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Book of Tobit
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The Book of Tobit (/ˈtoʊbɪt/)[a] is a book of scripture that is part of the Catholic and Orthodox biblical canons, pronounced canonical by the Council of Hippo (in 393), Councils of Carthage of 397 and 417, Council of Florence (in 1442) and confirmed for Roman Catholics by the Council of Trent (1546).
Contents
1 Canonical status
1.1 In Christianity
1.2 In Judaism
2 Summary
3 Liturgical and religious significance
4 Composition
4.1 Dating
4.2 Location and language
4.3 Genre
5 Manuscripts
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Canonical status[edit]
In Christianity[edit]
The Book of Tobit is listed as a canonical book by the Council of Rome (382 AD),[2] the Council of Hippo (393 AD),[3] the Council of Carthage (397)[4] and (419 AD),[5] the Council of Florence (1442)[6] and finally the Council of Trent (1546),[7] and is part of the canon of both the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches. Roman Catholics often refer to it as deuterocanonical.[8]
Augustine[9] (c. 397 AD) and Pope Innocent I[10] (405 AD) affirm that Tobit is a part of the Old Testament Canon. Athanasius (367 AD) mentioned that certain other books, including the book of Tobit, while not being part of the Canon, "were appointed by the Fathers to be read".[11]
According to the monk Rufinus of Aquileia (c. 400 AD) the book of Tobit and other deuterocanonical books were not called Canonical but Ecclesiastical books.[12]
Tobit and Anna. Painting by Abraham De Pape (c. 1658), National Gallery of London
Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England lists it as a book of the "Apocrypha".[13] Protestants regard Tobit as apocryphal because it was not included in the Tanakh nor considered canonical by Judaism.
In Judaism[edit]
Before the 1952 discovery of Aramaic and Hebrew fragments of Tobit among the Dead Sea Scrolls in Cave IV at Qumran, scholars believed Tobit was not included in the Jewish canon because of late authorship, estimated to 100 AD.[8][14] Qumran fragments of the text, which were copied between 100 BC to 25 AD, evidence a much earlier origin than previously thought.[8] These fragments evidence authorship no later than the 2nd century BC and, likely, contemporary with the date ascribed, by modern scholars, to the final compilation of the Book of Daniel, which did attain canonical status.[15]
Other scholars have postulated that Tobit was excluded from the Jewish Scriptures for a halakhic reason because Raguel, the bride's father, wrote the marriage document discussed in 7:16, instead of the bridegroom, as required by Jewish rabbinical law.[8]
However, it could be hypothesized that some ancient Jewish rabbinic scholars considered Tobit to be historical. Midrash Bereishit Rabbah, an aggadic commentary on the Book of Genesis compiled circa 400–600 AD, includes a truncated Aramaic version of Tobit. Tobit was also considered part of the Septuagint (the Greek translation/interpretation of the Hebrew Bible).[8] In more contemporary times, a number of Jews in Israel have sought to reclaim Tobit as part of the canon.[16]
Summary[edit]
Tobias Saying Good-Bye to his Father. Painting by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1860)
This book tells the story of Tobit, a righteous Israelite of the tribe of Naphtali, living in Nineveh after Sargon II had deported the northern tribes of Israel to Assyria in 721 BC. In the two Greek versions, the first two and a half chapters are written in the first person; in the Vulgate version, they are written in the third person.[17] Tobit, raised by his paternal grandmother, Deborah, remains loyal to the worship of God at the temple in Jerusalem, refusing the cult of the golden calves that Jeroboam, king of Northern Israel, set up at Dan. He is particularly noted for his diligence in attempting to provide proper burials for fallen Israelites whom Sargon's successor, Sennacherib, has slain. For this behavior the king seizes his property and exiles him. After Sennacherib's death, Tobit is allowed to return to Nineveh, where he buries a man who has been murdered on the street. That night, he sleeps in the open and is blinded by bird droppings which fall into his eyes. The blindness caused by this injury strains his marriage and, ultimately, he prays for death.[18]
Tobias heals the blindness of his father Tobit, by Domingos Sequeira
Meanwhile, in faraway Media, a young woman named Sarah has prayed for death in despair. The demon of lust, Asmodeus ("the worst of demons"), abducts and kills every man Sarah marries on their wedding night before the marriage can be consummated. God sends the angel Raphael, disguised as a human, to heal Tobit and free Sarah from the demon.[18]
The main narrative is dedicated to Tobit's son, Tobiah or Tobiyah (Greek: Τωβίας Tobias), who is sent by his father to collect money that the elder has deposited in distant Media. Raphael presents himself as Tobit's kinsman, Azariah, and offers to aid and protect Tobias. Under Raphael's guidance, Tobias journeys to Media with his dog.
Along the way, while washing his feet in the river Tigris, a fish tries to swallow his foot. By the angel's order, he captures it and removes its heart, liver and gall bladder.[19]
Upon arriving in Media, Raphael tells Tobias of the beautiful Sarah, whom Tobias has the right to marry because he is her cousin and closest relative. The angel instructs the young man to burn the fish's liver and heart to drive away the demon when he attacks on the wedding night.[20]
The two marry, and the fumes of the burning organs drive the demon to Upper Egypt, where Raphael follows and binds him. Sarah's father had been digging a grave to secretly bury Tobias under the assumption that he would be killed. Surprised to find his son-in-law alive and well, he orders a double-length wedding feast and has the grave secretly filled. Since the feast prevents him from leaving, Tobias sends Raphael to recover his father's money.[20]
After the feast, Tobias and Sarah return to Nineveh. There, Raphael tells the youth to use the fish's gall to cure his father's blindness. Raphael then reveals his identity and returns to heaven, and Tobit sings a hymn of praise.[20]
Tobit tells his son to leave Nineveh before God destroys it according to prophecy (compare the Book of Nahum). After the prayer, Tobit dies at an advanced age.[21] After burying his father and mother, Tobias returns to Media with his family.
Liturgical and religious significance[edit]
In the Latin Rite, readings from this section are often used in the liturgy. Because of the book's praise for the purity of marriage, it is often read during weddings in many rites. Doctrinally, the book is cited for its teaching on the intercession of angels, filial piety, and reverence for the dead.[22]
Composition[edit]
Dating[edit]
The story in the Book of Tobit is set in the 8th century BC.[23] However, a number of historical errors (according to Miller, though some may dispute this) rule out contemporaneous authorship,[24] and most scholars now prefer situating the composition of Tobit between 225 and 175 BC.[25] The direct quote in Tobit 2:6 from the Book of Amos ("Your feasts shall be turned into mourning, and all your mirth into lamentation"[26]) indicates that the prophetic books had become not only fixed but authoritative, signalling a post-exilic date.[25] Moreover, reference to the "Book of Moses" (6:13, 7:11–13) and the "Law of Moses" (7:13) echo identical phrasing in the Book of Chronicles, which some believe was composed after the 4th century BC.[27] Contextually, dating Tobit's authorship to after 175 BC is problematic, as the author expresses no awareness of Seleucid attempts to Hellenize Judea (from 175 BC) or of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucids (165 BC), nor does it espouse apocalyptic or messianic expectations upon which later writings focused.[28] Nevertheless, some scholars espouse a later date of composition of at least portions of Tobit.[29]
Location and language[edit]
No scholarly consensus exists on the place of composition, and "almost every region of the ancient world seems to be a candidate."[30] A Mesopotamian origin seems logical given that the story takes place in Assyria and Persia, as does the invocation of the Persian demon "aeshma daeva", rendered "Asmodeus" by Tobit.[30] But significant errors in geographical detail (such as the distance from Ecbatana to Rhages and their topography) render this origin questionable.[31] Arguments against and in favor of Judean or Egyptian composition also exist.[32]
The original language of composition remains unclear. Tobit may have been originally composed either in Aramaic or Hebrew, since fragments of Tobit in both languages have been discovered at Qumran.
Genre[edit]
The book is closely related to Jewish wisdom literature. This is especially clear in Tobit's instructions to Tobias before his departure for Media in Chapter 4, which particularly praise the value of prayer, fasting, and almsgiving.
Manuscripts[edit]
As stated, fragments of Tobit in both Aramaic and Hebrew have been discovered at Qumran.[33][34] Jerome described his version for the Vulgate as being made from an Aramaic text available to him.
Surviving Greek translations are found in two versions. The shorter, which Robert Hanhart called Greek I in his edition of the Septuagint, is found in Codex Vaticanus, Alexandrinus, Venetus, and most cursive manuscripts. The Greek II version, 1700 words longer, is found in Codex Sinaiticus and closely aligns with the Hebrew and Aramaic fragments found at Qumran. Apparently the Old Latin (La) manuscripts are also translated from the longer Greek II version. Most English translations since 1966 have relied on the Greek II version.[34]
See also[edit]
Mary Untier of Knots (painting with Tobias and the Angel)
Tobias and the Angel (Verrocchio)
Philosopher in Meditation ("Tobit and Anna in an Interior" by Rembrandt)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ from the Greek: Τωβίθ Tōbith or Τωβίτ Tōbit,[1] itself from Hebrew: טובי Tovi "my good"; Book of Tobias in the Vulgate from the Greek Τωβίας Tōbias, itself from the Hebrew טוביה Tovyah "Yah is good"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Τωβείθ and Τωβείτ spellings are also attested; see iotacism.
Jump up ^ http://www.tertullian.org/decretum_eng.htm
Jump up ^ "Canon XXIV. (Greek xxvii.)", The Canons of the 217 Blessed Fathers who assembled at Carthage, Christian Classics Ethereal Library
Jump up ^ B. F. Westcott, A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament (5th ed. Edinburgh, 1881), pp. 440, 541-2.
Jump up ^ Council of Carthage (A.D. 419) Canon 24
Jump up ^ Eccumenical Council of Florence and Council of Basel Session 11—4 February 1442. ewtn. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Session IV Celebrated on the eighth day of April, 1546 under Pope Paul III
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Fitzmyer, at pp. 50, 55–57
Jump up ^ of Hippo, Augustine. On Christian Doctrine Book II Chapter 8:2. newadvent. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Westcott, Brooke Foss (2005). A general survey of the history of the canon of the New Testament Page 570 (6th ed.). Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock. ISBN 1597522392.
Jump up ^ of Alexandria, Athanasius. CHURCH FATHERS: Letter 39 (Athanasius). newadvent. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ of Aquileia, Rufinus. Commentary on the Apostles' Creed #38. newadvent. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Anglican Articles of Religion". Anglicansonline.org. 2007-04-15. Archived from the original on 2007-06-25. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Scrolls Content". The Dead Sea Scrolls. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
Jump up ^ R. Glenn Wooden, "Changing Perceptions of Daniel: Reading Chapters 4 and 5 of Daniel", in From Biblical Criticism to Biblical Faith, Brackney & Evans eds., p. 10 (Mercer Univ.Press 2007) ISBN 0-88146-052-4.
Jump up ^ Mark Bredin, Studies in the Book of Tobit: A Multidisciplinary Approach, p. 3 (T&T Clark 2006), ISBN 0-567-08229-6.
Jump up ^ Septuaginta: Editio altera/Revised Edition, 2006: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart, pp. 1002-1039; Biblia Sacra Vulgata, vierte, verbesserte Auflage 1994: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart, pp. 676-690.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tobit, book of", Jewish Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ "Tobit 6 GNT – Tobias Catches a Fish – So Tobias and". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Book of Tobias". Catholic Encyclopedia. 1909.
Jump up ^ Tobit's age at death is variously given as 127 years in Greek I, 117 years in Greek II and the Vetus Latina, and 102 years in most manuscripts of the Vulgate, 112 years in others,
(158) "an hundred and eight and fifty years old" in Tobit 14:11 KJV (Wikisource)
(102) "a hundred and two years" Tobit 14:2 Douay-Rheims (Biblegateway)
Jump up ^ "Introduction", Tobit, NAB, Libreria Editrice Vaticana Archived February 27, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Miller, at p. 10.
Jump up ^ Miller, at p. 11.
^ Jump up to: a b Fitzmyer, at p. 51.
Jump up ^ cf. Tobit 2:5–7 & Amos 8:10
Jump up ^ Fitzmyer, at p. 51; Miller, at p. 11.
Jump up ^ Fitzmyer, at pp. 51–52; Miller at pp. 11–12.
Jump up ^ Fitzmyer, at p. 52.
^ Jump up to: a b Miller, at pp. 12–13.
Jump up ^ Miller, at p. 13.
Jump up ^ Miller, at pp. 12–15.
Jump up ^ Four Aramaic fragmentary texts of Tobit (4QToba–dar [=4Q196-199]) and one Hebrew text (4QTobe [=4Q200]) were found at Qumran in Cave IV.
^ Jump up to: a b A.A. Di Lella, New English Translation of the Septuagint, "Tobit" (PDF), 2007
Bibliography[edit]
Fitzmyer, Joseph A., "Tobit", (de Gruyter, 2003), Commentaries on early Jewish literature, ISBN 3-11-017574-6
Miller, Geoffrey David, Marriage in the Book of Tobit, pp. 10–15 (Walter de Gruyter 2011), ISBN 978-3-11-024786-2
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Book of Tobit
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Tobit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Tobit.
Wikisource Book of Tobit (KJV Apocrypha)
The Book of Tobit Full text from St-Takla.org (also available in Arabic)
World Wide Study Bible: Tobit
2012 Critical Translation with Dramatized Audio Version (Tobi)
Milbank, Alison; Talbert, Andrew (2010). "Tobit". Bibledex: Deuterocanonical Books. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.
Tobit public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions
"Tobit, Book of". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

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Amblyomma americanum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Northeastern Water Tick
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida
Subclass: Acari
Order: Ixodida
Family: Ixodidae
Genus: Amblyomma
Species: A. americanum
Binomial name
Amblyomma americanum
(Linnaeus, 1758) [1]
Red indicates where the species is normally found; Blue indicates other locations where the species has been reported
Amblyomma americanum, also known as the Lone Star Tick, the Northeastern Water Tick, or the Turkey Tick, is a type of tick indigenous to much of the eastern United States and Mexico, that bites painlessly and commonly goes unnoticed, remaining attached to its host for as long as seven days until it is fully engorged with blood. It is a member of the phylum Arthropoda, class Arachnida.[2] The adult lone star tick is sexually dimorphic, named for a silvery-white, star-shaped spot or "lone star" present near the center of the posterior portion of the adult female shield (scutum); adult males conversely have varied white streaks or spots around the margins of their shields.[3][4] A. americanum is also referred to as the turkey tick in some Midwestern U.S. states, where wild turkeys are a common host for immature ticks.[4] It is the primary vector of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, which causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis, and Ehrlichia ewingii, which causes human and canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis.[5] Other disease-causing bacterial agents isolated from lone star ticks include Francisella tularensis, Rickettsia amblyommii, and Coxiella burnetti.[6]
The distribution of the Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) in the United States
Contents
[hide]
1 Range and Habitat
2 Development
3 Hosts
4 Vector
5 Meat allergy
6 See also
7 Bibliography
8 References
9 External links
Range and Habitat[edit]
The lone star tick is widely distributed across the East, Southeast, and Midwest United States.[3][7] It lives in wooded areas, particularly in second-growth forests with thick underbrush, where white-tailed deer (the primary host of mature ticks) reside.[4][7][8] Lone star ticks can also be found in ecotonal areas (transition zones between different biomes) such as those between forest and grassland ecosystems.[7][8] The lone star tick utilizes thick underbrush or high grass to attach to its host by way of questing. Questing is an activity in which, in response to stimuli from biochemicals such as carbon dioxide or heat and vibration from movement, the tick climbs up a blade of grass or to the edges of leaves and stretches its front legs forward, mounting the passing host as it brushes against the tick's legs.[9] Once attached to its host, the tick is able to move around and select a preferred feeding site.[4]
Development[edit]
Development of the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum )
The tick follows the normal development stages of egg, larva, nymph and adult. It is known as a 3-host tick, meaning that it feeds from a different host during the larval, nymphal, and adult stages. The lone star tick attaches itself to a host by way of questing.[10]
Hosts[edit]
The lone star tick is an aggressive, generalist feeder; it actively pursues blood meals and is nonspecific about the species of host it feeds upon.[4] A. americanum is a three host tick, meaning it requires a separate animal or human host to complete each stage of its life cycle (larva, nymph, and adult).[6] The life cycle begins when the blood-engorged adult female tick drops from her host, depositing around 5,000 eggs a few days later, once she has reached a safe and suitable location, such as in mulch or leaf litter.[4] After an incubation period, larvae hatch from their eggs and undergo a quiescent (resting period); this is followed by the pursuit of a host via questing.[4] After feeding for one to three days, the blood-engorged larva will dislodge from its host to digest its blood meal and molt into a nymph. The nymph follows this same pattern, attaching to a new host via questing and dropping from the host after its blood meal to molt into an adult tick. The female adult tick dies shortly after depositing her eggs.[4]
Larval lone star ticks have been found attached to birds and small mammals, and nymphal ticks have been found on these two groups as well as on small rodents.[4] Adult lone star ticks usually feed on medium and large mammals,[6] and are very frequently found on white-tailed deer.[2] Lone star ticks will also feed on humans at any stage of development.[2]
Vector[edit]
Like all ticks, it can be a vector of diseases including human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis), canine and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia ewingii), tularemia (Francisella tularensis), and southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI, possibly caused by the spirochete Borrelia lonestari).[11] STARI exhibits a rash similar to that caused by Lyme disease, but is generally considered to be less severe.
Though the primary bacterium responsible for Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, has occasionally been isolated from lone star ticks, numerous vector competency tests have demonstrated that this tick is extremely unlikely to be capable of transmitting Lyme disease. Some evidence indicates A. americanum saliva inactivates B. burgdorferi more quickly than the saliva of Ixodes scapularis.[12] Recently the bacteria Borrelia andersonii and Borrelia americana have been linked to Amblyomma americanum.[13]
In response to two cases of severe febrile illness occurring in two farmers in northwestern Missouri, researchers determined the lone star tick can transmit the heartland virus in 2013.[14] Six more cases were identified in 2012–2013 in Missouri and Tennessee.[15]
Meat allergy[edit]
Main article: Alpha-gal allergy
This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016)
The bite of this tick can cause a person to develop a meat allergy to nonprimate mammalian meat and meat products.[16] This allergy is characterized by adult onset, and a delayed reaction of urticaria or anaphylaxis appearing 4–8 hours after consumption of the allergen. The allergen has been identified as a carbohydrate called galactose-α-1,3-galactose (alpha gal). As well as occurring in nonprimate mammals, alpha gal is also found in cat dander and in patients taking Cetuximab. Commercial tests for alpha gal IgE became available following research.
See also[edit]
Ticks
Ticks of domestic animals
Lyme disease
Bibliography[edit]
Piesman J, Sinsky RJ., Ability of Ixodes scapularis, Dermacentor variabilis, and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) to acquire, maintain, and transmit Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi) ; J Med Entomol. 1988 September; 25(5):336-9.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Amblyomma americanum at the Encyclopedia of Life
^ Jump up to: a b c Fisher, Emily J.; Mo, Jun; Lucky, Anne W. (2006-04-01). "Multiple Pruritic Papules From Lone Star Tick Larvae Bites". Archives of Dermatology. 142 (4). ISSN 0003-987X. doi:10.1001/archderm.142.4.491.
^ Jump up to: a b "Geographic distribution of ticks that bite humans". cdc.gov. enters for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD). June 1, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "lone star tick - Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus)". entnemdept.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
Jump up ^ "Ehrlichiosis | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Amblyomma americanum (Lone star tick)". Wisconsin Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c "CVBD - Lone Star Tick - Amblyomma americanum". www.cvbd.org. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Soneshine, Daniel E. (1992). Biology of Ticks Volume I. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195059107.
Jump up ^ Resources, University of California Agriculture and Natural. "Tick Biology". entomology.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
Jump up ^ Holderman, Christopher J., and Phillip E. Kaufman. Lone Star Tick Amblyomma Americanum (Linnaeus): (Acari: Ixodidae). Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), Jan. 2014. Web.
Jump up ^ Edwin J. Masters; Chelsea N. Grigery; Reid W. Masters (June 2008). "STARI, or Masters disease: lone star tick-vectored Lyme-like illness". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 22 (2): 361–376, viii. PMID 18452807. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2007.12.010.
Jump up ^ K. E. Ledin; N. S. Zeidner; J. M. C. Ribeiro; B. J. Biggerstaff; M. C. Dolan; G. Dietrich; L. VredEvoe; J. Piesman (March 2005). "Borreliacidal activity of saliva of the tick Amblyomma americanum". Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 19 (1): 90–95. PMID 15752182. doi:10.1111/j.0269-283X.2005.00546.x.
Jump up ^ Kerry L. Clark; Brian Leydet; Shirley Hartman (2013). "Lyme Borreliosis in Human Patients in Florida and Georgia, USA". Int J Med Sci. 10 (7): 915–931. ISSN 1449-1907. doi:10.7150/ijms.6273.
Jump up ^ Harry M. Savage; Marvin S. Godsey Jr.; Amy Lambert; Nickolas A. Panella; Kristen L. Burkhalter; Jessica R. Harmon; R. Ryan Lash; David C. Ashley; William L. Nicholson (22 July 2013). "First Detection of Heartland Virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) from Field Collected Arthropods". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 89 (3): 445–452. PMC 3771279  . PMID 23878186. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0209.
Jump up ^ "CDC Reports More Cases of Heartland Virus Disease". CDC. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Commins, Scott P.; James, Hayley R.; Kelly, Libby A.; Pochan, Shawna L.; Workman, Lisa J.; Perzanowski, Matthew S.; Kocan, Katherine M.; Fahy, John V.; Nganga, Lucy W.; Ronmark, Eva; Cooper, Philip J.; Platts-Mills, Thomas A.E. (May 2011). "The relevance of tick bites to the production of IgE antibodies to the mammalian oligosaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 127 (5): 1286–1293. PMC 3085643  . PMID 21453959. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.02.019. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
External links[edit]
Data related to Amblyomma americanum at Wikispecies
Media related to Amblyomma americanum at Wikimedia Commons
http://www.k-state.edu/parasitology/625tutorials/Tick03.html
[hide]
v
t
e
Tick-borne diseases and mite-borne diseases
Bacterial infection
(all G-)
Rickettsiales
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Ehrlichiosis (Human granulocytic, Human monocytic, Human E. ewingii infection)
Boutonneuse fever
Spirochaete
Lyme disease
Relapsing fever
Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome
Thiotrichales
Tularemia
Viral infection
Colorado tick fever
Tick-borne encephalitis
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
Omsk hemorrhagic fever
Kyasanur forest disease
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Vectors
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Ixodes cornuatus
Ixodes holocyclus
Ixodes pacificus
Ixodes ricinus
Dermacentor: Dermacentor variabilis
Dermacentor andersoni
Amblyomma: Amblyomma americanum
Amblyomma cajennense
Amblyomma triguttatum
Ornithodoros: Ornithodoros moubata
Ornithodoros hermsi
Ornithodoros gurneyi
other: Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Mites
Leptotrombidium deliense
Liponyssoides sanguineus
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text:
Interstate 405 (California)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Interstate 405
San Diego Freeway
I-405 highlighted in red
Route information
Defined by Streets and Highways Code § 615
Maintained by Caltrans
Length
72.415 mi[1] (116.541 km)
Existed
1964 – present
Major junctions
South end
I-5 in Irvine
SR 55 in Costa Mesa
SR 22 / I-605 in Seal Beach
I-710 in Long Beach
I-110 in Carson
I-105 near LAX Los Angeles International Airport Airport
I-10 in West Los Angeles
US 101 in Sherman Oaks
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Interstate 405 (usually pronounced four-oh-five), also known as I-405 or colloquially as "the 405"[2], is a major north–south Interstate Highway in Southern California. It is a bypass auxiliary route of Interstate 5, running along the southern and western parts of the Greater Los Angeles Area from Irvine in the south to near San Fernando in the north. The entire route is known as the northern segment of the San Diego Freeway. It goes past Los Angeles International Airport (LAX).
I-405 is a heavily traveled thoroughfare by both commuters and by freight haulers along its entire length and is the busiest and most congested freeway in the United States.[3][4] The freeway's annual average daily traffic between exits 21 and 22 in Seal Beach reached 374,000 in 2008, making it the highest count in the nation.[5] It has played a crucial role in the development of dozens of cities and suburbs along its route through Los Angeles and Orange counties.
Contents
[hide]
1 Route description
1.1 Points of interest
2 History
2.1 "Carmageddon"
2.2 Sepulveda Pass Improvements Project
3 Future
3.1 Manchester and Century Boulevard interchanges
3.2 Orange County
4 Incidents
4.1 UCLA protest 1966
4.2 The O.J. Simpson chase 1994
4.3 Murder of Ennis Cosby 1997
5 In popular culture
6 Exit list
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Route description[edit]
I-405 in the Sepulveda Pass
Interstate 405 begins at the El Toro Y interchange with Interstate 5 in southeastern Irvine. It then runs northwest through Orange County to Long Beach in Los Angeles County. The freeway then roughly follows the outline of the Pacific coast, varying between five and ten miles (16 km) inland before crossing over the Sepulveda Pass in the Santa Monica Mountains. I-405 next travels northerly through the San Fernando Valley, before its termination with I-5 in the Mission Hills district of Los Angeles. Large portions of the route closely parallel Sepulveda Boulevard.
The San Diego Freeway, near the interchange with the Ventura Freeway (U.S. Route 101)
The freeway's congestion problems are legendary, leading to jokes that the road was numbered 405 because traffic moves at "four or five" miles per hour, or because drivers need "four or five" hours to get anywhere. Indeed, average speeds as low as 5 mph are routinely recorded during morning and afternoon commutes, and its interchanges with the Ventura Freeway (U.S. Route 101) and with the Santa Monica Freeway (Interstate 10) each consistently rank among the five most congested freeway interchanges in the United States. As a result of these congestion problems, it may take longer to pass through the entire Los Angeles area using this bypass route instead of merely taking the primary route I-5 through Downtown.
Of the major reasons for the excessively heavy traffic on the freeway, the 405 is the only major North–South freeway in the densely populated areas between West LA and Downtown, crossing the Santa Monica Mountains and connecting San Fernando Valley and the Los Angeles basin. Another parallel freeway is proposed to connect the Valley and the LA basin (the Laurel Canyon Freeway or La Cienega Freeway), but has faced upper class home-owner opposition.[6] Despite 4 years of construction disruptions, billions of dollars of public money, LA Times commentary claims traffic with the lane expansions is actually just as bad or worse.[7]
I-405 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System,[8] and is part of the National Highway System,[9] a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.[10] The freeway from present-day I-10 to I-5 near San Fernando is known as the San Diego Freeway, and less commonly as the Sepulveda Freeway (after Sepulveda Boulevard).[11]
Points of interest[edit]
The Bristol exit near South Coast Plaza and Segerstrom Center for the Arts, with Saddleback in the background
There are a number of points of interest that I-405 passes by or connects to. For transportation, these include (in the order passed from south to north) John Wayne Airport in Orange County, Long Beach Municipal Airport and Los Angeles International Airport. With connections, it is also very close to the Port of Long Beach, the Port of Los Angeles and Burbank Airport.
Some of the educational institutions it passes include the California state universities at Dominguez Hills, Long Beach, and Northridge; the University of California at Irvine and UCLA, Loyola Marymount University, and Pepperdine University's West LA and Irvine campuses.
I-405 also passes cultural facilities such as the Getty Center, the Skirball Cultural Center and the Segerstrom Center for the Arts. In addition, several shopping malls such as Sherman Oaks Galleria, Westfield Culver City, The Promenade at Howard Hughes Center, Westminster Mall, South Coast Plaza and the Irvine Spectrum Center are located along I-405.
The route also passes by or through many recreation and commercial destinations. These include more than ten California state beaches, several other beaches owned by counties and municipalities, many of the beach cities favored by tourists, as well as Century City and Marina del Rey.
The view from the Getty Center, south of the Sepulveda Pass, looking east, south, and west. The San Diego Freeway can be seen at the center
History[edit]
1955 map of the planned Interstates in the Los Angeles area. Present-day I-405 roughly corresponds to the 1955 proposed route through the western regions of the area.
Civil engineers Marilyn Reece & Carol Schumaker, at the Reece-designed I-10/I-405 interchange, 1964
I-405 was approved as a chargeable interstate (in other words, an interstate financed with federal funds) in 1955. Construction began in 1957 with the first section, mostly north of LAX Airport being completed in 1961 (signed as SR 7) followed by sections west of Interstate 605 within the following few years. The highway was renumbered to Interstate 405 during the 1964 renumbering. The final section covering most of Orange County opened in 1969. Construction required the already existing Mulholland Highway to be re-routed 1.1 miles to the south along a new 579-foot-long bridge, the Mulholland Drive Bridge, to span Interstate 405.[12]
"Carmageddon"[edit]
A section of I-405 was closed over the weekend of Friday, July 15, 2011 as part of the Sepulveda Pass Improvements Project.[13] Before the closing, local radio DJs and television newscasts referred to it as "Carmageddon" and "Carpocalypse", parodying the notion of Armageddon and the Apocalypse, since it was anticipated that the closure would severely impact traffic.[14][15]
In reality, traffic was lighter than normal across a wide area. California Department of Transportation reported that fewer vehicles used the roads than usual, and those who did travel by road arrived more quickly than on a normal weekend.[16] The Metrolink commuter train system recorded its highest-ever weekend ridership since it began operating in 1991. Ridership was 50% higher than the same weekend in 2010, and 10% higher than the previous weekend ridership record, which occurred during the U2 360° Tour in June 2011.[17] In response to jetBlue Airlines' offer of special flights between Bob Hope Airport in Burbank and Long Beach Airport, a distance of only 29 mi (47 km), for $4,[18][19] a group of cyclists did the same journey in one and a half hours, compared to two and a half hours by plane (including a drive to the airport from West Hollywood 90 minutes in advance of the flight and travel time to the end destination).[20] There was also some debate about whether the Los Angeles area could benefit from car-free weekends regularly.[16]
The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority had full closure of a 10-mile stretch of I-405 on the weekend of September 29–30, 2012, while construction crews worked to demolish a portion of the Mulholland Bridge.[21]
Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles used the closure of I-405 to study particulate matter air pollution. The researchers took air samples before, during, and after the closure. The researchers found an 83% reduction in ultrafine particles, 55% reduction in fine particle matter, and 62% less black carbon.[22]
Sepulveda Pass Improvements Project[edit]
The $1 billion Sepulveda Pass Improvements Project added a high-occupancy vehicle lane and associated changes to freeway entrances, exits, and underpasses along a 10-mile stretch through the Sepulveda Pass between I-10 and U.S. 101/Ventura Boulevard.[23] The project was completed as a design-build in contrast to the traditional design-bid-build used typically in infrastructure improvement. This section of I-405 was closed for a weekend in mid-July 2011 to demolish the Mulholland Drive Bridge, and a 10-mile section was closed for the last weekend of September 2012 (See 'Carmageddon 2011' and 'Carmageddon 2012' above).[13]
Jamzilla was the name for the I-405 closure on President's Day Weekend 2014. There were lane closures and complete closures on I-405 starting February 14 at 10 p.m. until February 18 at 6 a.m. to pave and re-stripe the northbound lanes.[24]
On May 23, 2014, the 10-mile high-occupancy vehicle lane was opened to traffic.[25]
Future[edit]
Manchester and Century Boulevard interchanges[edit]
Proposed changes between the Manchester and Century Boulevard interchanges in the City of Inglewood to provide a new southbound on-ramp and a new northbound off-ramp for Arbor Vitae Street, to reconstruct and widened the Arbor Vitae Street over-bridge and replace the Century Boulevard overcrossing structure.[26] This work would reduce congestion on the approach to Los Angeles International Airport.[citation needed] The California Department of Transportation has not yet issued a start date for this work.
Orange County[edit]
The Orange County Transportation Authority is currently preparing the design plans to add a HOT lane and one mixed flow lane in each direction between Highway 73 in Costa Mesa and I-605 in Seal Beach.[27]
Incidents[edit]
UCLA protest 1966[edit]
Following the 1966 UCLA–USC rivalry game, USC was voted into the Rose Bowl despite the UCLA team's having defeated the Trojans—with both teams having only one loss during the season. UCLA students protested by blocking the freeway's northbound lanes at Wilshire Boulevard.[citation needed]
The O.J. Simpson chase 1994[edit]
While dangerous high-speed chases along the San Diego Freeway are not uncommon, perhaps the most famous chase in its history was also one of the slowest. On the afternoon of June 17, 1994, former football star O.J. Simpson, a suspect in the murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and waiter Ronald Goldman, took to the freeway in a white Ford Bronco (driven by former USC teammate Al Cowlings) with police in pursuit. A bizarre, widely televised low-speed chase ensued and ended hours later when Simpson returned to his Brentwood estate via the Sunset Boulevard exit and surrendered to law enforcement.[28]
Murder of Ennis Cosby 1997[edit]
Ennis Cosby, the only son of Bill Cosby, was murdered along I-405 in Los Angeles on January 16, 1997, while fixing a flat tire.[29]
In popular culture[edit]
I-405 was the location for the short film 405.
The Swedish rock band Europe's song "California 405" is featured on their 2015 studio album War of Kings.
Chuck Lorre used an end-of-show vanity card in 2013 to berate workers on the 405 for their apparent lack of progress after five years.[30]
The Death Cab For Cutie song "405" on their second studio album, We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes, may be incorrectly associated with California's I-405. The song is actually referring to I-405 in Seattle, as the band is from Bellingham.[31]
The song "Drive" on Halsey's 2015 album Badlands uses the story of a reckless drive on the I-405 to frame its relatively unstructured lyrics.[32]
Exit list[edit]
This section contains a table that is missing mileposts for one or more junctions. Please help by adding the missing mileposts.
Except where prefixed with a letter, postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964, based on the alignment that existed at the time, and do not necessarily reflect current mileage. R reflects a realignment in the route since then, M indicates a second realignment, L refers an overlap due to a correction or change, and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary (for a full list of prefixes, see the list of postmile definitions).[1] Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted. The numbers reset at county lines; the start and end postmiles in each county are given in the county column.
County
Location
Postmile
[1][33][34]
Exit
[35]
Destinations
Notes
Orange
ORA 0.23–24.18 Irvine
0.23
I-5 south (San Diego Freeway) – San Diego Southbound exit and northbound entrance; former US 101 south; southern terminus; I-5 north exit 94A

— I-5 south HOV access only; southbound exit and northbound entrance

1A Lake Forest Drive Southbound exit and northbound entrance

1B Bake Parkway Southbound exit and northbound entrance
0.95
1C Irvine Center Drive Signed as exit 1 northbound
1.80
2 SR 133 (Laguna Freeway) – Laguna Beach No northbound exit to SR 133 north; SR 133 north exit 8, south exits 8A-B
2.88
3 Shady Canyon Drive, Sand Canyon Avenue
3.95
4 Jeffrey Road, University Drive
5.62
5 Culver Drive
6.92
7 Jamboree Road
7.80
8 MacArthur Boulevard – John Wayne Airport
Costa Mesa
8.74
9A SR 55 (Costa Mesa Freeway) SR 55 north exit 6, south exits 6A-B

— SR 55 north HOV access only

9B Anton Boulevard, Avenue of the Arts Northbound exit and entrance
9.51
9B Bristol Street
10.28
10 SR 73 south (Corona del Mar Freeway) to SR 55 south (Costa Mesa Freeway) – San Diego via toll road Southbound exit and northbound entrance

11 South Coast Drive Northbound exit only
10.75
11A Fairview Road Signed as exit 11 northbound
11.45
11B Harbor Boulevard – Costa Mesa Signed as exit 11 northbound
Fountain Valley
12.47
12 Euclid Street, Newhope Street, Ellis Avenue
13.78
14 Brookhurst Street – Fountain Valley
14.82
15A Warner Avenue east Southbound exit and northbound entrance
Huntington Beach
15.21
15B Magnolia Street, Warner Avenue west Signed as exit 15 northbound
16.54
16 SR 39 (Beach Boulevard) – Westminster, Huntington Beach
Westminster
17.75
18 Bolsa Avenue, Goldenwest Street Goldenwest Street is signed as Golden West Street
19.16
19 Westminster Avenue, Springdale Street

20 Bolsa Chica Road, Valley View Street For southbound only, omits Valley View Street on signage.

— SR 22 east HOV access only; southbound exit and northbound entrance
20.75
21 SR 22 east (Garden Grove Freeway) / Valley View Street, Bolsa Chica Road, Garden Grove Blvd – Garden Grove South end of SR 22 overlap, signage omits Bolsa Chica Road
Seal Beach
22.64
22 Seal Beach Boulevard, Los Alamitos Boulevard Former SR 35
23.28
23 SR 22 west (7th Street) – Long Beach North end of SR 22 overlap; I-605 exit 1A

— I-605 north HOV access only; northbound exit and southbound entrance
24.04
24A I-605 north (San Gabriel River Freeway) Signed as exit 24 northbound; I-605 south exits 1B-1C; SR 22 east exit 2
Los Angeles
LA 0.27–48.64 Long Beach
0.45
24B Studebaker Road Southbound exit and northbound entrance
1.11
25 Palo Verde Avenue
1.64
26A Woodruff Avenue No southbound exit
2.18
26B Bellflower Boulevard Signed as exit 26 southbound
3.32
27 SR 19 (Lakewood Boulevard) – Long Beach Airport
4.88
29 Spring Street, Cherry Avenue – Signal Hill Signed as exits 29A (south) and 29B (north)
Signal Hill
5.39
29C Orange Avenue
Long Beach
6.08
30A Atlantic Avenue
6.34
30B Long Beach Boulevard Former SR 15
6.70
32A Pacific Avenue Southbound exit and northbound entrance
7.60
32 I-710 (Long Beach Freeway) – Long Beach, Pasadena Signed as exits 32A (north) and 32B (south) northbound, and 32B (south) and 32C (north) southbound; I-710 exit 4
8.06
32C Hughes Way, Santa Fe Avenue Signed as exit 32D southbound
Carson
8.78
33A Alameda Street (SR 47 south)
9.56
33B Wilmington Avenue
10.54
34 Carson Street
11.22
35 Avalon Boulevard – Carson Northbound exit to Avalon Boulevard south is via exit 34
12.60
36 Main Street Northbound exit and southbound entrance
12.97
37A I-110 (Harbor Freeway) – San Pedro, Los Angeles Signed as exit 37 northbound; former US 6; I-110 exit 9
Los Angeles
13.28
37B Vermont Avenue Southbound exit and northbound entrance
13.83
38A Normandie Avenue – Gardena
14.40
38B Western Avenue
Torrance
15.45
39 Crenshaw Boulevard – Torrance
16.57
40 To SR 91 / Artesia Boulevard Signed as exit 40A southbound; former SR 91
16.88
40B Redondo Beach Boulevard - Redondo Beach Southbound exit and northbound entrance
Lawndale
17.59
42A SR 107 (Hawthorne Boulevard) – Lawndale
Redondo Beach
18.23
42B Inglewood Avenue
Hawthorne
19.21
43 Rosecrans Avenue – Manhattan Beach Signed as exits 43A (east) and 43B (west) southbound
20.22
44 El Segundo Boulevard – El Segundo
Los Angeles
R21.18
45A I-105 (Century Freeway) – El Segundo, Norwalk Signed as exit 45 southbound; serves Los Angeles International Airport; I-105 east exit 2, west exit 2B
R21.22
45B Imperial Highway Southbound exit is part of exit 46
Inglewood
22.22
46 Century Boulevard – LAX Airport
23.36
47 Manchester Boulevard, La Cienega Boulevard, Florence Avenue Manchester Boulevard was former SR 42
Los Angeles
24.27
48 La Tijera Boulevard
24.56
49A Howard Hughes Parkway, Sepulveda Boulevard Signed as exit 49 southbound
Culver City
25.46
49B Sepulveda Boulevard, Slauson Avenue (SR 90 east) Northbound exit only; SR 90 exit 2
25.95
50A Jefferson Boulevard Signed as exit 50B northbound
25.95
50B SR 90 (Marina Freeway) / Slauson Avenue – Marina del Rey Signed as exit 50A northbound; no access from I-405 north to SR 90 east; SR 90 exit 2
27.20
51 Culver Boulevard, Washington Boulevard – Culver City
27.96
52 Venice Boulevard (SR 187), Washington Boulevard
Los Angeles
29.16
53A National Boulevard Northbound exit and southbound entrance
29.54
53B I-10 (Santa Monica Freeway) – Santa Monica, Los Angeles Signed as exit 53 southbound; I-10 exits 3A-B
30.18
54 Olympic Boulevard, Pico Boulevard Southbound exit and northbound entrance; former SR 26
30.86
55A SR 2 (Santa Monica Boulevard) Former US 66
31.54
55B Wilshire Boulevard Signed as exits 55B (east) and 55C (west) southbound
32.50
56 Montana Avenue Northbound exit only; demolished[36]
33.00
57A Sunset Boulevard Signed as exit 57 southbound
33.29
57B Moraga Drive Northbound exit and entrance
34.76
59 Getty Center Drive
36.03
61 Mulholland Drive, Skirball Center Drive
39.00
63A Ventura Boulevard, Sepulveda Boulevard, Valley Vista Boulevard
39.43
63B US 101 (Ventura Freeway) – Ventura, Los Angeles US 101 exit 19A
40.29
64 Burbank Boulevard
41.36
65 Victory Boulevard – Van Nuys
42.36
66 Sherman Way – Van Nuys Airport Signed as exits 66A (east) and 66B (west) northbound
43.76
68 Roscoe Boulevard – Panorama City
44.74
69 Nordhoff Street
46.24
70 Devonshire Street – Granada Hills
46.85
71A SR 118 (Ronald Reagan Freeway) – Simi Valley Signed as exit 71 southbound; no southbound exit to SR 118 east or northbound entrance from SR 118 west; SR 118 east exit 42A, west exit 42B
47.24
71B San Fernando Mission Boulevard – San Fernando Northbound exit and southbound entrance
47.75
72 Rinaldi Street – Mission Hills
48.64
I-5 north (Golden State Freeway) – Bakersfield, Sacramento Northbound exit and southbound entrance; north end of I-405; I-5 south exit 158
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
Concurrency terminus
Incomplete access
See also[edit]
California Roads portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c California Department of Transportation. "State Truck Route List". Sacramento: California Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (XLS file) on June 30, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Masters, Nathan. "The 5, the 101, the 405: Why Southern Californians Love Saying 'the' Before Freeway Numbers".
Jump up ^ Time For Kids | Classroom | Home | U.S. Highways With the Most Traffic Archived August 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Santa Monica College Corsair News Article Archived August 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Most Travelled Urban Highways Average Annual Daily Traffic". Fhwa.dot.gov. 2010-07-27. Retrieved 2013-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Crossroads of Confusion". Los Angeles Times. March 20, 1998. p. 2. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-405-freeway-traffic-closures-20141202-story.html
Jump up ^ California State Legislature. "Section 250–257". Streets and Highways Code. Sacramento: California State Legislature. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration (March 25, 2015). National Highway System: Los Angeles, CA (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ California Department of Transportation; California State Transportation Agency (January 2015). 2014 Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances in California. Sacramento: California Department of Transportation. pp. 82, 266. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Racine, Ned (January 11, 2011). "How the Mulholland Drive bridge was constructed". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Interstate 405: The 'Carmageddon', History, Myth and Trivia". During 53 hours of closure, the north side of the Mulholland Bridge will be demolished as part of the $1 billion Sepulveda Pass Improvements Project.
Jump up ^ Judy Gish Issue Date: 06/2011. "Inside Seven – Caltrans, District 7 – Monthly Newsletter". Dot.ca.gov. Retrieved 2013-01-26.
Jump up ^ Gostar, Reza (2011-06-09). "Carpocalypse: The Weekend the 405 Freeway Will Stand Still – Brentwood, California Patch". Brentwood.patch.com. Retrieved 2013-01-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Mather, Kate; Bloomekatz, Ari; Saillant, Saillant (July 19, 2011). "In 'Carmageddon,' some see road map for the future". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Metrolink sets weekend ridership recording during 405 closure". The Source. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "JetBlue". JetBlue. Retrieved 2013-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Great Circle Mapper". Gcmap.com. Retrieved 2013-01-26.
Jump up ^ "LA avoids feared 'Carmageddon' traffic jam". The Independent. July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Morgan, Jared (July 19, 2012). "Carmageddon 2012 Announced, Full 405 Closure in September". Retrieved September 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Winer, Arthur; Zhu, Yifang; Paulson, Suzanne (Spring 2014). "Carmageddon or Carmaheaven? Air Quality Results of a Freeway Closure" (PDF). Access. 44: 17–21.
Jump up ^ "Sepulveda Pass Improvement Project". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Groves, Martha (February 14, 2014). "Jamzilla lane closures on the 405 Freeway begin tonight". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Carpool lane on North 405 Freeway opens". KABC-TV Los Angeles. May 23, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "405 on the move-PR" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "OCTA approves study of 405 widening project". Daily Pilot. February 10, 2010. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ THE SIMPSON CASE: THE INMATE; Simpson, Under Suicide Watch, Is Jailed on 2 Murder Charges, Seth Mydans, The New York Times, June 19, 1994, Retrieved December 9, 2007
Jump up ^ Bill Cosby's Son Is Slain Along Freeway, B. Drummond Ayres Jr., The New York Times, January 17, 1997, Retrieved December 9, 2007
Jump up ^ "CLP – Vanity Card #429". Retrieved October 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ As told in track nine of their iTunes Originals Album
Jump up ^ Sherman, Maria (August 21, 2015). "Halsey Shares Unrestrained New 'Badlands' Song, "Drive"". Fuse. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
Jump up ^ California Department of Transportation (July 2007). "Log of Bridges on State Highways". Sacramento: California Department of Transportation.
Jump up ^ California Department of Transportation, All Traffic Volumes on CSHS, 2005 and 2006
Jump up ^ California Department of Transportation, California Numbered Exit Uniform System, I-405 Northbound and I-405 Southbound, accessed February 2008
Jump up ^ "405 Freeway NB Montana Avenue Offramp Dies At 57". CBS. Los Angeles, California: CBS Radio Inc. 2013-11-24. Retrieved 2014-03-19.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interstate 405 (California).
Route map: Google
KML file (edit • help)
Display on Google Maps
Template:Attached KML/Interstate 405 (California)
KML is from Wikidata
California @ AARoads.com - I-405
Caltrans: Route 405 highway conditions
California Highways: I-405
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Auxiliary routes of Interstate 5
California
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505
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805
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Oregon
105
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3054
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5054
Washington
205
405
6053
705
1Former
2Future
3Proposed
4Unbuilt
5Unsigned
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_405_(California)&oldid=827427150"
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values: Autostrada międzystanowa nr 405 (Kalifornia) – Polish

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