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Meeting
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This article is about meetings in general. For meetings in organizations that use parliamentary procedure, see Meeting (parliamentary procedure).
For multi-event athletic competitions, see Track and field § Meetings.
This article was considered for deletion, and requires cleanup according to the discussion. Please improve this article if you can; the deletion discussion may suggest necessary improvements. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Meetings are sometimes held around conference tables.
A meeting is when two or more people come together to discuss one or more topics, often in a formal or business setting, but meetings also occur in a variety of other environments. Many various types of meetings exist.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Types of meetings
3 Frequency
4 Effective use
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
Overview[edit]
A modern videoconferencing system
A meeting is a gathering of two or more people that has been convened for the purpose of achieving a common goal through verbal interaction, such as sharing information or reaching agreement.[1] Meetings may occur face-to-face or virtually, as mediated by communications technology, such as a telephone conference call, a skyped conference call or a videoconference. One Merriam-Webster dictionary defines a meeting as "an act or process of coming together" - for example "as [...] an assembly for a common purpose [...]".[2]
Meeting planners and other meeting professionals may use the term "meeting" to denote an event booked at a hotel, convention center or any other venue dedicated to such gatherings.[1][3] In this sense, the term "meeting" covers a lecture (one presentation), seminar (typically several presentations, small audience, one day), conference (mid-size, one or more days), congress (large, several days), exhibition or trade show (with manned stands being visited by passers-by), workshop (smaller, with active participants), training course, team-building session and kick-off event.
One can distinguish a meeting from other gatherings, such as a chance, unplanned encounter, a sports game or a concert (verbal interaction is incidental), a party or the company of friends (no common goal is to be achieved) and a demonstration (whose common goal is achieved mainly through the number of demonstrators present, not through verbal interaction).
Types of meetings[edit]
Meetings sometimes take place in conference rooms
First staff meeting of a new executive
Training meeting about sustainable design. The photo shows a training meeting with factory workers in a stainless-steel ecodesign company in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Common types of meeting include:
Ad-hoc meeting, a meeting called for a special purpose
Board meeting, a meeting of the board of directors of an organization
Breakfast meeting [4]
Committee meeting, a coming-together of a defined subset of an organization
Flying meeting (Russian: летучий митинг, translit. letuchij miting), a hastily-called brief meeting[5]
Investigative meeting, generally when conducting a pre-interview, exit interview or a meeting among the investigator and representative
Kickoff meeting, the first meeting with a project team and the client of the project to discuss the role of each team-member[6]
Management meeting, a meeting among managers
Off-site meeting, also called "offsite retreat" and known as an Awayday meeting in the UK, which takes place off-site and away from the participants' regular office or other surroundings
One-on-one meeting, between two individuals, such as a manager and an employee[7]
Pre-Bid Meeting, a meeting of various competitors and or contractors to visually inspect a jobsite for a future project. The meeting is normally hosted by the future customer or engineer who wrote the project specification to ensure all bidders are aware of the details and services expected of them. Attendance at a Pre-Bid Meeting may be mandatory. Failure to attend usually[quantify] results in a rejected bid.
Protest meeting, a gathering dedicated to opposing or abolishing something[8]
Staff meeting, typically a meeting between a manager and those that report to that manager
Stand-up meeting, a meeting with attendees typically standing. The discomfort of standing for long periods helps to keep the meetings short.
Team meeting, in project contexts - a meeting among colleagues working on various aspects of a team project
Town hall meeting, an informal public gathering
Work meeting, which produces a product or intangible result such as a decision[citation needed]; compare working group
Frequency[edit]
Since a meeting can be held once or often, the meeting organizer has to determine the repetition and frequency of occurrence of the meeting. Options generally include the following:
A one-time meeting is the most common meeting type and covers events that are self-contained. While they may repeat often, the individual meeting is the entirety of the event. This can include a 2006 conference. The 2007 version of the conference is a stand-alone meeting event.
A recurring meeting is a meeting that recurs periodically, such as an every Monday staff meeting from 9:00AM to 9:30 AM. The meeting organizer wants the participants to be at the meeting on a constant and repetitive basis. A recurring meeting can be ongoing, such as a weekly team meeting, or have an end date, such as a 5-week training meeting, held every Friday afternoon.
A series meeting is like a recurring meeting, but the details differ from meeting to meeting. One example of a series meeting is a monthly "lunch and learn" event at a company, church, club or organization. The placeholder is the same, but the agenda and topics to be covered vary. This is more of a recurring meeting with the details to be determined.
Effective use[edit]
Meetings come in many forms. It is not a case of one-size-fits-all. Size, organization, partcipants, use of terrain, agenda and preparation all interplay. Even the shape of the table can hinder or help. Meetings can be an effective method to building teamwork.[9]
See also[edit]
Business portal
Social science portal
Action item
Agenda
Online diary planner
BarCamp
Conference room
Event management
Facilitation (business)
International Congress Calendar
Meeting point
Meeting scheduling tool
Minutes
Official trip
Organizational development
Parliamentary procedure
Quaker meeting for worship
Robert's Rules of Order
Scientific meeting
Town meeting
Task list
Unconference
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Meeting and Convention Planners. (2009, December 17). U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Meeting – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (n.d.). Dictionary and Thesaurus – Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
Jump up ^ Montgomery, Rhonda J.; Strick, Sandra K. (1994). Meetings, Conventions, and Expositions: An Introduction to the Industry. New York: Wiley. ISBN 9780471284390. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
Jump up ^ Chaney, L.H.; Martin, J.S. (2007). The Essential Guide to Business Etiquette. Praeger. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-275-99714-4. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Mokiyenko, Valeri; Nikitina, Tatjana (1998). "митинг". Толковый словарь языка Совдепии [Explanatory dictionary of the language of the Sovdepia] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Фолио-Пресс. ISBN 5-7627-0103-4. Retrieved 2018-09-21. Летучий митинг[:] Экстренно собранный непродолжительный митинг.
Jump up ^ Sullivant, J. (2007). Strategies for Protecting National Critical Infrastructure Assets: A Focus on Problem-Solving. Wiley. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-470-22836-4. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Huston, Cate; Huston, Cate (September 1, 2018). "How to run an effective meeting: avoid process performances". Quartz. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Note examples of usage of the phrase "protest meeting" at The Free Dictionary: link
Jump up ^ Widdicombe, Catherine (March 28, 2013). Meetings that Work: A Practical Guide to Teamwork in Different Groups (2nd, Kindle ed.). Cambridge: Lutterworth Press. ASIN B00QFPXY02. ISBN 978-0718830014. ISBN 0718830016.
Further reading[edit]
Look up meeting in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meetings.
Olson, Gary M.; Olson, Judith S.; Carter, Mark R. "Small group design meetings: an analysis of collaboration". Human-Computer Interaction. 7 (4): 347–374. doi:10.1207/s15327051hci0704_1. ISSN 0737-0024. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Johansen, Robert; Vallee, Jacques; Spangler, Kathleen. "Electronic Meetings: Technical Alternatives". ACM Digital Library. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Effective Meetings at Work. Taylor & Francis. 2007. ISBN 978-1-136-40844-1. Retrieved October 1, 2018. 112 pages.
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Wendy's
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the current parent company previously called DWG and Triarc, see The Wendy's Company. For the Australian franchise chain, see Wendy's Supa Sundaes.
Wendy's
The current logo
Wendy's headquarters in Dublin, Ohio
Type
Subsidiary of The Wendy's Company
Industry
Restaurant
Founded
November 15, 1969; 47 years ago (1969-11-15)
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
Founder
Dave Thomas
Headquarters
1 Dave Thomas Boulevard, Dublin, Ohio, United States
Number of locations
6,500+[1] (January 2, 2016)
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Dave Thomas (founder)
Wendy Thomas (namesake)
Emil Brolick (CEO, Director)[2]
John T. Schuessler (Former CEO, Chairman, and President; [2000-2006])
Products
Hamburgers
Chicken sandwich
Salads
French fries
Breakfast sandwich
Frozen dessert
Owner
The Wendy's Company
Website
www.wendys.com
Wendy's is an American international fast food restaurant chain founded by Dave Thomas on November 15, 1969, in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The company moved its headquarters to Dublin, Ohio, on January 29, 2006. As of 2016, Wendy's was the world's third largest hamburger fast food chain with 6,500+ locations, following Burger King and McDonald's. On April 24, 2008, the company announced a merger with Triarc Companies Inc., a publicly traded company and the parent company of Arby's. Despite the new ownership, Wendy's headquarters remained in Dublin. Previously, Wendy's had rejected more than two buyout offers from Triarc. Following the merger, Triarc became known as Wendy's/Arby's Group, and later as The Wendy's Company.
As of January 2, 2017, there were a total of 6,537 locations, including 330 that are company-owned. 6,207 restaurants are franchised, and 77% of them are located in North America. While Wendy's sets standards for exterior store appearance, food quality, and menu, individual owners have control over hours of operations, interior decor, pricing and staff uniforms and wages.
Wendy's menu consists primarily of hamburgers, chicken sandwiches, French fries and beverages, including the signature Frosty, which is a soft-serve frozen dairy dessert. Since phasing out their famous "Big Classic", the company does not have a signature sandwich, such as the Burger King Whopper or the McDonald's Big Mac - although, by default, the "signature sandwich" spot seems to have been filled by Dave's 1/4 lb. Single (introduced in 2011 as Dave's Hot 'N Juicy as a reworking of the longstanding Wendy's Single, shortened to simply Dave's in 2016), a square-pattied burger made with fresh ground beef rather than round frozen patties. Wendy's uses square hamburger patties – which hang over the edge of a circular bun – as its signature item.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Wendy's by country and continent
1.1.1 Asia
1.1.2 North America
1.1.3 Oceania
1.1.4 South America
1.2 Failed expansions
2 Menu
2.1 Breakfast
2.2 Notable menu items
3 Advertising
3.1 Slogans
3.1.1 United States – Canada
3.1.2 Other countries
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History
Wendy's flagship restaurant in Dublin, Ohio.[3]
The chain is known for its square hamburgers, sea salt fries and the Frosty, a form of soft serve ice cream mixed with frozen starches. The idea for Wendy's "old fashioned" hamburgers was inspired by Dave Thomas's trips to Kewpee Hamburgers in his home town of Kalamazoo, Michigan. The Kewpee sold square hamburgers and thick malt shakes, much like the well-known restaurant that Thomas eventually founded in Columbus, Ohio, in 1969. Square patties had corners that stuck out so that customers could easily see the quality of the meat.[4] The Columbus location later added a Tim Hortons and was closed on March 2, 2007, after 38 years of business due to declining sales.[5][6] Thomas named the restaurant after his fourth child Melinda Lou "Wendy" Thomas.[7] Photographs of her were on display at the original Wendy's restaurant until it closed. In August 1972, the first Wendy's franchisee, L.S. Hartzog, signed an agreement for Indianapolis, Indiana.[8] Also, in 1972, Wendy's aired its first TV commercials that were only broadcast locally in Ohio. This series of commercials was titled "C'mon to Wendy's" because they stressed Wendy's superiority through the "Quality Is Our Recipe" slogan and featured an animated Wendy similar to the one from the corporate logo along with dancing hamburgers.
The first Canadian restaurant also opened in Hamilton, ON in 1976.[9] In December 1976, Wendy's opened its 500th restaurant, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Wendy's founded the fried chicken chain Sisters Chicken in 1978 and sold it to its largest franchiser in 1987.[10]
In 1979, the first European Wendy's opened in Munich.[11] The same year Wendy's became the first fast-food chain to introduce the salad bar.[12]
Wendy's entered the Asian market by opening its first restaurants in Japan in 1980, in Hong Kong in 1982 and in the Philippines and Singapore in 1983.[13][14][15][16] In 1984, Wendy's opened its first restaurant in South Korea.[17]
In response to a 1986 slowdown in the chain's performance, Wendy's restructured its cleanliness standards, menu, and other operational details to ensure that stores met the goals and standards of the parent company so that its franchises were competitive in the market.[18] Wendy's closed all its outlets in Hong Kong in 1986 and in Singapore in the following year.[14][16]
A Wendy's restaurant in Kingston, Ontario, built just before the introduction of the new logo in 2012.
From 1988 to 1990, Wendy's expanded operations globally to Mexico, New Zealand, Indonesia, Greece, Turkey, Guatemala, as well as the U.S. Naval Base in Naples, Italy.[19][20] In 1988, Wendy's expanded its bar to a full-blown buffet called the Superbar for $2.99. The Superbar had various stations: "Mexican Fiesta", the Italian "Pasta Pasta," and the "Garden Spot", salad and fruit. The Superbar was popular but difficult to maintain thus was discontinued in 1998.[21]
In 1989, Wendy's opened its first restaurant in Greece at Syntagma Square being the first foreign fast-food chain in the country. After opened 12 restaurants in 3 cities the company finally abandoned the Greek market in 2002.[22]
In 1996, the chain expanded in Argentina by opening 18 local restaurants. However, all of them closed only four years later due to the economic crisis in the country.[23]
In 1998, Wendy's pulled out of South Korea by closing all its 15 restaurants and in 2000 exited from the UK, Argentina, and Hong Kong.[11][17][24]
Garden Sensations salads were added in 2002.[12]
Wendy's signed a franchise agreement to re-enter the Singapore market in 2009[16] though that agreement was short-lived; in April 2015, Wendy's ceased operation in the country and closed all the restaurants.[25]
In 2011, Wendy's returned to Japan and Argentina announcing a development agreement for 50 restaurants in the country.[26][27] It also entered the Russian market for first time with plans to open 180 restaurants over a 10-year period.[28]
In 2013, Wendy's opened the first restaurant in Georgia and made a deal to open 25 restaurants in Georgia and the Republic of Azerbaijan.[29]
In 2014, Wendy's closed all its restaurants in Russia.[28] In September 2014, several pork based products were introduced to be on sale until early November. These included a standard pulled pork sandwich with slaw and three sauce options, a BBQ Pulled Pork Cheeseburger and cheese fries with pulled pork, cheddar cheese sauce, onions, and barbecue sauce.[30]
In May 2015, Wendy's announced they would be expanding into India, with its first outlet located in Gurgaon.[31]
Wendy's is planning to sell 540 of its restaurants. The divesture is the second step in a three-step action plan to improve the brand. Other steps include new openings and remodeling of existing stores. In 2015, the brand expects to open 80 new restaurants. It will remodel 450 of its existing locations. The brand's goal is to remodel at least 60% of its North American locations by 2020 year-end.[32] In September 2016, it was announced that JAE Restaurant Group had acquired 97 Wendy's restaurants throughout the South Florida region.[33] JAE Restaurant Group is one of the country’s largest franchisee owners. The Group owns 177 Wendy’s Restaurants. Wendy’s Co. has been looking to remodel existing stores and upgrade the curb appeal of its locations. They have been doing this by adding fireplaces, more seating options, adding WiFi and flat screen TVs, and digital menus.[33] Wendy’s Co expects to sell 258 more restaurants during the rest of 2016. In total, they will be looking to sell $435 million of its restaurants.
Wendy's by country and continent
Asia
United Arab Emirates
India
Indonesia
Japan
Kuwait
Malaysia
Philippines
North America
United States
Canada
Aruba
The Bahamas
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Cayman Islands
Guatemala
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Panama
Puerto Rico
Trinidad and Tobago
United States Virgin Islands
Oceania
Guam
New Zealand
South America
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Ecuador
Venezuela
Failed expansions
Israel
England
The Netherlands
Germany
Russia
Italy
Greece
Singapore
Hong Kong
South Korea
Turkey
Menu
Wendy's offers two different hamburger patties, a "Junior" 1.78 ounce (50.4 gram) patty and its "Single" 4 ounce (113.4 gram) patty. 4-ounce patties are sold in single, double and triple sizes whereas the junior patties sell in single and double patties. The previous size of 2 ounces per junior patty was altered to its current size in 2007 to save on expenses from rising food costs. Originally Wendy's had only two kinds of chicken sandwiches, fried and grilled. The spicy chicken sandwich started out as a promotional sandwich. It was later put on the menu full-time in 1996 due to its popularity and the fact that, compared to most promotional sandwiches, it was much simpler to make (it used the same condiments as the standard breaded chicken sandwich).
The Frescata line of sandwiches also went from being promotional items to main menu items. After going through several revisions, the Turkey and Swiss and the Ham and Swiss were put on the menu full-time. However, the Frescata sandwiches were discontinued in mid-December 2007.
Occasionally, some Wendy's restaurants would offer a fried fish sandwich for some of its customers who desire fish instead of beef or chicken.
In 1988, Wendy's was the first fast-food chain to create a single price-point value menu where all items listed on that menu were priced exclusively at 99¢. The menu was restructured in 2007 due to rising costs as the Super Value Menu with prices ranging from 99¢ to $2.00 USD.
Breakfast
In mid-2007, Wendy's began a national debut of its new breakfast menu in its U.S. and Canadian stores. Wendy's experimented with serving breakfast for a short time in 1985, but the endeavor was unsuccessful due to many issues.[34][35] While approximately 12 Wendy's restaurants in the U.S. and its territories have been serving breakfast since then, Wendy's has not had a company-wide breakfast offering.[35][36]
The newer breakfast menu differs slightly from the ones featured in 1985, and it is structured similarly to its lunch/dinner menu, with value meals and various sides like blended fruit.[36] Menu items include several breakfast sandwiches served on biscuits, frescuit and Kaiser rolls, breakfast burritos and side orders of hash browns, muffins, and cinnamon sticks.[37] In order to avoid the same issues the original 1985 breakfast offerings faced, the new menu was designed for ease of operation, lower costs, and reduced preparation time.[35]
In January 2016, Wendy's announced a transition plan to source only cage-free eggs by the year 2020 in all U.S. and Canadian locations that serve breakfast.[38][39]
Notable menu items
A busy front counter at a Wendy's restaurant in Niagara Falls, Ontario
A Wendy's outlet in Manila, Philippines.
Frosty dessert – a frozen dairy dessert sold in chocolate and vanilla flavors. The Frosty flavors are also sold as a float. Recently, Frosty Shakes – a Frosty blended with either caramel, strawberry or chocolate fudge syrup – have been served at Wendy's.
Dave's - In late 2011, Wendy's altered the recipe for their Single, Double, and Triple burgers, which had been staples of the menu for decades, in order to rerelease each as part of the new Dave's Hot 'N Juicy line. As before, they were constructed from the same basic patty (and the words "Single," "Double," and "Triple" were retained at the end of the new names), but the patty was now thicker, and its square edges had been rounded off slightly. The cheese began to be stored at a warmer temperature, allowing it to melt more completely over the patty, alterations were made to the bun and the selection of produce (white onions were replaced by red onions), and the condiments now consisted of ketchup and mayonnaise rather than ketchup, mayonnaise, and mustard.[40] They were updated in 2016 and renamed as simply Dave's, now using bakery-style buns.
Big Classic – A sandwich that directly competed with the Burger King Whopper (no longer available in US stores). Mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, pickles, ketchup, and onions served on a Kaiser-style roll. A second version with bacon was available, called the Big Bacon Classic, which was replaced with the Bacon Deluxe in 2009 when the Applewood Smoked Bacon was introduced.
Baconator - Single Baconator is one quarter-pound patty topped with mayonnaise, ketchup, three strips of bacon and two slices of cheese; Double Baconator has mayonnaise, ketchup, six strips of bacon, two quarter-pound (113.4 gram) patties and three slices of American cheese; and the Triple Baconator (1360 calories) is three quarter-pound patties with nine strips of bacon, four slices of cheese, ketchup, and mayonnaise.
Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger - Introduced in January 2014, the Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger is made with a quarter-pound beef patty, aged Asiago cheese, thick-cut applewood smoked bacon, rosemary garlic aïoli, and oven-roasted tomatoes.[41][42] At launch, the sandwich was priced at $4.79 in the United States and was part of a strategy to market higher-priced menu items to help position Wendy's as a premium fast food chain.[43] Wendy's advertised the sandwich as a limited-time product that would be withdrawn in March 2014.[44][45] According to the company, the sandwich has 670 calories.[46] The debut of the burger received positive reviews. Syndicated fast food columnist Ken Hoffman called the burger "another winner" and "worth the carbs," [47] while the Phoenix New Times declared it was "one of the better burgers in the entire fast food industry."[48] Reviewers at the Sioux City Journal offered more mixed evaluations, with only two of four taste testers saying they would be likely to try the burger a second time.[49]
Black bean burger - Wendy's and a number of major fast food chains have been targeted for decades for meatless entrees, typically, meatless 'veggieburgers' - and Wendy's response is the black bean burger (still in 'beta' testing in Salt Lake City, Utah; Columbus, Ohio; and Columbia, South Carolina).[50] Its major ingredients are black beans, wild rice, farro, onions, brown rice, carrots, quinoa, corn, green bell peppers, and red bell peppers; and the sauce and seasonings include red wine vinegar, chili peppers, cumin, cilantro, and oregano and sea salt.
Advertising
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
Last update: Advertising (July 2013)
After successful early growth of the chain, sales flattened as the company struggled to achieve brand differentiation in the highly competitive fast-food market. This situation would turn around in the mid-1980s. Starting on January 9, 1984, elderly actress Clara Peller was featured in the successful "Where's the Beef?" North American commercial campaign written by Cliff Freeman. Her famous line quickly entered the American pop culture (it was even used by Walter Mondale in a debate with Gary Hart in the Democratic primary election) and served to promote Wendy's hamburgers. Peller, age 83, was dropped from the campaign in 1985 because she performed in a commercial for Prego spaghetti sauce, saying she "finally found" the beef.[51]
Peller was soon after replaced by Wendy's founder Dave Thomas himself. Soft-spoken and bashful, the "Dave" ads generally focused on Thomas praising his products and offering a commitment to quality service, although there would occasionally be "wackier" ads as well. Thomas ultimately appeared in more than 800 commercials, more than any other company founder in television history.[52]
After Dave Thomas' death in 2002, Wendy's struggled to find a new advertising campaign. After a round of conventional ads describing the food they serve, in 2004 they tried using a character they made called "Mr. Wendy" who claimed to be the unofficial spokesperson for the chain. These proved to be extremely unsuccessful. After seven months, Wendy's returned to an animated campaign focusing on the difference between Wendy's square hamburgers and the round hamburgers of competitors.
Wendy's marketing arm engages in product placement in films and television and is sometimes seen on ABC's reality show Extreme Makeover: Home Edition, serving food to the more than 100 construction workers.
A 2007 Wendy's commercial featured the tune from the Violent Femmes song "Blister in the Sun." The inclusion of the song in the commercial provoked an internal conflict between members of the Violent Femmes, which resulted in a lawsuit between bassist Brian Ritchie and lead singer Gordon Gano that ultimately led to the band disbanding in 2009.[53][54]
With their "That's right" ad campaign not a success, Wendy's unveiled a new ad campaign, featuring the animated version of their mascot voiced by Luci Christian highlighting certain menu items. The new ad campaign made its debut in late January 2008, with slogans: in the USA: "It's waaaay better than fast food. It's Wendy's." and in Canada,"It's waaaay delicious. It's Wendy's." [55] The company's slogan, "you know when it's real," was introduced in 2010.
In November 2010, a series of commercials aired featuring the company's namesake, Wendy Thomas, which marked the first time she had appeared in a Wendy's advertisement.[56][57]
In April 2012, Morgan Smith Goodwin began appearing as the redhead in ads with the slogan "Now that's better."[58][59] In 2013, social media advertising featuring Nick Lachey directed at millennials promoted the Pretzel Bacon Cheeseburger.[60]
A 2014 campaign to promote the Tuscan Chicken on Ciabatta sandwich entitled "L'Estrella de la Toscana," or "Star of Tuscany" in English was launched on television and social media.[61] A 2014 campaign to promote the Pretzel Bacon Cheeseburger was run until November 2014 was shown to many people watching TV starting on March 18, 2014
Slogans
United States – Canada
1969–present: Quality Is Our Recipe
1977–1980, 1987: Hot-N-Juicy
1977: We fix 'em 256 ways (alternate slogan)[62]
1978–1979: Juicy hamburgers
1980–1981: Wendy's Has the Taste
1981–1982: Ain't No Reason to Go Anyplace Else
1982–1985: You're Wendy's Kind of People
1983-1985: That's fresh, that's class, that's Wendy's (Canada)
1983–1984: Parts is parts[18]
1984–1986: Where's the beef?[18]
1985–1988: Choose Fresh, choose Wendy's[63] (Originally used alongside "Where's the Beef?")
1987–1993: Give a little nibble was to be a catchy phrase that would capture the attention of consumers and help make Wendy's a major player on the fast-food scene once again. This television commercial was a flop and sent Wendy's hunting for a new advertising agency.[64] After a poorly received seven-week run, Wendy's pulled the television commercials[65] created by Dick Rich Inc.[66][67] The "nibble" spots were meant to emphasize Wendy's better-tasting hamburger. They showed customers ripping off chunks of meat from an absurdly large hamburger.
1988–1992: The best burgers in the business.
1989–1998: The best burgers and a whole lot more (also was printed inside the hamburger wrappers during the 1990s)
1996 - 1998: The Best Burgers Yet!!
1997 – present: You can eat great, even late
2001–2005: It's hamburger bliss.
2002–2004: It's better here[68]
2003–2007: It's Always Great, Even Late. (Canada)
2004–2007: Do what tastes right. (primary slogan)
2005 – present: It's good to be square.
August 2006 – March 2008: That's right.
August 2006 – March 2008: Uh-Huh.
2007–2008: Hot Juicy Burgers
August 2007 – October 2009: It's way better than fast food... It's Wendy's. (United States)
August 2007 – October 2009: It's way delicious. It's Wendy's. (Canada)
August 2007 – October 2009: Carrément bon. C'est Wendy's. (EN: "Squarely good. It's Wendy's.") (Quebec, Canada)
January 2010 – April 2012: You know when it's real.
March 2012 –2016: Now that's better.
Other countries
1983 – present: It's the best time for... Wendy's (Philippines)
1994 (approx) – 2002: Wendy's η τετράγωνη επιλογή (Wendy's the square option) (Greece)
2000 (approx) – present: Quality is our recipe (Indonesia, New Zealand, Chile & United States)
2000 (approx) – present: Wendy's cuadra contigo (Wendy's fits with you). The word cuadra (fit) is a reference to the Spanish word cuadrado that means square. (Venezuela)
2001 (approx) – present: El Sabor de lo Recién Hecho (The Flavor of the Freshly Made) (Honduras)
2007 (approx) – 2009: Wendy's es Sensacional (Wendy's is Sensational) (El Salvador)
2008 – present: It's not just fast food; it's fresh food, made fast (Malaysia)
2008 – present: Old Fashion Hamburgers (Dominican Republic)
2009 – present: "Wendy's, sabor al cuadrado" (Wendy's, taste to the square) (Mexico)
2009 – present: Es muuuuucho más que comida rápida, es Wendy's (It's waaaaay more than fast food, it's Wendy's.) (El Salvador)
See also
Ohio portal
Food portal
Companies portal
List of hamburger restaurants
Wendy's High School Heisman (student-athletes in various sports)
References
Jump up ^ >http://services.corporate-ir.net/SEC/Document.Service?id=P3VybD1hSFIwY0RvdkwyRndhUzUwWlc1cmQybDZZWEprTG1OdmJTOWtiM2R1Ykc5aFpDNXdhSEEvWVdOMGFXOXVQVkJFUmlacGNHRm5aVDB4TVRRek9UTTJNU1p6ZFdKemFXUTlOVGM9JnR5cGU9MiZmbj1UaGVXZW5keXNDb21wYW55XzEwS18yMDE3MDMwMi5wZGY=
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External links
Wikinews has news related to:
Chili Finger Incident
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Official website

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text:
Crumple zone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A crash test illustrates how a crumple zone absorbs energy from an impact.
Road Maintenance Truck Impact Attenuator, Auckland New Zealand.
Range shown in blue of East Japan Railways (JR East) E217 series train. The driver's cabin is a crushable / crumple zone).
The crumple zone on the front of these cars absorbed the impact of an offset head-on collision.
The crumple zone is a structural feature mainly used in automobiles and recently incorporated into railcars.[1][2][3][4]
Crumple zones are designed to absorb the energy from the impact during a traffic collision by controlled deformation through Crumpling. This energy is much greater than is commonly realized. A 2,000 kg (4,409 lb) car travelling at 60 km/h (37 mph) (16.7 m/s), before crashing into a thick concrete wall, is subject to the same impact force as a front-down drop from a height of 14.2 m (47 ft) crashing on to a solid concrete surface.[5] Increasing that speed by 50% to 90 km/h (56 mph) (25 m/s) compares to a fall from 32 m (105 ft) - an increase of 125%. [5] This is because the stored kinetic energy (E) is given by E = (1/2) mass × speed squared. It increases by the square of the impact velocity.[5][6]
Typically, crumple zones are located in the front part of the vehicle, in order to absorb the impact of a head-on collision, though they may be found on other parts of the vehicle as well. According to a British Motor Insurance Repair Research Centre study of where on the vehicle impact damage occurs: 65% were front impacts, 25% rear impacts, 5% left side, and 5% right side.[7] Some racing cars use aluminium, composite/carbon fibre honeycomb, or energy absorbing foam[8][9] to form an impact attenuator that dissipates crash energy using a much smaller volume and lower weight than road car crumple zones.[10] Impact attenuators have also been introduced on highway maintenance vehicles in some countries.
On September 10, 2009, the ABC News programs Good Morning America and World News showed a U.S. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety crash test of a 2009 Chevrolet Malibu in an offset head-on collision with a 1959 Chevrolet Bel Air sedan. It dramatically demonstrated the effectiveness of modern car safety design over 1950s design, particularly of rigid passenger safety cells and crumple zones.[11] [12]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early development history
2 Function
3 Computer modelled crash simulation
4 'Sleds' inside safety cells
5 External links
6 See also
7 References
Early development history[edit]
The crumple zone concept was invented and patented by the Austrian Mercedes-Benz engineer Béla Barényi originally in 1937 before he worked for Mercedes-Benz and in a more developed form in 1952.[13] The 1953 Mercedes-Benz "Ponton"[14] was a partial implementation of his ideas by having a strong deep platform to form a partial safety cell - patented in 1941.[13] The Mercedes-Benz patent number 854157, granted in 1952, describes the decisive feature of passive safety. Barényi questioned the opinion prevailing until then, that a safe car had to be rigid. He divided the car body into three sections: the rigid non-deforming passenger compartment and the crumple zones in the front and the rear. They are designed to absorb the energy of an impact (kinetic energy) by deformation during collision.[15] The first Mercedes-Benz carbody developed using this patent was the 1959 Mercedes W111 “Tail Fin” Saloon.[13] The safety cell and crumple zones were achieved primarily by the design of the longitudinal members: these were straight in the centre of the vehicle and formed a rigid safety cage with the body panels, the front and rear supports were curved so they deformed in the event of an accident, absorbing part of the collision energy and preventing the full force of the impact from reaching the occupants.[13][16][17][18]
A more recent development was for these curved longitudinal members is to be weakened by vertical and lateral ribs to form telescoping 'crash can' crush structures.
Function[edit]
Activated rear crumple zone.
Cross section to show the different strength of the metal in a Saab 9000. The safety cell is in stronger metal (red) compared to the crumple zones (yellow).
Mazda 121 (re-badged Ford Fiesta) crash test car from the British Transport Research Laboratory.
Volkswagen Polo after a full frontal crash test into a deformable wall at the Transport Research Laboratory.
VW Vento / Jetta activated front crumple zone.[19]
A Toyota Camry after a front impact with a tree. Airbags were deployed.
Crumple zones work by managing crash energy, absorbing it within the outer parts of the vehicle, rather than being directly transferred to the occupants, while also preventing intrusion into or deformation of the passenger cabin. This better protects car occupants against injury. This is achieved by controlled weakening of sacrificial outer parts of the car, while strengthening and increasing the rigidity of the inner part of the body of the car, making the passenger cabin into a 'safety cell', by using more reinforcing beams and higher strength steels. Impact energy that does reach the 'safety cell' is spread over as wide an area as possible to reduce its deformation. Volvo introduced the side crumple zone with the introduction of the SIPS (Side Impact Protection System) in the early 1990s.
When a vehicle and all its contents, including passengers and luggage are travelling at speed, they have inertia / momentum, which means that they will continue forward with that direction and speed (Newton's first law of motion).[20] In the event of a sudden deceleration of a rigid framed vehicle due to impact, unrestrained vehicle contents will continue forwards at their previous speed due to inertia, and impact the vehicle interior, with a force equivalent to many times their normal weight due to gravity. The purpose of crumple zones is to slow down the collision and to absorb energy to reduce the difference in speeds between the vehicle and its occupants.[21]
Seatbelts restrain the passengers so they don't fly through the windshield, and are in the correct position for the airbag and also spread the loading of impact on the body. Seat belts also absorb passenger inertial energy by being designed to stretch during an impact, again to reduce the speed differential between the passenger's body and their vehicle interior.[22] In short: a passenger whose body is decelerated more slowly due to the crumple zone (and other devices) over a longer time survives much more often than a passenger whose body indirectly impacts a hard, undamaged metal car body which has come to a halt nearly instantaneously. It is like the difference between slamming someone into a wall headfirst (fracturing their skull) and shoulder-first (bruising their flesh slightly) is that the arm, being softer, has tens of times longer to slow its speed, yielding a little at a time, than the hard skull, which isn't in contact with the wall until it has to deal with extremely high pressures. The stretching of seatbelts while restraining occupants during an impact, means that it is necessary to replace them if a vehicle is repaired and put back on the road after a collision. They should also be replaced if their condition has deteriorated e.g. through fraying or mechanical or belt mounting faults. In New Zealand it is officially mandatory to replace worn inertia reel type seatbelts only with 'webbing grabber' type belts that have less play and are more effective on older cars.[23] Newer cars have electronically fired pre-tension seatbelts that are timed to work with the airbag firing. Buying used seatbelts is not a good idea even in countries where it is legal to do so, because they may have already been stretched in an impact event and may not protect their new users as they should.
The final impact after a passenger's body hits the car interior, airbag or seat belts is that of the internal organs hitting the ribcage or skull due to their inertia. The force of this impact is the way by which many car crashes cause disabling or life-threatening injury. Other ways are skeletal damage and blood loss, because of torn blood vessels, or damage caused by sharp fractured bone to organs and/or blood vessels. The sequence of energy-dissipating and speed-reducing technologies—crumple zone — seat belt — airbags — padded interior—are designed to work together as a system to reduce the force of the impact on the outside of the passenger(s)'s body and the final impact of organs inside the body. In a collision, slowing down the deceleration of the human body by even a few tenths of a second drastically reduces the force involved. Force is a simple equation: Force = mass X acceleration. Cutting the deceleration in half also cuts the force in half. Therefore, changing the deceleration time from .2 seconds to .8 seconds will result in a 75 percent reduction in total force.[24]
A US Market Ford Escort that has been involved in an offset head-on collision with a Sport Utility Vehicle - showing the raised point of impact - missing the car crumple zone.
A misconception about crumple zones sometimes voiced[citation needed] is that they reduce safety for the occupants of the vehicle by allowing the body to collapse, therefore risking crushing the occupants. In fact, crumple zones are typically located in front of and behind the main body of the car (which forms a rigid 'safety cell'), compacting within the space of the engine compartment or boot/trunk. Modern vehicles using what are commonly termed 'crumple zones' provide far superior protection for their occupants in severe tests against other vehicles with crumple zones and solid static objects than older models or SUVs that use a separate chassis frame and have no crumple zones.
They do tend to come off worse when involved in accidents with SUVs without crumple zones because most of the energy of the impact is absorbed by the vehicle with the crumple zone — however, even for the occupants of the 'worse off' car, this will still often be an improvement — as the result of two vehicles without crumple zones colliding will usually be more hazardous to both vehicle's occupants than a collision that is at least partly buffered.[citation needed]
Another problem is 'impact incompatibility' where the 'hard points' of the ends of chassis rails of SUVs are higher than the 'hard points' of cars, causing the SUV to 'override' the engine compartment of the car.[19] In order to tackle this problem, more recent SUV/off-roaders incorporate structures below the front bumper designed to engage lower-height car crumple zones.[25]Volvo XC70 low level front safety cross members shown here[26] Volvo's press release about this feature: 'Lower cross-member that helps protects lower cars: The front suspension subframe in the new Volvo XC60 is supplemented with a lower cross-member positioned at the height of the beam in a conventional car. The lower cross-member strikes the oncoming car's protective structure, activating its crumple zone as intended so the occupants can be given the maximum level of protection.'
Computer modelled crash simulation[edit]
VW POLO first successful frontal full car crash simulation (ESI 1986).
Visualisation of how a car deforms in an asymmetrical crash using finite element analysis.
EuroNCAP FRONTAL IMPACT (left-hand drive vehicles).
Lotus Evora front crash test showing Aluminium chassis crush structure, the height of the rigid front chassis side beams and rigid front cross beam.
In the early 1980s, using technology developed for the aerospace and nuclear industries, German car makers started complex computer crash simulation studies, using finite element methods simulating the crash behaviour of individual car body components, component assemblies, and quarter and half cars at the body in white(BIW) stage. These experiments culminated in a joint project by the Forschungsgemeinschaft Automobil-Technik (FAT), a conglomeration of all seven German car makers (Audi, BMW, Ford, Mercedes-Benz, Opel (GM), Porsche, and Volkswagen), which tested the applicability of two emerging commercial crash simulation codes. These simulation codes recreated a frontal impact of a full passenger car structure (Haug 1986) and they ran to completion on a computer overnight. Now that turn-around time between two consecutive job-submissions (computer runs) did not exceed one day, engineers were able to make efficient and progressive improvements of the crash behaviour of the analyzed car body structure. The drive for improved crash worthiness in Europe has accelerated from the 1990s onwards, with the 1997 advent of Euro NCAP, with the involvement of Formula One motor racing safety expertise.
'Sleds' inside safety cells[edit]
The 2004 Pininfarina Nido Experimental Safety Vehicle locates crumple zones inside the survival cell. Those interior crumple zones decelerate a sled-mounted survival cell.[20] Volvo has also been developing this idea for use in small cars. Their driver's seat is mounted to what is basically a 'sled' on a rail, with shock absorbers in front of it. In an impact, the whole "sled" of driving seat and belted in driver, slides forward up to 8 inches, and the shock absorbers dissipate the peak shock energy of the impact, lengthening the deceleration time for the driver. Simultaneously, the steering wheel and the driver's side dashboard slide forward to make room for the driver, as he is thrown forwards stretching the seatbelt. Combined with a front crumple zone and airbag, this system could greatly reduce the forces acting on the driver in a frontal impact.[27]
External links[edit]
Before and after crash between 1959 Bel Air and 2009 Malibu
Stuntbusters: Head-On Collision 1962 Cadillac vs. 2002 Cadillac
Crumple Zones in Automobiles
Crumple Zones(How Do Crumple Zones Work)[dead link]
Physics in the Crumple Zone - Plastics-Car.com
Have crash tests ever used live (or dead) human occupants? - Howstuffworks.com
How Crash Testing Works - Howstuffworks.com
Why is it still necessary to crash test vehicles? - Howstuffworks.com
BBC News - How the dead have helped the living
How Force, Power, Torque and Energy Work - Howstuffworks.com
How Crumple Zones Work - Howstuffworks.com
British Channel 5 TV 'Fifth Gear' programme. How a badly repaired Ford Focus crumple zone fails to work in a crash test.
British Channel 5 TV 'Fifth Gear' programme. Renault Modus small car with 5 star NCAP rating vs 1990 Volvo 940GLE head on crash test.
Mythbusters - Car crash force
Béla Barényi – a history of safety - Mercedes-Benz original
The fundamental dynamics of violence in car crashes. The physics. The engineering. John Cadogan of autoexpert.com.au
See also[edit]
Automobile safety
Guard rail#Automotive safety
Traffic barrier
Crash test
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Paul Dvorak (2003-11-06). "Will the crash zone crumple? FEA tells". Machine Design. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ Grabianowski, Ed (2008-08-11). "HowStuffWorks "Design Compromises"". Auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Physics in the Crumple Zone | Plastics Helps Save Lives". Plastics-car.com. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Investigating how crumple zones incorporated into modern trains make them much safer in collisions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-06. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Impact force acting on a falling object hitting the ground, crashing cars and more". Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Fatal Impact – The Physics Of Speeding Cars". Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ A. Robinson; W.A. Livesey (2006). The Repair of Vehicle Bodies P.406. 5th Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-6753-1.
Jump up ^ "Standard Impact Attenuator Design". Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Standard Impact Attenuator". Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ Grabianowski, Ed (2008-08-11). "HowStuffWorks "How Crumple Zones Work"". Auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
Jump up ^ Stark, Lisa (2009-09-10). "Highway Safety Exclusive: Car Crashes, Travel Deaths Prevented by Technology — ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
Jump up ^ Neff, John. "Pics Aplenty: IIHS reveals before and after of Malibu/Bel Air crash". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c d http://www.autospeed.com/cms/A_113292/article.html
Jump up ^ "AutoEvolutionHowCrumplezoneswork". motoring.independent.co.uk. 2006-01-24. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
Jump up ^ "He divided the car body into three sections: the rigid non-deforming passenger compartment and the crumple zones in the front and the rear. They are designed to absorb the energy of an impact (kinetic energy) by deformation during collision ; from 'German Patent and Trade Mark Office' in auto.howstuffworks.com/car-driving-safety/safety-regulatory-devices/crumple-zone1.htm ; from google (howstuffworks Barényi) result 1".
Jump up ^ http://www.fanmercedesbenz.com/1959-mercedes-benz-w111-fintail-crash-tests/
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jgsQEPh38c
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOyILzo-yDY Béla Barényi – a history of safety - Mercedes-Benz original
^ Jump up to: a b Wenzel, T.; Ross, M. (2003). "Are SUVs Safer than Cars? An Analysis of Risk by Vehicle Type and Model" (PDF). Transportation Research Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-03-09. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "How Crumple Zones Work". autoevolution. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Mark Cipolloni Page". AutoRacing1.com. 2001-02-26. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Seatbelt Physics". Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ "A Tragic Lack of Restraint" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ Grabianowski, Ed (2008-08-11). "HowStuffWorks "Force of Impact"". Auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ http://www.motortrend.com/cars/volvo/v70/2008/2008-volvo-v70-volvo-xc70/
Jump up ^ https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressreleases/14537
Jump up ^ Grabianowski, Ed (2008-08-11). "HowStuffWorks "Preventing Fatalities in Auto Racing"". Auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 2012-07-16.
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values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Crumple_zone
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: クラッシャブルゾーン – Japanese

values: Зоны деформации – Russian

values: Зони деформації – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

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