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Galactic Empire (Star Wars)
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Galactic Empire
Emblem of the Galactic Empire
Universe
Star Wars
Type
Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy (de jure; pre-Civil War)
Fascist dictatorship under an absolute monarchy (de facto)
Founded
19 BBY from the Galactic Republic
Location
Coruscant (Imperial Center)
Leader
Emperor:
Sheev Palpatine (19 BBY-4 ABY)
Mas Amedda (4 ABY–5 ABY)
Rae Sloane (5 ABY)
Gallius Rax (5 ABY)
Key people
Darth Vader
Grand Moff Tarkin
Grand Vizier Mas Amedda
Grand Admiral Thrawn
Imperial Senate
Employees
Boba Fett, Dengar, Bossk
Purpose
To rule the galaxy by force and fear.
Products
none known
Technologies
pressurized rooms, medical droids
Powers
strong military
Affiliations
Imperial Army, Imperial Navy, Imperial Starfighter Corps, Council of Moffs, Royal Guard, Order Of The Sith Lords
Subsidiaries
None known
Enemies
Jedi Order
Rebel Alliance
Saw Gerrera's Partisans
New Republic
Yuuzhan Vong Empire (Legends)
New Jedi Order (Legends)
Currency
Galactic Standard Credit (Imperial Dataries)
Founding documents
Declaration of a New Order
Imperial Charter
Official language
Imperial Basic
The Galactic Empire is a fictional autocracy featured in the Star Wars franchise. It was first introduced in the 1977 film Star Wars and also appears in its two sequels: The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983) and is the main antagonist faction of the original trilogy. By the time of the sequel trilogy, which starts three decades following the events of the original trilogy, the government has collapsed.
The Empire's origins are depicted in the prequel Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005), where it replaces the Galactic Republic at the end of the Clone Wars orchestrated by Palpatine, who was then the Republic's Supreme Chancellor. Palpatine is also secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious who intends to purge the Jedi and restore the Sith to power in the galaxy. Palpatine's Sith identity is only known by a small few throughout his life. Palpatine claims that the Jedi attempted to assassinate him and overthrow the Galactic Senate and declares the Jedi to have committed treason. Palpatine declares that the civil war with the separatists in combination with the Jedi coup d'état require the reorganization of the Republic into a state that can provide stability, and a safe and secure society, a Galactic Empire with himself as Emperor. The Senate that he has manipulated overwhelmingly applauds Palpatine's decision.
Emperor Palpatine proceeds to purge the Jedi, who had been the upholders of peace and justice in the Republic, and replaces them by redeeming the Sith. Though Palpatine's Sith identity remains a secret to most, his apprentice Darth Vader is the Sith Lord who is publicly known to the galaxy as the ally of Palpatine who is serving the Empire to purge the galaxy of the Jedi. By the time of Episode IV: A New Hope, the Empire has transformed into a fully totalitarian regime, opposed by the Alliance To Restore The Republic.
The Galactic Empire is described and portrayed in various Star Wars media as a brutal dictatorship, one based on "nationalization, state terrorism, xenophobic hatred, enslavement and genocide of nonhumans, power projection, threat of lethal force, and, above all else, constant fear”.[1]
Flag of the Galactic Empire
Contents
1 Depiction
1.1 Origins
1.2 Organization of power
1.2.1 Imperial Government
1.2.2 Imperial Military
1.3 Galactic Civil War
1.4 Successor
1.5 Expanded universe
2 Themes
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
5.1 Fan societies / clubs
Depiction[edit]
Origins[edit]
Twilight of the Republic
The Galactic Empire was born out of the collapsing Old Republic. However, its seeds are planted during the Clone Wars, the epic war between the Republic and the Confederacy of Independent Systems depicted in Episode II: Attack of the Clones and Episode III: Revenge of the Sith.
In Episode I: The Phantom Menace, amid a trade dispute, blockade and invasion of Naboo in the Mid Rim Territories by the Trade Federation, then-Senator Palpatine convinces Naboo's Queen Padmé Amidala to address the Galactic Senate, in order to call for a vote of no confidence in Chancellor of the Republic Finis Valorum's leadership, due to his alleged inability to act quickly to end the occupation of Naboo. The crisis on Naboo allows Palpatine to be elected Chancellor.
When the extent of the Separatist threat becomes clear in Episode II, the Old Republic Senate, the legislature of the Republic, grants Palpatine emergency powers to deal with the crisis. This conflict allows Palpatine to remain in office long after his term as Chancellor officially expires. Palpatine promises to return his powers to the Senate once peace and order is restored to the galaxy. His first order is to create an army of clone troopers resulting in the construction of a massive military. He takes advantage of the conflict to increase his political power, and by the time of Episode III, he is effectively a dictator.
The Jedi begin to distrust the Chancellor's motives, fearing he has come under the influence of a Dark Lord of the Sith named Darth Sidious. Palpatine insists to the Jedi that the war, and thus his emergency powers, will continue until Separatist leader General Grievous is killed. Their concerns are shared by several Senators, who suspect Palpatine may not return his emergency powers to the Senate as promised. Among them are two who had long supported Palpatine, Padmé Amidala and Bail Organa. The film eventually reveals that Palpatine and Sidious are one and the same, and that he has been manipulating the Republic and the Separatists against each other.
The Great Jedi Purge
When the Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker discovers Palpatine is actually the mysterious Sith lord Darth Sidious, he returns to the Jedi Temple to inform Jedi Master Mace Windu what he has learned. Windu then leaves with three other Masters to arrest Palpatine, instructing Anakin to remain at the temple. Anakin ignores Mace Windu's directive and returns to the Chancellor's office to prevent the Jedi from killing him; Palpatine has manipulated him into believing that he has the power to save Anakin's pregnant wife, Padmé Amidala, from dying in childbirth. Mace Windu, with a cadre of Jedi, enters Palpatine's office and declares that he is under arrest for crimes against the Republic, and that the Senate will determine his fate. Palpatine dispenses with his false modest persona and reveals his power-hungry nature, retorting "I am the Senate!". Palpatine produces a lightsaber and quickly dispatches all but Windu. When Anakin arrives, Windu is standing over the disarmed Palpatine, prepared to strike. Anakin intervenes on Palpatine's behalf by cutting off Windu's lower arm, disarming Windu and allowing Palpatine to send Windu plunging to his death with a blast of Force lightning. Anakin then submits to the dark side of the Force , becoming Palpatine's third Sith apprentice, Darth Vader.
Palpatine declares the Jedi to be traitors and enemies of the Republic, and issues Order 66: Operation Knightfall. During the creation of the Clone Army, Palpatine ordered Jedi Master Syfo-Dyas to instruct the Kaminoans to implant a fail-safe chip into the clones, with a code embedded that allowed them to turn on their Jedi commanders, allowing for the commencement of Operation Knightfall. Led by Darth Vader, the Grand Army of the Republic, who once took orders from the Jedi, all but exterminate the Jedi Order in a massive galaxy-wide slaughter. Secure in his power and position, Palpatine reorganizes the Republic into the Galactic Empire, with himself as Emperor for life. The Senate enthusiastically supports Palpatine, although a few senators, like Padmé and Bail Organa, realize that the freedom enshrined by the Republic has been destroyed in the name of a "safe and secure society." A deleted scene in the film establishes that the two are among the main founders of the Rebel Alliance, which later arises in A New Hope.
Two remaining Jedi, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Yoda, attempt to attack and destroy the Sith once and for all. Yoda confronts Palpatine, and Obi-Wan duels his former apprentice, now Darth Vader. Obi-Wan defeats Vader and leaves him for dead, but Yoda's duel with Palpatine ends in a stalemate and he is forced to flee for his life; both Jedi are forced to go into exile. Grievously wounded, Vader is rescued by Palpatine and fitted with cybernetics and a black suit of armor with a life support system, which he will wear for the rest of his life. Padme's children, with their mother dead and their father a Sith Lord, are placed into adoptive families until the time is right for the Jedi to reappear in the galaxy and overthrow the Empire.
Organization of power[edit]
Imperial Government[edit]
Imperial Palace
With the end of the Clone Wars, the purging of the Jedi Order and the formation of the First Galactic Empire, Palpatine rules with absolute power as Emperor. He retains the emergency powers that had been voted to him in Attack of the Clones, allowing him to rule for decades under what amounts to martial law. Lord Darth Vader is the Emperor's second-in-command and his ruthless chief enforcer, greatly feared throughout the galaxy; a command from Vader is to be considered a command from Palpatine. In the 19 years between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope, Palpatine rules the galaxy from the confines of his heavily guarded Imperial Palace on Coruscant. During that same time, Vader travels extensively to most of the galactic regions to enforce the Emperor's rule.
The Imperial Palace, once known as the Jedi Temple when it was the home of the Jedi Order, was a complex on Coruscant that served as the seat of power for Darth Sidious during his reign.
Imperial Senate and Grand Moffs
The Senate, now known as the Imperial Senate, nominally continues to exist, though it is virtually powerless. Palpatine dissolves the Senate (off-camera) in A New Hope after discovering that several members of the Senate are founding members of the Rebellion. Aside from Palpatine, the real power in the Empire is in the hands of planetary system-administrators (regional governors), the "Moffs" (sector governors) and the "Grand Moffs" (quadrant governors) who oversee collections of sectors such as the "Outer Rim". After Palpatine dissolves the Senate, he commissioned the regional governors with a Star Destroyer, a division of soldiers and are formally granted direct control over their planet territories; each reports directly to their respective Moffs and Grand Moffs. The Grand Moffs themselves held such prestige that they outranked Darth Vader's authority de facto; as was demonstrated by Vader's deference to Tarkin's command on the Death Star.[2] Though this chain of command, Palpatine dictates direct control over all population centers.
Imperial Military[edit]
Further information: Death Star
In A New Hope, Grand Moff Tarkin explains the Empire's military doctrine of peacekeeping, internal security, and counter-insurgency; describing its state terrorism-philosophy as rule through fear of force rather than force itself. The instrument of this power is the military, which includes the Imperial Stormtroopers, a massive fleet of Star Destroyers, and the Death Star, a moon-sized superweapon capable of destroying entire planets. Plans for the Death Star first appear (in universe chronology) in Attack of the Clones and construction begins at the end of Revenge of the Sith.
Imperial Guard
The Imperial Guard (or Red Guard) were elite, red-helmeted and red-cloaked stormtroopers who serve as Emperor Palpatine's personal bodyguards. In addition to strict requirements of height, strength, intelligence, and loyalty, only the most capable soldiers in the Imperial Military qualified for duty in the ranks of the Royal Guard. On occasion if needed or ordered by Palpatine, they could take orders from his apprentice, Darth Vader.
In the waning days of the Republic, Supreme Chancellor Sheev Palpatine formed a personnel security detail of red-robed guards whom he favored over the Senate Guard. He additionally began to phase out the Senate Guard with the clone shock troopers of the Coruscant Guard. Eventually, as Galactic Emperor, Palpatine disbanded the Senate Guard altogether and replaced them with his Royal Guard and the stormtroopers of the Galactic Empire.
Imperial Army Command
The Imperial Army Command (IAC) is the main ground force of the Galactic Empire. It operates massive ground combat vehicles and maintains garrisons across the galaxy. It also cooperates with other branches of the Empire in a variety of operations. The Imperial Army consists of a considerable number of legions, enough to project power throughout the galaxy. Some of the legions are stationed on the capital planet Coruscant as part of the Emperor's personal security, while others are scattered in the Imperial Navy and planetary garrisons across the galaxy. Imperial Army officers and crew typically wear the Imperial standard green uniforms when not clad in armor.
Imperial Naval Command
Further information: Star Destroyer
The Imperial Naval Command (INC), also referred to as the Imperial Starfleet, was the military arm of the Galactic Empire in charge of maintaining security, peace and order in the galaxy. Commanded by Darth Vader, it absorbed the military forces of the Galactic Republic after Palpatine's declaration of the New Order. Organization of the Imperial Navy was assigned to the Moffs.
At its peak, the Imperial Navy fielded millions of warships, including an estimated 25,000 Star Destroyers, fulfilling the Emperor's will throughout the galaxy. The Empire's central warship cadre is well structured and uniformed, but the Imperial Navy suffers against strike craft, largely due to the inadequacies of its own starfighters and point defense. The Empire's focus on size, firepower, and terror came at the expense of a well-balanced fleet. After its defeat at the Battle of Endor, the Galactic Empire split up into warring factions and the Imperial Starfleet along with it. While much of the remnants of the Imperial Navy were later reunited under impressive Imperial commanders, the military organization covered in this article ceased to exist shortly after the death of the Emperor.
Specific responsibilities of the Imperial Navy included defending Imperial citizens from space-based threats (such as pirates, smugglers and rebel contingents), enforcing Imperial will, and overseeing commerce through customs and blockade operations. The Imperial Navy also performed orbital bombardments and transported major ground force deployments, supporting them with space, orbital, and aerial support.
Imperial Navy officers wore the same standard uniform that their Army counterparts used but was colored grey, and both services used colored chest plaques to denote rank.
After the Battle Of Endor (4 ABY), the navy was scattered.
Imperial Starfighter Corps
Further information: TIE fighter
The Imperial Starfighter Corps (ISC) was the starfighter pilot branch of the Galactic Empire. Although the Corps was a component of the Navy,[3] most pilots were assigned to ground operations with the Imperial Army.[4] Some Imperial starfighters include TIE (Twin Ion Engine) fighters, TIE Intercepters, TIE Strikers, TIE Silencers (by the First Order), and TIE Bombers. The corps was scattered after the Battle Of Endor (4 ABY).
Imperial Stormtrooper Corps
Further information: Stormtrooper (Star Wars)
Contrary to popular belief, Imperial Stormtrooper Corps (ISC) are not in fact the army, but rather an elite corps that works as a ground force for the Navy—similar to a Marine Corps. The Stormtroopers operate in conjunction with the Army and Navy, but in practice are organized like marines with their own separate divisions. When not in their signature white armor, Stormtrooper officers wear black uniforms.
Imperial Security Bureau
The Imperial Security Bureau (ISB) are the principal military intelligence, law enforcement, and internal security agency of the Galactic Empire. The ISB was charged with matters of counter-terrorism, counterintelligence, criminal investigation, internal affairs, state security and ensuring the loyalty of citizens to the Empire. It functions autonomously as a secret police organization (ISB officers are often found as political officers in Army and Navy units). Officers of the ISB wear white uniforms. Aside from that, it happened to be one of the many umbrella organizations under the greater Commission for the Preservation of the New Order, and was larger than its sister agency Imperial Intelligence.
Imperial Central Intelligence
The Imperial Central Intelligence (ICI) was an espionage organization of the Galactic Empire that provided services to the Imperial Military, the Joint Chiefs, and Emperor Sheev Palpatine. ICI was responsible for the gathering, processing, analyzing and dissemination of information throughout the Star Wars galaxy for the purpose national security and propaganda. Its clandestine operations allowed it to operate outside the chain of command, but had no military or law enforcement authority in itself. It had oversight of the operations of the Naval Intelligence Agency which was briefly made its own separate organization before being folded back under Imperial Intelligence. The Imperial Security Bureau was a sister agency and rival to Imperial Central Intelligence over resources, abilities, and areas of responsibility.
Galactic Civil War[edit]
Main article: Galactic Civil War (Star Wars)
With the formation of the Empire and the purge of the Jedi now complete, martial law was immediately declared throughout the universe. Those in hiding, or attempting to either flee from or oppose the New Imperial Order, would be subject to persecution or death. This was the start of the bloody decades-long Galactic Civil War.
In a deleted scene in Revenge of the Sith (and in fear of that incoming conflict), several influential senators including Bail Organa of Alderaan, Padme Amidala of Naboo, and Mon Mothma of Chandrila, meet in secret to form what will later become the Alliance to Restore the Republic, more commonly referred to as the Rebel Alliance. During the two decades that take place between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope, the Rebellion grows and becomes a formidable enemy of the Empire.
The Death Star, a moon-sized space station with sufficient firepower to destroy an entire planet, is designed to be the supreme weapon of the Empire's power. Grand Moff Willhuff Tarkin, the station's commander, shortly after informing the heads of the Imperial Military that Palpatine has dissolved the Senate, demonstrates that power in A New Hope, when he destroys Alderaan merely as a show of force. In the film's climactic scene, however, the station is assaulted by a small force of Rebel starfighters who have come into possession of the station's blueprints. The battle ends with the Death Star's destruction at the hands of Luke Skywalker, which is the Rebel Alliance's first major success against the Empire.
After several more years of conflict, the Alliance finally overthrows the Empire in Return of the Jedi. In the film's climactic battle, the Rebellion destroys the second Death Star and a number of capital ships that contain a great portion of the Imperial Navy's highest-ranking officers. During this battle, Vader redeems himself by killing Palpatine in order to save his son Luke Skywalker, but in this act of self-sacrifice he is himself mortally wounded in the process.
Successor[edit]
Further information: First Order (Star Wars)
After the destruction of the second Death Star, the remnants of the Empire fractured into several splinter factions. The First Order is one of these groups, led by former Imperial officers who adhere to the principles of the Empire's government. They become a major faction in the galaxy in The Force Awakens and face a reformed Rebel Alliance called the Resistance.
Expanded universe[edit]
Further information: Star Wars expanded universe
In the Star Wars expanded universe, the Rebels, renamed the New Republic, fight to claim the galaxy from remaining Imperials styling themselves as independent controllers of portions of the galaxy.
Jedi Prince series
In the Jedi Prince novel series, a group of impostors calling themselves the Prophets of the Dark Side install a three-eyed mutant named Trioculus as Emperor by claiming that he is Palpatine's son, reforming the Empire (as Trioculus's Empire). By the end of the series, Palpatine's true son, Triclops, helps the Rebels defeat this new enemy.
Thrawn Trilogy
In the Thrawn trilogy book series, the New Republic is almost brought to its knees by Grand Admiral Thrawn, the new leader of the remnants of the Empire (which are known as Thrawn's Empire) and a military genius. By the time of the third book in the series, Thrawn has nearly defeated the New Republic, but they claim victory in a last-ditch effort, and Thrawn is killed by his own bodyguard, shattering the Empire's unity.
Dark Empire
In the Dark Empire comic book series, Palpatine is reborn in a clone body and unites most of the scattered remnants of the Empire (forming the Dark Empire), hoping to retake control of the galaxy. By the sequel, Empire's End, he is defeated and destroyed once and for all.
Jedi Academy Trilogy
In the Jedi Academy Trilogy, an Imperial admiral named Daala commandeers the remainder of the Imperial Navy (the Crimson Empire) and mounts a ferocious assault on the New Republic. She nearly succeeds in taking over the galaxy, but is foiled by New Republic pilots Wedge Antilles and Lando Calrissian in the final entry, Champions of the Force.
Darksaber
In the novel Darksaber, Admiral Daala, frustrated with the Imperial warlords in the Core fighting and bickering amongst themselves, orchestrates the warlords' deaths and unites and becomes the leader of the remaining Imperial forces. After being defeated in battle once again by the New Republic, she resigns and selects Gilad Pellaeon (originally in the Thrawn Trilogy) as the new leader, where he becomes Grand Admiral Pellaeon.
New Jedi Order
By the time of the New Jedi Order series, the remaining Imperial military factions sign a truce with the New Republic, becoming the Imperial Remnant. The former enemies then become allies against the invading Yuuzhan Vong. A few years later, the Remnant help the Galactic Alliance fight an assimilating insect species known as the Killiks, and in the early Legacy era they are a third party in the Second Galactic Civil War but made peace with the Alliance and Confederation. All three of these were represented by former Imperial commanders.
Legacy (series)
The Star Wars: Legacy comic book series, set 130 years after the original Star Wars film, explains that, during a civil war, the New Galactic Empire known as the Fel Empire declares war on the Galactic Federation Of Free Alliances (Galactic Alliance), the successor state of the New Republic. This conflict begins the Sith-Imperial War, which after three years leads to the eventual defeat of the Galactic Alliance and the Galactic Empire asserting its domination over the galaxy once again. Another split occurs as the Sith Lord Darth Krayt the leader of the One Sith, usurps the throne and forces Emperor Roan Fel to take refuge in the fortress planet of Bastion. The Galactic Alliance Remnant led by Admiral Gar Stazi, Fel's forces known as the Empire-in-exile led by Empress Marasiah Fel, and the New Jedi Order led by Jedi Master K'Krukk united against Darth Krayt's Galactic Empire and successfully destroy it and the three united factions formed a new galactic government out of their organizations called the Galactic Federation Triumvirate but the former Empire-in-exile still technically carried on the New Order that Palpatine had created. The One Sith however, led by Darth Wredd, remain at large and wage a war against the GFT known as the Darth Wredd's insurgency but two years later in 140 ABY, the former Empire-in-exile works with the other two factions and kill Wredd, dissolve the One Sith, which defeats the Sith once and for all and allows the Galaxy to enter an era of peace (the Post-Legacy era).
Successors
In the Expanded Universe the successor to the Empire was Trioculus's Empire (ruled by Trioculus) whose successor was Thrawn's Empire (led by Grand Admiral Thrawn from Wayland in the Wayland System of the Ojoster Sector of the Outer Rim Territories) whose successor was the Dark Empire (ruled by Emperor Palpatine from Byss in the Byss System of the Deep Core) which successor was the Crimson Empire (by Carnor Jax from Ord Cantrell of the Ord Cantrell system of the Fath Sector of the Outer Rim Territories) whose successor was the Imperial Remmant whose successor was the Fel Empire.
Themes[edit]
See also: Star Wars sources and analogues
Augustus in the robes and cloak of his position as Pontifex Maximus.
Star Wars creator George Lucas sought to make the Galactic Empire aesthetically and thematically similar to Nazi Germany and to appear to be fascist.[5] Like Nazi Germany, the Galactic Empire is a dictatorship based on rigid control of society that dissolved a previous democracy and is led by an all-powerful supreme ruler.[6] The Empire, like the Nazis, desires the creation of totalitarian order[7] and utilizes excessive force and violence to achieve their ends.[7] The name of the Empire's main soldiers, the Stormtroopers, is somewhat similar to the name given to Hitler's Sturmabteilung (SA, "storm detachment") paramilitary bodyguards.[6] The visual appearance of Darth Vader in his all-black uniform combined with his devout obedience to the Emperor has allusion to the black-uniformed Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS).[6] The uniforms of Imperial military officers also bear resemblance to uniforms used in Nazi Germany as well as nineteenth-century Germany's ulans (mounted lancers)—who wore a tunic, riding breeches, and boots like the Empire's officers wear—as well as the Imperial officers' cap resembling the field caps historically worn by German and Austrian troops.[5] In addition to Nazi Germany, there was also at least one portion of the Galactic Empire that was based on the Soviet Union, which is the various military personnel and TIE Fighters are flying in formation as Palpatine arrives on the Death Star in Return of the Jedi. In the commentary track for the film's DVD release, Lucas admitted that the ceremony for the Emperor's arrival was inspired by May Day military parades in the Soviet Union.[8] Lucas has also indicated in various sources that the Galactic Empire was largely derived from America during the time of the Vietnam War, and more specifically Richard Nixon's time as President, with it dating back as early as 1973 when he first started working on the first film, with his friend Walter Murch also verifying this to be the case.[9][10]
Palpatine's rise to power, and transforming a democracy into a dictatorship has been related to those of Julius Caesar, Augustus, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Adolf Hitler.[11]
Palpatine's consolidation of power and declaring himself emperor is like the Roman political figure Octavian (later renamed Augustus), in that Octavian manipulated the Roman Senate as Palpatine did with the Galactic Senate; he legitimized authoritarian rule by saying that corruption in the Senate was hampering the powers of the head of state; he pressured the Roman Senate to give him extraordinary powers as Consul of the Republic to deal with a crisis and he falsely claimed that he would rescind those powers once the crisis was over; and, like the transition of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire, Octavian, like Palpatine, relied on his strong control over military force.[11]
Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler in black SS uniform, visiting a concentration camp. Star Wars and History published by Lucasfilm says that Darth Vader's relationship with Palpatine is like Himmler's relationship with Adolf Hitler.[11] Mary Henderson in Star Wars: The Magic of Myth contends that Darth Vader's all-black uniform and his devout obedience to the Emperor is an allusion to Nazi Germany's SS.
The power relationship in the Galactic Empire between Emperor Palpatine and Darth Vader has been likened to that within Nazi Germany between Hitler and Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, as well as that between Joseph Stalin and the head of the NKVD Lavrentiy Beria, in that Darth Vader is a dictator's main henchman who is completely ruthless in serving his master.[11]
See also[edit]
Isaac Asimov's Galactic Empire
Imperium of Mankind
List of Star Wars characters
Utopian and dystopian fiction
State terrorism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Palpatine, Emperor," in Stephen J. Sansweet, Star Wars Encyclopedia (New York: Del Rey, 1998), p. 224, ISBN 0-345-40227-8
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPAY2NanCcU
Jump up ^ sohttps://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0062466828/
Jump up ^ http://titanmagazines.com/t/star-wars-insider/us/156/
^ Jump up to: a b Mary S. Henderson; Mary Henderson (1997). Star Wars: The Magic of Myth. Bantam Books. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-553-37810-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mary S. Henderson; Mary Henderson (1997). Star Wars: The Magic of Myth. Bantam Books. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-553-37810-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Mary S. Henderson; Mary Henderson (1997). Star Wars: The Magic of Myth. Bantam Books. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-553-37810-8.
Jump up ^ George Lucas, commentary, Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi, Special Edition (DVD, 20th Century Fox, 2004), disc 1.
Jump up ^ Chris Taylor, How Star Wars Conquered the Universe: The Past, Present Future of a Multibillion Dollar Franchise, New York, New York, USA: Basic Books, 2014-2015. Pp. 87-88. "The third mode that [George] Lucas intended to use to depict [American involvement in the] Vietnam [War]—the allegorical, futuristic lens—was only just taking shape, but already it was being influenced by Lucas' thinking about the present tense.* Lucas was fascinated by the notion of how a tiny nation could overcome the largest military power on Earth, and this was baked into The Star Wars right from its earliest notes in 1973: "A large technological empire going after a small group of freedom fighters."
* Though Star Wars was ultimately set "a long time ago," Lucas's earliest plan was to set it in the thirty-third century.
Jump up ^ Michael Ondaatje. The Conversations: Walter Murch and the Art of Editing Film. 2004. p.70. "Originally George Lucas was going to direct ('Apocalypse Now'), so it was a project that George and John [Milius] developed for [American] Zoetrope. That was back in 1969. Then when Warner Brothers cancelled the funding for Zoetrope, the project was abandoned for a while. After the success of 'American Graffiti' in 1973, George wanted to revive it, but it was still too hot a topic, the [Vietnam] war was still on, and nobody wanted to finance something like that. So George considered his options: What did he really want to say in 'Apocalypse Now?' The message boiled down to the ability of a small group of people to defeat a gigantic power simply by the force of their convictions. And he decided, All right, if it’s politically too hot as a contemporary subject, I’ll put the essence of the story in outer space and make it happen in a galaxy long ago and far away. The rebel group were the North Vietnamese, and the Empire was the United States. And if you have 'the force,' no matter how small you are, you can defeat the overwhelmingly big power. ‘Star Wars’ is George’s transubstantiated version of 'Apocalypse Now.'"
^ Jump up to: a b c d Star Wars and History. Lucasfilm.
"Vision of the Future", 1st paperback printing 1999, Timothy Zahn, ISBN 0-553-57879-0
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galactic Empire (Star Wars).
Galactic Empire in the StarWars.com Databank
Galactic Empire on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
DomusPublica.net (No longer active, this archive as of September 27, 2005 has at least some of the essays intact)
The Case for the Empire, The Weekly Standard
Web.Archive.org, "No Case for the Empire"
GalacticEmpireDatabank.com
Why did The Galactic Empire Hate Aliens?
Fan societies / clubs[edit]
The Empire Reborn - Roleplaying and gaming society (PC Games)
The Galactic Empire - Roleplaying game with strong emphasis on political and military training.
The Emperor's Hammer Strike Fleet - PC Gaming club for all Star Wars games and Star Conflict.
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text:
67th Academy Awards
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
67th Academy Awards
Official poster
Date
March 27, 1995
Site
Shrine Auditorium
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Hosted by
David Letterman
Produced by
Gil Cates
Directed by
Jeff Margolis
Highlights
Best Picture
Forrest Gump
Most awards
Forrest Gump (6)
Most nominations
Forrest Gump (13)
TV in the United States
Network
ABC
Duration
3 hours, 32 minutes[1]
Ratings
48.28 million
32.5% (Nielsen ratings)
← 66th
Academy Awards
68th →
The 67th Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) took place on March 27, 1995, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as the Oscars) in 23 categories honoring the films released in 1994. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis.[2] Comedian David Letterman hosted the show for the first time.[3] Three weeks earlier in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California on March 4, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jamie Lee Curtis.[4]
Forrest Gump won six awards, including Best Picture.[5] Other winners included Ed Wood, The Lion King, and Speed with two awards, and The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert, Blue Sky, Bob's Birthday, Bullets over Broadway, Burnt by the Sun, Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life, Legends of the Fall, The Madness of King George, Maya Lin: A Strong Clear Vision, Pulp Fiction, A Time for Justice and Trevor with one. The telecast garnered more than 48 million viewers in the United States, making it the most watched Oscars telecast since the 55th Academy Awards in 1983.
Contents
[hide]
1 Winners and nominees
1.1 Awards
1.2 Academy Honorary Award
1.3 Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award
1.4 Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award
1.5 Multiple nominations and awards
2 Presenters and performers
2.1 Presenters
2.2 Performers
3 Ceremony information
3.1 Box office performance of nominees
3.2 Critical reception
3.3 Ratings and reception
4 In Memoriam
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Winners and nominees[edit]
The nominees for the 67th Academy Awards were announced on February 14, 1995, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Arthur Hiller, the president of the Academy, and actress Angela Bassett.[6] Forrest Gump earned the most nominations with thirteen. It was the most nominated film since 1966's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? and the fifth film to earn that many nominations.[7] Bullets over Broadway, The Shawshank Redemption, Pulp Fiction tied for second with seven each.[8]
The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 27, 1995. For only the second time in Oscar history, three of the four acting winners were previous winners. The 11th ceremony held in 1939 previously accomplished this feat.[9] Best Actor winner Tom Hanks became the fifth performer to win consecutive acting Oscars and the second person to do so in the aforementioned category since Spencer Tracy won for his performances in Captains Courageous and Boys Town.[10][11] He also was the sixth person to win Best Actor twice.[12] Best Supporting Actress winner Dianne Wiest became the first person to win two acting Oscars for performances in films directed by the same person. She first won in that same category for her role in Woody Allen's 1986 film Hannah and Her Sisters.[13] Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life and Trevor's joint win in the Best Live Action Short category marked the fifth occurrence of a tie in Oscar history.[14]
Awards[edit]
Robert Zemeckis, Best Director winner
Tom Hanks, Best Actor winner
Jessica Lange, Best Actress winner
Martin Landau, Best Supporting Actor winner
Dianne Wiest, Best Supporting Actress winner
Quentin Tarantino, Best Original Screenplay co-winner
Roger Avary, Best Original Screenplay co-winner
Peter Capaldi, Best Live Action Short Film co-winner
Hans Zimmer, Best Original Score winner
Elton John, Best Original Song co-winner
Rick Baker, Best Makeup co-winner
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ( ).[15]
Best Picture
Forrest Gump – Wendy Finerman, Steve Tisch and Steve Starkey, producers
Four Weddings and a Funeral – Duncan Kenworthy, producer
Pulp Fiction – Lawrence Bender, producer
Quiz Show – Robert Redford, Michael Jacobs, Julian Krainin and Michael Nozik, producers
The Shawshank Redemption – Niki Marvin, producer
Best Director
Robert Zemeckis – Forrest Gump
Woody Allen – Bullets over Broadway
Quentin Tarantino – Pulp Fiction
Robert Redford – Quiz Show
Krzysztof Kieślowski – Three Colors: Red
Best Actor
Tom Hanks – Forrest Gump as Forrest Gump
Morgan Freeman – The Shawshank Redemption as Ellis Boyd "Red" Redding
Nigel Hawthorne – The Madness of King George as King George III of the United Kingdom
Paul Newman – Nobody's Fool as Donald "Sully" Sullivan
John Travolta – Pulp Fiction as Vincent Vega
Best Actress
Jessica Lange – Blue Sky as Carly Marshall
Jodie Foster – Nell as Nell Kellty
Miranda Richardson – Tom & Viv as Vivienne Haigh-Wood
Winona Ryder – Little Women as Josephine "Jo" March
Susan Sarandon – The Client as Regina "Reggie" Love
Best Supporting Actor
Martin Landau – Ed Wood as Béla Lugosi
Samuel L. Jackson – Pulp Fiction as Jules Winnfield
Chazz Palminteri – Bullets over Broadway as Cheech
Paul Scofield – Quiz Show as Mark Van Doren
Gary Sinise – Forrest Gump as Lt. Dan Taylor
Best Supporting Actress
Dianne Wiest – Bullets over Broadway as Helen Sinclair
Rosemary Harris – Tom & Viv as Rose Robinson Haigh-Wood
Helen Mirren – The Madness of King George as Queen Charlotte
Uma Thurman – Pulp Fiction as Mia Wallace
Jennifer Tilly – Bullets over Broadway as Olive Neal
Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen
Pulp Fiction – Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary
Bullets over Broadway – Woody Allen and Douglas McGrath
Four Weddings and a Funeral – Richard Curtis
Heavenly Creatures – Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh
Three Colors: Red – Krzysztof Kieślowski and Krzysztof Piesiewicz
Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published
Forrest Gump – Eric Roth based on the novel by Winston Groom
The Madness of King George – Alan Bennett based on his stage play The Madness of George III
Nobody's Fool – Robert Benton based on the novel by Richard Russo
Quiz Show – Paul Attanasio based on the book Remembering America: A Voice from the Sixties by Richard N. Goodwin
The Shawshank Redemption – Frank Darabont based on the short novel "Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption" by Stephen King
Best Foreign Language Film
Burnt by the Sun (Russia) in Russian – Nikita Mikhalkov, director
Before the Rain (Macedonia) in Macedonian, Albanian, and English – Milcho Manchevski, director
Eat Drink Man Woman (Taiwan) in Mandarin Chinese – Ang Lee, director
Farinelli Il Castrato (Belgium) in French and Italian – Gérard Corbiau, director
Strawberry and Chocolate (Cuba) in Spanish – Tomás Gutiérrez Alea and Juan Carlos Tabío, directors
Best Documentary Feature
Maya Lin: A Strong Clear Vision – Freida Lee Mock and Terry Sanders
Complaints of a Dutiful Daughter – Deborah Hoffmann
D-Day Remembered – Charles Guggenheim
Freedom on My Mind – Connie Field and Marilyn Mulford
A Great Day in Harlem – Jean Bach
Best Documentary Short Subject
A Time for Justice – Charles Guggenheim
Blues Highway – Vince DiPersio and Bill Guttentag
89mm od Europy – Marcel Lozinski
School of the Americas Assassins – Robert Richter
Straight from the Heart – Dee Mosbacher and Frances Reid
Best Live Action Short Film
Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life – Peter Capaldi and Ruth Kenley-Letts
Trevor – Peggy Rajski and Randy Stone
Kangaroo Court – Sean Astin and Christine Astin
On Hope – JoBeth Williams and Michele McGuire
Syrup – Paul Unwin and Nick Vivian
Best Animated Short Film
Bob's Birthday – Alison Snowden and David Fine
The Big Story – Tim Watts and David Stoten
The Janitor – Vanessa Schwartz
The Monk and the Fish – Michael Dudok de Wit
Triangle – Erica Russell
Best Original Score
The Lion King – Hans Zimmer
Forrest Gump – Alan Silvestri
Interview with the Vampire – Elliot Goldenthal
Little Women – Thomas Newman
The Shawshank Redemption – Thomas Newman
Best Original Song
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight" from The Lion King – Music by Elton John; Lyrics by Tim Rice
"Look What Love Has Done" from Junior – Music and Lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager, James Newton Howard, James Ingram and Patty Smyth
"Circle of Life" from The Lion King – Music by Elton John; Lyrics by Tim Rice
"Hakuna Matata" from The Lion King – Music by Elton John; Lyrics by Tim Rice
"Make Up Your Mind" from The Paper – Music and Lyrics by Randy Newman
Best Sound
Speed – Gregg Landaker, Steve Maslow, Bob Beemer and David MacMillan
Clear and Present Danger – Donald O. Mitchell, Michael Herbick, Frank A. Montaño and Art Rochester
Legends of the Fall – Paul Massey, David E. Campbell, Chris David and Douglas Ganton
Forrest Gump – Randy Thom, Tom Johnson, Dennis S. Sands and William B. Kaplan
The Shawshank Redemption – Robert J. Litt, Elliot Tyson, Michael Herbick and Willie D. Burton
Best Sound Effects Editing
Speed – Stephen Hunter Flick
Clear and Present Danger – Bruce Stambler and John Leveque
Forrest Gump – Gloria Borders and Randy Thom
Best Art Direction
The Madness of King George – Art Direction: Ken Adam; Set Decoration: Carolyn Scott
Bullets over Broadway – Art Direction: Santo Loquasto; Set Decoration: Susan Bode
Forrest Gump – Art Direction: Rick Carter; Set Decoration: Nancy Haigh
Interview with the Vampire – Art Direction: Dante Ferretti; Set Decoration: Francesca Lo Schiavo
Legends of the Fall – Art Direction: Lilly Kilvert; Set Decoration: Dorree Cooper
Best Makeup
Ed Wood – Ve Neill, Rick Baker and Yolanda Toussieng
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein – Daniel Parker, Paul Engelen and Carol Hemming
Forrest Gump – Daniel Striepeke, Hallie D'Amore and Judith A. Cory
Best Costume Design
The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert – Lizzy Gardiner and Tim Chappel
Maverick – April Ferry
Little Women – Colleen Atwood
Bullets over Broadway – Jeffrey Kurland
Queen Margot – Moidele Bickel
Best Cinematography
Legends of the Fall – John Toll
Forrest Gump – Don Burgess
The Shawshank Redemption – Roger Deakins
Three Colors: Red – Piotr Sobocinski
Wyatt Earp – Owen Roizman
Best Film Editing
Forrest Gump – Arthur Schmidt
Hoop Dreams – Frederick Marx, Steve James and Bill Haugse
Speed – John Wright
The Shawshank Redemption – Richard Francis-Bruce
Pulp Fiction – Sally Menke
Best Visual Effects
Forrest Gump – Ken Ralston, George Murphy, Stephen Rosenbaum and Allen Hall
True Lies – John Bruno, Thomas L. Fisher, Jacques Stroweis and Patrick McClung
The Mask – Scott Squires, Steve Spaz Williams, Tom Bertino and Jon Farhat
Academy Honorary Award[edit]
Michelangelo Antonioni[16]
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award[edit]
Quincy Jones[17]
Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award[edit]
Clint Eastwood[18]
Multiple nominations and awards[edit]
The following 17 films received multiple nominations:
Nominations
Film
13 Forrest Gump
7 Bullets over Broadway
The Shawshank Redemption
Pulp Fiction
4 The Lion King
The Madness of King George
Quiz Show
3 Legends of the Fall
Little Women
Speed
Three Colors: Red
2 Clear and Present Danger
Ed Wood
Four Weddings and a Funeral
Interview with the Vampire
Nobody's Fool
Tom & Viv
The following four films received multiple awards:
Awards
Film
6 Forrest Gump
2 Ed Wood
The Lion King
Speed
Presenters and performers[edit]
The following individuals, in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers.[19]
Presenters[edit]
Name(s)
Role
Thomas, RandiRandi Thomas Announcer for the 67th annual Academy Awards
Hiller, ArthurArthur Hiller (AMPAS President) Gave opening remarks welcoming guests to the awards ceremony
Jones, Tommy LeeTommy Lee Jones Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actress
Stone, SharonSharon Stone Presenter of the award for Best Costume Design
Reeves, KeanuKeanu Reeves Presenter of the film Pulp Fiction on the Best Picture segment
Russo, ReneRene Russo Introducer of the performance of Best Original Song nominee "Make Up Your Mind"
Thurman, UmaUma Thurman Presenter of the award for Best Makeup
Parker, Sarah JessicaSarah Jessica Parker Presenter of the award for Best Sound Effects Editing
Martin, SteveSteve Martin Presenter of the award for Best Film Editing
Field, SallySally Field Presenter of the film Forrest Gump on the Best Picture segment
Paquin, AnnaAnna Paquin Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actor
Dillon, MattMatt Dillon Introducer of the performance of Best Original Song nominee "Look What Love Has Done"
Winfrey, OprahOprah Winfrey Presenter of the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award to Quincy Jones
Newman, PaulPaul Newman Presenter of the award for Best Cinematography
Curtis, Jamie LeeJamie Lee Curtis Presenter of the segment of the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement and the Gordon E. Sawyer Award
Allen, TimTim Allen Presenter of the award for Best Live Action Short Film
Bugs Bunny, Bugs Bunny
Daffy Duck Presenters of the award for Best Animated Short Film
Peck, GregoryGregory Peck Presenter of the film Quiz Show on the Best Picture segment
Robbins, TimTim Robbins
Susan Sarandon Presenters of the award for Best Art Direction
Seagal, StevenSteven Seagal Presenter of the award for Best Visual Effects
Bassett, AngelaAngela Bassett Introducer of the performance of the Best Original Song nominees "Circle of Life" and "Hakuna Matata"
Jackson, Samuel L.Samuel L. Jackson
John Travolta Presenters of the awards for Best Documentary Short Subject and Best Documentary Feature
Barkin, EllenEllen Barkin Presenter if the award for Best Sound
Nicholson, JackJack Nicholson Presenter of the Honorary Academy Award to Michelangelo Antonioni
Grant, HughHugh Grant
Andie MacDowell Presenters of the award for Best Original Score
Ormond, JuliaJulia Ormond Introducer of the performance of Best Original Song nominee "Can You Feel the Love Tonight"
Stallone, SylvesterSylvester Stallone Presenter of the award for Best Original Song
Irons, JeremyJeremy Irons Presenter of the award for Best Foreign Language Film
Bening, AnnetteAnnette Bening Presenter of the film Four Weddings and a Funeral on the Best Picture segment
Hopkins, AnthonyAnthony Hopkins Presenter of the awards for Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen and Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published
Weaver, SigourneySigourney Weaver Presenter of the In Memoriam tribute
Schwarzenegger, ArnoldArnold Schwarzenegger Presenter of the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award to Clint Eastwood
Hanks, TomTom Hanks Presenter of the award for Best Actress
Washington, DenzelDenzel Washington Presenter of the film The Shawshank Redemption on the Best Picture segment
Hunter, HollyHolly Hunter Presenter of the award for Best Actor
Spielberg, StevenSteven Spielberg Presenter of the award for Best Director
De Niro, RobertRobert De Niro
Al Pacino Presenters of the award for Best Picture
Performers[edit]
Name(s)
Role
Performed
Conti, BillBill Conti Musical arranger and Conductor Orchestral
Curry, TimTim Curry
Kathy Najimy
Mara Wilson Performers "Make 'Em Laugh" from Singin' in the Rain during the opening number
Newman, RandyRandy Newman Performer "Make Up Your Mind" from The Paper
Smyth, PattyPatty Smyth Performer "Look What Love Has Done" from Junior
Battle, HintonHinton Battle Performer "Circle of Life" from The Lion King
Grier, David AlanDavid Alan Grier
Ernie Sabella Performers "Hakuna Matata" from The Lion King
John, EltonElton John Performer "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" from The Lion King
Ceremony information[edit]
David Letterman hosted the 67th Academy Awards
Despite earning critical praise for last year's ceremony, actress and comedian Whoopi Goldberg announced that she would not host the ceremony for a second consecutive year saying, "I've had a great time, but I've done it."[20] She added that her role in the upcoming movie Bogus would jeopardize her busy schedule.[21] In addition, her Comic Relief co-host and veteran Oscar emcee Billy Crystal also declined to host the show citing his commitment to his film Forget Paris which he directed, written, starred, and produced.[21] Producer Gil Cates hired actor, comedian, and Late Show host David Letterman as host of the 1995 ceremony.[22] Cates explained his decision to hire the late night talk show host saying, "He's punctual, he's well groomed, and he knows how to keep an audience awake."[23] ABC entertainment president Ted Harbert also approved of the choice stating, "If Dave likes the experience, this could be a great answer for the show, just the way Johnny Carson did the show for many years."[24]
As with previous ceremonies he produced, Cates centered the show around a theme. This year, he christened the show with the theme "Comedy and the Movies" commenting "This year, because of the earthquakes and floods and Bosnia and Rwanda, it was a (terrible) year, and therefore seemed a great year to celebrate what movies can really give us, which is an opportunity to go for two hours in the dark and laugh together. Even with television, it's not a community experience unless you have a very big family. So it's unique to movies and theater, and it's this very human thing."[23][25] In tandem with the theme, the ceremony's opening number featured a montage produced by Chuck Workman featuring scenes of humorous moments from a variety of both comedic and non-comedic films. During that segment, actors Tim Curry, Kathy Najimy, and Mara Wilson performing a modified version of the song "Make 'Em Laugh" from the film Singin' in the Rain.[26] Several collections of film clips were shown throughout the broadcast highlighting various aspects of comedy such as troupes and dialogue.[27]
Several other people were also involved with the production of the ceremony. Bill Conti served as musical director and conductor for the event.[28] Production designer Roy Christopher designed a new stage for the ceremony which prominently featured a proscenium which was designed to resemble the iris of a camera.[29] Moreover, Christopher commented that the iris motif was inspired by the iris shot prominently featured in several comedic films and shorts.[25] Dancer Debbie Allen choreographed The Lion King musical number.[30] Actors Alec Baldwin, Jack Lemmon, Steve Martin, and Rosie O'Donnell participated in a pre-taped comedic sketch lampooning auditions for a role in Cabin Boy, the film in which Letterman made his film acting debut.[31]
Box office performance of nominees[edit]
At the time of the nominations announcement on February 14, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees at the US box office was $468 million, with an average of $93.6 million per film.[32] Forrest Gump was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $300 million in domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by Pulp Fiction ($76 million), Four Weddings and a Funeral ($52 million), The Shawshank Redemption ($16 million) and Quiz Show ($21 million).[32]
Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 44 nominations went to 14 films on the list. Only Forrest Gump (2nd), The Client (12th), Pulp Fiction (14th), Four Weddings and a Funeral (20th), and Nell (41st) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were The Lion King (1st), True Lies (3rd), Clear and Present Danger (6th), Speed (7th), The Mask (8th), Interview with the Vampire (10th), Maverick (11th), Legends of the Fall (27th) and Little Women (31st).[33]
Critical reception[edit]
The show received a negative reception from most media publications. John J. O'Connor of The New York Times wrote, "Instead of keeping things moving smartly, Mr. Letterman stuck with his late-night shtick, too often leaving the show's pacing in shambles." He also added, "Within the show's first half-hour, with no strong hand at the helm, the audience simply sagged. Applause died long before most winners even reached the podium."[34] Television critic John Carman of the San Francisco Chronicle commented, "Last night on ABC, no one got it. Hollywood's big event was wonderfully littered by technical errors, bad taste, low comedy and lower necklines." Moreover, he remarked, "Letterman, the rookie host, was off his game in his opening monologue. Maybe it was the big auditorium. Or a billion people in the television audience."[35] Film critic Andrew Sarris of The New York Observer quipped, "Not only was he not witty or funny, he never knew when to let bad enough alone." He concluded, "As the evening dragged on, it became obvious that Mr. Letterman had no gift for ad-libbing through the few unpredictable opportunities in a 'live' event like the Oscars."[36] People named the ceremony as one of the worst television broadcasts of 1995, remarking that Letterman was "a cranky skeptic [who] visit[ed] the high temple of show business, mock[ed] the gold-plated statuary and display[ed] insufficient reverence for the gods. (Tom Hanks assisting with a stupid pet trick?!) We know who the winner wasn't."[37]
Some media outlets received the broadcast more positively. Television critic Joyce Millman of The San Francisco Examiner noted, "In his first stint as host of the Oscar telecast, David Letterman did the impossible—he made something entertaining from what is traditionally the most boring three hours of TV this side of a test pattern."[38] The Buffalo News columnist Alan Pergament praised Letterman's performance as host writing "David Letterman was a box full of chocolates on an Oscar night that was empty of much emotion until the expected Forrest Gump sweep in the final 15 minutes." He also added that despite a lack of surprises amongst the awards, the emotional and unexpected humorous moments provided depth and entertainment throughout the evening.[39] Hal Boedeker of the Orlando Sentinel gave an average review of the ceremony but singled out Letterman noting that he "proved Monday night that he's among Oscar's Top 10 Hosts. He's definitely at the top of the list with Johnny Carson, Billy Crystal and Bob Hope."[40]
Ratings and reception[edit]
The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 48.28 million people over its length, which was a 7% increase from the previous year's ceremony.[41][42] An estimated 81 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards.[43] The show also drew higher Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 32.5% of households watching over a 53 share.[42][44] In addition, it also drew a higher 18–49 demo rating with a 21.7 rating among viewers in that demographic.[44] It was the most watched Oscars telecast since the 55th ceremony held in 1983.[45]
In July 1995, the ceremony presentation received six nominations at the 47th Primetime Emmys.[46] Two months later, the ceremony won one of those nominations for Jeff Margolis's direction of the telecast.[47][48]
In Memoriam[edit]
The annual In Memoriam tribute, presented by actress Sigourney Weaver, honored the following people:[31]
Fernando Rey
Cameron Mitchell
Barry Sullivan
Giulietta Masina
Peter Cushing
Frank Wells
Noah Beery, Jr.
Woody Strode
Jessica Tandy
Tom Ewell
Lionel Stander
Jule Styne
Arthur Krim
Walter Lantz
Ferdinando Scarfiotti
Robert Bolt
Donald Pleasence
Harry Saltzman
Terence Young
Burt Lancaster
Henry Mancini
Martha Raye
George Peppard
Gilbert Roland
Rossano Brazzi
Cab Calloway
Mildred Natwick
Macdonald Carey
David Wayne
Raúl Juliá
See also[edit]
Academy Award portal
1st Screen Actors Guild Awards
15th Golden Raspberry Awards
37th Grammy Awards
47th Primetime Emmy Awards
48th British Academy Film Awards
49th Tony Awards
52nd Golden Globe Awards
American Express Gold card dress of Lizzy Gardiner
List of submissions to the 67th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 987
Jump up ^ Pond 2005, p. 87
Jump up ^ Archerd, Army (January 12, 1995). "Letterman to skip bowling, host Oscars". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Past Scientific & Technical Awards Ceremonies". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Grimes, William (March 28, 1995). "'Forrest Gump' Triumphs With 6 Academy Awards". The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 963
Jump up ^ "Acad Sees The 'Forrest' For The Oscars". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. February 15, 1995. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Boyar, Jay (February 15, 1995). "The Oscar Nominations". Orlando Sentinel. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 986
Jump up ^ Osborne 2013, p. 423
Jump up ^ Eller, Claudia (March 28, 1995). "It's a Sweet Evening for 'Gump' With 6 Awards : Movies: Film earns best director for Zemeckis and another best actor honor for Hanks. Lange also wins". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ O'Neil, Tom (February 24, 2008). "Day-Lewis is 8th double Oscar lead actor". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 1181
Jump up ^ Warner, Denise (February 24, 2013). "Best Sound Editing Oscar tie is sixth in Academy Awards history". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 67th Academy Awards (1995) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. Archived from the original on November 9, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Snow, Shauna (January 21, 1995). "Morning Report". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Golden Globes, prelude to Oscars, given tonight Awards..." Orlando Sentinel. Tribune Company. January 19, 1995. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Eastwood to be honored with Thalberg Award". San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco Newspaper Company LLC. January 19, 1995.
Jump up ^ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 972
Jump up ^ Broeske, Pat H. (December 23, 1994). "Leader of the Pack". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Dutka, Elaine (January 7, 1995). "No Crystal Ball at Oscars Again". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Carter, Bill (January 13, 1995). "Letterman to Be Oscars Show Host". The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 967
Jump up ^ Carroll, Jerry (March 26, 1995). "The Dave and Oscar Show: Will Letterman's acid humor take the mush out of the Academy Awards?". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Corporation. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Willman, Chris (March 27, 1995). "Oscar Show Promises Lots of Funny Business : Awards: Comedy's the theme, from Letterman to Stupid Pet Tricks to film clips loaded with historic laughs. But will it come in under the time limit?". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 975
Jump up ^ Wiley & Bona 1996, pp. 978–984
Jump up ^ Pond 2005, p. 79
Jump up ^ Pond 2005, p. 967
Jump up ^ Pond 2005, p. 76
^ Jump up to: a b Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 982
^ Jump up to: a b "1994 Academy Award Nominations and Winner for Best Picture". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "1989 Box Office Grosses (as of February 13, 1995)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, John J, (March 29, 1995). "Critic's Notebook: The Winner Isn't David Letterman". The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ Carman, John (March 28, 1995). "Telecast Was A Delicious Mess". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Corporation. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 991
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120517035020/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0%2C%2C20102422%2C00.html
Jump up ^ Millman, Joyce (March 28, 1995). "Late Show' star makes it fun". The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco Newspaper Company LLC. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Pergament, Alan (March 28, 1995). "Best Thing About TV Oscarcast was Letterman's Biting Humour". The Buffalo News. Berkshire Hathaway.
Jump up ^ Boedeker, Hal (March 28, 1995). "After Slow Start, Letterman Brings Oscars To Life". Orlando Sentinel. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (February 17, 2009). "Academy Awards Show Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, Greg (March 18, 1999). "Call It the Glamour Bowl". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rickey, Carey (March 29, 1995). "A Miscast Oscar Emcee? No Best-host Prize For Letterman". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia Media Network. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Academy Awards ratings" (PDF). Television Bureau of Advertising. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Braxton, Greg (March 29, 1995). "One Day Later, Bouquets and Bricks for Dave : Letterman draws praise and criticism for his Oscar role, which helped show to its best rating in 12 years. But will the 'Late Show' star return next year?". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Primetime Emmy Award database". Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. ATAS. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Who Won What: The Winners on TV's Annual Weekend of Awards". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. September 11, 1995. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "1995 Emmy Award Winners". The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. September 12, 1995. Archived from the original on February 3, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
Bibliography[edit]
Osborne, Robert (2013). 85 Years of the Oscar: The Complete History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States: Abbeville Publishing Group. ISBN 0-7892-1142-4.
Pond, Steve (2005). The Big Show: High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards. New York, United States: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-21193-3.
Wiley, Mason; Bona, Damien (1996). Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards (5 ed.). New York, United States: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-40053-4. OCLC 779680732.
External links[edit]
Official websites
Academy Awards Official website
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Official website
Oscar's Channel at YouTube (run by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences)
Analysis
1994 Academy Awards Winners and History Filmsite
Academy Awards, USA: 1995 Internet Movie Database
Other resources
The 67th Annual Academy Awards on IMDb
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values: حفل توزيع جوائز الأوسكار السابع والستون – Arabic

values: Награди Оскар (67-а церемония) – Bulgarian

values: Βραβεία Αμερικανικής Ακαδημίας Κινηματογράφου 1994 – Greek

values: شصت و هفتمین دوره جوایز اسکار – Persian

values: ოსკარის 67-ე დაჯილდოება – Georgian

values: 67-oji Oskarų teikimo ceremonija – Lithuanian

values: 67. ceremonia wręczenia Oscarów – Polish

values: Оскар (кинопремия, 1995) – Russian

values: งานประกาศผลรางวัลออสการ์ ครั้งที่ 67 – Thai

values: 第67届奥斯卡金像奖 – Chinese

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