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URL
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For other uses, see URL (disambiguation).
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL), colloquially termed a web address,[1] is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL is a specific type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI),[2] although many people use the two terms interchangeably.[3][a] URLs occur most commonly to reference web pages (http), but are also used for file transfer (ftp), email (mailto), database access (JDBC), and many other applications.
Most web browsers display the URL of a web page above the page in an address bar. A typical URL could have the form http://www.example.com/index.html, which indicates a protocol (http), a hostname (www.example.com), and a file name (index.html).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Syntax
3 Internationalized URL
4 Protocol-relative URLs
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Citations
8 References
9 External links
History
Uniform Resource Locators were defined in RFC 1738 in 1994 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web, and the URI working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF),[6] as an outcome of collaboration started at the IETF Living Documents Birds of a feather session in 1992.[7][8]
The format combines the pre-existing system of domain names (created in 1985) with file path syntax, where slashes are used to separate directory and filenames. Conventions already existed where server names could be prefixed to complete file paths, preceded by a double slash (//).[9]
Berners-Lee later expressed regret at the use of dots to separate the parts of the domain name within URIs, wishing he had used slashes throughout,[9] and also said that, given the colon following the first component of a URI, the two slashes before the domain name were unnecessary.[10]
An early (1993) draft of the HTML Specification[11] referred to "Universal" Resource Locators. This was dropped some time between June 1994 (RFC 1630) and October 1994 (draft-ietf-uri-url-08.txt).[12]
Syntax
Main article: Uniform Resource Identifier § Syntax
Every HTTP URL conforms to the syntax of a generic URI. A generic URI is of the form:
 scheme:[//[user[:password]@]host[:port]][/path][?query][#fragment]

It comprises:
The scheme, consisting of a sequence of characters beginning with a letter and followed by any combination of letters, digits, plus (+), period (.), or hyphen (-). Although schemes are case-insensitive, the canonical form is lowercase and documents that specify schemes must do so with lowercase letters. It is followed by a colon (:). Examples of popular schemes include http, https, ftp, mailto, file, data, and irc. URI schemes should be registered with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), although non-registered schemes are used in practice.[b]
Two slashes (//): This is required by some schemes and not required by some others. When the authority component (explained below) is absent, the path component cannot begin with two slashes.[14]
An authority part, comprising:
An optional authentication section of a user name and password, separated by a colon, followed by an at symbol (@)
A "host", consisting of either a registered name (including but not limited to a hostname), or an IP address. IPv4 addresses must be in dot-decimal notation, and IPv6 addresses must be enclosed in brackets ([ ]).[15][c]
An optional port number, separated from the hostname by a colon
A path, which contains data, usually organized in hierarchical form, that appears as a sequence of segments separated by slashes. Such a sequence may resemble or map exactly to a file system path, but does not always imply a relation to one.[17] The path must begin with a single slash (/) if an authority part was present, and may also if one was not, but must not begin with a double slash. The path is always defined, though the defined path may be empty (zero length), therefore no trailing slash. The final part of the path may be referred to as a 'slug'.
Query delimiter
Example
Ampersand (&) key1=value1&key2=value2
Semicolon (;)[d][incomplete short citation] key1=value1;key2=value2
An optional query, separated from the preceding part by a question mark (?), containing a query string of non-hierarchical data. Its syntax is not well defined, but by convention is most often a sequence of attribute–value pairs separated by a delimiter.
An optional fragment, separated from the preceding part by a hash (#). The fragment contains a fragment identifier providing direction to a secondary resource, such as a section heading in an article identified by the remainder of the URI. When the primary resource is an HTML document, the fragment is often an id attribute of a specific element, and web browsers will scroll this element into view.
A web browser will usually dereference a URL by performing an HTTP request to the specified host, by default on port number 80. URLs using the https scheme require that requests and responses will be made over a secure connection to the website.
Internationalized URL
Internet users are distributed throughout the world using a wide variety of languages and alphabets and expect to be able to create URLs in their own local alphabets. An Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) is a form of URL that includes Unicode characters. All modern browsers support IRIs. The parts of the URL requiring special treatment for different alphabets are the domain name and path.[19][20]
The domain name in the IRI is known as an Internationalized Domain Name (IDN). Web and Internet software automatically convert the domain name into punycode usable by the Domain Name System; for example, the Chinese URL http://例子.卷筒纸 becomes http://xn--fsqu00a.xn--3lr804guic/. The xn-- indicates that the character was not originally ASCII.[21]
The URL path name can also be specified by the user in the local writing system. If not already encoded, it is converted to UTF-8, and any characters not part of the basic URL character set are escaped as hexadecimal using percent-encoding; for example, the Japanese URL http://example.com/引き割り.html becomes http://example.com/%E5%BC%95%E3%81%8D%E5%89%B2%E3%82%8A.html. The target computer decodes the address and displays the page.[19]
Protocol-relative URLs
Protocol-relative links (PRL), also known as protocol-relative URLs (PRURL), are URLs that have no protocol specified. For example, //example.com will use the protocol of the current page, either HTTP or HTTPS.[22][23]
See also
CURIE (Compact URI)
Use of slashes in networking
Fragment identifier
Internationalized resource identifier (IRI)
Semantic URL
Typosquatting
Uniform Resource Identifier
URL normalization
Notes
Jump up ^ A URL implies the means to access an indicated resource and is denoted by a protocol or an access mechanism, which is not true of every URI.[4][3] Thus http://www.example.com is a URL, while www.example.com is not.[5]
Jump up ^ The procedures for registering new URI schemes were originally defined in 1999 by RFC 2717, and are now defined by RFC 7595, published in June 2015.[13]
Jump up ^ For URIs relating to resources on the World Wide Web, some web browsers allow .0 portions of dot-decimal notation to be dropped or raw integer IP addresses to be used.[16]
Jump up ^ Historic RFC 1866 (obsoleted by RFC 2854) encourages CGI authors to support ';' in addition to '&'.[18]
Citations
Jump up ^ W3C (2009).
Jump up ^ RFC 3986 (2005).
^ Jump up to: a b Joint W3C/IETF URI Planning Interest Group (2002).
Jump up ^ RFC 2396 (1998).
Jump up ^ Miessler, Daniel. "The Difference Between URLs and URIs". Archived from the original on 17 March 2017.
Jump up ^ W3C (1994).
Jump up ^ IETF (1992).
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee (1994).
^ Jump up to: a b Berners-Lee (2000).
Jump up ^ BBC News (2009).
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; Connolly, Daniel (March 1993). Hypertext Markup Language (draft RFCxxx) (Technical report). p. 28.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, T; Masinter, L; McCahill, M (October 1994). Uniform Resource Locators (URL) (Technical report). cited in Ang, C.S.; Martin, D.C. (January 1995). Constituent Component Interface++ (Technical report). UCSF Library and Center for Knowledge Management. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018.
Jump up ^ IETF (2015).
Jump up ^ RFC 3986 (2005), §3.
Jump up ^ RFC 3986 (2005), §3.2.2.
Jump up ^ Lawrence (2014).
Jump up ^ RFC 2396 (1998), §3.3.
Jump up ^ RFC 1866 (1995), §8.2.1.
^ Jump up to: a b W3C (2008).
Jump up ^ W3C (2014).
Jump up ^ IANA (2003).
Jump up ^ J. D. Glaser (2013). Secure Development for Mobile Apps: How to Design and Code Secure Mobile Applications with PHP and JavaScript. CRC Press. p. 193. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Steven M. Schafer (2011). HTML, XHTML, and CSS Bible. John Wiley & Sons. p. 124. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
References
"Berners-Lee "sorry" for slashes". BBC News. 2009-10-14. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
"Living Documents BoF Minutes". World Wide Web Consortium. 18 March 1992. Retrieved 2011-12-26.
Berners-Lee, Tim (21 March 1994). "Uniform Resource Locators (URL): A Syntax for the Expression of Access Information of Objects on the Network". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
Berners-Lee, Tim; Masinter, Larry; McCahill, Mark (August 1998). "Uniform Resource Locators (URL)". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Berners-Lee, Tim (2015) [2000]. "Why the //, #, etc?". Frequently asked questions. World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
Connolly, Dan; Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., eds. (21 May 2009). "Web addresses in HTML 5". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (14 February 2003). "Completion of IANA Selection of IDNA Prefix". IETF-Announce mailing list. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy; Masinter, Larry (August 1998). "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Hansen, T.; Hardie, T. (June 2015). Thaler, D., ed. "Guidelines and Registration Procedures for URI Schemes". Internet Engineering Task Force. ISSN 2070-1721.
Mealling, M.; Denenberg, R., eds. (August 2002). "Report from the Joint W3C/IETF URI Planning Interest Group: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs), URLs, and Uniform Resource Names (URNs): Clarifications and Recommendations". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy; Masinter, Larry (January 2005). "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
"An Introduction to Multilingual Web Addresses". 9 May 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
Phillip, A. (2014). "What is Happening with "International URLs"". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
External links
URL specification at WHATWG
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URL – Eastern Mari
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MTV Roadies (season 15)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
MTV Roadies (season 15)
The Deadliest Season ever!
Country of origin
India
Release
Original network
MTV India
Original release
December 24, 2017 (2017-12-24)
MTV Roadies Rising is the sequentially fourteenth season but officially fifteen season of Indian reality show MTV Roadies.The show is hosted by Gaelyn Mendonca. It started airing on MTV India from February 25, 2017. The audition episodes were aired from 25 February 2017.The audition was done by the four aspiring gang leaders - Rannvijay Singh, Karan Kundra, Neha Dhupia and Prince Narula and cricketer Harbhajan Singh is to play a crucial part.[1] Later Nikhil Chinapa replaced Karan Kundra as gang leader after the auditions. Journey started on April 8, 2017 and Roadies Battleground was on April 7, 2017

Contestants:
Gang Ranvijay:
Shiv Thakre (Semi-Finalist)
Samar Sarkar (Eliminated 18th)
Samyuktha Hegde (Eliminated 16th)
Aggy Carvalho (Eliminated 11th; Sacrificed for Veerpal)
Veerpal Dhaliwal (Eliminated 5th ; Later replaced Aggy and came back ; Eliminated 13th)

Gang Neha:
Shweta Mehta (Winner)[2]
Mandeep Singh (Eliminated 6th ; Later replaced Rakhi and came back ; Semi-Finalist)
Shane Luke (Eliminated 15th)
Rakhi Lochab (Eliminated 9th)
Gurpreet Kaur (Eliminated 1st)

Gang Nikhil:
Priyank Sharma (Eliminated 17th ; Later came back based on ex-roadies votes ; Semi-Finalist)
Khushnuma Pathan (Eliminated 14th)
Rahul Gautam (Eliminated 12th)
Chiranjeevi (Eliminated 7th)
Prabhjot Kaur (Eliminated 4th)

Gang Prince:
Meenal Shah (Semi-Finalist)
Baseer Ali (Finalist)
Varun Verma (Eliminated 10th)
Jagriti Jha (Eliminated 8th)
Jibran Khan (Ousted)
Milan Verma (Eliminated 2nd)
Divya Oswal (Eliminated 3rd)
Sponsors[edit]
The title sponsor of MTV Roadies Rising is Renault and is powered by Vivo, Woodland Worldwide and Manforce. It is connected by Hike Messenger.93.5 Red FM Bajatey Raho! are Radio Partner.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.tellyplus.com/2017/07/leaked-this-contestant-will-win-roadies.html
Jump up ^ http://www.tellyplus.com/2017/07/leaked-this-contestant-will-win-roadies.html
3. [Roadies Rising Winner] - Roadies x5 Winner Declared
[hide]
v
t
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MTV Roadies
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Hosts
Cyrus Sahukar (season 1)
Rannvijay Singh (season 2-5)
Bani (season 6-7, 9-12)
Ayushmann Khurrana (season 6)
Siddharth (season 8)
Gaelyn Mendonca (season 13-present)
Judges & Featured Guests
Raghu Ram (season 1-11)
Rajiv Lakshman (season 6-9)
Nikhil Chinapa (season 3-5, 7, part of season 14)
Gulshan Grover (season 4)
Cyrus Sahukar (season 7)
Cyrus Broacha (season 7)
Rannvijay Singh (season 8-present)
Vijender Singh (season 9, 11)
Karan Kundra (season 12-part of season 14)
Esha Deol (season 12)
Neha Dhupia (season 13-present)
Sushil Kumar (part of season 13)
Prince Narula (part of season 13-present)
Winners
Rannvijay Singh
Ayushmann Khurrana
Parul Shahi
Anthony Yeh
Ashutosh Kaushik
Nauman Sait
Anwar Syed
Aanchal Khuranna
Vikas Khoker
Palak Johal
Nikhil Sachdeva
Prince Narula
Balraj Singh Khehra
Notable contestants
Shaleen Malhotra
Vishal Karwal
Renee Dhyani
Rannvijay Singh
Ashutosh Kaushik
Ayushmann Khurrana
Bani
Ayaz Ahmed
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MTV_Roadies_(season_15)&oldid=815197101"
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2017 Indian television seasons
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SS-100-X
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Picture of President Kennedy in the limousine in Dallas, Texas, on Main Street, minutes before the assassination. Also in the presidential limousine are Jackie Kennedy, Texas Governor John Connally, and his wife, Nellie.
SS-100-X was the U.S. Secret Service code name for the presidential limousine originally used by the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy. The limousine is the car in which Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy were passengers when the President was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963.
Following Kennedy's assassination, the car received significant armor plating and a bullet-proof hardtop and its navy blue exterior was painted black. It resumed its role as a presidential limousine for President Lyndon B. Johnson until 1967 and later remained in service until 1978, when it was sent to the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Specifications
2 Kennedy assassination
3 Post-assassination
4 Notes
5 See also
Specifications[edit]
The car on display in the Henry Ford Museum
SS-100-X was originally a standard 1961 Lincoln Continental four door convertible (model 74A) built by the Ford Motor Company and assembled at the Wixom, Michigan plant. It had a retail price of $7,347 (equivalent to $58,882, as of 2016[2]).
The car was moved to the Experimental Garage at the Ford Proving Grounds where an additional 41 inches was added between the front and rear doors and just beyond the rear doors.[citation needed] The car's frame was strengthened to accommodate the additional length and weight. It was painted a special navy blue color and taken to Hess & Eisenhardt of Cincinnati, Ohio, for reupholstering and further modifications to Secret Service specifications.[clarification needed] During the refit the car had no bulletproof or bullet-resistant additions added. The windshield remained the standard two-ply safety glass which could be easily replaced at any dealership.
It was first delivered to the White House on June 15, 1961 and measured 255 inches (6.5 m) long, had a wheelbase of 156 inches (4.0 m), was 78.6 inches (2.00 m) wide, and 57 inches (1.4 m) high. It weighed 7,800 pounds (3,500 kg), up 1,585 pounds (719 kg) from factory weight, and was powered by a hand-built 350-horsepower 430-cubic-inch (7,000 cm3) Ford MEL engine.
An open car, the Lincoln was equipped with an assortment of tops, including a snap-together bubble top, a black cover for the bubble, a formal rear top and a stainless steel forward section (none of which were bulletproof). It also featured two-way radio telephones[1] and retractable steps and grab-handles for Secret Service agents. No armor plate was added to the bodywork, but the undercarriage and all suspension components were strengthened. A hydraulically-lifted rear seat was fitted. At the time of the assassination, the Lincoln had been fitted with a 1962-model front clip (fenders, hood, grille and bumper assemblies).
It had a special short-turn radius, 61.9 feet (18.9 m), compared to 64 feet (20 m) on the 1950 Eisenhower "bubbletop" which had been its predecessor. Total cost of modifications was approximately $200,000 (equivalent to $3.74 million in 2016[3]). The limousine was registered to the Ford Motor Company and was leased to the Secret Service for a nominal fee of $500 per year (equivalent to $4,007 in 2016[2]).[4]
The limousine carried the District of Columbia license plate GG 300. In November 2015, the license plates were sold at auction for $100,000.[5]
Kennedy assassination[edit]
JFK, Jackie, and the Connallys in the presidential limousine.
On November 21, 1963 SS-100-X was loaded onto a Fairchild C-123 Provider piloted by Captain Thomason of the 76th Air Transport Squadron and flown to San Antonio and then onto Dallas Love Field where it was stored in an underground car park.
Following the shooting of President Kennedy and Governor Connally at approximately 12.30 pm, SS-100-X was driven to Parkland Memorial Hospital. The Plexiglas bubble top and cloth cover were then attached. Later that afternoon at 3.30 pm CST the limousine was taken to Love Field and boarded on a C-130 and flown to Andrews Air Force Base, Washington DC, landing at 8 pm EST. After arrival at Andrews AFB, the limo was delivered to the White House garage. The Secret Service and later the FBI took photos of the limo's interior and searched it for evidence before it was thoroughly cleaned and valeted.
Post-assassination[edit]
In late December 1963, the car was sent back to Hess & Eisenhardt to be modified further, and was rebuilt from the ground up. For protection, the Lincoln received titanium armor plating, bullet-resistant glass and a bulletproof permanent roof. Solid aluminium rims were also fitted inside the tires to make them flat-proof. It remained in service for an additional eight years, logging 50,000 miles on the ground and over one million miles being flown to and from its destinations. The vehicle was equipped with Presidential lap robes and mouton carpeting and a complete communications system including radio patch to the White House. It was replaced in 1967 and remained in service doing less important duties until 1978, when it was retired to the Henry Ford Museum. Finished originally in navy blue, the car was repainted black after the assassination, then repainted again[clarification needed] after each assignment.[6]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Kennedy Presidential Limousine". The Henry Ford. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ United States nominal Gross Domestic Product per capita figures follow the Measuring Worth series supplied in Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2017). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved July 28, 2017. These are the figures as of 2016.
Jump up ^ "SS-100-X Lincoln became part of history with JFK tragedy". www.oldcarsweekly.com. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "JFK licence plates sell for $100,000 at auction". BBC. November 8, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-18/living/aa.obama.limo_1_jfk-protective-aol-autos/2?_s=PM:LIVING
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to SS-100-X (presidential limousine).
Presidential State Car (United States)
Sunshine Special (automobile)
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← Dwight D. Eisenhower
Lyndon B. Johnson →
Category
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Assassination of John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-100-X&oldid=811310186"
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