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List of roller coaster rankings
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Formula Rossa, the fastest roller coaster in the world
Roller coasters are amusement rides developed for amusement parks and modern theme parks. During the 16th and 17th centuries, rides consisting of wooden sleds that took riders down large slides made from ice were popular in Russia. The first roller coasters, where the train was attached to a wooden track, first appeared in France in the early 1800s.[1] Although wooden roller coasters are still being produced, steel roller coasters are more common and can be found on every continent except Antarctica.[2]
Ranked by height, speed, length, inversions, and steepness, roller coasters are also rated through public opinion polls. Amusement parks often compete to build the tallest, fastest, and longest rides to attract thrill seekers and boost overall park attendance.[3] However, many records do not usually last long. When Magnum XL-200 opened in 1989, it began a new era of roller coasters and increased competition among parks to set new world records. The Magnum XL–200 was the first complete-circuit roller coaster built over 200 feet (61 m).[4][5] Other notable roller coasters include Formula Rossa which reaches a top speed of 149 miles per hour (240 km/h),[6] Kingda Ka which stands at 456 feet (139 m) tall,[7] and Steel Dragon 2000 which measures 8,133 feet (2,479 m) in length.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 Height rankings
2.1 Tallest steel roller coasters
2.2 Longest steel roller coaster drops
2.3 Tallest wooden roller coasters
2.4 Longest wooden roller coaster drops
3 Speed rankings
3.1 Fastest steel roller coasters
3.2 Fastest wooden roller coasters
4 Length rankings
4.1 Longest steel roller coasters
4.2 Longest wooden roller coasters
5 Inversion rankings
5.1 Steel roller coasters
5.2 Wooden roller coasters
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Key[edit]
Key
Key
Meaning
1
Record holder
**
Under construction
*
Still exists but not operating
Height rankings[edit]
Tallest steel roller coasters[edit]
Kingda Ka, the tallest roller coaster in the world
Tallest steel roller coasters
Rank
Name
Park
Country
Height
Manufacturer
Record held
1 Kingda Ka Six Flags Great Adventure United States 456 ft (139 m) Intamin May 2005 – Present
2 Top Thrill Dragster Cedar Point United States 420 ft (130 m) Intamin May 2003 – May 2005
3 Superman: Escape from Krypton[note 1] Six Flags Magic Mountain United States 415 ft (126 m) Intamin March 1997 – May 2003
4 Tower of Terror II[note 1] Dreamworld Australia 377 ft (115 m) Intamin January 1997 – March 1997
5 Red Force Ferrari Land Spain 367.4 ft (112.0 m) Intamin N/A
6 Fury 325 Carowinds United States 325 ft (99 m) Bolliger & Mabillard N/A
7 Steel Dragon 2000 Nagashima Spa Land Japan 318.3 ft (97.0 m) D. H. Morgan Manufacturing N/A
8 Millennium Force Cedar Point United States 310 ft (94 m) Intamin N/A
9 Leviathan Canada's Wonderland Canada 306 ft (93 m) Bolliger & Mabillard N/A
10 Intimidator 305 Kings Dominion United States 305 ft (93 m) Intamin N/A
Source:[9]
Longest steel roller coaster drops[edit]
Longest steel roller coaster drops
Rank
Name
Park
Country
Drop length
Manufacturer
Record held
1 Kingda Ka Six Flags Great Adventure United States 418 ft (127 m) Intamin May 2005 – present
2 Top Thrill Dragster Cedar Point United States 400 ft (120 m) Intamin May 2003 – May 2005
3 Superman: Escape from Krypton[note 1] Six Flags Magic Mountain United States 328.1 ft (100.0 m) Intamin March 1997 – May 2003
Tower of Terror II[note 1] Dreamworld Australia 328.1 ft (100.0 m) Intamin January 1997 – May 2003
5 Fury 325 Carowinds United States 320 ft (98 m) Bolliger & Mabillard N/A
6 Steel Dragon 2000 Nagashima Spa Land Japan 306.8 ft (93.5 m) D. H. Morgan Manufacturing N/A
7 Leviathan Canada's Wonderland Canada 306 ft (93 m) Bolliger & Mabillard N/A
8 Intimidator 305 Kings Dominion United States 300 ft (91 m) Intamin N/A
Millennium Force Cedar Point United States 300 ft (91 m) Intamin N/A
** Hyperion Energylandia Poland 265.8 ft (81.0 m) Intamin N/A
10 Coaster Through the Clouds Nanchang Wanda Park China 255.9 ft (78.0 m) Intamin N/A
Shambhala: Expedición al Himalaya PortAventura Spain 255.9 ft (78.0 m) Bolliger & Mabillard N/A
Sources:[10]
Tallest wooden roller coasters[edit]
Colossos, the tallest wooden roller coaster in the world
Mean Streak opened as the tallest wooden roller coaster in the world in 1991.
Tallest wooden roller coasters[note 2][note 3]
Rank
Name
Park
Country
Height
Manufacturer
Record held
* Colossos Heide Park Germany 196.8 ft (60.0 m) Intamin June 2009 – July 2016
1 Wildfire Kolmården Wildlife Park Sweden 183.8 ft (56.0 m) Rocky Mountain Construction July 2016 – present
T Express Everland South Korea 183.8 ft (56.0 m) Intamin July 2016 – present
3 El Toro Six Flags Great Adventure United States 181 ft (55 m) Intamin N/A
4 Goliath Six Flags Great America United States 165 ft (50 m) Rocky Mountain Construction N/A
* Mean Streak Cedar Point United States 161 ft (49 m) Dinn Corporation May 1991 – March 1992
5 The Voyage Holiday World & Splashin' Safari United States 159 ft (48 m) The Gravity Group N/A
6 White Cyclone Nagashima Spa Land Japan 139 ft (42 m) Intamin N/A
7 Hades 360 Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park United States 136 ft (41 m) The Gravity Group N/A
8 Wodan Timbur Coaster Europa-Park Germany 131.3 ft (40.0 m) Great Coasters International N/A
9 Le Monstre La Ronde Canada 130.9 ft (39.9 m) William Cobb & Associates N/A
10 American Eagle Six Flags Great America United States 127 ft (39 m) Intamin N/A
Source:[13]
Longest wooden roller coaster drops[edit]
Longest wooden roller coaster drops[note 3]
Rank
Name
Park
Country
Drop length
Manufacturer
Record held
1 Goliath Six Flags Great America United States 180 ft (55 m) Rocky Mountain Construction June 2014 – Present
2 El Toro Six Flags Great Adventure United States 176 ft (54 m) Intamin June 2009 – June 2014
3 Lightning Rod Dollywood United States 165 ft (50 m) Rocky Mountain Construction N/A
4 Outlaw Run Silver Dollar City United States 162 ft (49 m) Rocky Mountain Construction N/A
5 Wildfire Kolmården Wildlife Park Sweden 160.8 ft (49.0 m) Rocky Mountain Construction N/A
* Colossos Heide Park Germany 159.1 ft (48.5 m) Intamin N/A
* Mean Streak Cedar Point United States 155 ft (47 m) Dinn Corporation May 1991 – May 2000
6 The Voyage Holiday World & Splashin' Safari United States 154 ft (47 m) The Gravity Group N/A
7 T Express Everland South Korea 150.9 ft (46.0 m) Intamin N/A
8 The Boss Six Flags St. Louis United States 150 ft (46 m) Custom Coasters International N/A
9 American Eagle Six Flags Great America United States 147 ft (45 m) Intamin May 1981 – May 1991
10 The Beast Kings Island United States 141 ft (43 m) Charles Dinn / Al Collins April 1979 – May 1981
Source:[14]
Speed rankings[edit]
Fastest steel roller coasters[edit]
In 1997, Tower of Terror became the fastest roller coaster in the world and the first to reach 100 mph (160 km/h).
Fastest steel roller coasters
Rank
Name
Park
Country
Speed
Manufacturer
Record held
1 Formula Rossa Ferrari World United Arab Emirates 149 mph (240 km/h) Intamin November 2010 – present
2 Kingda Ka Six Flags Great Adventure United States 128 mph (206 km/h) Intamin May 2005 – November 2010
3 Top Thrill Dragster Cedar Point United States 120 mph (190 km/h) Intamin May 2003 – May 2005
4 Do-Dodonpa Fuji-Q Highland Japan 112 mph (180 km/h) S&S Worldwide December 2001 – May 2003
Red Force Ferrari Land Spain 112 mph (180 km/h) Intamin N/A
6 Superman: Escape from Krypton[note 1] Six Flags Magic Mountain United States 100 mph (160 km/h) Intamin March 1997 – December 2001
Tower of Terror II[note 1] Dreamworld Australia 100 mph (160 km/h) Intamin January 1997 – December 2001
* ring°racer Nürburgring Germany 99.4 mph (160.0 km/h) S&S Worldwide N/A
8 Steel Dragon 2000 Nagashima Spa Land Japan 95 mph (153 km/h) D. H. Morgan Manufacturing N/A
Fury 325 Carowinds United States 95 mph (153 km/h) Bolliger & Mabillard N/A
10 Millennium Force Cedar Point United States 93 mph (150 km/h) Intamin N/A
Source:[15]
Fastest wooden roller coasters[edit]
El Toro, formerly the fastest wooden roller coaster in the world
American Eagle opened as the fastest wooden roller coaster in the world in 1981.
Fastest wooden roller coasters[note 3]
Rank
Name
Park
Country
Speed
Manufacturer
Record held
1 Lightning Rod Dollywood United States 73 mph (117 km/h) Rocky Mountain Construction June 2016 – present
2 Goliath Six Flags Great America United States 72 mph (116 km/h) Rocky Mountain Construction June 2014 – June 2016
3 Wildfire Kolmården Wildlife Park Sweden 70.2 mph (113.0 km/h) Rocky Mountain Construction N/A
4 El Toro Six Flags Great Adventure United States 70 mph (110 km/h) Intamin June 2009 – June 2014
* Colossos Heide Park Germany 68.4 mph (110.1 km/h) Intamin N/A
5 Outlaw Run Silver Dollar City United States 68 mph (109 km/h) Rocky Mountain Construction N/A
6 The Voyage Holiday World & Splashin' Safari United States 67.4 mph (108.5 km/h) The Gravity Group N/A
7 The Boss Six Flags St. Louis United States 66.3 mph (106.7 km/h) Custom Coasters International April 2000 – May 2000
8 American Eagle Six Flags Great America United States 66 mph (106 km/h) Intamin May 1981 – April 2000
* Mean Streak Cedar Point United States 65 mph (105 km/h) Dinn Corporation N/A
9 The Beast Kings Island United States 64.8 mph (104.3 km/h) Charles Dinn / Al Collins April 1979 – May 1981
10 T Express Everland South Korea 64.6 mph (104.0 km/h) Intamin N/A
Source:[16]
Length rankings[edit]
Longest steel roller coasters[edit]
Steel Dragon 2000, the longest roller coaster in the world
California Screamin', the seventh-longest steel roller coaster in the world
Longest steel roller coasters
Rank
Name
Park
Country
Length
Manufacturer
Record held
1 Steel Dragon 2000 Nagashima Spa Land Japan 8,133 ft (2,479 m) D. H. Morgan Manufacturing August 2000 – present
2 The Ultimate Lightwater Valley United Kingdom 7,442 ft (2,268 m) British Rail July 1991 – August 2000
3 Fujiyama Fuji-Q Highland Japan 6,709 ft (2,045 m) TOGO N/A
4 Fury 325 Carowinds United States 6,602 ft (2,012 m) Bolliger & Mabillard N/A
5 Millennium Force Cedar Point United States 6,595 ft (2,010 m) Intamin N/A
6 Formula Rossa Ferrari World United Arab Emirates 6,562 ft (2,000 m) Intamin N/A
7 California Screamin' Disney California Adventure United States 6,072 ft (1,851 m) Intamin N/A
* Vertigorama Parque de la Ciudad Argentina 5,958 ft (1,816 m) Intamin
8 Desperado Buffalo Bill's United States 5,843 ft (1,781 m) Arrow Dynamics N/A
** Steel Vengeance Cedar Point United States 5,740 ft (1,750 m) Rocky Mountain Construction N/A
9 Mamba Worlds of Fun United States 5,600 ft (1,700 m) D. H. Morgan Manufacturing N/A
Steel Force Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom United States 5,600 ft (1,700 m) D. H. Morgan Manufacturing N/A
Source:[17]
Longest wooden roller coasters[edit]
Longest wooden roller coasters
Rank
Name
Park
Country
Length
Manufacturer
Record held
1 The Beast Kings Island United States 7,359 ft (2,243 m) Charles Dinn / Al Collins April 1979 – present
2 The Voyage Holiday World & Splashin' Safari United States 6,442 ft (1,964 m) The Gravity Group N/A
3 White Cyclone Nagashima Spa Land Japan 5,577 ft (1,700 m) Intamin N/A
4 T Express Everland South Korea 5,383.8 ft (1,641.0 m) Intamin N/A
5 Shivering Timbers Michigan's Adventure United States 5,383 ft (1,641 m) Custom Coasters International N/A
6 Jupiter Kijima Amusement Park Japan 5,249 ft (1,600 m) Intamin N/A
7 Python in Bamboo Forest Nanchang Wanda Park China 5,111 ft (1,558 m) Great Coasters International N/A
8 The Boss Six Flags St. Louis United States 5,051 ft (1,540 m) Custom Coasters International N/A
9 Wood Coaster Knight Valley China 4,817 ft (1,468 m) Great Coasters International N/A
10 Hades 360 Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park United States 4,746 ft (1,447 m) The Gravity Group N/A
Source:[18]
Inversion rankings[edit]
This listing contains all types of roller coaster inversions.
Steel roller coasters[edit]
Most inversions on a steel roller coaster
Rank
Name
Park
Country
Inversions
Manufacturer
Record held
1 The Smiler Alton Towers United Kingdom 14 Gerstlauer May 2013 – Present
2 10 Inversion Roller Coaster Chime-Long Paradise China 10 Intamin February 2006 – May 2013
Altair Cinecittà World Italy 10 Intamin N/A
Colossus Thorpe Park United Kingdom 10 Intamin March 2002 – May 2013
Crazy Coaster Locajoy Holiday China 10 Intamin N/A
** unknown Hopi Hari Brazil 10 Intamin
** unknown Movie Animation Park Studios Malaysia 10 Intamin
** unknown Wonder Island Russia 10 Intamin
** unknown Ankapark Turkey 10 Intamin
6 Avalancha Xetulul Guatemala 8 Intamin N/A
Dragon Khan PortAventura Park Spain 8 Bolliger & Mabillard May 1995 – March 2002
Flight of the Phoenix Harborland China 8 Intamin N/A
** unknown Mirabilandia Brazil 8 Intamin
Sources:[19]
Wooden roller coasters[edit]
Most inversions on a wooden roller coaster[note 3]
Rank
Name
Park
Country
Inversions
Manufacturer
Record held
1 Outlaw Run Silver Dollar City United States 3 Rocky Mountain Construction March 2013 – present
Wildfire Kolmården Sweden 3 Rocky Mountain Construction June 2016 – present
3 Goliath Six Flags Great America United States 2 Rocky Mountain Construction N/A
4 Hades 360 Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park United States 1 The Gravity Group N/A
Jungle Trailblazer Oriental Heritage, Ningbo China 1 The Gravity Group N/A
Jungle Trailblazer Oriental Heritage, Wuhu China 1 The Gravity Group N/A
Jungle Trailblazer Oriental Heritage, Jinan China 1 The Gravity Group N/A
Mine Blower Fun Spot America: Kissimmee United States 1 The Gravity Group N/A
Source:[20]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f A shuttle roller coaster, not complete-circuit
Jump up ^ Record was held by The Rattler from March 1992 – May 2000. Its height was 179 feet (55 m).[11]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Record was held by Son of Beast from May 2000 – June 2009. Its height was 218 feet (66 m), its drop distance was 214 feet (65 m) and its speed was 78 miles per hour (126 km/h).[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Harris, Tom. "How Roller Coasters Work". Discovery Communications. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster Census Report". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Martín, Hugo (March 13, 2012). "Thrill ride designers compete to push the limits". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "It's opening weekend for Cedar Point". Associated Press. May 15, 2009. Archived from the original on May 18, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Magnum XL–200 20th anniversary ceremony". PointBuzz. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Formula Rossa (Ferrari World Abu Dhabi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Kingda Ka (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Steel Dragon 2000 (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Steel Record Holders – Height". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Steel Record Holders – Drop". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Iron Rattler (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Son of Beast (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Wood Record Holders – Height". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Wood Record Holders – Drop". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Record Holders – Steel – Speed". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Wood Record Holders – Speed". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Record Holders – Steel – Length". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Wood Record Holders – Length". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Steel Record Holders – Most Inversions". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marden, Duane. "Wood Record Holders – Most Inversions". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
External links[edit]
Amusement parks portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roller coasters.
Roller coaster census at the Roller Coaster DataBase
Top 100 roller coasters on CoasterBuzz
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Tada Never Falls in Love
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Tada Never Falls in Love
Key visual
多田くんは恋をしない
(Tada-kun wa Koi wo Shinai)
Genre
Romantic comedy[1]
Anime television series
Directed by
Mitsue Yamazaki
Written by
Yoshiko Nakamura
Music by
Yukari Hashimoto
Studio
Doga Kobo
Licensed by
NA
Sentai Filmworks
Original network
AT-X, Tokyo MX, TV Aichi, KBS Kyoto, Sun TV, TVQ, BS11
Original run
April 5, 2018 – June 28, 2018
Episodes
13 (List of episodes)
Anime and Manga portal
Tada Never Falls in Love (Japanese: 多田くんは恋をしない, Hepburn: Tada-kun wa Koi wo Shinai) is a Japanese romantic comedy anime television series produced by Doga Kobo. It aired from April 5[2][3][4] to June 28, 2018. The series is licensed in North America by Sentai Filmworks.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characters
3 Production and development
4 Episodes
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
The story follows Mitsuyoshi Tada, a boy who has never known love. He is taking pictures of the cherry blossoms in full bloom when he meets Teresa Wagner, a transfer student from a fictional European country called Larsenburg (ラルセンブルク, Rarusenburuku). It seems that she separated from her travel companion upon arriving in Japan. Tada helps her and brings her to his grandfather's coffee shop. Teresa's travel companion and bodyguard Alec arrives and beats up Kaoru misunderstanding him as chasing after Teresa. They discover that the hotel they're supposed to be staying in is actually next to Tada's cafe. The next day, they enroll in Tada's school and are in the same class. Alec agrees on joining the Photography Club on Teresa's request that she also wants to take great pictures. Mitsuyoshi is actually an aspiring photographer and wants to become like his father, who was a famous photographer. Mitsuyoshi lost his parents in a car accident during their childhood. The one last photo his father took and the camera were the only things that came back. The story focuses on the adventures of Tada and his friends and their building relationships.
Characters[edit]
Mitsuyoshi Tada (多田 光良, Tada Mitsuyoshi)
Voiced by: Yūichi Nakamura[1]
A high-school boy and a member of his school's Photography Club, he aspires to become a photographer like his father. He has an encounter with Teresa whilst taking photos of the cherry blossoms in full bloom. He seems to be stoic and level-headed. One such incident is when he drank from Teresa's cup without hesitation that she offered him to taste the chocolate coffee. He runs a cafe with his grandfather and his sister Yui. He lost his parents in an accident during his childhood. He is diligent in photography. He thinks that he has seen Teresa's eyes somewhere in the past. As suggested by the title, he is not involved in romantic interactions and is straightforward in his way of thinking. He has black hair and black eyes. He has a fear of heights though he says that he just doesn't like riding on airplanes.
Teresa Wagner (テレサ・ワーグナー, Teresa Wāgunā) / Teresa de Larsenburg (テレサ・ド・ラルセンブルク, Teresa do Rarusenburuku)
Voiced by: Manaka Iwami[1]
The Princess of Larsenburg and the heir to the Queen's throne, she came overseas to Japan as an exchange student and has an encounter with Mitsuyoshi while traveling and ends up in his school. She's a vivid fan of the fictional TV series Rainbow Shogun. She's an energetic but also an airheaded girl. She lives in Grand Palace Ginza, a hotel next to Mitsuyoshi's Cafe with her bodyguard Alec. No one knows about her being the heir to the Queen's throne in Japan. During her introduction to the Tada family, she slipped a syllable utterring her name as "Teresa du-" before correcting herself and saying "Teresa Wagner". For a member of the royal family, she's realistic in her expectations and does not show any arrogance. She has a heartwarming smile as shown in anime. She has blonde hair and green eyes. Charles is her fiance. She tells Alec that she hasn't forgotten her responsibility towards Larsenburg and that she will soon become queen and also marry Charles after she returns to her homeland. She, however, admits to have fallen in love with Tada. She gets confused and weeps when she can not control her actions of affection towards Tada as this contradicts with her responsibility towards her country.
Kaoru Ijūin (伊集院 薫, Ijūin Kaoru)
Voiced by: Mamoru Miyano[1]
Mitsuyoshi's close friend, classmate and fellow Photography Club member. He's a popular boy amongst girls and a narcissist who cannot resist the urge of photographing himself and show-off with girls. He has a fear of Alec after she beats him believing that he was chasing after Teresa. His family owns an old Japanese-style restaurant, which has allowed him to hone his cooking skill to the point where he is able to cook an entire feast for his friends.
Alexandra Magritte (アレクサンドラ・マグリット, Arekusandora Maguritto)
Voiced by: Shino Shimoji[1]
Alexandra, or Alec, is Teresa's caretaker, assistant, and bodyguard who also attends school along with Teresa and has been in contact with her since childhood. She's fiercely protective of Teresa regarding the activities she does and the people she interacts with. Although, she has a weakness when Teresa asks her for something. She is constantly at war with Kaoru for his flirtatious ways of interacting with Teresa. She has red hair.
Hajime Sugimoto (杉本 一, Sugimoto Hajime)
Voiced by: Yūichirō Umehara[1], Tomokazu Sugita[6][a]
The President of the Photography Club, he has a personal liking towards girls and desires to photograph them in the nude beyond anything else. He seems to be close with Hinako as the two know each other and also bicker frequently. He's a deep admirer of gravure idol Hina, and has a vast collection of her merchandise, but is unaware that Hina is actually Hinako. He is shown to be a pervert. He is called Pin-senpai by the club members.
Hinako Hasegawa (長谷川 日向子, Hasegawa Hinako)
Voiced by: Shizuka Ishigami[1]
The Class President of Mitsuyoshi's class, she is also a member of the Photography Club although she's mostly a stand-in so the club is not closed down. She seems close to Hajime as she addresses him casually although the two bicker frequently. She's a diligent girl but is secretly the gravure idol Hina, whom Hajime deeply admires, a fact he's oblivious to. Her identity as Hina is known only to Alec and Teresa, while Charles also seems to be suspiciously thinking the same as well.
Kentarō Yamashita (山下 研太郎, Yamashita Kentarō)
Voiced by: Hiro Shimono[1]
A first year in Mitsuyoshi's school, he's nicknamed Yamashita Dog because he always responds to Mitsuyoshi's finger-whistling. He also behaves very much like a dog. He likes the neighbourhood beauty salon owner, though she only sees him as a little brother.
Yui Tada (多田 ゆい, Tada Yui)
Voiced by: Inori Minase[1]
Mitsuyoshi's younger sister who attends their family Cafe. She has a crush on Yamashita.
Charles de Loire (シャルル・ド・ロワール, Sharuru do Rowāru)
Voiced by: Takahiro Sakurai[7]
A handsome young man with blonde hair. He is a descendant of French nobility. He has been in contact with Teresa since they were children. In Episode 6, he is revealed to be Teresa's fiance, a fact unknown to everyone except Teresa, Alec and Charles himself. He is introduced to the Photography Club members as Teresa's childhood friend and gets in good terms with everyone by hitting right at their sweet spots. He is destined to become King of Larsenburg by marrying Teresa. Presently, he is a university student and also manages certain companies. During a discussion with Mitsuyoshi and Kaoru, he admits to have fallen in love once while gazing at Teresa.
Nyanko Big (ニャンコビッグ, Nyankobiggu)
Voiced by: Ari Ozawa / Akio Ōtsuka (voice in his heart)
A stray cat Mitsuyoshi found and adopted 10 years ago in the current storyline. He is proud of Mitsuyoshi as he has looked over him growing up and striving towards his dream to be a photographer. He has a great dislike for Kaoru. He has his own blog where Mitsuyoshi posts photos writes about his daily encounters with Kaoru. In Episode 3, he is smitten by Cherry, the neighbourhood beauty salon cat.
Production and development[edit]
The 13-episode original anime television series by Doga Kobo aired from April 5[8][9] to June 28, 2018. The series is directed by Mitsue Yamazaki, with series composition by Yoshiko Nakamura, character designs by Junichiro Taniguchi and music by Yukari Hashimoto. The opening theme is Otomodachi firumu (オトモダチフィルム, "Otomodachi Film") performed by Masayoshi Ōishi, and the ending theme is a cover of the Sambomaster song rabu songu (ラブソング, "Love Song") performed by Manaka Iwami as her character Teresa Wagner. Sentai Filmworks has licensed the series and streamed it on HIDIVE.[5]
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title[10][b]
Original air date[11]
1
"I Can't Just Leave You"
"Hottokenaidaro" (ほっとけないだろ) April 5, 2018
Mitsuyoshi encounters Teresa while he is snapping photos of the trees. She asks him to snap a photo of her. Her camera's battery is unfortunately dead. She explains to him how she was separated from her travelmate Alec and is all by herself now with no luggage. He offers to insert her memory card into his camera and take her picture. She excitedly forgets about retrieving her memory card from Mitsuyoshi. They meet again after a short time. Mitsuyoshi giver her memory card back. Teresa takes refuge under an extending roof when it begins to rain. Unfortunately, a part of the tin roof collapses drenching her. She, however, saves a cat from getting wet. Mitsuyoshi encounters her again and invites her to his family's restaurant. After she is dry and comfortable with Yui's clothes on, she calls Alec who arrives all worried and sees Kaoru flirting with Teresa. Sensing an impending danger, she attacks Kaoru but apologizes later after understanding the situation.
The next day, two new students are introduced to Mitsuyoshi's class. They turn out to be Teresa and Alec.
2
"Well, She's Not Wrong"
"Mā, Machigatcha Inai" (まあ、間違っちゃいない) April 12, 2018
3
"You Love That"
"Sore, Sukida nā" (それ、好きだなあ) April 19, 2018
4
"I'll Pretend I Didn't See This..."
"Mina katta koto ni shiyō......" (見なかったことにしよう......) April 26, 2018
Hajime Sugimoto gets a chance to personally meet his favorite idol Hina. He is excited about the rare opportunity but chickens out when he thinks about what to say to her. He asks for someone to act as Hina so that he can practice his lines. Everyone declines except Mitsuyoshi, who cannot be thought of as Hina. Finally, Hinako agrees to help him. He struggles to express his thoughts as even pretending that Hina is in front of her causes him to chicken out. He writes down his thoughts about her but when it comes to speaking, he still can not make it. Hinako advises him to write down the character for "person" and swallow it when he feels nervous.
Alec deduces that Hinako is actually Hina and confirms it by casually asking her of how she'd appear in two places at once during the meet. Hinako explains her story to Teresa and Alec at their apartment about how she was initially hired as a substitute for a model but slowly became involved in modelling after gaining a lot of popularity. She thought that she could overcome her shyness by modelling.
During the day of the meet, Hajime dresses to impress. He has a weird sense of fashion and ends up wearing a bit too hippy and outrageous clothes. Mitsuyoshi exchanges his clothes with him after losing a rock-paper-scissor contest between the guys to decide who will exchange clothes with Hajime. In front of Hina, Hajime still struggles to speak of his feelings. Hina reminds him to do 'that thing' if he is feeling nervous. Hajime recomposes himself but his time is out and the attendees tells him to leave. He forcefully escapes and finally speaks to her. Hajime later calls Hinako and thanks her for her precious advice. When returning home, he gets in trouble with the law due to his outrageous clothes.
5
"It's Okay. They Don't Exist"
"Daijōbu da. Inai kara" (大丈夫だ。いないから) May 3, 2018
Mitsuyoshi's friend Kaoru Ijūin hosts the Yearly Kaoru Ijūin Show in Tada's Coffee Shop where he treats everyone whatever they like. Despite showing annoyance at Kaoru's over-confidence at first, Alec compliments him after eating his food. Later they go to a public bath where Hajime hits his head and passes-out. When going their own ways, Mitsuyoshi thanks Kaoru for the day and he replies by stating that he will do the Yearly Kaoru Ijūin Show even if Mitsuyoshi tells him to stop, and that it is by his own wish that he's doing this and not for him. Mitsuyoshi's sister Yui reveals to Teresa and Alec that it is the day when they lost their parents - their death anniversary. After Mitsuyoshi lost his parents in an accident, Kaoru tried to befriend him and told him that he can talk to him if he feels the need to get anything off his chest. Initially, Mitsuyoshi thought Kaoru was weird but later realized that it was his own way of cheering him up and offering support. The next year during their parents' first death anniversary, Kaoru came to Tada's Cafe and declared the Kaoru Ijūin Show, and he has been doing it yearly ever since.
In the aftermath, Charles comes to Japan and gifts Teresa a bouquet, addressing her as "Princess".
6
"I'm Not a Rain-bringer"
"Ame Otoko, Janai zo" (雨男、じゃないぞ) May 10, 2018
7
"It's Better Than Crying"
"Nakareru yori wa īdaro" (泣かれるよりはいいだろ) May 17, 2018
8
"Did You Say You Were a Rain-bringer?"
"Ame Onna dattakke?" (雨女だったっけ？) May 24, 2018
9
"I Don't Have One Now..."
"Ima wa, mō, nai......" (今は、もう、ない......) May 31, 2018
10
"It Isn't the Real One"
"Honmono, Janai yo na" (本物、じゃないよな) June 7, 2018
Mitsuyoshi and Teresa spend their day together. The next day at school, much to the surprise of everyone, they hear that Teresa and Alec have left Japan and returned to their homeland.
11
"Not Really"
"Tokuni wa Nani mo" (特には何も) June 14, 2018
Months pass by and the school semester comes to an end. Mitsuyoshi realizes his love for Teresa. He decides to fly to Larsenburg, despite being agoraphobic. Kaoru, his grandfather, his sister and his friends offer their full support.
12
"Sorry for Surprising You..."
"......Totsuzen, Gomen" (……突然、ごめん) June 21, 2018
Mitsuyoshi flies to Larsenburg to confess to Teresa, still unaware of the fact that she is a Princess. Charles insists that Teresa tell Mitsuyoshi everything truthfully. After knowing the truth, Mitsuyoshi leaves heartbroken and Teresa's condition also isn't too good. She tells Alec to leave her alone for a while and cries in her bed as Mitsuyoshi walks away. Kaoru finally finds him with tears flowing down his face and is shocked at the rare sight. Nothing went as expected by him.
13
"I'll Never Forget It, Either"
"Ore mo, Isshō, Wasurenai" (俺も、一生、忘れない) June 28, 2018
After being confronted by Kaoru, Mitsuyoshi decides to go to the engagement ceremony--after all, Rachel gave him an invitation. Mitsuyoshi did talk to Teresa afterward, and they reveal each other's feelings. Charles saw this one coming as he invites Alec to the outdoor terrace. A few weeks passed and Hajime graduates, with Mitsuyoshi becoming the new president of the photography club; while back in Larsenburg, as Rachel is revealed to be the writer behind "Sunflower Express,' news of Charles breaking off his engagement to Teresa makes headline news. He is spotted drinking coffee in some outdoor cafe with Alec, saying he broke the engagement because he wasn't keen on the engagement at first anyway, and that he needs to play around some more. As Mitsuyoshi takes photos of a cherry blossom tree, rain starts to fall. When he rushes to take shelter, Teresa shades him with her umbrella out of nowhere, much to Mitsuyoshi's surprise, and declares her definite love for him. The two then share a kiss under the cherry blossom tree as the rain clears.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Due to Yūichirō Umehara's illness, from the 11th episode onwards Tomokazu Sugita voices the character.
Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from HIDIVE.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Monthly Girls' Nozaki-kun Staff's Original Tada-kun wa Koi o Shinai Anime Reveals Cast, Story". Anime News Network. November 2, 2017. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Monthly Girls' Nozaki-kun Staff Makes 2018 Original Romance TV Anime Tada-kun wa Koi wo Shinai". Anime News Network. September 30, 2017. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Original Tada-kun wa Koi wo Shinai Anime Reveals New Visual". Anime News Network. December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tada-kun wa Koi wo Shinai Reveals New Visual, Website Updates, and Broadcast Time". MANGA.TOKYO. March 1, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sentai Filmworks Licenses Tada Never Falls In Love Anime (Update)". Anime News Network. March 29, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Tada Never Falls in Love Anime Replaces Yuichiro Umehara With Tomokazu Sugita". Anime News Network. June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Tada Never Falls in Love Introduces new Charming Character for Episode 3". MANGA.TOKYO. April 13, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pineda, Rafael Antonio (April 6, 2018). "Tada Never Falls in Love Anime Listed With 12 Episodes". Anime News Network. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Blu-ray&DVD" (in Japanese). Tadakoi Partners. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "ストーリー" (in Japanese). Retrieved April 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "放送情報" (in Japanese). Tokyo MX. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
External links[edit]
Anime official website (in Japanese)
Tada Never Falls in Love (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
show
v
t
e
Works by Doga Kobo
Television series
Myself ; Yourself (2007)
Yakushiji Ryōko no Kaiki Jikenbo (2008)
Koihime Musō (2008)
Shin Koihime Musō (2009)
11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Shōjo (2009)
Shin Koihime Musō: Otome Tairan (2010)
Hoshizora e Kakaru Hashi (2011)
YuruYuri (2011)
YuruYuri♪♪ (2012)
Natsuyuki Rendezvous (2012)
Mangirl! (2013)
GJ-bu (2013)
Majestic Prince (2013)
Love Lab (2013)
Devils and Realist (2013)
Lovely Movie: Lovely Muuuuuuuco! (2013)
Engaged to the Unidentified (2014)
Lovely Movie: Lovely Muuuuuuuco! Season 2 (2014)
Monthly Girls' Nozaki-kun (2014)
Laughing Under the Clouds (2014)
Plastic Memories (2015)
Mikagura School Suite (2015)
Himouto! Umaru-chan (2015)
Aria the Scarlet Ammo AA (2015)
Luck & Logic (2016)
Three Leaves, Three Colors (2016)
New Game! (2016)
Touken Ranbu: Hanamaru (2016)
Gabriel DropOut (2017)
Hina Logi ~from Luck & Logic~ (2017)
New Game!! (2017)
Himouto! Umaru-chan R (2017)
Zoku Touken Ranbu: Hanamaru (2018)
Tada Never Falls in Love (2018)
Uchi no Maid ga Uzasugiru! (2018)
Watashi ni Tenshi ga Maiorita! (TBA)
Films
A Certain Captain's Life (2005)
Touken Ranbu: Hanamaru ~Makuai Kaisōroku~ (2017)
OVAs/ONAs
Space Family Carlvinson (1988)
Memories Off #5: The Interrupted Film (2006)
Hoshizora e Kakaru Hashi (2011)
Engaged to the Unidentified (2014)
GJ-bu (2014)
Monthly Girls' Nozaki-kun (2014–2015)
Himouto! Umaru-chan (2015–2017)
Category
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Electron shell
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Periodic table with electron shells
In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or a principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus. The closest shell to the nucleus is called the "1 shell" (also called "K shell"), followed by the "2 shell" (or "L shell"), then the "3 shell" (or "M shell"), and so on farther and farther from the nucleus. The shells correspond with the principal quantum numbers (n = 1, 2, 3, 4 ...) or are labeled alphabetically with letters used in the X-ray notation (K, L, M, …).
Each shell can contain only a fixed number of electrons: The first shell can hold up to two electrons, the second shell can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons, the third shell can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10) and so on. The general formula is that the nth shell can in principle hold up to 2(n2) electrons.[1] Since electrons are electrically attracted to the nucleus, an atom's electrons will generally occupy outer shells only if the more inner shells have already been completely filled by other electrons. However, this is not a strict requirement: atoms may have two or even three incomplete outer shells. (See Madelung rule for more details.) For an explanation of why electrons exist in these shells see electron configuration.[2]
The electrons in the outermost occupied shell (or shells) determine the chemical properties of the atom; it is called the valence shell.
Each shell consists of one or more subshells, and each subshell consists of one or more atomic orbitals.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Shells
3 Subshells
4 Number of electrons in each shell
5 Valence shell
6 List of elements with electrons per shell
7 See also
8 References
History
The shell terminology comes from Arnold Sommerfeld's modification of the Bohr model. Sommerfeld retained Bohr's planetary model, but added mildly elliptical orbits (characterized by additional quantum numbers ℓ and m) to explain the fine spectroscopic structure of some elements.[3] The multiple electrons with the same principal quantum number (n) had close orbits that formed a "shell" of positive thickness instead of the infinitely thin circular orbit of Bohr's model.
The existence of electron shells was first observed experimentally in Charles Barkla's and Henry Moseley's X-ray absorption studies. Barkla labeled them with the letters K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q.[4] The origin of this terminology was alphabetic. A "J" series was also suspected, though later experiments indicated that the K absorption lines are produced by the innermost electrons. These letters were later found to correspond to the n values 1, 2, 3, etc. They are used in the spectroscopic Siegbahn notation.
The physical chemist Gilbert Lewis was responsible for much of the early development of the theory of the participation of valence shell electrons in chemical bonding. Linus Pauling later generalized and extended the theory while applying insights from quantum mechanics.
Shells
The electron shells are labeled K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q; or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7; going from innermost shell outwards. Electrons in outer shells have higher average energy and travel farther from the nucleus than those in inner shells. This makes them more important in determining how the atom reacts chemically and behaves as a conductor, because the pull of the atom's nucleus upon them is weaker and more easily broken. In this way, a given element's reactivity is highly dependent upon its electronic configuration.
Subshells
Each shell is composed of one or more subshells, which are themselves composed of atomic orbitals. For example, the first (K) shell has one subshell, called 1s; the second (L) shell has two subshells, called 2s and 2p; the third shell has 3s, 3p, and 3d; the fourth shell has 4s, 4p, 4d and 4f; the fifth shell has 5s, 5p, 5d, and 5f and can theoretically hold more but the 5f subshell, although partially occupied in actinides, is not filled in any element occurring naturally.[2] The various possible subshells are shown in the following table:
Subshell label
ℓ
Max electrons
Shells containing it
Historical name
s 0 2 Every shell sharp
p 1 6 2nd shell and higher principal
d 2 10 3rd shell and higher diffuse
f 3 14 4th shell and higher fundamental
g 4 18 5th shell and higher (theoretically) (next in alphabet after f, excluding j)[5]
The first column is the "subshell label", a lowercase-letter label for the type of subshell. For example, the "4s subshell" is a subshell of the fourth (N) shell, with the type (s) described in the first row.
The second column is the azimuthal quantum number (ℓ) of the subshell. The precise definition involves quantum mechanics, but it is a number that characterizes the subshell.
The third column is the maximum number of electrons that can be put into a subshell of that type. For example, the top row says that each s-type subshell (1s, 2s, etc.) can have at most two electrons in it. In each case the figure is 4 greater than the one above it.
The fourth column says which shells have a subshell of that type. For example, looking at the top two rows, every shell has an s subshell, while only the second shell and higher have a p subshell (i.e., there is no "1p" subshell).
The final column gives the historical origin of the labels s, p, d, and f. They come from early studies of atomic spectral lines. The other labels, namely g, h and i, are an alphabetic continuation following the last historically originated label of f.
Although it is commonly stated that all the electrons in a shell have the same energy, this is an approximation. However, the electrons in one subshell do have exactly the same level of energy,[6] with later subshells having more energy per electron than earlier ones. This effect is great enough that the energy ranges associated with shells can overlap (see valence shells and Aufbau principle).
Number of electrons in each shell
Shells and subshells. 1 rectangular triangle (1/2 of a cell) = 1 electron on the level. Red color indicates sublevel s; orange - p; yellow - d; green - f; blue - g; indigo - h; violet - i
Shell
name
Subshell
name
Subshell
max
electrons
Shell
max
electrons
K 1s 2 2
L 2s 2 2 + 6 = 8
2p 6
M 3s 2 2 + 6 + 10
= 18
3p 6
3d 10
N 4s 2 2 + 6 +
10 + 14
= 32
4p 6
4d 10
4f 14
O 5s 2 2 + 6 +
10 + 14 +
18 = 50
5p 6
5d 10
5f 14
5g 18
Each subshell is constrained to hold 4ℓ + 2 electrons at most, namely:
Each s subshell holds at most 2 electrons
Each p subshell holds at most 6 electrons
Each d subshell holds at most 10 electrons
Each f subshell holds at most 14 electrons
Each g subshell holds at most 18 electrons
Therefore, the K shell, which contains only an s subshell, can hold up to 2 electrons; the L shell, which contains an s and a p, can hold up to 2 + 6 = 8 electrons, and so forth; in general, the nth shell can hold up to 2n2 electrons.[1]
Although that formula gives the maximum in principle, in fact that maximum is only achieved (by known elements) for the first four shells (K, L, M, N). No known element has more than 32 electrons in any one shell.[7][8] This is because the subshells are filled according to the Aufbau principle. The first elements to have more than 32 electrons in one shell would belong to the g-block of period 8 of the periodic table. These elements would have some electrons in their 5g subshell and thus have more than 32 electrons in the O shell (fifth principal shell).
Valence shell
See also: Valence electron
The valence shell is the outermost shell of an atom. Valence electrons in non-transition metal elements reside in this shell. Such elements with complete valence shells (noble gases) are the most chemically non-reactive, while those with only one electron in their valence shells (alkali metals) or just missing one electron from having a complete shell (halogens) are the most reactive.[9]
However, this terminology is somewhat misleading in the case of transition metals. In these elements, a valence electron can also be in an inner shell. Thus, the electrons that determine how an atom reacts chemically are those that travel farthest from the nucleus, that is, those with the highest energy, and not necessarily in the valence shell.
List of elements with electrons per shell
The list below gives the elements arranged by increasing atomic number and shows the number of electrons per shell. At a glance, one can see that subsets of the list show obvious patterns. In particular, the seven elements (in electric blue) before a noble gas (group 18, in yellow) higher than helium have the number of electrons in the valence shell in arithmetic progression. (However, this pattern may break down in the seventh period due to relativistic effects.)
Sorting the table by chemical group shows additional patterns, especially with respect to the last two outermost shells. (Elements 57 to 71 belong to the lanthanides, while 89 to 103 are the actinides.)
The list below is primarily consistent with the Aufbau principle. However, there are a number of exceptions to the rule; for example palladium (atomic number 46) has no electrons in the fifth shell, unlike other atoms with lower atomic number. Some entries in the table are uncertain, when experimental data is unavailable. (For example, the elements past 108 have such short half-lives that their electron configurations have not yet been measured.)
Z
Element
No. of electrons/shell
Group
1 Hydrogen 1 1
2 Helium 2 18
3 Lithium 2, 1 1
4 Beryllium 2, 2 2
5 Boron 2, 3 13
6 Carbon 2, 4 14
7 Nitrogen 2, 5 15
8 Oxygen 2, 6 16
9 Fluorine 2, 7 17
10 Neon 2, 8 18
11 Sodium 2, 8, 1 1
12 Magnesium 2, 8, 2 2
13 Aluminium 2, 8, 3 13
14 Silicon 2, 8, 4 14
15 Phosphorus 2, 8, 5 15
16 Sulfur 2, 8, 6 16
17 Chlorine 2, 8, 7 17
18 Argon 2, 8, 8 18
19 Potassium 2, 8, 8, 1 1
20 Calcium 2, 8, 8, 2 2
21 Scandium 2, 8, 9, 2 3
22 Titanium 2, 8, 10, 2 4
23 Vanadium 2, 8, 11, 2 5
24 Chromium 2, 8, 13, 1 6
25 Manganese 2, 8, 13, 2 7
26 Iron 2, 8, 14, 2 8
27 Cobalt 2, 8, 15, 2 9
28 Nickel 2, 8, 16, 2 10
29 Copper 2, 8, 18, 1 11
30 Zinc 2, 8, 18, 2 12
31 Gallium 2, 8, 18, 3 13
32 Germanium 2, 8, 18, 4 14
33 Arsenic 2, 8, 18, 5 15
34 Selenium 2, 8, 18, 6 16
35 Bromine 2, 8, 18, 7 17
36 Krypton 2, 8, 18, 8 18
37 Rubidium 2, 8, 18, 8, 1 1
38 Strontium 2, 8, 18, 8, 2 2
39 Yttrium 2, 8, 18, 9, 2 3
40 Zirconium 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 4
41 Niobium 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 5
42 Molybdenum 2, 8, 18, 13, 1 6
43 Technetium 2, 8, 18, 13, 2 7
44 Ruthenium 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 8
45 Rhodium 2, 8, 18, 16, 1 9
46 Palladium 2, 8, 18, 18 10
47 Silver 2, 8, 18, 18, 1 11
48 Cadmium 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 12
49 Indium 2, 8, 18, 18, 3 13
50 Tin 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 14
51 Antimony 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 15
52 Tellurium 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 16
53 Iodine 2, 8, 18, 18, 7 17
54 Xenon 2, 8, 18, 18, 8 18
55 Caesium 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1 1
56 Barium 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2 2
57 Lanthanum 2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2 3
58 Cerium 2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2
59 Praseodymium 2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2
60 Neodymium 2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2
61 Promethium 2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2
62 Samarium 2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2
63 Europium 2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2
64 Gadolinium 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2
65 Terbium 2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2
66 Dysprosium 2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2
67 Holmium 2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2
68 Erbium 2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2
69 Thulium 2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
70 Ytterbium 2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2
71 Lutetium 2, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2
72 Hafnium 2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2 4
73 Tantalum 2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2 5
74 Tungsten 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 6
75 Rhenium 2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2 7
76 Osmium 2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2 8
77 Iridium 2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2 9
78 Platinum 2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1 10
79 Gold 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 11
80 Mercury 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2 12
81 Thallium 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3 13
82 Lead 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 14
83 Bismuth 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 15
84 Polonium 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6 16
85 Astatine 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7 17
86 Radon 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8 18
87 Francium 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1 1
88 Radium 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2 2
89 Actinium 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2 3
90 Thorium 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2
91 Protactinium 2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2
92 Uranium 2, 8, 18, 32, 21, 9, 2
93 Neptunium 2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2
94 Plutonium 2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2
95 Americium 2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2
96 Curium 2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 2
97 Berkelium 2, 8, 18, 32, 27, 8, 2
98 Californium 2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2
99 Einsteinium 2, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 2
100 Fermium 2, 8, 18, 32, 30, 8, 2
101 Mendelevium 2, 8, 18, 32, 31, 8, 2
102 Nobelium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 2
103 Lawrencium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 3
104 Rutherfordium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 10, 2 4
105 Dubnium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2 5
106 Seaborgium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2 6
107 Bohrium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2 7
108 Hassium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2 8
109 Meitnerium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 15, 2 (?) 9
110 Darmstadtium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 16, 2 (?) 10
111 Roentgenium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 2 (?) 11
112 Copernicium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2 (?) 12
113 Nihonium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 3 (?) 13
114 Flerovium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 4 (?) 14
115 Moscovium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 5 (?) 15
116 Livermorium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 6 (?) 16
117 Tennessine 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 7 (?) 17
118 Oganesson 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8 (?) 18
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electron shell diagrams.
Periodic table (electron configurations)
Electron counting
18-Electron rule
Core charge
References
^ Jump up to: a b Re: Why do electron shells have set limits ? madsci.org, 17 March 1999, Dan Berger, Faculty Chemistry/Science, Bluffton College
^ Jump up to: a b Electron Subshells. Corrosion Source.
Jump up ^ Donald Sadoway, Introduction to Solid State Chemistry, Lecture 5
Jump up ^ Barkla, Charles G. (1911). "XXXIX.The spectra of the fluorescent Röntgen radiations". Philosophical Magazine. Series 6. 22 (129): 396. doi:10.1080/14786440908637137. Previously denoted by letters B and A (...). The letters K and L are, however, preferable, as it is highly probable that series of radiations both more absorbable and more penetrating exist.
Jump up ^ Jue, T. (2009). "Quantum Mechanic Basic to Biophysical Methods". Fundamental Concepts in Biophysics. Berlin: Springer. p. 33. ISBN 1-58829-973-2.
Jump up ^ The statement that the electrons in one subshell have exactly the same level of energy is true in an isolated atom, where it follows quantum-mechanically from the spherical symmetry of the system. When the atom is part of a molecule, this no longer holds; see, for example, crystal field theory.
Jump up ^ Orbitals. Chem4Kids. Retrieved on 1 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Electron & Shell Configuration. Chemistry.patent-invent.com. Retrieved on 1 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Chemical Reactions. Vision Learning (26 July 2011). Retrieved on 1 December 2011.
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