text:
Virginia Company
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Virginia Company
The areas of the Virginia Company founded and organized by Bartholomew Gosnold of Grundisburgh in Suffolk, England and granted an exclusive charter by James I to the London and Plymouth companies; also showing the overlapping (yellow) area granted to both companies
Formerly called
Plymouth Company
London Company
Type
joint stock company
The Virginia Company refers collectively to two joint stock companies chartered under James I on 10 April 1606[1][2][3] with the goal of establishing settlements on the coast of North America.[4] The companies were called the "Virginia Company of London" (or the London Company) and the "Virginia Company of Plymouth" (or the Plymouth Company); they operated with identical charters but with differing territories. An area of overlapping territory was created within which the two companies were not permitted to establish colonies within one hundred miles of each other. The Plymouth Company never fulfilled its charter, but its territory was claimed by England and became New England.
As corporations, the companies were empowered by the Crown to govern themselves, and they conferred that right onto their colonies. The Virginia Company failed in 1624, but the right to self-government was not taken from the colony. The principle was thus established that a royal colony should be self-governing, and this formed the genesis of democracy in America.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 The Plymouth Company
2 The London Company
3 Heraldry
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
The Plymouth Company[edit]
Main article: Plymouth Company
The Plymouth Company was permitted to establish settlements between the 38th and 45th parallels, roughly between the upper reaches of the Chesapeake Bay and the current U.S.-Canada border. On 13 August 1607, the Plymouth Company established the Popham Colony along the Kennebec River in present-day Maine. However, it was abandoned after about a year and the Plymouth Company became inactive. A successor company eventually established a permanent settlement in 1620 when the Pilgrims arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts aboard the Mayflower[citation needed]
The London Company[edit]
Main article: London Company
"The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles", by Capt. John Smith. The armorials of the Virginia Company are shown at far left
By the terms of the charter, the London Company was permitted to establish a colony of 100 miles square between the 34th and 41st parallels, approximately between Cape Fear and Long Island Sound. It also owned a large portion of Atlantic Ocean and inland Canada.
On 14 May 1607, the London Company established the Jamestown Settlement about 40 miles inland along the James River, a major tributary of the Chesapeake Bay in present-day Virginia. In 1620, George Calvert asked King James I for a charter for English Catholics to add the territory of the Plymouth Company. Also in 1609, a much larger Third Supply mission was organized. A new purpose-built ship named the Sea Venture was rushed into service without the customary sea trials. She became flagship of a fleet of nine ships, with most of the leaders, food, and supplies aboard. Notable persons aboard the Sea Venture included fleet Admiral George Somers, Vice-Admiral Christopher Newport, the new governor for the Virginia Colony Sir Thomas Gates, future author William Strachey, and businessman John Rolfe with his pregnant wife.
The Third Supply convoy encountered a hurricane which lasted three days and separated the ships from one another. The Sea Venture was leaking through its new caulking, and Admiral Somers had it driven aground on a reef to avoid sinking, saving 150 men and women and several dogs, but destroying their ship.[6] The uninhabited archipelago was officially named "The Somers Isles" after Admiral Somers, though it was known as Bermuda.[7] The survivors built two smaller vessels from salvaged parts of the Sea Venture which they named Deliverance and Patience.[8] Ten months later, they continued on to Jamestown, arriving at Jamestown on 23 May 1610 but leaving several men behind on the archipelago to establish possession of it. At Jamestown, they found that over 85% of the 500 colonists had perished during what became known as the "Starving Time". The Sea Venture passengers had anticipated finding a thriving colony at Jamestown and had brought little food or supplies with them. The colonists at Jamestown were saved only by the timely arrival three weeks later of a supply mission headed by Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, better known as "Lord Delaware".
Obverse and Reverse of the Seal of the King in his capacity as President of the Council of Virginia, the inscriptions signifying: "Seal of the King of Great Britain, France and Ireland"; "For his Council of Virginia"
In 1612, The London Company's Royal Charter was officially extended to include the Somers Isles as part of the Virginia Colony. However, the isles passed to the London Company of the Somers Isles in 1615, which had been formed by the same shareholders as the London Company.
To the disappointment of its investors, the Virginia Company of London failed to discover gold or silver in Virginia. However, the company did establish trade of various types. The biggest trade breakthrough came when colonist John Rolfe introduced several sweeter strains of tobacco[9] from the Caribbean,[10] rather than the harsh-tasting kind native to Virginia.[11] Rolfe's new tobacco strains led to a strong export for the London Company and other early English colonies, and helped balance a trade deficit with Spain.
The Jamestown Massacre which devastated that colony in 1622 brought on unfavorable attention, particularly from King James I who had originally chartered the Company. There was a period of debate in Britain between Company officers who wished to guard the original charter, and those who wanted the Company to be disbanded. In 1624, the King dissolved the Company and made Virginia a royal colony.[12]
Heraldry[edit]
Arms of Virginia Company, as depicted in John Stow's Survey of London (1632)
The armorials of the "Virginian Merchants" were: Argent, a cross gules, between four escutcheons, each regally crowned proper, the first escutcheon in the dexter chief, the arms of France and England, quarterly; the second in the sinister chief, the arms of Scotland; the third the arms of Ireland; the fourth as the first. The crest was: On a wreath of the colours, a maiden queen couped below the shoulders proper, her hair dishevelled of the last, vested and crowned with an Eastern crown or. The supporters were: Two men in complete armour, with their visors open, on their helmets three ostrich feathers argent, each charged on the breast with a cross throughout gules, and each holding a lance proper in his exterior hand. The Latin motto was: En dat Virginia quartam[13] (quintam[14]) ("Behold, Virginia gives a fourth (fifth) (dominion)"), recognizing the colony's status alongside the king's other three (four) dominions of England, Ireland, Scotland, and France (a heraldic fiction), and the Kingdom of Great Britain after the Acts of Union 1707.[15]
See also[edit]
Companies portal
List of trading companies
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Paullin, Charles O, Edited by John K. Wright (1932). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States. New York, New York and Washington, D.C.:: Carnegie Institution of Washington and American Geographical Society. pp. Plate 42. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Swindler, William F., Editor (1973–1979). Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions.' 10 Volumes. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. pp. Vol. 10: 17–23. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976). Boundaries of the United States and the Several States; Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 92.
Jump up ^ How Virginia Got Its Boundaries, by Karl R Phillips
Jump up ^ Andrews, Charles M. (1924). The Colonial Background of the American Revolution. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 32–34. ISBN 0-300-00004-9.
Jump up ^ Woodward, Hobson. A Brave Vessel: The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeare's The Tempest. Viking (2009) pp. 32–50.
Jump up ^ A Discovery of The Barmudas, Sylvester Jordain
Jump up ^ Woodward, Hobson. A Brave Vessel: The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeare's The Tempest. Viking (2009) pp. 92–94.
Jump up ^ Welcome to Founders of America!
Jump up ^ Economics of Tobacco
Jump up ^ Virtual Jamestown
Jump up ^ The First Seventeen Years: Virginia, 1607–1624, Charles E. Hatch, Jr.
Jump up ^ Fox-Davies, Arthur, The Book of Public Arms, 1919
Jump up ^ As depicted on frontispiece to "The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles", by Capt. John Smith
Jump up ^ [1]
David A. Price, Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Heart of A New Nation, Alfred A. Knopf, 2003
External links[edit]
First Charter of Virginia – 10 April 1606 O.S.; Julian Calendar (from Julius Caesar time) or 1 April 1606 N.S.; Gregorian Calendar (Current Civil Calendar.)
Second Charter of Virginia
Richard Frethorne's Letters, bilingual (english/french)
[hide]
v
t
e
Chartered companies
British
African Company of Merchants
Barbary Company
British American Land Company
British East Africa Company
Canada Company
Company of Merchant Adventurers of London
Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands
Company of Scotland
East India Company
Eastern Archipelago Company
Eastland Company
French Company
Greenland Company
Guinea Company
Hudson's Bay Company
Levant Company
London and Bristol Company
Massachusetts Bay Company
Muscovy Company
New Zealand Company
North Borneo Company
Providence Island Company
Royal African Company
Royal British Bank
Royal Niger Company
Royal West Indian Company
South Africa Company
Sierra Leone Company
Somers Isles Company
South Australian Company
South Sea Company
Spanish Company
Venice Company
Virginia Company
French
Compagnie de l'Occident
Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique
Company of One Hundred Associates
East India Company
Mississippi Company
Senegal Company
West India Company
German
Brandenburg African Company
East Africa Company
Emden Company
New Guinea Company
West African Company
Portuguese
List (pt)
Cacheu and Cape Verde Company
East India Company
Grão Pará and Maranhão Company (pt)
Company of Guinea
House of India
Mozambique Company
Nyassa Company
Pernambuco and Paraíba Company (pt)
Austrian and
Low Countries
Australische Compagnie (fr)
Brabantsche Compagnie
Dutch East India Company
Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp
Imperial Privileged Oriental Company
New Netherland Company
Noordsche Compagnie
Ostend Company
West India Company
Scandinavian
Det Afrikanske Kompagni (da)
Asiatisk Kompagni (da)
Danish East India Company
Danish West India Company
Royal Greenland
Swedish Africa Company
Swedish East India Company
Swedish Levant Company
Swedish South Company
Swedish West India Company
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Company&oldid=817270272"
Categories:
1606 establishments in England
1624 disestablishments in Europe
Chartered companies
Colonial Virginia
Companies established in 1606
Economy of Stuart England
History of the Thirteen Colonies
Trading companies
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017
Interlanguage link template link number
Use British English from May 2012
Use dmy dates from May 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Беларуская
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Français
한국어
Italiano
Magyar
日本語
Polski
Русский
Türkçe
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 December 2017, at 08:26.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

value: img

attrs: href class

attrs: href title

value: td

values: 2 logo text-align:center

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Joint_stock_company
mw-redirect
Joint stock company

values:
/wiki/James_I_of_England
mw-redirect
James I of England

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/John_Smith_of_Jamestown
mw-redirect
John Smith of Jamestown

values:
/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)
mw-redirect
James River (Virginia)

values:
/wiki/George_Calvert
mw-redirect
George Calvert

values:
/wiki/Third_Supply
mw-redirect
Third Supply

values:
/wiki/The_Somers_Isles
mw-redirect
The Somers Isles

values:
/wiki/Starving_Time_(Jamestown)
mw-redirect
Starving Time (Jamestown)

values:
/wiki/Virginia_Colony
mw-redirect
Virginia Colony

values:
/wiki/Jamestown_Massacre
mw-redirect
Jamestown Massacre

values:
/wiki/Cross_of_St_George
mw-redirect
Cross of St George

values:
/wiki/Royal_arms_of_England
mw-redirect
Royal arms of England

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values: United States Government Publishing Office

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://www.lva.virginia.gov/faq/va.asp

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Company of Merchant Adventurers of London

values: Royal West Indian Company (page does not exist)

values: List of Portuguese chartered companies (page does not exist)

values: pt:Lista de companhias monopolistas portuguesas

values:
noprint
font-size:85%; font-style: normal;

values: Companhia Geral de Comércio do Grão-Pará e Maranhão (page does not exist)

values: pt:Companhia Geral de Comércio do Grão-Pará e Maranhão

values:
/wiki/Nyassa_Company
mw-redirect
Nyassa Company

values: Companhia Geral de Comércio de Pernambuco e Paraíba (page does not exist)

values: pt:Companhia Geral de Comércio de Pernambuco e Paraíba

values: Australische Compagnie (page does not exist)

values: Det Afrikanske Kompagni (page does not exist)

values: Swedish Levant Company (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:1624 disestablishments in Europe

values: Category:History of the Thirteen Colonies

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017

values: Category:Interlanguage link template link number

values: Category:Use British English from May 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Virginia_Company
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Вірджынская кампанія – Belarusian

values: 버지니아 회사 – Korean

values: バージニア会社 – Japanese

values: Вирджинская компания – Russian

values: 維吉尼亞公司 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Virginia_Company rootpage-Virginia_Company skin-vector action-view


text:
...Ready for It?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"...Ready for It?"
BloodPop remix artwork
Single by Taylor Swift
from the album Reputation
Released
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
Format
Digital download
streaming
Studio
MXM Studios
Genre
Electropop
industrial pop
Length
3:28
Label
Big Machine
Songwriter(s)
Taylor Swift
Max Martin
Shellback
Ali Payami
Producer(s)
Max Martin
Shellback
Ali Payami
Taylor Swift singles chronology
"Look What You Made Me Do"
(2017) "...Ready for It?"
(2017) "End Game"
(2017)
Music video
"...Ready for It?" on YouTube
"...Ready for It?"[a] is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift for her sixth studio album, Reputation. Initially a promotional single, the song impacted radio on October 24, 2017, as the album's second single. It has received positive reviews by critics, who cited the track as an improvement on Swift's previous single, "Look What You Made Me Do". Commercially, "...Ready for It?" has reached the top 10 in Australia, Canada, Hungary, Malaysia, New Zealand, Scotland, the United Kingdom, and the United States as well as the top 20 in France, Ireland and Lebanon.
Contents
[hide]
1 Promotion and release
2 Writing and composition
3 Critical reception
4 Commercial performance
5 Music video
5.1 Synopsis
6 Live performances
7 Usage in media
8 Charts
9 Certifications
10 Release history
11 Notes
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
Promotion and release[edit]
Swift had first teased a portion of the single on September 2, 2017, during ABC's Saturday Night Football broadcast of the Florida State vs. Alabama game, and has since been used in the introduction to every Saturday Night Football game on ABC.[5] The same day, she announced it would be included on her upcoming album Reputation and confirmed its release as a promotional single.[4][6] It was made available for digital download as part of the pre-order of the album on September 3, 2017.[7] It impacted rhythmic contemporary radio on October 24, 2017.[8]
Writing and composition[edit]
"...Ready for It?" is a "pop-oriented",[9] "electronic-inspired"[10] electropop[11] and industrial pop song,[11][12] with elements of tropical house,[13] dubstep[14] and trap music.[15] The song features deep synths, a bass drop,[1] drum machines and rapping.[11][16] The atmosphere of the song drew comparisons to Kanye West[11][12][17] and Rihanna.[18][19] The song is performed in the key of E minor with a tempo of 160 beats per minute, with Swift's vocals spanning from G3 to E5.[20]
The song lyrically revolves around Swift's fantasies about an individual who she describes as a "killer" who has had multiple relationships and is "younger than her exes" but "acts like such a man". These fantasies include "holding him for ransom", committing a bank heist together, moving to a secret offshore location and being held in jail. Swift uses images of Hollywood romance, islands and going undercover so that "no one has to know". She also addresses the perception of her own romantic history by comparing herself to Elizabeth Taylor and her lover to Richard Burton.[3][9][14][21] The subject of the song was rumored to be Tom Hiddleston,[12] Joe Alwyn,[2][22] or Harry Styles.[2][23] Several hints that have been dropped by Taylor Swift herself seem to identify Joe Alwyn as the song's subject, including her "liking" a Tumblr user's fan theory which stated the song is about the actor,[24][25] the song line "[he's] younger than my exes", and the opening shot in her music video which shows her in front of a wall on which two dates have been spray painted: "89" and "91", Swift and Alwyn's birth years respectively.[26]
Critical reception[edit]
"...Ready for It?" received mixed to positive reviews from music critics, with some calling it an improvement from Swift's previous single, "Look What You Made Me Do".[13][14][16] Tom Breihan of Stereogum said the songwriters "made something ungainly and goofy, something that was probably a terrible idea, and they still made it sound like towering, colossal pop music".[14] Patrick Ryan of USA Today expressed some scepticism concerning Swift's rapping, but noted the contrast between the "anthemic chorus" and "dark", intense verses made for a "promising second glance on her reputation era".[16] Richard He wrote for Billboard that "Swift has never sung more expressively, nor sounded more in tune with the way modern pop production uses the voice as an instrument" and that the song's chorus has "one of the prettiest melodies of her career".[19]
Craig Jenkins of Vulture gave it a lukewarm review, stating that the song "doesn't reinvent pop or Taylor, but it does get her name out on a product built to keep pace with current trends".[13] Mike Wass for Idolator dismissed the song as "not good" and called it "equally underwhelming" as "Look What You Made Me Do". He concluded by saying "If you can get past the cringeworthy lyrics and jarring production, a cute chorus awaits. But that's a lot of work for a minor payoff".[27]
Commercial performance[edit]
In the United States, the song debuted and peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Swift's 22nd top 10 song and her record extending 14th top 10 debut on the chart. It also became her 13th number one song on the Digital Songs chart with opening sales of 135,000 copies, entered the Streaming Songs chart with 19 million streams in its first week of availability, and opened at 35 on the Pop Songs chart with a radio audience of 13 million.[28] As of October 5, 2017, the song has sold 251,000 copies in the United States.[29]
In Australia, "...Ready for It?" entered at number 3 on the ARIA Singles Chart, becoming her 12th top five entry in the nation.[30]
In Canada it peaked at number seven while topped the digital chart dethroning another single from reputation “Look What You Made Me Do”. In the UK it also peaked at number seven becoming the second single from reputation to reach the top ten in both countries. In New Zealand it peaked at number 9 and in Scotland at number 3.
Music video[edit]
On October 23, 2017, Swift released a teaser of the official music video for the song.[31] The full video premiered on October 26. It was directed by Joseph Kahn. The video features homage references to sci-fi and anime, including Blade Runner, Ghost in the Shell, Ex Machina, Tron, Sailor Moon and Species.[32][33] It earned 20.4 million views in its first 24 hours.[34] As of February 2018, the video has over 180 million views.
Synopsis[edit]
The video features two versions of Swift. One version is a cyborg in a white bodysuit. She is shown behind the walls of a cell being guarded by several men in suits. The other version of Swift is seen wearing a large black cloak. The video starts with the cloaked Swift walking through an alley, making her way past several guards and typing in a code to access the room where the cyborg Swift is being held. Graffiti seen on the walls reference lyrics from the album reputation. The cloaked Swift walks up to the cell walls and watches as the cyborg Swift transforms into several iterations - she wears futuristic armor, rides a white horse, manipulates various flickers of energy, and shoots lightning from her fingertips. Eventually, the cyborg Swift is able to break through the cell walls, with shards of glass cutting the cloaked Swift across the face, revealing she is a cyborg as well. The guards try to contain both of them, and the video ends as cyborg Swift moves up an escalator.
Live performances[edit]
Swift performed "...Ready for It?" for the first time during an episode of the 43rd season of Saturday Night Live on November 11, 2017, alongside an acoustic version of "Call It What You Want".[35] Swift also performed "...Ready for It?" as part of the KIIS-FM's Jingle Ball 2017 on December 1, 2017 in Inglewood, California.[36] Two days later, Swift returned onstage to perform the song again as part of 99.7 Now!'s Poptopia in San Jose, California with the same setlist.[37] The following week, Swift performed the song again on three other occasions, such as the B96 Chicago and Pepsi Jingle Bash 2017 in Chicago, the Z100 Jingle Ball 2017 in New York City and Jingle Bell Ball 2017 in London.[38][39][40]
Usage in media[edit]
ESPN used it in its college football telecast advertisements for the season opening game between Alabama and Florida State, which was aired on ABC on September 2 along with her other song "Look What You Made Me Do".[41]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2017–18)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[42]
3
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[43]
26
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[44]
7
Canada AC (Billboard)[45]
44
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[46]
5
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[47]
12
Croatia (HRT)[48]
51
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[49]
24
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[50]
26
France (SNEP)[51]
20
Germany (Official German Charts)[52]
47
Greece Digital Songs (Billboard)[53]
3
Hungary (Single Top 40)[54]
4
Hungary (Stream Top 40)[55]
22
Ireland (IRMA)[56]
12
Israel (Media Forest TV Airplay)[57]
1
Italy (FIMI)[58]
65
Japan (Japan Hot 100)[59]
61
Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[60]
20
Malaysia (RIM)[61]
6
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[62]
76
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[63]
9
Norway (VG-lista)[64]
32
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) [65]
46
Portugal (AFP)[66]
30
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[67]
3
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[68]
25
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[69]
70
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[70]
32
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[71]
41
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[72]
7
US Billboard Hot 100[73]
4
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[74]
26
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[75]
10
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[76]
34
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[77]
12
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[78]
37
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[79]
Platinum 70,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[80]
Platinum 80,000^
Sweden (GLF)[81]
Gold 20,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[82]
Silver 200,000
United States (RIAA)[83]
Platinum 1,000,000
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Type
Label
Ref.
Various
September 3, 2017
Digital download
streaming
Promotional single Big Machine [84]
United States
October 24, 2017 Rhythmic contemporary Official single [8]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Title also written as "...Ready for It"[1][2] and "Ready for It".[3][4]
See also[edit]
Taylor Swift portal
List of number-one digital songs of 2017 (Canada)
List of number-one digital songs of 2017 (U.S.)
List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2017
List of most viewed online videos in first 24 hours
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Burgess, Omar (September 3, 2017). "Here's Taylor Swift's New Single "...Ready for It"". Complex. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chiu, Melody (September 3, 2017). "Is Taylor Swift's '...Ready for It' About Joe Alwyn or Harry Styles? See Why Her Swifties Are Split". People. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosen, Christopher (September 3, 2017). "Taylor Swift drops sexy new song, 'Ready For It'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b O' Connor, Roisin (September 3, 2017). "Taylor Swift releases new song 'Ready For It' from new album Reputation". The Independent. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Helman, Peter (September 3, 2017). "Hear Taylor Swift's New Song 'Ready For It'". Billboard. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lara, Maria Mercedes (September 2, 2017). "Surprise! Taylor Swift Teases New Song 'Ready for It' – and the Fans Are Already Loving It". People. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (September 3, 2017). "Hear Taylor Swift's Assertive New Song '...Ready for It?'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Top 40 Rhythmic Future Releases". All Access Media Group. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Aswad, Jem (September 3, 2017). "Taylor Swift Releases Full Version of New Song 'Ready for It'". Variety. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Powell, Karlie (September 3, 2017). "Taylor Swift's Electronic-Inspired "...Ready for It?" is Speculated to be About Calvin Harris and Others". Your EDM. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gruttadaro, Andrew (September 3, 2017). "Taylor Swift Goes Full 'Yeezus' on New Single "...Ready for It?"". The Ringer. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Is Taylor Swift's new song, ...Ready for It?, about Tom Hiddleston?". The Daily Telegraph. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jenkins, Craig (September 5, 2017). "Review: Taylor Swift's '...Ready for It?' Is Better Than 'Look What You Made Me Do'". Vulture. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Breihan, Tom. "Somehow, We Are Absolutely Ready For Taylor Swift's Rapping-About-Being-Horny-Over-Dubstep Single". Stereogum. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift". Capital XTRA. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c Ryan, Patrick (September 3, 2017). "Taylor Swift raps on peppy new single '...Ready for It?' (and it's way better than it sounds)". USA Today. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Thomas (September 4, 2017). "These fans reckon Taylor Swift's new single sounds a lot like Kanye West's 'Yeezus'". NME. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Salemme, Nadia (September 4, 2017). "'I'm so very tame now': Taylor Swift releases Ready For It, Rihanna-esque new song". News.com.au. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b He, Richard (September 4, 2017). "Pop Is a Battlefield: Taylor Swift's '...Ready for It?' Sees Her Becoming Top 40's Universal Soldier". Billboard. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift "...Ready for It?" BPM". SongBPM.com. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ivie, Devon (September 3, 2017). "Taylor Swift Has Lots to Say About Sex With Her New Song '...Ready for It?'". Vulture. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Hilary (September 3, 2017). "Taylor Swift Isn't 'So Very Tame Now' On New Single '...Ready for It?'". MTV. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rullo, Samantha. "This One Lyric in Taylor Swift's "Ready For It" Could Mean It's About Harry Styles". Elite Daily. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift "Liked" This Fan's Theory That Says Her New Song Is About An Actor". Buzzfeed.
Jump up ^ Bergado, Gabe (September 5, 2017). "Taylor Swift's Tumblr Liked a Fan Theory Connecting Joe Alwyn to "...Ready For It?"". Teen Vogue.
Jump up ^ "'Ready For It?': Decoding Taylor Swift's new video". CNN.
Jump up ^ Wass, Mike (September 3, 2017). "Taylor Swift's New Track Is Not Good: Listen To "...Ready for It?"". Idolator. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (September 11, 2017). "Taylor Swift at Nos. 1 & 4 on Billboard Hot 100, as Cardi B Moves Up to No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nielsen SoundScan charts – Digital Songs – Week Ending: 10/05/2017" (PDF). Nielsen SoundScan. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 8, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift holds No. 1 for second week". Australian Recording Industry Association. September 9, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift's "...Ready for It?" Music Video Looks Like an Actual Movie". Harper's Bazaar. October 23, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ White, Adam (October 27, 2017). "Taylor Swift's ...Ready for It? video: all the movie and TV references explained". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift Premieres ...Ready for It? Music Video". E! Online. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift - …Ready For It?" | Back to Taylor Swift. Archived views on October 27, 2017. October 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Moore, Sam (November 12, 2017). "Watch Taylor Swift perform two tracks from 'Reputation' on 'Saturday Night Live'". NME. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Peters, Mitchell (December 2, 2017). "Watch Taylor Swift Perform 'End Game' With Ed Sheeran at Jingle Ball". Billboard. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Harrington, Jim (December 3, 2017). "Haters, beware — Taylor Swift is back on top again and ready to dominate 2018". The Mercury News. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Klein, Joshua (December 8, 2017). "Taylor Swift and Backstreet Boys defy fest formula at Jingle Bash". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Weatherby, Taylor (December 9, 2017). "Charlie Puth Tributes Chris Cornell, Taylor Swift and Ed Sheeran Team Up Again & More From iHeartRadio's Z100 Jingle Ball in NYC". Billboard. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift OWNED The #CapitalJBB Stage & Brought All Her Biggest Hits For This Iconic Performance". Capital. 10 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift Teases New Song, 'Ready For It,' with ESPN College Football". Variety. September 2, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Taylor Swift – ...Ready for It?". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Taylor Swift – ...Ready for It?" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Canada AC)". Billboard. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Canada CHR/Top 40)". Billboard. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Canada Hot AC)". Billboard. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Croatia ARC TOP 100". HRT. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 20187 into search. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201736 into search. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Taylor Swift – ...Ready for It?" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Taylor Swift – ...Ready for It?". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billboard – Greece Digital Song Sales". Billboard. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Stream Top 40 slágerlista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Taylor Swift". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "מדיה פורסט - לדעת שאתה באוויר". Mediaforest.biz. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Classifica settimanale WK 36" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Japan Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Taylor Swift". The Official Lebanese Top 20. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 36 (1/9/2017 - 7/9/2017)" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of Malaysia. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Taylor Swift – ...Ready for It?" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Taylor Swift – ...Ready for It?". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Taylor Swift – ...Ready for It?". VG-lista. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Portuguesecharts.com – Taylor Swift – ...Ready for It?". AFP Top 100 Singles. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201737 into search. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 Canciones – Semana 37: del 08.09.2017 al 14.09.2017" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swedish Singles Top 100 2017-09-15". Swedish Charts. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Taylor Swift – ...Ready for It?". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2017 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Taylor Swift – ...Ready for It?". Music Canada. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat" (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Retrieved January 13, 2018. Type Taylor Swift in the top right search bar. Click on "Sok" and select ...Ready for It? and see certification.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Taylor Swift – ...Ready for It?". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved December 15, 2017. Enter ...Ready for It? in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Taylor Swift – ...Ready for It?". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 11, 2017. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "'...Ready for It?' – Single by Taylor Swift on Apple Music". United States: iTunes Store. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Taylor Swift songs
Discography
Taylor Swift
"Tim McGraw"
"Picture to Burn"
"Teardrops on My Guitar"
"Should've Said No"
"Our Song"
Fearless
"Fearless"
"Fifteen"
"Love Story"
"White Horse"
"You Belong with Me"
"Breathe"
"You're Not Sorry"
"Forever & Always"
"Change"
Speak Now
"Mine"
"Sparks Fly"
"Back to December"
"Speak Now"
"Mean"
"The Story of Us"
"Innocent"
"Ours"
Red
"State of Grace"
"Red"
"I Knew You Were Trouble"
"All Too Well"
"22"
"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together"
"The Last Time"
"Everything Has Changed"
"Begin Again"
1989
"Welcome to New York"
"Blank Space"
"Style"
"Out of the Woods"
"Shake It Off"
"Bad Blood"
"Wildest Dreams"
"Wonderland"
"New Romantics"
Reputation
"...Ready for It?"
"End Game"
"Look What You Made Me Do"
"Gorgeous"
"Call It What You Want"
Songs as a featured artist
"Two Is Better Than One"
"Half of My Heart"
"Both of Us"
"Highway Don't Care"
Other songs
"Crazier"
"Today Was a Fairytale"
"Safe & Sound"
"Long Live"
"Eyes Open"
"Ronan"
"Sweeter Than Fiction"
"I Don't Wanna Live Forever"
"Best Days of Your Life"
"Better Man"
"This Is What You Came For"
"You'll Always Find Your Way Back Home"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=...Ready_for_It%3F&oldid=826543923"
Categories:
2017 songs
Big Machine Records singles
Electropop songs
Song recordings produced by Max Martin
Song recordings produced by Shellback (record producer)
Songs about sexuality
Songs written by Ali Payami
Songs written by Max Martin
Songs written by Shellback (record producer)
Songs written by Taylor Swift
Taylor Swift songs
2017 singles
Tropical house songs
Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)
Use mdy dates from November 2017
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Australia
Singlechart usages for Austria
Singlechart usages for Canada
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac
Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40
Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac
Singlechart usages for Czech Republic
Singlechart called without artist
Singlechart usages for Czechdigital
Singlechart usages for France
Singlechart usages for Germany2
Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle
Singlechart usages for Hungarystream
Singlechart usages for Ireland2
Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100
Singlechart usages for Dutch100
Singlechart usages for New Zealand
Singlechart usages for Norway
Singlechart usages for Poland
Singlechart usages for Portugal
Singlechart usages for Scotland
Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital
Singlechart usages for Switzerland
Singlechart usages for UK
Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100
Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary
Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs
Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay
Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs
Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic
Certification Table Entry usages for Australia
Certification Table Entry usages for Canada
Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden
Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom
Certification Table Entry usages for United States
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Беларуская
Español
Français
Հայերեն
Italiano
Polski
Português
Русский
ไทย
Türkçe
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 February 2018, at 18:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: ...Ready For It? (BloodPop® Remix) (Official Single Cover) by Taylor Swift.png

attrs: colspan style

value: i

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values:
/wiki/Digital_download_(music)
mw-redirect
Digital download (music)

values:
/wiki/Vulture_(magazine)
mw-redirect
Vulture (magazine)

values: Call It What You Want (Taylor Swift song)

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Canada_CHR/Top_40
mw-redirect
Canada CHR/Top 40

values:
/wiki/Canada_Hot_AC
mw-redirect
Canada Hot AC

values: International Federation of the Phonographic Industry

values: Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique

values: Association of Hungarian Record Companies

values:
/wiki/Japan_Hot_100
mw-redirect
Japan Hot 100

values: Recording Industry Association of Malaysia

values: Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

attrs: scope data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
col
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Australian Recording Industry Association

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values: Recording Industry Association of America

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/NME_(magazine)
mw-redirect
NME (magazine)

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sverigetopplistan.se

values:
nofollow
https://www.bpi.co.uk/bpi-awards/
external text

values:
Taylor_Swift_songs
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Song recordings produced by Max Martin

values: Category:Song recordings produced by Shellback (record producer)

values: Category:Songs written by Shellback (record producer)

values: Category:Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)

values: Category:Use mdy dates from November 2017

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Australia

values: Category:Singlechart called without song

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Czech Republic

values: Category:Singlechart called without artist

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Czechdigital

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Germany2

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Hungarystream

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Ireland2

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Dutch100

values: Category:Singlechart usages for New Zealand

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Portugal

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Scotland

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Switzerland

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Australia

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Canada

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United States

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/...Ready_for_It%3F
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: ...Ready for It? (песня Тэйлар Свіфт) – Belarusian

values: เรดีฟอร์อิต – Thai

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-_Ready_for_It rootpage-_Ready_for_It skin-vector action-view


text:
T wave
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the electromagnetic waves sometimes referred to as T-waves, see Terahertz radiation.
Normal T wave
In electrocardiography, the T wave represents the repolarization, or recovery, of the ventricles. The interval from the beginning of the QRS complex to the apex of the T wave is referred to as the absolute refractory period. The last half of the T wave is referred to as the relative refractory period or vulnerable period. The T wave contains more information than the QT interval. The T wave can be described by its symmetry, skewness, slope of ascending and descending limbs, amplitude and subintervals like the Tpeak–Tend interval.[1]
In most leads, the T wave is positive. This is due to the repolarization of the membrane. During ventricle contraction (QRS complex), the heart depolarizes. Repolarization of the ventricle happens in the opposite direction of depolarization and is negative current, signifying the relaxation of the cardiac muscle of the ventricles. This double negative of direction and charge is why the T wave is positive; although the cell becomes more negatively charged, the net effect is in the positive direction, and the ECG reports this as a positive spike.[2] However, a negative T wave is normal in lead aVR. Lead V1 may have a T wave with positive, negative, or biphasic where positive is followed by negative, or vice versa. In addition, it is not uncommon to have an isolated negative T wave in lead III, aVL, or aVF. A periodic beat-to-beat variation in the amplitude or shape of the T wave may be termed T wave alternans.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cardiac physiology
2 Normal T wave
3 Abnormalities
3.1 Inverted T wave
3.1.1 Frequency of inverted T-waves
3.1.2 Biphasic T wave
3.1.3 Flattened T wave
3.1.4 Hyperacute T wave
3.1.5 'Camel hump' T wave
4 See also
5 References
Cardiac physiology[edit]
The refractory period of cardiac muscle is distinct from skeletal muscle. Nerves that innervate skeletal muscle have an extremely short refractory period after being subjected to an action potential (1 ms). This can lead to sustained or tetanic contraction. In the heart, contractions must be spaced to maintain a rhythm. Unlike in muscle, repolarization occurs at a slow rate (100 ms). This prevents the heart from undergoing sustained contractions because it forces the refractory period and cardiac action potential firing to be of the same length of time.
Repolarization depends on the charges of ions and their flow across membranes. In skeletal muscle cells, repolarization is simple. Sodium ions flowed into the cell earlier to depolarize it and cause skeletal muscle contraction. Once the action potential is over, potassium ions flow out of the cell due to increased cell membrane permeability to those ions. This high permeability contributes to the rapid repolarization of the membrane potential. This repolarization occurs quickly enough that another action potential can cause depolarization, even before the last action potential has dissipated. The cardiac muscle differs in that there are more calcium channels that counteract the potassium channels. While potassium quickly flows out of the cell, calcium slowly flows into the cell. This causes the repolarization to occur more slowly, making the refractory period as long as the action potential, preventing sustained contractions.
The T wave is representative of the repolarization of the membrane. In an EKG reading, the T wave is notable because it must be present before the next depolarization. An absent or strangely shaped T wave may signify disruption in repolarization or another segment of the heartbeat. [3]
Normal T wave[edit]
Normally, T waves are upright in all leads, except aVR, aVL, III and V1 leads. Highest amplitude of T wave is found at V2 and V3 leads. The shape of the T wave is usually asymmetrical with a rounded peak. T wave inversions from V1 to V4 leads are frequently found and normal in children. In normal adults, T wave inversions are less commonly found, but can be normal from V1 to V3.[4] The depth of the T wave also becomes progressively shallow from one to the next lead.[5] The height of the T wave should not exceed 5 mm in limb leads and more than 10 mm in precordial leads.[4]
Abnormalities[edit]
Both the abnormalities of the ST segment and T wave represents the abnormalities of the ventricular repolarisation or secondary to abnormalities in ventricular depolarisation.[5]
Inverted T wave[edit]
Inverted T wave is considered abnormal if inversion is deeper than 1.0 mm. Inverted T waves found in other leads other than the V1 to V4 leads is associated with increased cardiac deaths. Inverted T waves associated with cardiac signs and symptoms (chest pain and cardiac murmur) are highly suggestive of myocardial ischaemia.[4] Other ECG changes associated with myocardial ischaemia are: ST segment depression with an upright T wave; ST segment depression with biphasic T wave or inverted T wave with negative QRS complex;[5] T wave symmetrically inverted with a pointed apex, while the ST segment is either bowed upwards or horizontally depressed, or not deviated; and ST segment depression progressing to abnormal T wave during ischaemia free intervals.[4] However, ST segment depression is not suggestive of ischaemic location of the heart. ST segment depression in eight or more leads, associated with ST segment elevation in aVR and V1 are associated with left main coronary artery disease or three-vessel disease (blockage of all three major branches of coronary arteries). ST segment depression most prominent from V1 to V3 is suggestive of posterior infarction. Furthermore, tall or wide QRS complex with an upright T wave is further suggestive of the posterior infarction.[5]
Wellens' syndrome is caused by the injury or blockage of the left anterior descending artery, therefore resulting in symmetrical T wave inversions from V2 to V4 with depth more than 5 mm in 75% of the cases. Meanwhile, the remaining 25% of the cases shows biphasic T wave morphology. ST segments remains neutral in this syndrome. Those who were treated without angiography will develop anterior wall myocardial infarction in a mean period of 9 days.[4] An episode of chest pain in Wellens' syndrome is associated with ST eleveation or depression and later progressed to T wave abnormality after chest pain subsided. T wave inversion less than 5 mm may still represents myocardial ischaemia, but is less severe than Wellens' syndrome.[5]
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the thickening of the left ventricle, occasionally right ventricle. It may be associated with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction or may not be associated with it in 75% of the cases. ECG would be abnormal in 75 to 95% of the patients. Characteristic ECG changes would be large QRS complex associated with giant T wave inversion[4] in lateral leads I, aVL, V5, and V6, toegther with ST segment depression in left ventricular thickening. For right ventricular thickening, T waves are inverted from V1 to V3 leads. ST and T waves changes may not be apparent in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, but if there is presence of ST and T waves changes indicates severe hypertrophy or ventricular systolic dysfunction.[5] According to Sokolow-Lyon criterion, the height of R wave in V5 or V6 + the height of S wave in V1 more than 35 mm would be suggestive of left ventricular hypertrophy.[4]
Both right and left bundle branch blocks are associated with similar ST and T wave changes as in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, but are opposite to the direction of the QRS complex.[5]
In pulmonary embolism, T wave can be symmetrically inverted at V1 to V4 leads but sinus tachycardia is usually the more common finding. T wave inversion is only present in 19% of mild pulmonary embolism, but the T inversion can be present in 85% of the cases in severe pulmonary embolism. Besides, T inversion can also exists in leads III and aVF.[5]
Inversion of T waves in most of the ECG leads except aVR indicates many causes most commonly myocardial ischaemia and intracranial haemorrhage. Others include: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (stress-induced cardiomyopathy), cocaine abuse, pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, and advanced or complete atrioventricular block.[5]
Frequency of inverted T-waves[edit]
Numbers from Lepeschkin E in [6]
Age (ethnicity)
n
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
Children
1 week - 1 y 210 92% 74% 27% 20% 0.5% 0%
1 y - 2 y 154 96% 85% 39% 10% 0.7% 0%
2 y - 5 y 202 98% 50% 22% 7% 1% 0%
5 y - 8 y 94 91% 25% 14% 5% 1% 1%
8 y - 16 y 90 62% 7% 2% 0% 0% 0%
Males
12 y - 13 y 209 47% 7% 0% 0% 0% 0%
13 y - 14 y 260 35% 4.6% 0.8% 0% 0% 0%
16 y - 19 y (whites) 50 32% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
16 y - 19 y (blacks) 310 46% 7% 2.9% 1.3% 0% 0%
20 - 30 y (whites) 285 41% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
20 - 30 y (blacks) 295 37% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Females
12 y - 13 y 174 69% 11% 1.2% 0% 0% 0%
13 y - 14 y 154 52% 8.4% 1.4% 0% 0% 0%
16 y - 19 y (whites) 50 66% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
16 - 19 y (blacks) 310 73% 9% 1.3% 0.6% 0% 0%
20 - 30 y (whites) 280 55% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
20 - 30 y (blacks) 330 55% 2.4% 1% 0% 0% 0%
Biphasic T wave[edit]
As the name suggests, Biphasic T waves move in opposite directions. The two main causes of these waves are myocardial ischemia and hypokalemia.
Ischemic T waves rise and then fall below the cardiac resting membrane potential
Hypokalemic T waves fall and then rise above the cardiac resting membrane potential
Wellens' Syndrome is a pattern of biphasic T waves in V2-3. It is generally present in patients with ischemic chest pain.
Type 1: T-waves are symmetrically and deeply inverted
Type 2: T-waves are biphasic with negative terminal deflection and positive initial deflection [5]
Flattened T wave[edit]
T wave is considered flat when the wave varies from -1.0 mm to + 1.0 mm in height. Hypokalemia or digitalis therapy can cause flattened T wave with a prominent U wave. As hypokalemia progressively worsens, T wave becomes more flatten while U wave becomes more prominent, with progressively deeper ST segment depression. For digitalis toxicity, there will be sagging QT interval, flattened T wave, and prominent U wave with a shortened QT interval.[5]
Hyperacute T wave[edit]
These T waves may be seen in patients displaying Prinzmetal angina. Additionally, patients exhibiting the early stages of STEMI may display these broad and disproportional waves.[7]
'Camel hump' T wave[edit]
The name of these T waves suggests the shape it exhibits (double peaks). Since these T wave abnormalities may arise from different events, ie hypothermia and severe brain damage, they have been deemed as nonspecific, making them much more difficult to interpret. [8]
See also[edit]
ECG (Electrocardiography)
Cardiac Action Potential
QRS Complex
P wave
Cardiac Pacemaker
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Haarmark C, Graff C, Andersen MP, et al. (2010). "Reference values of electrocardiogram repolarization variables in a healthy population". Journal of Electrocardiology. 43 (1): 31–9. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2009.08.001. PMID 19740481.
Jump up ^ http://www.kumc.edu/AMA-MSS/Study/phys2.htm
Jump up ^ 1953-, Raff, Hershel,; T., Strang, Kevin; 1933-, Vander, Arthur J.,. Human physiology : the mechanisms of body function. ISBN 1259294099. OCLC 914339346.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Wei Qin, Lin; Swee, Guan Teo; Kian Keong, Poh (2013). "Electrocardiographic T wave abnormalities" (PDF). Singapore medical journal. 54 (11): 606–610. doi:10.11622/smedj.2013218. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k HANNA, E. B.; GLANCY, D. L. "ST-segment depression and T-wave inversion: Classification, differential diagnosis, and caveats". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 78 (6): 404–414. doi:10.3949/ccjm.78a.10077.
Jump up ^ Antaloczy, Z (1979). Modern Electrocardiology. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica. p. 401.
Jump up ^ Verouden, N. J.; Koch, K. T.; Peters, R. J.; Henriques, J. P.; Baan, J.; Schaaf, R. J. van der; Vis, M. M.; Tijssen, J. G.; Piek, J. J. (2009-10-15). "Persistent precordial "hyperacute" T-waves signify proximal left anterior descending artery occlusion". Heart. 95 (20): 1701–1706. doi:10.1136/hrt.2009.174557. ISSN 1355-6037. PMID 19620137.
Jump up ^ Abbott, Joseph A.; Cheitlin, Melvin D. (1976-01-26). "The Nonspecific Camel-Hump Sign". JAMA. 235 (4): 413–414. doi:10.1001/jama.1976.03260300039030. ISSN 0098-7484.
hide
v
t
e
Physiology of the cardiovascular system
Heart
Cardiac output
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac output
Heart rate
Stroke volume
Stroke volume
End-diastolic volume
End-systolic volume
Afterload
Preload
Frank–Starling law
Cardiac function curve
Venous return curve
Wiggers diagram
Pressure volume diagram
Ultrasound
Fractional shortening = (End-diastolic dimension
End-systolic dimension) / End-diastolic dimension
Aortic valve area calculation
Ejection fraction
Cardiac index
Heart rate
Cardiac pacemaker
Chronotropic (Heart rate)
Dromotropic (Conduction velocity)
Inotropic (Contractility)
Bathmotropic (Excitability)
Lusitropic (Relaxation)
Conduction
Conduction system
Cardiac electrophysiology
Action potential
cardiac
atrial
ventricular
Effective refractory period
Pacemaker potential
Electrocardiography
P wave
PR interval
QRS complex
QT interval
ST segment
T wave
U wave
Hexaxial reference system
Chamber pressure
Central venous
Right
atrial
ventricular
pulmonary artery
wedge
Left
atrial
ventricular
Aortic
Other
Ventricular remodeling
Vascular system/
Hemodynamics
Blood flow
Compliance
Vascular resistance
Pulse
Perfusion
Blood pressure
Pulse pressure
Systolic
Diastolic
Mean arterial pressure
Jugular venous pressure
Portal venous pressure
Regulation of BP
Baroreflex
Kinin–kallikrein system
Renin–angiotensin system
Vasoconstrictors
Vasodilators
Autoregulation
Myogenic mechanism
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Cerebral autoregulation
Paraganglia
Aortic body
Carotid body
Glomus cell
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T_wave&oldid=849735894"
Categories:
Cardiac electrophysiology
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Italiano
Polski
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 July 2018, at 00:35 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class title

value: b

values:
/wiki/Cardiac_murmur
mw-redirect
Cardiac murmur

values:
/wiki/Myocardial_ischaemia
mw-redirect
Myocardial ischaemia

values:
/wiki/Left_ventricle
mw-redirect
Left ventricle

values:
/wiki/Right_ventricle
mw-redirect
Right ventricle

values:
/wiki/Intracranial_haemorrhage
mw-redirect
Intracranial haemorrhage

values: Edit section: Frequency of inverted T-waves

values:
/wiki/Prinzmetal%27s_angina
mw-redirect
Prinzmetal's angina

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19740481

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/914339346

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/914339346

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2013218

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.78a.10077

values:
nofollow
external text
http://heart.bmj.com/content/95/20/1701

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2009.174557

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1355-6037

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19620137

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7484

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Pressure_volume_diagram
mw-redirect
Pressure volume diagram

values:
/wiki/End-diastolic_dimension
mw-redirect
End-diastolic dimension

values:
/wiki/End-systolic_dimension
mw-redirect
End-systolic dimension

values: Electrical conduction system of the heart

values:
/wiki/Right_ventricular_pressure
mw-redirect
Right ventricular pressure

values:
/wiki/Pulmonary_artery_pressure
mw-redirect
Pulmonary artery pressure

values:
/wiki/Left_ventricular_pressure
mw-redirect
Left ventricular pressure

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/T_wave
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/w/index.php?title=T_wave&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: الموجة تي (رسم قلب) – Arabic

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onda_T
Onda T – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-T_wave rootpage-T_wave skin-vector action-view