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Island
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For other uses, see Island (disambiguation).
Atafu atoll in Tokelau
A small Fijian island
The British Isles are a large group of islands. The main islands are Great Britain and Ireland.
A small island in Lower Saranac Lake in the Adirondacks in the U.S.
Bangchuidao Island is an islet composed mostly of rock, in Dalian, Liaoning Province, China.
The islands of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil, are the visible parts of submerged mountains.
A subterranean isle in Cross Cave
Manhattan, U.S. is home to over 1.6 million people.
Hawaiian islands from space[1]
Kansai Airport is built on an artificial island in Japan.
An island or isle is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water.[2] Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait, and a small island off the coast may be called a holm. A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago, such as the Philippines, for example.
An island may be described as such, despite the presence of an artificial land bridge; examples are Singapore and its causeway, and the various Dutch delta islands, such as IJsselmonde. Some places may even retain "island" in their names for historical reasons after being connected to a larger landmass by a land bridge or landfill, such as Coney Island and Coronado Island, though these are strictly tied islands. Conversely, when a piece of land is separated from the mainland by a man-made canal, for example the Peloponnese by the Corinth Canal or Marble Hill in northern Manhattan during the time between the building of the United States Ship Canal and the filling-in of the Harlem River which surrounded the area, it is generally not considered an island.
There are two main types of islands in the sea: continental and oceanic. There are also artificial islands.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Difference between islands and continents
3 Types of islands
3.1 Continental islands
3.2 Oceanic islands
3.3 Tropical islands
4 Artificial islands
5 Island superlatives
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Etymology[edit]
The word island derives from Middle English iland, from Old English igland (from ig or ieg, similarly meaning 'island' when used independently, and -land carrying its contemporary meaning; cf. Dutch eiland ("island"), German Eiland ("small island")). However, the spelling of the word was modified in the 15th century because of a false etymology caused by an incorrect association with the etymologically unrelated Old French loanword isle, which itself comes from the Latin word insula.[3] Old English ieg is actually a cognate of Swedish ö and German Aue, and related to Latin aqua (water).[4]
Difference between islands and continents[edit]
Greenland is the world's largest island, with an area of over 2.1 million km2, while Australia, the world's smallest continent, has an area of 7.6 million km2, but there is no standard of size which distinguishes islands from continents,[5] or from islets.[6] There is a difference between islands and continents in terms of geology. Continents sit on continental lithosphere which is part of tectonic plates floating high on Earth's mantle. Oceanic crust is also part of tectonic plates, but it is denser than continental lithosphere, so it floats low on the mantle. Islands are either extensions of the oceanic crust (e.g. volcanic islands) or geologically they are part of some continent sitting on continental lithosphere (e.g. Greenland). This holds true for Australia, which sits on its own continental lithosphere and tectonic plate.
Types of islands[edit]
Continental islands[edit]
Continental islands are bodies of land that lie on the continental shelf of a continent.[7] Examples are Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Sakhalin, Taiwan and Hainan off Asia; New Guinea, Tasmania, and Kangaroo Island off Australia; Great Britain, Ireland, and Sicily off Europe; Greenland, Newfoundland, Long Island, and Sable Island off North America; and Barbados, Falklands and Trinidad off South America.
A special type of continental island is the microcontinental island, which is created when a continent is rifted. Examples are Madagascar and Socotra off Africa, the Kerguelen Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, and some of the Seychelles.
Another subtype is an island or bar formed by deposition of tiny rocks where water current loses some of its carrying capacity. This includes:
barrier islands, which are accumulations of sand deposited by sea currents on the continental shelves
fluvial or alluvial islands formed in river deltas or midstream within large rivers. While some are transitory and may disappear if the volume or speed of the current changes, others are stable and long-lived.
Islets are very small islands.
Oceanic islands[edit]
Main article: High island
Oceanic islands are islands that do not sit on continental shelves. The vast majority are volcanic in origin, such as Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.[8] The few oceanic islands that are not volcanic are tectonic in origin and arise where plate movements have lifted up the ocean floor above the surface. Examples are Saint Peter and Paul Rocks in the Atlantic Ocean and Macquarie Island in the Pacific.
One type of volcanic oceanic island is found in a volcanic island arc. These islands arise from volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under another is occurring. Examples are the Aleutian Islands, the Mariana Islands, and most of Tonga in the Pacific Ocean. The only examples in the Atlantic Ocean are some of the Lesser Antilles and the South Sandwich Islands.
Another type of volcanic oceanic island occurs where an oceanic rift reaches the surface. There are two examples: Iceland, which is the world's second largest volcanic island, and Jan Mayen. Both are in the Atlantic.
A third type of volcanic oceanic island is formed over volcanic hotspots. A hotspot is more or less stationary relative to the moving tectonic plate above it, so a chain of islands results as the plate drifts. Over long periods of time, this type of island is eventually "drowned" by isostatic adjustment and eroded, becoming a seamount. Plate movement across a hot-spot produces a line of islands oriented in the direction of the plate movement. An example is the Hawaiian Islands, from Hawaii to Kure, which continue beneath the sea surface in a more northerly direction as the Emperor Seamounts. Another chain with similar orientation is the Tuamotu Archipelago; its older, northerly trend is the Line Islands. The southernmost chain is the Austral Islands, with its northerly trending part the atolls in the nation of Tuvalu. Tristan da Cunha is an example of a hotspot volcano in the Atlantic Ocean. Another hot spot in the Atlantic is the island of Surtsey, which was formed in 1963.
An atoll is an island formed from a coral reef that has grown on an eroded and submerged volcanic island. The reef rises to the surface of the water and forms a new island. Atolls are typically ring-shaped with a central lagoon. Examples are the Line Islands in the Pacific and the Maldives in the Indian Ocean.
Tropical islands[edit]
See also: Formation of coral reefs
Approximately 45,000 tropical islands with an area of at least 5 hectares (12 acres) exist.[9] Examples formed from coral reefs include Maldives, Tonga, Samoa, Nauru, and Polynesia.[9] Granite islands include Seychelles and Tioman and volcanic islands such as Saint Helena.
The socio-economic diversity of tropical islands ranges from the Stone Age societies in the interior of Madagascar, Borneo, and Papua New Guinea to the high-tech lifestyles of the city-islands of Singapore and Hong Kong.[10]
International tourism is a significant factor in the economy of many tropical islands including Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Réunion, Hawaii, and the Maldives.
Artificial islands[edit]
Main article: Artificial island
Almost all of the Earth's islands are natural and have been formed by tectonic forces or volcanic eruptions. However, artificial (man-made) islands also exist, such as the island in Osaka Bay off the Japanese island of Honshu, on which Kansai International Airport is located. Artificial islands can be built using natural materials (e.g., earth, rock, or sand) or artificial ones (e.g., concrete slabs or recycled waste).[11][12] Sometimes natural islands are artificially enlarged, such as Vasilyevsky Island in the Russian city of St. Petersburg, which had its western shore extended westward by some 0.5 km in the construction of the Passenger Port of St. Petersburg.[13]
Artificial islands are sometimes built on pre-existing "low-tide elevation", a naturally formed area of land which is surrounded by and above water at low tide but submerged at high tide. Legally it is not an island and has no territorial sea of its own.[14]
Island superlatives[edit]
Largest island: Greenland
Largest island in a lake: Manitoulin Island
Largest island in a river: Bananal Island
Largest island in fresh water: Marajó
Largest uninhabited island: Devon Island
Lowest island: Franchetti island in Lake Afrera, Ethiopia
Island shared by largest number of countries: Borneo (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia)
See also[edit]
Desert island
Inland island
Island biogeography
Island ecology
Island country
Island hopping
List of ancient islands
List of archipelagos
List of artificial islands
List of divided islands
List of fictional islands
List of island countries
List of islands by area
List of islands by body of water
List of islands by continent
List of islands by country
List of islands by highest point
List of islands by name
List of islands by population
List of islands by population density
List of islands named after people
Phantom island
Private island
Small Island Developing States
Tidal island
Islands portal
Environment portal
Ecology portal
Geography portal
Weather portal
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ "Hawaii : Image of the Day". Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Webster's Dictionary-Island".
Jump up ^ "Island". Dictionary.com. Retrieved March 5, 2007.
Jump up ^ Ringe, Donald A. (2006). A Linguistic History of English: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford University Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-19-928413-X.
Jump up ^ Brown, Mike. How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming. New York: Random House Digital, 2010. ISBN 0-385-53108-7
Jump up ^ Royle, Stephen A. A Geography of Islands: Small Island Insularity. Psychology Press, 2001. pp. 7–11 ISBN 1-85728-865-3
Jump up ^ "Island (geography)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Lomolino, Mark V. (editor); (et al.) (2004) Foundations of Biogeography: Classic Papers with Commentaries. University of Chicago Press. p. 316. ISBN 0226492362
^ Jump up to: a b Austrian Academy of Sciences. "The Tropical Islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans". doi:10.1553/3-7001-2738-3. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Arnberger, Hertha, Erik (2011). The Tropical Islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. ISBN 978-3700127383.
Jump up ^ "Building Artificial Islands That Rise With the Sea". Retrieved 2016-06-28.
Jump up ^ "What Makes an Island? Land Reclamation and the South China Sea Arbitration | Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative". 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2016-06-28.
Jump up ^ "Conception of development of the artificial lands of Vasilievsky island". Retrieved 2016-06-28.
Jump up ^ United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 13. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Island (category)
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Islands
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Island.
Definition of island from United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Listing of islands from United Nations Island Directory.
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text:
Hide-and-seek
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Hide and Seek (disambiguation).
Hide-and-seek
A 19th-century painting of three children playing hide and seek in a forest (Friedrich Eduard Meyerheim)
Players
2+
Setup time
about 90 seconds
Playing time
no limit
Random chance
Very low
Skill(s) required
Running, tracking, hiding, observation, ability to stay silent
Hide-and-seek, or hide-and-go-seek, is a popular children's game in which any number of players (ideally at least three)[1] conceal themselves in the environment, to be found by one or more seekers. The game is played by one player chosen (designated as being "it") closing their eyes and counting to a predetermined number while the other players hide. For example, count to 100 in units of 5 or count to 20, one two three and keep counting up till it reaches twenty. After reaching this number, the player who is "it" calls "Ready or not, here I come!" and then attempts to locate all concealed players.[2]
The game can end in one of several ways. In the most common variation of the game, the player chosen as "it" locates all players as the players are not allowed to move; the player found last is the winner and is chosen to be "it" in the next game. Another common variation has the seeker counting at "home base"; the hiders can either remain hidden or they can come out of hiding to race to home base; once they touch it, they are "safe" and cannot be tagged. In Ohio, a hider must yell "free" when he touches base or he can still be tagged out. But if the seeker tags another player before reaching home base, that person becomes "it."
The game is an example of an oral tradition, as it is commonly passed by children.
Contents
1 Variants
2 International competition
3 See also
4 References
Variants[edit]
Different versions of the game are played around the world, under a variety of names.[3]
One derivative in game is called "Sardines", in which only one person hides and the others must find them, hiding with them when they do so. The hiding places become progressively more cramped, like sardines in a tin. The last person to find the hiding group is the loser. And is the hider for the next round. This game is best played at night in a big area like a park, or in a dark room or just regular lighting inside as traditional hide and seek is played. A. M. Burrage calls this version of the game "Smee" in his 1931 ghost story of the same name.[4]
Hide and Seek (painting 1881)
In some versions of the game, after the first player is caught or if not any other players can be found over a period of time, "it" calls out a pre-agreed phrase (such as "Olly olly oxen free", or "All in, All in, Everybody out there all in free") to signal the other hiders to return to base for the next round.[5] In another version, when players are caught they help the "it" seek out others. The original term is "All ye all ye, come for free". Over the years this term has taken on various phrases, the most popular is "Olly olly oxen free".
In one variant, once all hiders have been located, the game then becomes a game of tag where the "it" chases after all the other players and the first person tagged becomes the "it".
In another, the hiders who are found help the "it" track down the remaining hiders, but the first person to be found becomes the next "it."
In another variant the game is called "Chase". It is however team based and plays only after dusk. Two teams—the hiders and the seekers—are each composed of two or more players. There is a central home base (a.k.a safe) from which the seekers count and hiders must return to without being tagged by a seeker in order to be considered "free" to hide again. All players dress in black. No flashlights are allowed. The only lights in the playing field are those from street lamps or natural lighting. The goal is for the hiders to take advantage of camouflage of the shadows in the surrounding area. The game is meant to be stealth. When a hider is caught—tagged by a seeker—the hider does not get to hide again and must remain on home base. If a hider returns home "free" without being tagged they can hide again in the next round representing their team. When all hiders are caught then the hiders become the seekers and the seekers become the hiders. Hiders cannot leave the boundaries of the playing field or else are immediately "caught" or "out" from the round. The origins of this version arose in Greece, NY in 1976 and had a large following through the end of 1989. It's popularity waned in the 1990s as parents began helicoptering their children—worrying about adolescent safety at night.
In some parts of Australia, the game is called "44 Homes." The hiders hide until they are spotted by the seeker, who chants, "Forty, Forty, I see you" (sometimes shortened to "Forty, forty, see you"). Once spotted, the hider must run to "home base" (where the "it" was counting while the other players hid) and touch it before she or he is "tipped" (tagged, or touched) by the seeker. If tagged, that hider becomes the new "it."[6]
In North India, hide-and-seek is played differently – if any of the 'hiders' touch the seeker and says 'Dhappa', then the seeker has to count again. However, if the seeker sees the hider before they manage to touch him/her and say dhappa, then that hider will be 'it' the next round, unless some other hider manages to 'Dhappa' the seeker without being seen.But now, instead of doing Dhappa on the "IT"s body, hiders can do dhappa where the "it" counts. The "it" is simply called as "Dianer" (daa-ee-nuh-rr); and the dianers takes a dian.(count)
In Brazil and Russia, hide-and-seek has an extra step. The "it" starts counting with eyes closed and facing the wall while everyone hides. Once the "it" finds someone, they must race to the spot where the "it" was originally counting and facing the wall and whoever touches that spot first, wins the game. This is also sometimes played by other countries.
Hide and Go Seek in the dark is another variant that is very self explanatory. You play hide and go seek at night in a park or field or in a house at night with the lights off.
International competition[edit]
Hide and seek world championship officially named "Nascondino World Championship" is the unique international hide-and-seek competition, a team play for adults, with non-diversified categories by gender. Born in 2010 in the Italian city of Bergamo, it is held annually in Italy, in summer. The game is a derivative of the Italian version of hide and seek, "nascondino" (hide-and-seek in Italian), and takes place on a playground in the open air, set up with artificial and natural hideouts. The seventh competition took place in September 2017, with 70 teams from 11 countries.
See also[edit]
Princess and monster game
Search game
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hide and seek.
Jump up ^ Williams, Jenny (20 August 2009). "30 Classic Outdoor Games for Kids". Wired. Hide and Seek. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Trafton, J. Gregory; Schultz, Alan; Perznowski, Dennis; Bugajska, Magdalena; Adams, William; Cassimatis, Nicholas; Brock, Derek (August 2003). "Children and robots learning to play hide and seek" (PDF). Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "hide-and-seek". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Book of English Ghost Stories, OUP 1986.
Jump up ^ Ollie Ollie oxen free, World Wide Words, Michael Quinion
Jump up ^ Darian-Smith K, Logan W, Seal G (2011). "44 Home - Hiding Game". Childhood, Tradition and Change. Australia. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
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values: ਲੁਕਣ ਮੀਚੀ – Punjabi

values:
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
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values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paka-paka
Paka-paka – Quechua
qu
qu
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
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values: Прятки – Russian

values: හැංගිමුත්තං – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
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values: Жмурке – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
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values: கண்ணாம்மூச்சி – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
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values: Качышлы – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
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values: దాగుడుమూతలు – Telugu

values:
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values:
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values: Схованки – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
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values:
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values:
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values:
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values:
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values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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