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Dissolution of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
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Historical states
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Argentina
before 1500[show]
Inca Empire (1438–1533)
Indigenous peoples in Argentina
1500–1600[show]
Governorate of New Castile (1528–1542)
Viceroyalty of Peru (1542–1824)
1600–1700[show]
Governorate of the Río de la Plata (1617–1782)
1700–1800[show]
Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (1776–1811)
1800–1830[show]
United Provinces of the River Plate (1810–31)
Liga Federal (1815–20)
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1830–present[show]
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The dissolution of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was the independence and breaking up of the Spanish colony in South America. Most of the viceroyalty is now part of Argentina, and other regions belong to Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Bolivia
3 Misiones Orientales
4 Paraguay
5 Uruguay
6 Irredentism
7 Bibliography
8 References
Overview[edit]
The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was a colony of Spain in South America. It was established in 1776 by Charles III of Spain, with territories from the Viceroyalty of Peru. He aimed to strengthen the territories coveted by colonial Brazil, which invaded the Misiones Orientales and sought to expand towards the Río de la Plata. The cities that composed the viceroyalty were, for the most part, very distant from each other, and with few actual bounds; their organization was still similar to that of Feudal Europe.[1]
Carlota Joaquina, sister of the Spanish king Ferdinand VII and married to the regent prince of Portugal, sought to take advantage of the Peninsular War to rule over the Spanish territories. Her project, however, was resisted and did not succeed.
Buenos Aires ousted the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros and began the Argentine War of Independence, renaming the territory as the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. However, other territories stood against Buenos Aires, staying loyal to the Spanish rule, and the actual status of each zone depended upon the military conflicts; Paraguay and the Upper Peru (modern Bolivia) could resist Buenos Aires. Spain declared Buenos Aires a rogue city and appointed Montevideo as the new capital of the Viceroyalty, but Javier de Elío was sieged by Buenos Aires and the rural populations, and could not maintain authority beyond the Banda Oriental (modern Uruguay). Montevideo would be finally captured by William Brown and Alvear.
The battle of Cepeda ended the authority of the Spanish colonial Supreme Directors in 1820, and for a period of time there was no head of state in the country. Juan Manuel de Rosas united the provinces in the federal pact, so that the governor of Buenos Aires Province managed international relations, acting similarly to a head of state of the country until a Constitution was written. The United Provinces were then renamed as the Argentine Confederation.
Bolivia[edit]
The Upper Peru was a disputed area even before the war. It had long been related to Lima, capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Charles III removed it from that viceroyalty and assigned it instead to the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. However, commercial and cultural ties stayed stronger with Lima than with Buenos Aires, the new capital.
The Upper Peru began uprisings before Buenos Aires, with the 1809 rebellions at Chuquisaca (modern Sucre) and La Paz. Both ones were quickly defeated, and the royal authority restored. When Buenos Aires deposed the viceroy, the Upper Peru stayed a royalist stronghold. Juan José Castelli, Manuel Belgrano and José Rondeau attempted to seize the area, but failed. Conversely, all the royalist attempts to invade the United Provinces were routed by Martín Miguel de Güemes.
José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar concluded the war in northern South America. Sucre liberated this last royalist stronghold, and named it "Bolivia" after Bolívar. The local Congress declared it an independent nation, which was accepted by Argentina without resistance. Bolivia invaded Tarija a few years later, but again, Argentina did not declare war over it.
Misiones Orientales[edit]
The Misiones Orientales became part of the Viceroyalty in 1777, with the First Treaty of San Ildefonso. However, Portugal invaded and annexed the zone in 1801. It was then turned into a captaincy in 1807, with strong military presence. The whole Banda Oriental (modern Uruguay) would be annexed by Portugal in 1816, the Misiones were briefly liberated by Andrés Guazurary during the conflict, but he was defeated. By then, the Viceroyalty had already become the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, and Brazil would declare its independence a few years later.
The Banda Oriental, now renamed as "Cisplatina" by Brazil, revolted and rejoined the United Provinces. This led to a war between both countries for the control of the area. Fructuoso Rivera seized the Misiones during the conflict, while attempting to drive the Brazilians out of the province. However, the 1828 Treaty of Montevideo that ended the war returned them to Brazilian control by diplomatic means.
Paraguay[edit]
See also: Paraguay campaign
Paraguay, ruled by Velazco, did not accept the Primera Junta, and swore loyalty to the Spanish authorities. However, the Junta was misinformed and thought that there was a huge faction supporting them, oppressed by Velazco. Manuel Belgrano was sent with a small army to secure the province, but the Paraguay campaign was a military failure. The resistance to Belgrano was huge, defeating him at Paraguari and Tacuari. Belgrano left the province, making a non-aggression pact: Buenos Aires would not send further military campaigns to Paraguay, if Paraguay did not do it either.
The Paraguayan military made a coup against Velazco after Belgrano's departure, and declared independence from Spain. For years, it was nominally part of the United Provinces but acted similarly to an independent state. However, there would be no declaration of independence from Argentina until 1842, and it would not be recognized until 1852.
Uruguay[edit]
The territory of modern Uruguay has been disputed by Spain and Portugal since the earliest days of the European colonization of the Americas. Pedro Antonio de Cevallos conquered the area in 1777 during the Spanish–Portuguese War, which was included in the viceroyalty, created that year. He cancelled the invasion of Rio Grande, as the peace negotiations had begun.
Buenos Aires and Montevideo fought together against the British invasions of the Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires was conquered by British forces, and then liberated by an army from Montevideo, led by Santiago de Liniers. Montevideo was conquered first the following year, but the British could not conquer Buenos Aires a second time, and liberated Montevideo in the terms of their capitulation. The Anglo-Spanish war ended when Napoleon invaded Spain, and the remaining Spaniards allied with Britain. However, both cities had a local rivalry, increased by the outbreak of the war and the capture of the king. Javier de Elío, governor of Montevideo, appointed a government Junta, refusing to take orders from viceroy Liniers. Spain appointed a new viceroy, Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros, who was accepted by Elío.
When the war worsened, several criollos of Buenos Aires led the May Revolution against Cisneros, deposing him and establishing a government junta. Montevideo denied recognition to it, and began a war against Buenos Aires. José Gervasio Artigas, from the countryside of Montevideo, joined the siege to the city. Elío requested Portuguese aid, but soon had to ally with his enemies against his intended reinforcements, as the Portuguese saw it as a chance to conquer the Banda Oriental. The British diplomacy called them back, and the hostilities renewed between Montevideo, Buenos Aires and Artigas. Artigas felt betrayed by Buenos Aires, so it turned into a war with three belligerents. Buenos Aires conquered Montevideo, under the command of William Brown and Alvear.
Artigas expanded his area of influence to Mesopotamia, Santa Fe and Córdoba, and waged the Argentine Civil Wars against Buenos Aires. Portugal made a new attack to the Banda Oriental, annexed it and renamed it as Cisplatina. Buenos Aires did not help Artigas against the invasion. The remaining Artiguist forces attacked Buenos Aires in retaliation for its passivity, and defeated the city at the battle of Cepeda. The Supreme Directorship was abolished, and the country worked as a confederation of provinces. The Portuguese colony declared independence from Portugal, and became the Empire of Brazil.
However, the orientals still resented the Brazilian rule. The Thirty-Three Orientals led a rebellion that liberated the banda oriental, and requested to rejoin the United Provinces. The constituent assembly accepted, which led to the Argentine-Brazilian War. Despite of the military victories, the Argentine president Bernardino Rivadavia needed the army to fight against the federal caudillos, so he sent a diplomat to rush an end of hostilities. The treaty declared the disputed area to be an independent nation, and not part of either Argentina or Brazil.
Still, the Uruguayans still had strong ties with Argentina. The Uruguayan Civil War between Blancos and Colorados mirrored the Argentine Civil Wars, with both factions allying with the Federals and the Unitarians.
Irredentism[edit]
See also: Argentine Irredentism
Argentina had diplomatic conflicts with Brazil and Chile in the 1880s. In this context, the writer and diplomat Vicente Quesada coined the concept of a "Great Argentina", a country encompassing all the territories of the former viceroyalty, which would likely have failed because of British and Brazilian plans to have the territory break into smaller sovereign states, the mistakes of the Argentine diplomacy and the perspectives of the Unitarian party, that preferred a smaller country centered around Buenos Aires. The idea was soon taken by other historians, school textbooks, historical atlas, essays, etc. The purpose of reconstructing the broken country was pointed as a highly desirable goal, but without considering military expansionism as an acceptable option; only a political union achieved by diplomatic means. It was also used to promote Argentine patriotism during the Great European immigration wave to Argentina.[2]
Bibliography[edit]
Cavaleri, Paulo (2004). La restauración del Virreinato: orígenes del nacionalismo territorial Argentino (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. ISBN 987-558-031-7.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cavaleri, p. 11
Jump up ^ Cavaleri, pp. 12-13
[hide]
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Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
Regions
Banda Oriental
Governorate of the Río de la Plata
Upper Peru
Political ideas
Carlotism
Retroversion of the sovereignty to the people
Military conflicts
British invasions of the Río de la Plata
Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II
Autonomist rebellions
Chuquisaca Revolution
Cry of Asencio
La Paz revolution
May Revolution
Mutiny of Álzaga
Dissolution
Argentine War of Independence
Independence of Paraguay
Siege of Montevideo
Argentine Declaration of Independence
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Diagnosis-related group
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Diagnosis-related group (DRG) is a system to classify hospital cases into one of originally 467 groups,[1] with the last group (coded as 470 through v24, 999 thereafter) being "Ungroupable". This system of classification was developed as a collaborative project by Robert B Fetter, PhD, of the Yale School of Management, and John D. Thompson, MPH, of the Yale School of Public Health.[2] The system is also referred to as "the DRGs", and its intent was to identify the "products" that a hospital provides. One example of a "product" is an appendectomy. The system was developed in anticipation of convincing Congress to use it for reimbursement, to replace "cost based" reimbursement that had been used up to that point. DRGs are assigned by a "grouper" program based on ICD (International Classification of Diseases) diagnoses, procedures, age, sex, discharge status, and the presence of complications or comorbidities. DRGs have been used in the US since 1982 to determine how much Medicare pays the hospital for each "product", since patients within each category are clinically similar and are expected to use the same level of hospital resources.[3] DRGs may be further grouped into Major Diagnostic Categories (MDCs). DRGs are also standard practice for establishing reimbursements for other Medicare related reimbursements such as to home healthcare providers.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Purpose
2 History
3 DRG changes
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Purpose[edit]
The original objective of diagnosis related groups (DRG) was to develop a classification system that identified the "products" that the patient received. Since the introduction of DRGs in the early 1980s, the healthcare industry has evolved and developed an increased demand for a patient classification system that can serve its original objective at a higher level of sophistication and precision.[4] To meet those evolving needs, the objective of the DRG system had to expand in scope. Today, there are several different DRG systems that have been developed in the US. They include:[5]
Medicare DRG (CMS-DRG & MS-DRG)
Refined DRGs (R-DRG)
All Patient DRGs (AP-DRG)
Severity DRGs (S-DRG)
All Patient, Severity-Adjusted DRGs (APS-DRG)
All Patient Refined DRGs (APR-DRG)
International-Refined DRGs (IR-DRG)
History[edit]
The system was created in the early 1970s by Robert Barclay Fetter and John D. Thompson at Yale University with the material support of the former Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), now called the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).[2][6]
DRGs were first implemented in New Jersey, beginning in 1980 with a small number of hospitals partitioned into three groups according to their budget positions - surplus, breakeven, and deficit - prior to the imposition of DRG payment.[7]
The New Jersey experiment continued for three years, with additional cadres of hospitals being added to the number of institutions each year until all hospitals in New Jersey were dealing with this prospective payment system.[8]
DRGs were designed to be homogeneous units of hospital activity to which binding prices could be attached. A central theme in the advocacy of DRGs was that this reimbursement system would, by constraining the hospitals, oblige their administrators to alter the behavior of the physicians and surgeons comprising their medical staffs. Hospitals were forced to leave the “nearly risk-free world of cost reimbursement”[9] and face the uncertain financial consequences associated with the provision of health care.[10]
Moreover, DRGs were designed to provide practice pattern information that administrators could use to influence individual physician behavior.[7]
DRGs were intended to describe all types of patients in an acute hospital setting. The DRGs encompassed elderly patients as well as newborn, pediatric and adult populations.[11]
The prospective payment system implemented as DRGs had been designed to limit the share of hospital revenues derived from the Medicare program budget,[7] and in spite of doubtful results in New Jersey, it was decided in 1983 to impose DRGs on hospitals nationwide.[citation needed]
In that year, HCFA assumed responsibility for the maintenance and modifications of these DRG definitions. Since that time, the focus of all Medicare DRG modifications instituted by HCFA/CMS has been on problems relating primarily to the elderly population.[citation needed]
In 1987, New York state passed legislation instituting DRG-based payments for all non-Medicare patients. This legislation required that the New York State Department of Health (NYS DOH) evaluate the applicability of Medicare DRGs to a non-Medicare population. This evaluation concluded that the Medicare DRGs were not adequate for a non-Medicare population. Based on this evaluation, the NYS DOH entered into an agreement with 3M to research and develop all necessary DRG modifications. The modifications resulted in the initial APDRG, which differed from the Medicare DRG in that it provided support for transplants, high-risk obstetric care, nutritional disorders, and pediatrics along with support for other populations. One challenge in working with the APDRG groupers is that there is no set of common data/formulas that is shared across all states as there is with CMS. Each state maintains its own information.[citation needed]
In 1991, the top 10 DRGs overall were: normal newborn, vaginal delivery, heart failure, psychoses, cesarean section, neonate with significant problems, angina pectoris, specific cerebrovascular disorders, pneumonia, and hip/knee replacement. These DRGs comprised nearly 30 percent of all hospital discharges.[12]
The history, design, and classification rules of the DRG system, as well as its application to patient discharge data and updating procedures, are presented in the CMS DRG Definitions Manual (Also known as the Medicare DRG Definitions Manual and the Grouper Manual). A new version generally appears every October. The 20.0 version appeared in 2002.[citation needed]
In 2007, author Rick Mayes described DRGs as:
“ ...the single most influential postwar innovation in medical financing: Medicare's prospective payment system (PPS). Inexorably rising medical inflation and deep economic deterioration forced policymakers in the late 1970s to pursue radical reform of Medicare to keep the program from insolvency. Congress and the Reagan administration eventually turned to the one alternative reimbursement system that analysts and academics had studied more than any other and had even tested with apparent success in New Jersey: prospective payment with diagnosis-related groups (DRGs). Rather than simply reimbursing hospitals whatever costs they charged to treat Medicare patients, the new model paid hospitals a predetermined, set rate based on the patient's diagnosis. The most significant change in health policy since Medicare and Medicaid's passage in 1965 went virtually unnoticed by the general public. Nevertheless, the change was nothing short of revolutionary. For the first time, the federal government gained the upper hand in its financial relationship with the hospital industry. Medicare's new prospective payment system with DRGs triggered a shift in the balance of political and economic power between the providers of medical care (hospitals and physicians) and those who paid for it - power that providers had successfully accumulated for more than half a century."[13] ”
DRG changes[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Name
Version
Start date
Notes
MS-DRG 25 October 1, 2007 Group numbers resequenced, so that for instance "Ungroupable" is no longer 470 but is now 999.[citation needed] To differentiate it, the newly resequenced DRG are now known as MS-DRG.[citation needed]
Before the introduction of version 25, many CMS DRG classifications were "paired" to reflect the presence of complications or comorbidities (CCs). A significant refinement of version 25 was to replace this pairing, in many instances, with a trifurcated design that created a tiered system of the absence of CCs, the presence of CCs, and a higher level of presence of Major CCs. As a result of this change, the historical list of diagnoses that qualified for membership on the CC list was substantially redefined and replaced with a new standard CC list and a new Major CC list.[citation needed]
Another planning refinement was not to number the DRGs in strict numerical sequence as compared with the prior versions. In the past, newly created DRG classifications would be added to the end of the list. In version 25, there are gaps within the numbering system that will allow modifications over time, and also allow for new MS-DRGs in the same body system to be located more closely together in the numerical sequence.[citation needed]
MS-DRG 26 October 1, 2008 One main change: implementation of Hospital Acquired Conditions (HAC). Certain conditions are no longer considered complications if they were not present on admission (POA), which will cause reduced reimbursement from Medicare for conditions apparently caused by the hospital.[citation needed]
MS-DRG 27 October 1, 2009 Changes involved are mainly related to Influenza A virus subtype H1N1.[citation needed]
MS-DRG 31 October 1, 2013
MS-DRG 32 October 1, 2014
MS-DRG 33 October 1, 2015 Convert from ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM.[14]
MS-DRG 34 October 1, 2016 Address ICD-10 replication issues introduced in Grouper 33.[15] As of March 2017 NTIS.gov no longer lists MS-DRG software, and Grouper 34 can now be directly downloaded from CMS.[16] Version 34 was revised twice to address replication issues, making the final release for fiscal year 2017 version 34 R3.
MS-DRG 35 October 1, 2017 MS-DRGs 984 through 986 deleted and reassigned to 987 through 989.[17] Diagnosis codes relating to swallowing eye drops moved from DRGs 124-125 (Other Disorders of the Eye) to 917-918 (Poisoning and Toxic Effects of Drugs).[18] Grouper 34 issue addressed relating to the 7th character of prosthetic/implant diagnosis codes in the T85.8-series indicating "initial encounter", "subsequent encounter" and "sequel".[19] Numerous other changes.".[20]
See also[edit]
Case mix index
Diagnosis codes
Medical classification
Ambulatory Patient Group, similar to DRG but for outpatient care
Risk of mortality (ROM)
Severity of illness (SOI)
Pay for Performance
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mistichelli, Judith Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs) and the Prospective Payment System: Forecasting Social Implications
^ Jump up to: a b Fetter RB, Shin Y, Freeman JL, Averill RF, Thompson JD (1980) Case mix definition by diagnosis related groups. Medical Care 18(2):1–53
Jump up ^ Fetter RB, Freeman JL (1986) Diagnosis related groups: product linemanagement within hospitals. Academy of Management Review 11(1):41–54
Jump up ^ Baker JJ (2002) Medicare payment system for hospital inpatients: diagnosis related groups. Journal of Health Care Finance 28(3):1–13
Jump up ^ https://support.3mhis.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/9907/~/definitions-manuals
Jump up ^ Bielby, Judy A. "Evolution of DRGs". AHIMA. The American Health Information Management Association. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lessons of the New Jersey DRG Payment System
Jump up ^ William C. Hsiao, Harvey M. Sapolsky; Daniel L. Dunn & Sanford L. Weiner (1986). "Lessons of the New Jersey DRG payment system" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Eastaugh SR (1999) Managing risk in a risky world. Journal of Health Care Finance 25(3):10
Jump up ^ Kuntz L, Scholtes S, Vera A (2008) DRG Cost Weight Volatility and Hospital Performance. OR Spectrum 30(2): 331-354
Jump up ^ Nancy Bateman (2012). "The Business of Nurse Management: A Toolkit for Success".
Jump up ^ "Most Frequent Diagnoses and Procedures for DRGs, by Insurance Status". Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Retrieved 2006-04-22.
Jump up ^ Mayes, Rick (January 2007). "The Origins, Development, and Passage of Medicare's Revolutionary Prospective Payment System" (abstract). Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. Oxford University Press. 62 (1): 21–55. ISSN 1468-4373. PMID 16467485. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrj038. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
Jump up ^ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. "ICD-10 MS-DRG Conversion Project".
Jump up ^ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. "Federal Register Vol. 81, No. 162 Monday, August 22, 2016" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "March 7, 2017 CMS ICD-10 Coordination and Maintenance Committee Meeting" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. "Federal Register Vol. 82, No. 155 Monday, August 14, 2017" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. "Federal Register Vol. 82, No. 155 Monday, August 14, 2017" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. "Federal Register Vol. 82, No. 155 Monday, August 14, 2017" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. "Federal Register Vol. 82, No. 155 Monday, August 14, 2017" (PDF).
External links[edit]
Official CMS website
CMS Acute Inpatient Prospective Payment System
DRG codes for FY2005, also referred to as version 23
DRG codes for FY2010, also referred to as version 27
MS-DRG Grouper version 35 (FY2018) Software, PC and Mainframe, supports versions 16-35
Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (Search engine can be used to find Definitions Manual)
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).
DRG definition.
Most Frequent Diagnoses and Procedures for DRGs.
Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs) and the Medicare Program - Implications for Medical Technology (PDF format). A 1983 document found in the "CyberCemetery: OTA Legacy" section of University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents department.
Mayes, Rick, "The Origins, Development, and Passage of Medicare's Revolutionary Prospective Payment System" Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences Volume 62, Number 1, January 2007, pp. 21–55
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Anniversary
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Anniversary (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
On the 40th anniversary of his reign, the King of Sweden toasts the city's Mayor in front of Stockholm Palace.
Memorial plaque presented by the NATIONAL CAPITAL SESQUICENTENNIAL COMMISSION, 1951
An anniversary is the date on which an event took place or an institution was founded in a previous year, and may also refer to the commemoration or celebration of that event. For example, the first event is the initial occurrence or, if planned, the inaugural of the event. One year later would be the first anniversary of that event. The word was first used for Catholic feasts to commemorate saints.
Most countries celebrate national anniversaries, typically called national days. These could be the date of independence of the nation or the adoption of a new constitution or form of government. The important dates in a sitting monarch's reign may also be commemorated, an event often referred to as a "jubilee".
Contents
[hide]
1 Anniversary names
1.1 Latin-derived numerical names
2 Anniversary symbols
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Anniversary names[edit]
Birthdays are the most common type of anniversary, when someone's birth date is commemorated each year. The actual celebration is sometimes moved for practical reasons, as in the case of an official birthday.
Wedding anniversaries are also often celebrated, on the same day of the year as the wedding occurred.
Death anniversary.
The Latin phrase dies natalis (literally "birth day") has become a common term, adopted in many languages, especially in intellectual and institutional circles, for the anniversary of the founding ("legal or statutory birth") of an institution, such as an alma mater (college or other school). In ancient Rome, the [dies] Aquilae natalis was the "birthday of the eagle", the anniversary of the official founding of a legion.
Anniversaries of nations are usually marked by the number of years elapsed, expressed with Latin words or Roman numerals.
Latin-derived numerical names[edit]
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Latin terms for anniversaries are mostly straightforward, particularly those relating to the first twenty years (1–20), or multiples of ten years (30, 40, 60, 70 etc.), or multiples of centuries or millennia (100, 200, 300, 1000, 2000, 3000, etc.) In these instances, the name of the anniversary is generally derived from the Latin word(s) for the respective number of years. However, when anniversaries relate to fractions of centuries (125, 150, 175, 250 years—i.e. 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, and 2.5 centuries), the situation is not as simple.
Roman fractions were based on a duodecimal system. From 1⁄12 to 8⁄12 they were expressed as multiples of twelfths (uncia "twelfth"; the source of the English words inch and ounce) and from 9⁄12 to 11⁄12 they were expressed as multiple twelfths less than the next whole unit—i.e. a whole unit less 3⁄12, 2⁄12 or 1⁄12 respectively. There were also special terms for quarter (quadrans), half (semis), and three-quarters (dodrans). Dodrans is a Latin contraction of de-quadrans which means "a whole unit less a quarter" (de means "from"; quadrans means "quarter". Thus for the example of 175 years, the term is a quarter century less than the next whole (bi)century or 175 = (−25 + 200).[1]
In Latin, it seems that this rule did not apply precisely for 1½. While secundus is Latin for "second", and bis for "twice", these terms are not used such as in sesqui-secundus. Instead sesqui (or ses) is used by itself.
Anniversary
Latin-derived term
Other terms
Comments
½ yearly Semiannual
1 year Annual Paper
2 years Biennial Cotton
3 years Triennial Leather
4 years Quadrennial Linen
5 years Quinquennial Wood
6 years Sexennial Iron
7 years Septennial Wool
8 years Octennial Bronze
9 years Novennial Copper
10 years Decennial Tin/Aluminium
11 years Undecennial Steel
12 years Duodecennial Silk
13 years Tredecennial Lace
14 years Quattuordecennial Ivory
15 years Quindecennial Crystal
20 years Vigintennial / Vicennial China/Porcelain
25 years Quadranscentennial Silver jubilee
40 years Quadragennial Ruby jubilee
50 years Semicentennial / Quinquagenary Golden jubilee
60 years Sexagennial / Sexagenary Diamond jubilee
65 years Sapphire jubilee
70 years Septuagennial Platinum jubilee
100 years Centennial Centenary
125 years Quasquicentennial Term is broken down as quasqui- (and a quarter) centennial (100 years). Quasqui is a contraction from quadrans "a quarter" plus the clitic conjunction -que "and". The term was coined by Funk and Wagnalls editor Robert L. Chapman in 1961.[2]
150 years Sesquicentennial Term broken down as sesqui- (one and a half) centennial (100 years)
175 years Dodransbicentennial Dodrans is a Latin contraction of de-quadrans which means "a whole unit less a quarter" (de means "from"; quadrans means "quarter"). 175 years is a quarter century less than the next whole (bi)century or 175 = (−25 + 200).[1]
Dodrabicentennial Alternative Latin form of Dodransbicentennial
Dequasbicentennial Alternative Latin form of Dodransbicentennial
Dosquicentennial Dosquicentennial has been used in modern times[3] and this is perhaps a modern contraction of "de-quadrans". However, it seems inappropriate to combine the terms que and de when dealing with such Roman fractions. In any event, if such a conjunction was appropriate then it would perhaps more likely have been "Dosquibicentennial" (but the result is little shorter anyway).[1]
Demisemiseptcentennial Probably[attribution needed] a modern coined term: demisemiseptcentennial; literally one-half (demi-) × one-half (semi-) × seven (sept-) × 100 years (centennial)—also demisemiseptcentenary.[4][5]
Quartoseptcentennial Probably[attribution needed] a modern coined term: quartoseptcentennial; literally one-quarter (quarto-) × seven (sept-) × 100 years (centennial)—also quartoseptcentenary.[4]
Terquasquicentennial First used by Bell Laboratories in celebrating its 175th anniversary as a corporation.[citation needed] Is a coined word for an anniversary of 175 years, but the elements of the word literally refer to an anniversary of 375 years, as follows: ter- (3) × quasqui- (1¼) × centennial (100 years)
Septaquintaquinque-
centennial Suggested by lexicographer Robert L. Chapman to William Safire; first appeared in Safire's column, "On Language" (The New York Times Magazine, February 12, 1995). It is a coined word for an anniversary of 175 years, but the elements of the word literally refer to an anniversary of 35,000 years, as follows: septaquinta- (70) × quinque- (5) × centennial (100 years)
200 years Bicentennial Bicentenary
250 years Sestercentennial - To express 2½ in Latin it would be expressed as "half-three". The term relates to being halfway [from the second] to the third integer. In Latin this is "Sestertius" which is a contraction of semis (halfway) tertius (third)—hence Sestercentennial.[1]
Semiquincentennial Probably[attribution needed] a modern coined term: semi- (half) × quin (5) × centennial (100 years) = 250 years. Used by Brown University in 2015.[6]
Bicenquinquagenary Used by Princeton University in 1996, Reading, Pennsylvania in 1998, and Washington and Lee University in 1999.[7] It is a coined word for an anniversary of 250 years: bi- (2) × cen(t)- (100) + quinquagenary (50 years).
Quarter-millennial Meaning one quarter of one thousand years.[8]
300 years Tercentenary / Tricentenary Tercentennial / Tricentennial
350 years Sesquarcentennial A modern coined term; sesquarcentennial for 350 years is deduced here from the "Sestertius" definition for 250 years above. For 350 years it relates to being halfway from the third to the fourth integer; thus a contraction of semis (halfway) and quartus (fourth); hence Sesquarcentennial.
Semiseptcentennial Probably[attribution needed] a modern coined term: semi- (half) × sept(7) × cen(t)- (100) × centennial (350 years)
400 years Quadricentennial Quadricentenary / Quatercentenary
500 years Quincentenary Quincentennial
600 years Sexcentenary Sexacentennial
700 years Septcentennial Septuacentennial Probably[attribution needed] a coined term; earliest known use in March 1988.[9] Chiang Mai Septcentennial Stadium (Chiang Mai, Thailand) was completed in 1991.[10]
800 years Octocentenary Octocentennial
900 years Nonacentennial
1000 years Millennial
1500 years Sesquimillennial Term broken down as sesqui- (one and a half) millennial (1000 years)
2000 years Bimillennial
Anniversary symbols[edit]
Many anniversaries have special names. Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home by Emily Post, published in 1922, contained suggestions for wedding anniversary gifts for 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, and 75 years.[11] Wedding anniversary gift suggestions for other years were added in later editions and publications; they now comprise what is referred to as the "traditional" list. Generally speaking, the longer the period, the more precious or durable the material associated with it. See wedding anniversary for a general list of the wedding anniversary symbols; however, there are variations in some national traditions.
Furthermore, there exist numerous partially overlapping, partially contradictory lists of anniversary gifts (such as wedding stones), separate from the 'traditional' names.
The concepts of a person's birthday stone and zodiac stone, by contrast, are fixed for life according to the day of the week, month, or astrological sign corresponding to the recipient's birthday.
See also[edit]
Holidays portal
List of historical anniversaries
Quinquennial Neronia
Wedding anniversary
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "SA 175th Jubilee". Clipper Ship 'City of Adelaide'. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2011. So the name for a 175th anniversary? For now it is really up to the preference of the reader. One day one of these terms may make its way into popular usage, become accepted, and find a place in a dictionary.
Jump up ^ Chapman, Robert L. (February 1965). "The History of "Quasquicentennial"". American Speech. 40 (01): 53–57. doi:10.2307/454178. ISSN 0003-1283. JSTOR 454178. It is our policy to reply as courteously and helpfully as we can to such requests, and I answered Mr. Hatten on August 7, suggesting quasquicentennial. Since this is a history, I shall quote the letter in full: Dr. Wilfred Funk has passed your letter of July I on to us. We are happy to help, if you feel that you really want a new Latinate word meaning "one hundred and twenty-fifth anniversary". The best model upon which to form the word is "sesquicentennial", meaning "one hundred and fiftieth anniversary". We need a first element meaning "plus a fourth", analogous with "sesqui" which means "plus a half". "Sesqui" is apparently formed from "semis que", meaning "and a half". Now, both "quarta" and "quadrans" mean "a fourth", so we may begin with either "quarta que" or "quadrans que". The trick is to combine and shorten one of these as "sesqui" was combined and shortened from "semis que". If we follow the model of "sesqui" very closely, retaining the stressed vowel and final "s" of "quadrans", we get the word "quasquicentennial". Combining and shortening in other ways we can also get "quadqui-", "quansqui-", "quarsqui-", and perhaps several others. On the grounds that it is closest to the model and also probably the least ugly of the set, I would choose "quasquicentennial" (pronounced kwahskwee-) as the new word. Of course, you may decide that you do not really want or need a new word. There is no point in proliferating them needlessly. I should add, perhaps, that this word would not appear in any of our dictionaries until it had established itself in wide currency, even if you should decide to use it. I hope we have been able to help you.
Jump up ^ Missouri Secretary of State Local Records Inventory Database
^ Jump up to: a b "Under the Cupola". Neighbors of Batavia. July–August 2008. p. 29. The etymology of "demisemiseptcentennial" is compared to "hemidemisemiquaver", a 64th note.
Jump up ^ "Pickle Barrel: 175th-birthday bash planned for Dillsburg." The Patriot-News (Mechanicsburg, Penn.), Wednesday, 18 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "Brown lowers the curtain on 15-month semiquincentenary". Brown University. 2015-06-11. Retrieved 2015-06-11.
Jump up ^ McCleery, William (November 19, 1997). "The Meaning of the 250th". Princeton Alumni Weekly. Princeton University. Retrieved March 23, 2011. Faster, it seems, than you can say "bicenquinquagenary", Princeton's 250th anniversary has come and gone.
Jump up ^ "A Memorial of the Celebration of the Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Settlement of the Town of Northampton, Massachusetts". City of Northampton. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kersten, Glenn (March 1988). "Naming the Anniversaries". Quidnunc. Archived from the original on 21 January 2005.
Jump up ^ Architects 49: Selected and Current Work. (The Master Architect Series; 5.) Image Publishing Group, 2006. ISBN 978-1-876907-09-9
Jump up ^ "22. The Day of the Wedding. Post, Emily. 1922. Etiquette". bartleby.com.
External links[edit]
Look up anniversary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anniversaries.
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values: နှစ်ပတ်လည် – Burmese

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values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocznica
Rocznica – Polish
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values: Годовщина – Russian

values:
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values: వార్షికోత్సవం – Telugu

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