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United States raw milk debate
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The United States raw milk debate concerns issues of food safety and claimed health benefits of raw (un-pasteurized, un-homogenized) milk, and whether authorities responsible for regulating food safety should prohibit sale of raw milk for consumption.
Raw milk makes up a small proportion of US general population milk consumption.[1] However, some claim the demand for raw milk has "considerably increased in recent years".[1] Raw milk advocates claim a variety of health benefits attributable to untreated dairy products; government officials and scientific researchers stress that there are substantial food safety risks associated with raw milk, and that claims of health benefits provided by raw milk are unsupported by scientific evidence.
Contents
1 Homogenization
2 Pasteurization
2.1 History
2.2 Legal status
2.3 Health effects of pasteurized milk
2.3.1 Pathogens and public health concerns
2.3.2 Nutrients in milk
2.3.3 Protection against non-infectious disease
2.4 Sensory experiences of pasteurized and un-pasteurized products
3 Personal choice
4 Quality standards for milk
5 References
6 External links
Homogenization[edit]
Main article: Homogenization (chemistry)
Unprocessed milk consists of globules of milk fat suspended in a watery base containing dissolved proteins, sugars, vitamins, and minerals. If the globules are large enough, as with unprocessed milk from cows, the fat globules float upwards until they form a distinct cream layer at the top. Some animals, such as goats, produce smaller fat globules that remain mixed unless mechanically separated by centrifugation.
Homogenization is a process that reduces the size of fat globules by forcing pressurized, hot milk through small holes, causing turbulence that breaks up the larger fat globules so that they remain suspended rather than separating in a cream layer at the top.[2] The purpose of homogenization is to make milk more convenient to process, store and consume, eliminating the need to shake or stir the milk container to remix the separated cream layer and increasing the shelf-life of the product.[2]
Those opposed to homogenization argue that decreasing the size of fat globules may have unhealthy effects, including allowing steroid and protein hormones to bypass normal digestion and increase their levels in the body. Concerns that uptake of the protein xanthine oxidase is increased by homogenization, leading to hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis), were raised in the 1970s. Subsequent research "failed to substantiate, and in many cases has refuted"[3] a plausible effect of xanthine oxidase from homogenized milk on cardiovascular disease.[3][4]
Scientific studies are somewhat limited but do not currently support claims that milk homogenization affects the development of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, milk allergy and milk intolerance, Type I diabetes or Type II diabetes.[2]
Pasteurization[edit]
Main article: Pasteurization
Pasteurization is a sanitation process in which milk is heated briefly to a temperature high enough to kill pathogens, followed by rapid cooling. While different times and temperatures may be used by different processors, pasteurization is most commonly achieved with heating to 161 degrees Fahrenheit (71.7 degrees Celsius) for 15 seconds.[5][6] Milk is tested following pasteurization to confirm that bacteria have been killed to an acceptable level. Pasteurization kills pathogenic bacteria which occasionally may be present in milk, including those causing tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis), listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes), Q fever (Coxiella burnetii), brucellosis (Brucella), campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter), salmonellosis (Salmonella), and several other foodborne illnesses (e.g., Escherichia coli O157:H7).[6] Pasteurization may not kill some resistant bacteria, which can eventually cause souring and spoilage of fresh milk.[7] UHT pasteurization (Ultra High Temperature) is a more extreme form of pasteurization heating milk to a temperature high enough to kill spoilage organisms also.
Pasteurization is widely accepted to improve the safety of milk products by reducing the exposure to pathogens.[6] Opponents of pasteurization argue that unpasteurized milk has benefits associated with superior taste, nutritional qualities and certain health benefits over pasteurized milk. While pasteurization of milk kills off bacterial pathogens, other bacteria species with possible health benefits are also destroyed[citation needed]. Pasteurization of cow's milk destroys any potential pathogens and increases the shelf life,[citation needed]. During pasteurization, however, these lactic acid bacteria are mostly destroyed. A 2009 systematic review of the food safety of unpasteurized milk concluded that science-based data to substantiate claims of health benefits "are lacking or do not exist" and the risks associated with disease outbreaks as a result of raw milk consumption are "considerably higher".[8]
History[edit]
Pasteurization was first used in the United States in the 1890s after the discovery of germ theory to control the hazards of highly contagious bacterial diseases, including bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis, that could be easily transmitted to humans through the drinking of raw milk.[9] Initially after the scientific discovery of bacteria, no product testing was available to determine if a farmer's milk was safe or infected, so all milk had to be treated as potentially contagious. After the first test was developed, some farmers actively worked to prevent their infected animals from being killed and removed from food production, or would falsify the test results so that their animals would appear to be free of infection.[10]
In the United States, milk pasteurization became "widespread" in the 1920s and it was considered "one of the major breakthroughs in public health".[5] In 1924, "Grade A Pasteurization" became recommended federal policy, but interstate commerce of unpasteurized dairy products was only limited via federal legislation in 1987.[6]
Legal status[edit]
In 2009, 29 U.S. states allowed sales of raw milk in some form.[8] In other parts of the world, raw milk can often be bought directly from the farmer. Arizona, Utah, California and Washington allow raw milk sales in retail stores with appropriate warning labeling. As of May 2010, Massachusetts only allows direct sales from farm to consumer, resulting in "buying clubs" where consumers pool transportation resources to obtain raw milk more conveniently.[11] In April 2013, the State of North Dakota passed a law that authorizes the use of herd shares.[12]
In late 2007, the debate received media attention in California, where limits on the bacterial counts legally allowed in commercial raw milk came up for legislative review.[13] Reuters named the raw milk debate as first on a list of the top eight health issues of 2008.[14] The FDA has also offered financial assistance to state departments of health to help reduce raw milk consumption.[11]
Health effects of pasteurized milk[edit]
Pasteurization is credited with dramatically reducing pathogens found in milk. This improves the shelf-life and safety of the processed milk. Advocates of drinking raw milk claim various health benefits they attribute to raw milk that are lost in the pasteurization process,[15] and claim that raw milk can be produced as hygienically as pasteurized milk.[16] Raw milk advocates may go as far as to claim that untreated milk is a "miracle cure" for illnesses such as asthma or gastrointestinal disorders.[17] A 2006 systematic review of infections associated with raw milk contends that pasteurized milk is substantially safer than raw milk, and comparably nutritious to raw milk, therefore there is no scientific reason for choosing raw milk products.[18] Similarly, a recent review authored by the Belgian Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain and experts from Belgian universities and institutions concluded that "raw milk poses a realistic health threat due to a possible contamination with human pathogens. It is therefore strongly recommended that milk should be heated before consumption. With the exception of an altered organoleptic [flavor] profile, heating (in particularly ultra high temperature and similar treatments) will not substantially change the nutritional value of raw milk or other benefits associated with raw milk consumption."[19]
Pasteurization opponents say that raw milk contains bacteria beneficial to the human digestive system,[20] but pasteurization is not selective and affects all bacteria whether beneficial or infectious. These bacteria include species considered to be probiotics, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, useful for the culturing of yogurt and cheese. Fermented milk products with levels of L. acidophilus significantly higher than those found in raw milk have been associated with decreased incidence of pediatric diarrhea, decreased levels of toxic amines in the blood of dialysis patients with small bowel bacterial overgrowth, aided lactose digestion in lactose-intolerant subjects, and a reduction in coronary heart disease risks.[21][22] However, food scientists and FDA officials maintain that such "good bacteria" can be found in pasteurized products, including yogurt,[23] and argue that the destruction of pathogens far outweighs any proposed benefit to keeping the beneficial microbes alive.[24]
Pathogens and public health concerns[edit]
According to a 2009 review, milkborne disease outbreaks made up approximately 25% of all food and water contamination disease outbreaks in 1938; pasteurization is largely credited for a dramatic decrease in milkborne disease outbreaks, which made up less than 1% of food and water contamination disease outbreaks by 2005.[1]
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 300 people in the United States got sick from drinking raw milk or eating cheese made from raw milk in 2001, and nearly 200 became ill from these products in 2002. "Drinking raw milk or eating raw milk products is like playing Russian roulette with your health," says John Sheehan, director of the Food and Drug Administration's Division of Dairy and Egg Safety. "We see a number of cases of food-borne illness every year related to the consumption of raw milk."[24]
In 2006, the California Department of Food and Agriculture temporarily quarantined milk and cream from Organic Pastures, California's largest raw milk producer, after four children were stricken with E. coli O157:H7 bacterial illness. The department determined that the common link in all four cases "was consumption of raw milk or raw colostrum from Organic Pastures in the week prior to symptom onset."[25]
Milk collected or stored in unsanitary conditions may harbor a host of disease-causing organisms (pathogens), such as tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis), the bacteria Campylobacter (Campylobacteriosis), Escherichia E. coli O157:H7), Listeria (Listeriosis), Salmonella (Salmonellosis), Yersinia (Yersinia enterocolitica), and Brucella (Brucellosis). Pasteurization consistently removes all of these pathogens, though they can be reintroduced if the product is handled carelessly. Thus dairy farms that pasteurize their milk can have unsanitary facilities without the attendant outbreaks of disease that would occur if a raw milk dairy kept its herds in similar unsanitary conditions.[citation needed]
People with weakened immune systems, such as elderly, children, and those with certain diseases or conditions, are most at risk for severe infections from pathogens that can contaminate raw milk. In pregnant women, Listeria monocytogenes-caused illness can result in miscarriage, fetal death, or illness or death of a newborn infant, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection has been linked to hemolytic uremic syndrome, a condition that can cause kidney failure and death. Other groups, such as the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition[26] and American Academy of Pediatrics, also warn that raw milk is dangerous, especially for children.[6]
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) cite numerous cases of serious or fatal infections caused by raw milk, with E. coli O157:H7 being the most important because it can cause hemolytic-uremic syndrome, a life-threatening condition.[27] In a CDC report, numerous cases were traced to raw milk from a cow-share program in Cowlitz County, Washington. After five children were hospitalized, a court order was issued to bring the farm into compliance.[28] In 2007, Kansas State University published a list of outbreaks[29] associated with consuming raw milk or dairy products and an article[30] about the investigation of raw milk outbreaks.
The Weston A. Price Foundation has been active in promoting raw milk with its "Real Milk" campaign.[15] The organization claims that of 15 milkborne disease outbreaks cited by the FDA, not a single one demonstrated that pasteurization would have fixed the problem, that 93% lacked either a valid statistical correlation with raw milk or a positive sample, and half lacked both; they further claimed that, even with the FDA's numbers, raw milk was no more dangerous than deli meats.[31] In response, the director of the FDA's division of plant- and dairy-food safety, John Sheehan, called the organization's claims on the health benefits and safety of raw milk "false, devoid of scientific support, and misleading to consumers".[32]
In 2008, scientists discovered that raw milk contains more species of bacteria than previously thought, and identified Chryseobacterium oranimense as well as C. haifense and C. bovis, but the amount found in raw milk has not been proven harmful.[33]
While causation has not been determined, researchers in 2015 found that 59% of people with breast cancer had bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in their breast cancer samples, compared to the virus being found in only 29% of tissue samples of people who had never had breast cancer. BLV is common, spread by blood and milk in cows, and has been found in 100% of bulk milk tanks in dairy operations with over 500 cows. Consuming unpasteurized milk or under cooked meats could be pathways for human exposure to BLV.[34]
In November 2017, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended medical treatment for anyone who had, within the previous six months, consumed raw milk products from Udder Milk, a New Jersey-based cooperative. An antibiotic resistant strain of Brucella abortus, which can cause the disease Brucellosis, was detected in at least one person who drank raw milk from the co-op.[35][36]
Nutrients in milk[edit]
Advocates of drinking raw milk claim raw milk contains desirable substances, such as enzymes, that cannot survive the heating process and may be destroyed during pasteurization; specifically, immunoglobulins and the enzymes lipase and phosphatase, which are inactivated by heat, are believed to be beneficial.[37] In contrast, food scientists and FDA officials assert that most "beneficial" enzymes survive pasteurization; that those few enzymes that are present in raw milk and denatured in pasteurized milk are ultimately degraded in the low pH environment of the stomach anyway; and that the enzymes present in milk are not used by humans to metabolize nutrients.[19][24]
Pasteurization does lead to decreased levels of several vitamins, but only approximately 0–10%.[24] Research shows only very slight differences in the nutritional values of pasteurized and unpasteurized milk.[19] Raw milk contains very little vitamin D, which is added to processed milk.[15][24]
Protection against non-infectious disease[edit]
Three studies have found a statistically significant inverse relationship between consumption of raw milk and asthma and allergies.[38][39][40] However, all of these studies have been performed in children living on farms and living a farming lifestyle, rather than comparing urban children living typical urban lifestyles and with typical urban exposures who do or do not consume raw milk, so it is likely that other aspects of the overall urban vs. farming environment lifestyle play a role in these effects; for this reason, the overall phenomenon is termed the "farm effect." In the largest of these studies,[41] exposure to cows and straw as well as raw milk were associated with lower rates of asthma, and exposure to animal feed storage rooms and manure with lower rates of atopic dermatitis.[41] A recent scientific review concluded that “most studies alluding to a possible protective effect of raw milk consumption do not contain any objective confirmation on the raw milk status or a direct comparison with heat-treated milk. Moreover, it seems that the observed increased resistance seems to be rather related to the exposure to a farm environment or to animals than to raw milk consumption.”[19]
Sensory experiences of pasteurized and un-pasteurized products[edit]
Many raw milk consumers cite a preference for the taste of raw milk products.[15]
The Raw Milk Cheesemakers Association hold that cheese produced from raw milk have distinctive complexity and depth of flavor absent from pasteurized-milk cheeses.[42]
The FDA considers hard, aged cheese, such as parmesan and cheddar, made from raw milk to be generally safe for consumption; soft cheese made from raw milk is considered unsafe.[43] These types of cheese are currently legally sold if aged for 60 days or more.[32] Over this period, the salt and acid characteristics of aging cheese generally eliminate the growth of pathogenic bacteria.[44]
Personal choice[edit]
Raw milk advocates cite libertarian and personal choice arguments against government interference concerning the sale of raw milk.[45][46] Some advocates feel resentment towards the government's efforts in limiting the distribution and consumption of raw milk, seeing their actions as a personal choice that is not harmful to anyone else.[47] Raw milk activism can be associated with alternative medicine and anti-regulatory activism.[17]
Quality standards for milk[edit]
The methods of determining Grade A milk quality are well-established and outlined in the FDA Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance. These grades are typically related to a measurement known as the somatic cell count (SCC) and the bacteria plate count. Generally a lower somatic cell count indicates better animal health, while the bacteria plate count indicates improved equipment sanitation.
Somatic cells originate only from inside the animal's udder, while bacteria are usually from external contamination, such as insufficient cleaning of the milk transport equipment or insufficient external cleansing of the cow’s udder and teats prior to milking. Milking equipment can also be accidentally knocked or kicked off an animal onto the floor, and contaminants on the barn floor can be sucked into the milk line by the system vacuum. A filter sock or filter disk in the pipeline prevents large particulate contaminants from entering the milk bulk tank, but cannot remove bacterial contamination once it has occurred.
For example, as defined by the state of Indiana’s administrative code, Grade A milk shall meet the following standards:[48]
The bacterial estimate classification shall be "acceptable".
The bacteria count using the standard plate count, direct microscopic count, or plate loop count methods shall be not more than one million (1,000,000) Colony-forming units (cfu) of bacteria per milliliter.
The somatic cell count shall be not more than one million (1,000,000) cfu cells per milliliter.
The milk shall not contain drug residues.
Milk not meeting these standards shall be designated as undergrade. Undergrade milk may not be sold for human consumption or processing into products for human consumption.
As established, these measurements are taken daily from the milk bulk tank and not from individual cows. This is because testing of individual animals at each milking would be expensive, but it also means that milk from a sick cow is diluted and averaged down by the healthy animals. Greater bulk tanks at very great commercial farms are accommodating of more sick animals in the herd, without the sick animals affecting the overall milk quality rating.
As discussed in the paper Guidelines for Using the DHI Somatic Cell Count Program[49]
The results of many studies suggest that cows with SCC of less than 200,000 are not likely to be infected with major mastitis pathogens, but cows with SCC above 300,000 are probably infected (Smith, 1996).
Herds with bulk tank SCC above 200,000 will have varying degrees of subclinical mastitis present. Data from the National Mastitis Council (1987) show that 6% of the [udder] quarters in a herd could be expected to be infected in a herd with a bulk tank SCC of 200,000.
At 500,000 SCC, 16% of the quarters may be infected with a 6% reduction in milk production compared to a SCC of 200,000.
Bacteria in milk can come from sources other than the animal. Over time the milking pipeline and equipment can become coated with residues such as milkstone which are not removed by standard detergents and require periodic flushing of equipment with high strength corrosives. Automatic washing equipment for the bulk tank may not effectively clean all interior surfaces, and does not clean the exterior of the bulk tank at all.[citation needed]
Some buyers award producers for having the lowest SCC but this does not also lead to an increased payment for the milk quality, so there is no incentive to strive for anything more than meeting the basic grade A SCC rating.[citation needed]
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ State of Indiana Administrative Code, TITLE 345 INDIANA STATE BOARD OF ANIMAL HEALTH, ARTICLE 8. DAIRY PRODUCTS, 345 IAC 8-2-3 Manufacturing grade dairy farms; construction; operation; sanitation, page 11 http://in.gov/legislative/iac/T03450/A00080.PDF Archived 2009-11-18 at the Wayback Machine.
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External links[edit]
Pasteurized and Raw Milk
Sale/Consumption of raw Milk-Position Statement, U.S. FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
Presentation on the safety of raw milk by the FDA
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Jordan Lloyd
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Jordan Lloyd Schroeder
Born
Jordan Hailie Lloyd
(1986-11-21) November 21, 1986 (age 31)
Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.
Residence
Denver, Colorado
Nationality
American
Television
Big Brother 11 (winner)
The Amazing Race 16
Big Brother 13
Marriage Boot Camp
Spouse(s)
Jeff Schroeder (m. 2016)
Children
Lawson Keith Schroeder
Jordan Hailie Schroeder (born Jordan Hailie Lloyd on November 21, 1986) is an American reality television participant, and the winner of the 11th season of Big Brother.[1] Lloyd has also participated in reality shows including The Amazing Race 16, Big Brother 13 and Marriage Boot Camp.
Contents
1 Big Brother
1.1 Season 11
1.2 Season 13
2 The Amazing Race
3 Personal life
4 References
Big Brother[edit]
Season 11[edit]
Lloyd was chosen to be a houseguest on the eleventh season of the CBS reality show Big Brother in the summer of 2009. As part of the season's high school cliques twist, Lloyd was placed in the popular clique, alongside Braden Bacha and Laura Crosby.
In the first week, Lloyd formed a close friendship with house outsider Jeff Schroeder, leading to a long-lasting alliance between the pair. When her clique member and friend Braden was nominated for eviction, Jordan was instrumental in the attempt to save him, seemingly gathering the votes to evict Chima Simone. However, on eviction night, Ronnie Talbot betrayed the alliance, forcing a tie that caused Braden's eviction. Jordan was nominated in the following two weeks, but was spared on both occasions as she was considered less of a threat than her fellow nominees Laura and Casey - both members of her initial alliance.
Things began to turn in Jordan's favor in the fourth week of the show, when during a key Head of Household competition, Jeff struck a deal with Russell Kairouz, guaranteeing safety for himself and Jordan if he allowed Russell to win the competition. This allowed Russell to target and evict Ronnie. In the same week, Jeff won a public vote, and was secretly awarded the coup d'état – the power to overthrow a Head of Household and change the nominations. Jeff opted to use the power during Chima's Head of Household reign the week after Ronnie's Eviction, saving Russell from eviction, and condemning Jessie to the jury.
Following Jessie's eviction, the balance of power in the house firmly flipped, with the rival alliance acting angrily to Jessie's eviction, eventually resulting in Chima leaving the game. Following Chima's surprise exit, Jordan won her first competition in the impromptu Head of Household competition, with Lydia Tavera and Natalie Martinez being her choices for nominations. Jordan then proceeded to win the Power of Veto competition for the first time, and ensured Lydia's eviction by keeping the nominations the same. Jeff then became Head of Household for the first time, but after continued manipulation by Natalie and Kevin Campbell, Jeff became paranoid about Russell's true loyalties, and after winning the Veto, used it on Kevin and replacing him with Russell, who was then evicted. Kevin then proceeded to win Head of Household, choosing to nominate Jeff and Michele for eviction. Michele won the veto, and Jordan was named as the replacement nominee. Despite openly expressing her wish for Jeff to stay in the game instead of her, Jordan was spared and moved into the final four. Nominated alongside her last ally Michele, Jordan was once again spared, as Michele was seen as more likely to win the final Head of Household competition.
Now in the final three, Jordan was outnumbered 2-1 by the alliance of Kevin and Natalie, and lost the first part of the final Head of Household competition to Kevin. However, she then rebounded by surprisingly winning the final two parts, earning herself a spot in the final two. She chose to evict Kevin and take Natalie to the final with her. Faced with the jury, Jordan admitted she hadn't played as strong a strategic game as Natalie, but in the end emerged as the winner in a 5-2 vote, gaining the votes of Jeff, Michele, Lydia, Jessie and a vote from America, losing just Kevin and Russell's votes.
Jordan was well received by the audience of the show during the season, with her and Jeff being described as two of the most popular houseguests in years. At the 2009 Fox Reality Awards, the pair were given the award for "Favorite Duo".[2]
During the first Big Brother 12 eviction show, nominee Annie Whittington cited Lloyd and Schroeder's relationship as an example of why her fellow houseguests should evict fellow nominee Rachel Reilly, who had become involved in a relationship with housemate Brendon Villegas. Lloyd and Schroeder later appeared in the fifth week of the season as hosts of a veto competition.
Season 13[edit]
Two years after her initial appearance, Jordan returned to the house for the thirteenth season of the show, again with Jeff, as part of the duos twist. In the first week, Jordan joined an alliance of the six returning players, consisting of herself and Jeff, father and daughter Dick and Daniele Donato, and fellow couple Brendon Villegas and Rachel Reilly, and following Dick's unexpected departure, was pivotal in securing the key votes of Shelly Moore and Kalia Booker in the Veteran's successful attempt to save Porsche Briggs and evict her partner, Keith Henderson. Jordan continued to prove her worth by winning the second Head of Household competition, and opted to target the popular Dominic Briones, nominating him alongside Adam Poch. However, when Dominic used the veto on the pair, Jordan was forced to nominate a replacement pair, and under pressure from her alliance, she reluctantly nominated Shelly and Cassi Colvin for eviction, resulting in Cassi's unanimous eviction. After surviving eviction, Shelly pledged her loyalty to Jeff and Jordan, agreeing to go to the final three with them.
In the third week of the game, Jordan's alliance collapsed when Daniele turned on her and Jeff, trying to persuade Rachel to nominate them. They objected to her move, cementing the alliance between the two couples, but resulting in Daniele leaving the alliance when Dominic was evicted. Daniele then won the Head of Household competition and immediately targeted her former allies for eviction. However, she then backtracked on her plans to evict Jeff, and after promising Jeff and Jordan safety, instead targeted and nominated Brendon and Rachel. Brendon then won the Power of Veto and after using it on Rachel, Jordan was nominated as a pawn by Daniele. On eviction night, Jordan was spared, and Brendon was evicted by a vote of 5-2, gaining the votes of Rachel and Porsche. The following week, Kalia rose to power for the first time, but opted to keep Jordan safe throughout the week due to an earlier promise between the pair never to nominate each other. The next week, Brendon returned to the game, and Daniele again became Head of Household. Fearing Jeff would win the next Head of Household competition, Daniele tried to strike a deal with Jeff and Jordan after naming Brendon as her replacement nominee, but when Jeff did win Head of Household, and when Daniele failed to win the Power of Veto, she was named as the replacement nominee.
Despite the votes being locked to evict Daniele, Shelly began to have doubts about her alliance with Jeff and Jordan, and actively began campaigning to save Daniele, upsetting Jeff who engaged in an argument with Shelly shortly before the live show. The houseguest's learned it was Fast-Forward eviction night, and after Daniele was evicted, Kalia became the new Head of Household and nominated Jeff and Rachel for eviction. Jeff was unable to win the veto, and Shelly voted to evict Jeff, forcing a tie, which Kalia broke in Rachel's favor, resulting in Jeff's eviction. Jordan furiously declared the end of her friendship with Shelly, losing her temper in a rare moment of anger. With Porsche now in power, Rachel and Jordan felt doomed, but were given a chance of reprieve when Porsche opened Pandora's Box, re-activating the Duos twist for one week. Jordan paired up with Rachel, and despite initially being nominated as a pair, Rachel won the Veto, and used it on herself and Jordan, essentially giving them the choice of who to evict from the two replacement nominees – Adam and Shelly. One week after Jeff's eviction, Jordan and Rachel chose to take revenge on Shelly, evicting her in a 2-1 vote. Rachel then proceeded to win the next Head of Household competition, and despite Adam having the ability to use his Veto to put Jordan in a position of certain eviction, he chose to maintain his long-standing alliance with Jordan, pushing her into the final four. Wanting to keep her early deal with nominated houseguest Kalia, Jordan voted to evict Porsche on eviction night, aware that Rachel would break the resultant tie and evict Kalia anyway. The following week, Jordan narrowly lost the power position to Adam by a single point, and lost the Veto to Porsche, who also gained the sole power to choose who to evict of Jordan and Rachel. Jordan's choice to vote to evict Porsche two days previously came back to haunt her, and she was evicted from the game for the first time, after 69 days in the house. Jordan voted for Rachel to win Big Brother 13.
The Amazing Race[edit]
In 2009, rumors appeared online that Lloyd and Schroeder would be appearing on the upcoming 2010 edition of the reality show The Amazing Race.[3] Their position was later confirmed when the cast list was revealed, with the pair being labeled as "Newly Dating."[4] Lloyd and Schroeder won the first leg of the race, came 6th in the second leg, then came in 5th place in the third leg of the race. In the fourth leg, they came in 8th, last place, but they were safe because it was a non-elimination leg. In spite of a penalty "Speed Bump" in the 5th leg, they finished in 7th place. However, they came in last place in the sixth leg and were the fifth team eliminated, finishing in 7th place out of 11 teams.
Personal life[edit]
Lloyd stated after winning season 11 of Big Brother that the first thing she would do with her half-million dollar win was to put a down-payment on a house for herself and her family.[5] She subsequently bought and moved into a 3-bedroom townhouse in Waxhaw, North Carolina with her mother and brother.[6] As planned, she went back to work at the salon and attended school.[7]
Following their appearance together on Big Brother, Lloyd confirmed in October 2009 that she had begun dating fellow contestant Jeff Schroeder.[8] In May 2012, Lloyd and Schroeder moved together to Los Angeles. A web show entitled "Jeff and Jordan do America", which documented their trip to Los Angeles, aired on CBS Interactive in July 2012.[9] Lloyd became engaged to Schroeder in September 2014, after he proposed to her in the backyard of the Big Brother house while they were visiting the season 16 houseguests.[10] Their intended wedding date was October 1, 2016. On April 6, 2016, the couple announced that they had quietly married in March 2016 and are expecting their first child, a boy, due in October 2016. On October 13, 2016, they welcomed their first son, Lawson Keith Schroeder.On March 23, 2018 Jordan announced via Twitter baby number 2 is due in September 2018.[11]
During the summer of 2010, Lloyd hosted a segment on RealPlayer SuperPass called "Home Life With Jordan" discussing Big Brother 12, along with fellow Big Brother alumna, Chelsia Hart.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Yates, James (September 16, 2009). "'Big Brother 11': Jordan Lloyd wins, goes on CBS 'Early Show'". Staten Island Advance. Advance Publications. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ http://www.cinemablend.com/television/2009-Fox-Really-Awards-Results-20524.html#
Jump up ^ Rice, Lynette (2009-11-29). "'Big Brother' winners Jeff and Jordan on 'The Amazing Race': Can it be true? | EW.com". Popwatch.ew.com. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
Jump up ^ "The Amazing Race 16 profile page".
Jump up ^ "Jordan Lloyd Big Brother 11 Winner Finale Backyard Interview". YouTube. 2009-09-16. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
Jump up ^ Janes, Théoden (2011-09-19). "'Big Brother' house has been her home - twice". The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
Jump up ^ Danzig, Michelle (February 12, 2013). "'Big Brother' Couple Jeff Schroeder and Jordan Lloyd Discuss Living Together, Dieting and Watching 'The Bachelor'". Business 2 Community. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rice, Lynette (2009-10-23). "Big Brother 11's Jeff and Jordan: 'We are dating' | EW.com". Hollywoodinsider.ew.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-09. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
Jump up ^ "Reality Stars Return to CBS in JEFF AND JORDAN DO AMERICA Web Series". Broadway World. 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
Jump up ^ Webber, Stephanie (September 6, 2014). "Big Brother Alums Jeff Schroeder, Jordan Lloyd Engaged: Proposal Picture". Us Weekly. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sprunck, Cara (April 6, 2016). "Big Brother's Jordan Lloyd Is Pregnant — and Married to Jeff Schroeder". Us Weekly. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jordan Lloyd". Buddy TV. 2013. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Dan Gheesling Big Brother U.S. winner
Season 11 (2009) Succeeded by
Hayden Moss
show
v
t
e
Big Brother (U.S. TV series)
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Over the Top
19
Celebrity 1
20
Houseguests
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Over the Top
19
Celebrity 1
20
Winners
Eddie McGee
Will Kirby
Lisa Donahue
Jun Song
Drew Daniel
Maggie Ausburn
Mike Malin
Dick Donato
Adam Jasinski
Dan Gheesling
Jordan Lloyd
Hayden Moss
Rachel Reilly
Ian Terry
Andy Herren
Derrick Levasseur
Steve Moses
Nicole Franzel
Morgan Willett
Josh Martinez
Marissa Jaret Winokur
Other contestants
Jamie Kern Lima
George Boswell
Brittany Petros
Danielle Reyes
Jason Guy
Marcellas Reynolds
Alison Irwin
Erika Landin
Diane Henry
Adria Montgomery-Klein and Natalie Montgomery-Carroll
Will Wikle
Janelle Pierzina
Howie Gordon
James Rhine
Daniele Donato
Sheila Kennedy
Jessie Godderz
Steven Daigle
Jeff Schroeder
Chima Simone
Brendon Villegas
Jenn Arroyo
Frank Eudy
Kara Monaco
Aaryn Gries
Candice Stewart
Cody Calafiore
Caleb Reynolds
Frankie Grande
Liz and Julia Nolan
Vanessa Rousso
Austin Matelson
James Huling
Paul Abrahamian
Cody Nickson
Jessica Graf
Related shows
House Calls
After Dark
Celebrity After Dark
Off the Block with Ross and Marissa
Category
show
v
t
e
The Amazing Race contestants
Winners
Alex Boylan (Season 2)
Chip Arndt & Reichen Lehmkuhl (Season 4)
Tyler MacNiven & B. J. Averell (Season 9)
Tyler Denk (Season 10)
Tammy Jih & Victor Jih (Season 14)
Josh Kilmer-Purcell & Brent Ridge (Season 21
Bates Battaglia & Anthony Battaglia (Season 22)
Amy Diaz (Season 23)
Cody Nickson & Jessica Graf (Season 30)
Other
contestants
Single
seasons
Blake Mycoskie & Paige Mycoskie (Season 2)
Alison Irwin (Season 5)
Nicole O'Brian (Season 5)
Christie Lee Woods (Season 5)
Gus McLeod (Season 6)
Victoria Fuller (Season 6)
Rebecca Cardon (Season 6)
Brian Thomas Smith (Season 6)
Ron Young & Kelly McCorkle (Season 7)
Brittney Rogers (Season 8)
Stassi Schroeder (Season 8)
Sarah Reinertsen (Season 10)
Ken Greene (Season 13)
Canaan Smith (Season 15)
Maria Ho & Tiffany Michelle (Season 15)
Ericka Dunlap (Season 15)
Jordan Lloyd & Jeff Schroeder (Season 16)
Steve Smith (Season 16)
Caitlin Upton (Season 16)
Kevin Wu (Season 17)
Stephanie Smith (Season 17)
Brook Roberts (Season 17)
Ethan Zohn & Jenna Morasca (Season 19)
Zac Sunderland (Season 19)
Andy Finch (Season 19)
Marcus Pollard (Season 19)
Elliot Weber & Andrew Weber (Season 20)
Amy Purdy (Season 21)
James LoMenzo (Season 21)
Chester Pitts & Ephraim Salaam (Season 23)
Tim Sweeney (Season 23)
Whitney Duncan (Season 25)
Brooke Adams & Robert Strauss (Season 25)
Bethany Hamilton (Season 25)
Jonathan Knight (Season 26)
Alyson Dudek & Steven Langton (Season 26)
Jenny Wu (Season 26)
Joslyn Davis (Season 28)
Blair Fowler (Season 28)
Zach King (Season 28)
Brodie Smith (Season 28)
Burnie Burns & Ashley Jenkins (Season 28)
Tyler Oakley (Season 28)
Matt Ladley (Season 29)
Cedric Ceballos & Shawn Marion (Season 30)
Joey Chestnut & Tim Janus (Season 30)
Chris Marchant (Season 30)
Alexander Rossi & Conor Daly (Season 30)
Kristi Leskinen & Jen Hudak (Season 30)
Multiple
seasons
Charla Baklayan Faddoul (Season 5 & All Stars)
Rob Mariano & Amber Mariano (Season 7 & All Stars)
Dustin-Leigh Konzelman & Kandice Pelletier (Season 10 & All Stars)
Mel White & Mike White (Season 14 & Unfinished Business)
Jaime Faith Edmondson (Season 14 & Unfinished Business)
Herbert "Flight Time" Lang & Nathaniel "Big Easy" Lofton (Season 15, Unfinished Business & All Stars 2)
Cord McCoy (Season 16, Unfinished Business & All Stars 2)
Mallory Ervin (Season 17, Unfinished Business & All Stars 2)
Brendon Villegas & Rachel Reilly (Season 20 & All Stars 2)
Natalie and Nadiya Anderson (Season 21 & All Stars 2)
Joey Graceffa & Meghan Camarena (Season 22 & All Stars 2)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Lloyd&oldid=852544454"
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Formication
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Fornication.
Formication
Classification and external resources
ICD-10
R20.2
ICD-9-CM
782.0
DiseasesDB
24182
[edit on Wikidata]
In medicine, formication is the sensation that resembles that of small insects crawling on (or under) the skin. It is one specific form of a set of sensations known as paresthesias, which also include the more common prickling, tingling sensation known as "pins and needles". Formication is a well documented symptom, which has numerous possible causes. The word is derived from formica, the Latin word for ant.
Formication may sometimes be experienced as feelings of itchiness, tingling, pins and needles, burning, or even pain. When formication is perceived as itchiness, it may trigger the scratch reflex, and because of this, some people who experience the sensation are at risk of causing skin damage through excessive scratching.
In some instances, static electricity can attract particulates to the skin and can also cause body hair to move, giving a sensation like insects crawling over the skin.[1] However, in many cases no external trigger creates the sensation.
In rare cases, individuals become convinced that the sensation is due to the presence of real insects on or under the skin. In these cases, patients have what is known as delusional parasitosis. They believe that their skin is inhabited by, or under attack by, small insects or similar parasites, despite repeated reassurances from physicians, pest control experts, and entomologists.[2]
Contents
1 Causes
2 History
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Causes[edit]
Causes of formication include normal states such as onset of menopause (i.e. hormone withdrawal). Other causes are medical conditions such as pesticide exposure,[3] mercury poisoning, diabetic neuropathy, skin cancer, syphilis, Lyme disease or herpes zoster (shingles).[2] Formication can be a result of stimulant intoxication (e.g. methamphetamines, cocaine)[4] or alcohol withdrawal in alcoholics (i.e. delirium tremens), and is often accompanied by visual hallucinations of insects (formicanopia).[2] It can also occur as a symptom of benzodiazepine withdrawal, withdrawal from medication such as SSRI/SNRI antidepressants and Tramadol; and as a side effect of opioid analgesics.
History[edit]
Formication is etymologically derived from the Latin word formica, meaning "ant", precisely because of this similarity in sensation to that of crawling insects. The term has been in use for several hundred years. In the 1797 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, a description of the condition raphania includes the symptom:
...a formication, or sensation as of ants or other small insects creeping on the parts.
—  [5]
Described again in an instructional text from 1890:
A variety of itching, often encountered in the eczema of elderly people, is formication; this is described as exactly like the crawling of myriads of animals over the skin. It is probably due to the successive irritation of nerve fibrils in the skin. At times patients who suffer from it will scarcely be persuaded that it is not due to insects. Yielding to the temptation to scratch invariably makes the disease worse.[6]
See also[edit]
Antipruritics – anti-itch drugs
Delusional parasitosis
Morgellons
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Potter, Mike. "INVISIBLE ITCHES: Insect and Non-Insect Causes". ENTFACT-58. University of Kentucky. Retrieved 2013-12-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hinkle, Nancy C (2000). "Delusory Parasitosis" (PDF). American Entomologist. 46 (1): 17–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-21.
Jump up ^ Vijverberg, H. P.; Van Den Bercken, J (1990). "Neurotoxicological effects and the mode of action of pyrethroid insecticides". Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 21 (2): 105–26. doi:10.3109/10408449009089875. PMID 1964560.
Jump up ^ Rusyniak, Daniel E. (2011). "Neurologic manifestations of chronic methamphetamine abuse". Neurologic Clinics. 29 (3): 641–655. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2011.05.004. PMC 3148451  . PMID 21803215.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 1797, p. 260
Jump up ^ Jamieson, William Allan (1894) Diseases of the Skin: A Manual for Practitioners and Students. Pentland
External links[edit]
DiagnoseMe, Season 1 – Episode 8 Covered in Bugs, follows a patient suffering (the delay in accuracy of diagnosis almost leading to suicide) skin bugs sensation...formication...due to old amalgam dental fillings [1]
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Symptoms and signs: skin and subcutaneous tissue (R20–R23, 782)
Disturbances of
skin sensation
Hypoesthesia
Paresthesia
Formication
Hyperesthesia
Hypoalgesia
Hyperalgesia
Circulation
Cyanosis
Pallor/Livedo
Livedo reticularis
Flushing
Petechia
Edema
Peripheral edema
Anasarca
Other
Rash
Desquamation
Induration
Diaphoresis
Mass
Neck mass
Skin
Asboe-Hansen sign
Auspitz's sign
Borsari's sign
Braverman's sign
Crowe sign
Dennie–Morgan fold
Darier's sign
Fitzpatrick's sign
Florid cutaneous papillomatosis
Gottron's sign
Hutchinson's sign
Janeway lesion
Kerr's sign
Koebner's phenomenon
Koplik's spots
Leser-Trelat sign
Nikolsky's sign
Pastia's sign
Russell's sign
Wickham striae
Wolf's isotopic response
Nails
Aldrich-Mees' lines
Beau's lines
Muehrcke's lines
Terry's nails
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2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Events at the
2017 Asian Athletics
Championships
Track events
100 m
men women
200 m
men women
400 m
men women
800 m
men women
1500 m
men women
5000 m
men women
10,000 m
men women
100 m hurdles
women
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men women
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High jump
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The men's 10,000 metres at the 2017 Asian Athletics Championships was held on 9 July.
Results[edit]
Rank
Name
Nationality
Time
Notes
01 ! Govindan Lakshmanan India 29:55.87
02 ! Gopi Thonakal India 29:58.89
03 ! Adilet Kyshtakbekov Kyrgyzstan 30:06.65
04 !4 Wang Danmuzhenci China 30:39.68
05 !5 Qi Zhenfei China 31:00.32
06 !6 Mohammed Rageh Yemen 32:08.71
07 !7 Gantulga Dambadarjaa Mongolia 32:11.06
08 !8 Kalidas Hirave India 32:29.87
09 !9 Hussain Haroon Maldives 34:21.60
10 Ma Viro Cambodia 34:56.97
11 Zaid Shareef Maldives 35:15.64
12 Mohammad Karim Yaqoot Afghanistan 35:45.46
13 Gopi Chandra Nepal 99:99.99 !DNF
References[edit]
Results
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Jaffe reaction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Max Jaffe
Born
25 July 1841
Grünberg, Silesia
Died
October 26, 1911(1911-10-26) (aged 70)
Berlin, Germany
Nationality
German
Alma mater
University of Berlin
Known for
Jaffe reaction of creatinine and picric acid—the oldest clinical methodology still in use.
Scientific career
Fields
Biochemistry, Pathology, Pharmacology
Institutions
University of Königsberg
The Jaffe reaction is a colorimetric method used in clinical chemistry to determine creatinine levels in blood and urine. In 1886, Max Jaffe (1841–1911) wrote about its basic principles in the paper Über den Niederschlag, welchen Pikrinsäure in normalem Harn erzeugt und über eine neue Reaction des Kreatinins in which he described the properties of creatinine and picric acid in an alkaline solution. The color change that occurred was directly proportional to the concentration of creatinine, however he also noted that several other organic compounds induced similar reactions. In the early 20th century, Otto Folin adapted Jaffe's research into a clinical procedure. The Jaffe reaction, despite its nonspecificity for creatinine, is still widely employed as the method of choice for creatinine testing[1] due to its speed, adaptability in automated analysis, and cost-effectiveness, and is the oldest methodology continued to be used in the medical laboratory.[2] It is this nonspecificity that has motivated the development of new reference methods for creatinine analysis into the 21st century.
Contents
[hide]
1 Max Jaffe
1.1 "...eine neue Reaktion des Kreatinins"
2 Clinical applications
2.1 Interfering chromogens
2.2 From Neubauer to SRM 967
3 Works
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Max Jaffe[edit]
Max Jaffe was a distinguished 19th-century German biochemist, pathologist, pharmacologist, and professor.[3][4] He was born on July 25, 1841, in what was formerly Grünberg, Silesia and is now Zielona Góra, Poland.[4] While attending medical school at the University of Berlin, he studied under Ludwig Traube and Wilhelm Kühne.[4] Afterward, he worked as an assistant in a medical clinic in Königsberg.[4] There, he co-authored a paper on putrid sputum with Ernst Viktor von Leyden that led to the discovery of certain characteristic putrid processes in the lungs.[4] After earning his degree in internal medicine, he served in the Franco-Prussian War and was decorated with the Iron Cross Second Class.[4] The title of Extraordinary Professor of Medicinal Chemistry was awarded to him in 1872 and the following year he became the first Ordinary Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Königsberg.[4] He was promoted to director of the Laboratory for Medical Chemistry and Experimental Pharmacology in 1878 and became a member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina in 1882.[4] Aside from studying creatinine, he is also known for discovering urobilin and urobilinogen in urine and found that these compounds originated in bile.[4] He died on October 26, 1911 in Berlin and is buried in the Weißensee Cemetery.[4]
"...eine neue Reaktion des Kreatinins"[edit]
Creatinine was first synthesized in vitro by Ivan Horbaczewski in 1885.[4] One year later, Jaffe's research was published in the paper Über den Niederschlag, welchen Pikrinsäre in normalem Harn erzeugt und über eine neue Reaction des Kreatinins.[5] Jaffe had noticed that, when mixed in a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, picric acid and creatinine formed a reddish-orange color and needle-like crystal precipitate.[4][6][7] By using zinc chloride in a process known as the Neubauer reaction, and then performing the Weyl's test, a colorimetric reaction using sodium nitroprusside (SNP), he determined that the precipitated compound was a double salt of the solution.[7] Although he found the amount of precipitate directly proportional to the creatinine concentration, he also noted that the reaction was highly nonspecific and could be observed with many other organic compounds.[4][6]
Clinical applications[edit]
Blood sample information for creatinine assays
based on the Jaffe reaction.[2]
Serum Plasma
Non-interfering Anticoagulants
Sodium heparin
Potassium heparin
Lithium heparin
EDTA
Interferents
Hemolysis – falsely increases result.
Icteremia – falsely decreases result.
Lipemia – falsely decreases result.
Ammonium heparin – falsely increases result.
Non-specific chromogens such as protein, glucose, acetoacetate, ascorbic acid, cephalosporins, ammonium – falsely increase results.
Although Jaffe's name is synonymous with clinical creatinine testing, his paper only described the principle behind what would later become the enduring method.[4] It was Otto Folin (1867–1934), a Harvard biochemist, who adapted Jaffe's research—abandoning the standard Neubauer reaction of the time—and published several papers using the Jaffe reaction to analyze creatinine levels in both blood and urine.[8][9][10] Folin began using the picric acid procedure in 1901 and included it in his 1916 Lab Manual of Biological Chemistry.[9][11] During his career, Folin modified and improved several quantitative colorimetric procedures, the first of which was for creatinine.[9] He took advantage of technology available at the time, using a Duboscq colorimeter for measurement precision, and is credited for introducing colorimetry into modern biochemical analysis.[9]
It should be noted that Folin's research did not focus on creatinine as a renal function indicator. Since the precursors of creatinine are synthesized in the liver,[2] at this point in history, creatinine was considered indicative of liver function.[4] It was not until 1926 that Poul Kristian Brandt Rehberg suggested creatinine was a significant marker for renal function.[4]
Interfering chromogens[edit]
The nonspecificity of Jaffe's reaction causes falsely elevated creatinine results in the presence of protein, glucose, acetoacetate, ascorbic acid, guanidine, acetone, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides (mainly streptomycin), ketone bodies, α-keto acids, and other organic compounds.[1][2] Ammonium is also an interferent; if the sample is plasma, care needs to be taken that ammonium heparin has not been used as an anticoagulant.[2][12][13] Nonspecificity is markedly decreased in urine samples since urine creatinine levels are much higher than blood and it generally does not contain significant levels of interfering chromogens.[2][6]
The Jaffe reaction's nonspecificity remains an important issue.[1] Diabetes patients are a high-risk population to develop chronic kidney disease (CKD) and, therefore, interferences from glucose and acetoacetate are of particular importance.[14]
Artifacts such as hemolysis, lipemia, and icteremia can also affect accuracy. Hemolysis releases Jaffe-reacting chromogens and therefore will falsely increase results.[2] Lipemia and icteremia can inhibit optical readings and falsely decrease values.[2] The procedure has been developed over time with the intention to minimize these interferents.[1]
From Neubauer to SRM 967[edit]
Before Jaffe, Neubauer described a similar precipitation reaction by mixing creatinine with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and performing a Weyl's test—the addition of SNP to NaOH and then incubating with acetic acid (CH3CO2H) to develop a color change.[4] Until Folin developed Jaffe's reaction into a clinical procedure, Neubauer's method was how creatinine was measured. As Folin's method evolved, various techniques were implemented to remove Jaffe-reacting substances, mostly protein, from the sample and increase specificity.[6] By the 1950s, precipitated aluminum silicate, called Lloyd's reagent,[15] was being used to remove protein from serum, further improving accuracy.[16] Fuller's earth was also used for protein-binding,[2] but the reference method until the 1980s was adsorption with Lloyd's reagent.[17] New concerns arose due to non-standardization of procedures; different labs were reading results at different endpoints.[4] This problem was resolved with the advent of automated analyzers in the 1960s and 1970s, which introduced a kinetic reading of results rather than a specific endpoint.[1] Kinetic Jaffe methods involve mixing serum with alkaline picrate and reading the rate of change in absorption spectrophotometrically at 520 nm.[16] This not only standardized the procedure, but also removed the need for sample deproteinization.[4] It also introduced two new problems—analyzers used an algorithmic compensation to correct for pseudochromogens, and calibrations were not yet standardized between instruments.[1][4]
The 1980s saw several new technologies that promised to change the way creatinine testing was done. Enzymatic and ion-exchange methods provided better accuracy but had other drawbacks.[2][4][17] Enzymatic methods reduced some interferences but other new ones were discovered.[14] High-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC, was more sensitive and specific, and had become the new reference method endorsed by the American Association for Clinical Chemistry.[2][14][16] HPLC addressed the shortcomings of Jaffe-based methods, but was labor-intensive, expensive, and therefore impractical for routine analysis of the most frequently ordered renal analyte in medical labs.[2] Simple, easily automated and cost-effective, Jaffe-based methods have persisted into the 21st century, despite their imperfections.[1]
By 2006, isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) became the reference method.[1][14] To improve the accuracy in creatinine testing, new standards were developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).[18] The College of American Pathologists (CAP) and the National Kidney Disease Education Program (NKDEP) collaborated with NIST to develop a new control reference called standard reference material 967 (SRM 967).[18] SRM 967 aims to standardize calibration of creatinine testing, including Jaffe methods.[18] Use of both IDMS and SRM 967 are currently recommended by the National Institutes of Health.[19]
Works[edit]
Über den Niederschlag, welchen Pikrinsäre in normalem Harn erzeugt und über eine neue Reaction des Kreatinins by Max Jaffe (1886)
See also[edit]
Creatinine — the most commonly ordered clinical test to determine renal function.
Otto Folin — developed the Jaffe reaction into its clinical application.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Ahmed, Nessar (2011). Clinical Biochemistry. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 72.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Taylor, E. Howard (1989). Clinical Chemistry. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 4, 58–62.
Jump up ^ Pagel, J. (1901). Biographisches Lexikon hervorragender Ärzte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts. Berlin: Urban & Schwarzenberg. p. 814. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Delanghe, Joris R. and Marijn Speeckaert (2011). "Creatinine determination according to Jaffe—what does it stand for?" (PDF). Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation Plus (0): 1–4. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jaffe, M. (1886). "Über den Niederschlag, welchen Pikrinsäre in normalem Harn erzeugt und über eine neue Reaction des Kreatinins". Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie. 10 (5): 391–400.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Annino, Joseph S. (1956). Clinical chemistry, principles and procedures (first ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 235–241.
^ Jump up to: a b Greenwald, Isidore (1925). "The chemistry of Jaffe's reaction for creatinine II. The effect of substitution in the creatinine molecule and a possible formula for the red tautomer". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 47 (5): 1443–1448. doi:10.1021/ja01682a033.
Jump up ^ Folin, Otto; J. L. Morris (1914). "On the determination of creatinine and creatine in urine". Journal of Biological Chemistry (17): 469–473.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Shaffer, Philip (1952). "Otto Folin (1867–1934)" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 27: 47–82. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Folin, Otto; H. Wu (1919). "A System of Blood Analysis". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 38 (1): 81–110. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Folin, Otto (1916). Lab Manual of Biological Chemistry. New York: D. Appleton and Co. pp. 171–173.
Jump up ^ Syal K, Banerjee D, Srinivasan A (2013a). "Creatinine Estimation and Interference". Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 28: 210–211. doi:10.1007/s12291-013-0299-y. PMC 3613509  . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Syal K, Srinivasan A, Banerjee D (2013b). "Streptomycin interference in Jaffe reaction - possible false positive creatinine estimation in excessive dose exposure". Clin Biochem. 46: 177–179. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.10.031. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Myers, Gary L.; et al. (2006). "Recommendations for Improving Serum Creatinine Measurement: A Report from the Laboratory Working Group of the National Kidney Disease Education Program" (PDF). Clinical Chemistry. 52 (1): 5–18. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2005.0525144. PMID 16332993. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Lloyd reagent". mediLexicon. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bishop, Michael L. (1992). Clinical Chemistry: Principles and Correlations (second ed.). Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Company. p. 441.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitchell, Robert J. (1973). "Improved Method for Specific Determination of Creatinine in Serum and Urine" (PDF). Clinical Chemistry. 19 (4): 408–410. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "New Reference Material for Diagnosing Kidney Disease". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Creatinine Standardization Recommendations". National Institutes of Health. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
Further reading[edit]
A System of Blood Analysis by Folin and Wu (1919)
On the determination of creatinine and creatine in urine by Otto Folin (1914)
Recommendations for Improving Serum Creatinine Measurement: A Report from the Laboratory Working Group of the National Kidney Disease Education Program by Gary L. Myers et al. (2006)
"Max Jaffé (1841–1911)". Nature. 148 (3743): 110. 1941. Bibcode:1941Natur.148T.110.. doi:10.1038/148110d0.
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