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Computer Misuse Act 1990
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Computer Misuse Act 1990
United Kingdom Parliament
Long title
An Act to make provision for securing computer material against unauthorised access or modification; and for connected purposes.
Citation
1990 (c. 18)
Introduced by
Michael Colvin
Territorial extent
England and Wales; Scotland; Northern Ireland
Dates
Royal assent
29 June 1990
Commencement
29 August 1990
Other legislation
Amended by
Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994,
Criminal Justice (Terrorism and Conspiracy) Act 1998,
Police and Justice Act 2006
and Serious Crime Act 2015
Status: Amended
Text of statute as originally enacted
Revised text of statute as amended
The Computer Misuse Act 1990 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, introduced partly in response to the decision in R v Gold & Schifreen (1988) 1 AC 1063 (see below). Critics of the bill complained that it was introduced hastily and was poorly thought out.[who?] Intention, they said, was often difficult to prove, and that the bill inadequately differentiated "joyriding" hackers like Gold and Schifreen from serious computer criminals. The Act has nonetheless become a model from which several other countries, including Canada and the Republic of Ireland, have drawn inspiration when subsequently drafting their own information security laws, as it is seen "as a robust and flexible piece of legislation in terms of dealing with cybercrime”.[1] Several amendments have been passed to keep the Act up to date.
Contents
[hide]
1 R v Gold & Schifreen
2 The Computer Misuse Act
3 Implications for industry practices
4 Latest situation
4.1 The amendments
5 See also
6 References
7 Notes
8 External links
R v Gold & Schifreen
Robert Schifreen and Stephen Gold, using conventional home computers and modems in late 1984 and early 1985, gained unauthorised access to British Telecom's Prestel interactive viewdata service. While at a trade show, Schifreen by doing what latterly became known as shoulder surfing, had observed the password of a Prestel engineer:[citation needed] the username was 22222222 and the password was 1234.[2][3] This later gave rise to subsequent accusations that BT had not taken security seriously. Armed with this information, the pair explored the system, even gaining access to the personal message box of Prince Philip.
Prestel installed monitors on the suspect accounts and passed information thus obtained to the police. The pair were charged under section 1 of the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981 with defrauding BT by manufacturing a "false instrument", namely the internal condition of BT's equipment after it had processed Gold's eavesdropped password. Tried at Southwark Crown Court, they were convicted on specimen charges (five against Schifreen, four against Gold) and fined, respectively, £750 and £600.
Although the fines imposed were modest, they elected to appeal to the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal. Their counsel cited the lack of evidence showing the two had attempted to obtain material gain from their exploits, and claimed the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act had been misapplied to their conduct. They were acquitted by the Lord Justice Lane, but the prosecution appealed to the House of Lords. In 1988, the Lords upheld the acquittal.[4] Lord Justice Brandon said:
We have accordingly come to the conclusion that the language of the Act was not intended to apply to the situation which was shown to exist in this case. The submissions at the close of the prosecution case should have succeeded. It is a conclusion which we reach without regret. The Procrustean attempt[5] to force these facts into the language of an Act not designed to fit them produced grave difficulties for both judge and jury which we would not wish to see repeated. The appellants' conduct amounted in essence, as already stated, to dishonestly gaining access to the relevant Prestel data bank by a trick. That is not a criminal offence. If it is thought desirable to make it so, that is a matter for the legislature rather than the courts.
The Law Lords' ruling led many legal scholars to believe that hacking was not unlawful as the law then stood. The English Law Commission (ELC) and its counterpart in Scotland both considered the matter. The Scottish Law Commission (SLC) concluded that intrusion was adequately covered in Scotland under the common law related to deception, but the ELC believed a new law was necessary.
Since the case, both defendants have written extensively about IT matters. Gold, who detailed the entire case at some length in the Hacker's Handbook, has presented at conferences alongside the arresting officers in the case.[6]
The Computer Misuse Act
Based on the ELC's recommendations, a private member's bill was introduced by Conservative MP Michael Colvin. The bill, supported by the government, came into effect in 1990. Sections 1-3 of the Act introduced three criminal offences:[7]
unauthorised access to computer material, punishable by 12 months' imprisonment (or 6 months in Scotland) and/or a fine "not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale" (since 2015, unlimited);[8]
unauthorised access with intent to commit or facilitate commission of further offences, punishable by 12 months/maximum fine (or 6 months in Scotland) on summary conviction and/or 5 years/fine on indictment;[9]
unauthorised modification of computer material, punishable by 12 months/maximum fine (or 6 months in Scotland) on summary conviction and/or 10 years/fine on indictment;[10]
(For other offences see The amendments below)
§§2–3 They intended to deter the more serious criminals from using a computer to assist in the commission of a criminal offence or from impairing or hindering access to data stored in a computer. The basic offence is to attempt or achieve access to a computer or the data it stores, by inducing a computer to perform any function with intent to secure access. Hackers who program their computers to search through password permutations are therefore liable, even though all their attempts to log on are rejected by the target computer. The only precondition to liability is that the hacker should be aware that the access attempted is unauthorised. Thus, using another person's username or identifier (ID) and password without proper authority to access data or a program, or to alter, delete, copy or move a program or data, or simply to output a program or data to a screen or printer, or to impersonate that other person using e-mail, online chat, web or other services, constitute the offence. Even if the initial access is authorised, subsequent exploration, if there is a hierarchy of privileges in the system, may lead to entry to parts of the system for which the requisite privileges are lacking and the offence will be committed. But looking over a user's shoulder or using sophisticated electronic equipment to monitor the electromagnetic radiation emitted by VDUs ("electronic eavesdropping") is outside the scope of this offence.
The §§2–3 offences are aggravated offences, requiring a specific intent to commit another offence (for these purposes, the other offences are to be arrestable, and so include all the major common law and statutory offences of fraud and dishonesty). So a hacker who obtains access to a system intending to transfer money or shares, intends to commit theft, or to obtain confidential information for blackmail or extortion. Thus, the §1 offence is committed as soon as the unauthorised access is attempted, and the §2 offence overtakes liability as soon as specific access is made for the criminal purpose. The §3 offence is specifically aimed at those who write and circulate a computer virus (see Simon Vallor) or worm, whether on a LAN or across networks. Similarly, using phishing techniques or a Trojan horse to obtain identity data or to acquire any other data from an unauthorised source, or modifying the operating system files or some aspect of the computer's functions to interfere with its operation or prevent access to any data, including the destruction of files, or deliberately generating code to cause a complete system malfunction, are all criminal "modifications". In 2004, John Thornley pleaded guilty to four offences under §3, having mounted an attack on a rival site, and introduced a Trojan horse to bring it down on several occasions, but it was recognized that the wording of the offence needed to be clarified to confirm that all forms of denial of service attack are included.[citation needed]
Implications for industry practices
Although the Act ostensibly targets those who wish to gain unauthorised access to computer systems for various purposes, its implications on previously relatively widespread or well-known industry practices such as the "time-locking" of software have been described in various computing industry publications.[11] Time-locking is the practice of disabling functionality or whole programs in order to ensure that software, potentially delivered on condition of further payment, will "expire" and thus no longer function.
Latest situation
The Schedule 1 Part II 'Conspiracy' of the Criminal Justice (Terrorism and Conspiracy) Act 1998 amended Section 8 (relevance of external law), Section 9(2)(b) (British citizenship immaterial: conspiracy) and Section 16 (application to Northern Ireland). For text see reference.[12]
In 2004, the All-Party Internet Group published its review of the law and highlighted areas for development. Their recommendations led to the drafting of the Computer Misuse Act 1990 (Amendment) Bill which sought to amend the CMA to comply with the European Convention on Cyber Crime.[13] Under its terms, the maximum sentence of imprisonment for breaching the Act changed from six months to two years. It also sought to explicitly criminalise denial-of-service attacks and other crimes facilitated by denial-of-service. The Bill did not receive Royal Assent because Parliament was prorogued.
Sections 35 to 38 of the Police and Justice Act 2006 contain amendments to the Computer Misuse Act 1990.
Section 37 (Making, supplying or obtaining articles for use in computer misuse offences) inserts a new section 3A into the 1990 Act and has drawn considerable criticism from IT professionals, as many of their tools can be used by criminals in addition to their legitimate purposes, and thus fall under section 3A.
After the News International phone hacking scandal in 2011, there are ongoing discussions about amending the law to define "smart" phones (i.e. those with Internet browsers and other connectivity features) as computers under the Act. This amendment may also introduce a new offence of making information available with intent, i.e. publicly disclosing a password for someone's phone or computer so that others can access it illegally.[14]
In 2015, the Act was further amended by Part 2 sections 41 to 44 (plus others) of the Serious Crime Act 2015[15]
The amendments
The amendments to the Computer Misuse Act 1990 by Part 5 of the Police and Justice Act 2006[16] are
Section 35. Unauthorised access to computer material, punishable by up to 2 years in prison or a fine or both.[17]
Section 36. Unauthorised acts with intent to impair operation of computer, etc. punishable by up to 10 years in prison or a fine or both.[18]
Section 37. Making, supplying or obtaining articles for use in computer misuse offences, punishable by up to 2 years in prison or a fine or both.[19]
Section 38. Transitional and saving provision.[20]
The amendments to the Computer Misuse Act 1990 by Part 2 of the Serious Crime Act 2015[15] are
Section 41. (New Section 3ZA of the Computer Misuse Act 1990). Unauthorised acts causing, or creating risk of, serious damage - punishable by up to 14 years in prison or a fine or both, possible life imprisonment where human welfare or national security were endangered.[21]
Section 42. Obtaining articles for purposes relating to computer misuse - amendments to Section 3A.[22]
Section 43. Territorial scope of computer misuse - amendments to Sections 4, 5 and 10 making the primary territorial scope the United Kingdom but can be worldwide especially if perpetrator (or conspirators) is British and broke local law.[23]
Section 44. Savings - covers seizure and enactment amendments to Sections 10 and 16.[24]
Section 47. Serious Crime Prevention Orders: meaning of "Serious Offence" - adds Computer Misuse to list of serious crimes in the Serious Crime Act 2007 including being grounds for compulsory winding up of a company.[25]
Section 86. Transition and savings provisions - requires Sections 42 and 43 to be brought into force before they can be used.[26]
Schedule 1. Amendments to Serious Crimes Act 2007: Scotland - similar changes to Scottish law.[27]
Schedule 4. Minor and consequential amendments - changes Computer Misuse Act 1990 and the Armed Forces Act 2006.[28]
See also
Computer crime
Internet fraud
Data Protection Act 1998
References
Neil MacEwan, "The Computer Misuse Act 1990: lessons from its past and predictions for its future" (2008), Criminal Law Review 955.
Stefan Fafinski, Computer Misuse: Response, Regulation and the Law (Cullomption, Willan 2009)
Yaman Akdeniz, Section 3 of the Computer Misuse Act 1990: an Antidote for Computer Viruses! (1996) 3 Web JCLI [2] including reference to the case of Christopher Pile (aka 'the Black Baron') in November 1995.
Derek Wyatt, Computer Misuse Act (amendment) speech
The Law Lords' ruling
Notes
Jump up ^ IISS Global Perspectives – Power in Cyberspace. Q&A with Nigel Inkster, Director, Transnational Threats and Political Risk, IISS. 18 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Lee, Mark (Autumn 2014). "Lecture 2: Legal Perspectives" (PDF). School of Computer Science. Professional Computing. University of Birmingham. p. 13. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Murray, Andrew (2016). Information Technology Law: The Law and Society (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-19-873246-4. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
Jump up ^ HL 21 April 1988, [1988] AC 1063 summary at [1]
Jump up ^ Here Lord Brandon alludes to the classical myth of Procrustes, who would stretch his victims (or cut off their legs) in order to fit a bed for which they were ill suited.
Jump up ^ John Leyden (13 January 2015). "'80s hacker turned journo, IT crime ace Steve Gold logs off". The Register. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Computer Misuse Act 1990, s1 - s3
Jump up ^ http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/18/section/1
Jump up ^ http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/18/section/2
Jump up ^ http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/18/section/3
Jump up ^ Naylor, Chris (July 1994). "Locked up". Personal Computer World.
Jump up ^ "Criminal Justice (Terrorism and Conspiracy) Act 1998 Schedule 1". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
Jump up ^ http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/185.htm
Jump up ^ https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmselect/cmstnprv/628/62805.htm
^ Jump up to: a b "Serious Crime Act of 2015" (PDF). UK Government. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Police and Justice Act 2006
Jump up ^ Police and Justice Act 2006, section 35
Jump up ^ Police and Justice Act 2006, section 36
Jump up ^ Police and Justice Act 2006, section 37
Jump up ^ Police and Justice Act 2006, section 38
Jump up ^ Serious Crime Act 2015, Section 41
Jump up ^ Serious Crime Act 2015, Section 42
Jump up ^ Serious Crime Act 2015, Section 43
Jump up ^ Serious Crime Act 2015, Section 44
Jump up ^ Serious Crime Act 2015, Section 47
Jump up ^ Serious Crime Act 2015, Section 86
Jump up ^ Serious Crime Act 2015, Schedule 1
Jump up ^ Serious Crime Act 2015, Schedule 4
External links
The Internet Crime Forum
EURIM – IPPR E-Crime Study
Wording of the failed 2004 amendment bill
Amendments to the Computer Misuse Act 1990 covered by the Open Rights Group
A list of Computer Misuse Act cases compiled by Michael J L Turner
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Sectionals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Sectionals"
Glee episode
Episode no.
Season 1
Episode 13
Directed by
Brad Falchuk
Written by
Brad Falchuk
Featured music
"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going"
"Proud Mary"
"Don't Stop Believin'"
"Don't Rain on My Parade"
"You Can't Always Get What You Want"
"My Life Would Suck Without You"
Production code
1ARC12
Original air date
December 9, 2009 (2009-12-09)
Guest appearance(s)
Eve as Grace Hitchens
Patrick Gallagher as Ken Tanaka
Iqbal Theba as Principal Figgins
Anna Camp as Candace Dystra
Patricia Forte as Donna Landries
Michael Hitchcock as Dalton Rumba
Naya Rivera as Santana Lopez
Heather Morris as Brittany Pierce
Bill A. Jones as Rod Remington
Harry Shum, Jr. as Mike Chang
Dijon Talton as Matt Rutherford
Josh Sussman as Jacob Ben Israel
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Mattress" Next →
"Hell-O"
List of Glee episodes
"Sectionals" is the thirteenth episode of the American television series Glee. It premiered on the Fox network on December 9, 2009. The episode was written and directed by series co-creator Brad Falchuk, and serves as the mid-season finale for the show's first season. "Sectionals" sees the glee club win the sectionals round of competition, advancing on to regionals. Glee club member Finn (Cory Monteith) discovers he is not the father of his girlfriend Quinn's (Dianna Agron) baby. Football coach Ken Tanaka (Patrick Gallagher) plans his wedding with Emma (Jayma Mays) on the same day as the sectionals competition. Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) is unable to take the students to sectionals and Emma offers to take them. The episode sees the return of Eve and Michael Hitchcock as rival glee club directors Grace Hitchens and Dalton Rumba.
The episode features covers of six songs, studio recordings of four of which were released as singles, available for digital download, and are also included on the album Glee: The Music, Volume 2. "Sectionals" was watched by 8.127 million U.S. viewers, and received mostly positive reviews from critics. The episode's musical performances attracted praise, as did the development of Will and Emma's relationship, though Dan Snierson of Entertainment Weekly suggested it may have been preferable to leave their romance unresolved. James Poniewozik of Time felt that by concluding the pregnancy storyline in "Sectionals", Glee was able to "clear the decks for a second half of the season as the confident show it now is".[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
As a result of a technicality in the show choir competition rules, glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) is not allowed to accompany New Directions to sectionals. Guidance counsellor Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays) postpones her own wedding by a few hours so that she can take the club in his place, although her fiancé, football coach Ken Tanaka (Patrick Gallagher), feels she is choosing Will over him.
Most of the glee club has learned that Puck (Mark Salling), not Finn (Cory Monteith), is the father of Quinn's baby. They hide this fact from Rachel (Lea Michele), believing that she will tell Finn. Emma takes over as faculty advisor of the club as they start working on their set list for sectionals. With two group songs selected, Rachel says that she'll sing the solo ballad; Mercedes (Amber Riley) strenuously objects to this, and sings "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" to wild applause. Rachel agrees that Mercedes deserves to sing the solo and the two hug. Meanwhile, Rachel has deduced that Puck impregnated Quinn and tells Finn; he attacks Puck and confronts Quinn, who tearfully admits the truth. Angered by their betrayal, Finn quits the club on the eve of sectionals, and has to be replaced by school reporter Jacob Ben Israel (Josh Sussman). New Directions arrive at the event to discover their competitors have received an advance copy of their set list, and are performing all three of their chosen songs. Emma calls Will, who convinces Finn to help his New Directions teammates. Will finds Finn in the locker room, and talks to him about how special he is and that the club needs him.
Emma confronts rival choir directors Grace Hitchens (Eve) and Dalton Rumba (Michael Hitchcock), while New Directions chooses new performance pieces for their set list at the last minute. Rachel asks Mercedes to perform another ballad, but Mercedes insists, with the rest of the club agreeing, that Rachel is the best choice to perform "on the fly". They also decide to include "Somebody to Love" as their closer, but are stuck for a third piece until Finn arrives with new sheet music for the group, ready to perform with them. Rachel gives a solo performance of "Don't Rain on My Parade", receiving a standing ovation after finishing. The group then performs "You Can't Always Get What You Want" by the Rolling Stones, to the applause and cheers of the audience. After their performance, Grace attempts to confess her duplicity to the judges, but they have already unanimously decided that New Directions has won the competition.
Having previously discovered that his wife Terri (Jessalyn Gilsig) was faking her pregnancy, Will tells her he no longer feels the same way he did when they first fell in love. He later attends Ken and Emma's delayed wedding, only to find that Ken has ended the relationship as a result of Emma's feelings for Will. She announces her intention to leave McKinley High School, explaining that it will be too painful for her to carry on working with Will and Ken. Back at school, Principal Figgins (Iqbal Theba) suspends cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) for leaking the glee club's set list, and has Will reinstated as the director of New Directions. The glee club members show Will their trophy and perform "My Life Would Suck Without You" for him. The dance moves in the finale are a combination of the dances from other songs that have been performed so far. As Emma prepares to leave the school, Will chases after her and stops her with a kiss. Both are happy, but uncertain of what will happen next.
Production[edit]
Glee was originally commissioned by Fox for a thirteen episode run, culminating with "Sectionals". On September 21, 2009, the network announced an extension of the first season,[2] ordering a further nine episodes.[3] "Sectionals" therefore serves as the mid-season finale, with the remainder of the season airing from April 13, 2010.[4] Events in "Sectionals" are influenced by the season's eleventh episode "Hairography", in which cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester gave New Directions' competition set-list to their rival glee clubs. Morrison explained that the clubs perform New Directions' songs first, making it appear that they are copying them, so New Directions "have to do this impromptu thing and fly by the seat of [their] pants."[5] Morrison has called "Sectionals" "the best episode" of the series.[6]
"Sectionals" was written and directed by series creator Brad Falchuk.[3] Recurring characters who appear in the episode are glee club members Brittany (Heather Morris), Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera), Mike Chang (Harry Shum, Jr.) and Matt Rutherford (Dijon Talton), football coach Ken Tanaka (Patrick Gallagher), school reporter Jacob Ben Israel (Josh Sussman), Principal Figgins (Iqbal Theba) and local news anchor Rod Remington (Bill A. Jones). Anna Camp and Patricia Forte guest star as sectionals judges Candace Dykstra and Donna Landries, Peter Choi is the Emcee, and Thomasina Gross plays Perfect Engleberger, a member of the Jane Addams Academy glee club. "Sectionals" also sees the return of Eve and Michael Hitchcock as rival glee club directors Grace Hitchens and Dalton Rumba.[7] Eve was offered the role of Grace after Whitney Houston declined to appear.[8]
The episode features cover versions of "Don't Rain on My Parade" by Barbra Streisand, "You Can't Always Get What You Want" by The Rolling Stones, "My Life Would Suck Without You" by Kelly Clarkson, "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" from Dreamgirls, "Don't Stop Believin'" by Journey and "Proud Mary" by Creedence Clearwater Revival.[9] Studio recordings of "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going", "Don't Rain on My Parade", "You Can't Always Get What You Want" and "My Life Would Suck Without You" were released as singles in December 2009, available for download.[10] They are also included on the album Glee: The Music, Volume 2.[11] "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" charted at number 85 in Canada and 94 in the US,[12] while "Don't Rain on My Parade" charted at number 59 in Canada and 53 in the US.[13] "You Can't Always Get What You Want" charted at number 51 in Canada and 71 in the US,[14] and "My Life Would Suck Without You" charted at number 66 in Australia,[15] 40 in Canada and 51 in the US.[16] Jenna Ushkowitz named "You Can't Always Get What You Want" one of her favorite songs on the album, deeming the original "a classic" and the Glee cover "emotional" as one of the final songs of the original run of episodes.[17] The performance of "My Life Would Suck Without You" showcased choreography from numerous performances from earlier episodes.[18]
Reception[edit]
The kiss between Emma (Mays, pictured) and Will in "Sectionals" was generally well-received, though Entertainment Weekly's Dan Snierson felt it may have come too soon.
The episode was watched by 8.127 million US viewers.[19] It was the show's highest-rated episode ever with teenagers,[20] and its season high in the 18-49 demographic, with a rating/share of 3.7/9.[19] In Canada, it was the tenth most watched show for the week of broadcast, attaining 1.64 million viewers.[21]
"Sectionals" received mostly positive reviews from critics. TV Guide's Natalie Abrams felt it ended the beginning of the season on a "high note",[22] while Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal commented: "You couldn’t have asked for a better cliffhanger of a fall finale".[18] IGN's Eric Goldman rated the episode 9/10, calling it "very satisfying",[23] and Gerrick Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times commended it as "fine television."[24] James Poniewozik of Time wrote: "I'm not sure I expected or wanted a feel-good ending out of the first half of Glee. But what we got from "Sectionals" left me feeling very good about where the show is going this spring."[1] In contrast, Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger, felt that the episode brought too many storylines to a head at once, "not allowing all to have as much impact as they might have had the big developments been spaced out". Sepinwall commented, however, that the acting and especially singing performances were "uniformly strong."[25]
"The number reminded me how much I like what the show's done with Rachel: she's a lead character, yet the show allows her to be annoying—but at the same time, her dedication makes her likeable. And as we see here, as much of a pill as she can be, her ability to whip out a performance she's been working on since age four is an asset."
James Poniewozik of Time on Rachel's performance of "Don't Rain on My Parade".[1]
Musical performances in the episode attracted praise. Aly Semigran of MTV called Riley's rendition of "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" "goose bump-inducing",[26] while Goldman commended: "Riley absolutely killed it as Mercedes belted out that song".[23] In contrast, Poniewozik wrote that it was the one song choice he didn't like, feeling that it is overused, thus diminishing its impact.[1] Abrams deemed Rachel's solo performance at sectionals "amazing",[22] and Flandez recommended: "Watch it again if you ever want to take back three minutes of your life that you’ve wasted on something else."[18] Pardue called the group performance of "You Can't Always Get What You Want" "energetic [...] casual [...] and very Glee", but felt it "would have been nice" to feature different singers.[27] Dan Snierson for Entertainment Weekly similarly noted that he would have preferred "more vocal interplay between all group members".[28] In December 2012, TV Guide named the rendition of "Don't Rain on My Parade" one of Glee's best performances, commenting: "Glee has done Broadway many times, but rarely better than this."[29]
Critics also commented positively on the development of Will and Emma's relationship, with Abrams noting that she had been waiting for them to kiss since the pilot episode,[22] and Goldman deeming their coming together "very hard to not feel good about".[23] Snierson, however, wrote that although there was satisfaction in the episode ending on the kiss, it may have been "more intriguing" to conclude with Will finding Emma's office empty, questioning whether it was too soon for the two of them to begin a relationship.[28] The end of Quinn's pregnancy secret was also well received. Poniewozik wrote that the pregnancy storyline had felt as though "the early Glee wasn't confident that people would be interested in it without these over-the-top soap opera twists." He noted that in concluding the pregnancy deception in "Sectionals", Glee: "seemed to clear the decks for a second half of the season as the confident show it now is."[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Poniewozik, James (December 10, 2009). "Glee Watch: Getting What You Want". Time. Time Inc. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Fox sings praises of "Glee" with full-season pickup" (Press release). Fox. September 21, 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Schneider, Michael (December 1, 2009). "'Glee' co-creator gets big Fox deal". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Fox Announces 2009-2010 Midseason Schedule" (Press release). Fox. November 24, 2009. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (October 22, 2009). "Glee: Sue Sylvester's Next Scheme". TV Guide. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (October 21, 2009). "Glee: Who Has a Crush on Will Schuester?". TV Guide. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "(GLE-113) "Sectionals"". The Futon Critic (Press release). Retrieved February 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (June 23, 2009). "Exclusive: Eve joining 'Glee' club for arc". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Archived from the original on August 23, 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sectionals". Fox. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Cast versions of "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going", "Don't Rain on My Parade", "You Can't Always Get What You Want" and "My Life Would Suck Without You" among songs featured in fall finale of "Glee" Wednesday, December 9, on Fox" (Press release). Fox. December 8, 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Stack, Time (November 12, 2009). "'Glee: The Music, Vol. 2' track listing revealed!". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Glee Cast and Amber Riley - And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going". aCharts.us. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Glee Cast and Lea Michele - Don't Rain On My Parade". aCharts.us. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Glee Cast and Lea Michele - Cory Monteith, Kevin Mchale & Amber Riley, You Can't Always Get What You Want". aCharts.us. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 21st December 2009" (PDF) (1034). Pandora Archive. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Glee Cast featuring Lea Michele, Cory Monteith, Jenna Ushkowitz and Amber Riley - My Life Would Suck Without You". aCharts.us. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Wieselman, Jarrett (November 18, 2009). "Jenna Ushkowitz: I'm rooting for Tina to join Cheerios!". New York Post. News Corporation. Archived from the original on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Flandez, Raymund (December 10, 2009). ""Glee" Season 1, Episode 13 "Sectionals": TV Recap". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (December 10, 2009). "Broadcast Finals: Glee rises to season high; Criminal Minds up; The Middle, Gary Unmarried down a tick". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Siedman, Robert (December 10, 2009). "TV Ratings: Modern Family returns strong; Glee exits at highs". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Top Programs – Total Canada (English): December 7–December 13, 2009" (PDF). BBM Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Abrams, Natalie (December 9, 2009). "Glee Episode Recap: "Sectionals"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Goldman, Eric (December 10, 2009). "Glee: "Sectionals" Review". IGN. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Gerrick (December 10, 2009). "'Glee': We'll miss it". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan (December 10, 2009). "Glee, "Sectionals": Thoughts on the fall finale?". The Star-Ledger. Advance Publications. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Semigran, Aly (December 10, 2009). "'Glee Recap': Episode 13, 'Sectionals'". MTV. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Pardue, Liz (December 9, 2009). "'Glee': 'Don't Rain on My Parade' and 'You Can't Always Get What You Want' rock the 'Glee' finale". Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Snierson, Dan (December 10, 2009). "'Glee' recap: Puttin' on a Show". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Best and Worst Glee Performances (So Far!)". TV Guide. December 26, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
External links[edit]
Glee portal
"Sectionals" at Fox.com
"Sectionals" on IMDb
"Sectionals" at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Glee episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"Showmance"
"Acafellas"
"Preggers"
"The Rhodes Not Taken"
"Vitamin D"
"Throwdown"
"Mash-Up"
"Wheels"
"Ballad"
"Hairography"
"Mattress"
"Sectionals"
"Hell-O"
"The Power of Madonna"
"Home"
"Bad Reputation"
"Laryngitis"
"Dream On"
"Theatricality"
"Funk"
"Journey to Regionals"
Season 2
"Audition"
"Britney/Brittany"
"Grilled Cheesus"
"Duets"
"The Rocky Horror Glee Show"
"Never Been Kissed"
"The Substitute"
"Furt"
"Special Education"
"A Very Glee Christmas"
"The Sue Sylvester Shuffle"
"Silly Love Songs"
"Comeback"
"Blame It on the Alcohol"
"Sexy"
"Original Song"
"A Night of Neglect"
"Born This Way"
"Rumours"
"Prom Queen"
"Funeral"
"New York"
Season 3
"The Purple Piano Project"
"I Am Unicorn"
"Asian F"
"Pot O' Gold"
"The First Time"
"Mash Off"
"I Kissed a Girl"
"Hold On to Sixteen"
"Extraordinary Merry Christmas"
"Yes/No"
"Michael"
"The Spanish Teacher"
"Heart"
"On My Way"
"Big Brother"
"Saturday Night Glee-ver"
"Dance with Somebody"
"Choke"
"Prom-asaurus"
"Props"
"Nationals"
"Goodbye"
Season 4
"The New Rachel"
"Britney 2.0"
"Makeover"
"The Break Up"
"The Role You Were Born to Play"
"Glease"
"Dynamic Duets"
"Thanksgiving"
"Swan Song"
"Glee, Actually"
"Sadie Hawkins"
"Naked"
"Diva"
"I Do"
"Girls (and Boys) On Film"
"Feud"
"Guilty Pleasures"
"Shooting Star"
"Sweet Dreams"
"Lights Out"
"Wonder-ful"
"All or Nothing"
Season 5
"Love, Love, Love"
"Tina in the Sky with Diamonds"
"The Quarterback"
"A Katy or a Gaga"
"The End of Twerk"
"Movin' Out"
"Puppet Master"
"Previously Unaired Christmas"
"Frenemies"
"Trio"
"City of Angels"
"100"
"New Directions"
"New New York"
"Bash"
"Tested"
"Opening Night"
"The Back-up Plan"
"Old Dog, New Tricks"
"The Untitled Rachel Berry Project"
Season 6
"Loser Like Me"
"Homecoming"
"Jagged Little Tapestry"
"The Hurt Locker, Part One"
"The Hurt Locker, Part Two"
"What the World Needs Now"
"Transitioning"
"A Wedding"
"Child Star"
"The Rise and Fall of Sue Sylvester"
"We Built This Glee Club"
"2009"
"Dreams Come True"
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Survey Sampling International
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This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Survey Sampling International
Type
Private
Industry
Market Research
Founded
1977
Headquarters
Shelton, CT, USA
Website
www.surveysampling.com
Survey Sampling International (SSI) performs consumer and business-to-business survey research.
History[edit]
SSI was founded in 1977 by Tom Danbury and Beverly Weiman.[1] In 2005, SSI acquired Bloomerce bv of the Netherlands, an online sampling company in Europe.[2] SSI now manages proprietary online panels (under the names SurveySpot, Opinion Outpost, OpinionWorld, and Choozz).
In 2009, the firm played a role in launching the industry co-initiative, Research Voice.[3] Research Voice (www.research-voice.com) is a forum inviting all members of the marketing research chain—suppliers, researchers, end clients, consultants, associations, and participants themselves—to come together and express ideas on the development of innovative approaches to gathering opinions.
In July 2011, Survey Sampling International announced its merger with Utah-based Opinionology. Though a merger, the newly formed sampling and data collection company continues to operate under the SSI brand.[4][5]
On December 17, 2014, HGGC, a middle market private equity firm announced it had completed its majority investment in the parent company of SSI.[6] Though HGGC bought control of SSI, Providence Equity Partners and Sterling Investment Partners retained minority stakes in the business. Under the terms of the deal, Rich Lawson, HGGC’s chief executive, became chairman of SSI. Steve Young, a former professional football quarterback who is a partner at the private equity firm, also joined the board.[7]
As of February 2015, SSI had 25 global offices in 18 countries, with its corporate headquarters in Shelton, CT, USA. It has over 3,300 employees globally, and more than 3,000 customers, including market research and consulting firms, Fortune 500 businesses, and universities.[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The New York Times https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2D6123AF931A15754C0A9619C8B63
Jump up ^ Research Magazine http://www.research-live.com/news/ssi-moves-into-europe-with-bloomerce-buy/3000651.article
Jump up ^ Research Magazine http://www.research-live.com/news/news-headlines/coke-and-unilever-to-trial-arf-online-quality-programme/4001048.article
Jump up ^ Bloomberg https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aBTY3bFwcZsE
Jump up ^ Research Magazine http://www.research-live.com/news/m-and-a/ssi-and-opinionology-finalise-merger/4005572.article
Jump up ^ HGGC http://www.hggc.com/media/19729/hgcc_ssi_pr_announcement_final_11-9-14__1_.pdf
Jump up ^ The New York Times http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/11/10/hggc-to-buy-control-of-survey-sampling-international/
Jump up ^ MarketWatch http://www.marketwatch.com/story/ge-antares-provides-330-million-to-support-hggcs-majority-ownership-investment-in-survey-sampling-international-llc-2014-12-19
External links[edit]
[1] Survey Sampling International
[2] Survey Sampling International Opt-Out webpage
[3] ESOMAR
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Survey_Sampling_International&oldid=852020786"
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There's No Business Like Show Business
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the film, see There's No Business Like Show Business (film).
"There's No Business Like Show Business" is an Irving Berlin song, written for the 1946 musical Annie Get Your Gun and orchestrated by Ted Royal. The song, a slightly tongue-in-cheek salute to the glamour and excitement of a life in show business, is sung in the musical by members of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show in an attempt to persuade Annie Oakley to join the production.[1] It is reprised three times in the musical.
The song is also featured in the 1954 movie of the same name, where it is notably sung by Ethel Merman as the main musical number.[2] The movie, directed by Walter Lang, is essentially a catalog of various Berlin's pieces, in the same way that Singin' in the Rain—which starred Donald O'Connor as well—was a collection of Arthur Freed songs. There was also a disco version of the song made during the 1970s, with Merman reprising her singing role in The Ethel Merman Disco Album.[3] The song became one of Ethel Merman's standards and was often performed by her at concerts and on television.
Other singers to have recorded the song include Judy Garland,[4] The Andrews Sisters (with Bing Crosby and Dick Haymes), Harry Connick Jr. (from Come by Me, 1999), Susannah McCorkle, and Bernadette Peters. The Andrews Sisters version with Bing Crosby and Dick Haymes was recorded on March 19, 1947[5] and was the only version to reach the Billboard charts, albeit briefly at No. 25.[6]
In his liner notes for Susannah McCorkle's version of the song on her Ballad Essentials album Scott Yanow writes "usually performed as a corny razzle-dazzle romp, that piece was drastically slowed down by Susannah who performed all of its known lyrics, including stanzas that show Irving Berlin's lyrics were actually quite touching and meaningful".
Tenor saxophonist Sonny Rollins did a rendition of the tune on his 1956 Prestige album, Work Time.
Popular culture[edit]
The Canadian band Sweeney Todd included part of the lyrics in their song "Say Hello Say Goodbye" from their album If Wishes Were Horses.
The Ethel Merman recording is featured in the film All That Jazz (1979).
From 1976 to 2007 the rock band Genesis played the Ethel Merman recording at the end of gigs—it can be heard at the end of their 1977 live album Seconds Out.
The song is featured during the epilogue of the HBO film, The Late Shift.
During the credits of Noises Off, Niki Haris sings a form of the song.
In the 2000 musical film version of Love's Labour's Lost, Nathan Lane sings a version of the song.
Liza Minnelli performed a portion of the song on her 1992 album "Live From Radio City Music Hall."
In RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars, contestants Latrice Royale and Tammie Brown performed a lip-sync to the Ethel Merman version for the episode "RuPaul's Gaff-In."[7]
British comedian and impressionist Bobby Davro included a sketch "The Kidnapping of Bonnie Langford" on his 1980s ITV show, which concluded with Langford (played by Jessica Martin) loudly performing the song in order to nauseate her kidnappers into releasing her.
The song is sampled in Taco's cover of another Irving Berlin song, "Puttin' On the Ritz", released in 1982.
The song's opening line forms the basis for a dialog between R.K. Maroon and Eddie Valiant in the film Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988).
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Green, Kay (1996). Broadway Musicals, Show by Show. H. Leonard Publishing Corporation. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-7935-7750-7.
Jump up ^ Sears, Benjamin (19 April 2012). The Irving Berlin Reader. Oxford University Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-19-538374-4.
Jump up ^ Gamson, Joshua (30 July 2013). The Fabulous Sylvester: The Legend, the Music, the Seventies in San Francisco. Henry Holt and Company. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-4668-5016-3.
Jump up ^ Flinn, Caryl (2007). Brass Diva: The Life and Legends of Ethel Merman. University of California Press. p. 441. ISBN 978-0-520-22942-6.
Jump up ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954. Wisconsin, USA: Record Research Inc. p. 113. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.
Jump up ^ Sava, Olivia (30 October 2012). "RuPaul's Gaff-In". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
America's Songs: The Stories Behind the Songs of Broadway, Hollywood, and Tin Pan Alley, Philip Furia, Michael L. Lasser. Routledge, 2006, ISBN 978-0-415-97246-8, p. 206
[show]
v
t
e
Irving Berlin, Dorothy Fields, and Herbert Fields'
Annie Get Your Gun (1946)
Characters
Annie Oakley
Frank Butler
Chief Sitting Bull
Buffalo Bill
Pawnee Bill
Adaptations
Annie Get Your Gun (1950 film)
Annie du Far-West (1950 French operetta)
Recordings
Annie Get Your Gun (1963)
Annie Get Your Gun - 1986 London Cast (1986)
Music
"Doin' What Comes Natur'lly"
"The Girl That I Marry"
"You Can't Get a Man with a Gun"
"There's No Business Like Show Business"
"They Say It's Wonderful"
"Moonshine Lullaby"
"My Defenses Are Down"
"I'm an Indian, Too"
"I Got Lost In His Arms"
"Who Do You Love, I Hope?"
"I Got the Sun in the Mornin'"
"Anything You Can Do"
Related
Songs (fuller list)
[show]
v
t
e
Irving Berlin songs
"Alexander's Ragtime Band"
"All Alone"
"All by Myself"
"All My Life"
"Always"
"Any Bonds Today?"
"Anything You Can Do (I Can Do Better)"
"The Best Thing for You (Would Be Me)"
"Blue Skies"
"Change Partners"
"Cheek to Cheek"
"Count Your Blessings"
"Daddy, Come Home"
"Doin' What Comes Natur'lly"
"Easter Parade"
"Follow the Crowd"
"Get Thee Behind Me Satan"
"The Girl That I Marry"
"God Bless America"
"Happy Holiday"
"Heat Wave"
"Heaven Watch the Philippines"
"How About Me?"
"How Deep Is the Ocean?"
"How's Chances?"
"I Got Lost in His Arms"
"I Got the Sun in the Mornin' (and the Moon at Night)"
"I Used to Be Color Blind"
"I Want To Go Back To Michigan"
"I'm an Indian Too"
"I'm Gonna Pin My Medal on the Girl I Left Behind"
"I'm Putting All My Eggs in One Basket"
"I've Got My Captain Working for Me Now"
"I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm"
"Isn't This a Lovely Day?"
"It's a Lovely Day Today"
"Lazy"
"Let Yourself Go"
"Let's Face the Music and Dance"
"Let's Have Another Cup of Coffee"
"Let's Take an Old-Fashioned Walk"
"Mandy"
"Moonshine Lullaby"
"My Defenses Are Down"
"The Near Future"
"No Strings (I'm Fancy Free)"
"Now It Can Be Told"
"Oh! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning"
"Play a Simple Melody"
"A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody"
"Puttin' On the Ritz"
"Reaching for the Moon"
"Remember"
"San Francisco Bound"
"Say It Isn't So"
"Sisters"
"Slumming on Park Avenue"
"The Song Is Ended (but the Melody Lingers On)"
"Stay Down Here Where You Belong"
"Steppin' Out with My Baby"
"Supper Time"
"That International Rag"
"That Mysterious Rag"
"There's No Business Like Show Business"
"They Say It's Wonderful"
"Top Hat, White Tie and Tails"
"What'll I Do"
"When I Lost You"
"White Christmas"
"Who Do You Love, I Hope?"
"You Can Have Him"
"You Can't Get a Man with a Gun"
"You Keep Coming Back Like a Song"
"You'd Be Surprised"
"You're Just in Love"
"You're Laughing at Me"
See also Irving Berlin Musicals
[show]
v
t
e
The Andrews Sisters
LaVerne Andrews
Maxene Andrews
Patty Andrews
Singles
"Bei Mir Bist Du Schön"
"Nice Work If You Can Get It"
"Shortenin' Bread"
"Oh! Ma-Ma!"
"Beer Barrel Polka (Roll Out the Barrel)"
"Ciribiribin (They're So In Love)"
"Say Si Si (Para Vigo Me Voy)"
"The Woodpecker Song"
"Beat Me Daddy, Eight to the Bar"
"Scrub Me, Mama, With a Boogie Beat"
"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy"
"I Yi, Yi, Yi, Yi (I Like You Very Much)"
"(I'll Be With You) In Apple Blossom Time"
"Sonny Boy"
"Don't Sit Under the Apple Tree"
"Mister Five By Five"
"Pistol Packin' Mama"
"Jingle Bells"
"Shoo-Shoo Baby"
"Down In the Valley"
"Straighten Up and Fly Right"
"Tico Tico"
"Is You Is Or Is You Ain't My Baby"
"A Hot Time In the Town of Berlin"
"Don't Fence Me In"
"Rum and Coca-Cola"
"Accentuate the Positive"
"The Three Caballeros"
"Along the Navajo Trail"
"Get Your Kicks On Route 66"
"I Don't Know Why"
"House of Blue Lights"
"Rumors Are Flying"
"Winter Wonderland"
"There's No Business Like Show Business"
"Near You"
"Civilization (Bongo, Bongo, Bongo)"
"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town"
"Sabre Dance"
"Underneath the Arches"
"You Call Everybody Darling"
"Don't Rob Another Man's Castle"
"I Can Dream, Can't I?"
"Charley, My Boy"
"Have I Told You Lately That I Love You"
"The Wedding Samba"
"I Wanna Be Loved"
"A Bushel and a Peck"
"Mele Kalikimaka"
"Sparrow in the Tree Top"
Book:The Andrews Sisters
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There%27s_No_Business_Like_Show_Business&oldid=841636517"
Categories:
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Harry Connick Jr. songs
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Songs written by Irving Berlin
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Donkey Kong (character)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Donkey Kong
Donkey Kong and Mario character
Donkey Kong, as seen in promotional artwork for Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze.
First appearance
Donkey Kong (1981)
First game
Donkey Kong (1981)
Created by
Shigeru Miyamoto
Voiced by
Grant Kirkhope (1999; 2003–2010)
Takashi Nagasako (2004–present)
Soupy Sales (Saturday Supercade)
Garry Chalk (Captain N: The Game Master)
Richard Yearwood (Donkey Kong Country)
Sterling Jarvis (Donkey Kong Country, singing voice)
Kōichi Yamadera (Japanese dub of Donkey Kong Country cartoon)
Donkey Kong (ドンキーコング, Donkī Kongu) (sometimes known as DK or D. Kong) is an ape-like character who appears in games belonging to the Donkey Kong and Mario video game franchises. A popular character, he has appeared in many video games. Donkey Kong was Mario's first opponent in the game of the same name, Nintendo's popular 1981 arcade game, Donkey Kong. Since then he has starred in his own series of games, starting with 1994's Donkey Kong Country for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and remains an important character in the spin-off games of the Mario series, such as Mario Kart.
DK debuted at the same time as Mario, and he still appears with Mario on occasion, appearing as a playable character in the Mario Kart and Super Smash Bros. series, and is the primary antagonist in the Mario vs. Donkey Kong games.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Concept and creation
2 Characteristics
3 Appearances
3.1 Early history
3.2 Rare era
3.3 Post-Rare era
3.4 Other appearances
4 Reception and legacy
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Concept and creation[edit]
In 1981, Nintendo was pursuing a license to make a game based on the Popeye comic strip. When this fell through, Nintendo decided that it would take the opportunity to create new characters that could then be marketed and used in later games.[2][3] Shigeru Miyamoto came up with many characters and plot concepts, but he eventually settled on a gorilla/carpenter/girlfriend love triangle that mirrored the rivalry between Bluto and Popeye for Olive Oyl.[4]
Bluto was replaced by an ape, which Miyamoto said was "nothing too evil or repulsive", and the pet of the main character.[5] Miyamoto has also named "Beauty and the Beast" and the 1933 film King Kong as influences for the character.[6]
Miyamoto used "donkey" to convey "stubborn" in English; the name Donkey Kong was intended to convey "stubborn ape" to the American audience.[7][8][9] When he suggested this name to Nintendo of America, he was laughed at, but the name stuck.
Donkey Kong was redesigned for the Super NES in 1994 by former Rare character artist Kevin Bayliss. He presented the modern look to Nintendo and was immediately approved. Although the character design has been tweaked over the years, Donkey Kong's appearance remains consistent to this day when Bayliss last modified him.
"Today it makes me smile to see so many products with DK on the front, and that he's pretty much still the same as he looked when I gave him a once-over. So that's good enough for me – I must have done something right!"
—  Kevin Bayliss[10]
Characteristics[edit]
The Donkey Kong Country series introduced the setting Donkey Kong Island and a backstory for the character. The series also introduced Diddy Kong as Donkey's nephew and sidekick, and King K. Rool, king of the Kremlings, as his nemesis who steals his banana hoard. While retaining the red necktie he's had since the Game Boy game, Donkey Kong, he also donned a distinct physical appearance featuring heavy brows and a peaked lock of hair on top of his head. This would become the standard look for Donkey Kong still used over two decades later. The modern Donkey Kong is portrayed as a powerful yet laid-back ape, who is interested mainly in his banana hoard and his girlfriend, Candy Kong.
The new Donkey Kong introduced in Donkey Kong Country was initially characterized as the grandson of the original Donkey Kong,[11] who appears in the game as an elderly ape named Cranky Kong,[12][13] however Donkey Kong 64 states that the current Donkey Kong was actually meant to be Cranky Kong's son,[14][15] with one source implying that he is a grown-up version of Donkey Kong Jr.[16] However, in Super Smash Bros. Brawl and Donkey Kong Country Returns, the current Donkey Kong is referred to as Cranky's grandson.[17] The story designs of the present DK series, which began with Donkey Kong Country, are clearly different, which Nintendo uses alteration of generations to explain.
Donkey Kong's personality is similar to a typical gorilla's; DK shows pride in his strength, enjoys eating and hoarding bananas, and is occasionally depicted as an idiot or dopey. He is a hero to the Kongs but a rival to Mario; occasionally this rivalry erupts especially when DK kidnaps Pauline, whom he finds attractive.
Appearances[edit]
Early history[edit]
The original Donkey Kong (later established to be Cranky Kong from the Donkey Kong Country series)[12] made his first appearance as the titular antagonist of the 1981 arcade game Donkey Kong alongside protagonist Mario (then known as "Jumpman") and damsel in distress, the Lady (later renamed Pauline). As Jumpman, the player must reach Donkey Kong at the top of each stage, where he is holding the Lady captive. Donkey Kong attempts to hinder the player's progress by throwing barrels, springs, and other objects towards Jumpman. The ape reappeared the following year in the sequel Donkey Kong Jr., where Donkey Kong is taken captive and locked in a cage by the renamed Mario, while Donkey Kong Junior sets out to rescue him. Donkey Kong resumed his antagonistic role in Donkey Kong 3, this time the character Stanley the Bugman taking Mario's place as the protagonist. Stanley fights Donkey Kong's attempts to invade a greenhouse along with a horde of killer bees.
Donkey Kong was also antagonist of a very unsuccessful 3 episode anime series, which was aimed at children and ran from June 2 to August 19, 1985.
After Donkey Kong, Mario went on to become Nintendo's primary mascot, while Donkey Kong and his son were relegated to supporting roles and cameos. The 1994 Game Boy version of Donkey Kong marked his re-emergence as a major character. He was redesigned, appearing with a red necktie, which sometimes bears his initials, "DK".
Rare era[edit]
The 1994 Super Nintendo Entertainment System game Donkey Kong Country, developed by British game developer Rare was the beginning of a series. Despite his name being in the titles of both games, DK is the damsel-in-distress in the sequels Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest and Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!, where he is captured by K. Rool. In these games, the player controls Dixie Kong and one of her fellow Kongs as they set out to rescue him. The Donkey Kong Country series also inspired the Donkey Kong Land series and a television series. In Donkey Kong 64, King K. Rool has driven a mechanical Crocodile Isle in front of DK Island after stealing all of Donkey Kong's bananas and friends.
Post-Rare era[edit]
Following Rare's departure from the series, Nintendo co-produced a trilogy of rhythm games with Namco for the Nintendo GameCube known as the Donkey Konga series, which were based on Namco's own Taiko: Drum Master, though only two of the series' games made it to America. Donkey Kong Jungle Beat was released on March 14, 2005 in North America for the GameCube. It depicted DK as being more violent than his original image and also used the bongo controllers. In October 2007, Donkey Kong Barrel Blast was released in North America for the Wii.
On handheld consoles, Donkey Kong was reunited with his former rival Mario in the 2004 Game Boy Advance game, Mario vs. Donkey Kong. A throwback to the Donkey Kong game for the Game Boy, Donkey Kong resumed his antagonist role from his earlier games by taking over the Mario Toy Company, upset over the lack of Mini-Mario toys available for purchase. The game was followed by a 2006 sequel titled Mario vs. Donkey Kong 2: March of the Minis, where Donkey Kong, who is infatuated with Pauline, kidnaps her and takes her to the roof of the Super Mini-Mario World amusement park when she ignores a Mini Donkey Kong toy in favor of a Mini-Mario. He also once again appeared as the antagonist in Mario vs. Donkey Kong: Minis March Again! and Mario vs. Donkey Kong: Mini-Land Mayhem!. Aside from those, Donkey Kong appeared in DK King of Swing on the GBA around the time of Jungle Beat, and in its sequel, DK Jungle Climber, for the Nintendo DS. In the 2010 Wii game, Donkey Kong Country Returns, Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong get rid of the Tiki Tak Tribe, who appears on Donkey Kong Island and hypnotizes various creatures. In the 2014 Wii U game, Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze, Donkey Kong sets out to get his home back from evil Vikings known as the Snowmads.
Other appearances[edit]
Every Mario Kart game has featured a version of Donkey Kong as a playable character. Super Mario Kart featured Donkey Kong Junior as a playable character. The modern Donkey Kong made his first appearance in the series with Mario Kart 64, and been in every game to date since.
In the Mario Party series, he was a playable character in all three titles released for the N64, and also Mario Party 4 for the GameCube, this one being his last playable appearance in the series. He eventually became an "event character" in the later games, making appearances as an incidental character on the game board. He made an appearance within Mario Party 8, once again as an incidental character on the game board. Donkey Kong also appears in Mario Party DS and in Mario Party 9 as a non-player character, though he came back as playable in Mario Party 10 and in Mario Party: Star Rush (along with Diddy Kong).
Donkey Kong and his nephew have had supporting roles in various Mario sports games. Donkey Kong Junior appeared in the Virtual Boy game Mario's Tennis. Donkey Kong was also a selectable character in Mario Tennis, Mario Power Tennis, Mario Tennis: Power Tour, Mario Tennis Open, Mario Tennis: Ultra Smash and Mario Tennis Aces. Donkey Kong is playable in Mario Golf, Mario Golf: Toadstool Tour and Mario Golf: World Tour but not Mario Golf: Advance Tour. Donkey Kong featured in Super Mario Strikers for the GameCube and made his first appearance on the Wii within the title Mario Strikers Charged as a playable soccer captain. In Mario Super Sluggers, he appears as a captain again. Donkey Kong also appears in Mario Superstar Baseball. He made a playable appearance in Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games, Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games and Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games. He also appears in Mario Hoops 3-on-3 and Mario Sports Mix.
He is also playable in each Super Smash Bros. game. Donkey Kong appeared in Super Smash Bros. as the first character from the Donkey Kong series and had a stage called "Kongo Jungle", which was based on Donkey Kong Country. Both he and Kongo Jungle returned for the series second game, Super Smash Bros. Melee. In this game, he had two new stages called "Jungle Japes" and "Kongo Jungle", and a version of the "DK Rap" from Donkey Kong 64 serves as stage music for Kongo Jungle (the one difference in the lyrics being the word "heck" substituted from the word "hell"). He appeared once more in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, this time being joined by his sidekick Diddy Kong and three stages – "Jungle Japes" from Melee, "Rumble Falls" from Donkey Kong Jungle Beat,[18] and "75m" from the original Donkey Kong game from 1981. Both Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong returned to the series in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Super Smash Bros. for Wii U, with Donkey Kong being among the first wave of amiibo released for the games. Jungle Japes from Melee returns in the 3DS version, and both Kongo Jungle from the original Super Smash Bros. and 75m from Brawl return in the Wii U version, along with a new stage called Jungle Hijinxs from Donkey Kong Country Returns. Along with Bowser, he is also a playable guest character in the Nintendo versions of Skylanders: SuperChargers. Super Mario Maker features Donkey Kong as a Mystery Mushroom costume.
The character has also made more incidental appearances. Two minor enemies in Super Mario RPG bear a striking resemblance to Donkey Kong. One of the enemies, named "Guerrilla", says "Don't confuse me with someone else," referring to DK. Both Donkey Kong and Donkey Kong, Jr. appear as minor antagonists in the Super Mario Bros.-based adventure book Doors to Doom. Donkey Kong was also featured on the Game & Watch Gallery handheld series and Tetris DS. In Yoshi's Island DS, Donkey Kong appears as "Baby DK", a younger version of himself, similar to Baby Mario. First appearing in World 2–1, most of his gameplay reflects Donkey Kong Jr., even featuring the Snapjaw enemies from the game. He has been seen in the audience of some games in the Punch-Out!! series. He also serves as the hidden opponent in 2009's Punch-Out!! on the Wii. During Rare's time, references were seen throughout Rare's games. In Banjo-Tooie, Bottle's daughter, Goggles, is seen holding a Donkey Kong plush doll. Also in the worker's quarters in Grunty's Industries, the DK logo is seen on the fridge.
Reception and legacy[edit]
Donkey Kong has been described as one of the most iconic mascots for Nintendo.[19][20] In their 250th issue in January 2010, Nintendo Power ranked him as their eighth-favorite Nintendo hero, stating that while he is a somewhat goofy hero, he is decently good overall and an entertaining one. They also ranked him as their eighth-favorite Nintendo villain, joking that one should avoid him if he isn't wearing a tie.[21] IGN criticized his tie, stating "DK needs a fashion makeover". They said that while he "used to be a working icon", "his status is starting to show signs of rust".[22] 1UP.com listed him as the most "Gracelessly Aging Character", citing the fact that the original Donkey Kong from the arcade game eventually became Cranky Kong.[23] IGN ranked him 5th in their "Top 100 Videogames Villains" list for his earlier appearances.[24] UGO.com listed Donkey Kong seventh on their list of "The 25 Awesomest Hidden Characters" for his cameo appearance in Punch-Out!!.[25] Empire also included him on their list of the 50 greatest video game characters, adding that he is "the worst named character in the history of gaming".[26] The 2011 Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition lists Donkey Kong as the 33rd-most popular video game character.[27] In 2012, GamesRadar ranked him as the 25th-best hero in video games.[28]
See also[edit]
Book: Mario franchise characters
Mario portal
Fictional characters portal
Nintendo portal
List of Donkey Kong video games
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Now You're Playing With Power: Top 25 Nintendo Characters of All Time". GameDaily. Archived from the original on September 12, 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
Jump up ^ De Maria, Rusel; Johnny L. Wilson (2004). High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. p. 238.
Jump up ^ East, Tom (November 25, 2009). "Donkey Kong Was Originally A Popeye Game". Official Nintendo Magazine. Official Nintendo Magazine. Archived from the original on November 10, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2013. Miyamoto says Nintendo's main monkey might not have existed.
Jump up ^ Kohler, Chris (2005). Power-up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life. Indianapolis, Indiana: BradyGAMES. p. 39.
Jump up ^ Sheff, David (1999). Game Over: Press Start to Continue: The Maturing of Mario. Wilton, Connecticut: GamePress. p. 47.
Jump up ^ Kohler, Chris (2005). Power-up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life. Indianapolis, Indiana: BradyGAMES. p. 36.
Jump up ^ "Nintendo Online Magazine". Nintendo Online Magazine. Archived from the original on 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Miyamoto interview, E3 2001". Quarter To Three. 2001-05-16. Archived from the original on November 18, 2006. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
Jump up ^ Fact-checking website Snopes determines that "The bottom line is that no evidence backs up any of the explanations that the name 'Donkey Kong' came about because of a misread fax, mispronunciation, or mistranslation. Shigeru Miyamoto, the game's inventor and the one person who unquestionably knows the origins of the name he chose, has repeatedly affirmed that he used the word 'donkey' to convey a sense of stubbornness and the name 'Kong' to invoke the image of a gorilla." "Donkey Wrong". Snopes.com. 2007-02-19. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
Jump up ^ Playtonic Games. "MEN AT WORK". Playtonic Games. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "One swift blow was all that was needed to leave him sprawled on the floor, face down! he groggily rolled over to see the familiar wrinkled, white-bearded, grouchy face of his old granddad 'punky Kong' peering down at him." – Donkey Kong Country instruction manual, pg. 5–6
^ Jump up to: a b "In his heyday, Cranky was the original Donkey Kong who battled Mario in several of his own games." – Donkey Kong Country instruction manual, pg. 6
Jump up ^ "なかまたちのプロフィール大紹介　page1" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2016-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Well, if it isn't my lazy, good-for-nothing son." – Cranky Kong, to Donkey Kong; Donkey Kong 64 in-game dialogue
Jump up ^ "That darn Donkey has all the luck! His girl Candy waits around in her hut, always willing to offer musical help to that undeserving son of mine and his fancy polygonal friends. Pah!" – Donkey Kong 64 instruction manual (UK), pg. 8
Jump up ^ "Rare.com Scribes – August 25, 1999 (Waybacked)". Archived from the original on 2002-08-05. As far as I know, 'our' DK is the son of Cranky, which does indeed make him the original DK Jr. all grown up: so if you see Cranky referred to as DK's granddad anywhere, just cover your eyes and hum loudly until it goes away.)
Jump up ^ Nintendo. Super Smash Bros. Brawl. Level/area: Codec conversation between Snake and Otacon. Otacon: "The Donkey Kong who fought that epic battle with Mario was this guy's grandfather."
Jump up ^ "Rumble Falls". Smash Bros. DOJO!!. Smashbros.com. 2007-07-23. Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
Jump up ^ The 12 greatest arcade machines of all time | GamesRadar
Jump up ^ Complete Digital Illustration: A ... – Google Books
Jump up ^ Our Favorite Villains (PDF). 250. South San Francisco, California: Future US. January 2010. p. 42. Archived from the original (Magazine) on 2009-12-29. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
Jump up ^ Jesse Schedeen (April 24, 2009). "Top 10 Most Overrated Videogame Characters – Stars Feature at IGN". IGN. Archived from the original on April 30, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
Jump up ^ Scott Sharkey (2009-10-12). "Top 5 Gracelessly Aging Characters from 1UP.com". 1UP.com. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
Jump up ^ "Donkey Kong is number 5 – IGN". Archived from the original on 2012-11-11. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
Jump up ^ K. Thor Jensen (December 7, 2010). "The 25 Awesomest Hidden Characters". UGO.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
Jump up ^ "The 50 Greatest Video Game Characters". Empire. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 video game characters of all time announced in Guinness World Records 2011 Gamer's Edition". Gamasutra. Think Services. February 16, 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-12-07. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "100 best heroes in video games". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on December 7, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
External links[edit]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donkey_Kong_(character)&oldid=847965252"
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