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Seventy (Latter Day Saints)
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Seventy is a priesthood office in the Melchizedek priesthood of several denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement, including The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Traditionally, a Latter Day Saint holding this priesthood office is a "traveling minister"[1] and an "especial witness"[2] of Jesus Christ, charged with the mission of preaching the gospel to the entire world under the direction of the Twelve Apostles.[3] Latter Day Saints teach that the office of seventy was anciently conferred upon the seventy disciples mentioned in the Gospel of Luke 10:1-2. Multiple individuals holding the office of seventy are referred to collectively as "seventies".
Contents
[hide]
1 Place in Latter Day Saint hierarchy
2 Early Latter Day Saint quorums of seventy
3 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
4 Community of Christ
5 The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)
6 Apostolic United Brethren
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Place in Latter Day Saint hierarchy[edit]
In practical terms, the priesthood office of seventy is one which has varied widely over the course of history. As originally envisioned by Latter Day Saint movement founder Joseph Smith in the 1830s, the seventy were to be a body composed of several separate quorums of up to 70 seventies each, all of which would be led by seven presidents. These presidents, chosen from the first quorum, would appoint and direct the other quorums of seventy.[4]
In the LDS Church, the largest of the Latter Day Saint denominations, the quorums of the seventy are directed and supervised hierarchically by the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, who are in turn directed by the First Presidency. As introduced by Smith, the apostles and the seventy had authority only outside the main body of Latter Day Saints in Zion, and in the outlying stakes. Members in Zion and the stakes were led by the High Council of Zion (under the direction of the First Presidency) and stake high councils.
As a body, the seventy in the LDS Church are considered to be equal in priesthood authority with the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.[5][6] This presumably means that if the apostles were killed or incapacitated, the seventy could take over the function of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously.[7]
Early Latter Day Saint quorums of seventy[edit]
Historically, the First Quorum of the Seventy came into being in 1835 when seven men were set apart as the First Seven Presidents of the Seventy.
In 1837, six of the seven presidents were released because it was discovered that they had previously been ordained high priests. Five of these men were ultimately replaced by others. The other two—Levi W. Hancock and Joseph Young—remained members of the First Seven Presidents for the rest of their lives.[8]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[edit]
Main article: Seventy (LDS Church)
Since 2005, the Quorums of the Seventy in the LDS Church have been organized into eight quorums with a presidency of seven. The seventy act as emissaries of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and First Presidency of the church in organizing, training, proselytizing, and administering to millions of people scattered all across the globe. The seventy are the layer between local church administration and general church administration.
Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole.
Members of the Third through Eighth Quorums of the Seventy are called an area seventy and are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of the church called an area.
Community of Christ[edit]
Within the Community of Christ, a seventy is also considered to be an elder but is not a High Priest. Part of the function of the seventy is a missionary role and he or she works closely with the apostle in charge of his or her mission field. Seventies are organized into ten quorums, each quorum being presided over by a president. These presidents make up the Council of Presidents of Seventy, and are collectively led by the Senior President of the Presidents of Seventy. All ten quorums are equal with one another. When someone is ordained a seventy, that person automatically becomes a member of one of the Ten Quorums, and remains a member of one of the Quorums (although the specific quorum may change based on residency) so long as that person remains a seventy. In other words, it is not possible to be a seventy and not belong to one of these quorums.
The current roster of Presidents of Seventy include:
Quorum I - Urbain Mbenga
Quorum II - Amson Mallick
Quorum III - Keith McMillan
Quorum IV - Larry McGuire
Quorum V - Karin Peter
Quorum VI - Robin Linkhart
Quorum VII - Luis Dias
Quorum VIII - Ruben Landeros
Quorum IX - Kris Judd
Quorum X - John Wight, Senior President
Historically, there have always been 7 quorums, with a maximum of 70 members each. However, on January 17, 2010, President–Prophet Stephen M. Veazey announced that the number of quorums (and presidents) could be flexible, based on the current needs of the church.[9] The change from seven to ten quorums occurred after the acceptance of Doctrine and Covenants Section 164 at the World Conference in April 2010.
The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)[edit]
The seventy in this church are called the Seventy Evangelists and strictly limited to that number. They are ordained evangelists, not seventies. Missionary work is the focus of this calling in The Church of Jesus Christ.
Apostolic United Brethren[edit]
There is currently one functioning Quorum of Seventy in the Apostolic United Brethren. Its members are distributed geographically among AUB congregations, with men ordained to this office called for life.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Doctrine and Covenants, Section 107:97
Jump up ^ The Doctrine and Covenants, Section 107:25
Jump up ^ The Doctrine and Covenants, Section 107:34
Jump up ^ The Doctrine and Covenants, Section 107:95
Jump up ^ The Doctrine and Covenants, Section 107:26
Jump up ^ Gordon B. Hinckley, “The Quorum of the First Presidency”, Ensign, Dec. 2005, 47.
Jump up ^ The Doctrine and Covenants, Section 107:27
Jump up ^ Hancock was originally one of the six who were removed, but he was reinstated when it was discovered that he in fact had not been ordained a high priest.
Jump up ^ http://www.cofchrist.org/D&C164/ Archived 2013-10-21 at Archive-It
References[edit]
Turley, Richard E., Jr. (2005), "The Calling of the Twelve Apostles and the Seventy in 1835", Joseph Smith and the Doctrinal Restoration: the 34th Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium, Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, ISBN 1-59038-489-X, OCLC 60589119 .
Further reading[edit]
Cowan, Richard O. (2011), "The Seventies' Role in Worldwide Church Administration", in Whittaker, David J.; Garr, Arnold K., A Firm Foundation: Church Organization and Administration, Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, pp. 573–593, ISBN 978-0-8425-2785-9
Porter, L. Aldin (Aug 2000), "A History of the Latter-day Seventy", Ensign: 15
Tingey, Earl C. (Sep 2009), "The Saga of Revelation: The Unfolding Role of the Seventy", Liahona: 18–24
Young, S. Dilworth (Dec 1975), "Keeping Pace With Church Programs and Emphases", Ensign: 58–59 |contribution= ignored (help)
External links[edit]
Latter-day Saints portal
Book of Mormon portal
The Twelve and the Seventy, Part One: Revelation and the Role of the Seventy, The Twelve and the Seventy Series, LDS.org
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Poker probability
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In poker, the probability of each type of 5-card hand can be computed by calculating the proportion of hands of that type among all possible hands.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Frequency of 5-card poker hands
3 Frequency of 7-card poker hands
4 Frequency of 5-card lowball poker hands
5 Frequency of 7-card lowball poker hands
6 Bluffing
7 See also
8 Notes
9 External links
History[edit]
People thought about probability and gambling long before the invention of poker. Gambling led to the development of probability theory in the late 1400s. When playing a game with high stakes, players wanted to know what the chance of winning would be. In 1494, Fra Luca Paccioli released his work Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni e proportionalita which was the first written text on probability. Motivated by Paccioli’s work, Girolamo Cardano (1501-1576) made further developments in probability theory. His work from 1550, titled Liber de Ludo Aleae, discussed the concepts of probability and how they directly related to gambling. However, his work did not receive any recognition because it was not published until after his death. Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) also contributed to probability theory. His friend, Chevalier de Méré, was an avid gambler with the goal to become wealthy from it. De Méré tried a new mathematical approach to a gambling game but did not get the desired results. Determined to know why his strategy was unsuccessful, he consulted with Pascal. Pascal’s work on this problem began an important correspondence between him and fellow mathematician Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665). Communicating through letters, the two continued to exchange their ideas and thoughts. These interactions led to the conception of basic probability theory. To this day, many gamblers still rely on the basic concepts of probability theory in order to make informed decisions while gambling.[1] [2]
Frequency of 5-card poker hands[edit]
A Venn diagram depicting poker hands and their odds from a typical American 9/6 Jacks or Better machine
The following chart enumerates the (absolute) frequency of each hand, given all combinations of 5 cards randomly drawn from a full deck of 52 without replacement. Wild cards are not considered. In this chart:
Distinct hands is the number of different ways to draw the hand, not counting different suits.
Frequency is the number of ways to draw the hand, including the same card values in different suits.
The Probability of drawing a given hand is calculated by dividing the number of ways of drawing the hand (Frequency) by the total number of 5-card hands (the sample space; ( 52 5 ) = 2 , 598 , 960 {\displaystyle \,{\begin{matrix}{52 \choose 5}=2,598,960\end{matrix}}} ). For example, there are 4 different ways to draw a royal flush (one for each suit), so the probability is 4/2,598,960, or one in 649,740. One would then expect to draw this hand about once in every 649,740 draws, that's nearly 0.000154% of the time.
Cumulative probability refers to the probability of drawing a hand as good as or better than the specified one. For example, the probability of drawing three of a kind is approximately 2.11%, while the probability of drawing a hand at least as good as three of a kind is about 2.87%. The cumulative probability is determined by adding one hand's probability with the probabilities of all hands above it.
The Odds are defined as the ratio of the number of ways not to draw the hand, to the number of ways to draw it. For instance, with a royal flush, there are 4 ways to draw one, and 2,598,956 ways to draw something else (2,598,960 - 4), so the odds against drawing a royal flush are 2,598,956 : 4, or 649,739 : 1. The formula for establishing the odds can also be stated as (1/p) - 1 : 1, where p is the aforementioned probability.
The values given for Probability, Cumulative probability, and Odds are rounded off for simplicity; the Distinct hands and Frequency values are exact.
The nCr function on most scientific calculators can be used to calculate hand frequencies; entering nCr with 52 and 5, for example, yields ( 52 5 ) = 2 , 598 , 960 {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{52 \choose 5}=2,598,960\end{matrix}}} as above.
Hand
Distinct hands
Frequency
Probability
Cumulative probability
Odds
Mathematical expression of absolute frequency
Royal flush
1 4 0.000154% 0.000154% 649,739 : 1 ( 4 1 ) {\displaystyle {4 \choose 1}}
Straight flush (excluding royal flush)
9 36 0.00139% 0.0015% 72,192 : 1 ( 10 1 ) ( 4 1 ) − ( 4 1 ) {\displaystyle {10 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}-{4 \choose 1}}
Four of a kind
156 624 0.0240% 0.0256% 4,164 : 1 ( 13 1 ) ( 12 1 ) ( 4 1 ) {\displaystyle {13 \choose 1}{12 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}}
Full house
156 3,744 0.1441% 0.17% 693 : 1 ( 13 1 ) ( 4 3 ) ( 12 1 ) ( 4 2 ) {\displaystyle {13 \choose 1}{4 \choose 3}{12 \choose 1}{4 \choose 2}}
Flush (excluding royal flush and straight flush)
1,277 5,108 0.1965% 0.367% 508 : 1 ( 13 5 ) ( 4 1 ) − ( 10 1 ) ( 4 1 ) {\displaystyle {13 \choose 5}{4 \choose 1}-{10 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}}
Straight (excluding royal flush and straight flush)
10 10,200 0.3925% 0.76% 254 : 1 ( 10 1 ) ( 4 1 ) 5 − ( 10 1 ) ( 4 1 ) {\displaystyle {10 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}^{5}-{10 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}}
Three of a kind
858 54,912 2.1128% 2.87% 46.3 : 1 ( 13 1 ) ( 4 3 ) ( 12 2 ) ( 4 1 ) 2 {\displaystyle {13 \choose 1}{4 \choose 3}{12 \choose 2}{4 \choose 1}^{2}}
Two pair
858 123,552 4.7539% 7.62% 20.0 : 1 ( 13 2 ) ( 4 2 ) 2 ( 11 1 ) ( 4 1 ) {\displaystyle {13 \choose 2}{4 \choose 2}^{2}{11 \choose 1}{4 \choose 1}}
One pair
2,860 1,098,240 42.2569% 49.9% 1.37 : 1 ( 13 1 ) ( 4 2 ) ( 12 3 ) ( 4 1 ) 3 {\displaystyle {13 \choose 1}{4 \choose 2}{12 \choose 3}{4 \choose 1}^{3}}
No pair / High card
1,277 1,302,540 50.1177% 100% 0.995 : 1 [ ( 13 5 ) − 10 ] [ ( 4 1 ) 5 − 4 ] {\displaystyle \left[{13 \choose 5}-10\right]\left[{4 \choose 1}^{5}-4\right]}
Total
7,462
2,598,960
100%
---
0 : 1
( 52 5 ) {\displaystyle {52 \choose 5}}
The royal flush is a case of the straight flush. It can be formed 4 ways (one for each suit), giving it a probability of 0.000154% and odds of 649,739 : 1.
When ace-low straights and ace-low straight flushes are not counted, the probabilities of each are reduced: straights and straight flushes each become 9/10 as common as they otherwise would be. The 4 missed straight flushes become flushes and the 1,020 missed straights become no pair.
Note that since suits have no relative value in poker, two hands can be considered identical if one hand can be transformed into the other by swapping suits. For example, the hand 3♣ 7♣ 8♣ Q♠ A♠ is identical to 3♦ 7♦ 8♦ Q♥ A♥ because replacing all of the clubs in the first hand with diamonds and all of the spades with hearts produces the second hand. So eliminating identical hands that ignore relative suit values, there are only 134,459 distinct hands.
The number of distinct poker hands is even smaller. For example, 3♣ 7♣ 8♣ Q♠ A♠ and 3♦ 7♣ 8♦ Q♥ A♥ are not identical hands when just ignoring suit assignments because one hand has three suits, while the other hand has only two—that difference could affect the relative value of each hand when there are more cards to come. However, even though the hands are not identical from that perspective, they still form equivalent poker hands because each hand is an A-Q-8-7-3 high card hand. There are 7,462 distinct poker hands.
Frequency of 7-card poker hands[edit]
In some popular variations of poker, a player uses the best five-card poker hand out of seven cards. The frequencies are calculated in a manner similar to that shown for 5-card hands, except additional complications arise due to the extra two cards in the 7-card poker hand. The total number of distinct 7-card hands is ( 52 7 ) = 133 , 784 , 560 {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{52 \choose 7}=133,784,560\end{matrix}}} . It is notable that the probability of a no-pair hand is less than the probability of a one-pair or two-pair hand.
The Ace-high straight flush or royal flush is slightly more frequent (4324) than the lower straight flushes (4140 each) because the remaining two cards can have any value; a King-high straight flush, for example, cannot have the Ace of its suit in the hand (as that would make it ace-high instead).
Hand
Frequency
Probability
Cumulative
Odds
Royal flush 4,324 0.0032% 0.0032% 30,939 : 1
Straight flush (excl. royal flush) 37,260 0.0279% 0.0311% 3,589.6 : 1
Four of a kind 224,848 0.168% 0.199% 594 : 1
Full house 3,473,184 2.60% 2.80% 37.5 : 1
Flush 4,047,644 3.03% 5.82% 32.1 : 1
Straight 6,180,020 4.62% 10.4% 20.6 : 1
Three of a kind 6,461,620 4.83% 15.3% 19.7 : 1
Two pair 31,433,400 23.5% 38.8% 3.26 : 1
One pair 58,627,800 43.8% 82.6% 1.28 : 1
No pair 23,294,460 17.4% 100% 4.74 : 1
Total 133,784,560 100% 100% 0 : 1
(The frequencies given are exact; the probabilities and odds are approximate.)
Since suits have no relative value in poker, two hands can be considered identical if one hand can be transformed into the other by swapping suits. Eliminating identical hands that ignore relative suit values leaves 6,009,159 distinct 7-card hands.
The number of distinct 5-card poker hands that are possible from 7 cards is 4,824. Perhaps surprisingly, this is fewer than the number of 5-card poker hands from 5 cards because some 5-card hands are impossible with 7 cards (e.g. 7-high).
Frequency of 5-card lowball poker hands[edit]
See also: Lowball (poker)
Some variants of poker, called lowball, use a low hand to determine the winning hand. In most variants of lowball, the ace is counted as the lowest card and straights and flushes don't count against a low hand, so the lowest hand is the five-high hand A-2-3-4-5, also called a wheel. The probability is calculated based on ( 52 5 ) = 2 , 598 , 960 {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{52 \choose 5}=2,598,960\end{matrix}}} , the total number of 5-card combinations. (The frequencies given are exact; the probabilities and odds are approximate.)
Hand
Distinct hands
Frequency
Probability
Cumulative
Odds
5-high 1 1,024 0.0394% 0.0394% 2,537.05 : 1
6-high 5 5,120 0.197% 0.236% 506.61 : 1
7-high 15 15,360 0.591% 0.827% 168.20 : 1
8-high 35 35,840 1.38% 2.21% 71.52 : 1
9-high 70 71,680 2.76% 4.96% 35.26 : 1
10-high 126 129,024 4.96% 9.93% 19.14 : 1
Jack-high 210 215,040 8.27% 18.2% 11.09 : 1
Queen-high 330 337,920 13.0% 31.2% 6.69 : 1
King-high 495 506,880 19.5% 50.7% 4.13 : 1
Total 1,287 1,317,888 50.7% 50.7% 0.97 : 1
As can be seen from the table, just over half the time a player gets a hand that has no pairs, three- or four-of-a-kinds. (50.7%)
If aces are not low, simply rotate the hand descriptions so that 6-high replaces 5-high for the best hand and ace-high replaces king-high as the worst hand.
Frequency of 7-card lowball poker hands[edit]
See also: Lowball (poker)
In some variants of poker a player uses the best five-card low hand selected from seven cards. In most variants of lowball, the ace is counted as the lowest card and straights and flushes don't count against a low hand, so the lowest hand is the five-high hand A-2-3-4-5, also called a wheel. The probability is calculated based on ( 52 7 ) = 133 , 784 , 560 {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{52 \choose 7}=133,784,560\end{matrix}}} , the total number of 7-card combinations.
The table does not extend to include five-card hands with at least one pair. Its "Total" represents 95.4% of the time that a player can select a 5-card low hand without any pair.
Hand
Frequency
Probability
Cumulative
Odds
5-high 781,824 0.584% 0.584% 170.12 : 1
6-high 3,151,360 2.36% 2.94% 41.45 : 1
7-high 7,426,560 5.55% 8.49% 17.01 : 1
8-high 13,171,200 9.85% 18.3% 9.16 : 1
9-high 19,174,400 14.3% 32.7% 5.98 : 1
10-high 23,675,904 17.7% 50.4% 4.65 : 1
Jack-high 24,837,120 18.6% 68.9% 4.39 : 1
Queen-high 21,457,920 16.0% 85.0% 5.23 : 1
King-high 13,939,200 10.4% 95.4% 8.60 : 1
Total 127,615,488 95.4% 95.4% 0.05 : 1
(The frequencies given are exact; the probabilities and odds are approximate.)
If aces are not low, simply rotate the hand descriptions so that 6-high replaces 5-high for the best hand and ace-high replaces king-high as the worst hand.
Bluffing[edit]
Bluffing frequency can affect the probability of an opponent calling a bet or folding. A player can bluff at an § Optimal bluffing frequency to try to eliminate any advantage to their opponent.
See also[edit]
Sports and games portal
Probability
Odds
Sample space
Event (probability theory)
Binomial coefficient
Combination
Permutation
Combinatorial game theory
Game complexity
Set theory
Gaming mathematics
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Probability Theory". Science Clarified. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Brief History of Probability". teacher link. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
External links[edit]
Brian Alspach's mathematics and poker page
MathWorld: Poker
Poker probabilities including conditional calculations
Numerous poker probability tables
5, 6, and 7 card poker probabilities
Poker Odds for Dummies
The 7,462 and 4,824 equivalence classes
Preflop, After Flop and Chance of Making Hand Odds
Odds and Outs probability table
Poker probability calculator 5, 6 and 7 cards
Visual odds calculator
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