text:
List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It has been suggested that portions of this article be split out into another article titled List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours. (Discuss) (September 2017)
This incomplete list is frequently updated to include new information.
This list of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours contains the top 30 online videos that received the most views within 24 hours of release across the world. This list excludes movie trailers, which are featured on the list of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours. The most viewed music video in this time period is Taylor Swift's Look What You Made Me Do.
Top videos[edit]
Indicates the video is not a music video; originates from either Facebook or YouTube.
Rank
Video name
Views in 24 hours
(millions)
Release date
Ref(s)
1. "Rings" Prank 200.0 January 23, 2017 [1]
2. Chewbacca Mask Lady[2] 50.0 May 19, 2016 [3]
3. Taylor Swift – "Look What You Made Me Do" 43.2 September 5 ,2017 [4]
4. Massive Pillow Chair[5] 42.0 November 3, 2016 [6]
5. YouTube Rewind: The Ultimate 2016 Challenge[7] 38.9 December 7, 2016 [8]
6. Psy – "Gentleman"[9] 38.4 April 13, 2013 [10]
7. Old Man Strength[11] 28.0 July 5, 2016 [12]
8. Adele – "Hello"[13] 27.7 October 23, 2015 [14]
9. Major Lazer – "Sua Cara" featuring Anitta & Pabllo Vittar[15] 25.0 July 30, 2017 [16]
10. Luis Fonsi, Daddy Yankee – "Despacito" featuring Justin Bieber[17] 23.7 April 16, 2017 [18]
11. Taylor Swift – "Bad Blood" featuring Kendrick Lamar[19] 20.1 May 17, 2015 [20]
12. Nicki Minaj – "Anaconda"[21] 19.6 August 19, 2014 [22]
13. Miley Cyrus – "Wrecking Ball"[23] 19.3 September 9, 2013 [24]
14. Taylor Swift – "Look What You Made Me Do" (Lyric Video)[25] 19.0 August 25, 2017 [26]
15. Shakira – "Can't Remember to Forget You" featuring Rihanna[27] 17.1 January 30, 2014 [28]
16. Katy Perry – "Bon Appétit" featuring Migos[29] 16.4 May 12, 2017 [30]
17. Katy Perry – "Swish Swish" featuring Nicki Minaj[31] 15.7 August 24, 2017 [32]
18. J Balvin, Willy William – "Mi Gente"[33] 15.0 June 30, 2017 [34]
19. Rihanna – "Work" featuring Drake[35] 13.5 February 22, 2016 [36]
20. BLACKPINK – "As If It's Your Last"[37] 13.3 June 22, 2017 [38]
*The number of views accumulated in the video's first 24 hours.
See also[edit]
List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours
List of most viewed YouTube videos
List of most viewed Vevo videos
List of viral videos
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Story Behind the Pants-Soiling 'Rings' Prank That Has 200 Million Views in 24 Hours". Adweek. Archived from the original on January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "It's the simple joys in life....". Facebook. May 19, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Parker, Ryan (May 20, 2016). "Chewbacca mask-wearing mom hits 50 million Facebook views in 24 hours". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift Tops PSY's 24-Hour YouTube Record With 'Look What You Made Me Do'". billboard. August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "This massive pillow is exactly what we all need right now.". Facebook. November 3, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Zeveloff, Julie (November 4, 2016). "The Internet is Losing its Mind Over This Gigantic Fluffy Pillow That's as Big as a Bed". Insider. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "YouTube Rewind: The Ultimate 2016 Challenge | #YouTubeRewind". YouTube. December 7, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cantor, Brian. "Taylor Swift’s “Look What You Made Me Do” Video Breaks Adele’s Vevo Record (Update)". Headline Planet. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "PSY – GENTLEMAN M/V". YouTube. April 13, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "PSY secures new YouTube world record with "Gentleman"". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "That moment when your grandpa shows up and puts Muscle Beach regulars to shame:". Facebook. July 5, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "This Smith & Forge Ad Has More Than 28 Million Facebook Views In Less Than 24 Hours". Fast Co.Create. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Adele – Hello". YouTube. October 23, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Maslow, Nick (August 28, 2017). "Taylor Swift Topples Adele's Vevo Record — With Hours Left to Spare". EW.com. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Major Lazer – Sua Cara (feat. Anitta & Pabllo Vittar) (Official Music Video)". YouTube. July 30, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ ""Sua Cara", el éxito de Major Lazer junto a Anitta y Pabllo Vittar". La Viola. August 1, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Luis Fonsi, Daddy Yankee – Despacito (Audio) ft. Justin Bieber". YouTube. April 16, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ LaRepublica.pe (April 18, 2017), YouTube: Justin Bieber logró en un día lo que Luis Fonsi y Daddy Yankee no pudieron solos [VIDEOS]. (in Spanish), archived from the original on April 19, 2017, retrieved April 18, 2017
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Bad Blood ft. Kendrick Lamar". YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift's 'Bad Blood' Video Breaks Vevo Record". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nicki Minaj – Anaconda". YouTube. August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nicki Minaj's 'Anaconda' Video Breaks Vevo Record". Billboard. Archived from the original on August 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Miley Cyrus – Wrecking Ball". YouTube. September 9, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Miley Cyrus' 'Wrecking Ball' Video Breaks Vevo Record". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift – Look What You Made Me Do (Lyric Video)". YouTube. August 25, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schillaci, Sophie (August 27, 2017). "Taylor Swift's 'Look What You Made Me Do' Is Already Breaking Records". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Shakira – Can't Remember to Forget You ft. Rihanna". YouTube. January 30, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tweet". Vevo UK. February 6, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Katy Perry – Bon Appétit (Official) ft. Migos". YouTubeaccessdate=August 29, 2017. May 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Katy Perry Drops Tasty New Single 'Bon Appétit' With Migos". Forbes. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Katy Perry – Swish Swish (Official) ft. Nicki Minaj". YouTube. August 24, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Katy Perry - Swish Swish (Official) ft. Nicki Minaj" | Back to Katy Perry. Archived views on August 25, 2017.] September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "J. Balvin, Willy William – Mi Gente". YouTube. June 30, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New J Balvin Single "Mi Gente" With Willy William Is Now The #1 Global Song On Spotify". Universal Music Latin Entertainment.
Jump up ^ "Rihanna – Work (Explicit) ft. Drake". YouTube. February 22, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Platon, Adelle. "Rihanna & Drake's 'Work' Video: Director Discusses Original Treatment & DJ Khaled Snapping on Set". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 31, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "BLACKPINK – '마지막처럼 (AS IF IT'S YOUR LAST)' M/V". YouTube. June 22, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "BLACKPINK Breaks Another K-Pop Group Record, This Time For Most MV Views In 24 Hours".
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Hockey World Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the men's field hockey world cup. For the ice hockey world cup, see World Cup of Hockey. For the women's field hockey tournament, see Women's Hockey World Cup. For other hockey World Cups, see World Cup.
Men's Hockey World Cup
Current season, competition or edition:
2018 Men's Hockey World Cup
Sport
Field hockey
Founded
1971
No. of teams
12
Continent
International (FIH)
Most recent
champion(s)
Australia (3rd title)
Most titles
Pakistan (4 titles)
Official website
www.fih.ch
The Hockey World Cup is an international field hockey competition organised by the International Hockey Federation (FIH). The tournament was started in 1971. It is held every four years, bridging the four years between the Summer Olympics.
There is also a Women's Hockey World Cup, which has been held since 1974 and was organised by the International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA) until 1981, when the governing bodies merged into the current International Hockey Federation in 1982.
Five countries have dominated the event's history. Pakistan is the most successful team, having won the tournament four times. The Netherlands and Australia have won three titles, and Germany has each won two titles. India won the tournament once.
The 2014 tournament was held in The Hague, Netherlands from 2 to 14 June.[1] Australia defeated Netherlands 6–1 in the final, to win their third World Cup title.[2] The 2018 tournament will be held in Bhubaneswar, India from 28 November to 16 December.[3][4] The World Cup will expand to 16 teams in 2018, and FIH will evaluate the possibility of increasing it to 24 in 2022.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Trophy
3 Format
3.1 Qualification
3.2 Final tournament
4 Results
4.1 Summaries
4.2 Successful national teams
4.3 Performance by host nations
4.4 Performance by continental zones
5 Team appearances
6 Debut of teams
7 References
History[edit]
The Hockey World Cup was first conceived by Pakistan's Air Marshal Nur Khan. He proposed his idea to the FIH through Patrick Rowley, the first editor of World Hockey magazine. Their idea was approved on 26 October 1969, and adopted by the FIH Council at a meeting in Brussels on 12 April 1970. The FIH decided that the inaugural World Cup would be held in October 1971, in Pakistan.
However, political issues would prevent that first competition from being played in Pakistan. The FIH had inadvertently scheduled the first World Cup to be played in Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War. Furthermore, Pakistan and India had been at war with each other only six years earlier. When Pakistan invited India to compete in the tournament, a crisis arose. Pakistanis, led by cricketer Abdul Hafeez Kardar, protested against India's participation in the Hockey World Cup.
Given the intense political climate between Pakistan and India, the FIH decided to move the tournament elsewhere. In March 1971, coincidentally in the same month Bangladesh declared independence from Pakistan, the FIH decided to move the first Hockey World Cup to the Real Club de Polo grounds in Barcelona, Spain, which was considered a neutral and peaceful European site.[6]
The FIH has set no requirements or limitations on the size of the competition. The 1971 Cup included only ten nations, the smallest World Cup to date. The 1978 Cup featured fourteen nations. The 2002 Cup featured sixteen nations, the largest World Cup to date. The remaining 9 World Cups have featured 12 nations.
The first three tournaments were held every two years. The 1978 cup was the only tournament held three years from the previous one. It was halfway between the Summer Olympics hockey competition and has continued that way. In other words, the tournament has been held every four years ever since.
Trophy[edit]
The Hockey World Cup trophy was designed by the Bashir Moojid and created by the Pakistani Army. On 27 March 1971, in Brussels, the trophy was formally handed to FIH President Rene Frank by Mr H.E Masood, the Pakistani Ambassador to Belgium. The trophy consists of a silver cup with an intricate floral design, surmounted by a globe of the world in silver and gold, placed on a high blade base inlaid with ivory. At its peak is a model hockey stick and ball. Without its base, the trophy stands 120.85 mm (4.758 in) high. Including the base, the trophy stands 650 mm (26 in). It weighs 11,560 g (408 oz), including 895 g (31.6 oz) of gold, 6,815 g (240.4 oz) of silver, 350 g (12 oz) of ivory and 3,500 g (120 oz) of teak.[7]
Format[edit]
The Hockey World Cup consists of a qualification stage and a final tournament stage. The format for each stage is the same.
Qualification[edit]
The qualification stage has been a part of the Hockey World Cup since 1977. All participating teams play in the qualification round. The teams divide into two or more pools and compete for a berth in the final tournament. The top two teams are automatically qualified and the rest of the berths are decided in playoffs.
Final tournament[edit]
The final tournament features the continental champions and other qualified teams. Sometimes it also features the winners of the Summer Olympics' hockey competition or the continental runners-up. The teams divide into pools once more and play a round robin tournament. The composition of the pools is determined using the current world rankings. The top two teams in each pool play in the semifinals for a place in the final. The bottom two teams in the semifinals have a third place playoff. The rest of the teams have playoffs to determine their final positions. If they are third or fourth in their pool, they play for fifth place; if they are fifth or sixth in their pool, they play for ninth place.
Results[edit]
Summaries[edit]
Year
Host
Final
Third place match
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Third place
Score
Fourth place
1971
Details Barcelona, Spain
Pakistan 1–0
Spain
India 2–1
after extra time
Kenya
1973
Details Amstelveen, Netherlands
Netherlands 2–2
(4–2)
Penalty strokes
India
West Germany 1–0
Pakistan
1975
Details Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
India 2–1
Pakistan
West Germany 4–0
Malaysia
1978
Details Buenos Aires, Argentina
Pakistan 3–2
Netherlands
Australia 4–3
West Germany
1982
Details Bombay, India
Pakistan 3–1
West Germany
Australia 4–2
Netherlands
1986
Details London, England
Australia 2–1
England
West Germany 3–2
after extra time
Soviet Union
1990
Details Lahore, Pakistan
Netherlands 3–1
Pakistan
Australia 2–1
after extra time
West Germany
1994
Details Sydney, Australia
Pakistan 1–1
(4–3)
Penalty strokes
Netherlands
Australia 5–2
Germany
1998
Details Utrecht, Netherlands
Netherlands 3–2
after extra time
Spain
Germany 1–0
Australia
2002
Details Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Germany 2–1
Australia
Netherlands 2–1
after extra time
South Korea
2006
Details Mönchengladbach, Germany
Germany 4–3
Australia
Spain 3–2
after extra time
South Korea
2010
Details New Delhi, India
Australia 2–1
Germany
Netherlands 4–3
England
2014
Details The Hague, Netherlands
Australia 6–1
Netherlands
Argentina 2–0
England
2018
Details Bhubaneswar, India
Successful national teams[edit]
Field Hockey Titles
Twenty-four teams have qualified for a Hockey World Cup. Of these, eleven teams have made it to the semifinals. Seven teams have made it through to the finals. To date, Pakistan has been the most successful team in the World Cup, with four titles from six appearances in the final. The Netherlands have also been successful, with three titles from six appearances in the final.
Australia have been the most successful team in the World Cup in recent years. They won the tournament in 2010 and 2014, and now have three titles from five appearances in the final. Australia took the mantle from Germany who won in 2002 and 2006. India won their lone title in 1975.
Below is a list of teams that have finished in the top four positions in the tournament:
Team
Titles
Runners-up
Third places
Fourth places
Pakistan 4 (1971, 1978, 1982, 1994) 2 (1975, 1990*) 1 (1973)
Netherlands 3 (1973*, 1990, 1998*) 3 (1978, 1994, 2014*) 2 (2002, 2010) 1 (1982)
Australia 3 (1986, 2010, 2014) 2 (2002, 2006) 4 (1978, 1982, 1990, 1994*) 1 (1998)
Germany^ 2 (2002, 2006*) 2 (1982, 2010) 4 (1973, 1975, 1986, 1998) 3 (1978, 1990, 1994)
India 1 (1975) 1 (1973) 1 (1971)
Spain 2 (1971*, 1998) 1 (2006)
England 1 (1986*) 2 (2010, 2014)
Argentina 1 (2014)
South Korea 2 (2002, 2006)
Kenya 1 (1971)
Malaysia 1 (1975*)
Soviet Union# 1 (1986)
* = host nation
^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1971 and 1990
# = states that have since split into two or more independent nations
Performance by host nations[edit]
Nine nations have hosted the Hockey World Cup. Only the Netherlands (1973 and 1998) and Germany (2006) have won the tournament as hosts. Spain, England, and Pakistan emerged as host runners-up in the 1971, 1986 and 1990 tournaments. Australia placed third when it hosted the 1994 tournament in Sydney.
Performance by continental zones[edit]
To date, the finals of the Hockey World Cup have been contested by Asian, European and Oceania continental teams. Asian and European teams are tied with five titles each. Australia is the only team from Oceania to win the tournament. Neither the Americas nor Africa have ever won the title.
Continent
Best performance
Asia 5 titles, won by Pakistan (4) and India (1)
Europe 5 titles, won by the Netherlands (3) and Germany (2)
Oceania 3 titles, won by Australia
Americas Third place (Argentina, 2014)
Africa Fourth place (Kenya, 1971)
Team appearances[edit]
Participating nations
Team

1971

1973

1975

1978

1982

1986

1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

2014

2018
Total
Argentina 10th 9th 11th 8th 12th 6th 9th 7th – 6th 10th 7th 3rd Q 13
Australia 8th – 5th 3rd 3rd 1st 3rd 3rd 4th 2nd 2nd 1st 1st Q 13
Belarus Part of the Soviet Union 12th – – – – – – 1
Belgium – 8th – 14th – – – 11th – 14th – – 5th Q 6
Canada – – – 11th – 10th 11th – 8th – – 11th – Q 6
China – – – – – – – – – – – – – Q 1
Cuba – – – – – – – – – 16th – – – – 1
England – 6th 6th 7th 8th 2nd 5th 6th 6th 7th 5th 4th 4th Q 13
France 7th – – – – – 7th – – – – – – Q 3
Germany^ 5th 3rd 3rd 4th 2nd 3rd 4th 4th 3rd 1st 1st 2nd 6th Q 14
Ghana – – 12th – – – – – – – – – – – 1
India 3rd 2nd 1st 6th 5th 12th 10th 5th 9th 10th 11th 8th 9th Q 14
Ireland – – – 12th – – 12th – – – – – – Q 3
Italy – – – 13th – – – – – – – – – – 1
Japan 9th 10th – – – – – – – 12th 9th – – – 4
Kenya 4th 12th – – – – – – – – – – – – 2
Malaysia – 11th 4th 10th 10th – – – 11th 8th – – 12th Q 8
Netherlands 6th 1st 9th 2nd 4th 7th 1st 2nd 1st 3rd 7th 3rd 2nd Q 14
New Zealand – 7th 7th – 7th 9th – – 10th 9th 8th 9th 7th Q 10
Pakistan 1st 4th 2nd 1st 1st 11th 2nd 1st 5th 5th 6th 12th – Q 13
Poland – – 10th 9th 8th 8th – – 12th 15th – – – – 6
South Africa – – – – – – – 10th – 13th 12th 10th 11th Q 6
South Korea – – – – – – – 8th 7th 4th 4th 6th 10th – 6
Soviet Union# – – – – 6th 4th 6th Defunct 3
Spain 2nd 5th 8th 5th 11th 5th 8th 9th 2nd 11th 3rd 5th 8th Q 14
Total
10
12
12
14
12
12
12
12
12
16
12
12
12
16
176
^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1971 and 1990
# = states that have since split into two or more independent nations
Germany, India, the Netherlands and Spain are the only teams to have competed at each World Cup; 24 teams have competed in at least one World Cup.
Debut of teams[edit]
Year
Debutants
Total
1971 Argentina, Australia, France, India, Japan, Kenya, Netherlands, Pakistan, Spain, West Germany^ 10
1973 Belgium, England, New Zealand, Malaysia 4
1975 Ghana, Poland 2
1978 Canada, Ireland, Italy 3
1982 Soviet Union# 1
1986 0
1990 0
1994 Belarus, Germany^, South Africa, South Korea 3 (+1^)
1998 0
2002 Cuba 1
2006 0
2010 0
2014 0
2018 China 1
Total 25 (+1^)
^ = Germany is a successor of West Germany and not a separate team.
# = Belarus was a part of Soviet Union but not successor, hence Belarus is a new separate entity.
Total number of teams which have participated in the World Cups through 2018 is 25, using FIH's view on successor teams
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Netherlands to host 2014 FIH Men's & Women's World Cups". FIH. 2010-11-11. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
Jump up ^ "Kookaburras beat Dutch 6-1 in WC final". SBS. 2014-06-16. Archived from the original on 2014-06-15. Retrieved 2014-06-16.
Jump up ^ "Hockey turf job on fast track". Calcutta: The Telegraph. 2014-06-09. Retrieved 2014-06-14.
Jump up ^ "England & India to host Hockey World Cups 2018". FIH. 2013-11-07. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ "World Cup field to expand to 16 teams in 2018". FIH. 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2012-11-03.
Jump up ^ "World Cup Hockey". Retrieved 2006-08-02.
Jump up ^ "The World Cup — A Masterpiece". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2006-08-15.
[show]
v
t
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Hockey World Cup
Men's
Tournament
Barcelona 1971
Amstelveen 1973
Kuala Lumpur 1975
Buenos Aires 1978
Mumbai 1982
London 1986
Lahore 1990
Sydney 1994
Utrecht 1998
Kuala Lumpur 2002
Mönchengladbach 2006
New Delhi 2010
The Hague 2014
Bhubaneswar 2018
Squads
2002
2006
2010
2014
Qualifier(s)
Rome 1977
Kuala Lumpur 1981
Barcelona 1985
Madison 1989
Poznan 1993
Kuala Lumpur 1997
Edinburgh 2001
Changzhou 2006
Lille/Invercargill/Quilmes 2009
Rotterdam/Johor Bahru 2013
London/Johannesburg 2017
Women's
Tournament
Mandelieu 1974
Berlin 1976
Madrid 1978
Buenos Aires 1981
Kuala Lumpur 1983
Amstelveen 1986
Sydney 1990
Dublin 1994
Utrecht 1998
Perth 2002
Madrid 2006
Rosario 2010
The Hague 2014
London 2018
Squads
2002
2006
2010
2014
Qualifier(s)
Kuala Lumpur 1983
Buenos Aires 1985
New Delhi 1989
Philadelphia 1993
Harare 1997
Amiens/Abbeville 2001
Rome 2006
San Diego/Kazan/Santiago 2010
Rotterdam/London 2013
Brussels/Johannesburg 2017
[show]
v
t
e
FIH World Cup winners
1971: Pakistan
1973: Netherlands
1975: India
1978: Pakistan
1982: Pakistan
1986: Australia
1990: Netherlands
1994: Pakistan
1998: Netherlands
2002: Germany
2006: Germany
2010: Australia
2014: Australia
[show]
v
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[show]
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See also: Template:Main world championships
[show]
v
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(Hosts · Medals)
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World
Championships
or
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Statute of limitations
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Statutes of limitations are laws passed by legislative bodies in common law systems to set the maximum time after an event within which legal proceedings may be initiated.[1]
When the period of time specified in a statute of limitations passes, a claim might no longer be filed, or, if filed, may be liable to be struck out if the defense against that claim is, or includes, that the claim is time-barred as having been filed after the statutory limitations period. When a statute of limitations expires in a criminal case, the courts no longer have jurisdiction. Most crimes that have statutes of limitations are distinguished from serious crimes as these may be brought at any time.
In civil law systems, similar provisions are typically part of their civil or criminal codes and known collectively as periods of prescription. The cause of action dictates the statute of limitations, which can be reduced (or extended) to ensure a fair trial.[2] The intention of these laws is to facilitate resolution within a "reasonable" length of time.[3] What period of time is considered "reasonable" varies from country to country, and within countries such as the United States from state to state.[4][5] Within countries and states, the statute of limitations may vary from one civil or criminal action to another. Some nations have no statute of limitations whatsoever.
Analysis of a statute of limitations also requires the examination of any associated statute of repose, tolling provisions, and exclusions.
Contents
[hide]
1 Applications
2 Purpose
3 Statute of repose
4 Tolling and the discovery rule
5 Prescription
6 Laws by region
6.1 International crimes
6.2 Australia
6.3 Canada
6.4 Germany
6.5 India
6.6 Norway
6.7 South Korea
6.8 United Kingdom
6.9 United States
6.9.1 Civil statutes
6.9.2 Criminal statutes
6.9.2.1 Initiation of charges
6.9.2.2 Heinous crimes
6.9.2.3 Military law
6.9.2.4 State laws
6.9.3 Exceptions
6.9.3.1 Fraud upon the court
6.9.3.2 Continuing-violations doctrine
7 See also
8 References
Applications[edit]
Common law legal systems can include a statute specifying the length of time within which a claimant or prosecutor must file a case. In some civil jurisdictions (e.g., California),[1] a case cannot begin after the period specified, and courts have no jurisdiction over cases filed after the statute of limitations has expired. In some other jurisdictions (e.g., New South Wales, Australia), a claim can be filed which may prove to have been brought outside the limitations period, but the court will retain jurisdiction in order to determine that issue, and the onus is on the defendant to plead it as part of their defence, or else the claim will not be statute barred.
Once filed, cases do not need to be resolved within the period specified in the statute of limitations.
Purpose[edit]
The purpose and effect of statutes of limitations are to protect defendants. There are three reasons for their enactment:[6]
A plaintiff with a valid cause of action should pursue it with reasonable diligence.
By the time a stale claim is litigated, a defendant might have lost evidence necessary to disprove the claim.
Litigation of a long-dormant claim may result in more cruelty than justice.
In Classical Athens, a five-year statute of limitations was established for all cases except homicide and the prosecution of non-constitutional laws (which had no limitation). Demosthenes wrote that these statutes of limitations were adopted to control "sycophants" (professional accusers).[7]
The limitation period generally begins when the plaintiff's cause of action accrues, meaning the date upon which the plaintiff is first able to maintain the cause of action in court, or when the plaintiff first becomes aware of a previous injury (for example, occupational lung diseases such as asbestosis).
Statute of repose[edit]
A statute of repose limits the time within which an action may be brought based upon when a particular event occurred (such as the completion of construction of a building or the date of purchase of manufactured goods), and does not permit extensions. A statute of limitations is similar to a statute of repose, but may be extended for a variety of reasons (such as the minority of the victim).
For example, most U.S. jurisdictions have passed statutes of repose for construction defects.[8][9][10][11] If a person receives an electric shock due to a wiring defect that resulted from the builder's negligence during construction of a building, the builder is potentially liable for damages if the suit is brought within the time period defined by the statute, normally starting with the date that construction is substantially completed. After the statutory time period has passed, without regard to the nature or degree of the builder's negligence or misconduct, the statute of repose presents an absolute defense to the claim.
Statutes of repose are sometimes controversial; manufacturers contend that they are necessary to avoid unfair litigation and encourage consumers to maintain their property. Alternatively, consumer advocates argue that they reduce incentives to manufacture durable products and disproportionately affect the poor, because manufacturers will have less incentive to ensure low-cost or "bargain" products are manufactured to exacting safety standards.
Tolling and the discovery rule[edit]
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Many jurisdictions suspend, or toll, the limitation period under certain circumstances such as if the aggrieved party (plaintiff) was a minor or filed a bankruptcy proceeding. In those instances, the running of limitations is tolled, or paused, until the condition ends. Equitable tolling may also be applied if an individual may intimidate a plaintiff into not reporting or has been promised a suspended period.
The statute of limitations may begin when the harmful event, such as fraud or injury, occurs or when it is discovered. The US Supreme Court has described the "standard rule" of when the time begins as "when the plaintiff has a complete and present cause of action." The rule has existed since the 1830s.[12] A "discovery rule" applies in other cases (including medical malpractice), or a similar effect may be applied by tolling.
As discussed in Wolk v. Olson, the discovery rule does not apply to mass media such as newspapers and the Internet; the statute of limitations begins to run at the date of publication. In 2013, the US Supreme Court of the United States unanimously ruled in Gabelli v. SEC that the discovery rule does not apply to U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's investment-advisor-fraud lawsuits since one of the purposes of the agency is to root out fraud.[13]
In private civil matters, the limitations period may generally be shortened or lengthened by agreement of the parties. Under the Uniform Commercial Code, the parties to a contract for sale of goods may reduce the limitations period to one year but not extend it.
Limitation periods that are known as laches may apply in situations of equity; a judge will not issue an injunction if the requesting party waited too long to ask for it. Such periods are subject to broad judicial discretion.
For US military cases, the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) states that all charges except those facing court-martial on a capital charge have a five-year statute of limitations. If the charges are dropped in all UCMJ proceedings except those headed for general court-martial, they may be reinstated for six months after which the statute of limitations has run out.
Prescription[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2015)
In civil law countries, almost all lawsuits must be brought within a legally-determined period known as prescription. Under Italian[14] and Romanian law,[15] criminal trials must be ended within a time limit.
In criminal cases, the public prosecutor must lay charges within a time limit which varies by jurisdiction and varies based on the nature of the charge; in many jurisdictions, there is no statute of limitations for murder.[citation needed] Over the last decade of the 20th century, many United States jurisdictions significantly lengthened the statute of limitations for sex offenses, particularly against children, as a response to research and popular belief that a variety of causes can delay the recognition and reporting of crimes of this nature.[citation needed]
Common triggers for suspending the prescription include a defendant's fugitive status or the commission of a new crime. A criminal may be convicted in absentia.[16] Prescription should not be confused with the need to prosecute within "a reasonable delay" as obligated by the European Court of Human Rights.
Laws by region[edit]
International crimes[edit]
Under international law, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes are usually not subject to the statute of limitations as codified in a number of multilateral treaties. States ratifying the Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity agree to disallow limitations claims for these crimes. In Article 29 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes "shall not be subject to any statute of limitations".
Australia[edit]
The Limitations Act of 1958 allows 12 years for child survivors and the disabled to make a claim, with age 37 the latest at which a claim can be made. The police submitted evidence[17][not in citation given] to a commission, the Victorian Inquiry into Church and Institutional Child Abuse (in existence since 2012) indicating that it takes an average of 24 years for a survivor of child sexual abuse to go to the police.[18] According to Attorney General Robert Clark, the government will remove statutes of limitations on criminal child abuse; survivors of violent crime should be given additional time, as adults, to deal with the legal system.[19] Offenders of minors and the disabled have used the statute of limitations to avoid detection and prosecution, moving from state to state and country to country; an example presented to the Victorian Inquiry was the Christian Brothers.[20]
An argument for abolishing statutes of limitations for civil claims by minors and people under guardianship is ensuring that abuse of vulnerable people would be acknowledged by lawyers, police, organisations and governments, with enforceable penalties for organisations which have turned a blind eye in the past. Support groups such as SNAP Australia,[21] Care Leavers Australia Network[22] and Broken Rites have submitted evidence to the Victoria inquiry,[23] and the Law Institute of Victoria[24] has advocated changes to the statute of limitations.
Canada[edit]
For crimes other than summary conviction offences, there is no statute of limitations in Canadian criminal law. For indictable (serious) offences such as major theft, murder, kidnapping or sexual assault, a defendant may be charged at any future date;[25] in some cases, warrants have remained outstanding for more than 20 years.[26]
Civil law limitations vary by province,[27] with Ontario introducing the Limitations Act, 2002 on January 1, 2004.[28]
Germany[edit]
In Germany, statute of limitations on crimes varies by type of crime, with the highest being 30 years for second-degree murder (Totschlag). First-degree murder, genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crime of aggression have no statute of limitations.
First-degree murder used to have 20 years statute of limitations, which was then extended to 30 years in 1969. The limitations were abolished altogether in 1979, to prevent Nazi criminals from avoiding criminal liability.
India[edit]
The statute of limitations in India is defined by the Limitations Act, 1963.[29]
The statute of limitations for criminal offences is governed by Sec. 468 of the Criminal Procedure Code.
Norway[edit]
The statute of limitations on murder was abolished by a change in law on 1 July 2014, causing any murders committed after 1 July 1989 to have no statute of limitations. This led to the national police force implementing a new investigation group for old cases called the "Cold Case" group. The law was also changed to let cases involving domestic violence, forced marriage, human trafficking and genital mutilation to count from the day the defendant turns 18 years old. Cases where the statute of limitations has already passed can not be extended due to the constitution preventing it.[30]
South Korea[edit]
In July 2015, the National Assembly abolished a 25-year-old statute on first degree murder; it had previously been extended from 15 to 25 years in December 2007.
United Kingdom[edit]
Main article: Limitation periods in the UK
Unlike other European countries, the United Kingdom has no statute of limitations for serious sexual crimes.[31]
United States[edit]
In the United States, statutes of limitations may apply to both civil lawsuits and to criminal prosecutions. Statutes of limitations vary significantly between U.S. jurisdictions.
Civil statutes[edit]
A civil statute of limitations applies to a non-criminal legal action, including a tort or contract case.[4] If the statute of limitations expires before a lawsuit is filed, the defendant may raise the statute of limitations as an affirmative defense to seek dismissal of the charge.
Criminal statutes[edit]
A criminal statute of limitations defines a time period during which charges must be initiated for a criminal offense.[32] If a charge is filed after the statute of limitations expires, the defendant may obtain dismissal of the charge.[33]
Initiation of charges[edit]
The statute of limitations in a criminal case only runs until a criminal charge is filed and a warrant is issued, even if the defendant is a fugitive.[34]
When the identity of a defendant is not known, some jurisdictions provide mechanisms to initiate charges and thus stop the statute of limitations from running. For example, some states allow an indictment of a "John Doe" defendant based upon a DNA profile derived from evidence obtained through a criminal investigation.[35] Although rare, a grand jury can issue an indictment in absentia for high-profile crimes to get around an upcoming statute of limitations deadline. One example is the skyjacking of Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305 by D.B. Cooper in 1971. The identity of D. B. Cooper remains unknown to this day, and he was indicted under the name "John Doe, aka Dan Cooper." [36]
Heinous crimes[edit]
Crimes considered heinous by society have no statute of limitations. Although there is usually no statute of limitations for murder (particularly first-degree murder), judges have been known to dismiss murder charges in cold cases if they feel the delay violates the defendant's right to a speedy trial.[37] For example, waiting many years for an alibi witness to die before commencing a murder trial would be unconstitutional. In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court in Stogner v. California ruled that the retroactive extension of the statute of limitations for sexual offenses committed against minors was an unconstitutional ex post facto law.[38]
Military law[edit]
Under the U.S. Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), desertion has no statute of limitations.[39]
State laws[edit]
State
Misdemeanor
Felony
Notes
Wyoming No No No statute of limitations
Exceptions[edit]
U.S. jurisdictions recognize exceptions to statutes of limitation that may allow for the prosecution of a crime or civil lawsuit even after the statute of limitations would otherwise have expired:
Fraud upon the court[edit]
When an officer of the court is found to have fraudulently presented facts to impair the court's impartial performance of its legal task, the act (known as fraud upon the court) is not subject to a statute of limitation. Officers of the court include lawyers, judges, referees, legal guardians, parenting-time expeditors, mediators, evaluators, administrators, special appointees and any others whose influence is part of the judicial mechanism. Fraud upon the court has been defined by the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals to "embrace that species of fraud which does, or attempts to, defile the court itself, or is a fraud perpetrated by officers of the court so that the judicial machinery cannot perform in the usual manner its impartial task of adjudging cases that are presented for adjudication".[40] In Bulloch v. United States, the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled: "Fraud upon the court is fraud which is directed to the judicial machinery itself and is not fraud between the parties or fraudulent documents, false statements or perjury ... It is where the court or a member is corrupted or function—thus where the impartial functions of the court have been directly corrupted."[41]
Continuing-violations doctrine[edit]
In tort law, if a defendant commits a series of illegal acts against another person (or in criminal law if someone commits a continuing crime) the limitation period may begin to run from the last act in the series. In the 8th Circuit case of Treanor v. MCI Telecommunications, Inc., the court explained that the continuing-violations doctrine "tolls [freezes] the statute of limitations in situations where a continuing pattern forms due to [illegal] acts occurring over a period of time, as long as at least one incident ... occurred within the limitations period."[42] Whether the continuing-violations doctrine applies to a particular violation is subject to judicial discretion; it was ruled to apply to copyright infringement in Taylor v. Meirick (712 F.2d 1112, 1119; 7th Cir. 1983) but not in Stone v. Williams (970 F.2d 1043, 1049–50; 2d Cir. 1992).[43]
See also[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Statute of limitations
Adverse possession
Equitable tolling
Laches
Limitation Act 1980 (England and Wales)
Nullum tempus occurrit regi
Statute of Limitations in Ireland
Limitation Periods in the UK
Statute of repose
Tort reform
Tolling (law)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Statute of Limitations". California Court Judicial Branch. Public Access Records. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Special Historic Session. "Opening Remarks:HistoricSpecial section" (PDF). www.courts.ca.gov. Supreme Court Of California. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
Jump up ^ California Courts, Judicial Council. "Public Access Records". California Courts. Rewriting Amendments. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Statute of Limitations by State for Civil Cases". ExpertLaw.com. ExpertLaw. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "State Statutes of Limitations". FindLaw. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Halsbury's Laws of England, 4th edition
Jump up ^ Allen, Danielle S. (2003). The World of Prometheus: The Politics of Punishing in Democratic Athens. Princeton University Press. p. 154. ISBN 0-691-09489-6.
Jump up ^ "Statutes of Repose for Construction" (PDF). SDVLaw.com. Saxe Doernberger & Vita, P.C. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "MCL 600.5839". Michigan Legislature. State of Michigan. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 337.15". California Legislative Information. State of California. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fla. Stat. § 95.11(3)(c)". Online Sunshine. State of Florida. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Gabelli v. Securities and Exchange Commission.
Jump up ^ Macy J. (2013). Opinion analysis: That which does not kill the SEC may make the agency stronger. SCOTUSblog.
Jump up ^ "La prescrizione del reato dopo la ex-Cirielli". Diritto Penale. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Codul Penal, Articolul 180 – Prescripția". Retrieved 9 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Ridley, Yvonne. "Bush Convicted of War Crimes in Absentia". www.foreignpolicyjournal.com. Foreign Policy Journal. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Parliamentary Inquiry On The Handling Of Child Abuse By Religious And Other Non-Government Organisations" (PDF). Parliament of Victoria. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Parliament of Victoria". Inquiry Into The Handling of Child Abuse by Religious and Other Organizations. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Victoria ends statutory time limit on historical child sex abuse cases". www.theaustralian.com.au. Australian Associated Press. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Inquiry Into the Handling of Child Abuse by Religious and Other Organisations" (PDF). Parliament of Victoria. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Waller Legal response" (PDF). Parliament of Victoria. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
Jump up ^ "A Submission by Care Leavers Australia Network (CLAN) to the Inquiry into the handling of child abuse by religious and other organisations" (PDF). Parliament of Victoria. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Broken Rites response" (PDF). Parliament of Victoria. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Inquiry Into the Processes by Which Religious and Other Non-government Organisations Respond to the Criminal Abuse of Children by Personnel Within Their Organisations" (PDF). Parliament of Victoria. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Criminal Procedure". thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Criminal Code". Section 46: Government of Canada. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Limitation Periods in Canada's Provinces and Territories" (PDF). fenninsurance.com. Olga Gil Research Services. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "Limitations Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c. 24, Sched. B". E-laws.gov.on.ca. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
Jump up ^ http://comtax.up.nic.in/Miscellaneous%20Act/limitation-act-1963.pdf
Jump up ^ "Stortinget fjerner foreldelsesfristen" (in Norwegian). Dagsavisen. 2014-06-16. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
Jump up ^ "Should Britain have a Statute of Limitations on sex crimes?". Theopinionsite.org. 2011-03-19. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Charles (14 November 2017). "Statute of Limitation in Federal Criminal Cases: An Overview" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Larson, Aaron (27 February 2018). "Time Limits for Criminal Charges: What's the Statute of Limitations". ExpertLaw. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Grossman, Jonathan (2014). "Speedy Trial and the Statute of Limitations" (PDF). Sixth District Appellate Program. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Ullmer, Frank B. (2001). "Using DNA Profiles to Obtain John Doe Arrest Warrants and Indictments". Washington & Lee Law Review. 58: 1585. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Denson, Bryan (November 24, 1996). D.B. Cooper legend lives. Oregon Live archive Retrieved March 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sixth Amendment - Limited Protection Against Excessive Prosecutorial Delay". Northwestern University School of Law. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2002/2002_01_1757
Jump up ^ http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/10/17/airman-who-went-missing-in-1977-found-living-double-life-in-florida.html
Jump up ^ Kenner v. C.I.R., 387 F.3d 689 (1968); 7 Moore's Federal Practice, 2nd ed., p. 512, ¶ 60.23
Jump up ^ Bulloch v. United States, 763 F.2d 1115, 1121 (10th Cir. 1985)
Jump up ^ http://www.ca8.uscourts.gov/opndir/00/01/991836P.pdf
Jump up ^ http://gonzagalawreview.org/files/2011/02/Graham.pdf
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Annabel Lee
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For articles with the same or similar name, see Anabelle Lee (disambiguation).
Annabel Lee
by Edgar Allan Poe
Sartain's Union Magazine of Literature and Art, January, 1850, Philadelphia
Country
United States
Language
English
Publisher
Sartain's Union Magazine, John Sartain
Publication date
1849 (1849)
Read online
Annabel Lee at Wikisource
"Annabel Lee" is the last complete poem[1] composed by American author Edgar Allan Poe. Like many of Poe's poems, it explores the theme of the death of a beautiful woman.[2] The narrator, who fell in love with Annabel Lee when they were young, has a love for her so strong that even angels are envious. He retains his love for her even after her death. There has been debate over who, if anyone, was the inspiration for "Annabel Lee". Though many women have been suggested, Poe's wife Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe is one of the more credible candidates. Written in 1849, it was not published until shortly after Poe's death that same year.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Analysis
2.1 Poetic structure
3 Inspiration
4 Publication history and reception
5 Adaptations
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Synopsis[edit]
The poem's narrator describes his love for Annabel Lee, which began many years ago in a "kingdom by the sea". Though they were young, their love for one another burned with such an intensity that angels became envious. It is for that reason that the narrator believes the seraphim caused her death. Even so, their love is strong enough that it extends beyond the grave and the narrator believes their two souls are still entwined. Every night, he dreams of Annabel Lee and sees the brightness of her eyes in the stars. Every night he lies down by her side in her tomb by the sea.
Analysis[edit]
Like many other Poe poems including "The Raven", "Ulalume", and "To One in Paradise", "Annabel Lee" follows Poe's favorite theme: the death of a beautiful woman,[2] which Poe called "the most poetical topic in the world".[3] Like women in many other works by Poe, she is struck with illness and marries young.[4] The poem focuses on an ideal love which is unusually strong. In fact, the narrator's actions show that he not only loves Annabel Lee, but he worships her, something he can only do after her death.[5] The narrator admits that he and Annabel Lee were children when they fell in love, but his explanation that angels murdered her is in itself childish, suggesting he has failed to mature since then.[6] His repetition of this assertion suggests he is trying to rationalize his own excessive feelings of loss.[6]
Unlike "The Raven", in which the narrator believes he will "nevermore" be reunited with his love, "Annabel Lee" says the two will be together again, as not even demons "can ever dissever" their souls.
Poetic structure[edit]
"Annabel Lee" consists of six stanzas, three with six lines, one with seven, and two with eight, with the rhyme pattern differing slightly in each one.[2] Though it is not technically a ballad, Poe referred to it as one.[7] Like a ballad, the poem uses repetition of words and phrases purposely to create its mournful effect.[2] The name Annabel Lee emphasizes the letter "L", a frequent device in Poe's female characters such as "Eulalie", "Lenore", and "Ulalume".[8]
There is debate on the last line of the poem. The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore, Maryland has identified 11 versions of "Annabel Lee" that were published between 1849 and 1850.[9] However, the biggest variation is in the final line:
Original manuscript: In her tomb by the side of the sea
Alternative version: In her tomb by the sounding sea
Inspiration[edit]
Poe's wife Virginia is often assumed to be the inspiration for "Annabel Lee".
It is unclear on whom the eponymous character Annabel Lee is based.[10] Biographers and critics often suggest Poe's frequent use of the "death of a beautiful woman" theme stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his own life, including his mother Eliza Poe and his foster mother Frances Allan.[11] Biographers often interpret that "Annabel Lee" was written for Poe's wife Virginia, who had died two years prior, as was suggested by poet Frances Sargent Osgood, though Osgood is herself a candidate for the poem's inspiration.[10] A strong case can be made for Poe's wife Virginia: She was the one he loved as a child, the only one who had been his bride, and the only one who had died.[12] Autobiographical readings of the poem have also been used to support the theory that Virginia and Poe never consummated their marriage, as "Annabel Lee" was a "maiden".[13] Critics, including T.O. Mabbott, believed that Annabel Lee was merely the product of Poe's gloomy imagination and that Annabel Lee was no real person in particular. A childhood sweetheart of Poe's named Sarah Elmira Royster believed the poem was written with her in mind[14] and that Poe himself said so.[15] Sarah Helen Whitman and Sarah Anna Lewis also claimed to have inspired the poem.[16]
Local legend in Charleston, South Carolina tells the story of a sailor who met a woman named Annabel Lee. Her father disapproved of the pairing and the two met privately in a graveyard before the sailor's time stationed in Charleston was up. While away, he heard of Annabel's death from yellow fever, but her father would not allow him at the funeral. Because he did not know her exact burial location, he instead kept vigil in the cemetery where they had often secretly met. There is no evidence that Edgar Allan Poe had heard of this legend, but locals insist it was his inspiration, especially considering Poe was briefly stationed in Charleston while in the army in 1827.[17]
Publication history and reception[edit]
1849 fair copy by Edgar Allan Poe, Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
"Annabel Lee" was likely composed in May 1849.[16] Poe took steps to ensure the poem would be seen in print. He gave a copy to Rufus Wilmot Griswold, his literary executor and personal rival, gave another copy to John Thompson to repay a $5 debt, and sold a copy to Sartain's Union Magazine for publication.[12] Though Sartain's was the first authorized printing in January 1850, Griswold was the first to publish it on October 9, 1849, two days after Poe's death as part of his obituary of Poe in the New York Daily Tribune. Thompson had it published in the Southern Literary Messenger in November 1849.[12]
"Annabel Lee" was an inspiration for Vladimir Nabokov, especially for his novel Lolita (1955), in which the narrator, as a child, falls in love with the terminally ill Annabel Leigh "in a princedom by the sea". Originally, Nabokov titled the novel The Kingdom by the Sea.[18] Nabokov would later use this as the title of the Lolita "doppelganger novel" in Look at the Harlequins!.
Adaptations[edit]
The English composer Henry David Leslie (1822-96) set this as a ballad for voice and piano, respelling as 'Annabelle Lee'.
The 1914 silent film The Avenging Conscience is based on "Annabel Lee" and Poe's short story "The Tell-Tale Heart."
An adapted version of the poem appears on Sarah Jarosz's 2011 album, Follow Me Down.
Stevie Nicks recorded a version of this poem on her 2011 album, In Your Dreams.
Joan Baez recorded a version of this poem on her 1967 album, Joan, with music by Don Dilworth.
The band Alesana based three albums (The Emptiness, A Place Where the Sun Is Silent and Confessions) on the poem and called it The Annabel Trilogy.
The poem appears on Marissa Nadler's album, Ballads of Living and Dying.
An adaptation appears in the song "Three" by the band La Dispute on their first spoken word EP, Here, Hear. and in the song "Fall Down, Never Get Back Up Again" on their album Somewhere at the Bottom of the River Between Vega and Altair.
The poem was set to music by the English composer Joseph Charles Holbrooke (5 July 1878 – 5 August 1958) as a Ballad for voice and orchestra Op. 41b (1905)
An adapted version of the poem by Spanish group Radio Futura on their album "La canción de Juan Perro", 1987 (music by Luis Auserón, lyric adapted by Santiago Auserón).
The poem was translated to Hebrew by Ze'ev Jabotinsky and performed by various Israeli artists, among them Yossi Banai, Yoni Bloch and Shlomo Artzi (who performed the song both in Hebrew and in the original).
The poem was also the base for Lady Midnight by Cassandra Clare as the first book in the Dark Artifices series. Each chapter title is taken directly from the poem.
The web series "Kissing in the Rain" features a shortened version of the poem with Sean Persaud as Edgar Allan Poe and Mary Kate Wiles as Annabel Lee.
See also[edit]
Poems by Edgar Allan Poe
References[edit]
Jump up ^ www.eapoe.org
^ Jump up to: a b c d Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992. p. 243. ISBN 0-8154-1038-7
Jump up ^ Poe, Edgar A. "The Philosophy of Composition" (1846).
Jump up ^ Weekes, Karen. "Poe's feminine ideal", collected in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, edited by Kevin J. Hayes. Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 152. ISBN 0-521-79727-6
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Daniel. Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972. p. 68. ISBN 0-8071-2321-8
^ Jump up to: a b Empric, Julienne H. "A Note on 'Annabel Lee'", collected in Poe Studies. Volume VI, Number 1 (June 1973). p. 26.
Jump up ^ Quinn, Arthur Hobson. Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998: 606. ISBN 0-8018-5730-9
Jump up ^ Kopley, Richard and Kevin J. Hayes. "Two verse masterworks: 'The Raven' and 'Ulalume'", as collected in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, edited by Kevin J. Hayes. Cambridge University Press, 2002: 200. ISBN 0-521-79727-6
Jump up ^ "Annabel Lee" – List of texts and variant texts at the Edgar Allan Poe Society online
^ Jump up to: a b Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. p. 401. ISBN 0-06-092331-8
Jump up ^ Weekes, Karen. "Poe's feminine ideal", collected in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, edited by Kevin J. Hayes. Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 149. ISBN 0-521-79727-6
^ Jump up to: a b c Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992. p. 244. ISBN 0-8154-1038-7
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Daniel. Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972. p. 27. ISBN 0-8071-2321-8
Jump up ^ www.pambytes.com
Jump up ^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. p. 426. ISBN 0-06-092331-8
^ Jump up to: a b Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. Checkmark Books, 2001. p. 12. ISBN 0-8160-4161-X
Jump up ^ Crawford, Tom. "The Ghost by the Sea". Retrieved May 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992. p. 302. ISBN 0-8154-1038-7
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Annabel Lee
Publication history at the Edgar Allan Poe Society
Audio – hear the poem read
"Annabelle Lee" [sic], a 19th-century musical version by Henry Leslie, sung by Derek B. Scott
An adaptation of the poem into comics
Annabel Lee public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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t
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Edgar Allan Poe (works)
Poems
"Tamerlane" (1827)
"Al Aaraaf" (1829)
"Sonnet to Science" (1829)
"To Helen" (1831)
"The City in the Sea" (1831)
"The Haunted Palace" (1839)
"The Conqueror Worm" (1843)
"Lenore" (1843)
"Eulalie" (1843)
"The Raven" (1845)
"Ulalume" (1847)
"A Dream Within a Dream" (1849)
"Eldorado" (1849)
"The Bells" (1849)
"Annabel Lee" (1849)"
Tales
"Metzengerstein" (1832)
"Bon-Bon" (1832)
"MS. Found in a Bottle" (1833)
"Berenice" (1835)
"Morella" (1835)
"The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall" (1835)
"Ligeia" (1838)
"A Predicament" (1838)
"The Devil in the Belfry" (1839)
"The Man That Was Used Up" (1839)
"The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839)
"William Wilson" (1839)
"The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion" (1839)
"The Business Man" (1840)
"The Man of the Crowd" (1840)
"The Murders in the Rue Morgue" (1841)
"A Descent into the Maelström" (1841)
"Never Bet the Devil Your Head" (1841)
"Eleonora" (1841)
"The Oval Portrait" (1842)
"The Masque of the Red Death" (1842)
"The Mystery of Marie Rogêt" (1842)
"The Pit and the Pendulum" (1842)
"The Tell-Tale Heart" (1843)
"The Gold-Bug" (1843)
"The Black Cat" (1843)
"The Spectacles" (1844)
"A Tale of the Ragged Mountains" (1844)
"The Premature Burial" (1844)
"The Oblong Box" (1844)
"The Angel of the Odd" (1844)
"Thou Art the Man" (1844)
"The Purloined Letter" (1844)
"Some Words with a Mummy" (1845)
"The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade" (1845)
"The Imp of the Perverse" (1845)
"The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" (1845)
"The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar" (1845)
"The Cask of Amontillado" (1846)
"Hop-Frog" (1849)
Essays
"Maelzel's Chess Player" (1836)
"The Philosophy of Furniture" (1840)
"Morning on the Wissahiccon" (1844)
"The Philosophy of Composition" (1846)
"The Poetic Principle" (1846)
Eureka: A Prose Poem (1848)
Novels
The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1837)
The Journal of Julius Rodman (1840)
Collections
Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827)
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840)
Play
Politian (1835)
Other
The Conchologist's First Book (1839)
The Balloon-Hoax (1844)
The Light-House (1849)
Related
Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe (wife)
Eliza Poe (mother)
David Poe Jr. (father)
William Henry Poe (brother)
Poe Museum
Poe Cottage
Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum
National Historic Site
The Penn magazine
Death
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In popular culture
film and television
music
Poe Toaster
Tales of Mystery & Imagination
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