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In the Heat of the Night (film)
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In the Heat of the Night
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Norman Jewison
Produced by
Walter Mirisch
Screenplay by
Stirling Silliphant
Based on
a novel by John Ball
Starring
Sidney Poitier
Rod Steiger
Music by
Quincy Jones
Cinematography
Haskell Wexler, A.S.C.
Edited by
Hal Ashby
Production
company
The Mirisch Corporation
Distributed by
United Artists
Release date
August 2, 1967 (1967-08-02)
Running time
109 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$2 million[2]
Box office
$24.3 million[3]
In the Heat of the Night is a 1967 American mystery drama film directed by Norman Jewison. It is based on John Ball's 1965 novel of the same name and tells the story of Virgil Tibbs, a black police detective from Philadelphia, who becomes involved in a murder investigation in a small town in Mississippi. It stars Sidney Poitier and Rod Steiger, and was produced by Walter Mirisch. The screenplay was by Stirling Silliphant.
The film won five Academy Awards, including the 1967 awards for Best Picture and Rod Steiger for Best Actor.
The film was followed by two sequels, They Call Me Mister Tibbs! in 1970, and The Organization in 1971. In 1988, it also became the basis of a television series adaptation of the same name.
Although the film was set in the fictional Mississippi town of Sparta (with supposedly no connection to the real Sparta, Mississippi), most of the movie was filmed in Sparta, Illinois, where many of the film's landmarks can still be seen. The quote "They call me Mister Tibbs!" was listed as number 16 on the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes, a list of top film quotes. In 2002, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Song credit
4 Production
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
6 Musical score and soundtrack
6.1 Track listing
6.2 Personnel
7 Legacy
8 Home media
9 Preservation
10 Gallery
11 Accolades
12 See also
13 Sources
14 References
15 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1966, a wealthy industrialist named Phillip Colbert has moved from Chicago to Sparta, Mississippi to build a factory. One night, police officer Sam Wood discovers that Colbert has been murdered.
Chief Gillespie leads the investigation. A doctor estimates that Colbert had been dead for a few hours. Wood finds a black man named Virgil Tibbs at the train station and arrests him. Gillespie quickly assumes that Tibbs is the culprit and tries to get him to confess. However, he is embarrassed to learn that Tibbs is a top homicide detective from Philadelphia. Gillespie phones Tibbs' chief, who confirms this and recommends that Tibbs should assist them. This idea does not appeal to Gillespie or Tibbs, but they reluctantly agree.
Gillespie arrests another suspect, but Tibbs clears him. The victim's widow is frustrated by the ineptitude of the local police and impressed by Tibbs. She threatens to stop the construction of the factory unless Tibbs leads the investigation. Despite the rocky start, the two policemen begin to respect each other as they are forced to work together.
Tibbs initially suspects plantation owner Endicott, a racist who publicly opposes the new factory. When Tibbs attempts to interrogate Endicott, Endicott slaps him in the face and Tibbs slaps him back. Endicott sends a gang of hooligans after Tibbs. Gillespie rescues him from the fight and tells him to leave town for his safety, but Tibbs is convinced he can solve the case. He examines Colbert's body and suggests the murder happened earlier than initially thought. He examines Colbert's car and deduces that Colbert was murdered elsewhere and the culprit moved the body. Tibbs asks Wood to retrace his car patrol route on the night of the murder, and Gillespie joins them. When Tibbs notices that Wood has changed his route, Gillespie starts suspecting Wood, though Tibbs hints there is another reason.
Gillespie discovers that Wood made a sizable deposit into his bank account the day after the murder while Purdy, a local, files charges against Wood for getting his 16-year-old sister Delores pregnant. Gillespie arrests Wood, despite Tibbs' protests, and Delores is interrogated. Purdy is offended that a black man was present at the interrogation, and he gathers a mob to get revenge. Tibbs reveals that the murder was committed at the site of the planned factory and clears Wood. He also admits that he knew why Wood had changed his route: Delores is an exhibitionist and Wood has been spying on her.
Tibbs visits a backstreet abortionist, who reveals that someone paid for Delores to have an abortion. When Delores arrives, Tibbs follows her outside and is confronted by the murderer, Ralph. Purdy's mob tracks down Tibbs and holds him at gunpoint; he responds by proving that Ralph got Delores pregnant. Ralph shoots Purdy dead before Tibbs disarms him. Ralph is arrested and confesses: he robbed Colbert to fund Delores's abortion but accidentally killed him.
The film ends with Tibbs boarding a train home, as Gillespie respectfully bids him farewell.
Cast[edit]
Sidney Poitier as Virgil Tibbs
Rod Steiger as Gillespie
Warren Oates as Sam Wood
Lee Grant as Mrs. Colbert
Larry Gates as Endicott
James Patterson as Mr. Purdy
William Schallert as Mayor Schubert
Beah Richards as Mama Caleba
Peter Whitney as Courtney
Kermit Murdock as Henderson
Larry D. Mann as Watkins
Matt Clark as Packy
Arthur Malet as Ulam
Fred Stewart as Dr. Stuart
Quentin Dean as Delores
Scott Wilson as Harvey Oberst
Timothy Scott as Shagbag
William C. Watson as McNeil
Eldon Quick as Charles Hawthorne
Stuart Nisbet as Shuie
Khalil Bezaleel as Jess
Peter Masterson as Fryer
Jester Hairston as butler
Phil Adams as 1st tough
Nikita Knatz as 2nd tough
Sam Reese as clerk
Anthony James as Ralph
Uncredited
Harry Dean Stanton
as policeman
Clegg Hoyt
as policeman
[final acting role
died two months
after film's release]
Jazan Winona Wallace as Viola
Song credit[edit]
"In the Heat of the Night" sung by Ray Charles
Song lyrics by Alan & Marilyn Bergman
Production[edit]
Jewison, Poitier, and Steiger worked together and got along well during the filming, but Jewison had problems with the Southern authorities, and Poitier had reservations about coming south of the Mason–Dixon Line for filming. However, despite their reservations, Jewison decided to film part of the film in Dyersburg (Endicott's house) and Union City, Tennessee, anyway while the rest was filmed in Sparta, Chester (Harvey Oberst chase scene), and Freeburg (Compton's diner), Illinois.
The famous scene of Tibbs slapping Endicott is not present in the novel, where Endicott slaps Tibbs and Tibbs does not react. According to Poitier, this was also the case with the original script but he pushed for it to be altered, as it was not true to the values his parents instilled in him. Poitier said "[The scene] was almost not there. I said, 'I'll tell you what, I'll make this movie for you if you give me your absolute guarantee when he slaps me I slap him right back and you guarantee that it will play in every version of this movie.' I try not to do things that are against nature." However, Poitier's version of the story is contradicted by Mark Harris in his book, Pictures at a Revolution. Harris states that copies of the original draft of the screenplay that he obtained clearly contain the scene as filmed, which is backed up by Jewison and Silliphant.
The film is also important for being the first major Hollywood film in color that was lit with proper consideration for a person of African descent. Haskell Wexler recognized that standard strong lighting used in filming tended to produce too much glare on dark complexions and rendered the features indistinct. Accordingly, Wexler toned it down to feature Poitier with better photographic results.[4]
Reception[edit]
In contrast to films like The Chase and Hurry Sundown, which offered confused visions of the South, In the Heat of the Night offered a tough, edgy vision of a Southern town that seemed to hate outsiders more than itself, a theme reflecting the uncertain mood of the time as the Civil Rights Movement attempted to take hold. Canadian director Jewison wanted to tell an anti-racist story of a white man and a black man working together in spite of difficulties. Jewison said that this film proved a conviction he had held for a long time: "It's you against the world. It's like going to war. Everybody is trying to tell you something different and they are always putting obstacles in your way."
In one famous scene, Gillespie mocks the name 'Virgil' by saying "That's a funny name for a nigger boy that comes from Philadelphia! What do they call you up there?" An irritated Tibbs replies: "They call me Mr. Tibbs!" The line was later listed as number 16 on the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes, a list of top film quotes, and was also the title of the sequel. Another scene that surprised audiences at the time occurs when Tibbs is slapped by Endicott and responds by slapping him back.
In a San Francisco pre-screening, Jewison was concerned when the young audience was laughing at the film as if it were a comedy. The audience's stunned reaction to the slapping scene convinced Jewison that the film was effective as drama.[5] That scene helped make the film so popular for audiences, finally seeing the top black film actor physically strike back against bigotry, that the film earned the nickname, Super-spade Versus the Rednecks.[6] During the film's initial run, Steiger and Poitier occasionally went to the Capitol Theatre in New York to amuse themselves seeing how many black and white audience members there were, which could be immediately ascertained by listening to the former cheering Tibbs's retaliatory slap and the latter whispering "Oh!" in astonishment.[7]
Critical response[edit]
Then-freshman critic Roger Ebert in 1967 gave In the Heat of the Night a positive review and placed it at number ten on his top ten list of 1967 films.[8][9] AD Murphy of Variety magazine felt it was a good but uneven film.[10]
With the release of the film in the United States in August, Poitier was starring in two movies simultaneously at the box office, as To Sir, with Love had been released the previous June.
The film, as of July 2017, holds a 96% "Certified Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, out of 44 reviews collected with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10. It's consensus states, "Tense, funny, and thought-provoking all at once, and lifted by strong performances from Sidney Poitier and Rod Steiger.[11]
Musical score and soundtrack[edit]
In the Heat of the Night
Soundtrack album by Quincy Jones
Released
1967
Recorded
1967
Genre
Film score
Length
33:34
Label
United Artists
UAL 4160/UAS 5160
Quincy Jones chronology
Enter Laughing
(1966)Enter Laughing1966 In the Heat of the Night
(1967) In Cold Blood
(1967)In Cold Blood1967
The film score was composed, arranged and conducted by Quincy Jones, and the soundtrack album was released on the United Artists label in 1967.[12][13] The title song performed by Ray Charles, composed by Quincy Jones, and written by Marilyn Bergman and Alan Bergman was released as a single by ABC Records and reached #33 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and #21 on the Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles chart.
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [14]
Allmusic's Steven McDonald said the soundtrack had "a tone of righteous fury woven throughout" and that "the intent behind In the Heat of the Night was to get a Southern, blues-inflected atmosphere to support the angry, anti-racist approach of the picture .. although the cues from In the Heat of the Night show their age".[14] The Vinyl Factory said "this soundtrack to a film about racism in the South has a cool, decidedly Southern-fried sound with funk-bottomed bluesy touches, like on the strutting ‘Cotton Curtain’, the down ‘n’ dirty ‘Whipping Boy’ or the fat ‘n’ sassy ‘Chief’s Drive to Mayor’".[15]
Track listing[edit]
All compositions by Quincy Jones
"In the Heat of the Night' (Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman) − 2:30
"Peep-Freak Patrol Car" − 1:30
"Cotton Curtain" − 2:33
"Where Whitey Ain't Around" − 1:11
"Whipping Boy" − 1:25
"No You Won't" − 1:34
"Nitty Gritty Time" − 1:50
"It Sure Is Groovy!" − 2:30 (Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman)
"Bowlegged Polly" − 2:30 (Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman)
"Shag Bag, Hounds & Harvey" − 3:28
"Chief's Drive to Mayor" − 1:10
"Give Me Until Morning" − 1:09
"On Your Feet, Boy!" − 1:37
"Blood & Roots" − 1:07
"Mama Caleba's Blues" − 5:00
"Foul Owl" − 2:30 (Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman)
Personnel[edit]
Unidentified orchestra arranged and conducted by Quincy Jones including
Ray Charles − vocals (track 1), piano (track 15)
Glen Campbell − vocals (track 9), banjo
Boomer and Travis (track 16), Gil Bernal (track 8) − vocals
Roland Kirk − flute
Bobby Scott − tack piano
Billy Preston − organ (track 1)
Ray Brown − bass
Don Elliott − human instrument
The Raelettes − backing vocals (track 1)
Legacy[edit]
Steven H. Scheuer's Movies on TV (1972–73 edition) gives In the Heat of the Night its highest rating of 4 stars, recommending it as an "[E]xciting, superbly acted and directed film about prejudice, manners and morals in a small Mississippi town", with the concluding sentences stating, "[D]irector Norman Jewison does an outstanding job in creating the subsurface tension of life in a 'sleepy' Southern town, and the supporting performances are uniformly fine. A first-rate film in all respects." Leonard Maltin's TV Movies & Video Guide (1989 edition) follows Scheuer's example with its own highest rating of 4 stars, concluding that "[M]arvelous social thriller hasn't dated one bit—tough, funny, and atmospheric, with unbeatable acting and splendid Quincy Jones score. Five Oscars include Best Picture..."
Mick Martin's & Marsha Porter's DVD & Video Guide (2007 edition) also puts its rating high, at 4 stars (out of 5), finding it "[A] rousing murder mystery elevated by the excellent acting of Rod Steiger and Sidney Poitier."
British references likewise show high regard for the film, with David Shipman in his 1984 The Good Film and Video Guide giving 3 (out of 4) stars, noting that "[A]s mystery or detective story this film is only fair but it has enormous tension. Within its given framework, it is good on the colour question. There is tension in the eyes of the black (Sidney Poitier), who happens to be a homicide officer, and malevolence in those of the local police chief (Rod Steiger). These are two remarkable performances, well supported by Warren Oates, Lee Grant and Larry Gates."
Another British film critic with a highly personal Film Guide, Leslie Halliwell, gave 2 stars (out of 4) describing it in the 5th edition (1985) as an "[O]verrated policier in which the personality clash is amusing (and was timely) but the murder puzzle is a complete throwaway." The Guide continued to be published after Halliwell's death in 1989 and, in the 21st edition, Halliwell's Film Video & DVD Guide 2007, John Walker, who took over as the Guide's author, raised the rating to the highest level of 4 stars and rewrote the evaluation to state that it is "[A] tense and exciting thriller that also explores racism through the explosive clash of two contrasting personalities."
Home media[edit]
In the Heat of the Night was first released on DVD in 2001. In 2010, the film was digitized in High Definition (1080i) and broadcast on MGM HD.
In 2014, MGM released the film on Blu-ray.
Preservation[edit]
The Academy Film Archive preserved In the Heat of the Night in 1997.[16]
Gallery[edit]
Accolades[edit]
In the Heat of the Night was nominated for seven Academy Awards, winning five. They are as follows:[17]
Academy Award wins
Academy Award for Best Picture — Walter Mirisch
Academy Award for Best Actor — Rod Steiger
Academy Award for Best Film Editing — Hal Ashby
Academy Award for Best Sound — Samuel Goldwyn Studios
Academy Award for Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium — Stirling Silliphant
Academy Award nominations
Academy Award for Best Director — Norman Jewison
Academy Award for Best Sound Effects — James Richard
Other awards
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama—Rod Steiger
Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay—Stirling Silliphant
BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actor—Rod Steiger
BAFTA UN Award—Walter Mirisch
Edgar Award—Best Motion Picture Screenplay—Stirling Silliphant (Ball's book also received an Edgar, for Best First Novel)
New York Film Critics Circle Awards for Best Picture Walter Mirisch
American Film Institute recognition
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition): #75
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains: Virgil Tibbs #19 Hero
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
Virgil Tibbs: "They call me Mister Tibbs!": #16
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers: # 21
Other nominations
BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actor—Sidney Poitier
BAFTA Award for Best Film from any Source—Norman Jewison
Directors Guild of America for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures—Norman Jewison
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Director—Norman Jewison
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Actor—Drama—Sidney Poitier
Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress—Lee Grant
Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress—Quentin Dean
Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media—Quincy Jones
Writers Guild of America for Best Written American Drama—Stirling Silliphant
See also[edit]
List of American films of 1967
Sources[edit]
DuBose, James (2008). Searching for Sparta: A 40-year Retrospective on the Movie In the Heat of the Night (2nd ed.). lulu.com.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "IN THE HEAT OF THE NIGHT (A)". British Board of Film Classification. July 17, 1967. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Tino Balio, United Artists: The Company that Changed the Film Industry, Uni of Wisconsin Press, 1987 p 187
Jump up ^ "In the Heat of the Night, Box Office Information". The Numbers. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Harris, Mark. Pictures at a Revolution: Five Films and the Birth of a New Hollywood. Penguin Press, 2008, p. 221.
Jump up ^ Harris, pp. 288–90.
Jump up ^ Harris, p. 336.
Jump up ^ Harris, pp. 335–6
Jump up ^ Ebert's 10 Best Lists: 1967 to Present. Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times via the Internet Archive. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ The Best 10 Movies of 1967. Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Later, Poitier did the sequels They Call Me MISTER Tibbs and The Organization, but both films failed at the box office.Variety review, 1967
Jump up ^ "In the Heat of the Night, Movie Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Soundtrack Collector: album entry accessed January 17, 2018
Jump up ^ Edwards, D & Callahan, M. Discography Preview for the United Artists label 40000 & 4000/5000 Series (1958-1972), accessed January 17, 2018
^ Jump up to: a b McDonald, Steven. In the Heat of the Night/They Call Me Mr. Tibbs – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ 10 definitive Quincy Jones soundtracks from the ’60s and ’70s, The Vinyl Factory, accessed January 19, 2018
Jump up ^ "Preserved Projects". Academy Film Archive.
Jump up ^ "The 40th Academy Awards (1968) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: In the Heat of the Night (film)
In the Heat of the Night on IMDb
In the Heat of the Night at the TCM Movie Database
In the Heat of the Night at AllMovie
In the Heat of the Night at the American Film Institute Catalog
In the Heat of the Night at Box Office Mojo
In the Heat of the Night at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
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Films directed by Norman Jewison
40 Pounds of Trouble (1962)
The Thrill of It All (1963)
Send Me No Flowers (1964)
The Art of Love (1965)
The Cincinnati Kid (1965)
The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming (1966)
In the Heat of the Night (1967)
The Thomas Crown Affair (1968)
Gaily, Gaily (1969)
Fiddler on the Roof (1971)
Jesus Christ Superstar (1973)
Rollerball (1975)
F.I.S.T. (1978)
...And Justice for All (1979)
Best Friends (1982)
A Soldier's Story (1984)
Agnes of God (1985)
Moonstruck (1987)
In Country (1989)
Other People's Money (1991)
Only You (1994)
Bogus (1996)
The Hurricane (1999)
Dinner with Friends (2001)
The Statement (2003)
[show]
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Grand Hotel (1931/32)
Cavalcade (1932/33)
It Happened One Night (1934)
Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)
The Great Ziegfeld (1936)
The Life of Emile Zola (1937)
You Can't Take It with You (1938)
Gone with the Wind (1939)
Rebecca (1940)
How Green Was My Valley (1941)
Mrs. Miniver (1942)
Casablanca (1943)
Going My Way (1944)
The Lost Weekend (1945)
The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)
Gentleman's Agreement (1947)
Hamlet (1948)
All the King's Men (1949)
All About Eve (1950)
1951–1975
An American in Paris (1951)
The Greatest Show on Earth (1952)
From Here to Eternity (1953)
On the Waterfront (1954)
Marty (1955)
Around the World in 80 Days (1956)
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
Gigi (1958)
Ben-Hur (1959)
The Apartment (1960)
West Side Story (1961)
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
Tom Jones (1963)
My Fair Lady (1964)
The Sound of Music (1965)
A Man for All Seasons (1966)
In the Heat of the Night (1967)
Oliver! (1968)
Midnight Cowboy (1969)
Patton (1970)
The French Connection (1971)
The Godfather (1972)
The Sting (1973)
The Godfather Part II (1974)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
1976–2000
Rocky (1976)
Annie Hall (1977)
The Deer Hunter (1978)
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
Ordinary People (1980)
Chariots of Fire (1981)
Gandhi (1982)
Terms of Endearment (1983)
Amadeus (1984)
Out of Africa (1985)
Platoon (1986)
The Last Emperor (1987)
Rain Man (1988)
Driving Miss Daisy (1989)
Dances with Wolves (1990)
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
Unforgiven (1992)
Schindler's List (1993)
Forrest Gump (1994)
Braveheart (1995)
The English Patient (1996)
Titanic (1997)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
American Beauty (1999)
Gladiator (2000)
2001–present
A Beautiful Mind (2001)
Chicago (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
Million Dollar Baby (2004)
Crash (2005)
The Departed (2006)
No Country for Old Men (2007)
Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
The Hurt Locker (2009)
The King's Speech (2010)
The Artist (2011)
Argo (2012)
12 Years a Slave (2013)
Birdman or: (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014)
Spotlight (2015)
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The Shape of Water (2017)
[show]
v
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Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama
The Song of Bernadette (1943)
Going My Way (1944)
The Lost Weekend (1945)
The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)
Gentleman's Agreement (1947)
Johnny Belinda / The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
All the King's Men (1949)
Sunset Boulevard (1950)
A Place in the Sun (1951)
The Greatest Show on Earth (1952)
On the Waterfront (1954)
East of Eden (1955)
Around the World in 80 Days (1956)
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
The Defiant Ones (1958)
Ben-Hur (1959)
Spartacus (1960)
The Guns of Navarone (1961)
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
The Cardinal (1963)
Becket (1964)
Doctor Zhivago (1965)
A Man for All Seasons (1966)
In the Heat of the Night (1967)
The Lion in Winter (1968)
Anne of the Thousand Days (1969)
Love Story (1970)
The French Connection (1971)
The Godfather (1972)
The Exorcist (1973)
Chinatown (1974)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
Rocky (1976)
The Turning Point (1977)
Midnight Express (1978)
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
Ordinary People (1980)
On Golden Pond (1981)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
Terms of Endearment (1983)
Amadeus (1984)
Out of Africa (1985)
Platoon (1986)
The Last Emperor (1987)
Rain Man (1988)
Born on the Fourth of July (1989)
Dances with Wolves (1990)
Bugsy (1991)
Scent of a Woman (1992)
Schindler's List (1993)
Forrest Gump (1994)
Sense and Sensibility (1995)
The English Patient (1996)
Titanic (1997)
Saving Private Ryan (1998)
American Beauty (1999)
Gladiator (2000)
A Beautiful Mind (2001)
The Hours (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
The Aviator (2004)
Brokeback Mountain (2005)
Babel (2006)
Atonement (2007)
Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
Avatar (2009)
The Social Network (2010)
The Descendants (2011)
Argo (2012)
12 Years a Slave (2013)
Boyhood (2014)
The Revenant (2015)
Moonlight (2016)
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017)
[show]
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e
Virgil Tibbs
Novel
In the Heat of the Night by John Ball
Films
In the Heat of the Night
They Call Me Mister Tibbs!
The Organization
TV series
In the Heat of the Night (episodes)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Heat_of_the_Night_(film)&oldid=832214430"
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Bloody Sunday Inquiry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Savile Inquiry" redirects here. For the police inquiry into allegations of sexual abuse by Jimmy Savile and others, see Operation Yewtree.
The Guildhall, Derry, home to the early part of the inquiry
The Bloody Sunday Inquiry, also known as the Saville Inquiry or the Saville Report after its chairman, Lord Saville of Newdigate, was established in 1998 by British Prime Minister Tony Blair after campaigns for a second inquiry by families of those killed and injured in Derry on Bloody Sunday during the peak of ethno-political violence known as The Troubles. It was published on 15 June 2010. The inquiry was set up to establish a definitive version of the events of Sunday 30 January 1972, superseding the tribunal set up under Lord Widgery that had reported on 19 April 1972,[1] 11 weeks after the events, and to resolve the accusations of a whitewash that had surrounded it.
The inquiry took the form of a tribunal established under the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921, and consisted of Lord Saville, the former Chief Justice of New Brunswick William L. Hoyt and John L. Toohey, a former Justice of the High Court of Australia.[2]
The judges retired on 23 November 2004,[3] and reconvened once again on 16 December to listen to testimony from another key witness, known as Witness X.[4]
The results were published on 15 June 2010. Then British Prime Minister David Cameron addressed the House of Commons that afternoon where he acknowledged, among other things, that the paratroopers had fired the first shot, had fired on fleeing unarmed civilians, and shot and killed one man who was already wounded.[5] He then apologised on behalf of the British Government.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Publication
2 Conclusions
3 Reactions to publication
4 Criticism
5 Timeline
5.1 2000
5.2 2001
5.3 2002
5.4 2004
5.5 2007
5.6 2008
5.7 2009
5.8 2010
6 Controversy over cost and duration
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Publication[edit]
The report of the inquiry was published on 15 June 2010.[7] That morning thousands of people walked the path that the civil rights marchers had taken on Bloody Sunday before 14 were killed,[8] holding photos of those who had been shot.[9] The families of the victims received advance copies inside the Guildhall.[8]
Conclusions[edit]
The report stated, "The firing by soldiers of 1 PARA on Bloody Sunday caused the deaths of 13 people and injury to a similar number, none of whom was posing a threat of causing death or serious injury,"[10] and also said, "The immediate responsibility for the deaths and injuries on Bloody Sunday lies with those members of Support Company whose unjustifiable firing was the cause of those deaths and injuries."[11] Saville stated that British paratroopers "lost control",[12] fatally shooting fleeing civilians and those who tried to aid the civilians who had been shot by the British soldiers.[13] The report stated that British soldiers had concocted lies in their attempt to hide their acts.[13] Saville stated that the civilians had not been warned by the British soldiers that they intended to shoot.[8] The report states, contrary to the previously established belief, that none of the soldiers fired in response to attacks by petrol bombers or stone throwers, and that the civilians were not posing any threat.[8]
Saville said British soldiers should not have been ordered to enter the Bogside area as "Colonel Wilford either deliberately disobeyed Brigadier MacLellan’s order or failed for no good reason to appreciate the clear limits on what he had been authorised to do".[14] The report stated five British soldiers aimed shots at civilians they knew did not pose a threat and two other British soldiers shot at civilians "in the belief that they might have identified gunmen, but without being certain that this was the case".[14]
The report found that Martin McGuinness,"did not engage in any activity that provided any of the soldiers with any justification for opening fire."[15]
Reactions to publication[edit]
Prime Minister David Cameron, addressing the House of Commons after the publication of the report on 15 June 2010, described what British soldiers had done as "both unjustified and unjustifiable, it was wrong".[16] He acknowledged that all those who died were unarmed when they were killed by British soldiers and that a British soldier had fired the first shot at civilians.[8][13] He also said that this was not a premeditated action, though "there was no point in trying to soften or equivocate" as "what happened should never, ever have happened".[8] Cameron then apologised on behalf of the British Government by saying he was "deeply sorry".[8][13][17]
Relatives of the civilians who were fatally shot by the British soldiers gave a "thumbs up" to the crowd which gathered outside the Guildhall to hear the conclusions of the report and to listen to Cameron's apology on behalf of the British government.[13] Crowds of people applauded upon hearing Cameron's apology broadcast on a giant screen which had been erected in the city.[17] The New York Times called it "an extraordinary apology".[18] Historian Paul Bew, Baron Bew, writing in The Daily Telegraph, summed up the length of the inquiry as follows: "It is astonishing to think that when the tribunal, chaired by Lord Saville, began its work in 1998, David Cameron was not even in Parliament. Now, 38 years after the event itself, Bloody Sunday has come back to haunt another British prime minister".[18]
The Daily Mail stated that Cameron's apology was following an example set by Labour of "sealing off nagging historic disputes by saying sorry".[19] The Belfast Telegraph quoted Labour MP Harriet Harman as saying that the report spoke for itself, but that given its length, many groups regrettably would likely be spurred to, and be able to, identify enough in the report to justify a predictable "flogging of traditional hobby horses".[20]
Criticism[edit]
One lawyer representing soldiers involved in the enquiry stated that Lord Saville "cherry picked" the evidence in his inquiry and that Lord Saville felt under pressure to give a verdict that is not borne out by the available evidence.[21] This view was later echoed by a former paratrooper writing in the Belfast Telegraph that the Saville Inquiry was one-sided and did not reflect events of the day as he experienced them.[22]
Ulster Unionist Party leader Sir Reg Empey criticised the inquiry itself, questioning the benefit of reliving the "darkest years" of Northern Ireland's history after 40 years, and also contrasting the £190m Saville Inquiry into 13 deaths with the absence of any inquiries into the deaths of people at the hands of paramilitary groups during the same period.[23] This second criticism was also echoed in comments from Protestants reported in The Belfast Telegraph that the report created an unjust hierarchy in which the victims of Bloody Sunday were unfairly elevated above the more numerous victims of IRA violence.[20]
Timeline[edit]
2000[edit]
The Bloody Sunday Inquiry opened properly in 2000 when formal public hearings began at the Guildhall in Londonderry. The Inquiry held public hearings on 116 days over the year, clocking up more than 600 hours of evidence. The vast majority of the evidence was from eyewitnesses.
In August, the inquiry ordered the soldiers who had opened fire to return to Londonderry to give their evidence. However, in December the Court of Appeal overruled the inquiry and accepted that the former soldiers would be in danger from dissident republicans should they return to Northern Ireland.
2001[edit]
The inquiry heard that there may be a "wall of silence" in Derry over what exactly members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) were doing on the day. The allegations persisted when a witness in February 2001 refused to name a man he said had fired at soldiers. After months of speculation, Sinn Féin's Martin McGuinness announced that he would give evidence to the inquiry.
2002[edit]
The inquiry relocated to the Westminster Central Hall in London to hear evidence from former British Army soldiers, who claimed they might be attacked by dissident republicans if they travelled to Derry.[24]
2004[edit]
Judges retired on 23 November 2004.[3] They reconvened once again on 16 December to listen to testimony from another key witness, known as Witness X.[4]
2007[edit]
Publication of the Inquiry's Report was expected at the end of 2007, or possibly early 2008.[25]
2008[edit]
On 8 February 2008, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Shaun Woodward revealed that the Bloody Sunday Inquiry was still costing £500,000 a month although it had not held hearings since 2005. The total cost of the Inquiry had reached £181.2m (by December 2007) and would not report until the second half of 2008. More than half of the overall cost is believed to be legal bills for the Inquiry.[26] On 6 November 2008, the chairman of the Inquiry, Lord Saville, revealed that his report into the events of Bloody Sunday would not be completed for at least another year. The inquiry's final report had been expected to be completed by the end of 2008 and published in early 2009.[27]
2009[edit]
The chairman of the inquiry, Lord Saville, revealed that the inquiry would be handed to the government in March 2010, some nine years after the first evidence was heard; a delay which Lord Saville admitted was "extremely disappointing". Shaun Woodward said he had been "profoundly shocked" by the new delay, adding "I am concerned at the impact on the families of those who lost loved ones and those who were injured".[28]
2010[edit]
The Saville Report was handed to government lawyers on 24 March 2010, twelve years after the inquiry was established. The government lawyers then checked the report for evidence which may pose a threat to "national security". The report was given to Owen Paterson, the new Secretary of State, who decided on an appropriate date to publish the report.[29] John Kelly, whose brother Michael was killed on Bloody Sunday, said the families feared the report "will fall victim to selective leakage and other partisan usage long before the full report sees the light of day" and urged the Secretary of State to publish the report as soon as possible.[30] On 26 May 2010 it was announced that the Saville Report would be published on 15 June.[31] Comments in the press emphasised the financial cost of the inquiry, and the ways in which this could overshadow its legal and moral value.[32][33][34]
Shortly before the publication of the long-awaited Saville Report, it was announced that soldiers from the Parachute Regiment would return to Helmand in Afghanistan on operations for the third time in four years in October and commanders believed that the report could cause a "morale-damaging backlash" against the British Army if the reports were not viewed in the context of the violence and chaos that engulfed Northern Ireland in 1972 and that while there should be no attempt to justify the killing of civilians by British paratroopers, senior defence officials emphasised that the events of Bloody Sunday were "a tragedy which belonged to another era" and should not reflect badly on the present day's armed forces.[35]
Controversy over cost and duration[edit]
The Bloody Sunday Inquiry has generated controversy due to its prolonged nature, mounting costs and questions regarding its relevance.
Some like Peter Oborne have labelled the inquiry a "shambles", estimating its final cost at "more than £200 million".[36] He has suggested that while "Most people... accept that in Northern Ireland the only way forward is by casting a veil of obscurity over the past": however the Saville inquiry marks the "one exception to this rule: the British army"; whose "conduct... is being put under a microscope by the Saville public inquiry".[37]
The inquiry caused further controversy when on 4 July 2006 the Government revealed its cost to the taxpayer in an attempt "to block an official inquiry into the 7 July London bombings". "Tessa Jowell, let slip on BBC TV's Sunday AM programme that 'the latest estimate... is about £400 million'": an amount labelled by "Downing Street and ministers" as an "'awful' cost":[38]
In response to questions about the Bloody Sunday inquiry, Government officials were unable to explain why the cost was more than double the estimates given publicly. Miss Jowell's aides confirmed that she had repeated a figure given to her by John Reid, the Home Secretary, who when he was the Northern Ireland secretary had challenged the hefty fees being charged by lawyers at the inquiry.
Blair's official spokesman later agreed that costs had run out of control, saying that the inquiry had taken a "long time and cost an awful lot of money". It heard from more than 900 witnesses before it ended last November and Lord Saville retired to write his report.
David Lidington, the Tories' Northern Ireland spokesman, said the costs were "scandalous". He would be asking in Parliament why there had been such a dramatic increase. Tory figures say the inquiry has cost everyone in the country £6.64; the total of £400 million would have paid for [a year's salary for] more than 15,000 nurses, nearly 5,000 doctors and 11,000 policemen, or 13 extra Apache helicopters for troops in Iraq and Afghanistan.
See also[edit]
Northern Ireland peace process
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Widgery Tribunal Report". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Questions & Answers". Bloody Sunday Inquiry. 2010. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Saville inquiry judges retire". BBC News. 23 November 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b "Surprise return for inquiry". BBC News. 16 December 2004.
Jump up ^ "Saville: Bloody Sunday killings unjustifiable". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 15 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bloody Sunday report published". BBC News. 15 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Report of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry". 15 June 2010. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Bloody Sunday report states those killed were innocent". BBC News. 15 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Richard Allen Greene (15 June 2010). "Bloody Sunday report blames British soldiers". CNN. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "The overall assessment". Report of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry. 15 June 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "The question of responsibility for the deaths and injuries on Bloody Sunday". Report of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry. 15 June 2010. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bloody Sunday victims all innocent". Al Jazeera. 15 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e John Bingham, Rosa Prince and Thomas Harding (15 June 2010). "Bloody Sunday Inquiry: victims were all unarmed and killed without justification, says Saville report". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Inquiry finds soldiers lost 'self control'". The Irish Times. Irish Times Trust. 15 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Tim Shipman (16 June 2010). "McGuinness WAS armed with machine gun on Bloody Sunday". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bloody Sunday killings 'unjustifiable'". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 15 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Alistair MacDonald (15 June 2010). "Bloody Sunday Killings 'Unjustified'". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b John F.Burns and Eamon Quinn (15 June 2010). "Cameron Says 1972 N. Ireland Killings Were ‘Unjustified’". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Nicola Boden (15 June 2010). "Bloody Sunday – Saville Inquiry: Cameron apologises for shootings as report blames British soldiers for 'unjustifiable' killings | Mail Online". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Henry Patterson: For many, the Bloody Sunday Saville Report has fallen short – Opinion". The Belfast Telegraph. 16 June 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Soldiers' lawyer: Saville 'cherry picked' evidence". BBC News. 15 June 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bloody Sunday Inquiry: A soldier's view – 'I was in Derry that day. I just wish the Army hadn't been' – Opinion". The Belfast Telegraph. 16 June 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Time for Northern Ireland to move on – Empey – Ulster Unionist Party Northern". Uster Unionist Party. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "City move for Bloody Sunday Inquiry". BBC News. 24 September 2002. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Further wait for inquiry report". BBC News. 25 October 2006. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Thornton, Chris (8 February 2008). "Bloody Sunday probe costing £500k a month". The Belfast Telegraph. p. 4.
Jump up ^ Zagreb (6 November 2008). "Bloody Sunday report delayed for at least another year". The Irish Independent. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Families' dismay at Saville delay". BBC News. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bloody Sunday report plan changed". BBC News. 19 March 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sunday families want report date". BBC News. 23 February 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Date set for Bloody Sunday report". BBC News. 26 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Gilligan, Andrew (29 May 2010). "Bloody Sunday Inquiry: A £191 million fiasco – Finally, 12 years after being set up, and at a huge cost, the Saville report looks set to satisfy no one except the relatives of the dead". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bloody Sunday inquiry a disaster, says Ken Clarke". BBC News. 13 June 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Saville Inquiry an 'expensive disaster'". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 13 June 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Rayment, Sean (12 June 2010). "David Cameron urged to tell public not to judge Army over Bloody Sunday killings – The Prime Minister has been urged to speak up in defence of today's soldiers when the long-awaited report on the Bloody Sunday killings is published next week". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Oborne, Peter (10 January 2004). "The truth is he lied". The Spectator. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Oborne, Peter (12 January 2002). "The politics of bloody murder". The Spectator. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Jones, George; Petre, Jonathan (5 July 2006). "Bloody Sunday: Full inquiry, cost £400m. 7 July bombs: No inquiry, 'too expensive'". The Daily Telegraph. London.
External links[edit]
Full report of the Inquiry
Bloody Sunday Inquiry website
Madden & Finucane Bloody Sunday Archive
BBC News Bloody Sunday Inquiry Timeline
Robert Fisk: 'We didn't care about the Irish – Catholics or Protestants'. 16 June 2010.
Britain Acknowledges "Bloody Sunday" Killings Were Unjustified and Apologizes to Victims’ Families – video report by Democracy Now!
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Sunday_Inquiry&oldid=798060121"
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Supreme Court of Illinois
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Illinois Supreme Court
Seal of the Supreme Court of Illinois
Established
1841 (1841)
Country
Illinois
United States
Location
Springfield, Illinois
Coordinates
39°47′53″N 89°39′10″W / 39.797928°N 89.652724°W / 39.797928; -89.652724Coordinates: 39°47′53″N 89°39′10″W / 39.797928°N 89.652724°W / 39.797928; -89.652724
Motto
Latin: Audi Alteram Partem
Hear the other side
Composition method
Partisan election
Authorized by
Illinois Constitution
Decisions are appealed to
Supreme Court of the United States
Judge term length
10 years
No. of positions
7
Website
Official website
Chief Justice
Currently
Lloyd A. Karmeier
Since
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)
Jurist term ends
2019 (2019)
The Supreme Court of Illinois is the state supreme court, the highest court of the state of Illinois. The court's authority is granted in Article VI of the current Illinois Constitution, which provides for seven justices elected from the five appellate judicial districts of the state: Three justices from the First District (Cook County) and one from each of the other four districts. Each justice is elected for a term of ten years[1] and the chief justice is elected by the court from its members for a three-year term.
Contents
1 Jurisdiction
2 Justices
2.1 Current Justices
2.2 Previous Justices
2.2.1 2000–present
2.2.2 1900–1999
2.2.3 1818–1899
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
Jurisdiction[edit]
The court has limited original jurisdiction and has final appellate jurisdiction. It has mandatory jurisdiction in capital cases and cases where the constitutionality of laws has been called into question, and discretionary jurisdiction from the Illinois Appellate Court. Along with the state legislature, the court promulgates rules for all state courts. Also, its members have the authority to elevate trial judges to the appellate court on a temporary basis.[2] The court administers professional discipline through the Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Committee and it governs initial licensing through the Illinois Board of Admissions to the Bar.
The official reporter of the Illinois Supreme Court is Illinois Reports.
Justices[edit]
Illinois Supreme Court, Springfield, Illinois
While the justices of many states' supreme courts are expected to relocate to the state capital for the duration of their terms of office, the justices of the Illinois Supreme Court continue to reside in their home districts and have chambers in their respective appellate districts (for example, the three First District justices are chambered in the Michael Bilandic Building in Chicago). The justices travel to Springfield to hear oral arguments and deliberate. Accordingly, the Illinois Supreme Courthouse includes temporary apartments for the justices' use while in Springfield.
Current Justices[edit]
Name
Party
Joined
Term Ends
District
Law school attended
Anne M. Burke Democratic 2006 2018 1st Chicago-Kent College of Law
Mary Jane Theis Democratic 2010 2022 1st University of San Francisco
P. Scott Neville Jr. Democratic 2018 2020 1st Washington University School of Law
Robert R. Thomas Republican 2000 2020 2nd Loyola University Chicago School of Law
Thomas L. Kilbride Democratic 2000 2020 3rd Antioch School of Law
Rita B. Garman Republican 2001 2022 4th University of Iowa College of Law
Lloyd A. Karmeier (Chief Justice) Republican 2004 2024 5th University of Illinois College of Law
Previous Justices[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
2000–present[edit]
Thomas R. Fitzgerald (2000–2010)
Philip J. Rarick (2002–2004)
1900–1999[edit]
Charles E. Freeman (1990-2018)
S. Louis Rathje (1999–2000)
Michael Anthony Bilandic (1994–1997)
Mary Ann G. McMorrow (1992–2006)
Moses Harrison (1992–2002)
John L. Nickels (1992–1998)
Benjamin K. Miller (1984–2001)
Joseph F. Cunningham (1991–1992)
James D. Heiple (1990–2000)
Horace L. Calvo (1988–1991)
John J. Stamos (1988–1990)
Joseph F. Cunningham (1987–1988)
Seymour Simon (1980–1988)
Thomas E. Kluczynski (1978–1980)
William G. Clark (1976–1992)
Caswell J. Crebs (1975–1976)
Thomas J. Moran (1976–1992)
James A. Dooley (1976–1978)
Howard C. Ryan (1970–1990)
Joseph H. Goldenhersh (1970–1987)
Charles H. Davis (2nd time, 1970–1975)
Marvin Burt (1969–1970)
Caswell J. Crebs (1969–1970)
John T. Culbertson Jr. (1969–1970)
Thomas E. Kluczynski (1966–1976)
Daniel P. Ward (1966–1990)
Robert C. Underwood (1962–1984)
Roy Solfisburg (1962–1963)
Byron O. House (1957–1969)
Charles H. Davis (1st time, 1955–1960)
Ray Klingbiel (1953–1969)
Walter V. Schaefer (1951–1976)
Harry B. Hershey (1951–1966)
George W. Bristow (1951–1961)
Ralph L. Maxwell (1951–1956)
Albert M. Crampton (1948–1953)
Joseph E. Daily (1948–1965)
Jesse L. Simpson (1947–1951)
Charles H. Thompson (1942–1950)
William J. Fulton (1942–1954)
June C. Smith (1941–1947)
Loren E. Murphy (1939–1948)
Walter T. Gunn (1938–1951)
Francis S. Wilson (1935–1951)
Elwyn R. Shaw (1933–1942)
Lott R. Herrick (1933–1937)
Paul Farthing (1933–1942)
Norman L. Jones (1931–1940)
Warren H. Orr (1930–1939)
Paul Samuell (1929–1930)
Cyrus E. Dietz (1928–1929)
Oscar E. Heard (1927–1928)
Frank K. Dunn (1907–1933)
Frederic R. DeYoung (1924–1934)
Oscar E. Heard (1924–1933)
Floyd E. Thompson (1919–1928)
Clyde E. Stone (1918–1948)
Warren W. Duncan (1915–1933)
Albert Watson (1915–1915)
Charles C. Craig (1913–1918)
George A. Cooke (1909–1919)
Frank K. Dunn (1907–1933)
Orrin N. Carter (1906–1924)
Alonzo K. Vickers (1906–1915)
William M. Farmer (1906–1931)
Guy C. Scott (1903–1909)
James B. Ricks (1901–1906)
John P. Hand (1900–1913)
1818–1899[edit]
Carroll C. Boggs (1897–1906)
Joseph N. Carter (1894–1903)
James H. Cartwright (1895–1924)
Jesse J. Phillips (1893–1901)
Joseph M. Bailey (1888–1895)
Jacob W. Wilkin (1888–1907)
Benjamin D. Magruder (1885–1906)
Simeon P. Shope (1885–1894)
Damon G. Tunnicliff (1885–1885)
David J. Baker Jr. (1888–1897)
John H. Mulkey (1879–1888)
David J. Baker Jr. (1878–1879)
T. Lyle Dickey (1875–1885)
Alfred M. Craig (1873–1900)
John Scholfield (1873–1893)
William K. McAllister (1870–1875)
Benjamin R. Sheldon (1870–1888)
John M. Scott (1870–1888)
Anthony Thornton (1870–1873)
Charles B. Lawrence (1864–1873)
Corydon Beckwith (1864–1864)
Pinkney H. Walker (1858–1888)
Sidney Breese (1857–1878)
Onias C. Skinner (1855–1858)
Walter B. Scates (1853–1857)
Lyman Trumbull (1848–1853)
David M. Woodson (1848–1848)
Jesse B. Thomas Jr. (1847–1848)
William A. Denning (1847–1848)
Norman H. Purple (1845–1848)
Gustavus P. Koerner (1845–1848)
James Shields (1843–1845)
Jesse B. Thomas Jr. (1843–1845)
John Dean Caton (1843–1864)
John M. Robinson (1843–1843)
Richard M. Young (1843–1847)
James Semple (1843–1843)
John Dean Caton (1842–1843)
Stephen A. Douglas (1841–1843)
Samuel H. Treat (1841–1855)
Walter B. Scates (1841–1847)
Sidney Breese (1841–1843)
Thomas Ford (1841–1842)
Theophilus W. Smith (1825–1842)
Samuel D. Lockwood (1825–1848)
Thomas Reynolds (1822–1825)
William Wilson (1819–1848)
Joseph Phillips (1818–1822)
Thomas C. Browne (1818–1848)
William P. Foster (1818–1819)
John Reynolds (1818–1825)
See also[edit]
Judiciary of Illinois
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Courts in Illinois". Illinois Supreme Court.
Jump up ^ Appellate Court Act (705 ILCS 25/1(d)). Retrieved 2010-04-07.
Bibliography[edit]
List of Supreme Court Justices from Supreme Court's website
Scammon, J. Young (1841). Illinois Reports v. 1 (2 ed.). Chicago: Gale & Burley.
Gilman, Charles; Russell H. Curtis (1886). Illinois Reports v. 10. Chicago: Callaghan & Co.
Peck, E. (1856). Illinois Reports v. 16. Chicago: D. B. Cooke & Co.
Peck, E. (1869). Illinois Reports v. 16 (2 ed.). St. Louis: W. J. Gilbert.
Peck, E. (1858). Illinois Reports v. 19. Chicago: D. B. Cooke & Co.
Ewell, Marshall D. Illinois Reports v. 33.
Freeman, Norman L. (1866). Illinois Reports v. 44. Callaghan & Co.
External links[edit]
Illinois Supreme Court website
A Chronicle of the Illinois Supreme Court
Illinois State Judiciary
Chief Justices of the Illinois Supreme Court
Illinois Supreme Court Historic Preservation Commission
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North Port, Florida
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
City in Florida, United States
North Port
City

Seal
Logo
Etymology: Shortened form of North Port Charlotte
Motto(s): Achieve Anything

Location in Sarasota County and the state of Florida
Coordinates: 27°3′58″N 82°10′19″W / 27.06611°N 82.17194°W / 27.06611; -82.17194Coordinates: 27°3′58″N 82°10′19″W / 27.06611°N 82.17194°W / 27.06611; -82.17194[1]
Country
United States
State
Florida
County
Sarasota
Incorporated
June 20, 1959 (1959-06-20)
Government
• Type
Council–manager government
• City Manager
Peter D. Lear, CPA, CGMA
• City Mayor
Vanessa Carusone
Area[2]
• Total
104.16 sq mi (269.8 km2)
• Land
99.58 sq mi (257.9 km2)
• Water
4.58 sq mi (11.9 km2) 4.40%
Elevation
10 ft (3 m)
Population (2010)
• Total
57,357
• Estimate (2016)[3]
64,274
• Density
550/sq mi (210/km2)
Time zone
UTC-5 (EST)
• Summer (DST)
UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP codes
34286–34291
Area code(s)
941
FIPS code
12-49675[4]
GNIS feature ID
0294334[5]
Website
City of North Port
North Port is a city located in Sarasota County, Florida. The population was 57,357 at the 2010 US Census.[6] It is part of the North Port–Bradenton–Sarasota Metropolitan Statistical Area. It was originally developed by General Development Corporation as the northern / Sarasota County portion of its Port Charlotte development, the other portion located in the adjacent Charlotte County. GDC dubbed it North Port Charlotte, and it was incorporated under that name through a special act of the Florida Legislature in 1959. By referendum in 1974, the city's residents approved a change to its name as North Port, dropping Charlotte from its name to proclaim the city as a separate identity.[7][8]
Contents
1 Geography
2 Demographics
3 Schools
4 Sports
5 References
6 External links
Geography[edit]
North Port is a municipality containing very large-scale residential subdivisions along with an extensive network of streets. The municipality has annexed nearby locales including the area known as Warm Mineral Springs, the location of a notable artesian spring as well as its own significant residential subdivision.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 104.16 square miles (269.8 km2), of which 99.58 square miles (257.9 km2) is land and 4.58 square miles (11.9 km2) (4.40%) is water.
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1960 178 —
1970 2,244 1,160.7%
1980 6,205 176.5%
1990 11,973 93.0%
2000 22,797 90.4%
2010 57,357 151.6%
Est. 2016 64,274 [3] 12.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[9]
As of the 2010 US Census, there were 57,357 people and 27,986 households residing in the city.[4] The population density was 576.0 inhabitants per square mile (222.4/km2). There were 27,986 housing units at an average density of 281.0 per square mile (108.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 87.6% White, 7% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.7% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.7% of the population.[6]
Of the 22,431 households, 49.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.8% were non-families. 21.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.95.[6]
In the city, the population was spread out with 26.4% under the age of 20, 4.4% from 20 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 1.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.9 years. For every 100 females, there were approximately 94 males. For every 100 females age 20 and over, there were approximately 97 males.[6]
As of 2010[update], the median income for a household in the city was $53,815. The per capita income for the city was $27,070. About 12.3% of people were below the poverty line.[10]
Schools[edit]
Entrance to North Port High School, home of the Bobcats
North Port has five elementary schools, one public charter school, two middle schools, and one high school:[11]
Toledo Blade Elementary School (K-5)
Glenallen Elementary School (K-5)
Cranberry Elementary School (K-5)
Atwater Elementary School (K-5)
Lamarque Elementary School (K-5)
Imagine School at North Port (K-12)
Heron Creek Middle School (6-8)
Woodland Middle School (6-8)
North Port High School (9-12)
Sports[edit]
In 2019, North Port will be the Spring Training home for the Atlanta Braves. The Braves will also hold extended spring training in North Port.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "North Port city, Florida". Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010; 2010 Demographic Profile Data. U.S. Census Bureau.
Jump up ^ City of North Port History Book
Jump up ^ City of North Port Charter, §1.02, City Ordinance 74-5
Jump up ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Census Data for the City of North Port". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ North Port, FL : Education
Jump up ^ Murdock, Zack (January 24, 2017). "Atlanta Braves executives 'can't wait' to land in North Port stadium". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
External links[edit]
City of North Port
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Municipalities and communities of Sarasota County, Florida, United States
County seat: Sarasota
Cities
North Port
Sarasota
Venice
Town
Longboat Key‡
CDPs
Bee Ridge
Desoto Lakes
Englewood‡
Fruitville
Gulf Gate Estates
Kensington Park
Lake Sarasota
Laurel
The Meadows
Nokomis
North Sarasota
Osprey
Plantation
Ridge Wood Heights
Sarasota Springs
Siesta Key
Southgate
South Gate Ridge
South Sarasota
South Venice
Vamo
Venice Gardens
Warm Mineral Springs
Unincorporated
communities
Lakewood Ranch‡
Manasota
Old Miakka
Verna‡
West Villages
Woodmere
Footnotes
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
LCCN: n83049112
VIAF: 126705070
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text:
Son of Heaven
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the secular imperial title of the Chinese sovereign, see Emperor of China.
Son of Heaven was a title of King Wu of Zhou, and of subsequent Chinese sovereigns.
Japan's Emperor ruled as divine descendant of sun goddess Amaterasu.
Son of Heaven, or Tian Zi (Chinese: 天子; pinyin: Tiānzǐ), was the sacred imperial title of the Chinese emperor. It originated with the ancient Zhou Dynasty and was founded on the political and spiritual doctrine of the Mandate of Heaven. The secular imperial title of the Son of Heaven was "Emperor of China".
The title, "Son of Heaven", was subsequently adopted by other East Asian monarchs to justify their rule.
The Son of Heaven was the supreme universal emperor, who ruled tianxia ("all under heaven"). His status is rendered in English as "ruler of the whole universe" or "ruler of the whole world."[1] The title, "Son of Heaven", was interpreted literally only in China and Japan, whose monarchs were referred to as demigods, deities, or "living gods", chosen by all the ancient gods and goddesses.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 See also
3 References
3.1 Citations
3.2 Sources
History[edit]
The title "Son of Heaven" stems from the concept of the Mandate of Heaven, created by the Zhou Dynasty monarchs to justify their having deposed the Shang Dynasty. They held that Heaven had revoked its mandate from the Shang and given it to the Zhou in retribution for Shang corruption and misrule. Heaven bestowed the mandate on whomever was most fit to rule. The title held the emperor responsible for the prosperity and security of his people by the threat of taking away his mandate.[2]
The ancient Han Chinese imperial title, tianzi (天子), "Son of Heaven", was later adopted by the Emperor of Japan during that country's Asuka period.[3] Japan sent diplomatic missions to China, then ruled by the Sui dynasty, and formed cultural and commercial ties with China.[4] Japan's Yamato state modeled its government after the Chinese Confucian imperial bureaucracy. A Japanese mission of 607 CE delivered a message from "the Son of Heaven in the land where the sun rises ... to the Son of Heaven in the land where the sun sets."[3] But the Japanese emperor's title was less contingent than that of his Chinese counterpart; there was no divine mandate that would punish Japan's emperor for failing to rule justly. The right to rule of the Japanese emperor, descended from the sun goddess Amaterasu, was absolute.[5]
The Vietnamese title Thiên tử (Chữ Hán: 天子) was more similar to that of the Chinese Son of Heaven. A divine mandate gave the Vietnamese emperor the right to rule, based not on his lineage but on his competence to govern.[6] Vietnam's adoption of a Confucian bureaucracy, presided over by Vietnam's Son of Heaven, led to the creation of a Vietnamese tributary system in Southeast Asia, modeled after the Chinese Sinocentric system in East Asia.[7]
"Son of Heaven" was often one of several titles adopted by East Asian monarchs. Emperor Taizong of Tang held the Chinese title, Son of Heaven", alongside the Central Asian title, Tengeri Qaghan ("Tenger Khan", or God-like Emperor), which he had gained after defeating the Tujue.[8] Japanese monarchs likewise used a second title, tennō (天皇, "Heavenly Emperor"), that, like "Son of Heaven", appealed to the emperor's connection to Heaven.[9]
See also[edit]
History of Imperial China portal
Asia portal
Monarchy portal
Religion portal
Chinese Tributary System
Emperor of China
Sinocentrism
Pax Sinica ("Chinese peace")
Tian (Heaven) / Shangdi (God)
Tian Xia (All under Heaven)
Tian Chao (Dynasty of Heaven)
Tian Kehan (Khan of Heaven)
Tian Ming (Mandate of Heaven)
Tian Zi (Son of Heaven)
Zhou dynasty
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Ebrey 2010, p. 179.
^ Jump up to: a b Dull 1990, p. 59.
^ Jump up to: a b Huffman 2010, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Inoue 1993, p. 182.
Jump up ^ Beasley 1999, p. 29.
Jump up ^ Woodside 1971, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Woodside 1971, pp. 234–237.
Jump up ^ Twitchett 2000, p. 124.
Jump up ^ Ooms 2009, pp. 154–156.
Sources[edit]
Beasley, William (1999). "The Making of a Monarchy". The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22560-2.
Dull, Jack (1990). "The Evolution of Government in China". Heritage of China: Contemporary Perspectives on Chinese Civilization. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06441-6.
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010) [1996]. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-12433-1.
Huffman, James (2010). Japan in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-979884-1.
Inoue, Mitsusada (1993). "The Century of Reform". The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 163–220. ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2.
Ooms, Herman (2009). Imperial Politics and Symbolics in Ancient Japan: The Tenmu Dynasty, 650–800. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3235-3.
Twitchett, Denis (2000). H. J. Van Derven, ed. Warfare in Chinese History. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11774-7.
Woodside, Alexander (1971). Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-93721-5.
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