Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.
Website
www.royalcaribbean.com
www.royalcaribbean.co.uk
Footnotes / references
[1][2]
Royal Caribbean International is a cruise line brand founded in Norway and based in Miami, Florida, United States. It is owned by Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. As of March 2017[update], the line is operating 24 ships, has six additional ships on order, and controls 21.9 percent of the cruise market worldwide.[3] All ships under the Royal Caribbean International brand have names ending with "of the Seas" (e.g. Empress of the Seas) a practice which began in 1991.
Contents
[hide]
1 Company and brand history
2 Royal Caribbean cruise ships
2.1 Quantum class
2.2 Oasis class
2.3 Freedom class
2.4 Radiance class
2.5 Voyager class
2.6 Vision class
2.7 Sovereign class
2.8 Empress class
2.9 Future fleet
2.10 Former fleet
3 Ship amenities
3.1 Royal Promenade
3.2 Dynamic Dining
4 Private resorts
5 Awards
6 Controversies
6.1 Norovirus outbreaks
6.2 Docking in Haiti
6.3 George Allen Smith case
6.4 Environmental record
7 References
8 External links
Company and brand history[edit]
Royal Caribbean International was founded as Royal Caribbean Cruise Line in 1968 by three Norwegian shipping companies: Anders Wilhelmsen & Company, I.M. Skaugen & Company, and Gotaas Larsen. The newly created line put its first ship, the Song of Norway, into service two years later. A year later, the line added the Nordic Prince to the fleet and in 1972 it added the Sun Viking. In 1978, Song of Norway became Royal Caribbean's first passenger ship to be lengthened. This was accomplished via the insertion of an 85-foot (26 m) section to the vessel's severed center. Following the success of this work, Nordic Prince was also stretched in 1980. During the stretching on both ships, their sterns were modified. However the Sun Viking wasn't stretched or modified and remained the same size and shape. Royal Caribbean received widespread global recognition when in 1982 it launched the Song of America, over twice the size of Sun Viking and at the time the third largest passenger vessel afloat (after the Norway and the Queen Elizabeth 2).
In 1986, Royal Caribbean leased a coastal property in Haiti which it used as a private destination for its guests.[4] This destination is now called Labadee. After a corporate restructuring in 1988, the line launched Sovereign of the Seas, the largest passenger vessel afloat at the time.[citation needed] Two years later, Nordic Empress and Viking Serenade were also entered into their service line. In the same year, Royal Caribbean purchased a second private destination, Little Stirrup Cay, an island in the Bahamas, which they rechristened "Coco Cay".
Monarch of the Seas, the second ship of the Sovereign class, entered service the next year. The third ship of the Sovereign class, Majesty of the Seas, was delivered one year later. Royal Caribbean went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 1993. Over the next two years the company experienced rapid growth,[citation needed] and it built a new corporate headquarters in Miami, Florida, and replaced the Nordic Prince with a new vessel, the Legend of the Seas.
Following these events, two new Vision-class vessels entered service, the Splendour of the Seas and Grandeur of the Seas. In 1996, the company contracted with Finland's Aker Finnyards for the construction of 130,000-ton vessels and, in 1997, the line's oldest ship, Song of Norway, was sold and two new Vision-class ships entered service, Rhapsody of the Seas and Enchantment of the Seas. The company also merged with the Greek cruise line Celebrity Cruises and changed its name from "Royal Caribbean Cruise Line" to "Royal Caribbean International". The next year marked a transition to a more "strictly modern line", when the last of the company's older vessels, Song of America and Sun Viking, were retired. In 1998, Vision of the Seas came into service, the last of the Vision-class ships.
In 1999, the Voyager of the Seas, the line's newest and world's largest cruise ship entered service with much attention from the news media. Two years later, the line took delivery of a second Voyager-class ship, Explorer of the Seas, and the first of a new Radiance class of more environmentally friendly cruise liners, Radiance of the Seas.
In 2000, Royal Caribbean placed into service a series of land-and-sea based "cruise tours" in Alaska, featuring glass-domed train cars to scenic destinations within the state and Canada. Over the next two years, they also introduced cruise tours to destinations throughout Europe.[5]
The Voyager-class Navigator of the Seas and the Radiance-class Brilliance of the Seas were put into service in 2002. Mariner of the Seas and Serenade of the Seas, another pair of Voyager and Radiance-class ships, were introduced the next year, and rock-climbing walls were made a feature of every Royal Caribbean ship that year. A fourth Radiance-class ship, Jewel of the Seas, followed in 2004, and the line's Nordic Empress was reconditioned and re-christened as Empress of the Seas, which was later sold to Pullmantur Cruises in 2008. In 2005, Enchantment of the Seas underwent a massive renovation including enlarging the ship with a 74-foot (23 m) midsection.
Construction commenced on Freedom of the Seas, the line's newest ship, at Aker Finnyards in 2005, and the vessel launched the next year as the largest passenger vessel in the world. Freedom of the Seas' sister ship, Liberty of the Seas, was launched in 2007, and Independence of the Seas was delivered in 2008.
An even larger class, the Oasis class, featuring Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas, was launched in 2009 and 2010, guaranteeing Royal Caribbean the ship size lead for years to come. In December 2012, Royal Caribbean announced that they had ordered a third Oasis-class cruise ship from STX France, which would be larger than the previous ships in the class.[6] In March 2014 Royal Caribbean announced that they had ordered a fourth Oasis-Class ship from STX France.[7]
In February 2013, Royal Caribbean announced the first two ships of their newest Quantum class, Quantum of the Seas and Anthem of the Seas, which were being built at the Meyer Werft shipyard.[8][9][10] In May of that year, Royal Caribbean announced that they had signed a contract for a third Quantum-class ship for delivery in mid-2016.[11]
In September 2014, Royal Caribbean announced that the third Quantum-class ship would be named Ovation of the Seas,[12] and in February 2015 they announced that the third Oasis-class ship would be named Harmony of the Seas.[13]
In March 2015, Royal Caribbean announced that they had agreed to sell Splendour of the Seas to TUI Cruises in the second quarter of 2016.[14]
In June 2016, Royal Caribbean announced that they had agreed to sell Legend of the Seas to Thomson Cruises in the second quarter of 2017.[15]
The company lobbies in various jurisdictions in which it operates. In the United States of America, lobbying expenditure records are held by the Senate Office of Public Records.[16] In South Australia, the company is represented by lobbying company, Richardson Coutts Pty Ltd.[17]
Majesty of the Seas and Monarch of the Seas in Nassau, Bahamas.
U.S. headquarters in Miami, Florida.
Royal Caribbean cruise ships[edit]
Royal Caribbean's first ship, Song of Norway.
Royal Caribbean's third ship, Sun Viking.
Quantum class[edit]
Main article: Quantum-class cruise ship
The Quantum-class of ships debuted as the second largest class of cruise ships in the world. The Quantum-class ships were the first ships built for Royal Caribbean by Meyer Werft since the Radiance class and share many features with those ships, including indoor pools with retractable roofs, vast expanses of glass, outdoor seating in the Windjammer buffet, and self-leveling pool tables.[18][19] Other distinctive features of the Quantum-class include the "North Star" observation capsule mounted on the end of a 41-meter-long (135 ft) crane arm,[20] "RipCord by iFLY" a skydiving simulator,[21] the three-deck-high Two70° lounge and performance venue at the aft of the ship featuring panoramic windows that convert into projection screens,[22] and the multi-purpose SeaPlex facility which hosts activities such as basketball, roller skating, bumper cars, and a trapeze school.[23] The Quantum class was the first class designed specifically for Dynamic Dining, and feature several separate complementary dining facilities instead of a single main dining room.[24] Each venue will maintain the same menu and staff throughout the cruise.[25] Unlike the earlier Voyager, Freedom, and Oasis class, Quantum-class ships do not feature a Viking Crown Lounge or ice skating rink, and the Royal Promenade mall down the center of the ship is not featured in its traditional form.[26][27]
The first ship in the class, Quantum of the Seas debuted in 2014. A second ship Anthem of the Seas debuted in 2015, A third ship Ovation of the Seas, debuted in 2016. Spectrum of the Seas, the first ship in the Quantum-Ultra subclass, is planned for 2019,[28][29] and a fifth ship is planned for 2020[30]
Ship
Year
built
Gross
tonnage
Berths
(double/max)
Areas of operation
Homeport(s)
Notes
Ship image
Ovation of the Seas[31] 2016[32] 168,666[33] 4,180/4,905[11] Asia & Australia/New Zealand Tianjin, China &
Sydney, Australia Will begin sailing out of Seattle, Washington in Spring, 2019[34]
Anthem of the Seas[35] 2015 168,666[36] 4,180/4,905[36] Eastern/Southern Caribbean, Bahamas, Bermuda, New England/Canada Bayonne, New Jersey[37]
Quantum of the Seas[35] 2014 168,666[38] 4,180/4,905[38] Asia Shanghai, China[37][39]
Oasis class[edit]
Main article: Oasis-class cruise ship
The Oasis class ships are the largest cruise ships ever built, having surpassed Freedom-class ships. They can accommodate up to 5,400 passengers at double occupancy and they have a maximum capacity of 6,296 passengers. Furthermore, have a gross tonnage of 225,282 tons, and cost the line around US $1.4 billion each. The first two ships in the class, Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas,[40][41] were delivered in 2009 and 2010 by STX Europe Turku Shipyard, Finland.[42] The third in the class, Harmony of the Seas, was delivered in 2016 by STX France at Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard in Saint-Nazaire, France, which is also constructing a fourth ship, Symphony of the Seas.[43] Royal Caribbean International, in conjunction with USA Today, sponsored a contest to name the first two vessels.[40][44] [45]
Ship
Year
built
Gross
tonnage
Berths
(double/max)
Areas of operation
Homeport
Notes
Ship image
Harmony of the Seas[46] 2016 227,700[47] 5,497/6,410[48] Eastern/Western Caribbean Port Everglades, FL Awarded "Best New Cruise Ship" in Travel Weekly's 2016 Readers Choice Awards [49]
Allure of the Seas 2010 225,282 5,492/6,410[50] Eastern/Western Caribbean Port Everglades, FL
Oasis of the Seas 2009 225,282 5,400/6,360[51] Eastern/Western Caribbean Port Canaveral, FL
Freedom class[edit]
Main article: Freedom-class cruise ship
The Freedom-class ships are lengthened versions of the second-generation Voyager-class ship, and contain a 400-foot (120 m) Royal Promenade mall running much of the length of the ship, an ice skating rink, basketball court, several pools, a mini-golf course, and a rock wall. New features on the Freedom class include the FlowRider surfing simulator, the H2O Zone kids water play area, a boxing ring, and hot tubs cantilevered over the side of the ship. At 154,407 gross tons, the Freedom-class ships were the largest ships in the world from 2006, until the debut of the Oasis class in 2009.[52]
Ship
Year
built
Gross
tonnage
Berths
(double/max)
Areas of operation
Homeport(s)
Notes
Ship image
Independence of the Seas 2008 154,407[52] 3,634/4,375[53] Europe, Eastern/Western Caribbean Southampton, England & Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Liberty of the Seas 2007 155,889[54] 3,798/4,960[55] Caribbean Galveston, TX
Freedom of the Seas 2006 154,407[52] 3,782/4,515[56] Eastern/Western Caribbean San Juan, Puerto Rico, Port Everglades, FL, Barcelona, Spain
Radiance class[edit]
Main article: Radiance-class cruise ship
Radiance-class ships have a gross tonnage of 90,090. All ships have environmentally friendlier gas turbine engines. The Radiance-class ships have over 3 acres (12,000 m2) of glass, glass exterior viewing elevators, over 700 balcony staterooms, two-level glass windowed dining rooms, alternative restaurants, a retractable glass roof over a pool, an outdoor pool, as well as the first self-leveling billiard tables at sea. The Radiance class ships were constructed at Meyer Werft, Papenburg, Germany. Unlike the preceding Voyager class, these ships are built to the Panamax form factor, allowing them to pass through the Panama Canal.
Ship
Year
built
Gross
tonnage
Berths
(double/max)
Areas of operation
Homeport(s)
Notes
Ship image
Jewel of the Seas 2004 90,090[52] 2,112/2,502[57] South Caribbean, Europe San Juan, Puerto Rico & Rome, Italy
Serenade of the Seas 2003 90,090[52] 2,146/2,476[58] Caribbean, North Sea, Canada/New England Port Everglades, FL; & Stockholm, Sweden Copenhagen, Denmark, Boston, MA
Brilliance of the Seas 2002 90,090[52] 2,142/2,543[59] Southern/Western Caribbean, Europe Tampa, FL, Barcelona, Spain
Radiance of the Seas 2001 90,090[52] 2,143/2,466[60] Alaska, Australia/New Zealand/South Pacific Vancouver, BC, Seward, Alaska Sydney, Australia
Voyager class[edit]
Main article: Voyager-class cruise ship
The sixth largest passenger ships at sea (Royal Caribbean's own Oasis, Quantum and Freedom classes, Norwegian Cruise Line's Norwegian Epic and Cunard's Queen Mary 2), the Voyager-class ships were the largest class of cruise ships in the world when constructed and were the first ships to have an ice rink at sea and the first to have Royal Caribbean's iconic Royal Promenade. They were built at Kvaerner Masa-Yards' (now STX Europe) facility in Turku, Finland. They have a gross tonnage of around 137,000 tonnes. These ships include a 350-foot (110 m) indoor mall known as the Royal Promenade, featuring indoor pubs, shops, cafes, and bars. Activity options on all five ships board include a basketball court, at least 3 pools, a mini-golf course, a rock wall, an ice skating rink and, originally, an inline skating track. Navigator of the Seas replaced the inline skating track with a Flowrider surf simulator in 2014, and similar upgrades are planned for Voyager and Explorer.[61]
Navigator of the Seas and Mariner of the Seas are second-generation Voyager-class vessels, and feature glass stateroom balconies that extend out from the superstructure of the ship and a larger Windjammer buffet area.
Ship
Year
built
Gross
tonnage
Berths
(double/max)
Areas of operation
Homeport(s)
Notes
Ship image
Mariner of the Seas 2003 138,279[52] 3,114/3,807[62] Asia, Caribbean Singapore & Shanghai, China Miami, Florida
Navigator of the Seas 2002 139,570[63] 3,686/3,990[64] Mediterranean, Northern Europe, Caribbean Southampton, England & Miami, Florida;
Adventure of the Seas 2001 137,276[52] 3,114/3,807[65] Southern Caribbean San Juan, Puerto Rico & Bayonne, New Jersey (Summer 2018)[66]
Explorer of the Seas 2000 137,308[52] 3,114/3,840[67] Alaska, South Sea Seattle, WA & Sydney, Australia
Voyager of the Seas 1999 137,276[52] 3,114/3,840[68] Asia, Australia China; Hong Kong; & Sydney, Australia
Vision class[edit]
Main article: Vision-class cruise ship
Technically speaking, the Vision class consists of three pairs of sister ships and is not a "class" of ships in the same sense as the Radiance, Freedom, Voyager, Quantum or Oasis classes. Legend and Splendour, built at Chantiers de l'Atlantique, Saint-Nazaire, France have a gross tonnage of approximately 70,000 and are the only ones which have a golf course. Grandeur and Enchantment were built at Kvaerner Masa-Yards, Helsinki, Finland and had an original tonnage of approximately 73,000 GT. The final pair, Rhapsody and Vision were also built at Chantiers de l'Atlantique, and have a tonnage of 78,000 GT. In 2005, a 74-foot (23 m) midsection was added to Enchantment of the Seas, bringing its tonnage to over 80,000 GT. All ships of this class feature over 2 acres (8,100 m2) of glass. Royal Caribbean sold both Splendour of the Seas and Legend of the Seas to Thomson Cruises, with the final sailing of Splendour of the Seas for Royal Caribbean departing on 4 April 2016 and the final sailing of Legend of the Seas for Royal Caribbean departing on 13 March 2017.[69][70]
Ship
Year
built
Gross
tonnage
Berths
(double/max)
Areas of operation
Homeport(s)
Notes
Ship image
Vision of the Seas 1998 78,340[52] 2,050/2,514[71] Caribbean, Europe Galveston, Texas; Venice, Italy; New Orleans, Louisiana
Enchantment of the Seas 1997 82,910[52] 2,252/2,730[72] Bahamas, Caribbean Miami, Florida, Galveston, Texas
Rhapsody of the Seas 1997 78,491[52] 1,998/2,416[73] Caribbean, Europe Tampa, Florida; Barcelona, Spain; & Venice, Italy
Grandeur of the Seas 1996 73,817[52] 1,992/2,440[74] Southern/Eastern/Western Caribbean, Bermuda, Canada/New England Baltimore, MD
Sovereign class[edit]
Main article: Sovereign-class cruise ship
At approximately 73,000 GT, these were the first "mega-ships" in the industry (with the exception of the SS Norway, an ocean liner converted into a cruise ship), built at the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard in Saint-Nazaire, France. The first one, Sovereign of the Seas, was launched in 1988. The Sovereign-class ships were the first cruise ships to have an open atrium area.[75] Like larger Royal Caribbean ships, the Sovereign-class ships have pools, open bars and lounges inside, and grand theaters.
Both Sovereign of the Seas and Monarch of the Seas were transferred to the fleet of Pullmantur Cruises in October 2008 and April 2013, respectively.[76][77][78] Plans to transfer Majesty of the Seas to Pullmantur in 2016 had been announced in November 2014, however in July 2015, Royal Caribbean reversed those plans, instead stating that Majesty of the Seas would stay with Royal Caribbean International.[79]
Ship
Year
built
Gross
tonnage
Berths
(double/max)
Areas of operation
Homeport(s)
Notes
Ship image
Majesty of the Seas 1992 74,007[52] 2,350/2,767[80] Bahamas Port Canaveral, Florida
Empress class[edit]
The only ship in this class was originally named Nordic Empress and was the final Royal Caribbean ship whose name did not end with "of the Seas" until the name was changed to match the rest of the fleet following an extensive rebuilding that ended on 8 May 2004. Nordic Empress was the first mainstream cruise ship especially designed for the 3 and 4 day cruise market. On 26 March 2007, it was reported that in March 2008, the Empress of the Seas would be transferred to the fleet of Royal Caribbean's subsidiary Pullmantur Cruises. Her final voyage for Royal Caribbean took place on 7 March 2008. The maiden voyage as Empress for Pullmantur Cruises took place on 15 March 2008.
In October 2015, it was announced that Pullmantur would be transferring Empress of the Seas back to Royal Caribbean.
Ship
Year
built
Gross
tonnage
Berths
(double/max)
Areas of operation
Homeport(s)
Notes
Ship image
Empress of the Seas 1990 48,563 1,840 Bahamas, Caribbean, Cuba Miami, FL, Tampa, FL Sailed as Pullmantur Cruises Empress from 2008 to 2016.
Future fleet[edit]
Ship
Class
Estimated in-service date
Current status
Berths
(double/max)
Gross
tonnage
Planned home port(s)
Notes
Ship image
Symphony of the Seas Oasis class 2018[81] Floated out on June 9, 2017 TBA 230,000 Miami, FL 4th Oasis-class cruise ship.
Spectrum of the Seas Quantum class 2019 under construction (since 15 August 2017)[29] 4,200 168,800 TBA 4th Quantum-class cruise ship.
TBA Quantum class 2020 Agreement signed
3 November 2015 TBA TBA TBA 5th Quantum-class cruise ship.[82]
TBA Oasis class 2021 Agreement signed
25 May 2016 TBA TBA TBA 5th Oasis-class cruise ship.[83]
Icon of the Seas Project Icon 2022 Agreement signed
10 October 2016 5,000 200,000 TBA 1st LNG powered Project Icon cruise ship.[84]
TBA Project Icon 2024 Agreement signed
10 October 2016 5,000 200,000 TBA 2nd LNG powered Project Icon cruise ship.[84]
Former fleet[edit]
Former RCI ships no longer in the fleet
Ship
Class
In Service for Royal Caribbean International
Current Status
(as of 2016[update])
Current
Home Port(s)
Gross tonnage
Notes
Ship image
Song of Norway Song of Norway class 1970–1997 Scrapped in 2013 as the Formosa Queen.[85] 22,945
Nordic Prince Song of Norway class 1971–1995 Scrapped in 2015 as the Pacific[86] 23,149
Sun Viking Song of Norway class 1972–1998 Operating as floating casino Oriental Dragon for Oceanic Group Intl. Hong Kong 16,607
Song of America Song of America class 1982–1999 Operating as the Celestyal Olympia for Celestyal Cruises Athens, Greece/
Kusadasi, Turkey 37,584
Viking Serenade 1990–2002 (built 1982) Operating as a floating hotel as the MV Ocean Gala for Floating Accommodations. Palma, Majorca 40,171 Transferred from Royal Caribbean's subsidiary Admiral Cruises in 1990.
Sovereign of the Seas Sovereign class 1988–2008 Operating as the Sovereign for Pullmantur Cruises Barcelona, Spain/
Rome, Italy/
Genoa, Italy 73,192
Monarch of the Seas Sovereign class 1991–2013 Operating as the Monarch for Pullmantur Cruises Caracas, Venezuela/
Colon, Panama/
Cartagena, Colombia/
Aruba 73,192
Splendour of the Seas Vision class 1996–2016 Operating as the TUI Discovery for Thomson Cruises Palma, Majorca/
Bridgetown, Barbados[87] 69,130[52][88]
Legend of the Seas Vision class 1995-2017 Operating as the TUI Discovery 2 with Thomson Cruises Malaga, Spain, Montego Bay, Jamaica 69,130[52]
Ship amenities[edit]
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As of August 2014[update], complimentary amenities available on all ships in the Royal Caribbean fleet include in-stateroom televisions and telephones, a main theater featuring Broadway-style and headliner shows, a rock climbing wall, a basketball court, an outdoor movie screen, an indoor fitness center, a multi-story main dining room, the Windjammer buffet, 24-hour room service, the Adventure Ocean children's program, a multi-deck atrium with glass elevators, and multiple lounges. Paid amenities on all ships include ship-to-shore calls from stateroom telephones, cell phone access at sea, a casino, bingo, a full-service spa, and multiple shops and bars. All ships have WiFi internet access available, with high speed "VOOM" internet access provided by O3b available on all ships sailing in the Caribbean, Mediterranean, and Asia.[89][90] All ships except for Majesty of the Seas have a concierge lounge for guests staying in suites and Crown and Anchor Diamond-Plus-level members. Other amenities that are not specific to one specific ship or class of ship are shown below as of 9 April 2014[update] (amenities in italics are available to all guests and are complimentary):[91]
Class
Ship
Outdoor pools
Indoor pools
Hot tubs
Flow- riders
Adult-only Solarium
Children's water play area
Full-size water slides
Mini golf
Ice rink
Royal Promenade
Centrum aerial show
Diamond Club
Nursery
Dream Works Experience
Night club
Virtual balcony staterooms
Quantum
Quantum of the Seas 2 2 4 1
Anthem of the Seas 2 2 6 1
Ovation of the Seas 2 2 6 1
Oasis
Oasis of the Seas[92][93] 6 10 2
Allure of the Seas[93] 6 10 2
Harmony of the Seas[94] 6 10 2 3
Freedom
Freedom of the Seas[95] 3 7 1
Liberty of the Seas 3 7 1 3
Independence of the Seas 3 7 1
Radiance
Radiance of the Seas 1 1 3
Brilliance of the Seas 1 1 3
Serenade of the Seas 1 1 3
Jewel of the Seas[96] 1 1 3
Voyager
Voyager of the Seas[91][97] 3 7 1
Explorer of the Seas[61][91] 3 7 1
Adventure of the Seas[98] 3 7 1
Navigator of the Seas 3 7 1
Mariner of the Seas 3 7
Vision
Grandeur of the Seas 2 1 6
Rhapsody of the Seas 1 1 6
Enchantment of the Seas 2 1 6
Vision of the Seas 1 1 6
Sovereign
Majesty of the Seas[99][100] 2 2
Empress
Empress of the Seas[101] 2 3
Class
Ship
Dynamic Dining
Park Café
Dog House
Johnny Rockets
Ben & Jerry's
Cupcake Cupboard
Italian restaurant
Chops Grille
Izumi Asian Cuisine
Mexican restaurant
Samba Grill
Chef's Table
Gastropub
R Bar
Coke Free- style
Vintages Wine bar
Quantum
Quantum of the Seas[102] Café@Two70° Jamie's Italian Michael's Genuine
Anthem of the Seas Café@Two70° Jamie's Italian Michael's Genuine
Ovation of the Seas Café@Two70° Jamie's Italian Michael's Genuine
Oasis
Oasis of the Seas[92][93] Cups & Scoops Cups & Scoops Giovanni's Table Sabor
Allure of the Seas[93] Cups & Scoops Cups & Scoops Giovanni's Table Sabor
Harmony of the Seas[94] Jamie's Italian Sabor
Freedom
Freedom of the Seas[95] Giovanni's Table Sabor
Liberty of the Seas[103] Giovanni's Table Sabor
Independence of the Seas Giovanni's Table
Radiance
Radiance of the Seas Giovanni's Table Rita's Cantina
Brilliance of the Seas Giovanni's Table Rita's Cantina
Serenade of the Seas Giovanni's Table Rita's Cantina
Jewel of the Seas[96] Giovanni's Table
Voyager
Voyager of the Seas[91][97] Giovanni's Table The Tavern
Explorer of the Seas[61][91] Giovanni's Table The Tavern
Adventure of the Seas[98] in Café Promenade Giovanni's Table
Navigator of the Seas in Café Promenade Giovanni's Table Sabor
Mariner of the Seas Giovanni's Table
Vision
Grandeur of the Seas Giovanni's Table
Rhapsody of the Seas Giovanni's Table
Enchantment of the Seas
Vision of the Seas Giovanni's Table
Sovereign
Majesty of the Seas[99]
Empress
Empress of the Seas[101]
Royal Promenade[edit]
The Voyager-class, Freedom-class, and Oasis-class ships feature the Royal Promenade, a centerline promenade in a long multi-deck atrium featuring a pedestrian mall with shops and restaurants. At night, the promenades are used as entertainment venues, hosting dance parties and parades.[104] The upper levels on the Royal Promenade are home to "Promenade Staterooms" that feature a window overlooking the promenade. The Royal Promenades on the Voyager-class and Freedom-class ships are 390 feet (118.9 m) and 400 feet (121.9 m) long, respectively, and are 4 decks high.[105][106] The Royal Promenades on the Oasis-class ships are only 3 decks high but are twice as wide and feature a mezzanine level.[104] The Quantum class does not feature a Royal Promenade, but instead features a 2-deck-high "Royal Esplanade" shopping area that does not have any overlooking cabins.[107]
Dynamic Dining[edit]
In 2014 and 2015, Royal Caribbean introduced their new Dynamic Dining concept to replace the Main Dining Room on the Quantum-class ships.[92][93] Ships with Dynamic Dining do not feature a main dining room.[108] Instead, these ships feature several complimentary table service restaurants with their own theme and menu: "American Icon Grill", "The Grande", "Silk", and "Chic". Guests staying in suites also have access to the complimentary "Coastal Kitchen" restaurant. Similar to the Freestyle concept used on Norwegian Cruise Line, guests make reservations for their choice of restaurant for each night in advance,[24] and each venue will maintain the same menu and staff throughout the cruise.[25] On Anthem of the Seas, a "Dynamic Dining Classic" option allows guests rotate between restaurants but keep the same tablemates, waiter, and assistant waiter from night to night (similar to rotational dining on Disney Cruise Line).[109] On 27 November 2016 "Dynamic Dining Classic" was discontinued and replaced with "My Time Dining". The Grande and Chic restaurants serve Traditional Dining and the Silk and American Icon restaurants serve Flexibile Dining.[110]
Royal Caribbean had planned to extend dynamic dining to Oasis-class ships as well. During drydock refurbishment in 2014 and 2015, signage and décor was installed on the three levels of the main dining rooms of Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas to prepare them to function as separate "American Icon Grill", "The Grande", and "Silk" restaurants, although the three levels continued to operate as a single dining room.[111] The "Coastal Kitchen" restaurant was also installed on both ships for suite guests. However, on 15 July 2015, Royal Caribbean announced that dynamic dining would not be rolled out on the Oasis-class ships or any other ship classes not specifically designed for it.[112] They also clarified that the upcoming Harmony of the Seas will debut with the traditional and "My Time Dining" options.[112]
Private resorts[edit]
Royal Caribbean operates two privately owned resorts that are used as stops on some Caribbean and Bahamas itineraries. They are Labadee, a resort on the northern coast of Haiti; and Coco Cay, a private island in the Berry Islands region of The Bahamas. Each resort features canopies for eating, lounge chairs, palm trees, white sand beaches, and a number of activities.
Awards[edit]
Recent Travel awards include
"Best Cruise Line Overall" 2016 by Travel Weekly[113]
Controversies[edit]
Norovirus outbreaks[edit]
In January 2014, an outbreak of norovirus aboard the Explorer of the Seas sickened 689 of 4,237 passengers and crew (16.3%), causing the ship to return to port two days early.[114][115] The outbreak reportedly marked the greatest number of cases of illness aboard a cruise ship in two decades,[116] barely exceeding a 2006 outbreak aboard the Carnival Cruise Lines' Carnival Liberty that sickened 679 of 3,970 passengers and crew (17.1%).[117] Royal Caribbean offered all passengers aboard that cruise a 50% refund of their cruise fare, an additional 50% (plus 10% for each day sick passengers were quarantined) of their cruise fare as a credit towards another cruise, and reimbursed extra travel expenses for guests returning home early.[118]
Docking in Haiti[edit]
In the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Royal Caribbean continued docking cruise ships at the Labadee resort, located approximately 60 miles from the epicenter of the earthquake, during the ongoing humanitarian crisis. The ships provided a source of income to the devastated Haitian economy and delivered valuable relief supplies to the affected. Furthermore, the company promised to donate all proceeds from the visit to help the earthquake victims. Most passengers on board understood this, although some were "sickened" by the company's decision to dock in Haiti. Associate vice president John Weis defended the company's decision by stating that the company had "tremendous opportunities to use our ships as transport vessels for relief supplies and personnel to Haiti…. Simply put, we cannot abandon Haiti now that they need us most." The Labadee resort is leased to Royal Caribbean by the Government of Haiti.[119][120]
George Allen Smith case[edit]
Main article: MS Brilliance of the Seas § George Allen Smith controversy
On 5 July 2005, passengers on board the Brilliance of the Seas reported what appeared to be blood on a part of the ship below the passenger balconies. After a search, George Allen Smith was discovered to be missing and thought to have fallen overboard. A criminal investigation into possible foul play was conducted, and a brief press release on the company's investor relations website announced the settlement of the case,[121] later revealed to be more than $1 million.[122]
Environmental record[edit]
In 1998 and 1999, the company was fined US$9 million because one of its ships, the Sovereign of the Seas, had repeatedly dumped oily waste into the ocean and tried to hide this using false records, including fake piping diagrams given to the US Coast Guard. Because the company was and is incorporated in Liberia, Royal Caribbean argued that this case was not in the jurisdiction of US courts. Despite their argument, they were unsuccessful.[123]
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text:
List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Elizabeth II
The following is a list, ordered by length of reign, of the monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927–present), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1927), the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801), the Kingdom of England (871–1707), the Kingdom of Scotland (878–1707), the Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1800), and the Principality of Wales (1216–1542).
Queen Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother Victoria.[1][2] On 6 February 2017 she became the first British monarch to celebrate a sapphire jubilee, commemorating 65 years on the throne.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overall
1.1 Gallery
1.2 Elizabeth II
2 Unitary monarchy
2.1 United Kingdom
2.2 Great Britain
3 Kingdoms
3.1 England
3.2 Scotland
3.3 Ireland
4 Principalities
4.1 Gwynedd
4.2 Wales
5 See also
6 References
Overall[edit]
These are the ten longest reigning monarchs in Britain for whom there is reliable recorded evidence.
No.
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
Days
Years, days
1 Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom 6 February 1952 Present 24,007 7004240070000000000♠65 years, 265 days
2 Victoria of the United Kingdom 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 23,226 63 years, 216 days
3 George III of the United Kingdom 25 October 1760 29 January 1820 21,644 59 years, 96 days
4 James VI of Scotland 24 July 1567 27 March 1625 21,066 7004210660000000000♠57 years, 246 days
5 Henry III of England 18 October 1216 16 November 1272 20,483 7004204830000000000♠56 years, 29 days
6 Edward III of England 25 January 1327 20 June 1377 18,410 7004184100000000000♠50 years, 147 days
7 William I of Scotland 9 December 1165 4 December 1214 17,892 7004178920000000000♠48 years, 360 days
8 Llywelyn of Gwynedd 1195 11 April 1240 16,173–16,902 c. 44–45 years
9 Elizabeth I of England 17 November 1558 24 March 1603 16,198 7004161980000000000♠44 years, 127 days
10 David II of Scotland 7 June 1329 22 February 1371 15,235 7004152350000000000♠41 years, 260 days
The longest claim by a pretender was that of James Francis Edward Stuart (the "Old Pretender"), who was the Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland for 64 years, 3 months, and 16 days (17 September 1701 – 1 January 1766).
Gallery[edit]
1 - Elizabeth II
2 - Victoria
3 - George III
4 - James VI
5 - Henry III
6 - Edward III
7 - William I
8 - Llywelyn I
9 - Elizabeth I
10 - David II
Elizabeth II[edit]
On 9 September 2015 (at the age of 7004326480000000000♠89 years, 141 days), Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning female monarch in world history.[3][4] On 23 May 2016 (at the age of 7004329050000000000♠90 years, 32 days), her reign surpassed the claimed reign of James Francis Edward Stuart (the "Old Pretender").[5] On 13 October 2016 (at the age of 7004330480000000000♠90 years, 175 days), she became the world's longest-reigning current monarch (and the world's longest-serving current head of state) after the death of Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), King of Thailand.[6][7]
Should she still be reigning on –
18 July 2020 (at age 7004344220000000000♠94 years, 88 days), she would have been queen for 25,000 days.[8]
6 February 2022 (at age 7004349900000000000♠95 years, 291 days), she would celebrate her platinum jubilee, marking 70 years on the throne.[9]
27 May 2024 (at age 7004358310000000000♠98 years, 36 days), she would surpass Louis XIV of France as the longest-reigning monarch of a major country in European history.[10]
Unitary monarchy[edit]
See also: List of British monarchs
United Kingdom[edit]
On 1 January 1801 the Kingdom of Great Britain united with the Kingdom of Ireland to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, becoming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland by Act of Parliament in 1927[11] following the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922.
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
Elizabeth II 6 February 1952 Present 24,007 7004240070000000000♠65 years, 265 days
Victoria 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 23,226 63 years, 216 days
George V 6 May 1910 20 January 1936 9,390 7003939000000000000♠25 years, 259 days
George III [12] 1 January 1801 29 January 1820 6,967 7003696700000000000♠19 years, 28 days
George VI 11 December 1936 6 February 1952 5,535 7003553500000000000♠15 years, 57 days
George IV 29 January 1820 26 June 1830 3,801 7003380100000000000♠10 years, 148 days
Edward VII 22 January 1901 6 May 1910 3,391 7003339100000000000♠9 years, 104 days
William IV 26 June 1830 20 June 1837 2,551 7003255100000000000♠6 years, 359 days
Edward VIII 20 January 1936 11 December 1936 326 326 days
Great Britain[edit]
On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England united with the Kingdom of Scotland as the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
George III[12]
(also United Kingdom) 25 October 1760 1 January 1801 14,677 7004146770000000000♠40 years, 68 days
George II 22 June 1727N.S. 25 October 1760 12,168 7004121680000000000♠33 years, 114 days
George I 1 August 1714 11 June 1727 4,697 7003469700000000000♠12 years, 314 days
Anne[13] 1 May 1707 1 August 1714 2,649 7003264900000000000♠7 years, 92 days
Kingdoms[edit]
England[edit]
See also: List of English monarchs
Includes English monarchs from the installation of Alfred the Great as King of Wessex in 871 to Anne (House of Stuart) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707, when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
Henry III 18 or 19 October 1216 16 November 1272 20,482
or 20,483 7004204820000000000♠56 years, 28 days
or 29 days
Edward III 25 January 1327 21 June 1377 18,410 7004184100000000000♠50 years, 147 days
Elizabeth I 17 November 1558 24 March 1603 16,198 7004161980000000000♠44 years, 127 days
Henry VI[14] 31 August 1422
31 October 1470
4 March 1461
11 April 1471
14,065
162
Total: 14,227 7004140650000000000♠38 years, 185 days
162 days
38 years, 347 days
Æthelred II[14] 18 March 978
3 February 1014
25 December 1013
23 April 1016
13,065
810
Total: 13,875 7004130650000000000♠35 years, 282 days
7002810000000000000♠2 years, 80 days
37 years, 362 days
Henry VIII 22 April 1509 28 January 1547 13,795 7004137950000000000♠37 years, 281 days
Charles II[15] 30 January 1649 6 February 1685 13,156 7004131560000000000♠36 years, 7 days
Henry I 3 August 1100 1 December 1135 12,903 7004129030000000000♠35 years, 120 days
Henry II
(co-ruler with Henry the Young King) 25 October 1154 6 July 1189 12,673 7004126730000000000♠34 years, 254 days
Edward I 20 November 1272 7 July 1307 12,646 7004126460000000000♠34 years, 229 days
Alfred the Great 24 April 871 26 October 899 10,412 7004104120000000000♠28 years, 185 days
Edward the Elder 27 October 899 17 July 924 9,029 7003902900000000000♠24 years, 264 days
Charles I[16] 27 March 1625 30 January 1649 8,710 7003871000000000000♠23 years, 309 days
Henry VII 22 August 1485 21 April 1509 8,642 7003864200000000000♠23 years, 242 days
Edward the Confessor 8 June 1042 5 January 1066 8,612 7003861200000000000♠23 years, 211 days
Richard II 22 June 1377 29 September 1399 8,134 7003813400000000000♠22 years, 99 days
James I[17] 24 March 1603 27 March 1625 8,039 7003803900000000000♠22 years, 3 days
Edward IV[14] 4 March 1461
11 April 1471
3 October 1470
9 April 1483
3,500
4,381
Total: 7,881 7003350000000000000♠9 years, 213 days
7003438100000000000♠11 years, 363 days
21 years, 211 days
William I 12 December 1066 9 September 1087 7,563 7003756300000000000♠20 years, 258 days
Edward II 7 July 1307 20 January 1327 7,137 7003713700000000000♠19 years, 197 days
Cnut 30 November 1016 12 November 1035 6,921 7003692100000000000♠18 years, 347 days
Stephen[14] 22 December 1135
1 November 1141
7 April 1141
25 October 1154
1,933
4,741
Total: 6,674 7003193300000000000♠5 years, 106 days
7003474100000000000♠12 years, 358 days
18 years, 99 days
John 6 April 1199 19 October 1216 6,406 7003640600000000000♠17 years, 196 days
Edgar I 1 October 959 8 July 975 5,759 7003575900000000000♠15 years, 280 days
Æthelstan 2 August 924
(or 925) 27 October 939 5,564
or 5,199 7003556400000000000♠15 years, 86 days
or 7003519900000000000♠14 years, 86 days
Henry IV 29 September 1399 20 March 1413 4,920 7003492000000000000♠13 years, 172 days
William III[18]
(co-ruler with Mary II) 13 February 1689 8 March 1702 4,770 7003477000000000000♠13 years, 23 days
Henry the Young King
(co-ruler with Henry II) 14 June 1170 11 June 1183 4,745 7003474500000000000♠12 years, 362 days
William II 9 September 1087 2 August 1100 4,710 7003471000000000000♠12 years, 327 days
Richard I 6 July 1189 6 April 1199 3,561 7003356100000000000♠9 years, 274 days
Eadred 26 May 946 23 November 955 3,468 7003346800000000000♠9 years, 181 days
Henry V 21 March 1413 31 August 1422 3,450 7003345000000000000♠9 years, 163 days
Edmund I 27 October 939 26 May 946 2,403 7003240300000000000♠6 years, 211 days
Edward VI 28 January 1547 6 July 1553 2,351 7003235100000000000♠6 years, 159 days
Mary II[19]
(co-ruler with William III) 13 February 1689 28 December 1694 2,144 7003214400000000000♠5 years, 318 days
Mary I
19 July 1553 17 November 1558 1,947 7003194700000000000♠5 years, 121 days
Anne[13]
(also Kingdom of Great Britain) 8 March 1702 30 April 1707 1,879 7003187900000000000♠5 years, 53 days
Eadwig 23 November 955 1 October 959 1,408 7003140800000000000♠3 years, 312 days
James II[20] 6 February 1685 11 December 1688 1,404 7003140400000000000♠3 years, 309 days
Edward the Martyr 9 July 975 18 March 978 984 7002984000000000000♠2 years, 253 days
Harold I 12 November 1037 17 March 1040 856 7002856000000000000♠2 years, 126 days
Harthacnut 17 March 1040 8 June 1042 813 7002813000000000000♠2 years, 83 days
Richard III 26 June 1483 22 August 1485 788 7002788000000000000♠2 years, 57 days
Louis (disputed) 14 June 1216 22 September 1217 465 7002465000000000000♠1 year, 100 days
Harold II 5 January 1066 14 October 1066 282 282 days
Edmund II 23 April 1016 30 November 1016 221 221 days
Matilda (disputed) 7 April 1141 1 November 1141 208 208 days
Edward V 9 April 1483 26 June 1483 78 78 days
Edgar II 15 October 1066 17 December 1066 63 63 days
Sweyn Forkbeard 25 December 1013 3 February 1014 40 40 days
Jane (disputed) 10 July 1553 19 July 1553 9 9 days
Scotland[edit]
See also: List of Scottish monarchs
Includes Scottish monarchs from the installation of Kenneth I (House of Alpin) in 848 to Anne (House of Stuart) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707, when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
James VI[17] 24 July 1567 27 March 1625 21,066 7004210660000000000♠57 years, 246 days
William I 9 December 1165 4 December 1214 17,892 7004178920000000000♠48 years, 360 days
Constantine II 900 943 c. 15,500 c. 43 years
David II 7 June 1329 22 February 1371 15,235 7004152350000000000♠41 years, 260 days
Alexander III 6 July 1249 19 March 1286 13,405 7004134050000000000♠36 years, 256 days
Malcolm III 17 March 1058 13 November 1093 13,025 7004130250000000000♠35 years, 241 days
Alexander II 4 December 1214 6 July 1249 12,633 7004126330000000000♠34 years, 214 days
James I 4 April 1406 21 February 1437 11,281 7004112810000000000♠30 years, 323 days
Malcolm II 25 March 1005 25 November 1034 10,837 7004108370000000000♠29 years, 245 days
James V 9 September 1513 14 December 1542 10,688 7004106880000000000♠29 years, 96 days
David I 23 April 1124 24 May 1153 10,623 7004106230000000000♠29 years, 31 days
James III 3 August 1460 11 June 1488 10,174 7004101740000000000♠27 years, 313 days
Charles II[15] 30 January 1649
29 May 1660
3 September 1651
6 February 1685
946
9,019
Total: 9,965 7002946000000000000♠2 years, 216 days
7003901900000000000♠24 years, 253 days
27 years, 104 days
James IV 11 June 1488 9 September 1513 9,220 7003922000000000000♠25 years, 90 days
Mary I 14 December 1542 24 July 1567 8,988 7003898800000000000♠24 years, 222 days
Charles I[16] 27 March 1625 30 January 1649 8,710 7003871000000000000♠23 years, 309 days
Kenneth II 971 995 c. 8,700 c. 23-24 years
James II 21 February 1437 3 August 1460 8,564 7003856400000000000♠23 years, 164 days
Robert I 25 March 1306 7 June 1329 8,475 7003847500000000000♠23 years, 74 days
Robert II 22 February 1371 19 April 1390 6,996 7003699600000000000♠19 years, 56 days
Alexander I 8 January 1107 23 April 1124 6,315 7003631500000000000♠17 years, 106 days
Macbeth 14 August 1040 15 August 1057 6,210 7003621000000000000♠17 years, 1 day
Robert III 19 April 1390 4 April 1406 5,828 7003582800000000000♠15 years, 350 days
Constantine I 862 877 c. 5,400 c. 15 years
Kenneth MacAlpin 843 13 February 858 c. 5,100 c. 14 years
William II[18] 11 May 1689 8 March 1702 4,683 7003468300000000000♠12 years, 301 days
Malcolm IV 24 May 1153 9 December 1165 4,582 7003458200000000000♠12 years, 199 days
Giric
(co-ruler with Eochaid?) 878 889 c. 4.000 c. 11 years
Donald II 889 900 c. 4,000 c. 11 years
Malcolm I 943 954 c. 3,600 c. 10-11 years
Edgar 1097 8 January 1107 c. 3,600 c. 10 years
Kenneth III 997 25 March 1005 c. 2,900 c. 8 years
Indulf 954 962 c. 2,700 c. 8 years
Duncan I 25 November 1034 14 August 1040 2,089 7003208900000000000♠5 years, 263 days
Mary II[19] 11 April 1689 28 December 1694 2,087 7003208700000000000♠5 years, 261 days
Amlaíb 971 977 c. 2,000 c. 5-6 years
Anne[13]
(also Kingdom of Great Britain) 8 March 1702 30 April 1707 1,879 7003187900000000000♠5 years, 53 days
Dub 962 c. 966-967 c. 1,800 c. 5 years
Cuilén c. 966-967 971 c. 1,800 c. 5 years
Domnall mac Ailpín 858 13 April 862 c. 1.300 c. 4 years
James VII[21] 6 February 1685 11 December 1688
(claimed until 16 September 1701.) 1,404
(claimed 6,065.) 7003140400000000000♠3 years, 309 days
claimed 7003606500000000000♠16 years, 222 days
Margaret 25 November 1286 26 September 1290 1,401 7003140100000000000♠3 years, 305 days
John Balliol 17 November 1292 10 July 1296 1,331 7003133100000000000♠3 years, 236 days
Donald III 13 November 1093 1097 c. 1,000 c. 3-4 years
Constantine III 1095 1097 c. 700 c. 2 years
Áed mac Cináeda 877 878 c. 365 c. 1 year
Lulach 15 August 1057 17 March 1058 212 7002212000000000000♠212 days
Duncan II May 1094 12 November 1094 c. 195 "less than 7 months"
Ireland[edit]
See also: Monarchy of Ireland
The High King of Ireland (846–1198) was primarily a titular title (with the exception of Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair who was regarded as the first "King of Ireland"). The later Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1800) came into being under the Crown of Ireland Act 1542, the long title of which was "An Act that the King of England, his Heirs and Successors, be Kings of Ireland". In 1801 the Irish crown became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2017)
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair 1166 1193 c. 26-27 years
Edward Bruce (disputed) June 1315 14 October 1318 c. 3 years, 100 days
Brian Ua Néill (disputed) 1258 1260 c. 1-2 years
Principalities[edit]
Gwynedd[edit]
See also: List of rulers of Gwynedd
The Principality (or Kingdom) of Gwynedd (5th century–1216) was based in northwest Wales, its rulers were repeatedly acclaimed as "King of the Britons" before losing their power in civil wars or Saxon and Norman invasions. In 1216 it was superseded by the title Principality of Wales, although the new title was not first used until the 1240s.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2017)
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
Gruffudd ap Cynan 1081 1137 c. 55-56 years
Llywelyn the Great 1195 11 April 1240 >16,172 c. 44-45 years
Owain Gwynedd 1137 1170 >11,688 c. 33 years
Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd 1170 1195 >8,766 c. 25 years
Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd 1170 1170 <1 year
Wales[edit]
See also: List of Princes of Wales
The Principality of Wales (1216–1542) was a client state of England for much of its history, except for brief periods when it was de facto independent under a Welsh Prince of Wales (see House of Aberffraw). From 1301 it was first used as a title of the English (and later British) heir apparent. The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 formally incorporated all of Wales within the Kingdom of England.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2011)
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 1253 11 December 1282 >10,572 c. 29 years
Owain Glyndŵr (disputed) 16 September 1400 c. 1416 >5,585 c. 16 years
Owain Goch ap Gruffydd 25 February 1246 1255 >3,000 c. 9 years
Owain Lawgoch (disputed) May 1372 July 1378 >2,221 c. 6 years
Dafydd ap Llywelyn 12 April 1240 25 February 1246 2,145 7003214500000000000♠5 years, 319 days
Dafydd ap Gruffydd 11 December 1282 3 October 1283 296 296 days
Charles, Prince of Wales, is the longest-serving Prince of Wales, with a tenure of 7004216450000000000♠59 years, 95 days since his proclamation as such in 1958.
See also[edit]
Current reigning monarchs by length of reign
List of British monarchs by longevity
List of British monarchy records
List of longest-reigning monarchs
Line of succession to the British throne
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Patricia Treble (30 December 2014). "Palace calculations: Queen Elizabeth II set to lap Victoria". Maclean's. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Official Website of the British Monarchy". Retrieved 5 September 2015. On 9 September 2015, The Queen will become the longest reigning British Monarch, surpassing Queen Victoria.
Jump up ^ Warren Gaebel. "Longest Reigning British Monarch". Warren Gaebel. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Elizabeth is about to become Britain’s longest-reigning queen. Here’s how she’s changed monarchy". The Spectator. 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2015-03-08.
Jump up ^ "Famous Stewarts". www.stewartsociety.org. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88". BBC News. 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
Jump up ^ By PA Oct 13, 2016. "Queen takes over longest reign mantle after Thailand's King Bhumibol dies - AOL News UK". Aol.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-10-13. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Queen Elizabeth II becomes longest-reigning British monarch". Deutsche Welle. 2015-09-09. Retrieved 2016-04-04.
Jump up ^ Victoria Arbiter (September 9, 2015). "Queen Elizabeth II: The platinum monarch?". CNN. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Elledge, Jonn (9 September 2015). "Queen Elizabeth II is about to become Britain's longest reigning monarch so here are some charts". New Statesman.
Jump up ^ "Royal And Parliamentary Titles Act 1927". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
^ Jump up to: a b George III, King of Great Britain, became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801.
^ Jump up to: a b c Anne, Queen of England and Queen of Scots, became Queen of Great Britain on 1 May 1707.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Monarch's total length of reign is the sum of the two reigns displayed.
^ Jump up to: a b Charles II King of England and King of Scots concurrently from 30 January 1649 to 6 February 1685.
^ Jump up to: a b Charles I was King of England and King of Scots concurrently.
^ Jump up to: a b James VI, King of Scots, became James I, King of England, in 1603.
^ Jump up to: a b William of Orange became William III, King of England, on 13 February 1689 and William II, King of Scots, on 11 May 1689.
^ Jump up to: a b Mary II became Queen of England on 13 February 1689 and Queen of Scots on 11 May 1689.
Jump up ^ James was James II, King of England, and James VII, King of Scots, concurrently.
Jump up ^ James was James II, King of England, and James VII, King of Scotland, concurrently.
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