text:
Tammar wallaby
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Dama.
Tammar wallaby
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Synapsida
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: Macropodidae
Genus: Macropus
Species: M. eugenii
Binomial name
Macropus eugenii
Desmarest, 1817
Current tammar wallaby range. Red areas are where they have been reintroduced.
The tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), also known as the dama wallaby or darma wallaby, is a small macropod native to South and Western Australia.[2] Though its geographical range has been severely reduced since European colonisation, the tammar remains common within its reduced range and is listed as "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It has been introduced to New Zealand and reintroduced to some areas of Australia where it had been previously eradicated. Skull differences distinguish tammars from Western Australia, Kangaroo Island and mainland South Australia, making them distinct population groups or possibly different subspecies.
About the size of a rabbit, the tammar is among the smallest of the wallabies in the genus Macropus. Its coat colour is largely grey. The tammar has several notable adaptations, including the ability to retain energy while hopping, colour vision and the ability to drink seawater. A nocturnal species, it spends nighttime in grassland habitat and daytime in shrubland. It is also very gregarious and has a seasonal, promiscuous mating pattern. A female tammar can nurse a joey in her pouch while keeping an embryo in her uterus. The tammar is a model species for research on marsupials, and on mammals in general. It is one of many organisms to have had its genome sequenced.
Contents
[hide]
1 Taxonomy and classification
2 Description and physiology
2.1 Locomotion
2.2 Senses
2.3 Thermoregulation and water turnover
2.4 Sudden deaths
3 Ecology and life history
3.1 Breeding and development
4 Population dynamics and conservation
4.1 Resistance to sodium fluoroacetate
5 Use in science
5.1 Model organism
5.2 Potential pharmaceutical use
5.3 Gut microbiota related with greenhouse effect
6 References
7 External links
Taxonomy and classification[edit]
Macropodidae

T. thetis

P. xanthopus

M. rufus

M. robustus

M. antilopinus

M. bicolor

M. parma

M. rufogriseus

M. agilis

M. eugenii

Cladogram showing the genetic relationship between the tammar wallaby (M. eugenii) and several other species in the family Macropodidae.[3]
The tammar wallaby was seen in the Houtman Abrolhos off Western Australia by survivors of the 1628 Batavia shipwreck, and recorded by François Pelsaert in his 1629 Ongeluckige Voyagie.[4]:53 It was first described in 1817 by the French naturalist Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest, who gave it the name eugenii based on where it was found; an island he knew as Ile Eugene in the Nuyts Archipelago off South Australia which is now known as St Peter Island. The island's French name was given in honour of Eugene Hamelin, commander of the ship Naturaliste;[5]:333 whose name is now the specific name of the tammar. The common name of the animal is derived from the thickets of the shrub locally known as tamma (Allocasuarina campestris) that sheltered it in Western Australia.[6] The tammar is classified together with the kangaroos, wallaroos and several species of wallaby in the genus Macropus, and in the subgenus Notamacropus with the other wallabies, all of which have a facial stripe.[7]
Fossil evidence of the tammar wallaby exists from the late Pleistocene era—remains were found in the Naracoorte Caves.[7] The mainland and island dwelling tammars split from each other 7,000–15,000 years ago,[5]:332 while the South Australian and Western Australian animals diverged around 50,000 years ago. The tammar wallabies on Flinders Island had greyer coats and thinner heads than the Kangaroo Island tammars, which are larger than the East and West Wallabi Islands animals. The island tammars were once thought to be a separate species from the mainland population.[5]:333 A 1991 examination of tammar skulls from different parts of the species' range found that populations can be divided into three distinct groups; one group made of populations from mainland Western Australia, East and West Wallabi Islands, Garden Island and Middle Island; a second group comprising populations from Flinders Island, 19th century mainland Southern Australia and New Zealand; and a third group consisting solely of the Kangaroo Island population.[8] The Western Australia Department of Environment and Conservation listed these populations as subspecies; M. e. derbianus, M. e. eugenii and M. e. decres respectively.[6]
Description and physiology[edit]
One of the smallest wallaby species in the genus Macropus, the tammar wallaby features a small head and large ears with a long tail, thick at the base.[9] It has dark grey-brown upperparts with paler grey highlights, rufous on the sides of the body and limbs, particularly in males, and pale grey-buff underparts.[6] The tammar wallaby exhibits significant sexual dimorphism, with the maximum recorded weight in males being 9.1 kg (20 lb) and maximum recorded weight in females is 6.9 kg (15 lb). The body length is 59 to 68 cm (23–27 in) in males and 52 to 63 cm (20–25 in) in females. Both males and females are about 45 cm (18 in) in height. The tails of males range from 34 to 45 cm (13–18 in) and those of females from 33 to 44 cm (13–17 in).[9]
Locomotion[edit]
Tammar wallaby in motion
As with most macropods, the tammar wallaby moves around by hopping. This species has a hopping frequency of 3.5 strides per second, with a stride length of 0.8 to 2.4 m (2.6–7.9 ft).[10] When hopping, proximal muscles at the knee and hip joints generate most of the power for each leap, which are delivered by multi-joint muscles at the ankle.[11] As it lands, the energy of the jump is converted into strain energy made when its leg tendons are stretched. As it leaps back off the ground, the tammar can recover much of this energy for reuse though elastic recoil.[12]
The amount of energy stored in the tendons increases with the animal's speed and the weight of the load it is carrying. This is particularly helpful for mothers carrying young,[13] and explains why tammars can increase their hopping speed without using more energy.[14] The tammar shares this characteristic with other plains-dwelling macropods like the red kangaroo. By comparison, rock wallabies, such as the yellow-footed rock-wallaby, have traded efficient energy saving for greater tendon thickness; an adaption for steep rocky terrain as it allows them to leap higher and lowers the risk of their tendons rupturing.[15]
Senses[edit]
The tammar has 324° peripheral vision and 50° binocular vision.[5]:312 It can distinguish black/white gratings of different widths and in different light conditions better than most other small mammals, such as rabbits. It is nevertheless not as good as a cat or a human.[16] Tammars appear to have some colour vision: its eyes have only blue sensitive and green sensitive photoreceptor cones, allowing it to see colour in the blue-green band of the colour spectrum, but not the longer wavelengths of the red-yellow band. Nevertheless, in the band where it can see colour, it can differentiate between two monochromatic colours with wavelengths as close as 20 nm (2.0×10−8 m) apart.[17] The pinna (ear) of the tammar is mobile, allowing it to track sounds from different parts of its surroundings without moving its head. A tammar can point its pinna at a sound source and increase its eardrum's sound pressure by 25–30 dB at 5 kHz. When the pinna moves away from the sound source, the animal's hearing level quickly drops.[18] When born, a tammar's sense of smell is already developed; this allows the newborn to find its mother's pouch by the scent.[19]
Tammar resting
Thermoregulation and water turnover[edit]
Tammars lick their forearms and pant to keep cool in hot weather. They breathe more heavily and lose more water when the temperature is over 30 °C (86 °F). Tammars can't survive in temperatures above 40 °C (104 °F) and must find cooler surroundings.[20] To prevent dehydration, tammars urinate less and reabsorb water from the distal colon, which gives them relatively dry feces. Being able to concentrate more urine in their kidneys allows them to survive on seawater.[21]
Sudden deaths[edit]
In late 1998, 120–130 tammar wallabies died suddenly in research facilities and zoos in New South Wales and Queensland, perishing less than twelve hours after exhibiting the first symptoms, with most exhibiting no symptoms at all. Post mortem examination revealed haemorrhage of muscle, and abdominal and thoracic organs. The syndrome is known as tammar sudden death syndrome and the pathogen is an orbivirus of the family Reoviridae.[22] It does not occur south of Sydney. Captive populations of tammar wallabies in New South Wales have subsequently suffered infections in summer months.[23] No treatment has been attempted due to the rapid progression of the disease.[24]
Ecology and life history[edit]
The tammar is mostly nocturnal.
Mostly nocturnal, tammar wallabies spend much of their time foraging.[5]:335 In winter their home ranges are about 16 ha (40 acres), but in the dry summers they range further afield to search for quality food, needing about 42 ha (100 acres) of space. Tammar home ranges overlap with those of conspecifics.
During the day, tammars stay close to scrub for shade and move out to more open grassland by nightfall.[5]:335 Like all macropods, the tammar is herbivorous. They are known to both graze and browse, but the latter is less effective, as they commonly drop leaves when chewing on them. When eating large leaves, tammars handle them with their forelimbs.[25]:116 This species spends more time chewing its food than other similar sized macropods, which likely aids digestion.[25]:115–16 Tammars commonly feed on acacia seeds. Other species consumed include heart-leaved poison (Gastrolobium bilobum), small-flowered wallaby grass (Austrodanthonia setacea), and marri (Corymbia calophylla).[6] Tammars survive on several islands that have no fresh water, subsisting on seawater and the moisture in plants.[5]:335
Tammars are a social species.
The tammar rests in two positions: a "sitting tail forward" position, in which the hind legs are outstretched with tail brought forward in between, the body prone and the head above ground; and a "lying" position, in which the animal lies on its side with the head touching the ground. The former position is typically used during the day for long periods, and the latter position is used at night for brief periods.[25]:217–19 Tammars are known to live in stable groups,[26] which lessens the chance of an individual being taken by a predator. As the group increases in size, tammars spend more time foraging, grooming and interacting and less time being vigilant and moving around.[27] Predators of the tammar include dingos, feral cats, red foxes and wedge-tailed eagles. They may also have been preyed upon by the extinct thylacine. Tammars appear to respond more to the sight than the sound of predators.[28] They can also use their acute sense of smell to detect a predator.[29] When a predator is detected, a tammar will alert others by thumping its foot.[28] When lost, young tammars are known to emit a coarse screeching call and adult females may respond with a similar call.[26]
Breeding and development[edit]
The tammar wallaby has a promiscuous mating system.[30] It is a seasonal breeder and births largely occur during late January and early February.[31]:77 During the breeding season, the male's prostate and bulbourethral gland enlarge. However, there does not appear to be any seasonal difference in the weight of the testes.[32] Around two weeks before the first births, the males will begin sniffing the uro-genital openings and pouches of the females to determine their reproductive status.[31]:78 After giving birth, females enter estrus and allow males to mate with them. However, a male that attempts to mate with an estrous female may face aggression from other males.[30] A male can achieve reproductive success by mate-guarding. During the estrous period, males establish a dominance hierarchy and the higher ranking males will try to prevent subordinates from mating with estrous females.[31]:83 Several males may pursue a single female.[30]
Mother wallaby with young in pouch
The female tammar can conceive shortly after giving birth.[5]:335 Tammars undergo embryonic diapause and the blastocyst remains dormant for nearly a year.[33] For the first half of the year, the presence of the joey in the pouch prevents the blastocyst from developing and experiments have shown that removing the joey within this first half will stimulate the blastocyst's development. However, after this the blastocyst remains dormant even after the joey has left. It begins to develop by the summer solstice in the end of December and the female gives birth around one month later.[34] After birth the newborn young climbs unaided by its mother from the birth canal to the pouch.[35]
When it reaches the pouch, the underdeveloped joey suckles the teat of one of the four mammary glands while the others recede.[36] The joey remains attached to the teat for 100–125 days, after which it ceases its attachment but remains in the pouch and continues to suckle, but more intermittently. The joey begins to leave the pouch and eat grass at around 200 days when it is more developed. It still suckles, more forcefully but less regularly. By 250 days, the joey no longer needs the pouch, and it is fully weaned at around 300–350 days.[36] The tammar wallaby has been observed to engage in alloparental care, in which an adult may adopt another's young.[37] Male tammars may live for around 11 years, while females live for 14 years.[6]
Population dynamics and conservation[edit]
Drawing of tammar wallabies by John Gould (1863).
The tammar wallaby is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, because of its abundance and presumably stable population.[1] However, the fragmentation of its range has led to high amounts of inbreeding and morphological abnormalities in some populations.[38]
Since European occupation, tammar wallaby populations on both mainland Australia and some of the islands have been greatly reduced or even eradicated. In the early 20th century, the mainland population of tammars in Western Australia was described as numerous in much of the southwest, but declining in the cultivated areas, particularly to the north.[39] Clearings made for wheat and sheep caused the population to decline further.[5]:332 From the 19th century, tammars in the Eyre Peninsula and around Adelaide were decimated by mobs of hunters organised to protect crops and pastures. As a result, they were extinct in the areas around Adelaide by the 1920s, and in the Eyre Peninsula around the 1970s.[5]:332–33 Tammars from Flinders Island and St Peter Island were eradicated in a similar manner.[5]:333
Tammar wallaby on North Island in the Houtman Abrolhos
Tammars from these areas were introduced to Kawau Island in New Zealand by colonial administrator Sir George Grey in 1870.[40] Since then, they have flourished to the point where their foraging has damaged indigenous plants. Pest control operators have used sodium fluoroacetate, a naturally occurring rodenticide, to control their populations,[41] a practice which has been controversial because of its possible effect on organisms not targeted, including humans. Cyanide pellets have been used as an alternative.[42] In 1985, tammars were introduced to the North Island of the Houtman Abrolhos and have made similar impacts on native vegetation. Their numbers grew to 450 individuals, but by 2008 culling efforts appeared to have reduced their numbers to 25 individuals.[43]:82–83 In 2003, the Monarto Zoo temporarily housed 85 tammars from New Zealand awaiting reintroduction to the Innes National Park on the Yorke Peninsula in South Australia.[44] Four releases have been made, and a stable wild population of 100–120 animals exists as of 2012.[45] Tammars have also been successfully translocated to other areas, such as Nambung National Park and Avon Valley National Park in Western Australia.[1]
Resistance to sodium fluoroacetate[edit]
Different tammar populations have varying levels of resistance to sodium fluoroacetate. Mainland Western tammars appear to be the most resistant, while those on Kangaroo Island are much more vulnerable.[46] Tammars from New Zealand are also vulnerable, as the poison has been successfully used to control their populations.[5]:334 Tammars from East and West Wallabi Islands and Garden Island, which do not have plants containing sodium fluoroacetate, are less resistant than mainland Western tammars but are more resistant than those from Kangaroo Island.[46] This suggests that tammars originated in South Australia and developed a resistance to sodium fluoroacetate when they reached Western Australia, where the poison is found in plants.[5]:334
Use in science[edit]
Model organism[edit]
Tammars are easy to keep in captivity.
The tammar wallaby is a model organism for studying marsupial biology, as well as mammal biology in general. It has been used in the fields of reproductive biology, immunology, metabolism, neurobiology and many others. Its "seasonal and lactational control of its reproduction" make its reproduction particularly suited for study.[33] Tammars are inexpensive to keep in captivity and are easy to handle.[47] They also breed well, especially if there is at least one male for five females. Tammars used for scientific study are generally housed in outdoor pens with access to water and shelter, which is closer to their natural habitat than a laboratory.[33][48]
The genomes of marsupials are of great interest to scientists studying comparative genomics, and the study of tammars has provided much information about the genetics of marsupials and mammals in general. Marsupials are at a convenient degree of evolutionary divergence from humans; mice are too close and have not developed many different functions, while birds are genetically too remote.[49] Key immune genes from the tammar wallaby were isolated and studied in 2009,[47] and the full genome was sequenced in 2011.[50] Sequencing of the tammar genome found "innovation in reproductive and lactational genes, rapid evolution of germ cell genes, and incomplete, locus-specific X inactivation".[50] The researchers also found new HOX genes that control gene expression, as well as novel microRNAs. The tammar genome appears to have more rearrangements than those of both the human and the gray short-tailed opossum, another sequenced marsupial.[50]
Potential pharmaceutical use[edit]
A compound in the milk of the tammar wallaby called AGG01 has the potential to be a new and powerful antibiotic. AGG01 is a protein, and in laboratory tests has proven to be 100 times more effective than penicillin. It has killed over 99% of the pathogenic bacteria, (both Gram-positive and Gram-negative), that it was incubated with, including Salmonella, Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus aureus. It also killed one species of fungus.[51] Subsequent analysis of the genome has led to the discovery of several cathelicidin peptides, which could also be used as antibiotics.[52]
Gut microbiota related with greenhouse effect[edit]
The foregut of the tammar wallaby contains species of bacteria belonging to the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. Within the phylum Proteobacteria, species of the family Succinivibrionaceae are the most abundant and a new species named WG–1 was discovered. WG–1 is a capnophilic bacterium. This has important environmental implications as the bacteria produces less methane than others and does not require CO2 to survive. Research suggests that this information could be used to reduce carbon production in livestock.[53]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Morris, K.; Friend, T.; Burbidge, A; van Weenen, J. (2008). "Macropus eugenii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Diprotodontia". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Jump up ^ Bulazel, K. V.; Ferreri, G. C.; Eldridge, M. D.; O'Neill, R. J. (2007). "Species-specific shifts in centromere sequence composition are coincident with breakpoint reuse in karyotypically divergent lineages". Genome Biology. 8 (8): R170. doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-8-r170. PMC 2375000  . PMID 17708770.
Jump up ^ Pearson, M. (2005). "Great Southern Land: The maritime exploration of Terra Australis" (PDF). Department of the Environment and Heritage, Government of Australia. ISBN 0-642-55185-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Tyndale-Biscoe, Hugh (2005). Life of Marsupials. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 0-643-06257-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Tammar Wallaby". Western Australia Department of Environment and Conservation. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Dawson, L.; Flannery, T. (1985). "Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Status of Living and Fossil Kangaroos and Wallabies of the Genus Macropus Shaw (Macropodidae: Marsupialia), with a New Subgeneric Name for the Larger Wallabies". Australian Journal of Zoology. 33 (4): 473–98. doi:10.1071/ZO9850473.
Jump up ^ Poole, W. E.; Wood, J.T.; Simms, N.G. (1991). "Distribution of the Tammar and relationships of populations as determined by cranial morphometrics". Wildlife Research. 18 (5): 625–39. doi:10.1071/WR9910625.
^ Jump up to: a b Labiano-Abello, A. M. "Macropus eugenii Tammar wallaby". Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Baudinette, R.V.; Gannon, B. J.; Runciman, W.B.; Wells, S.; Love, J. B. (1987). "Do cardiorespiratory frequencies show entrainment with hopping in the tammar wallaby?" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 129 (1): 251–63. PMID 3585241.
Jump up ^ McGowan, C. P.; Baudinette, R.V.; Biewener, A. A. (2005). "Joint work and power associated with acceleration and deceleration in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii)" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 208 (1): 41–53. doi:10.1242/jeb.01305. PMID 15601876.
Jump up ^ Biewener, A. A; Baudinette, R. V. (1995). "In vivo muscle force and elastic energy storage during steady-speed hopping of tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii)" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 198 (9): 1829–41. PMID 9319738.
Jump up ^ Baudinette, R. V.; Biewener, A. A. (1998). "Young wallabies get a free ride". Nature. 296 (6703): 653–54. Bibcode:1998Natur.395..653B. doi:10.1038/27111.
Jump up ^ Baudinette, R. V.; Snyder, G. K.; Frappell, P. B. (1992). "Energetic cost of locomotion in the tammar wallaby". American Journal of Physiology. 262 (5 Pt 2): R771–8. PMID 1590472.
Jump up ^ McGowan, C. P.; Baudinette, R. V.; Biewener, A. A. (2008). "Differential design for hopping in two species of wallabies". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 150 (2): 151–58. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.06.018. PMID 16861021.
Jump up ^ Hemmi, J. M.; Mark, R. F. (1998). "Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and retinal magnification in a marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii)". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 183 (3): 379–87. doi:10.1007/s003590050264. PMID 9763704.
Jump up ^ Hemmi, J. M. (1999). "Dichromatic colour vision in an Australian marsupial, the tammar wallaby". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 185 (6): 509–15. doi:10.1007/s003590050411.
Jump up ^ Coles, R. B.; Guppy, A. (1986). "Biophysical Aspects of Directional Hearing in the Tammar Wallaby, Macropus eugenii" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 121 (1): 371–94.
Jump up ^ Schneider, N. Y.; Fletcher, T. P.; Shaw, G.; Renfree, M. B. (2009). "The olfactory system of the tammar wallaby is developed at birth and directs the neonate to its mother's pouch odours". Reproduction. 138 (5): 849–57. doi:10.1530/REP-09-0145. PMID 19638443.
Jump up ^ Dawson, T. J.; Denny, M. J. S.; Hulbert, A. J. (1969). "Thermal balance of the macropodid marsupial Macropus eugenii (Desmarest)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 31 (4): 645–53. doi:10.1016/0010-406X(69)90065-6.
Jump up ^ Hum, I. D.; Dunning, A. (1979). "Nitrogen and electrolyte balance in the wallabies Thylogale thetis and Macropus eugenii when given saline drinking water". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 63 (1): 135–39. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(79)90639-X.
Jump up ^ "Tammar Wallaby Sudden Death Syndrome (TSDS) Fact Sheet" (PDF). Australian Wildlife Health Network. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Kirkland, P. D. (2005). "Epidemic Viral Diseases in Wildlife". Microbiology Australia. 26 (2): 82–85. ISSN 1324-4272.
Jump up ^ Vogelnest, L; Portas T (2008). Medicine of Australian Mammals. CSIRO Publishing. p. 181. ISBN 978-0643091504.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lentle, R. G. (1998). Feeding strategies of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii Desmarest) (Ph.D. thesis). Massey University.
^ Jump up to: a b Russell, E. M. (1984). "Social behaviour and social organization of marsupials". Mammal Review. 14 (3): 101–54. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1984.tb00343.x.
Jump up ^ Blumstein, D. T.; Evans, C. S.; Daniel, J. C. (1999). "An experimental study of behavioural group size effects in tammar wallabies, Macropus eugenii". Animal Behaviour. 58 (2): 351–60. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1156. ISSN 0003-3472. PMID 10458887.
^ Jump up to: a b Blumstein, D. T.; Daniel, J. C.; Griffin, A. S.; Evans, C. S. (2000). "Insular tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) respond to visual but not acoustic cues from predators". Behavioral Ecology. 11 (5): 528–35. doi:10.1093/beheco/11.5.528.
Jump up ^ Murchison, E. P.; Adams, D. J. (2011). "Sequencing skippy: the genome sequence of an Australian kangaroo, Macropus eugenii". Genome Biology. 12 (8): R81. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-8-123. PMC 3245606  . PMID 21861852.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rudd, C. D. (1994). "Sexual behaviour of male and female tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) at post-partum oestrus". Journal of Zoology. 232 (1): 151–62. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb01565.x.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miller, E. J.; Eldridge, M. D. B.; Herbert, C. A. (2010). "Dominance and paternity in the tammar wallaby". In Coulson, G.; Eldridge, M. Macropods: The Biology of Kangaroos, Wallabies and Rat-Kangaroos. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 77–85. ISBN 0-643-09662-0.
Jump up ^ Inns, R. W. (1982). "Seasonal changes in the accessory reproductive system and plasma testosterone levels of the male tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, in the wild". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 66 (2): 675–80. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0660675. PMID 7175821.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hickford, D.; Frankenberg, S.; Renfree, M. B. (2009). "The Tammar Wallaby, Macropus eugenii: A Model Kangaroo for the Study of Developmental and Reproductive Biology". Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 4 (12): 1–12. doi:10.1101/pdb.emo137.
Jump up ^ Renfree, M. B.; Tyndale-Biscoe, C. H. (1973). "Intrauterine development after diapause in the marsupial Macropus eugenii". Developmental Biology. 32 (1): 28–40. doi:10.1016/0012-1606(73)90217-0. PMID 4791592.
Jump up ^ Renfree M. B.; Fletcher T. P.; Blanden D. R.; Lewis P. R.; Shaw G.; Gordon K.; Short R. V.; Parer-Cook E.; Parer D. (1989). "Physiological and Behavioral Events around the Time of Birth in Macropodid Marsupials". In Grigg G.; Jarman P.; Hume, I. D. Kangaroos, Wallabies and Rat-Kangaroos. Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty. Ltd. pp. 323–27. ISBN 0949324205.
^ Jump up to: a b Trott, J. F.; Simpson, K. J.; Moyle, R. L. C.; Hearn, C. M.; Shaw, G.; Nicholas, K. R.; Renfree, M. B. (2003). "Maternal regulation of milk composition, milk production, and pouch young development during lactation in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii)" (PDF). Biology of Reproduction. 68 (3): 929–36. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.102.005934. PMID 12604644. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23.
Jump up ^ Riedman, Marianne L. (1982). "The Evolution of Alloparental Care in Mammals and Birds". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 57 (4): 405–435. doi:10.1086/412936. JSTOR 2826887.
Jump up ^ Miller, E.J.; Eldridge, M.D.B.; Morris, K.D.; Zenger, K.R.; Herbert, C.A. (2011). "Genetic consequences of isolation: island tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) populations and the conservation of threatened species". Conservation Genetics. 12 (6): 1619–31. doi:10.1007/s10592-011-0265-2.
Jump up ^ Shortridge, G.C. (1909). "An Account of the Geographical Distribution of the Marsupials and Monotremes of South-West Australia, having special reference to the specimens collected during the Balston Expedition of 1904–1907". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 79 (4): 803–48. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1910.tb06974.x.
Jump up ^ "Conservation genetics – molecular detectives at work". Australian Academy of Science. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Warburton, B. (1990). "Control of Bennett's and Tammar Wallabies in New Zealand Using Compound 1080 Gel on Foliage Baits". Australian Wildlife Research. 17 (5): 541–46. doi:10.1071/WR9900541.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, L.; Ross, J.; Adams, P.; Keyzer, R.; Hix, S.; MacMorran, D.; Cunningham, C.; Eason, C. (2011). "Effectiveness of cyanide pellets for control of dama wallabies (Macropus eugenii)" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 35 (3): 287–90. ISSN 0110-6465.
Jump up ^ "Wallabies — Culling" (PDF). Minutes of the Western Australian Legislative Council, Tuesday 19 February 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tammar Wallaby Reintroduction: To breed and reintroduce tamar wallabies into their former range in Australia". World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Extinct' wallaby goes back on show". ABC News. 14 February 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Oliver, A.J.; King; Mead (1979). "Fluoroacetate Tolerance, a Genetic Marker in Some Australian Mammals". Australian Journal of Zoology. 27 (3): 363–72. doi:10.1071/ZO9790363.
^ Jump up to: a b Sanderson, C. E.; Belov, K.; Deakin, J. E. (2009). "Physical mapping of immune genes in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii)". Cytogenet Genome Res. 127 (1): 21–25. doi:10.1159/000260372. PMID 19940438.
Jump up ^ Marsupials as models for biomedical research Archived 2013-07-30 at the Wayback Machine., September 2001, 14 (3), ANZCCART News. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Marshall Graves; J. A. (2002). "Comparative Genomics: Kangaroo genetics leap ahead". Heredity. 89 (6): 406–07. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800191.
^ Jump up to: a b c Renfree M. B.; Papenfuss, A. T.; Deakin, J. E. (2011). "Genome sequence of an Australian kangaroo, Macropus eugenii, provides insight into the evolution of mammalian reproduction and development". Genome Biology. 12 (8): R81. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-8-r81. PMC 3277949  . PMID 21854559.
Jump up ^ "Fighting superbugs with milk". New Scientist. 20 April 2006. Retrieved 7 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Wang, J.; Wong, E. S. W.; Whitley, J. C.; Li, J.; Stringer, J. M. (2011). "Ancient Antimicrobial Peptides Kill Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens: Australian Mammals Provide New Options". PLoS ONE. 6 (8): e24030. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624030W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024030. PMC 3166071  . PMID 21912615.
Jump up ^ P. B. Pope; et al. (2011). "Isolation of Succinivibrionaceae Implicated in Low Methane Emissions from Tammar Wallabies". Science. 333 (6042): 646–48. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..646P. doi:10.1126/science.1205760. PMID 21719642.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Macropus eugenii.
Data related to Macropus eugenii at Wikispecies
Tammar wallaby resources Bioinformatics, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
Tammar wallaby facts National Zoological Park
[show]
v
t
e
Extant Diprotodontia species
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Infraclass Marsupialia
[show]
Suborder Vombatiformes
Phascolarctidae
Phascolarctos
Koala (P. cinereus)
Vombatidae
(Wombats)
Vombatus
Common wombat (V. ursinus)
Lasiorhinus
Southern hairy-nosed wombat (L. latifrons)
Northern hairy-nosed wombat (L. krefftii)
[show]
Suborder Phalangeriformes (Possums) (cont. below)
Phalangeridae
(including Cuscuses)
Ailurops
(Bear cuscuses)
Talaud bear cuscus (A. melanotis)
Sulawesi bear cuscus (A. ursinus)
Phalanger
Gebe Cuscus (P. alexandrae)
Mountain cuscus (P. carmelitae)
Ground cuscus (P. gymnotis)
Eastern common cuscus (P. intercastellanus)
Woodlark cuscus (P. lullulae)
Blue-eyed cuscus (P. matabiru)
Telefomin cuscus (P. matanim)
Southern common cuscus (P. mimicus)
Northern common cuscus (P. orientalis)
Ornate cuscus (P. ornatus)
Rothschild's cuscus (P. rothschildi)
Silky cuscus (P. sericeus)
Stein's cuscus (P. vestitus)
Spilocuscus
Admiralty Island cuscus (S. kraemeri)
Common spotted cuscus (S. maculatus)
Waigeou cuscus (S. papuensis)
Black-spotted cuscus (S. rufoniger)
Blue-eyed spotted cuscus (S. wilsoni)
Strigocuscus
Sulawesi dwarf cuscus (S. celebensis)
Banggai cuscus (S. pelegensis)
Trichosurus
(Brushtail possums)
Northern brushtail possum (T. arnhemensis)
Short-eared possum (T. caninus)
Mountain brushtail possum (T. cunninghami)
Coppery brushtail possum (T. johnstonii)
Common brushtail possum (T. vulpecula)
Wyulda
Scaly-tailed possum (W. squamicaudata)
Burramyidae
(Pygmy possums)
Burramys
Mountain pygmy possum (B. parvus)
Cercartetus
Long-tailed pygmy possum (C. caudatus)
Southwestern pygmy possum (C. concinnus)
Tasmanian pygmy possum (C. lepidus)
Eastern pygmy possum (C. nanus)
[show]
Suborder Phalangeriformes (Possums) (cont. above)
Tarsipedidae
Tarsipes
Honey possum (T. rostratus)
Petauridae
Dactylopsila
Great-tailed triok (D. megalura)
Long-fingered triok (D. palpator)
Tate's triok (D. tatei)
Striped possum (D. trivirgata)
Gymnobelideus
Leadbeater's possum (G. leadbeateri)
Petaurus
Northern glider (P. abidi)
Yellow-bellied glider (P. australis)
Biak glider (P. biacensis)
Sugar glider (P. breviceps)
Mahogany glider (P. gracilis)
Squirrel glider (P. norfolcensis)
Pseudocheiridae
Hemibelideus
Lemur-like ringtail possum (H. lemuroides)
Petauroides
Greater glider (P. volans)
Petropseudes
Rock-haunting ringtail possum (P. dahli)
Pseudocheirus
Common ringtail possum (P. peregrinus)
Pseudochirulus
Lowland ringtail possum (P. canescens)
Weyland ringtail possum (P. caroli)
Cinereus ringtail possum (P. cinereus)
Painted ringtail possum (P. forbesi)
Herbert River ringtail possum (P. herbertensis)
Masked ringtail possum (P. larvatus)
Pygmy ringtail possum (P. mayeri)
Vogelkop ringtail possum (P. schlegeli)
Pseudochirops
D'Albertis' ringtail possum (P. albertisii)
Green ringtail possum (P. archeri)
Plush-coated ringtail possum (P. corinnae)
Reclusive ringtail possum (P. coronatus)
Coppery ringtail possum (P. cupreus)
Acrobatidae
Acrobates
Feathertail glider (A. pygmaeus)
Distoechurus
Feather-tailed possum (D. pennatus)
[hide]
Suborder Macropodiformes (cont. below)
Macropodidae
(includes Wallabies)
Lagostrophus
Banded hare-wallaby (L. fasciatus)
Dendrolagus
(Tree-kangaroos)
Grizzled tree-kangaroo (D. inustus)
Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo (D. lumholtzi)
Bennett's tree-kangaroo (D. bennettianus)
Ursine tree-kangaroo (D. ursinus)
Matschie's tree-kangaroo (D. matschiei)
Doria's tree-kangaroo (D. dorianus)
Ifola tree-kangaroo (D. notatus)
Goodfellow's tree-kangaroo (D. goodfellowi)
Lowlands tree-kangaroo (D. spadix)
Golden-mantled tree-kangaroo (D. pulcherrimus)
Seri's tree-kangaroo (D. stellarum)
Dingiso (D. mbaiso)
Tenkile (D. scottae)
Dorcopsis
Brown dorcopsis (D. muelleri)
White-striped dorcopsis (D. hageni)
Black dorcopsis (D. atrata)
Gray dorcopsis (D. luctuosa)
Dorcopsulus
Small dorcopsis (D. vanheurni)
Macleay's dorcopsis (D. macleayi)
Lagorchestes
Spectacled hare-wallaby (L. conspicillatus)
Rufous hare-wallaby (L. hirsutus)
Macropus
(includes Kangaroos
and Wallaroos)
Subgenus Notamacropus: Agile wallaby (M. agilis)
Black-striped wallaby (M. dorsalis)
Tammar wallaby (M. eugenii)
Western brush wallaby (M. irma)
Parma wallaby (M. parma)
Pretty-faced wallaby (M. parryi)
Red-necked wallaby (M. rufogriseus)
Subgenus Osphranter: Antilopine kangaroo (M. antilopinus)
Woodward's wallaroo (M. bernadus)
Eastern wallaroo (M. robustus)
Red kangaroo (M. rufus)
Subgenus Macropus: Western grey kangaroo (M. fuliginosus)
Eastern grey kangaroo (M. giganteus)
Onychogalea
(Nail-tail wallabies)
Bridled nail-tail wallaby (O. fraenata)
Northern nail-tail wallaby (O. unguifera)
Petrogale
(Rock-wallabies)
P. brachyotis species-group: Short-eared rock-wallaby (P. brachyotis)
Wilkins' rock-wallaby (P. wilkinsi)
Monjon (P. burbidgei)
Nabarlek (P. concinna)
P. xanthopus species-group: Proserpine rock-wallaby (P. persephone)
Rothschild's rock-wallaby (P. rothschildi)
Yellow-footed rock-wallaby (P. xanthopus)
P. lateralis/penicillata species-group: Allied rock-wallaby (P. assimilis)
Cape York rock-wallaby (P. coenensis)
Godman's rock-wallaby (P. godmani)
Herbert's rock-wallaby (P. herberti)
Unadorned rock-wallaby (P. inornata)
Black-flanked rock-wallaby (P. lateralis)
Mareeba rock-wallaby (P. mareeba)
Brush-tailed rock-wallaby (P. penicillata)
Purple-necked rock-wallaby (P. purpureicollis)
Mount Claro rock-wallaby (P. sharmani)
Setonix
Quokka (S. brachyurus)
Thylogale
(Pademelons)
Tasmanian pademelon (T. billardierii)
Brown's pademelon (T. browni)
Dusky pademelon (T. brunii)
Calaby's pademelon (T. calabyi)
Mountain pademelon (T. lanatus)
Red-legged pademelon (T. stigmatica)
Red-necked pademelon (T. thetis)
Wallabia
Swamp wallaby (W. bicolor)
[show]
Suborder Macropodiformes (cont. above)
Potoroidae
Aepyprymnus
Rufous rat-kangaroo (A. rufescens)
Bettongia
(Bettongs)
Eastern bettong (B. gaimardi)
Boodie (B. lesueur)
Woylie (B. penicillata)
Northern bettong (B. tropica)
Potorous
(Potoroos)
Long-footed potoroo (P. longipes)
Long-nosed potoroo (P. tridactylus)
Gilbert's potoroo (. gilbertii)
Hypsiprymnodontidae
Hypsiprymnodon
Musky rat-kangaroo (H. moschatus)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tammar_wallaby&oldid=804088552"
Categories:
IUCN Red List least concern species
Animal culling
Mammals described in 1817
Macropods
Mammals of South Australia
Mammals of Western Australia
Marsupials of Australia
Vertebrate animal models
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles with 'species' microformats
Featured articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Italiano
Latina
Magyar
Nederlands
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 October 2017, at 17:22.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This is a featured article. Click here for more information.

attrs: href title

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Dama_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Dama (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

value: tr

attrs: href class

value: td

values:
/wiki/Least_Concern
mw-redirect
Least Concern

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values: font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values: International Union for Conservation of Nature

values:
/wiki/Colour_vision
mw-redirect
Colour vision

values:
/wiki/Joey_(marsupial)
mw-redirect
Joey (marsupial)

values: Edit section: Taxonomy and classification

values: border:0;padding:0 0.2em;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;

values: text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;

values: border: 1px solid #ccc; background-color: white; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 1em 0.2em 0; float:left; clear:left;

values:
/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pelsaert
mw-redirect
François Pelsaert

values:
/wiki/Naracoorte_Caves
mw-redirect
Naracoorte Caves

values: Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia)

values: Edit section: Description and physiology

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Rock_wallaby
mw-redirect
Rock wallaby

values:
/wiki/Colour_spectrum
mw-redirect
Colour spectrum

values:
/wiki/Monochromatic_colour
mw-redirect
Monochromatic colour

values:
/wiki/Pinna_(anatomy)
mw-redirect
Pinna (anatomy)

values: Edit section: Thermoregulation and water turnover

values:
/wiki/Distal_colon
mw-redirect
Distal colon

values:
/wiki/Austrodanthonia_setacea
mw-redirect
Austrodanthonia setacea

values: Edit section: Population dynamics and conservation

values:
/wiki/Sir_George_Grey
mw-redirect
Sir George Grey

values: Edit section: Resistance to sodium fluoroacetate

values: Edit section: Potential pharmaceutical use

values: Edit section: Gut microbiota related with greenhouse effect

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2007-8-8-r170

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17708770

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1071%2FZO9850473

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1071%2FWR9910625

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3585241

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.01305

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15601876

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9319738

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F27111

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1590472

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cbpa.2006.06.018

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16861021

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs003590050264

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9763704

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs003590050411

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1530%2FREP-09-0145

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19638443

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1324-4272

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbe.1999.1156

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-3472

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10458887

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2F11.5.528

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2011-12-8-123

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21861852

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1530%2Fjrf.0.0660675

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7175821

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1101%2Fpdb.emo137

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4791592

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12604644

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F412936

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2826887

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1071%2FWR9900541

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0110-6465

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1071%2FZO9790363

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1159%2F000260372

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19940438

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.hdy.6800191

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2011-12-8-r81

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21854559

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21912615

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1205760

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21719642

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://bioinf.wehi.edu.au/tammar/
external text

values: Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research

values: National Zoological Park (United States)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
/wiki/Southwestern_pygmy_possum
mw-redirect
Southwestern pygmy possum

values:
/wiki/Pretty-faced_wallaby
mw-redirect
Pretty-faced wallaby

values:
/wiki/Woodward%27s_wallaroo
mw-redirect
Woodward's wallaroo

values:
/wiki/Eastern_wallaroo
mw-redirect
Eastern wallaroo

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:IUCN Red List least concern species

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Tammar_wallaby
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammar
Tammar – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values: والابی تامار – Persian

values: 타마왈라비 – Korean

values: Кенгуру Евгении – Russian

values: Кенгуру таммар – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tammar_wallaby rootpage-Tammar_wallaby vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Part of a series on
Constitution of India
Preamble
Parts[show]
Fundamental Rights
PART
I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII
VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV
XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI
XXII
Schedules[show]
First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth
Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth
Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth
Appendices[show]
I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V
Amendments[show]
List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101
Related topics[show]
Union List
State List
Concurrent List
Basic structure doctrine
Uniform civil code
v
t
e
The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India lists the official languages of the Republic of India. At the time when the Constitution was enacted, inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the Official Languages Commission,[1] and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi, the official language of the Union.[2] The list has since, however, acquired further significance. The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages, such that "they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge".[3] In addition, a candidate appearing in an examination conducted for public service is entitled to use any of these languages as the medium in which he or she answers the paper.[4]
Per Articles 344(1) and 351 of the Indian Constitution, the eighth schedule includes the recognition of the following 22 languages:[5]
Assamese
Bengali
Bodo
Dogri
Gujarati
Hindi
Kannada
Kashmiri
Konkani
Maithili
Malayalam
Meitei (Manipuri)
Marathi
Nepali
Odia
Punjabi
Sanskrit
Santali
Sindhi
Tamil
Telugu
Urdu
Of these languages, 14 were initially included in the Constitution. Subsequently, Sindhi was added in 1967; Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were added in 1992; and Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santali were added in 2003.[6]
Demand for more languages for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule[edit]
At present, as per Ministry of Home Affairs,[7] there are demands for inclusion of 39 more languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. These are:
Angika
Banjara
Bazika
Bhojpuri
Bhoti
Bhotia
Bundelkhandi
Chhattisgarhi
Dhatki
English
French
Garhwali (Pahari)
Gondi
Gujjar/Gujjari
Ho
Kachachhi
Kamtapuri
Karbi
Khasi
Kodava (Coorgi)
Kok Barak
Kumaoni (Pahari)
Kurak
Kurmali
Lepcha
Limbu
Mizo (Lushai)
Magahi
Mundari
Nagpuri
Nicobarese
Himachali
Pali
Rajasthani
Sambalpuri/Kosali
Shaurseni (Prakrit)
Siraiki
Tenyidi
Tulu
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Constitution of India, Article 344(1).
Jump up ^ Constitution of India, Article 351.
Jump up ^ Official Languages Resolution, 1968, para. 2. Archived March 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Official Languages Resolution, 1968, para. 4. Archived March 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ The Constitution of India by P. M. Bakshi
Jump up ^ http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf
Jump up ^ http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf

This article about the law of India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&oldid=815114861"
Categories:
Languages of India
Schedules to the Constitution of India
Indian law stubs
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles needing additional references from December 2014
All articles needing additional references
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
മലയാളം
தமிழ்
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 December 2017, at 21:26.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
plainlist
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0;

values:
/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_in_India
mw-redirect
Fundamental Rights in India

values: Part Five of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Part Six of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Part Seven of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Part Eight of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Part IX of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Part IXA of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Part IXB of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Part Eleven of the Constitution of India

values: Part Twelve of the Constitution of India

values: Part Thirteen of the Constitution of India

values: Part Fourteen of the Constitution of India

values: Part Fifteen of the Constitution of India

values: Part XVIA of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Part Seventeen of the Constitution of India

values: Part Eighteen of the Constitution of India

values: Part Nineteen of the Constitution of India

values: Part Twenty of the Constitution of India

values: Part Twenty-one of the Constitution of India

values: Part Twenty-two of the Constitution of India

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: First Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Second Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Third Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India

values: Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Ninth Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Tenth Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eleventh Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Twelfth Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Appendix One of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Appendix Two of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Appendix Three of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Appendix Four of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Appendix Five of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: List of amendments of the Constitution of India

values: First Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Second Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Third Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Twenty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Fortieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Forty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Forty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Forty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Forty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Forty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Forty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Forty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fiftieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Fifty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Sixty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Sixty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Sixty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Seventy-second Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventy-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventy-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventy-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventy-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Seventy-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Eightieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Eighty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Ninetieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Ninety-first Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Ninety-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Ninety-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Ninety-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: Ninety-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Ninety-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Ninety-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: Ninety-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: One Hundredth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)

values: One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Sanskrit_language
mw-redirect
Sanskrit language

values:
/wiki/Urdu_language
mw-redirect
Urdu language

values: -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em;

values: Edit section: Demand for more languages for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule

values:
/wiki/Banjari_language
mw-redirect
Banjari language

values:
/wiki/Bhotia_language
mw-redirect
Bhotia language

values:
/wiki/Bundelkhandi_language
mw-redirect
Bundelkhandi language

values:
/wiki/Kachchhi_language
mw-redirect
Kachchhi language

values:
/wiki/Kok_Borok_language
mw-redirect
Kok Borok language

values:
/wiki/Kurmali_language
mw-redirect
Kurmali language

values:
/wiki/Lushai_language
mw-redirect
Lushai language

values:
/wiki/Nagpuri_language
mw-redirect
Nagpuri language

values:
/wiki/Himachali_language
mw-redirect
Himachali language

values:
/wiki/Pali_language
mw-redirect
Pali language

values:
/wiki/Sambalpuri_Language
mw-redirect
Sambalpuri Language

values:
/wiki/Siraiki_Language
mw-redirect
Siraiki Language

values:
/wiki/Tenyidie_language
mw-redirect
Tenyidie language

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Category:Schedules to the Constitution of India

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2014

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: आठवीं अनुसूची – Hindi

values: Jadwal Kedelapan Konstitusi India – Indonesian

values: ഇന്ത്യൻ ഭരണഘടനയുടെ എട്ടാം പട്ടിക – Malayalam

values: இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பிலுள்ள எட்டாவது பட்டியல் – Tamil

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India rootpage-Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India skin-vector action-view