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Book of Jonah
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The Book of Jonah is one of the Prophets in the Bible. It tells of a Hebrew prophet named Jonah son of Amittai who is sent by God to prophesy the destruction of Nineveh but tries to escape the divine mission.[1] Set in the reign of Jeroboam II (786–746 BC), it was probably written in the post-exilic period, some time between the late 5th to early 4th century BC.[2] The story has a long interpretive history and has become well-known through popular children's stories. In Judaism it is the Haftarah, read during the afternoon of Yom Kippur in order to instill reflection on God's willingness to forgive those who repent;[3] it remains a popular story among Christians. It is also retold in the Koran.
Contents
[hide]
1 Narrative
2 Outline
2.1 Setting
2.2 Characters
2.3 Plot
2.3.1 In the Bible
2.3.2 In the Koran
3 Interpretive history
3.1 Early Jewish interpretation
3.1.1 Targum Jonah
3.1.2 Dead Sea Scrolls
3.2 Early Christian interpretation
3.2.1 New Testament
3.2.2 Augustine of Hippo
3.3 Medieval commentary tradition
3.3.1 The Ordinary Gloss
3.4 Modern
4 Jonah and the "big fish"
5 Jonah and the gourd vine
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Narrative[edit]
Unlike the other Prophets, the book of Jonah is almost entirely narrative, with the exception of the psalm in chapter 2. The actual prophetic word against Nineveh is given only in passing through the narrative. As with any good narrative, the story of Jonah has a setting, characters, a plot, and themes. It also relies heavily on such literary devices as irony.
Outline[edit]
Jonah Flees His Mission (chapters 1-2)
Jonah's Commission and Flight (1:1-3)
The Endangered Sailors Cry to Their gods (1:4-6)
Jonah's Disobedience Exposed (1:7-10)
Jonah's punishment and Deliverance (1:11-2:1;2:10)
His Prayer of Thanksgiving (2:2-9)
Jonah Reluctantly fulfills His Mission (chapters 3-4)
Jonah's Renewed Commission and Obedience (3:1-4)
The Endangered Ninevites' Repentant Appeal to the Lord (3:5-9)
The Ninevites' Repentance Acknowledged (3:10-4:4)
Jonah's Deliverance and Rebuke (4:5-11)[4]
Setting[edit]
Nineveh, where Jonah preached, was the capital of the ancient Assyrian empire, which fell to the Babylonians and the Medes in 612 BC. The book calls Nineveh a “great city,” referring to its size [Jonah 3:3 + 4:11] and perhaps to its affluence as well.[citation needed] (The story of the city’s deliverance from judgment may reflect an older tradition dating back to the 8th–7th century BC)[citation needed] Assyria often opposed Israel and eventually took the Israelites captive in 722–721 BC (see History of ancient Israel and Judah). The Assyrian oppression against the Israelites can be seen in the bitter prophecies of Nahum.
Characters[edit]
The story of Jonah is a drama between a passive man and an active God. Jonah, whose name literally means "dove," is introduced to the reader in the very first verse. The name is decisive. While many other prophets had heroic names (e.g., Isaiah means "God has saved"), Jonah's name carries with it an element of passivity.[citation needed]
Jonah's passive character is contrasted with the other main character: Yahweh. God's character is altogether active. While Jonah flees, God pursues. While Jonah falls, God lifts up. The character of God in the story is progressively revealed through the use of irony. In the first part of the book, God is depicted as relentless and wrathful; in the second part of the book, He is revealed to be truly loving and merciful.
The other characters of the story include the sailors in chapter 1 and the people of Nineveh in chapter 3. These characters are also contrasted to Jonah's passivity. While Jonah sleeps in the hull, the sailors pray and try to save the ship from the storm (1:4–6). While Jonah passively finds himself forced to act under the Divine Will, the people of Nineveh actively petition God to change his mind.
Plot[edit]
In the Bible[edit]
The plot centers on a conflict between Jonah and God. God calls Jonah to proclaim judgment to Nineveh, but Jonah resists and attempts to flee. He goes to Joppa and boards a ship bound for Tarshish. God calls up a great storm at sea, and, at Jonah's insistence, the ship's crew reluctantly cast Jonah overboard in an attempt to appease God. A great sea creature, sent by God, swallows Jonah. For three days and three nights Jonah languishes inside the fish's belly. He says a prayer in which he repents for his disobedience and thanks God for His mercy. God speaks to the fish, which vomits out Jonah safely on dry land.
After his rescue, Jonah obeys the call to prophesy against Nineveh, causing the people of the city to repent and God to forgive them. Jonah is furious, however, and angrily tells God that this is the reason he tried to flee from Him, as he knew Him to be a just and merciful God. He then beseeches God to kill him, a request which is denied when God causes a tree to grow over him, giving him shade. Initially grateful, Jonah's anger returns the next day, when God sends a worm to eat the plant, withering it, and he tells God that it would be better if he were dead. God then points out: "You are concerned about the bush, for which you did not labour and which you did not grow; it came into being in a night and perished in a night. And should I not be concerned about Nineveh, that great city, in which there are more than a hundred and twenty thousand people who do not know their right hand from their left, and also many animals? (NRSV)"
Ironically, the relentless God demonstrated in the first chapter is shown to be the merciful God in the last two chapters (see 3:10). Equally ironic, despite not wanting to go to Nineveh and follow God's calling, Jonah becomes one of the most effective prophets of God. As a result of his preaching, the entire population of Nineveh repents before the Lord and is spared destruction. The author indicates that the city "has more than a hundred and twenty thousand people who cannot tell their right hand from their left" (4:11a, NIV). While some commentators see this number (120,000) as a somewhat pejorative reference to ignorant or backward Ninevites, most commentators take it to refer to young infants, thus implying a population considerably larger than 120,000.[5]
In the Koran[edit]
Islam also tells the story of the Prophet Jonah in the Koran. Similar to the Bible, the Koran states that Jonah was sent to his people to deliver a message to worship only one God (the Judeo-Christian God of Abraham) and refrain from evil behavior. However Johah became angry with his people when they refused to listen and ignores him. Jonah gave up on his people and left his community without having instruction from God. “And remember when he (Jonah) went off in anger.” (Quran 21:87)
According to Islam, after Jonah left his people the sky turned red as fire and the people were filled with fear. Jonah's people repented to God and prayed that Jonah would return to guide them to the Straight Path. God accepted their repentance and the sky returned to normal.
As told in the Koran, Jonah boarded a ship to be far away from his people. While on the ship the calm sea became violent and was tearing at the boat. After throwing their belongings overboard without any positive change, the passengers cast lots to throw someone overboard to reduce the weight. Twice Jonah's name was drawn to be thrown overboard, which surprised the passengers because Jonah as perceived as a righteous and pious man. Jonah understood this was not a coincidence but his destiny and he jumped into the violent sea and was swallowed by a "giant fish." Many believe this fish was a whale.
The strong acid from fish's belly began to eat away at Jonah's skin and he began to repeatedly call out to God for help by saying: "None has the right to be worshipped but you oh God, glorified are you and truly I have been one of the wrongdoers!” (Quran 21:87)
Islam teaches that God accepted Jonah's repentance and commanded the giant fish to spit Jonah out onto the shore. Jonah was in pain and his skin was burned from the acid in the fish's belly. Jonah repeated his prayer and God relieved him by having a vine (gourd) cover his body to protect him and also provided him with food.
The Koran states: "And, verily, Jonah was one of the Messengers. When he ran to the laden ship, he agreed to cast lots and he was among the losers, then a big fish swallowed him and he had done an act worthy of blame. Had he not been of them who glorify God, he would have indeed remained inside its belly (the fish) until the Day of Resurrection. But We cast him forth on the naked shore while he was sick and We caused a plant of gourd to grow over him. And We sent him to a hundred thousand people or even more, and they believed, so We gave them enjoyment for a while.” (Quran 37:139-148).
Jonah returned to be with his people and guide them. The prayer made by Jonah while in the fish's belly can be used to help anyone in times of distress: "None has the right to be worshipped but you oh God, glorified are you and truly I have been one of the wrongdoers!” (Quran 21:87).
Interpretive history[edit]
Jonah preaching to the Ninevites, by Gustave Doré.
Jonah Cast Forth By The Whale, by Gustave Doré.
Early Jewish interpretation[edit]
The story of Jonah has numerous theological implications, and this has long been recognized. In early translations of the Hebrew Bible, Jewish translators tended to remove anthropomorphic imagery in order to prevent the reader from misunderstanding the ancient texts.[citation needed] This tendency is evidenced in both the Aramaic translations (e.g. the Targums) and the Greek translations (e.g. the Septuagint). As far as the Book of Jonah is concerned, Targum Jonah offers a good example of this.[citation needed]
Targum Jonah[edit]
In Jonah 1:6, the Masoretic Text (MT) reads, "...perhaps God will pay heed to us...." Targum Jonah translates this passage as: "...perhaps there will be mercy from the Lord upon us...." The captain's proposal is no longer an attempt to change the divine will; it is an attempt to appeal to divine mercy. Furthermore, in Jonah 3:9, the MT reads, "Who knows, God may turn and relent [lit. repent]?" Targum Jonah translates this as, "Whoever knows that there are sins on his conscience let him repent of them and we will be pitied before the Lord." God does not change His mind; He shows pity.[citation needed]
Dead Sea Scrolls[edit]
Fragments of the book were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS) (4Q76 a.k.a. 4QMinorProphetsa, Col V-VI, frags. 21–22; 4Q81 a.k.a. 4QMinorProphetsf, Col I and II; and 4Q82 a.k.a. 4QMinorProphetsg, Frags. 76–91), most of which follows the Masoretic Text closely and with Mur XII reproducing a large portion of the text.[6] As for the non-canonical writings, the majority of references to biblical texts were made by argumentum ad verecundiam. The Book of Jonah appears to have served less purpose in the Qumran community than other texts, as the writings make no references to it.[7]
Early Christian interpretation[edit]
New Testament[edit]
The earliest Christian interpretations of Jonah are found in the Gospel of Matthew (see Matthew 12:38–42 and 16:1–4) and the Gospel of Luke (see Luke 11:29–32). Both Matthew and Luke record a tradition of Jesus’ interpretation of the Book of Jonah (notably, Matthew includes two very similar traditions in chapters 12 and 16). As with most Old Testament interpretations found in the New Testament, Jesus’ interpretation is primarily “typological” (see Typology (theology)). Jonah becomes a “type” for Jesus. Jonah spent three days in the belly of the fish; Jesus will spend three days in the grave. Here, Jesus plays on the imagery of Sheol found in Jonah’s prayer. While Jonah metaphorically declared, “Out of the belly of Sheol I cried,” Jesus will literally be in the belly of Sheol. Finally, Jesus compares his generation to the people of Nineveh. Jesus fulfills his role as a type of Jonah, however his generation fails to fulfill its role as a type of Nineveh. Nineveh repented, but Jesus' generation, which has seen and heard one even greater than Jonah, fails to repent. Through his typological interpretation of the Book of Jonah, Jesus has weighed his generation and found it wanting.
Augustine of Hippo[edit]
The debate over the credibility of the miracle of Jonah is not simply a modern one. The credibility of a human being surviving in the belly of a great fish has long been questioned. In c. 409 AD, Augustine of Hippo wrote to Deogratias concerning the challenge of some to the miracle recorded in the Book of Jonah. He writes:
The last question proposed is concerning Jonah, and it is put as if it were not from Porphyry, but as being a standing subject of ridicule among the Pagans; for his words are: “In the next place, what are we to believe concerning Jonah, who is said to have been three days in a whale’s belly? The thing is utterly improbable and incredible, that a man swallowed with his clothes on should have existed in the inside of a fish. If, however, the story is figurative, be pleased to explain it. Again, what is meant by the story that a gourd sprang up above the head of Jonah after he was vomited by the fish? What was the cause of this gourd’s growth?” Questions such as these I have seen discussed by Pagans amidst loud laughter, and with great scorn.
— (Letter CII, Section 30)
Augustine responds that if one is to question one miracle, then one should question all miracles as well (section 31). Nevertheless, despite his apologetic, Augustine views the story of Jonah as a figure for Christ. For example, he writes: "As, therefore, Jonah passed from the ship to the belly of the whale, so Christ passed from the cross to the sepulchre, or into the abyss of death. And as Jonah suffered this for the sake of those who were endangered by the storm, so Christ suffered for the sake of those who are tossed on the waves of this world." Augustine credits his allegorical interpretation to the interpretation of Christ himself (Matt. 12:39,40), and he allows for other interpretations as long as they are in line with Christ's.
Medieval commentary tradition[edit]
The Ordinary Gloss[edit]
The Ordinary Gloss, or Glossa Ordinaria, was the most important Christian commentary on the Bible in the later Middle Ages. "The Gloss on Jonah relies almost exclusively on Jerome’s commentary on Jonah (c. 396), so its Latin often has a tone of urbane classicism. But the Gloss also chops up, compresses, and rearranges Jerome with a carnivalesque glee and scholastic directness that renders the Latin authentically medieval."[8] "The Ordinary Gloss on Jonah" has been translated into English and printed in a format that emulates the first printing of the Gloss.[9]
The relationship between Jonah and his fellow Jews is ambivalent, and complicated by the Gloss's tendency to read Jonah as an allegorical prefiguration of Jesus Christ. While some glosses in isolation seem crudely supersessionist (“The foreskin believes while the circumcision remains unfaithful”), the prevailing allegorical tendency is to attribute Jonah’s recalcitrance to his abiding love for his own people and his insistence that God’s promises to Israel not be overridden by a lenient policy toward the Ninevites. For the glossator, Jonah’s pro-Israel motivations correspond to Christ’s demurral in the Garden of Gethsemane (“My Father, if it be possible, let this chalice pass from me” [Matt. 26:39]) and the Gospel of Matthew’s and Paul’s insistence that “salvation is from the Jews” (Jn. 4:22). While in the Gloss the plot of Jonah prefigures how God will extend salvation to the nations, it also makes abundantly clear—as some medieval commentaries on the Gospel of John do not—that Jonah and Jesus are Jews, and that they make decisions of salvation-historical consequence as Jews.
Modern[edit]
Roman Catholic author Terry Eagleton has written, "There are writers who consider their work to be examples of high seriousness when they are hilariously, unintentionally funny. ... Another example is the Book of Jonah, which is probably not intended to be funny but which is brilliantly comic without seeming to be aware of it."[10]
Jonah and the "big fish"[edit]
The Hebrew text of Jonah 2:1 (1:17 in English translation), reads dag gadol (Hebrew: דג גדול), which literally means "great fish." The Septuagint translates this into Greek as ketos megas, (Greek: κητος μεγας), "huge fish"; in Greek mythology the term was closely associated with sea monsters.[11] Saint Jerome later translated the Greek phrase as piscis granda in his Latin Vulgate, and as cetus in Matthew 12:40. At some point, cetus became synonymous with whale (cf. cetyl alcohol, which is alcohol derived from whales). In his 1534 translation, William Tyndale translated the phrase in Jonah 2:1 as "greate fyshe," and he translated the word ketos (Greek) or cetus (Latin) in Matthew 12:40 as "whale". Tyndale's translation was later followed by the translators of the King James Version of 1611 and has enjoyed general acceptance in English translations.
In the line 2:1 the book refers to the fish as dag gadol, "great fish", in the masculine. However, in the 2:2, it changes the gender to daga, meaning female fish. The verses therefore read: "And the lord provided a great fish (dag gadol, masculine) for Jonah, and it swallowed him, and Jonah sat in the belly of the fish (still male) for three days and nights; then, from the belly of the (daga, female) fish, Jonah began to pray." The peculiarity of this change of gender led the later rabbis to reason that this means Jonah was comfortable in the roomy male fish, so he didn't pray, but that God then transferred him to a smaller, female fish, in which the prophet was uncomfortable, so that he prayed.[citation needed]
Jonah and the gourd vine[edit]
The book closes abruptly (Jonah 4) with an epistolary warning[12] based on the emblematic trope of a fast-growing vine present in Persian narratives, and popularized in fables such as The Gourd and the Palm-tree during the Renaissance, for example by Andrea Alciato.
St. Jerome differed[13] with St. Augustine in his Latin translation of the plant known in Hebrew as קיקיון (qīqayōn), using hedera (from the Greek, meaning "ivy") over the more common Latin cucurbita, "gourd", from which the English word gourd (Old French coorde, couhourde) is derived. The Renaissance humanist artist Albrecht Dürer memorialized Jerome's decision to use an analogical type of Christ's "I am the Vine, you are the branches" in his woodcut Saint Jerome in His Study.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ II Kings 14:25
Jump up ^ Mercer Dictionary of the Bible.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-11-18. Retrieved 2009-08-18. United Jewish Communities (UJC), "Jonah's Path and the Message of Yom Kippur."
Jump up ^ NIV Bible (Large Print ed.). (2007). London: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd
Jump up ^ Brynmor F. Price and Eugene A. Nida, A Handbook on the Book of Jonah, United Bible Societies
Jump up ^ David L. Washburn, A Catalog of Biblical Passages in the Dead Sea Scrolls (Brill, 2003), 146.
Jump up ^ James C. Vanderkam, The Dead Sea Scrolls Today (Grand Rapids, Mich: Eerdmans, 1994), 151
Jump up ^ Ryan McDermott, trans., "The Ordinary Gloss on Jonah," PMLA 128.2 (2013): 424–38.
Jump up ^ "The Ordinary Gloss on Jonah".
Jump up ^ Eagleton, Terry (2013). How to Read Literature. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-300-19096-0.
Jump up ^ See http://www.theoi.com/Ther/Ketea.html for more information regarding Greek mythology and the Ketos
Jump up ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jonah".
Jump up ^ citing Peter W. Parshall, "Albrecht Dürer's Saint Jerome in his Study: A Philological Reference," from The Art Bulletin 53 (September 1971), pp. 303–5 at http://www.oberlin.edu/amam/DurerSt.Jerome.htm
Further reading[edit]
De La Torre, Miguel A., "Liberating Jonah: Toward a Biblical Ethics of Reconciliation," Orbis Books, 2007.
External links[edit]
An English translation of the most important medieval Christian commentary on Jonah, "The Ordinary Gloss on Jonah," PMLA 128.2 (2013): 424–38.
A brief introduction to Jonah
Jonah public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions
Book of Jonah
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Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (soundtrack)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2: Awesome Mix Vol. 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album for the Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Featuring the songs present on Peter Quill's mixtape in the film, the album was released by Hollywood Records on April 21, 2017. A separate film score album, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (Original Score), composed by Tyler Bates, was also released by Hollywood Records on the same date. Awesome Mix Vol. 2 was the United States' eighth best-selling album of 2017 with 600,000 copies.
Contents
1 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2: Awesome Mix Vol. 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
1.1 Background
1.2 Track listing
1.3 Commercial performance
1.4 Charts
1.4.1 Weekly charts
1.4.2 Year-end charts
1.5 Certifications
1.6 Accolades
2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (Original Score)
2.1 Background
2.2 Track listing
3 References
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2: Awesome Mix Vol. 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)[edit]
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2: Awesome Mix Vol. 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
April 21, 2017
Studio
Various, across the United States and the United Kingdom
Genre
Rock
soundtrack
Length
51:59
Label
Hollywood
Marvel Music
Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtrack chronology
Doctor Strange
(2016) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
(2017) Spider-Man: Homecoming
(2017)
Background[edit]
By August 2014, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 writer and director James Gunn had "some ideas listed, but nothing for sure" in terms of songs to include in Quill's Awesome Mix Vol. 2 mixtape.[1] In April 2015, Gunn said he felt "a little pressure for the soundtrack because so many people loved [the first film's soundtrack] and we went platinum and all that other stuff. But I feel like the soundtrack in the second one is better."[2] In June 2015, Gunn stated that all of the songs for Awesome Mix Vol. 2 had been chosen and built into the script.[3] One of the most exciting things for Gunn in selecting the songs for the album "was knowing I would be making bands that may have been forgotten suddenly be a topic of conversation."[4] Gunn had hoped to include "She's Gone" by Hall & Oates in the film, calling it "one of the greatest pop songs ever written", but could not find a place for it,[5] as with "Teenage Lament '74" by Alice Cooper.[6] In January 2016, Gunn stated that he had chosen an additional Bowie song to appear in the film (after "Moonage Daydream" was featured in the first film) but had cut the original scene it was featured in. The inclusion would have made Bowie the only artist to be featured on both mixtapes. With Bowie's death however, Gunn hoped to find a way to include the chosen song somewhere else in the film as a "fair and appropriate" way to honor him, as Bowie was one of Gunn's idols.[7] Gunn called the Awesome Mix Vol. 2 "more diverse" than the first one, with "some really incredibly famous songs and then some songs that people have never heard."[8]
The film's trailers featured Sweet's "Fox on the Run",[9] George Harrison's "My Sweet Lord", Fleetwood Mac's "The Chain", Jay and the Americans' "Come a Little Bit Closer",[10] Bowie's "Suffragette City",[11] and Parliament's "Flash Light",[12] which Gunn noted were all being considered for inclusion on the Awesome Mix Vol. 2.[13] "Fox on the Run" and Cheap Trick's "Surrender" had been considered for inclusion in the first film on Awesome Mix Vol. 1.[14]
"Mr. Blue Sky" by Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) is included in the beginning of the film, which Gunn felt was "the perfect song to start the movie because it's really joyous, but there's a really dark underpinning to it," and felt it would go well with "the most hugely insane shot I've ever done".[4] The sequence originally included the ELO song "Livin' Thing".[15] Acquiring the rights to "Mr. Blue Sky" proved difficult for Gunn, noting Marvel "had to really fight to get the song, and I personally appealed to Jeff Lynne," which was made harder due to Lynne previously approving a song for the first film which ended up being cut. Gunn added that "The Chain" and "Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)" were the two songs that were "the most deeply embedded into the fibers of the film."[4] Looking Glass lead guitarist and vocalist Elliot Lurie felt the inclusion of "Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)" in the film allowed for a deeper meaning to be explored from the song, noting "maybe, in retrospect, subconsciously [the song] was a metaphor. [The film] is certainly the use that has shined the brightest light on the song since it was originally a hit."[16]
Skip Haynes, the only surviving member of Aliotta Haynes Jeremiah, "was so thrilled" that Lake Shore Drive, a regional hit in the Midwest where Gunn grew up, was included and "rescued from historical oblivion", that he "recorded a new version incorporating the director’s name into the chorus."[17] "Guardians Inferno" is an original song for the film, co-written by Gunn and score composer Tyler Bates, "meant as a sort of Guardians take on Meco's disco Star Wars theme ["Star Wars Theme/Cantina Band"]."[4] David Hasselhoff was chosen as the vocalist because he is one of Peter Quill's childhood heroes, and Gunn was a fan of Hasselhoff when he starred on Knight Rider.[4][18] Edgar Wright, director of Baby Driver, consulted with Gunn before Vol. 2 released, to ensure the two films would not feature the same songs on their soundtracks.[19]
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol.2: Awesome Mix Volume 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released by Hollywood Records on April 21, 2017.[4] It was released on cassette on June 23, 2017 and on vinyl LP on August 11, 2017. The vinyl version is a deluxe edition featuring Bates' original score from the film.[20] Marvel and Doritos partnered for their Rock Out Loud campaign to create "a custom-designed, limited-edition series of Doritos bags featuring a built-in cassette tape deck-inspired player that plays" Awesome Mix Vol. 2 and can be recharged. The custom bags were available to purchase on April 28, 2017 on Amazon.com. In addition, on May 5, 2017, Doritos hosted Rock Out Loud pop-up recording booths in New York and Los Angeles, where fans got the chance to sing one of the songs from Awesome Mix Vol. 2 and "have the opportunity to win various prizes, including the custom cassette player replica Doritos bags, concert and other event tickets, and free bags of Doritos."[21]
On August 6, 2017, Marvel released the music video of "Guardians Inferno" to promote the home media release of the film. The 1970s-style video was directed by David Yarovesky, and features Hasselhoff alongside James Gunn, Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Pom Klementieff, Karen Gillan, Michael Rooker and Sean Gunn. Stan Lee and Guillermo Rodriguez also make cameo appearances on the video.[22][23]
Track listing[edit]
All songs—with the exception of "Fox on the Run", which is played in the trailer—are featured in the film.[4] Also featured in the film was the song "Un Deye Gon Hayd (The Unloved Song)" by Jimmy Urine. It was written for the film and appears during the scene on Contraxia.[24]
No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length
1. "Mr. Blue Sky" Electric Light Orchestra 5:03
2. "Fox on the Run" Sweet 3:25
3. "Lake Shore Drive" Aliotta Haynes Jeremiah 3:49
4. "The Chain" Fleetwood Mac 4:27
5. "Bring It on Home to Me" Sam Cooke 2:43
6. "Southern Nights" Glen Campbell 2:57
7. "My Sweet Lord" George Harrison 4:37
8. "Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)" Looking Glass 3:03
9. "Come a Little Bit Closer" Jay and the Americans 2:46
10. "Wham Bam Shang-A-Lang" Silver 3:32
11. "Surrender" Cheap Trick 4:14
12. "Father and Son" Cat Stevens 3:39
13. "Flash Light" Parliament 4:28
14. "Guardians Inferno" The Sneepers featuring David Hasselhoff 3:16
Total length: 51:59
Commercial performance[edit]
The album debuted at number eight on the Billboard 200 chart with 34,000 units in its first week, almost all of which came from traditional album sales.[25] It later peaked at number four, reaching 87,000 units, again nearly all traditional album sales.[26] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2: Awesome Mix Vol. 2 finished 2017 as the country's eighth highest-selling album with 600,000 copies,[27] and has been certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[28] It was also the best-selling album on cassette tape in the United States in 2017, selling 19,000 copies.[29]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[30]
2
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[31]
3
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[32]
13
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[33]
20
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[34]
6
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[35]
44
French Albums (SNEP)[36]
24
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[37]
6
Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[38]
32
Italian Compilation Albums (FIMI)[39]
3
Mexican Albums (AMPROFON)[40]
8
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[41]
4
Polish Albums (ZPAV)[42]
17
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[43]
7
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[44]
9
US Billboard 200[26]
4
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[45]
9
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[46]
34
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[47]
62
Mexican Albums (AMPROFON)[48]
64
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[49]
42
US Billboard 200[50]
43
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[51]
Gold 35,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[52]
Gold 40,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[53]
Gold 100,000^
United States (RIAA)[54]
Gold 600,000[27]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref(s)
2018 Billboard Music Awards Top Soundtrack Nominated [55]
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (Original Score)[edit]
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (Original Score)
Film score by Tyler Bates
Released
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)
Recorded
January 2017
Studio
Abbey Road Studios
Genre
Film score
Length
43:34
Label
Hollywood
Marvel Music
Tyler Bates chronology
John Wick: Chapter 2
(2017) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (Original Score)
(2017) Atomic Blonde
(2017)
Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtrack chronology
Doctor Strange
(2016) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
(2017) Spider-Man: Homecoming
(2017)
Background[edit]
Tyler Bates had returned to score the film by August 2015.[56] As with Guardians of the Galaxy, Bates wrote some of the score first so that Gunn could film to the music, as opposed to Bates scoring to the film.[57] Recording for the score began in January 2017 at Abbey Road Studios.[58] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (Original Score) was released by Hollywood Records on April 21, 2017,[59] and on vinyl LP on August 11, 2017, as part of a deluxe edition that also includes Awesome Mix Volume 2.[20]
Track listing[edit]
All music composed by Tyler Bates[59].
No.
Title
Length
1. "Showtime a-Holes" 1:27
2. "vs the Abilisk" 2:35
3. "The Mantis Touch" 1:53
4. "Space Chase" 3:20
5. "Family History" 3:48
6. "Groot Expectations" 1:57
7. "Mammalian Bodies" 1:50
8. "Starhawk" 1:49
9. "Two-Time-Galaxy Savers" 3:01
10. "I Know Who You Are" 4:20
11. "Ego" 2:47
12. "Kraglin and Drax" 1:34
13. "The Expansion" 1:05
14. "Mary Poppins and the Rat" 3:07
15. "Gods" 1:28
16. "Dad" 2:28
17. "A Total Hasselhoff" 2:01
18. "Sisters" 2:05
19. "Guardians of the Frickin Galaxy" 0:59
Total length: 43:34
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Parker, Ryan (May 12, 2017). "'Brandy' Songwriter on How 'Guardians of the Galaxy 2' Finally Gave His Hit a Deeper Meaning". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. May 8, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". OLiS. Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Albumes — Semana 18: del 28.04.2017 al 04.05.2017" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Soundtrack – Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy - Awesome Mix Vol. 2". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA End of Year Albums 2017". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ö3 Austria Top 40 – Album-Charts 2017". oe3.orf.at. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts". GfK Entertainment (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Los más vendidos 2017" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Albums of 2017". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2017". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2017 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "Canadian album certifications". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "British album certifications". British Phonographic Industry. Select albums in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Music Awards 2018 Nominations: See the Full List". Billboard. April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cabin, Chris (August 20, 2015). "'Guardians of the Galaxy 2′: Tyler Bates Will Return to Score Sequel". Collider. Archived from the original on August 20, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Damore, Meagan (December 4, 2015). "James Gunn Pushes For More Gamora Merchandise, Talks "Guardians Vol 2"". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on December 5, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dolloff, Matt (January 24, 2017). "James Gunn to Live Stream Guardians of the Galaxy 2 Scoring Session". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on January 25, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2' Score Album Details". Film Music Reporter. April 20, 2017. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
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Paul Marcarelli
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Paul Marcarelli
Marcarelli in 2017
Born
(1970-05-24) May 24, 1970 (age 48)
North Haven, Connecticut
Alma mater
Fairfield University, B.A.
Occupation
Film, voice actor, screenwriter
Paul Marcarelli (born May 24, 1970) is an American actor, best known as the spokesperson for Verizon. Previously, he was the ubiquitous "Test Man" character in commercials ("Can you hear me now?") for Verizon Wireless. He appeared in all of his Verizon commercials wearing a gray Verizon jacket and his own horn-rimmed glasses until 2011.[1][2]
Contents
1 Early life and education
2 Acting career
3 Advertising career
4 Personal life
5 References
6 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Marcarelli is a native of North Haven, Connecticut and graduated from North Haven High School. Marcarelli then received his bachelor's degree in English from Fairfield University in 1992[3] where he was a member of Theatre Fairfield, the resident production company.[4]
Acting career[edit]
A founding member of New York's Mobius Group Productions in 1998, Marcarelli produced and performed in works by Eric Bogosian, Warren Leight, and Richard Nelson.[5] Mobius's production of The Adding Machine, in which he played the lead role, garnered the award for excellence in overall production from the New York International Fringe Festival in 2001; and his 2005 production, Bridezilla Strikes Back! starring Cynthia Silver, which The New York Times called "irresistible,"[6] won the Fringe's overall excellence award for outstanding solo show.
Marcarelli is also a founding member of the Table Ten Films production company.[7] He co-wrote the storyline for the 2011 independent film The Green, for which he also wrote the screenplay.[8]
Marcarelli wrote and produced the feature film Clutter, starring Carol Kane and Natasha Lyonne. The film won Best Film at the Harlem International Film Festival and was nominated for the New American Cinema Award in 2013.[9]
Advertising career[edit]
In 2002 Marcarelli started appearing as the "Test Man" character in Verizon Wireless commercials,[7] for which Entertainment Weekly named him one of the most intriguing people of 2002.[10] In October 2009, he appeared on The Price Is Right during the showcase sponsored by Verizon Wireless.[11] In February 2011, he revived his role as the Verizon test man in a commercial advertising the release of the iPhone 4 for Verizon.
In April 2011 Marcarelli was informed by email that Verizon was moving in a new direction with their advertising campaign. He remained under contract but would no longer play "Test Man".[5] Marcarelli was glad that he was able to move on from it.[12]
Prior to Verizon, Marcarelli had already appeared in numerous commercials for companies including Old Navy, Merrill Lynch, Dasani, T-Mobile and Heineken. He also performed in industrial and promotional films, and as a voiceover artist for Comedy Central, United Airlines and Aetna Insurance, among others.
As of 2016 Marcarelli is now working as a Sprint spokesman and often refers to his switch from Verizon to Sprint in the commercials in which he appears.[13]
Personal life[edit]
He is married to his husband Ryan Brown, who appeared with Paul in a Sprint ad.[14]
Marcarelli has a twin brother, Matthew, who was a highly decorated firefighter and Assistant Chief of Operations at the New Haven Fire Department is now Fire Chief in the Town of East Haven after serving 22 years in New Haven. Matthew also was a member of the New Haven 20, a group of firefighters who successfully proved discrimination before the Supreme Court of the United States in the landmark case Ricci v. DeStefano, 557 U.S. 557 (2009).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Howard, Theresa (22 February 2004). ""Can You Hear Me Now?" a Hit". USA Today. Retrieved 2014-10-21.
Jump up ^ "Verizon's `Can you hear me now' guy now at Sprint".
Jump up ^ Fenster, Jordan (13 October 2011). "Guilford's Verizon guy makes film about being gay in Connecticut". New Haven Register. Retrieved 2014-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Life After Fairfield: Paul Marcarelli '92". fairfield.edu. Fairfield University. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Morgan, Spencer (13 April 2011). "Hear Me Now?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
Jump up ^ Zinoman, Jason (16 August 2005). "Fringe Festival Reviews; 'Bridezilla Strikes Back!'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
^ Jump up to: a b Harris, Elizabeth A. (18 April 2010). "He Tested the Market". The New York Times. p. RE2. Retrieved 2014-10-22.
Jump up ^ Fine, Marshall (21 October 2011). "Interview: Creators talk about gay drama, The Green". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2014-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Clutter". www.clutterthemovie.com. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
Jump up ^ "Scout Awards 2002". Entertainment Weekly. 3 January 2003. Retrieved 2014-10-22.
Jump up ^ "FULL RECAP - TPiR 10/12/2009". golden-road.net. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cina, Mark (14 April 2011). "Verizon Phases Out 'Can You Hear Me Now?' Guy". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2014-10-22.
Jump up ^ Baig, Edward C. (June 6, 2016). "Verizon's 'Can you hear me now' guy now at Sprint". USA Today. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Paul Marcarelli [@paulmarcarelli] (November 28, 2016). "Just a couple of dudes buyin' a Christmas tree. Sprint commercial with my husband @RBCateringNY" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
External links[edit]
Paul Marcarelli on IMDb
Clutter website
Table Ten Films website
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
LCCN: no2016008959
VIAF: 281145542563996641474
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Marcarelli&oldid=866157520"
Categories:
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Living people
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Verizon Communications people
1970 births
Spokespersons
Corporate mascots
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20th-century American male actors
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