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Gear train
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Illustration from Army Service Corps Training on Mechanical Transport, (1911), Fig. 112 Transmission of motion and force by gear wheels, compound train.
A gear train is a mechanical system formed by mounting gears on a frame so the teeth of the gears engage.
Gear teeth are designed to ensure the pitch circles of engaging gears roll on each other without slipping, providing a smooth transmission of rotation from one gear to the next.[1]
The transmission of rotation between contacting toothed wheels can be traced back to the Antikythera mechanism of Greece and the south-pointing chariot of China. Illustrations by the Renaissance scientist Georgius Agricola show gear trains with cylindrical teeth. The implementation of the involute tooth yielded a standard gear design that provides a constant speed ratio.
Features of gears and gear trains include:
The ratio of the pitch circles of mating gears defines the speed ratio and the mechanical advantage of the gear set.
A planetary gear train provides high gear reduction in a compact package.
It is possible to design gear teeth for gears that are non-circular, yet still transmit torque smoothly.
The speed ratios of chain and belt drives are computed in the same way as gear ratios. See bicycle gearing.
An Agricola illustration from 1580 showing a toothed wheel that engages a slotted cylinder to form a gear train that transmits power from a human-powered treadmill to mining pump.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mechanical advantage
2 Analysis using virtual work
3 Gear trains with two gears
3.1 Formula
4 Double reduction gear
5 Speed ratio
6 Torque ratio
7 Idler gears
7.1 Formula
7.2 Example
8 Belt drives
9 Automotive applications
9.1 Example
9.2 Wide-ratio vs. close-ratio transmission
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Mechanical advantage[edit]
Gear teeth are designed so the number of teeth on a gear is proportional to the radius of its pitch circle, and so the pitch circles of meshing gears roll on each other without slipping. The speed ratio for a pair of meshing gears can be computed from ratio of the radii of the pitch circles and the ratio of the number of teeth on each gear.
Two meshing gears transmit rotational motion.
The velocity v of the point of contact on the pitch circles is the same on both gears, and is given by
v = r A ω A = r B ω B , {\displaystyle v=r_{A}\omega _{A}=r_{B}\omega _{B},\!}
where input gear A with radius rA and angular velocity ωA meshes with output gear B with radius rB and angular velocity ωB. Therefore,
ω A ω B = r B r A = N B N A . {\displaystyle {\frac {\omega _{A}}{\omega _{B}}}={\frac {r_{B}}{r_{A}}}={\frac {N_{B}}{N_{A}}}.}
where NA is the number of teeth on the input gear and NB is the number of teeth on the output gear.
The mechanical advantage of a pair of meshing gears for which the input gear has NA teeth and the output gear has NB teeth is given by
M A = N B N A . {\displaystyle \mathrm {MA} ={\frac {N_{B}}{N_{A}}}.}
This shows that if the output gear GB has more teeth than the input gear GA, then the gear train amplifies the input torque. And, if the output gear has fewer teeth than the input gear, then the gear train reduces the input torque.
If the output gear of a gear train rotates more slowly than the input gear, then the gear train is called a speed reducer. In this case, because the output gear must have more teeth than the input gear, the speed reducer amplifies the input torque.
Analysis using virtual work[edit]
For this analysis, we consider a gear train that has one degree-of-freedom, which means the angular rotation of all the gears in the gear train are defined by the angle of the input gear.
The size of the gears and the sequence in which they engage define the ratio of the angular velocity ωA of the input gear to the angular velocity ωB of the output gear, known as the speed ratio, or gear ratio, of the gear train. Let R be the speed ratio, then
ω A ω B = R . {\displaystyle {\frac {\omega _{A}}{\omega _{B}}}=R.}
The input torque TA acting on the input gear GA is transformed by the gear train into the output torque TB exerted by the output gear GB. If we assume the gears are rigid and there are no losses in the engagement of the gear teeth, then the principle of virtual work can be used to analyze the static equilibrium of the gear train.
Let the angle θ of the input gear be the generalized coordinate of the gear train, then the speed ratio R of the gear train defines the angular velocity of the output gear in terms of the input gear:
ω A = ω , ω B = ω / R . {\displaystyle \omega _{A}=\omega ,\quad \omega _{B}=\omega /R.\!}
The formula for the generalized force obtained from the principle of virtual work with applied torques yields:[2]
F θ = T A ∂ ω A ∂ ω − T B ∂ ω B ∂ ω = T A − T B / R = 0. {\displaystyle F_{\theta }=T_{A}{\frac {\partial \omega _{A}}{\partial \omega }}-T_{B}{\frac {\partial \omega _{B}}{\partial \omega }}=T_{A}-T_{B}/R=0.}
The mechanical advantage of the gear train is the ratio of the output torque TB to the input torque TA, and the above equation yields:
M A = T B T A = R . {\displaystyle \mathrm {MA} ={\frac {T_{B}}{T_{A}}}=R.}
The speed ratio of a gear train also defines its mechanical advantage. This shows that if the input gear rotates faster than the output gear, then the gear train amplifies the input torque. And if the input gear rotates slower than the output gear, the gear train reduces the input torque.
Gear trains with two gears[edit]
The simplest example of a gear train has two gears. The "input gear" (also known as drive gear) transmits power to the "output gear" (also known as driven gear). The input gear will typically be connected to a power source, such as a motor or engine. In such an example, the output of torque and rotational speed from the output (driven) gear depend on the ratio of the dimensions of the two gears.
Formula[edit]
The teeth on gears are designed so the gears can roll on each other smoothly (without slipping or jamming). In order for two gears to roll on each other smoothly, they must be designed so the velocity at the point of contact of the two pitch circles (represented by v) is the same for each gear.
Mathematically, if the input gear GA has the radius rA and angular velocity ω A {\displaystyle \omega _{A}\!} , and meshes with output gear GB of radius rB and angular velocity ω B {\displaystyle \omega _{B}\!} , then:
v = r A ω A = r B ω B , {\displaystyle v=r_{A}\omega _{A}=r_{B}\omega _{B},\!}
The number of teeth on a gear is proportional to the radius of its pitch circle, which means the ratios of the gears' angular velocities, radii, and number of teeth are equal. Where NA is the number of teeth on the input gear and NB is the number of teeth on the output gear, the following equation is formed:
ω A ω B = r B r A = N B N A . {\displaystyle {\frac {\omega _{A}}{\omega _{B}}}={\frac {r_{B}}{r_{A}}}={\frac {N_{B}}{N_{A}}}.}
This shows that a simple gear train with two gears has the gear ratio R given by:
R = ω A ω B = N B N A . {\displaystyle R={\frac {\omega _{A}}{\omega _{B}}}={\frac {N_{B}}{N_{A}}}.}
This equation shows that if the number of teeth on the output gear GB is larger than the number of teeth on the input gear GA, then the input gear GA must rotate faster than the output gear GB.
Double reduction gear[edit]
Double reduction gears
A double reduction gear comprises two pairs of gears, as single reductions, in series.[3] In the diagram, the red and blue gears give the first stage of reduction and the orange and green gears give the second stage of reduction. The total reduction is the product of the first stage of reduction and the second stage of reduction.
It is essential to have two coupled gears, of different sizes, on the intermediate layshaft. If three gears were used, the overall ratio would be simply that between the first and final gears, the intermediate gear would only act as an idler gear: it would reverse the direction of rotation, but not change the ratio.
Speed ratio[edit]
Gear teeth are distributed along the circumference of the pitch circle so the thickness t of each tooth and the space between neighboring teeth are the same. The pitch p of the gear, which is the distance between equivalent points on neighboring teeth along the pitch circle, is equal to twice the thickness of a tooth,
p = 2 t . {\displaystyle p=2t.\!}
The pitch of a gear GA can be computed from the number of teeth NA and the radius rA of its pitch circle
p = 2 π r A N A . {\displaystyle p={\frac {2\pi r_{A}}{N_{A}}}.}
In order to mesh smoothly two gears GA and GB must have the same sized teeth and therefore they must have the same pitch p, which means
p = 2 π r A N A = 2 π r B N B . {\displaystyle p={\frac {2\pi r_{A}}{N_{A}}}={\frac {2\pi r_{B}}{N_{B}}}.}
This equation shows that the ratio of the circumference, the diameters and the radii of two meshing gears is equal to the ratio of their number of teeth,
r B r A = N B N A . {\displaystyle {\frac {r_{B}}{r_{A}}}={\frac {N_{B}}{N_{A}}}.}
The speed ratio of two gears rolling without slipping on their pitch circles is given by,
R = ω A ω B = r B r A , {\displaystyle R={\frac {\omega _{A}}{\omega _{B}}}={\frac {r_{B}}{r_{A}}},}
therefore
R = ω A ω B = N B N A . {\displaystyle R={\frac {\omega _{A}}{\omega _{B}}}={\frac {N_{B}}{N_{A}}}.}
In other words, the gear ratio, or speed ratio, is inversely proportional to the radius of the pitch circle and the number of teeth of the input gear.
Torque ratio[edit]
A gear train can be analyzed using the principle of virtual work to show that its torque ratio, which is the ratio of its output torque to its input torque, is equal to the gear ratio, or speed ratio, of the gear train.
This means the input torque ΤA applied to the input gear GA and the output torque ΤB on the output gear GB are related by the ratio
R = T B T A , {\displaystyle R={\frac {T_{B}}{T_{A}}},}
where R is the gear ratio of the gear train.
The torque ratio of a gear train is also known as its mechanical advantage
M A = T B T A . {\displaystyle {\mathit {MA}}={\frac {T_{B}}{T_{A}}}.}
Idler gears[edit]
In a sequence of gears chained together, the ratio depends only on the number of teeth on the first and last gear. The intermediate gears, regardless of their size, do not alter the overall gear ratio of the chain. However, the addition of each intermediate gear reverses the direction of rotation of the final gear.
An intermediate gear which does not drive a shaft to perform any work is called an idler gear. Sometimes, a single idler gear is used to reverse the direction, in which case it may be referred to as a reverse idler. For instance, the typical automobile manual transmission engages reverse gear by means of inserting a reverse idler between two gears.
Idler gears can also transmit rotation among distant shafts in situations where it would be impractical to simply make the distant gears larger to bring them together. Not only do larger gears occupy more space, the mass and rotational inertia (moment of inertia) of a gear is proportional to the square of its radius. Instead of idler gears, a toothed belt or chain can be used to transmit torque over distance.
Formula[edit]
If a simple gear train has three gears, such that the input gear GA meshes with an intermediate gear GI which in turn meshes with the output gear GB, then the pitch circle of the intermediate gear rolls without slipping on both the pitch circles of the input and output gears. This yields the two relations
ω A ω I = N I N A , ω I ω B = N B N I . {\displaystyle {\frac {\omega _{A}}{\omega _{I}}}={\frac {N_{I}}{N_{A}}},\quad {\frac {\omega _{I}}{\omega _{B}}}={\frac {N_{B}}{N_{I}}}.}
The speed ratio of this gear train is obtained by multiplying these two equations to obtain
R = ω A ω B = N B N A . {\displaystyle R={\frac {\omega _{A}}{\omega _{B}}}={\frac {N_{B}}{N_{A}}}.}
Notice that this gear ratio is exactly the same as for the case when the gears GA and GB engage directly. The intermediate gear provides spacing but does not affect the gear ratio. For this reason it is called an idler gear. The same gear ratio is obtained for a sequence of idler gears and hence an idler gear is used to provide the same direction to rotate the driver and driven gear. If the driver gear moves in the clockwise direction, then the driven gear also moves in the clockwise direction with the help of the idler gear.
Example[edit]
2 gears and an idler gear on a piece of farm equipment, with a ratio of 42/13 = 3.23:1
In the photo, assuming the smallest gear is connected to the motor, it is called the drive gear or input gear. The somewhat larger gear in the middle is called an idler gear. It is not connected directly to either the motor or the output shaft and only transmits power between the input and output gears. There is a third gear in the upper-right corner of the photo. Assuming that gear is connected to the machine's output shaft, it is the output or driven gear.
The input gear in this gear train has 13 teeth and the idler gear has 21 teeth. Considering only these gears, the gear ratio between the idler and the input gear can be calculated as if the idler gear was the output gear. Therefore, the gear ratio is driven/drive = 21/13 ≈1.62 or 1.62:1.
At this ratio, it means the drive gear must make 1.62 revolutions to turn the driven gear once. It also means that for every one revolution of the driver, the driven gear has made 1/1.62, or 0.62, revolutions. Essentially, the larger gear turns slower.
The third gear in the picture has 42 teeth. The gear ratio between the idler and third gear is thus 42/21, or 2:1, and hence the final gear ratio is 1.62x2≈3.23. For every 3.23 revolutions of the smallest gear, the largest gear turns one revolution, or for every one revolution of the smallest gear, the largest gear turns 0.31 (1/3.23) revolution, a total reduction of about 1:3.23 (Gear Reduction Ratio (GRR) = 1/Gear Ratio (GR)).
Since the idler gear contacts directly both the smaller and the larger gear, it can be removed from the calculation, also giving a ratio of 42/13≈3.23. The idler gear serves to make both the drive gear and the driven gear rotate in the same direction, but confers no mechanical advantage.
Belt drives[edit]
Belts can have teeth in them also and be coupled to gear-like pulleys. Special gears called sprockets can be coupled together with chains, as on bicycles and some motorcycles. Again, exact accounting of teeth and revolutions can be applied with these machines.
Valve timing gears on a Ford Taunus V4 engine — the small gear is on the crankshaft, the larger gear is on the camshaft. The crankshaft gear has 34 teeth, the camshaft gear has 68 teeth and runs at half the crankshaft RPM.
(The small gear in the lower left is on the balance shaft.)
For example, a belt with teeth, called the timing belt, is used in some internal combustion engines to synchronize the movement of the camshaft with that of the crankshaft, so that the valves open and close at the top of each cylinder at exactly the right time relative to the movement of each piston. A chain, called a timing chain, is used on some automobiles for this purpose, while in others, the camshaft and crankshaft are coupled directly together through meshed gears. Regardless of which form of drive is employed, the crankshaft-to-camshaft gear ratio is always 2:1 on four-stroke engines, which means that for every two revolutions of the crankshaft the camshaft will rotate once.
Automotive applications[edit]
Illustration of gears of an automotive transmission
Automobile drivetrains generally have two or more major areas where gearing is used. Gearing is employed in the transmission, which contains a number of different sets of gears that can be changed to allow a wide range of vehicle speeds, and also in the differential, which contains the final drive to provide further speed reduction at the wheels. In addition, the differential contains further gearing that splits torque equally between the two wheels while permitting them to have different speeds when travelling in a curved path. The transmission and final drive might be separate and connected by a driveshaft, or they might be combined into one unit called a transaxle. The gear ratios in transmission and final drive are important because different gear ratios will change the characteristics of a vehicle's performance.
Example[edit]
A 2004 Chevrolet Corvette C5 Z06 with a six-speed manual transmission has the following gear ratios in the transmission:
Gear
Ratio
1st gear 2.97:1
2nd gear 2.07:1
3rd gear 1.43:1
4th gear 1.00:1
5th gear 0.84:1
6th gear 0.56:1
reverse −3.38:1
In 1st gear, the engine makes 2.97 revolutions for every revolution of the transmission’s output. In 4th gear, the gear ratio of 1:1 means that the engine and the transmission's output rotate at the same speed. 5th and 6th gears are known as overdrive gears, in which the output of the transmission is revolving faster than the engine's output.
The Corvette above has an axle ratio of 3.42:1, meaning that for every 3.42 revolutions of the transmission’s output, the wheels make one revolution. The differential ratio multiplies with the transmission ratio, so in 1st gear, the engine makes 10.16 revolutions for every revolution of the wheels.
The car’s tires can almost be thought of as a third type of gearing. This car is equipped with 295/35-18 tires, which have a circumference of 82.1 inches. This means that for every complete revolution of the wheel, the car travels 82.1 inches (209 cm). If the Corvette had larger tires, it would travel farther with each revolution of the wheel, which would be like a higher gear. If the car had smaller tires, it would be like a lower gear.
With the gear ratios of the transmission and differential and the size of the tires, it becomes possible to calculate the speed of the car for a particular gear at a particular engine RPM.
For example, it is possible to determine the distance the car will travel for one revolution of the engine by dividing the circumference of the tire by the combined gear ratio of the transmission and differential.
d = c t g r t × g r d {\displaystyle d={\frac {c_{t}}{gr_{t}\times gr_{d}}}}
It is also possible to determine a car's speed from the engine speed by multiplying the circumference of the tire by the engine speed and dividing by the combined gear ratio.
v c = c t × v e g r t × g r d {\displaystyle v_{c}={\frac {c_{t}\times v_{e}}{gr_{t}\times gr_{d}}}}
Gear
Distance per engine revolution
Speed per 1000 RPM
1st gear 8.1 in (210 mm) 7.7 mph (12.4 km/h)
2nd gear 11.6 in (290 mm) 11.0 mph (17.7 km/h)
3rd gear 16.8 in (430 mm) 15.9 mph (25.6 km/h)
4th gear 24.0 in (610 mm) 22.7 mph (36.5 km/h)
5th gear 28.6 in (730 mm) 27.1 mph (43.6 km/h)
6th gear 42.9 in (1,090 mm) 40.6 mph (65.3 km/h)
Wide-ratio vs. close-ratio transmission[edit]
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Main article: Close-ratio transmission
A close-ratio transmission is a transmission in which there is a relatively little difference between the gear ratios of the gears. For example, a transmission with an engine shaft to drive shaft ratio of 4:1 in first gear and 2:1 in second gear would be considered wide-ratio when compared to another transmission with a ratio of 4:1 in first and 3:1 in second. This is because the close-ratio transmission has less of a progression between gears. For the wide-ratio transmission, the first gear ratio is 4:1 or 4, and in second gear it is 2:1 or 2, so the progression is equal to 4/2 = 2 (or 200%). For the close-ratio transmission, first gear has a 4:1 ratio or 4, and second gear has a ratio of 3:1 or 3, so the progression between gears is 4/3, or 133%. Since 133% is less than 200%, the transmission with the smaller progression between gears is considered close-ratio. However, the difference between a close-ratio and wide-ratio transmission is subjective and relative.[4]
Close-ratio transmissions are generally offered in sports cars, sport bikes, and especially in race vehicles, where the engine is tuned for maximum power in a narrow range of operating speeds, and the driver or rider can be expected to shift often to keep the engine in its power band.
Factory 4-speed or 5-speed transmission ratios generally have a greater difference between gear ratios and tend to be effective for ordinary driving and moderate performance use. Wider gaps between ratios allow a higher 1st gear ratio for better manners in traffic, but cause engine speed to decrease more when shifting. Narrowing the gaps will increase acceleration at speed, and potentially improve top speed under certain conditions, but acceleration from a stopped position and operation in daily driving will suffer.
Range is the torque multiplication difference between 1st and 4th gears; wider-ratio gear-sets have more, typically between 2.8 and 3.2. This is the single most important determinant of low-speed acceleration from stopped.
Progression is the reduction or decay in the percentage drop in engine speed in the next gear, for example after shifting from 1st to 2nd gear. Most transmissions have some degree of progression in that the RPM drop on the 1-2 shift is larger than the RPM drop on the 2-3 shift, which is in turn larger than the RPM drop on the 3-4 shift. The progression may not be linear (continuously reduced) or done in proportionate stages for various reasons, including a special need for a gear to reach a specific speed or RPM for passing, racing and so on, or simply economic necessity that the parts were available.
Range and progression are not mutually exclusive, but each limits the number of options for the other. A wide range, which gives a strong torque multiplication in 1st gear for excellent manners in low-speed traffic, especially with a smaller motor, heavy vehicle, or numerically low axle ratio such as 2.50, means the progression percentages must be high. The amount of engine speed, and therefore power, lost on each up-shift is greater than would be the case in a transmission with less range, but less power in 1st gear. A numerically low 1st gear, such as 2:1, reduces available torque in 1st gear, but allows more choices of progression.
There is no optimal choice of transmission gear ratios or a final drive ratio for best performance at all speeds, as gear ratios are compromises, and not necessarily better than the original ratios for certain purposes.
See also[edit]
Machine (mechanical)
Mechanism (engineering)
Powertrain
Wheel train (horology)
Outline of machines
Epicyclic gearing - related to turboprop reduction gear boxes
Continuously variable transmission (CVT)
Virtual work
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Uicker, J. J.; G. R. Pennock; J. E. Shigley (2003). Theory of Machines and Mechanisms. New York: Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Paul, B. (1979). Kinematics and Dynamics of Planar Machinery. Prentice Hall.
Jump up ^ "What is double reduction gearing? - Quora". www.quora.com. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Cangialosi, Paul (2001). "TechZone Article: Wide and Close Gear Ratios". 5speeds.com. Medatronics. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
External links[edit]
Gear ratio at How Stuff Works
Online Motorcycle gear train calculator with Help pages
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text:
List of Liverpool F.C. records and statistics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about all-time records. For a season-by-season statistical breakdown, see List of Liverpool F.C. seasons.
Steven Gerrard, Liverpool's record goalscorer in Europe
Liverpool Football Club are an English professional association football club based in Liverpool, Merseyside, who currently play in the Premier League. They have played at their current home ground, Anfield, since their foundation in 1892. Liverpool joined the Football League in 1894, and were founding members of the Premier League in 1992.
This list encompasses the major honours won by Liverpool, records set by the club, their managers and their players. The player records section includes details of the club's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions. It also records notable achievements by Liverpool players on the international stage, and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club. Attendance records at Anfield are also included in the list.
The club have won 18 top-flight titles, and also hold the record for the most European Cup victories by an English team, winning the competition five times. The club's record appearance maker is Ian Callaghan, who made 857 appearances between 1958 and 1978. Ian Rush is the club's record goalscorer, scoring 346 goals in total.
Contents
[hide]
1 Honours
2 Player records
2.1 Appearances
2.2 Most appearances
2.3 Goalscorers
2.4 Top goalscorers
2.5 International
2.5.1 World Cup
3 Transfers
3.1 Record transfer fees paid
3.2 Record transfer fees received
4 Managerial records
5 Club records
5.1 Matches
5.1.1 Firsts
5.1.2 Wins
5.1.3 Defeats
5.2 Goals
5.3 Points
5.4 Attendances
6 European statistics
7 Footnotes
8 References
All statistics are correct as of 24 May 2015
Honours[edit]
Liverpool have won honours both domestically and in European cup competitions.[1] They have won the English League Championship 18 times and the League Cup a record eight times. In their first season, 1892–93, they won the Lancashire League title and the Liverpool District Cup,[2] and their most recent success came in 2012,[3] when they won the League Cup for the eighth time.[4]
Liverpool F.C. honours
Honour
No.
Years
Football League First Division
18 1900–01, 1905–06, 1921–22, 1922–23, 1946–47, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1987–88, 1989–90
Football League Second Division
4 1893–94, 1895–96, 1904–05, 1961–62
Lancashire League
1 1892–93
FA Cup
7 1965, 1974, 1986, 1989, 1992, 2001, 2006
League Cup
8 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1995, 2001, 2003, 2012
FA Community/Charity Shield
15 1964*, 1965*, 1966, 1974, 1976, 1977*, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1986*, 1988, 1989, 1990*, 2001, 2006 (* shared)
Sheriff of London Charity Shield
1 1906
Football League Super Cup
1 1985-86
European Cup/UEFA Champions League
5 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005
UEFA Cup
3 1973, 1976, 2001
UEFA Super Cup
3 1977, 2001, 2005
Player records[edit]
Appearances[edit]
Most appearances in all competitions: Ian Callaghan, 857.[5]
Most league appearances: Ian Callaghan, 640.[5]
Most FA Cup appearances: Ian Callaghan, 79.[5]
Most League Cup appearances: Ian Rush, 78.[5]
Most Continental appearances: Jamie Carragher, 150.[5][6]
Youngest first-team player: Jerome Sinclair, 16 years and 6 days (against West Bromwich Albion, 26 September 2012).[5]
Oldest first-team player: Ned Doig, 41 years and 165 days (against Newcastle United, 11 April 1908).[5]
Oldest debutant: Ned Doig, 37 years and 307 days (against Burton United, 1 September 1904).[5]
Most consecutive appearances: Phil Neal, 417 (from 23 October 1976 to 24 September 1983).[5]
Most seasons playing every minute of every league and cup game: Phil Neal, 9 (from 1976–77 to 1983–84).[5]
Longest-serving player: Elisha Scott, 21 years and 52 days (from 1913 to 1934).[5]
Most appearances[edit]
Competitive, professional matches only, appearances as substitute in brackets.[7][8]
Players with most appearances for Liverpool F.C.
No.
Name
Years
League[C]
FA Cup
League Cup
Other[D]
Total
1
Callaghan, IanIan Callaghan
1960–1978 640 !640 (4) 79 !79 (2) 42 !42 (7) 96 !96 (1) 857 !857 (14)
2
Carragher, JamieJamie Carragher
1996–2013 508 !508 (24) 40 !40 (1) 35 !35 (7) 152 !152 (3) 737 !737 (35)
3
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
1998–2015 504 !504 (39) 42 !42 (5) 30 !30 (5) 134 !134 (14) 710 !710 (63)
4
Clemence, RayRay Clemence
1967–1981 470 !470 (0) 54 !54 (0) 55 !55 (0) 86 !86 (0) 665 !665 (0)
Hughes, EmlynEmlyn Hughes
1967–1979 474 !474 (0) 62 !62 (0) 46 !46 (0) 83 !83 (0) 665 !665 (0)
6
Rush, IanIan Rush
1980–1987
1988–1996 469 !469 (22) 61 !61 (5) 78 !78 (0) 45 !45 (3) 660 !660 (30)
7
Neal, PhilPhil Neal
1974–1985 455 !455 (2) 45 !45 (0) 66 !66 (0) 81 !81 (0) 650 !650 (2)
8
Smith, TommyTommy Smith
1962–1978 467 !467 (0) 52 !52 (0) 30 !30 (0) 89 !89 (1) 638 !638 (1)
9
Grobbelaar, BruceBruce Grobbelaar
1980–1994 440 !440 (0) 62 !62 (0) 70 !70 (0) 46 !46 (0) 628 !628 (0)
10
Hansen, AlanAlan Hansen
1977–1991 434 !434 (0) 58 !58 (1) 68 !68 (0) 53 !53 (1) 620 !620 (2)
Goalscorers[edit]
Robbie Fowler, who scored the fastest hat-trick in Liverpool history
Most goals in all competitions: Ian Rush, 346.[9]
Most league goals: Roger Hunt, 245.[9]
Most FA Cup goals: Ian Rush, 39.[9]
Most League Cup goals: Ian Rush, 48.[9]
Most Continental goals: Steven Gerrard, 41.[9]
Most goals in a season: Ian Rush, 47 (during the 1983–84 season).[10]
Most league goals in a season: Roger Hunt, 41 (during the 1961–62 season).[11]
Most top-flight league goals in a season (post-war): Ian Rush, 32, 1983–84
Most hat-tricks in a season: Roger Hunt, 5 (during the 1961–62 season).[9]
Most hat-tricks: Gordon Hodgson, 17.[9]
Fastest hat-trick: Robbie Fowler, 4 minutes, 33 seconds, (against Arsenal, 28 August 1994).[9]
Highest-scoring substitute: David Fairclough, 18.[9]
Most penalties scored: Steven Gerrard, 47.[9]
Most games without scoring for an outfield player: Ephraim Longworth, 371.[9]
Youngest goalscorer: Ben Woodburn, 17 years, 45 days (against Leeds United, 29 November 2016).[9][12][13]
Oldest goalscorer: Billy Liddell, 38 years, 55 days (against Stoke City, 5 March 1960).[9]
Top goalscorers[edit]
Competitive, professional matches only. Matches played (including as substitute) appear in brackets.[14][15]
Top goalscorers for Liverpool F.C.
No.
Name
Years
League[C]
FA Cup
League Cup
Other[D]
Total
1
Rush, IanIan Rush
1980–1987
1988–1996 229 !229 (469) 39 !39 (61) 48 !48 (78) 23 !23 (45) 346 !346 (660)
2
Hunt, RogerRoger Hunt
1958–1969 245 !245 (404) 18 !18 (44) 05 !5 (10) 18 !18 (34) 286 !286 (492)
3
Hodgson, GordonGordon Hodgson
1925–1936 233 !233 (358) 08 !8 (19) 00 !0 (0) 00 !0 (0) 241 !241 (377)
4
Liddell, BillyBilly Liddell
1938–1961 215 !215 (492) 13 !13 (42) 00 !0 (0) 00 !0 (0) 228 !228 (534)
5
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
1998–2015 120 (503) 15 !15 (40) 9 !9 (28) 42 !42(132) 186 !186 (710)
6
Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
1993–2001
2006–2007 128 !128 (266) 12 !12 (24) 29 !29 (35) 14 !14 (44) 183 !183 (369)
7
Dalglish, KennyKenny Dalglish
1977–1990 118 !118 (355) 13 !13 (37) 27 !27 (59) 12 !12 (58) 172 !172 (515)
8
Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
1996–2004 118 !118 (216) 08 !8 (15) 09 !9 (14) 23 !23 (52) 158 !158 (297)
9
Chambers, HarryHarry Chambers
1915–1928 135 !135 (315) 16 !16 (28) 00 !0 (0) 00 !0 (1) 151 !151 (339)
10
Parkinson, JackJack Parkinson
1903–1914 125 !125 (200) 05 !5 (19) 00 !0 (0) 00 !0 (1) 130 !130 (220)
International[edit]
First capped player: Frank Becton, for England on 29 March 1897.[16]
Most international caps while a Liverpool player: Steven Gerrard, 114 for England.[17]
Most international goals while a Liverpool player:[17]
Michael Owen, 26 for England.
Ian Rush, 26 for Wales.
World Cup[edit]
First Liverpool player to appear at a World Cup: Laurie Hughes for England, at 1950 FIFA World Cup.[18]
Most World Cup appearances while a Liverpool player: Steven Gerrard, 12 for England in 2006, 2010 and 2014.[17]
Most World Cup goals while a Liverpool player: Michael Owen, 4 for England in 1998 and 2002.[17]
First World Cup winners: Roger Hunt, Ian Callaghan and Gerry Byrne, in 1966 with England.[17]
First non-British player to appear in a World Cup final: Dietmar Hamann, Germany, in 2002.[17]
First non-British World Cup winners: Fernando Torres and Pepe Reina, Spain in 2010.[18]
Transfers[edit]
For consistency, fees in the record transfer tables below are all sourced from BBC Sport's contemporary reports of each transfer.
Record transfer fees paid[edit]
Record transfer fees paid by Liverpool F.C.
For
Fee
Paid to
Date
Ref
Van Dijk, VirgilVirgil Van Dijk
£75m Southampton F.C 000000002018-01-01-00001 January 2018 [19]
Keita, NabyNaby Keita
£48m RB Leipzig 000000002018-07-01-00001 July 2018 [20]
Salah, MohamedMohamed Salah
£36.9m A.S. Roma 000000002017-06-23-000023 June 2017 [21]
Carroll, AndyAndy Carroll
£35m Newcastle United 000000002011-01-31-000031 January 2011 [22]
Oxlade-Chamberlain, Alex Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain
£35m Arsenal F.C. 000000002017-08-31-000031 August 2017 [23]
Mane, SadioSadio Mane
£34m Southampton F.C. 000000002016-06-28-000028 June 2016 [24]
Record transfer fees received[edit]
Record transfer fees received by Liverpool F.C.
For
Fee
Received from
Date
Ref
Coutinho, PhilippePhilippe Coutinho
£142m Barcelona 000000002018-01-06-00006 January 2018 [25]
Suárez, LuisLuis Suárez
£75m Barcelona 000000002014-07-11-000011 July 2014 [26]
Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
£50m Chelsea 000000002011-01-31-000031 January 2011 [27]
Sterling, RaheemRaheem Sterling
£49m Manchester City 000000002015-07-14-000014 July 2015 [28]
Alonso, XabiXabi Alonso
£30m Real Madrid 000000002009-08-05-00005 August 2009 [29]
Benteke, ChristianChristian Benteke
£27m Crystal Palace 000000002016-08-20-000020 August 2016 [30]
Managerial records[edit]
Tom Watson, Liverpool's longest-serving manager
First managers: William Edward Barclay and John McKenna, from 15 February 1892 to 16 August 1896.[31]
Longest-serving manager by time: Tom Watson, from 17 August 1896 to 6 May 1915 (18 years, 262 days).[5]
Longest-serving manager by matches: Bill Shankly managed the club for 783 matches over a period of 14 years and seven months, from December 1959 to July 1974.[5]
Club records[edit]
Matches[edit]
Firsts[edit]
First match: Liverpool 7–1 Rotherham Town, a friendly match, 1 September 1892.[32]
First Lancashire League match: Liverpool 8–0 Higher Walton, 3 September 1892.[32]
First Football League match: Liverpool 2–0 Middlesbrough Ironopolis, Second Division, 2 September 1893.[32]
First FA Cup match: Liverpool 4–0 Nantwich Town, first qualifying round, 15 October 1892.[32]
First League Cup match: Liverpool 1–1 Luton Town, second round, 19 October 1960.[32]
First European match: Liverpool 5–0 KR Reykjavik, European Cup, first round, 17 August 1964.[32]
Wins[edit]
Record win: 11–0 against Strømsgodset in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, 17 September 1974.[32]
Record league win: 10–1 against Rotherham Town in Second Division, 18 February 1896.[32]
Record FA Cup win: 9–0 against Newtown in second qualifying round, 29 October 1892.[32]
Record League Cup win: 10–0 against Fulham in second round, first-leg, 23 September 1986.[32]
Most league wins in a season: 30 wins from 42 games (during the 1978–79 season).[32]
Fewest league wins in a season: 7 wins from 30 games (during the 1894–95 season).[32]
Defeats[edit]
Record defeat: 1–9 against Birmingham City FC in Second Division, 11 December 1954.[32]
Record defeat at Anfield: 0–6 against Sunderland in First Division, 19 April 1930.[32]
Record-scoring defeat: 2–9 against Newcastle United in First Division, 1 January 1934.[32]
Record FA Cup defeat: 0–5 against Bolton Wanderers in fourth round, first-leg, 26 January 1946.[32]
Record League Cup defeat: 3–6 against Arsenal in fifth round, 9 January 2007.[32]
Most league defeats in a season: 23 defeats from 42 games (during the 1953–54 season).[32]
Fewest defeats in a season: Unbeaten during the 28-game 1893–94 season.[32]
Goals[edit]
Most league goals scored in a season: 106 in 30 games (during the 1895–96 season, Second Division).[9]
Most Top flight goals scored in a season: 101 in 38 games (during the 2013–14 season, Premier League).[9]
Fewest league goals scored in a season: 42 in 34 and 42 games (during the 1901–02 and 1970–71 seasons, First Division).[9]
Most league goals conceded in a season: 97 in 42 games (during the 1953–54 season, First Division).[9]
Fewest league goals conceded in a season: 16 in 42 games (during the 1978–79 season, First Division).[9]
Points[edit]
Most points in a season:
Two points for a win: 68 (in 42 games in 1978–79, First Division).[33]
Three points for a win: 90 (in 40 games in 1987–88, First Division).[33]
Fewest points in a season:
Two points for a win: 22 (in 30 games in 1894–95, First Division).[33]
Three points for a win: 52 (in 38 games in 2011–12, Premier League).[34]
Attendances[edit]
Highest league attendance: 58,757 (against Chelsea, First Division in the 1949–50 season).[35]
Highest League Cup attendance: 50,880 (against Nottingham Forest, in the 1979–80 season).[35]
Highest European attendance: 55,104 (against Barcelona, in the 1975–76 season).[35]
Record lowest attendance: 1,000 (against Loughborough, Second Division in the 1895–96 season).[35][F]
Lowest FA Cup attendance: 4,000 (against Newtown, in the 1892–93 season).[35]
Lowest League Cup attendance: 9,902 (against Brentford in the 1983–84 season).[35]
Lowest European attendance: 12,021 (against Dundalk in the 1982–83 season).[35]
Liverpool recorded a 95,446 attendance against Melbourne Victory in a pre-season friendly in July 2013 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Australia.[36]
European statistics[edit]
Main article: Liverpool F.C. in European football
Footnotes[edit]
A. ^ Between 1949 and 1993 the Community Shield was usually shared if the game was drawn.
B. ^ Ever-present refers to the player playing every minute of every match in the league and cup competitions.
C. a b Includes the Football League and the Premier League.
D. a b The "Other" column includes goals and appearances (including those as a substitute) in UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup, UEFA Cup Winners Cup, UEFA Super Cup, Charity Shield and Intercontinental Cup matches.
E. ^ Attendance against Wolves also represents the record highest FA Cup attendance.
F. ^ Attendance against Loughborough also represents the record lowest league attendance.
References[edit]
General
"Stats". LFC history. Archived from the original on 24 February 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
"Records". Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
Specific
Jump up ^ "Liverpool FC".
Jump up ^ "LFC Story". Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "The History of Liverpool Football Trophies". afordawards.co.uk. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Honours". Liverpool F.C. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Appearances". Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Total games played per season by Jamie Carragher". LFC history. Archived from the original on 6 August 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Pead 1986, p. 416
Jump up ^ "Most Appearances". LFC history. Archived from the original on 16 June 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Goals". Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Rollin 2006, pp. 232–233
Jump up ^ "Season". Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Price, Glenn (29 November 2016). "Liverpool forward Ben Woodburn becomes Liverpool's youngest scorer". espnfc.com.
Jump up ^ Carroll, James (29 November 2016). "Liverpool FC's youngest ever first-team goalscorers". Liverpool F.C. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Pead 1986, p. 415
Jump up ^ "Goalscorers". LFC history. Archived from the original on 24 February 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Pead 1986, p. 396
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Internationals". Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Liverpool & World Cup". LFC history. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 25 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "Virgil van Dijk: Liverpool to sign Southampton defender for world record £75m". BBC Sport. 27 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Naby Keita: Liverpool agree club record deal for Leipzig midfielder for July 2018". BBC Sport. 29 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mohamed Salah: Liverpool sign Roma's former Chelsea winger for £36.9m". BBC Sport. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Liverpool sign Andy Carroll from Newcastle". BBC Sport. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain: Liverpool sign Arsenal midfielder for £35m". BBC Sport. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sadio Mane: Liverpool complete £34m signing of Southampton forward". BBC Sport. 28 June 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Philippe Coutinho: Barcelona to sign Liverpool and Brazil midfielder in £142m deal". BBC Sport. 6 January 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Liverpool & Barcelona agree £75m deal for striker". BBC Sport. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Torres makes record move from Liverpool to Chelsea". BBC Sport. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Raheem Sterling: Man City sign Liverpool winger in £49m deal". BBC Sport. 14 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Alonso completes £30m Real move". BBC Sport. 5 August 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Christian Benteke: Crystal Palace sign striker from Liverpool for £27m". BBC Sport. 20 August 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "John McKenna's managerial career". LFC history. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Matches". Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pead 1986, p. 414
Jump up ^ "Kenny Dalglish fact file". ITV Sport. 17 May 2012. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Attendances". Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Liverpool FC stamps Melbourne as world sports leader". 25 July 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
Bibliography
Pead, Brian (1986). Liverpool A Complete Record. Breedon Books. p. 416. ISBN 0-907969-15-1.
Ponting, Ivan. Liverpool in Europe. Guinness. p. 22. ISBN 0-85112-569-7.
Rollin, Jack and Glenda (2006). Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2006-2007. Headline. pp. 232–233. ISBN 0-7553-1526-X.
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Teardrop tattoo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Rapper Lil Wayne with teardrop tattoos below his eyes.
The teardrop tattoo or tear tattoo is a symbolic tattoo of a tear that is placed underneath the eye. The tattoo can have various meanings: it can signify that the wearer has killed someone[1] or has spent time in prison;[2] that the wearer was raped while incarcerated and tattooed with a tear drop below the eye by the offending party and his accomplices,[3][4] or it can acknowledge the loss of a family or fellow gang member. Sometimes, only the wearer will know the exact meaning of the tattoo.[4][5] The tattoo’s meaning also can change depending on whether the tear is empty or is filled with ink. [1]
The tattoo is sometimes worn by the female companions of prisoners in solidarity with their loved ones.[6] According to The Devil's Front Porch, a book written by Lester Douglas Johnson about serving 1927 to 1957 in Kansas State Penitentiary; the tattoo denoted a member of "The Old Fraternity"; referring to the Biblical Cain who slew his brother.[citation needed]
US rappers The Game and Lil Wayne have teardrop tattoos signifying the death of friends.[7][8] Amy Winehouse had a teardrop tattooed to mark her distress at husband Blake Fielder-Civil remaining on remand at Pentonville Prison.[8] Basketball player Amar'e Stoudemire has had a teardrop tattoo since 2012; honoring his older brother Hazell Jr. who had died in a car accident.[9] A teardrop tattoo is also worn by a Portuguese footballer Ricardo Quaresma.[10]
See also[edit]
Criminal tattoo
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Brendan (April 25, 2008). "Tattoo Regret". Washington City Paper. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
Jump up ^ Macdonald, John Marshall (1987). The confession: interrogation and criminal profiles for police officers. Apache Press. p. 83. ISBN 9780961823009. A teardrop tattoo below the corner of the eye represents five years in prison.
Jump up ^ "Four Days in the Oaxaca State Prison : Mexico Living". exconnect.com. Retrieved 3 November 2016. the victim of rape is tattooed with a tear drop below the eye by the offending party
^ Jump up to: a b Poljac, Bakir; Burke, Tod (August 2008). "Erasing the Past: Tattoo-Removal Programs for Former Gang Members". FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. 77 (8). pp. 13–18.
Jump up ^ WOLF, SONJA; Logan, Samuel (August 2010). "This is for the Mara Salvatrucha: Inside the MS-13, America's Most Violent Gang". Journal of Latin American Studies. 42 (3): 627–629. doi:10.1017/s0022216x10000994.
Jump up ^ Santos, Xuan (Fall 2009). "The Chicana Canvas: Doing Class, Gender, Race, and Sexuality through Tattooing in East Los Angeles". Feminist Formations. 21 (3): 91–120.
Jump up ^ Binelli, Mark (April 16, 2009). "Life on Planet Wayne". Rolling Stone. pp. 43–47, 73–74.
^ Jump up to: a b Hooper, Mark (10 December 2007). "Catch of the day: Amy's new tattoo". theguardian.com. Retrieved 3 November 2016 – via The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Lorenzo, Tom (2012-02-14). "Amar'e Stoudemire Honors His Late Brother By Getting A "Teardrop" Tattoo". Sports Grid. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
Jump up ^ "No-one knows why Ricardo Quaresma has two tear tattoos on his face". dreamteamfc.com. 18 June 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teardrop_tattoo&oldid=818181921"
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List of Puerto Rican flags
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Puerto Rican flag
Names
Flag of Puerto Rico, (Monoestrella)
This is a list of the flags of Puerto Rico. The flags of Puerto Rico represent and symbolize the island and people of Puerto Rico. The most commonly used flags of Puerto Rico are the current flag, which represents the people of the commonwealth of Puerto Rico; municipal flags, which represent the different regions of the island; political flags, which represent the political beliefs of the people; and sports flags, which identify Puerto Rico as the country represented by its athletics during competitions.
Each of the 78 municipalities of Puerto Rico has adopted flags which represent the region and its people. Most of the designs of these flags derive their symbolism from the region's Coat of Arms. Most of the political parties in Puerto Rico also have their own flags, which represent and symbolize the political ideals of its members. These flags are usually displayed in public during rallies, meetings, or parades in show of political strength and unity. Various sports associations in Puerto Rico have adopted flags which represent them and which are also used during competitions and sports events.
Contents
[hide]
1 Territorial flags
2 First flags used in Puerto Rico
3 The first flag of Puerto Rico
4 Historical flags
5 Municipal flags
6 Political flags
7 Sports flags
8 See also
9 References
10 Primary sources
11 External links
Territorial flags[edit]
Image
Use
Details
Flag of Puerto Rico
Flag of the Governor Flown over La Fortaleza, the Governor's Mansion, when the elected Governor of Puerto Rico is in Puerto Rico
First flags used in Puerto Rico[edit]
Captain's Ensign of Columbus's Ships.
The introduction of a flag in Puerto Rico can be traced to when Christopher Columbus landed on the island's shore and with the flag appointed to him by the Spanish Crown claimed the island, which he named "San Juan Bautista", in the name of Spain. Columbus wrote in his logbook that on October 12, 1492, he used the Royal Flag, and that his captains used two flags which the Admiral carried in all the ships as Ensign, each white with a green cross in the middle and an 'F' and 'Y', both green and crowned with golden, open royal crowns, for Ferdinand II of Aragon and Ysabel (Isabel I).[1] The conquistadores under the command of Juan Ponce de León proceeded to conquer and settle the island. They carried as their military standard the "Spanish Expedition Flag". After the island was conquered and colonized, the flag of Spain was used in Puerto Rico, same as it was used in all of its other colonies.[2]
Once the Spanish armed forces established themselves on the island they began the construction of military fortifications such as La Fortaleza, Fort San Felipe del Morro, Fort San Cristóbal and San Gerónimo. The Spanish Army designed the "Burgundy Cross Flag" and adopted it as their standard. This flag flew wherever there was a Spanish military installation.[3]
The first flag of Puerto Rico[edit]
The Lares revolutionary flag of 1868, also known as the "First Puerto Rican Flag" in Puerto Rico.
The independence movement in Puerto Rico gained momentum with the liberation successes of Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín in South America. In 1868, local independence leader Ramón Emeterio Betances urged Mariana Bracetti to knit a revolutionary flag using the flag of the Dominican Republic as an example, promoting the then popular ideal of uniting the three caribbean islands into an Antillean Confederation. The materials for the flag were provided by Eduvigis Beauchamp Sterling, named Treasurer of the revolution by Betances.[4] The flag was divided in the middle by a white Latin cross, the two lower corners were red and the two upper corners were blue with a white star in the upper left blue corner. According to Puerto Rican poet Luis Lloréns Torres the white cross on it stands for the yearning for homeland redemption; the red squares, the blood poured by the heroes of the rebellion and the white star in the blue solitude square, stands for liberty and freedom.[5] The "Revolutionary Flag of Lares" was used in the short-lived rebellion against Spain in what became known as El Grito de Lares (The Cry of Lares).[6] The flag was proclaimed the national flag of the "Republic of Puerto Rico" by Francisco Ramírez Medina, who was sworn in as Puerto Rico's first president, and placed on the high altar of the Catholic Church of Lares, thus becoming the first Puerto Rican Flag.[7] The original Lares flag was taken by a Spanish army officer as a war prize. Many years later it was returned and transferred to the Puerto Rican people. It is now exhibited in the University of Puerto Rico's Museum.[7]
In 1873, following the abdication of Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, as King (1870–1873) and with Spain's change from Kingdom to Republic, the Spanish government issued a new colonial flag for Puerto Rico. The new flag, which was used until 1873, resembled the flag of Spain, with the difference that it had the coat of arms of Puerto Rico in the middle. Spain's flag once more flew over Puerto Rico with the restoration of the Spanish kingdom in 1873, until 1898 the year that the island became a possession of the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1898) in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War.[8]
Historical flags[edit]
Historical flags flown in Puerto Rico

Flag of the Kingdom of Castile (1492)
Burgundy Cross Flag (Spanish military flag)
Flag of Spain (1701-1793) in fortresses and castles
Lares revolutionary flag of 1868

Spanish Colonial Flag (1873–1875)
Flag of Spain (1793-1873, 1875-1898)
Spanish American War flag
Flag of the Batallón Provisional No. 3 de Puerto Rico (3rd Provisional Battalion of Puerto Rico)
Flag of Spain (1873-1874) First Spanish Republic

Original Puerto Rican Flag design of 1892 according to some Historians
Puerto Rican flag aboard the
Space Shuttle Discovery
March 15, 2009
Historical flags of the United States flown in Puerto Rico (1898 - 1959)
(from 1898–1952 the American flag was the only one permitted in Puerto Rico)

45-star American flag,
the first U.S. flag flown in Puerto Rico
(1898 - 1908)
46-star American flag
(1908 - 1912)
48-star American flag
(1912 - 1959)
Municipal flags[edit]
Main article: List of municipal flags of Puerto Rico
Political flags[edit]
Cadets of the Republic, commanded by Raimundo Díaz Pacheco, with both the Nationalst and Puerto Rican flags
Throughout Puerto Rico's political history various parties have designed and displayed flags representing their ideals. Political flags in Puerto Rico are usually displayed in public during rallies, meetings, or parades in show of political strength and unity. The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party flag has a white Calatrava Cross, also known as the Cross potent on the middle of a black background. The Cross of Calatrava was first used by the Crusaders of Calatrava and later by the French revolutionists. The black background symbolized the mourning of the Puerto Rican Nation in colonial captivity.[9] It was usually displayed by the Cadets of the Republic, also known as the Black Shirts (Camisa Negras) because of their black shirt and white trousers uniform. On occasions the Nationalists would also carry the Puerto Rican flag with the light blue triangle, which was outlawed from 1898 to 1952. The three main political parties of Puerto Rico are the New Progressive Party, which favors statehood and whose flag has a blue palm tree in the middle with a white background; the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico, flag has a red image of what is supposed to resemble a Puerto Rican jíbaro (farmer) in the middle with a white background; and the Puerto Rican Independence Party, whose flag has a white cross symbolizing Christianity and purity, on a green background which symbolizes hope.[10] Founded in 2003, the flag of the Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party has a light brown colored "coqui" as its symbol with the words "Por Puerto Rico" (For Puerto Rico) in the middle. Another political flag is that of the Boricua Popular Army, also known as Los Macheteros an underground pro-independence group which believes and has often resorted to the use of violence.[11] This ensign displays a green machete and a red star imposed on a black background.
Political Flags of Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
(Partido Nacionalista Puertorriqueño)
founded 1922 Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico
(Partido Popular Democrático de Puerto Rico)
founded 1937
Puerto Rican Independence Party
(Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño)
founded 1946 New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico
(Partido Nuevo Progresista de Puerto Rico)
founded 1967
Sports flags[edit]
The standard representative symbol carried by Puerto Ricans at international sports events, such as the Olympics, Pan American Games, Central American and Caribbean Games, and the World Cup of Baseball, is the Flag of Puerto Rico. However, various sports associations have adopted flags which are also used during sports events. Prior to the adoption of the Puerto Rican flag, athletes from the archipelago competed under both the United States flag and a special white banner containing a variation of the seal and the words "Puerto Rico" present above it.[12] The symbolism in this ensign includes a green background that represents the main island's vegetation, the Lamb of God symbolizing Jesus of Nazareth, and a book with the seven seals where the lamb sits, in reference to the Book of Revelation.
See also[edit]
Puerto Rico portal
Heraldry portal
Flag of Puerto Rico
List of municipal flags of Puerto Rico
Coat of arms of Puerto Rico
Seal of Puerto Rico
Flag of Cuba, a similar flag with the red and blue reversed, and longer length
Det Stavangerske Dampskibsselskap - A Norwegian shipping company with a virtually identical flag in its logo
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Enchanted Learning, Zoom Explorers, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
Jump up ^ Christopher Columbus' Flags 1492, Flags of the World, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
Jump up ^ Spanish Burgundy Flag, University of Georgia, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
Jump up ^ Beauchamp family
Jump up ^ Lares
Jump up ^ Peres Moris, José, Historia de la Insurrección de Lares, 1871 (in Spanish), Library of Congress, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b The First Puerto Rican Flag
Jump up ^ Popular Expression and National Identity in Puerto Rico: The Struggle for Self, Community, and Nation, by Lillian Guerra; Pg. 200; Publisher: University Press of Florida; 1st edition (June 30, 1998); ISBN 0-8130-1594-4; ISBN 978-0-8130-1594-1
Jump up ^ "FBI Files"; "Puerto Rico Nationalist Party"; SJ 100-3; Vol. 23; pages 104-134. Archived 2013-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Political Flags of Puerto Rico, Flags of the World, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
Jump up ^ Political Flags of Puerto Rico, "DC's Political Report", D.C. Finegold-Sachs, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
Jump up ^ Flag at the Olympic Games in London 1948, Flags of the World, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
Primary sources[edit]
Act No.1, Approved July 24, 1952.
Regulations on the Use of the Puerto Rico flag. Núm. 5282, August 3, 1995 (in Spanish)
Mapas, Escudos y Banderas de Puerto Rico (in Spanish) (Actualized ed.). Puerto Rico: Láminas Latino. 2007.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Puerto Rico.
Puerto Rico at Flags of the World
Puerto Rico flags at Vexilla mundi

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Puerto_Rican_flags&oldid=818769966"
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