text:
The Spy Who Loved Me (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Spy Who Loved Me
British cinema poster for The Spy Who Loved Me, illustrated by Bob Peak
Directed by
Lewis Gilbert
Produced by
Albert R. Broccoli
Screenplay by
Christopher Wood
Richard Maibaum
Based on
James Bond
by Ian Fleming
Starring
Roger Moore
Barbara Bach
Curd Jürgens
Music by
Marvin Hamlisch
Cinematography
Claude Renoir
Edited by
John Glen
Production
company
Eon Productions
Distributed by
United Artists
Release date
7 July 1977 (1977-07-07) (London, premiere)
Running time
125 minutes
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Budget
$14 million
Box office
$185.4 million
The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) is the tenth spy film in the James Bond series, and the third to star Roger Moore as the fictional secret agent James Bond. Barbara Bach and Curt Jürgens co-star. It was directed by Lewis Gilbert and the screenplay was written by Christopher Wood and Richard Maibaum.
The film takes its title from Ian Fleming's novel The Spy Who Loved Me, the tenth book in the James Bond series, though it does not contain any elements of the novel's plot. The storyline involves a reclusive megalomaniac named Karl Stromberg, who plans to destroy the world and create a new civilisation under the sea. Bond teams up with a Russian agent, Anya Amasova, to stop Stromberg.
It was shot on location in Egypt (Cairo and Luxor) and Italy (Costa Smeralda, Sardinia), with underwater scenes filmed at the Bahamas (Nassau), and a new soundstage built at Pinewood Studios for a massive set which depicted the interior of a supertanker. The Spy Who Loved Me was well-received by critics. The soundtrack composed by Marvin Hamlisch also met with success. The film was nominated for three Academy Awards amid many other nominations and novelised in 1977 by Christopher Wood as James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Script
3.2 Filming
3.3 Music
4 Release and reception
5 Novelization
6 Sale of props
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Plot[edit]
British and Soviet ballistic-missile submarines are mysteriously disappearing. James Bond—MI6 agent 007—is summoned to investigate. On the way to his briefing, Bond escapes an ambush by Soviet agents in Austria, killing their leader during a downhill ski chase. The plans for a highly advanced submarine tracking system are being offered in Egypt. There, he encounters Major Anya Amasova—KGB agent Triple X—his rival to recover the microfilm plans. They travel across Egypt together, encountering Jaws – a tall assassin with razor sharp steel teeth – along the way. Bond and Amasova reluctantly join forces after a truce is agreed by their respective British and Soviet superiors. They identify the person responsible for the thefts as the shipping tycoon, scientist, and anarchist Karl Stromberg.
While travelling by train to Stromberg's base in Sardinia, Bond saves Amasova from Jaws, and their cooling rivalry turns to affection. Posing as a marine biologist and his wife, they visit Stromberg's base and discover that he had launched a mysterious new supertanker, the Liparus, nine months previously. As they leave the base, an unknown henchman on a motorcycle featuring a rocket sidecar, Jaws in a car, and Naomi, an assistant/pilot of Stromberg in an attack helicopter, chase them, but Bond and Amasova escape underwater when his car – a Lotus Esprit from Q Branch – converts into a submarine. Jaws survives a car crash and Naomi is killed when Bond fires a sea-air missile from his car which destroys her helicopter. The pair also encounter a fleet of Stromberg's minisubs which Amasova obliterates by launching mines. Bond finds out that the Liparus has never visited any known port or harbor. Amasova discovers that Bond killed her lover (as shown at the beginning of the movie), and she vows to kill Bond as soon as their mission is complete.
Stromberg's hideout, Atlantis.
Bond and Amasova examine Stromberg's underwater Atlantis base from an American submarine, and confirm that he is operating the stolen tracking system. The Liparus captures the submarine. Stromberg sets his plan in motion: the simultaneous launching of nuclear missiles from British and Soviet submarines to destroy Moscow and New York City. This would trigger a global nuclear war, which Stromberg would survive in Atlantis, and subsequently a new civilisation would be established underwater. He leaves for Atlantis with Amasova. Bond escapes and frees the captured British, Russian and American sailors and they battle the Liparus's crew. Bond reprograms the submarines to fire missiles at each other, saving Moscow and New York City. The victorious submariners escape the sinking Liparus on the American submarine.
The submarine is ordered to destroy Atlantis but Bond insists on rescuing Amasova first. He confronts and kills Stromberg but again encounters Jaws, whom he drops into a shark tank. However, Jaws kills the shark and escapes. Bond and Amasova flee in an escape pod as Atlantis is sunk. Amasova reminds Bond that she has vowed to kill him as she picks up Bond's gun. Then, she admits to having forgiven him and the two embrace. The Royal Navy recovers the pod and the two spies are seen in an intimate embrace through its port window, much to the bemusement of their superiors on the ship.
Cast[edit]
Roger Moore as James Bond 007: A British MI6 agent assigned to investigate the theft of two submarines.
Barbara Bach as Anya Amasova/Agent Triple X: A Soviet KGB agent also investigating the theft. Her attraction to Bond is cut short when she learns he killed her lover. Bach was cast only four days before principal photography began, and performed her audition expecting just a role in the film, not one of the protagonists.[1]
Curd Jürgens (billed as "Curt Jurgens" in the credits) as Karl Stromberg: The main villain, a megalomaniac planning to trigger World War III and destroy the world, then recreate a new civilisation underwater. Jürgens' casting was a suggestion of director Lewis Gilbert, who had worked with him before.[1]
Richard Kiel as Jaws: Stromberg's seemingly indestructible juggernaut of a henchman, afflicted with gigantism and having a set of metal teeth. He reprised the role in the subsequent Bond film, Moonraker.
Caroline Munro as Naomi: Stromberg's personal pilot and a would-be assassin. Munro's casting was inspired by an advertisement campaign she had made.[1]
Walter Gotell as General Gogol: The head of the KGB and Anya's boss. Gotell's debut in the role; he had previously appeared as Morzeny in From Russia with Love and reprised the role of Gogol in the next five films.
Bernard Lee as M: The head of MI6.
Desmond Llewelyn as Q/Major Boothroyd: MI6's head of research and development. He supplies Bond with unique vehicles and gadgets, most notably the Lotus Esprit that converts into a submarine.
Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny: M's secretary.
Geoffrey Keen as Frederick Gray: The British Minister of Defence. Keen's Bond debut; he appeared in the role in the next five films.
Robert Brown as Vice-Admiral Hargreaves: Flag Officer, Submarines of Royal Navy; Brown later played M in Octopussy, A View to a Kill, The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill.
George Baker as Captain Benson: A British naval officer stationed at the Royal Navy's Faslane Naval Base in Scotland. Baker had previously appeared in On Her Majesty's Secret Service.
Michael Billington as Sergei Barsov, Russian agent and Anya Amasova's lover.
Vernon Dobtcheff as Max Kalba: Egyptian nightclub owner and black market racketeer who possesses the microfilm and tries to encourage Bond and Amasova to bid for it. Murdered by Jaws.
Nadim Sawalha as Fekkesh: Middle-man on the trail of the stolen microfilm. Murdered by Jaws.
Olga Bisera as Felicca: Fekkesh's glamorous associate who falls victim to a trap set for Bond.
Edward de Souza as Sheikh Hosein: Cambridge-educated Arab sheikh and old friend of Bond.
Shane Rimmer as Commander Carter: captain of the American submarine.
Bryan Marshall as Commander Talbot: captain of the captured British submarine.
Milton Reid as Sandor: Stromberg's henchman.
Sue Vanner as Log Cabin Girl: Beautiful Russian agent who sets a trap for 007 in the pre-credit sequence.
Eva Reuber-Staier as Rubelvitch: General Gogol's secretary.
Marilyn Galsworthy as Stromberg's assistant: Treacherous secretary who steals the tracking system microfilm. Stromberg feeds her to his pet shark. In the novelisation of the film, her name is said to be Kate Chapman.
The assistant director for the Italian locations, Victor Tourjansky, had a cameo as a man drinking his wine as Bond's Lotus emerges from the beach. As an in-joke, he returned in similar appearances in another two Bond films shot in Italy, Moonraker and For Your Eyes Only.[1]
Production[edit]
The Spy Who Loved Me in many ways was a pivotal film for the Bond franchise, and was plagued since its conception by many problems. The first was the departure of Bond producer Harry Saltzman, who was forced to sell his half of the Bond film franchise in 1975 for £20 million. Saltzman had branched out into several other ventures of dubious promise and consequently was struggling through personal financial reversals unrelated to Bond. This was exacerbated by the twin personal tragedies of his wife's terminal cancer and many of the symptoms of clinical depression in himself.[2]
Another troubling aspect of the production was the difficulty in obtaining a director. The producers approached Steven Spielberg, who was in post-production of Jaws, but ultimately decided to wait to see "how the fish picture turns out".[citation needed] The first director attached to the film was Guy Hamilton, who directed the previous three Bond films as well as Goldfinger, but he left after being offered the opportunity to direct the 1978 film Superman, although Richard Donner took over the project.[3] Eon Productions later turned to Lewis Gilbert, who had directed the earlier Bond film You Only Live Twice.
With a director finally secured, the next hurdle was finishing the script, which had gone through several revisions by numerous writers. The initial villain of the film was Ernst Stavro Blofeld; however Kevin McClory, who owned the film rights to Thunderball forced an injunction on Eon Productions against using the character of Blofeld, or his international criminal organisation, SPECTRE, which delayed production of the film further. The villain was later changed from Blofeld to Stromberg so that the injunction would not interfere with the production. Christopher Wood was later brought in by Lewis Gilbert to complete the script. Although Fleming had requested that no elements from his original book be used, the film characters of Jaws and Sandor are based on the novel characters Sol Horror and Sluggsy Morant, respectively. Horror is described as having steel-capped teeth, while Sluggsy had a clear bald head.
Since Ian Fleming permitted Eon to use only the name of his novel and not the actual novel, Fleming's name was moved for the first time from above the film's title to above "James Bond 007". His name reverted to the traditional location for Moonraker, the last Eon Bond film based on a Fleming novel before 2006's Casino Royale. However, the credit style first used in The Spy Who Loved Me has been used on all Eon Bond films since For Your Eyes Only, including Casino Royale.
Script[edit]
Broccoli commissioned a number of writers to work on the script, including Stirling Silliphant, John Landis, Ronald Hardy, Anthony Burgess, and Derek Marlowe. In the second volume of his autobiography, Burgess claims to have worked on an early treatment for the movie. The British television producer Gerry Anderson also stated that he provided a film treatment (although originally planned to be Moonraker) much similar to what ended up as The Spy Who Loved Me.[4]
Eventually, Richard Maibaum provided the screenplay, and at first he tried to incorporate ideas from all of the other writers into his script. Maibaum's original script featured an alliance of international terrorists attacking SPECTRE's headquarters and deposing Blofeld, before trying to destroy the world for themselves to make way for a New World Order. However, this was shelved.
After Gilbert was reinstated as director, he decided to bring in another writer, Christopher Wood. Gilbert also decided to fix what he felt the previous Roger Moore films were doing wrong, which was writing the Bond character too much the way Sean Connery played him, and instead portray Bond closer to the books — "very English, very smooth, good sense of humour". Broccoli asked Wood to create a villain with metal teeth, Jaws, inspired by a brace-wearing henchman named Horror in Fleming's novel.[1]
Broccoli agreed to Wood's proposed changes, but before he could set to work there were more legal complications. In the years since Thunderball, Kevin McClory had set up two film companies and was trying to make a new Bond film in collaboration with Sean Connery and novelist Len Deighton. McClory got wind of Broccoli's plans to use SPECTRE, an organisation that had first been created by Fleming while working with McClory and Jack Whittingham on the very first attempt to film Thunderball, back even before it was a novel, in the late 1950s. McClory threatened to sue Broccoli for alleged copyright infringement, claiming that he had the sole right to include SPECTRE and its agents in all films. Not wishing to extend the already ongoing legal dispute that could have delayed the production of The Spy Who Loved Me, Broccoli requested Wood remove all references to Blofeld and SPECTRE from the script.[5]
In the film, Stromberg's scheme to destroy civilisation by capturing Soviet and British nuclear submarines and have them fire intercontinental ballistic missiles at two major cities is actually a recycled plot from Gilbert's previous Bond film, You Only Live Twice, which involved stealing space capsules to start a war between the Soviets and the Americans. The similarity was apparent in the climax; both films involved an assault on a heavily fortified enemy that had taken refuge behind steel shutters.
The scheme in which the villain wishes to destroy mankind to create a new race or new civilisation was also used in Moonraker, the next film after The Spy Who Loved Me. In Moonraker, the villain Hugo Drax had an obsession with starting human civilisation over again on Earth, using specially chosen "superior human specimens" based in space. The film Moonraker was also written by Christopher Wood.
Tom Mankiewicz, who worked on the three preceding Bond films, claims he was called in to do an extensive rewrite of the script. Mankiewicz says he did not receive credit, because Broccoli was limited to the number of non-English in key positions he could employ on the films to obtain Eady Levy assistance.[6]
Filming[edit]
The Lotus Esprit as seen falling into the sea and then in submarine mode.
Tom Mankiewicz claims that Catherine Deneuve wanted to play the female lead and was willing to cut her normal rate from $400,000 per picture to $250,000, but Broccoli would not pay above $80,000.[6]
The film was shot at the Pinewood Studios in London, Porto Cervo in Sardinia (Hotel Cala di Volpe), Egypt (Karnak, Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Gayer-Anderson Museum, Abu Simbel temples), Malta, Scotland, Hayling Island UK, Okinawa, Switzerland and Mount Asgard on Baffin Island in the then northern Canadian territory of Northwest Territories (now located in Nunavut).[7]
As no studio was big enough for the interior of Stromberg's supertanker, and set designer Ken Adam did not want to repeat what he had done with SPECTRE's volcano base in You Only Live Twice — "a workable but ultimately wasteful set" — construction began in March 1976 of a new sound stage at Pinewood, the 007 Stage, at a cost of $1.8 million.[8] To complement this stage, Eon also paid for building a water tank capable of storing approximately 1,200,000 gallons (5,500,000 litres). The soundstage was so huge that cinematographer Claude Renoir found himself unable to effectively light it due to his deteriorating eyesight, and so Stanley Kubrick visited the production, in secret, to advise on how to light the stage.[9] For the exterior, while Shell was willing to lend an abandoned tanker to the production, the elevated insurance and safety risks caused it to be replaced with miniatures built by Derek Meddings' team and shot in the Bahamas.[1] Stromberg's shark tank was also filmed in the Bahamas, using a live shark in a saltwater swimming pool.[9] Adam decided to do experiments with curved shapes for the scenery, as he felt all his previous setpieces were "too linear". This was demonstrated with the Atlantis, which is a dome and curved surfaces outside, and many curved objects in Stromberg's office inside.[1] For Gogol's offices, Adam wanted an open space to contrast M's enclosed headquarters, and drew inspiration from Sergei Eisenstein to do a "Russian crypt-like" set.[10]
The main unit began its work in August 1976 in Sardinia. Don McLaughlan, then head of public relations at Lotus Cars, heard that Eon were shopping for a new Bond car. He drove a prototype Lotus Esprit with all Lotus branding taped over, and parked it outside the Eon offices at Pinewood studios; on seeing the car Eon asked Lotus to borrow both of the prototypes for filming. Initial filming of the car chase sequence resulted in disappointing action sequences. While moving the car between shoots, Lotus test driver Roger Becker impressed with his handling of the car and for the rest of filming on Sardinia, Becker became the stunt driver.[1][11]
The motorcycle sidecar missile used in one chase sequence was built by film staff at Pinewood and used a standard Kawasaki Z900 and a custom made sidecar outfit. The sidecar was made large enough so that a stuntman could lie flat inside. It had two 10 inch scooter wheels on each side, a Suzuki 185 engine and the detached projectile was steered through a small solid rubber wheel at the front. A heavily smoked perspex nose allowed the stuntman sufficient visibility to steer the device whilst being entirely hidden from view. A pincer type lock held the sidecar in place until operated by the pilot via a solenoid switch. The sequences involving the outfit were speeded up as the weight of the sidecar made the outfit very difficult to control.[12]
In October, the second unit travelled to Nassau to film the underwater sequences. To perform the car becoming a submarine, seven different models were used, one for each step of the transformation. One of the models was a fully mobile submarine equipped with an engine built by Miami-based Perry Submarines. The car seen entering the sea was a mock-up shell, propelled off the jetty by a compressed air cannon. During the model sequences, the air bubbles seen appearing from the vehicle were created by Alka-Seltzer tablets.[1]
In September, production moved to Egypt. While the Great Sphinx of Giza was shot on the location, lighting problems caused the pyramids to be replaced with miniatures.[1] While construction of the Liparus set continued, the second unit headed by John Glen departed for Mount Asgard, where in July 1976 they staged the film's pre-credits sequence. Bond film veteran Willy Bogner captured the action, staged by stuntman Rick Sylvester, who earned $30,000 for the stunt.[13] This stunt cost $500,000 – the most expensive single movie stunt at that time. Additional scenes for the pre-credits sequence were filmed in the Bernina Range in the Swiss alps.[14]
The production team returned briefly to the UK to shoot at the Faslane submarine base before setting off to Spain, Portugal and the Bay of Biscay where the supertanker exteriors were filmed. On 5 December 1976, with principal photography finished, the 007 Stage was formally opened by former Prime Minister Harold Wilson.[15]
Music[edit]
Main article: The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack)
The theme song "Nobody Does It Better" was composed by Marvin Hamlisch, written by Carole Bayer Sager, and performed by Carly Simon. It was the first theme song in the series to be titled differently from the name of the film,[16] although the title is in the lyrics. It was nominated for Best Song but lost to "You Light Up My Life".
The song met immediate success and is featured in numerous films, including Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005), Little Black Book, Lost in Translation, and Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004). In 2004, it was honoured by the American Film Institute as the 67th greatest song as part of their 100 Years Series.
The soundtrack to the film was composed by Marvin Hamlisch, who filled in for veteran John Barry, who was unavailable to work in the United Kingdom because of tax reasons.[17] The soundtrack, in comparison to other Bond films of the time, is more disco-oriented and included a new disco rendition of "The James Bond Theme" titled "Bond 77"; several pieces of classical music were also included in the score. For instance, while feeding a duplicitous secretary to a shark, Stromberg plays Bach's "Air on the G String", which was famous for accompanying disappointed characters in Hamlet cigar commercials. He then plays the opening string section of the second movement, Andante, of Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 21 as his hideout Atlantis rises from the sea. The score also includes two pieces of popular film music scored by Maurice Jarre. The Doctor Zhivago theme, which is played on Anya's music box during the pre-credit sequence, and the theme from Lawrence of Arabia, which appears as background music during a desert sequence.
Release and reception[edit]
The Spy Who Loved Me opened with a Royal Premiere attended by Princess Anne at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on 7 July 1977. It grossed $185.4 million worldwide,[18] with $46 million in the United States alone.[19] On 25 August 2006, the film was re-released at the Empire Leicester Square Cinema for one week.[20] It was again shown at the Empire Leicester Square 20 April 2008 when Director Lewis Gilbert attended the first digital screening of the film.
Eon executive Charles Juroe said that at a screening attended by Charles, Prince of Wales, during the Union Jack-parachute scene "I have never seen a reaction in the cinema as there was that night. You couldn't help it. You could not help but stand up. Even Prince Charles stood up."[21] It was Roger Moore's favourite Bond film,[1] and many reviewers consider it the best installment to star the actor.[22][23][24] Christopher Null praised the gadgets, particularly the Lotus Esprit car.[25] James Berardinelli of Reelviews said that the film is "suave and sophisticated", and Barbara Bach proves to be an ideal Bond girl – "attractive, smart, sexy, and dangerous".[23] Brian Webster stated the special effects were "good for a 1979 [sic] film", and Marvin Hamlisch's music, "memorable".[26] Danny Peary described The Spy Who Loved Me as "exceptional ... For once, the big budget was not wasted. Interestingly, while the sets and gimmicks were the most spectacular to date, Bond and the other characters are toned down (there's a minimum of slapstick humour) so that they are more realistic than in other Roger Moore films. Moore gives his best performance in the series ... [Bond and Anya Amasova] are an appealing couple, equal in every way. Film is a real treat – a well acted, smartly cast, sexy, visually impressive, lavishly produced, powerfully directed mix of a spy romance and a war-mission film."[27] Janet Maslin of The New York Times considered the film formulaic and "half an hour too long, thanks to the obligatory shoot-'em-up conclusion, ... nevertheless the dullest sequence here" but praised Moore's performance and the film's "share of self-mockery", which she found refreshing.[28]
The Times placed Jaws and Stromberg as the sixth and seventh best Bond villains (respectively) in the series in 2008,[29] and also named the Esprit as the second best car in the series (behind the Aston Martin DB5).[30]
Marvin Hamlisch was nominated for several awards such as the Academy Award for Best Song, Original Music Score, the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, Grammy Award for Best Score for a Motion Picture and the BAFTA Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music ("Nobody Does It Better") in 1978. The film was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction (Ken Adam, Peter Lamont and Hugh Scaife)[31] and a BAFTA for Best Production Design/Art Direction
The end credits state "James Bond Will Return in For Your Eyes Only", but following the success of Star Wars, the originally planned For Your Eyes Only was dropped in favour of the space-themed Moonraker for the next film. Most critics received the film positively: Rotten Tomatoes sampled 47 reviewers and judged 79% of the reviews to be positive.[32]
Novelization[edit]
Main article: James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me
When Ian Fleming sold the film rights to the James Bond novels to Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli, he gave permission only for the title The Spy Who Loved Me to be used. Since the screenplay for the film had nothing to do with Fleming's original novel, Eon Productions, for the first time, authorised a novelisation based upon the script. This would also be the first regular Bond novel published since Colonel Sun nearly a decade earlier. Christopher Wood, who co-authored the screenplay, was commissioned to write the book titled James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me.
The novelisation and the screenplay, although both written by Wood, are somewhat different. In the novelisation, SMERSH is still active and after James Bond. Their role begins during the pre-title. After the mysterious death of Fekkish, SMERSH appears yet again, this time capturing and torturing Bond for the whereabouts of the microfilm that retains plans for a submarine tracking system (Bond escapes after killing two of the interrogators). The appearance of SMERSH conflicts with a number of Bond stories, including the film The Living Daylights (1987), in which a character remarks that SMERSH has been defunct for over 20 years. It also differs from the latter half of Fleming's Bond novels in which SMERSH is said to have been put out of operation. Members of SMERSH from the novelisation include Amasova and her lover Sergei Borzov as well as Colonel-General Niktin, a character from Fleming's novel From Russia, with Love who has since become the head of SMERSH. In the book, Jaws remains attached to the magnet that Bond dips into the tank, as opposed to the film where Bond releases Jaws into the water.[33]
Sale of props[edit]
The Lotus Esprit—capable of transforming from car to submarine in the movie—was purchased for £616,000 at a London auction in October 2013 by Elon Musk, who plans to rebuild the vehicle and attempt to make the fictional dual-purpose car be an actual dual-purpose car (underwater and on land).[34]
See also[edit]
James Bond portal
1970s portal
Film portal
007: Nightfire, a 2002 video game featuring the Liparus and Atlantis settings from this film, which also includes a submarine-car not unlike the Lotus Espirit.
"Our Man Bashir", a 1995 episode of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine was largely based on this film.
Outline of James Bond
Rinspeed sQuba, a submersible car inspired by the film.[35]
Wet Nellie – a custom-built submarine created for the 1977 James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me, in the shape of a Lotus Esprit S1 sports car.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Inside the Spy Who Loved Me. The Spy Who Loved Me Ultimate Edition DVD, Disk 2
Jump up ^ Harry Saltzman, Showman (Television documentary). MGM. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Rubin, Steven Jay (2003). The complete James Bond movie encyclopedia. Contemporary Books. p. 392. ISBN 978-0-07-141246-9.
Jump up ^ Archer, Simon; Nicholls, Stan (1996). Gerry Anderson: The Authorised Biography. Legend Books. pp. 149–150. ISBN 0-09-978141-7.
Jump up ^ "The Spy Who Loved Me: Script History". Archived from the original on 13 February 2006. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Tom Mankiewicz; Robert Crane (2012). My Life as a Mankiewicz: An Insider's Journey through Hollywood. Screen Classics. University Press of Kentucky. p. 163. ISBN 978-0813136059.
Jump up ^ Exotic Locations. The Spy Who Loved Me, Ultimate Edition: Disk 2: MGM Home Entertainment.
Jump up ^ Frayling, Christopher (2005). Ken Adam and the Art of Production Design. London/New York City: Macmillan Publishers. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-571-22057-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewis Gilbert, Ken Adam, Michael G. Wilson, Christopher Wood. The Spy Who Loved Me audio commentary.
Jump up ^ Ken Adam: Designing Bond. The Spy Who Loved Me: Ultimate Edition, Disk 2
Jump up ^ Nicholls, Mark. "Former Lotus engineer recalls his time as a James Bond stunt driver". Eastern Daily Press. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Crichton, Brian (July 1978). "The chair that nearly got Bond". Motor Cycle Mechanics. Peterborough: EMAP National Publications Ltd. 22 (10): 26–27.
Jump up ^ "Episode No. 4". Main Hoon Bond. Season 1. Episode 4. Star Gold.
Jump up ^ "SRF Archive: Bond-Dreharbeiten in der Schweiz (1977)". 1 September 1977.
Jump up ^ "Production of The Spy Who Loved Me". 8 July 2007. Archived from the original on 16 December 2005. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Music (The Spy Who Loved Me)". mi6-hq.com. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Fiegel, Eddi (1998). John Barry: a sixties theme: from James Bond to Midnight Cowboy. Constable. p. 238. John had been unable to work on The Spy who Loved Me because of his tax situation in the UK. The Inland Revenue had declared all his royalties frozen in 1977, disputing over unpaid tax.
Jump up ^ "The Spy Who Loved Me". Archived from the original on 13 February 2006. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Spy Who Loved Me at Box Office Mojo". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
Jump up ^ ""The Spy Who Loved Me" screening at Empire Leicester Square Cinema". Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Everything or Nothing: The Untold Story of 007. Passion Pictures / Red Box Films. 5 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "James Bond's Top 20 (5–1)". James Bond's Top 20. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Spy Who Loved Me: Film Review by James Berardinelli". ReelViews. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Sauter, Michael (1 July 2008). "Playing the Bond Market". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Spy Who Loved Me". Archived from the original on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Spy Who Loved Me at the Apollo Movie Guide". Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Danny Peary (1986). Guide for the Film Fanatic. Simon & Schuster. p. 399. ISBN 978-0671610814.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (20 July 1977). "Movie Review – The Spy Who Loved Me (1977): 'Spy Who Loved' A Bit Long on Bond". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Brendan Plant (1 April 2008). "Top 10 Bond villains". The Times. London. Retrieved 3 April 2008. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Brendan Plant (1 April 2008). "Top 10 Bond cars". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 21 August 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Spy Who Loved Me". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Wood, Christopher (1977). James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me. Glidrose Publications. ISBN 0-446-84544-2. Now both hands were tearing at the magnet, and Jaws twisted furiously like a fish on the hook. As Bond watched in fascinated horror, a relentless triangle streaked up behind the stricken giant. A huge gray force launched itself through the wild water, and two rows of white teeth closed around the threshing flesh.
Jump up ^ Dredge, Stuart (18 October 2013). "Tesla founder Elon Musk buys James Bond's Lotus Esprit submarine car". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Nidhi Goyal (30 December 2013). "World's First Underwater Car Cruises at 75 MPH on Land and 1.9 MPH Underwater". Industry Tap. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
Further reading[edit]
Wood, Christopher (2006). James Bond, The Spy I Loved. Twenty First Century Publishers. ISBN 1-904433-53-7.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Spy Who Loved Me (film)
MGM's official the Spy Who Loved Me website
The Spy Who Loved Me on IMDb
The Spy Who Loved Me at the TCM Movie Database
The Spy Who Loved Me at AllMovie
The Spy Who Loved Me at Box Office Mojo
The Spy Who Loved Me at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
v
t
e
James Bond in film
List of films
Filmography
Recurring characters
Recurring actors
Motifs
Actors considered for the James Bond role
Bond girls
Eon Productions
Dr. No (1962)
From Russia with Love (1963)
Goldfinger (1964)
Thunderball (1965)
You Only Live Twice (1967)
On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)
Diamonds Are Forever (1971)
Live and Let Die (1973)
The Man with the Golden Gun (1974)
The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)
Moonraker (1979)
For Your Eyes Only (1981)
Octopussy (1983)
A View to a Kill (1985)
The Living Daylights (1987)
Licence to Kill (1989)
GoldenEye (1995)
Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)
The World Is Not Enough (1999)
Die Another Day (2002)
Casino Royale (2006)
Quantum of Solace (2008)
Skyfall (2012)
Spectre (2015)
Non-Eon films
Casino Royale (1967)
Never Say Never Again (1983)
Book
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Lewis Gilbert
The Little Ballerina (1948)
Once a Sinner (1950)
Scarlet Thread (1951)
There Is Another Sun (1951)
Emergency Call (1952)
Time Gentlemen, Please! (1952)
Cosh Boy (1953)
Johnny on the Run (1953)
Albert R.N. (1953)
The Good Die Young (1954)
The Sea Shall Not Have Them (1954)
Cast a Dark Shadow (1955)
Reach for the Sky (1956)
The Admirable Crichton (1957)
Carve Her Name with Pride (1958)
A Cry from the Streets (1958)
Ferry to Hong Kong (1959)
Light Up the Sky! (1960)
Sink the Bismarck! (1960)
The Greengage Summer (1961)
H.M.S. Defiant (1962)
The 7th Dawn (1964)
Alfie (1966)
You Only Live Twice (1967)
The Adventurers (1970)
Friends (1971)
Paul and Michelle (1974)
Operation Daybreak (1975)
Seven Nights in Japan (1976)
The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)
Moonraker (1979)
Educating Rita (1983)
Not Quite Paradise (1985)
Shirley Valentine (1989)
Stepping Out (1991)
Haunted (1995)
Before You Go (2002)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Spy_Who_Loved_Me_(film)&oldid=800950021"
Categories:
1977 films
English-language films
The Spy Who Loved Me (film)
1970s action thriller films
1970s spy films
British films
British sequel films
Films directed by Lewis Gilbert
Cold War spy films
Cold War submarine films
Films about nuclear war and weapons
Films set in Austria
Films set in Cairo
Films set in Egypt
Films set in Sardinia
Films set in London
Films set in the Atlantic Ocean
Films set in the Mediterranean Sea
Films set in the Soviet Union
Films shot in the Bahamas
Films shot in Egypt
Films shot in Okinawa
Films shot in Malta
Films shot in Sardinia
Films shot in Scotland
Films shot in Switzerland
Films shot in the Northwest Territories
James Bond films
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Skiing films
Underwater action films
United Artists films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Screenplays by Richard Maibaum
Screenplays by Christopher Wood (writer)
Films produced by Albert R. Broccoli
Film scores by Marvin Hamlisch
Underwater civilizations in fiction
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
EngvarB from March 2016
Use dmy dates from October 2015
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016
Good articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Русский
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 September 2017, at 18:46.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: This is a good article. Click here for more information.

attrs: class id

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

values: The Spy Who Loved Me (UK cinema poster).jpg

value: td

attrs: colspan style

values:
/wiki/Fictional_character
mw-redirect
Fictional character

values:
/wiki/Curt_J%C3%BCrgens
mw-redirect
Curt Jürgens

values:
/wiki/Ballistic_Missile_Submarine
mw-redirect
Ballistic Missile Submarine

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values: List of James Bond henchmen in The Spy Who Loved Me

values:
/wiki/General_Gogol
mw-redirect
General Gogol

values:
/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Gray
mw-redirect
Sir Frederick Gray

values:
/wiki/Eva_Reuber-Staier
mw-redirect
Eva Reuber-Staier

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Giza_Necropolis
mw-redirect
Giza Necropolis

values:
/wiki/Willy_Bogner,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Willy Bogner, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Best_Song_Oscar
mw-redirect
Best Song Oscar

values: Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film)

values:
/wiki/100_Years_Series
mw-redirect
100 Years Series

values:
/wiki/The_James_Bond_Theme
mw-redirect
The James Bond Theme

values:
/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Song
mw-redirect
Academy Award for Best Song

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score

values: Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media

values: British Academy of Film and Television Arts

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/007:_Nightfire
mw-redirect
007: Nightfire

values:
nofollow
external text
http://commanderbond.net/article/3537

values: font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: q:Special:Search/The Spy Who Loved Me (film)

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076752/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.allmovie.com/movie/v46311

values: List of recurring characters in the James Bond film series

values: List of recurring actors and actresses in the James Bond film series

values: List of actors considered for the James Bond character

values:
/wiki/File:Portal.gif
image
James Bond Portal

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Films directed by Lewis Gilbert

values: Category:Films about nuclear war and weapons

values: Category:Films set in the Atlantic Ocean

values: Category:Films set in the Mediterranean Sea

values: Category:Films shot in the Northwest Territories

values: Category:Screenplays by Christopher Wood (writer)

values: Category:Films produced by Albert R. Broccoli

values: Category:Underwater civilizations in fiction

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2015

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Loved_Me_(film)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: الجاسوس الذي أحبني (فيلم) – Arabic

values: Шпионинът, който ме обичаше – Bulgarian

values: James Bond 007 – Der Spion, der mich liebte – German

values: La espía que me amó (película) – Spanish

values: جاسوسی که دوستم داشت (فیلم) – Persian

values: Լրտեսը, որն ինձ սիրում էր – Armenian

values: The Spy Who Loved Me (film) – Indonesian

values: המרגלת שאהבה אותי – Hebrew

values: ჯაშუში, რომელსაც ვუყვარდი – Georgian

values: The Spy Who Loved Me (Film) – Luxembourgish

values: The Spy Who Loved Me (Film) – Low German

values: Szpieg, który mnie kochał (film) – Polish

values: Шпион, который меня любил – Russian

values: Шпијун који ме је волео – Serbian

values: 007 พยัคฆ์ร้ายสุดที่รัก – Thai

values: Шпигун, який мене кохав (фільм) – Ukrainian

values: 鐵金剛勇破海底城 – Cantonese

values: 鐵金剛勇破海底城 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Spy_Who_Loved_Me_film rootpage-The_Spy_Who_Loved_Me_film skin-vector action-view


text:
Quit India Movement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Procession in Bangalore during the Quit India Movement
Part of a series of articles on
Indian people

Motto: Jai Hind
[show]
People
Lists of people from India by state
[show]
History
Indian independence movement
Quit India Movement
[show]
Culture
Architecture
Art
Cinema
Cuisine
Dance
Festivals
Literature
Music
Sports
[show]
Languages
Hindi
English (Indian)
Other regional languages
[show]
Religion
Hinduism (Temples)
Islam
Christianity
Sikhism
Jainism (Temples)
Buddhism in India
Zoroastrianism
Bahá'í Faith
v
t
e
The Quit India Movement or the India August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British Rule of India.[1] The Cripps Mission had failed, and on 8 August 1942, Gandhi made a call to Do or Die in his Quit India speech delivered in Bombay at the Gowalia Tank Maidan. The All-India Congress Committee launched a mass protest demanding what Gandhi called "An Orderly British Withdrawal" from India. Even though it was wartime, the British were prepared to act. Almost the entire leadership of the INC was imprisoned without trial within hours of Gandhi's speech. Most spent the rest of the war in prison and out of contact with the masses. The British had the support of the Viceroy's Council (which had a majority of Indians), of the All India Muslim League, the princely states, the Indian Imperial Police, the British Indian Army and the Indian Civil Service. Many Indian businessmen profiting from heavy wartime spending did not support Quit India Movement. Many students paid more attention to Subhas Chandra Bose, who was in exile and supporting the Axis Powers. The only outside support came from the Americans, as President Franklin D. Roosevelt pressured Prime Minister Winston Churchill to give in to some of the Indian demands. The Quit India campaign was effectively crushed.[2] The British refused to grant immediate independence, saying it could happen only after the war had ended.
Sporadic small-scale violence took place around the country and the British arrested tens thousands of leaders, keeping them imprisoned until 1945. In terms of immediate objectives Quit India failed because of heavy-handed suppression, weak co-ordination and the lack of a clear-cut programme of action. However, the British government realized that India was ungovernable in the long run due to the cost of World War II, and the question for postwar became how to exit gracefully and peacefully.
In 1992 Reserve Bank of India issued an one Rupee commemorative coin to mark the Golden Jubilee of the Quit India Movement.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 World War II and Indian involvement
1.1 Cripps' Mission
1.2 Factors contributing to the movement's launch
2 Resolution for immediate independence
3 Opposition to the Quit India Movement
3.1 Muslim League
3.2 Hindu Mahasabha
3.3 Communist Party of India
3.4 Princely States
4 No support to the Quit India Movement
4.1 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
5 Local violence
6 Suppression of the movement
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Works cited
9 Further reading
10 External links
World War II and Indian involvement[edit]
In 1939, Indian nationalists were angry that British Governor-General of India, Lord Linlithgow, had without consultation with them brought India into the war. The Muslim League supported the war, but Congress was divided.
Public lecture at Basavanagudi, Bengaluru with Charles Freer Andrews
At the outbreak of war, the Congress Party had passed a resolution during the Wardha meeting of the working-committee in September 1939, conditionally supporting the fight against fascism,[4] but were rebuffed when they asked for independence in return. Gandhi had not supported this initiative, as he could not reconcile an endorsement for war (he was a committed believer in non-violent resistance, used in the Indian Independence Movement and proposed even against Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Hideki Tojo). However, at the height of the Battle of Britain, Gandhi had stated his support for the fight against racism and of the British war effort, stating he did not seek to raise an independent India from the ashes of Britain. However, opinions remained divided. The long-term British policy of limiting investment in India and using the country as a market and source of revenue had left the Indian Army relatively weak and poorly armed and trained and forced the British to become net contributors to India's budget, while taxes were sharply increased and the general level of prices of doubled: although many Indian businesses did benefit from increased war production, in general business "felt rebuffed by the government" and in particular the refusal of the British Raj to give Indians a greater role in organising and mobilising the economy for war time production [5]
After the onset of the war, only a group led by Subhas Chandra Bose took any decisive action. Bose organised the Indian Legion in Germany and reorganised the Indian National Army with Japanese assistance, and, soliciting help from the Axis Powers, conducted a guerrilla war against the British authorities.
Cripps' Mission[edit]
Stafford Cripps, on the March 1942, faced with an increasingly dissatisfied sub-continent only reluctantly participating in the war and deterioration in the war situation in Europe and with growing dissatisfaction among Indian troops—especially in Africa—and among the civilian population in the sub-continent, the British government sent a delegation to India under Stafford Cripps, the Leader of the House of Commons, in what came to be known as the Cripps mission. The purpose of the mission was to negotiate with the Indian National Congress a deal to obtain total co-operation during the war, in return for progressive devolution and distribution of power from the crown and the Viceroy to an elected Indian legislature. The talks failed, as they did not address the key demand of a timetable of self-government and of definition of the powers to be relinquished, essentially making an offer of limited dominion-status that was wholly unacceptable to the Indian movement.[6]
Factors contributing to the movement's launch[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 1939, with the outbreak of war between Germany and Britain, India was announced to be a party to the war for being a constituent component of the British Empire. Following this declaration, the Congress Working Committee at its meeting on 10 October 1939, passed a resolution condemning the aggressive activities of the Germans. At the same time the resolution also stated that India could not associate herself with war unless it was consulted first. Responding to this declaration, the Viceroy issued a statement on 17 October wherein he claimed that Britain is waging a war driven by the motif to strengthen peace in the world. He also stated that after the war, the government would initiate modifications in the Act of 1935, in accordance to the desires of the Indians.
Gandhi's reaction to this statement was; "the old policy of divide and rule is to continue. The Congress has asked for bread and it has got stone." According to the instructions issued by High Command, the Congress ministers were directed to resign immediately. Congress ministers from eight provinces resigned following the instructions. The resignation of the ministers was an occasion of great joy and rejoicing for leader of the Muslim League, Mohammad Ali Jinnah. He called the day of 22 December 1939 'The Day of Deliverance'. Gandhi urged Jinnah against the celebration of this day, however, it was futile. At the Muslim League Lahore Session held in March 1940, Jinnah declared in his presidential address that the Muslims of the country wanted a separate homeland, Pakistan.
In the meanwhile, crucial political events took place in England. Chamberlain was succeeded by Churchill as the Prime Minister and the Conservatives, who assumed power in England, did not have a sympathetic stance towards the claims made by the Congress. In order to pacify the Indians in the circumstance of worsening war situation, the Conservatives were forced to concede some of the demands made by the Indians. On 8 August, the Viceroy issued a statement that has come to be referred as the "August Offer". However, the Congress rejected the offer followed by the Muslim League.
In the context of widespread dissatisfaction that prevailed over the rejection of the demands made by the Congress, Gandhi at the meeting of the Congress Working Committee in Wardha revealed his plan to launch Individual Civil Disobedience. Once again, the weapon of satyagraha found popular acceptance as the best means to wage a crusade against the British. It was widely used as a mark of protest against the unwavering stance assumed by the British. Vinoba Bhave, a follower of Gandhi, was selected by him to initiate the movement. Anti war speeches ricocheted in all corners of the country, with the satyagrahis earnestly appealing to the people of the nation not to support the Government in its war endeavors. The consequence of this satyagrahi campaign was the arrest of almost fourteen thousand satyagrahis. On 3 December 1941, the Viceroy ordered the acquittal of all the satyagrahis. In Europe the war situation became more critical with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the Congress realised the necessity for appraising their program. Subsequently, the movement was withdrawn.
The Cripps' Mission and its failure also played an important role in Gandhi's call for The Quit India Movement. In order to end the deadlock, the British government on 22 March 1942, sent Sir Stafford Cripps to talk terms with the Indian political parties and secure their support in Britain's war efforts. A Draft Declaration of the British Government was presented, which included terms like establishment of Dominion, establishment of a Constituent Assembly and right of the Provinces to make separate constitutions. These would be, however, granted after the cessation of the Second World War. According to the Congress this Declaration only offered India a promise that was to be fulfilled in the future. Commenting on this Gandhi said; "It is a post dated cheque on a crashing bank." Other factors that contributed were the threat of Japanese invasion of India and realisation of the national leaders of the incapacity of the British to defend India.
Resolution for immediate independence[edit]
The Congress Working Committee meeting at Wardha (14 July 1942) passed a resolution demanding complete independence from the British government. The draft proposed massive civil disobedience if the British did not accede to the demands.
However, it proved to be controversial within the party. A prominent Congress national leader Chakravarti Rajgopalachari quit the Congress over this decision, and so did some local and regional level organisers. Jawaharlal Nehru and Maulana Azad were apprehensive and critical of the call, but backed it and stuck with Gandhi's leadership until the end. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha openly and enthusiastically supported such a disobedience movement, as did many veteran Gandhians and socialists like Asoka Mehta and Jayaprakash Narayan.
Allama Mashriqi (head of the Khaksar Tehrik) was called by Jawaharlal Nehru to join the Quit India Movement. Mashriqi was apprehensive of its outcome and did not agree with the Congress Working Committee's resolution. On 28 July 1942, Allama Mashriqi sent the following telegram to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Mahatma Gandhi, C. Rajagopalachari, Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajendra Prasad and Pattabhi Sitaramayya. He also sent a copy to Bulusu Sambamurti (former Speaker of the Madras Assembly). The telegram was published in the press, and it stated:
I am in receipt of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's letter of 8 July. My honest opinion is that Civil Disobedience Movement is a little pre-mature. The Congress should first concede openheartedly and with handshake to Muslim League the theoretical Pakistan, and thereafter all parties unitedly make demand of Quit India. If the British refuse, start total disobedience.[7]
The resolution said:
The committee, therefore, resolves to sanction for the vindication of India's inalienable right to freedom and independence, the starting of a mass struggle on non-violent lines on the widest possible scale, so that the country might utilise all the non-violent strength it has gathered during the last 22 years of peaceful struggle...they [the people] must remember that non-violence is the basis of the movement.
Opposition to the Quit India Movement[edit]
Several political groups active during the Indian Independence Movement were opposed to the Quit India Movement. These included the Muslim League, the Hindu Mahasabha, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, the Communist Party of India and the princely states as below:
Muslim League[edit]
The Muslim League opposed the Quit India Movement as it was of the view that if the British left India in its current state, Muslims as a minority would be oppressed by the Hindu majority. Muhammad Ali Jinnah's opposition to Gandhi's call led to large numbers of Muslims cooperating with the British, and enlisting in the army.[8] The Muslim League gained large numbers of new members. Congress members heeding Gandhi's call resigned from provincial legislatures, enabling the Muslim League, in alliance with the Hindu Mahasabha, to take control in Sindh, Bengal and Northwest Frontier.[9][10]
Hindu Mahasabha[edit]
Hindu nationalist parties like the Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call for the Quit India Movement and boycotted it officially.[11] Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time, even went to the extent of writing a letter titled "Stick to your Posts", in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army...to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost.[11]
Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement,[11]Syama Prasad Mukherjee, leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal, (which was a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal led by Krishak Praja Party of Fazlul Haq), wrote a letter to the British Government as to how they should respond, if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to Quit India. In this letter, dated July 26, 1942 he wrote:
“Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being” [12][13]
Mookerjee in this letter reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal as regards this:
“The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres it might be limited during the emergency. Indian have to trust the British, not for the sake for Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister.[13]
Even the Indian historian R.C. Majumdar noted this fact and states:
"Shyam Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by the Congress. He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it, but that according to him could not be done only by persecution.... In that letter he mentioned item wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation .... " [14]
Communist Party of India[edit]
The Communist Party of India was banned at that time by the British government. In order to get the ban lifted, as well as to assist the Soviet Union in its war against Nazi Germany, it supported the British war effort, despite support for Quit India by many industrial workers. In response the British lifted the ban on the party.[15]
Princely States[edit]
The movement had less support in the princely states, as the princes were strongly opposed and funded the opposition.[16]
The Indian nationalists had very little international support. They knew that the United States strongly supported Indian independence, in principle, and believed the U.S. was an ally. However, after Churchill threatened to resign if pushed too hard, the U.S. quietly supported him while bombarding Indians with propaganda designed to strengthen public support of the war effort. The poorly run American operation annoyed both the British and the Indians.[17]
No support to the Quit India Movement[edit]
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh[edit]
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) kept aloof from the Congress-led anti-British Indian independence movement since its founding by K.B. Hedgewar in 1925. In 1942, the RSS, under M.S. Golwalkar refused to join in the Quit India Movement. The Bombay government appreciated the RSS position by noting that,
"the Sangh has scrupulously kept itself within the law, and in particular, has refrained from taking part in the disturbances that broke out in August 1942".".[18][19][20][21]
The British Government also asserted that at Sangh meetings organized during the times of anti-British movements started and fought by the Indian National Congress,
"speakers urged the Sangh members to keep aloof from the congress movement and these instructions were generally observed".[22]
The RSS head (sarsanghchalak) during that time, M.S. Golwalkar later stated that the RSS did not support the Quit India Movement. Such a non-committal attitude during the Indian freedom movement also led to the Sangh being viewed with distrust and anger, both by the general Indian public, as well as certain members of the organization itself. In Golwalkar’s own words,
“In 1942 also, there was a strong sentiment in the hearts of many. At that time too, the routine work of the Sangh continued. Sangh decided not to do anything directly. ‘Sangh is the organization of inactive people, their talks have no substance’ was the opinion uttered not only by outsiders but also our own swayamsevaks””[23][24][25]
The British Government stated that the RSS was not at all supporting any civil disobedience against them, and as such their other political activities could be overlooked.[26]The Home Department was thereby of the opinion that the RSS did not constitute a menace to law and order in British India.[27][28]The Bombay government reported that the RSS had not, in any way, infringed upon government orders and had always shown a willingness to comply with the law. The same Bombay Government report further noted that in December 1940, orders had been issued to the provincial RSS leaders to desist from any activities that the British Government considered objectionable, and the RSS, in turn, had assured the British authorities that "it had no intentions of offending against the orders of the Government". [29][30]
Local violence[edit]
According to John F. Riddick, from 9 August 1942 to 21 September 1942, the Quit India movement:
attacked 550 post offices, 250 railway stations, damaged many rail lines, destroyed 70 police stations, and burned or damaged 85 other government buildings. There were about 2,500 instances of telegraph wires being cut. The greatest level of violence occurred in Bihar. The Government of India deployed 57 battalions of British troops to restore order.[31]
At the national level the lack of leadership meant the ability to galvanise rebellion was limited. The movement had a local impact in some areas. especially at Satara in Maharashtra, Talcher in Odisha, and Midnapore.[32] In Tamluk and Contai subdivisions of Midnapore, the local populace were successful in establishing parallel governments, which continued to function, until Gandhi personally requested the leaders to disband in 1944.[32] A minor uprising took place in Ballia, now the easternmost district of Uttar Pradesh. People overthrew the district administration, broke open the jail, released the arrested Congress leaders and established their own independent rule. It took weeks before the British could reestablish their writ in the district. Of special importance in Saurashtra (in western Gujarat) was the role of the region's 'baharvatiya' tradition (i.e. going outside the law) which abetted the sabotage activities of the movement there.[33] In rural west Bengal, the Quit India Movement was fueled by peasants' resentment against the new war taxes and the forced rice exports. There was open resistance to the point of rebellion in 1942 until the great famine of 1943 suspended the movement.[34]
Suppression of the movement[edit]
Picketing in front of Medical School at Bengaluru
One of the important achievements of the movement was to keep the Congress party united through all the trials and tribulations that followed. The British, already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India-Burma border, responded by imprisoning Gandhi. All the members of the Party's Working Committee (national leadership) were imprisoned as well. Due to the arrest of major leaders, a young and till then relatively unknown Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the AICC session on 9 August and hoisted the flag; later the Congress party was banned. These actions only created sympathy for the cause among the population. Despite lack of direct leadership, large protests and demonstrations were held all over the country. Workers remained absent en masse and strikes were called. Not all demonstrations were peaceful, at some places bombs exploded, government buildings were set on fire, electricity was cut and transport and communication lines were severed.[citation needed]
Play media
Video footage of the days during Quit India Movement
The British swiftly responded with mass detentions. Over 100,000 arrests were made, mass fines were levied and demonstrators were subjected to public flogging.[35] Hundreds of civilians were killed in violence many shot by the police army. Many national leaders went underground and continued their struggle by broadcasting messages over clandestine radio stations, distributing pamphlets and establishing parallel governments. The British sense of crisis was strong enough that a battleship was specifically set aside to take Gandhi and the Congress leaders out of India, possibly to South Africa or Yemen but ultimately did not take that step out of fear of intensifying the revolt.[36]
The Congress leadership was cut off from the rest of the world for over three years. Gandhi's wife Kasturbai Gandhi and his personal secretary Mahadev Desai died in months and Gandhi's health was failing, despite this Gandhi went on a 21-day fast and maintained his resolve to continuous resistance. Although the British released Gandhi on account of his health in 1944, Gandhi kept up the resistance, demanding the release of the Congress leadership.
By early 1944, India was mostly peaceful again, while the Congress leadership was still incarcerated. A sense that the movement had failed depressed many nationalists, while Jinnah and the Muslim League, as well as Congress opponents like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Hindu Mahasabha sought to gain political mileage, criticizing Gandhi and the Congress Party.
See also[edit]
British Raj
Indian Independence Movement
Non-Cooperation Movement
Indian nationalism
Government of Azad Hind
Kallara-Pangode Struggle
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement
Jump up ^ Arthur Herman (2008). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House Digital. pp. 494–99. ISBN 9780553804638.
Jump up ^ 1 Rupee Coin of 1992 - Quit India Movement Golden Jubilee, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2bWubXDYWU
Jump up ^ Official Website of the Indian National Congress, sub-link to article titled The Second World War and the Congress. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 October 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2006. URL accessed on 20-Jul-2006
Jump up ^ Raghavan, Srinath, India's War - The Making of Modern South Asia 1939 - 1945, Allen Lane, London, 2016, ISBN 978-1-846-14542-4 Parameter error in {{isbn}}: Invalid ISBN., p. 320
Jump up ^ Barkawi, Tarak. Culture and Combat in the Colonies. The Indian Army in the Second World War. Journal of Contemporary History. 10000(2). pp. 325–355.
Jump up ^ Nasim Yousaf Hidden facts behind British India's freedom : a scholarly look into Allama Mashraqi and Quaid-e-Azam's political conflict, p.137.
Jump up ^ Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan (1984) pp 209, 215
Jump up ^ Martin Sieff, Shifting superpowers: the new and emerging relationship between the United States, China, and India (2009) p 21
Jump up ^ Syed Nesar Ahmad, Origins of Muslim consciousness in India: a world-system perspective (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991) pp 213–15
^ Jump up to: a b c Prabhu Bapu (2013). Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915–1930: Constructing Nation and History. Routledge. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-0-415-67165-1.
Jump up ^ Mookherjee, Shyama Prasad. Leaves from a Dairy. Oxford University Press. p. 179.
^ Jump up to: a b Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000), The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour, LeftWord Books, pp. 56–, ISBN 978-81-87496-13-7
Jump up ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1978). History of Modern Bengal. Oxford University Press. p. 179.
Jump up ^ K. Venugopal Reddy, "Working Class in ‘Quit India’ Movement," Indian Historical Review (2010) 37#2 pp275-289
Jump up ^ Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan (1984) p 210
Jump up ^ Eric D. Pullin, "'Noise and Flutter': American Propaganda Strategy and Operation in India during World War II," Diplomatic History, (April 2010) 34#2 pp 275–298 online at Academic Search Premier
Jump up ^ Andersen & Damle 1987, p. 44.
Jump up ^ Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa (1 January 2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Blackswan. pp. 422–. ISBN 978-81-250-2596-2.
Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra, Communalism 2008, p. 141.
Jump up ^ Noorani, RSS and the BJP 2000, p. 60.
Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra (2008). Communalism in Modern India. Har-Anand. pp. 140–. ISBN 978-81-241-1416-2.
Jump up ^ M.S. Golwalkar (1974). Shri Guruji Samagra Darshan, Volume 4. Bharatiya Vichar Sadhana.
Jump up ^ Ram Puniyani (21 July 2005). Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times. SAGE Publications. pp. 134–. ISBN 978-0-7619-3338-0.
Jump up ^ Shamsul Islam (2006). Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS. Media House. pp. 187–. ISBN 978-81-7495-236-3.
Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra, Communalism 2008, p. 140.
Jump up ^ Andersen & Damle 1987.
Jump up ^ Noorani, RSS and the BJP 2000, p. 46.
Jump up ^ Sumit Sarkar (2005). Beyond Nationalist Frames: Relocating Postmodernism, Hindutva, History. Permanent Black. pp. 258–. ISBN 978-81-7824-086-2.
Jump up ^ Partha Sarathi Gupta (1997). Towards Freedom 1943–44,Part III. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 3058–9. ISBN 978-0195638684.
Jump up ^ John F. Riddick, The History of British India: A Chronology (2006) p 115
^ Jump up to: a b Chakraborty, Bidyut Local Politics and Indian Nationalism: Midnapur (1919–1944).. Manohar. 1997.
Jump up ^ Jaykumar R. Shukla, "The Quit India Movement on Saurashtra," Quarterly Review of Historical Studies, 1981, 21#1 pp 3–8
Jump up ^ Sunil Sen, "Popular Participation in the Quit India Movement: Midnapur, 1942–44," Indian Historical Review, (Jan 1985) Vol. 12 Issue 1/2, pp 300–316
Jump up ^ D, Fisher D; Read A (1998). The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence. WW Norton. p. 330.
Jump up ^ D, Fisher D; Read A (1998). The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence. WW Norton. p. 329.
Works cited[edit]
Chandra, Bipan (2008), Communalism in Modern India, Har-Anand, ISBN 8124114161
Noorani, A. G. (2000), The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour, LeftWord Books, ISBN 978-81-87496-13-7
Further reading[edit]
Andersen, Walter K.; Damle, Shridhar D. (1987). The brotherhood in saffron: the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu revivalism. Westview Press.
Akbar, M.J. Nehru: The Making of India (Viking, 1988), popular biography
Buchanan, Andrew N. "The War Crisis and the Decolonization of India, December 1941–September 1942: A Political and Military Dilemma." Global War Studies 8.2 (2011): 5-31.
Chakrabarty, Bidyut. "Political Mobilization in the Localities: The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur," Modern Asian Studies (1992) 26#4 pp. 791–814 in JSTOR
Chakrabarty, Bidyut. "Defiance and Confrontation: The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur," Social Scientist (1992) Vol. 20, No. 7/8 in JSTOR
Chopra, P. N."'Quit India' Movement of 1942," Journal of Indian History, (1971) Vol. 49 Issue 145/147, pp 1–56
Clymer, Kenton J. Quest for Freedom: The United States and India's Independence (Columbia University Press, 1995) online edition
Greenough, Paul R. "Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement, 1942–44," Modern Asian Studies, (1983) 17#3 pp. 353–386 in JSTOR
Herman, Arthur (2008). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House Digital. ISBN 9780553804638.
Hutchins, Francis G. India's Revolution: Gandhi and the Quit India Movement (1973)
Johnson, Robert. "The Army in India and Responses to Low-Intensity Conflict, 1936-1946." Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 89.358 (2011): 159.
Krishan, Shri. "Crowd vigour and social identity: The Quit India Movement in western India." Indian Economic & Social History Review 33.4 (1996): 459-479.
Panigrahi; D. N. India's Partition: The Story of Imperialism in Retreat (Routledge, 2004) online edition
Pati, Biswamoy. "The climax of popular protest: The Quit India Movement in Orissa." Indian Economic & Social History Review 29.1 (1992): 1-35.
Patil, V. I. Gandhiji, Nehruji and the Quit India Movement (1984)
Read, Anthony, and David Fisher; The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence (W. W. Norton, 1999) online edition; detailed scholarly history
Venkataramani, M. S.; Shrivastava, B. K. Quit India: The American Response to the 1942 Struggle (1979)
Zaidi, A. Moin (1973). The way out to freedom: an inquiry into the Quit India Movement conducted by participants. Orientalia (India). p. 85.
Mansergh, Nicholas, and E. W. R. Lumby, eds. India: The Transfer of Power 1942-7. Vol. II. 'Quit India' 30 April-21 September 1942 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1971), 1044pp
Muni, S. D. "The Quit India Movement: A Review Article," International Studies, (Jan 1977,) 16#1 pp 157–168,
Pran Nath Chopra; Shri Ram Bakshi (1986). Quit India Movement: British secret documents, Vol. 1. Interprint. p. 17. ISBN 81-85017-32-8.
External links[edit]
Rejected 'Quit India' resolution drafted by Mohandas K. Gandhi 27 April 1942
[show]
v
t
e
Indian Independence Movement
History
Colonisation
Porto Grande de Bengala
Dutch Bengal
East India Company
British Raj
French India
Portuguese India
Battle of Plassey
Battle of Buxar
Anglo-Mysore Wars
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Anglo-Maratha Wars
First
Second
Third
Polygar Wars
Vellore Mutiny
First Anglo-Sikh War
Second Anglo-Sikh War
Sannyasi Rebellion
Rebellion of 1857
Radcliffe Line
more
Philosophies
and ideologies
Ambedkarism
Gandhism
Hindu nationalism
Indian nationalism
Khilafat Movement
Muslim nationalism in South Asia
Satyagraha
Socialism
Swadeshi movement
Swaraj
Events and
movements
Partition of Bengal (1905)
Partition of Bengal (1947)
Revolutionaries
Direct Action Day
Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy
The Indian Sociologist
Singapore Mutiny
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Champaran Satyagraha
Kheda Satyagraha
Rowlatt Committee
Rowlatt Bills
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
Noakhali riots
Non-Cooperation Movement
Christmas Day Plot
Coolie-Begar Movement
Chauri Chaura incident, 1922
Kakori conspiracy
Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre
Flag Satyagraha
Bardoli
1928 Protests
Nehru Report
Fourteen Points of Jinnah
Purna Swaraj
Salt March
Dharasana Satyagraha
Vedaranyam March
Chittagong armoury raid
Gandhi–Irwin Pact
Round table conferences
Act of 1935
Aundh Experiment
Indische Legion
Cripps' mission
Quit India
Bombay Mutiny
Coup d'état of Yanaon
Provisional Government of India
Independence Day
Organisations
All India Kisan Sabha
All-India Muslim League
Anushilan Samiti
Arya Samaj
Azad Hind
Berlin Committee
Ghadar Party
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Indian National Congress
India House
Indian Home Rule movement
Indian Independence League
Indian National Army
Jugantar
Khaksar Tehrik
Khudai Khidmatgar
Swaraj Party
more
Social
reformers
A. Vaidyanatha Iyer
Ayya Vaikundar
Ayyankali
B. R. Ambedkar
Baba Amte
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Dayananda Saraswati
Dhondo Keshav Karve
G. Subramania Iyer
Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
Gopal Hari Deshmukh
Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
J. B. Kripalani
Jyotirao Phule
Kandukuri Veeresalingam
Mahadev Govind Ranade
Mahatma Gandhi
Muthulakshmi Reddi
Narayana Guru
Niralamba Swami
Pandita Ramabai
Periyar E. V. Ramasamy
Ram Mohan Roy
Rettamalai Srinivasan
Sahajanand Saraswati
Savitribai Phule
Shahu
Sister Nivedita
Sri Aurobindo
Syed Ahmad Khan
Vakkom Moulavi
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Vinoba Bhave
Vitthal Ramji Shinde
Vivekananda
Independence
activists
Abul Kalam Azad
Accamma Cherian
Achyut Patwardhan
A. K. Fazlul Huq
Alluri Sitarama Raju
Annapurna Maharana
Annie Besant
Ashfaqulla Khan
Babu Kunwar Singh
Bagha Jatin
Bahadur Shah II
Bakht Khan
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Basawon Singh
Begum Hazrat Mahal
Bhagat Singh
Bharathidasan
Bhavabhushan Mitra
Bhikaiji Cama
Bhupendra Kumar Datta
Bidhan Chandra Roy
Bipin Chandra Pal
C. Rajagopalachari
Chandra Shekhar Azad
Chetram Jatav
Chittaranjan Das
Dadabhai Naoroji
Dayananda Saraswati
Dhan Singh
Dukkipati Nageswara Rao
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Govind Ballabh Pant
Har Dayal
Hemu Kalani
Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
Jatindra Mohan Sengupta
Jatindra Nath Das
Jawaharlal Nehru
K. Kamaraj
Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Khudiram Bose
Krishna Singh
Lala Lajpat Rai
M. Bhaktavatsalam
M. N. Roy
Mahadaji Shinde
Mahatma Gandhi
Mangal Pandey
Mir Qasim
Mithuben Petit
Muhammad Ali Jauhar
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari
Nagnath Naikwadi
Nana Fadnavis
Nana Sahib
P. Kakkan
Prafulla Chaki
Pritilata Waddedar
Pritilata Waddedar
Purushottam Das Tandon
R. Venkataraman
Rahul Sankrityayan
Rajendra Prasad
Ram Prasad Bismil
Rani Lakshmibai
Rash Behari Bose
Sahajanand Saraswati
Sangolli Rayanna
Sarojini Naidu
Satyapal Dang
Shuja-ud-Daula
Shyamji Krishna Varma
Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
Siraj ud-Daulah
Subhas Chandra Bose
Subramania Bharati
Subramaniya Siva
Surya Sen
Syama Prasad Mukherjee
Tara Rani Srivastava
Tarak Nath Das
Tatya Tope
Tiruppur Kumaran
Ubaidullah Sindhi
V O Chidamabaram
V. K. Krishna Menon
Vallabhbhai Patel
Vanchinathan
Veeran Sundaralingam
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
Yashwantrao Holkar
Yogendra Shukla
more
British leaders
Wavell
Canning
Cornwallis
Irwin
Chelmsford
Curzon
Ripon
Minto
Dalhousie
Bentinck
Mountbatten
Wellesley
Lytton
Clive
Outram
Cripps
Linlithgow
Hastings
Independence
Cabinet Mission
Annexation of French colonies in India
Constitution
Republic of India
Indian annexation of Goa
Indian Independence Act
Partition of India
Political integration
Simla Conference
[show]
v
t
e
Mahatma Gandhi
Life events
and movements
Indian Ambulance Corps
Bardoli Satyagraha
Champaran Satyagraha
Kheda Satyagraha
Indian independence movement
Gandhi cap
Non-cooperation Movement
Chauri Chaura incident
Purna Swaraj
flag
Salt March
Dharasana Satyagraha
Vaikom Satyagraha
Aundh Experiment
Gandhi–Irwin Pact
Second Round Table Conference
Padayatra
Poona Pact
Natal Indian Congress
Quit India
speech
Gujarat Vidyapith University
Harijan Sevak Sangh
Ashrams (Kochrab
Tolstoy Farm
Sabarmati
Sevagram)
List of fasts
Assassination
Philosophy
Gandhism
Economics
trusteeship
Education
Sarvodaya
Satyagraha
Swadeshi
Swaraj
Publications
Harijan
Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule)
Indian Opinion
The Story of My Experiments with Truth
Young India
Seven Social Sins
(Gandhi Heritage Portal)
Influences
A Letter to a Hindu
Ahimsa
nonviolence
Bhagavad Gita
Henry David Thoreau
Civil Disobedience (essay)
Civil disobedience
Fasting
Harishchandra
Hinduism
John Ruskin
Leo Tolstoy
The Kingdom of God Is Within You
The Masque of Anarchy
Muhammad
Narmad
Pacifism
Sermon on the Mount
Shravan
Shrimad Rajchandra
Henry Stephens Salt
Tirukkural
Unto This Last
Gandhi's translation
"Vaishnava Jana To"
Vegetarianism
Associates
Swami Anand
C. F. Andrews
Jamnalal Bajaj
Shankarlal Banker
Sarla Behn
Vinoba Bhave
Brij Krishna Chandiwala
Sudhakar Chaturvedi
Jugatram Dave
Mahadev Desai
Dada Dharmadhikari
Kanu Gandhi
Shiv Prasad Gupta
Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri
J. C. Kumarappa
Hermann Kallenbach
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Acharya Kripalani
Mirabehn
Mohanlal Pandya
Vallabhbhai Patel
Narhari Parikh
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
Parsee Rustomjee
Bibi Amtus Salam
Sonja Schlesin
Anugrah Narayan Sinha
Sri Krishna Sinha
Rettamalai Srinivasan
V. A. Sundaram
Abbas Tyabji
Ravishankar Vyas
Mithuben Petit
Legacy
Artistic depictions
Gandhigiri
Gandhi Peace Award
Gandhi Peace Prize
Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith
Indian currency
Family
Karamchand Gandhi (father)
Kasturba (wife)
Harilal (son)
Manilal (son)
Ramdas (son)
Devdas (son)
Maganlal (cousin)
Samaldas (nephew)
Arun (grandson)
Ela (granddaughter)
Rajmohan (grandson)
Gopalkrishna (grandson)
Ramchandra (grandson)
Kanu (grandson)
Kanu (grandnephew)
Tushar (great-grandson)
Leela (great-granddaughter)
Influenced
James Bevel
Steve Biko
14th Dalai Lama
Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
Morarji Desai
Eknath Easwaran
Maria Lacerda de Moura
James Lawson
Martin Luther King Jr.
Nelson Mandela
Brajkishore Prasad
Rajendra Prasad
Ramjee Singh
Aung San Suu Kyi
Lanza del Vasto
Abhay Bang
Sane Guruji
Memorials
Statues
Houston
Johannesburg
London (Parliament Square)
New York
Patna
Pietermaritzburg
Washington
Observances
Gandhi Jayanti
International Day of Non-Violence
Martyrs' Day
Season for Nonviolence
Other
Aga Khan Palace
Gandhi Bhawan
Gandhi Mandapam
Gandhi Market
Gandhi Promenade
Gandhi Smriti
Gandhi Memorial
Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai
Kaba Gandhi No Delo
Kirti Mandir
Mahatma Gandhi College
Mohandas Gandhi High School
National Gandhi Museum
Raj Ghat
Sabarmati Ashram
Satyagraha House
Roads named after Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quit_India_Movement&oldid=807793519"
Categories:
Quit India Movement
1942 establishments in India
1942 in India
Gandhism
India in World War II
British Empire in World War II
Hidden categories:
Pages with ISBN errors
NPOV disputes from June 2014
All NPOV disputes
Articles that may contain original research from May 2017
All articles that may contain original research
Use dmy dates from February 2013
Use Indian English from February 2013
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Articles needing additional references from August 2013
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
বাংলা
भोजपुरी
Català
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Français
ગુજરાતી
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
ಕನ್ನಡ
മലയാളം
मराठी
नेपाली
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Русский
संस्कृतम्
Simple English
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
اردو
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 October 2017, at 04:14.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

value: b

value: span

value: small

value: tr

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: ;white-space:nowrap; background-color: #f9f9f9; padding:0.2em; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;

values: width:100%;padding:0px;background-color: #f9f9f9; padding: 0.2em 1em 0.5em 1em; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
/wiki/Buddhism_in_India
mw-redirect
Buddhism in India

values:
/wiki/Template:Indian_people
mw-redirect
Template:Indian people

values: Template talk:Indian people (page does not exist)

values:
text-align:right
plainlinks hlist navbar mini

values: background-color: #f9f9f9; padding: 0em 0.5em 0em 0em; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;

values: border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; color: black; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; width:250px; text-align:center;;padding:3px

values:
/wiki/Cripps_Mission
mw-redirect
Cripps Mission

values:
/wiki/All-India_Congress_Committee
mw-redirect
All-India Congress Committee

values:
/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League
mw-redirect
All India Muslim League

values:
/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service
mw-redirect
Indian Civil Service

values:
/wiki/Axis_Powers
mw-redirect
Axis Powers

values: Edit section: World War II and Indian involvement

values:
/wiki/Guerrilla_war
mw-redirect
Guerrilla war

values: Edit section: Factors contributing to the movement's launch

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values: Edit section: Resolution for immediate independence

values:
/wiki/British_government
mw-redirect
British government

values:
/wiki/Chakravarti_Rajgopalachari
mw-redirect
Chakravarti Rajgopalachari

values:
/wiki/Maulana_Azad
mw-redirect
Maulana Azad

values:
/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel
mw-redirect
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

values:
/wiki/Allama_Mashriqi
mw-redirect
Allama Mashriqi

values:
/wiki/Khaksar_Tehrik
mw-redirect
Khaksar Tehrik

values:
/wiki/Maulana_Abul_Kalam_Azad
mw-redirect
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

values:
/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan
mw-redirect
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

values:
/wiki/Pattabhi_Sitaramayya
mw-redirect
Pattabhi Sitaramayya

values: Edit section: Opposition to the Quit India Movement

values:
/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement
mw-redirect
Indian Independence Movement

values:
/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha
mw-redirect
Hindu Mahasabha

values:
/wiki/Krishak_Praja_Party
mw-redirect
Krishak Praja Party

values:
/wiki/R.C._Majumdar
mw-redirect
R.C. Majumdar

values: Edit section: No support to the Quit India Movement

values: Edit section: Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

values:
/wiki/K.B._Hedgewar
mw-redirect
K.B. Hedgewar

values:
/wiki/M.S._Golwalkar
mw-redirect
M.S. Golwalkar

values:
/wiki/Indian_freedom_movement
mw-redirect
Indian freedom movement

values:
/wiki/Midnapore_District
mw-redirect
Midnapore District

values: Edit section: Suppression of the movement

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Quit_India_Movement.ogv/320px--Quit_India_Movement.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:320px;height:240px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="61.114920634921" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Quit_India_Movement.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Quit_India_Movement.ogv/Quit_India_Movement.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="301224" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Quit_India_Movement.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 320 × 240 (389 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="389428" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Quit_India_Movement.ogv/Quit_India_Movement.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="194936" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Kasturbai_Gandhi
mw-redirect
Kasturbai Gandhi

values:
/wiki/Non-Cooperation_Movement
mw-redirect
Non-Cooperation Movement

values:
/wiki/Government_of_Azad_Hind
mw-redirect
Government of Azad Hind

values: -moz-column-width: 40em; -webkit-column-width: 40em; column-width: 40em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Shridhar_D._Damle
mw-redirect
Shridhar D. Damle

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/312940

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517569

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/312297

values:
/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office
mw-redirect
Her Majesty's Stationery Office

values: Template talk:Indian Independence Movement

values:
/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny
mw-redirect
Vellore Mutiny

values:
/wiki/Sannyasi_Rebellion
mw-redirect
Sannyasi Rebellion

values: Revolutionary movement for Indian independence

values:
/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha
mw-redirect
Kheda Satyagraha

values:
/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935
mw-redirect
Government of India Act 1935

values:
/wiki/Indische_Legion
mw-redirect
Indische Legion

values: Hindustan Socialist Republican Association

values:
/wiki/Babu_Kunwar_Singh
mw-redirect
Babu Kunwar Singh

values:
/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_II
mw-redirect
Bahadur Shah II

values:
/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jauhar
mw-redirect
Muhammad Ali Jauhar

values:
/wiki/Rani_Lakshmibai
mw-redirect
Rani Lakshmibai

values:
/wiki/V_O_Chidambaram_Pillai
mw-redirect
V O Chidambaram Pillai

values: Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis

values: Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford

values: George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston

values: Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto

values: James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie

values: Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma

values: Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley

values: Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton

values: Causes for liberation of French colonies in India

values:
/wiki/Indian_annexation_of_Goa
mw-redirect
Indian annexation of Goa

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi

values:
/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Sinha
mw-redirect
Sri Krishna Sinha

values: List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi

values:
/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Series_(banknotes)
mw-redirect
Mahatma Gandhi Series (banknotes)

values:
/wiki/Sane_Guruji
mw-redirect
Sane Guruji

values: Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament Square

values: Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Washington, D.C.)

values:
/wiki/Gandhi_Promenade
mw-redirect
Gandhi Promenade

values: List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from May 2017

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Category:Use dmy dates from February 2013

values: Category:Use Indian English from February 2013

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2013

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Quit_India_Movement
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: ভারত ছাড়ো আন্দোলন – Bangla

values: भारत छोड़ो आंदोलन – Bhojpuri

values: Εγκαταλείψτε την Ινδία (κίνημα) – Greek

values: ભારત છોડો આંદોલન – Gujarati

values: भारत छोड़ो आन्दोलन – Hindi

values: ಭಾರತ ಬಿಟ್ಟು ತೊಲಗಿ ಚಳುವಳಿ – Kannada

values: ക്വിറ്റ് ഇന്ത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനം – Malayalam

values: भारत छोडो आंदोलन – Marathi

values: भारत छोड आन्दोलन – Nepali

values: ਭਾਰਤ ਛੱਡੋ ਅੰਦੋਲਨ – Punjabi

values: ہندستان چھڈو تحریک – Western Punjabi

values: Августовское движение – Russian

values: त्यजन्तु भारतम् आन्दोलनम् – Sanskrit

values: வெள்ளையனே வெளியேறு இயக்கம் – Tamil

values: భారతదేశం విడిచిపో ఉద్యమం – Telugu

values: ہندوستان چھوڑ دو تحریک – Urdu

values: 退出印度运动 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Quit_India_Movement rootpage-Quit_India_Movement vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view