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United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom
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Ambassador of the United States of America to the United Kingdom
Ambassador of the United States to the Court of St James's
Seal of the United States Department of State
United States ambassador flag
Incumbent
Woody Johnson
since August 29, 2017
U.S. Department of State
Embassy of the United States, London
Style
His Excellency (Formal)
Mr. Ambassador (Informal)
Reports to
U.S. Secretary of State
Residence
Winfield House
Seat
London, United Kingdom
Appointer
The President
with the advice and consent of the Senate
Term length
At the pleasure of the President
No fixed term
Inaugural holder
John Adams
as Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James's
Formation
1785
Deputy
Lewis Lukens
Website
US Embassy – London
The United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom (known formally in the United Kingdom as Ambassador of the United States to the Court of St James's) is the official representative of the President and the Government of the United States of America to the Queen and Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The position is regarded as one of the most prestigious positions in the United States Foreign Service due to the so-called "Special Relationship".[1] The ambassadorship has been held by various notable politicians, including five who would later become presidents: John Adams, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Martin Van Buren and James Buchanan. However, the modern tendency of American presidents (of both parties) is to appoint keen political fundraisers from previous presidential campaigns, despite the importance and prestige of the office.[citation needed]
The ambassador and the embassy staff at large work at the American Embassy in Grosvenor Square, London. The official residence of the ambassador is Winfield House in Regent's Park.
The ambassadorship is currently held by New York Jets owner Woody Johnson, who was sworn in on August 21, 2017.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Duties
2 Ambassadors who later became U.S. presidents
3 List of U.S. Chiefs of Mission to the Court of St. James
3.1 Ministers (1785–1811)
3.2 Ministers (1815–1893)
3.3 Ambassadors (1893–present)
4 See also
5 Notes and references
5.1 Notes
5.2 References
5.3 Further reading
6 External links
Duties[edit]
The ambassador's main duty is to present U.S. policies to the Government of the United Kingdom and people and to report British policies and views to the Federal government of the United States. He serves as a primary channel of communication between the two nations and plays an important role in treaty negotiations.
The ambassador is the head of the United States's consular service in the United Kingdom. As well as directing diplomatic activity in support of trade, he is ultimately responsible for visa services and for the provision of consular support to American citizens in the UK. He also oversees cultural relations between the two countries.
Ambassadors who later became U.S. presidents[edit]
John Adams (1785–1788)
James Monroe (1803–1807)
John Quincy Adams (1814–1817)
Martin Van Buren (1831–1832)
James Buchanan (1853–1856)
List of U.S. Chiefs of Mission to the Court of St. James[edit]
Ministers (1785–1811)[edit]
Name
Portrait
Appointment
Presentation
Termination
Appointer
Notes
Adams, JohnJohn Adams 000000001785-02-24-0000February 24, 1785 000000001785-06-01-0000June 1, 1785 000000001788-02-20-0000February 20, 1788 Congress Second President of the United States[a]
Pinckney, ThomasThomas Pinckney 000000001792-01-12-0000January 12, 1792 000000001792-08-09-0000August 9, 1792 000000001796-07-27-0000July 27, 1796 Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington
King, RufusRufus King 000000001796-05-20-0000May 20, 1796 000000001796-07-27-0000July 27, 1796 000000001803-05-16-0000May 16, 1803
Monroe, JamesJames Monroe 000000001803-01-01-00001803 000000001803-08-17-0000August 17, 1803 000000001807-10-07-0000October 7, 1807 Jefferson, ThomasThomas Jefferson Fifth President of the United States
Pinkney, WilliamWilliam Pinkney 000000001808-02-26-0000February 26, 1808 000000001808-04-27-0000April 27, 1808 000000001811-05-07-0000May 7, 1811
Russell, JonathanJonathan Russell 000000001811-07-27-0000July 27, 1811 000000001811-11-15-0000November 15, 1811 000000001812-06-18-0000June 18, 1812 Madison, JamesJames Madison [b]
Ministers (1815–1893)[edit]
Diplomatic relations with Great Britain were restored after the War of 1812. The Congress of Vienna (1815) established a uniform system of diplomatic rank. As a republic, the United States maintained diplomatic relations with Great Britain at the second-highest rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. The rank was colloquially known as Minister, and the position continued to be referred to as "United States Minister to Great Britain."
Name
Portrait
Appointment
Presentation
Termination
Appointer
Notes
Adams, John QuincyJohn Quincy Adams 000000001814-04-28-0000April 28, 1814 000000001815-06-08-0000June 8, 1815 000000001817-05-14-0000May 14, 1817 Madison, JamesJames Madison Sixth President of the United States
Rush, RichardRichard Rush 000000001817-01-01-00001817 000000001818-02-12-0000February 12, 1818 000000001825-04-27-0000April 27, 1825 Monroe, JamesJames Monroe
King, RufusRufus King 000000001825-05-05-0000May 5, 1825 000000001825-11-11-0000November 11, 1825 000000001826-06-16-0000June 16, 1826 Adams, John QuincyJohn Quincy Adams
Gallatin, AlbertAlbert Gallatin 000000001826-05-10-0000May 10, 1826 000000001826-09-01-0000September 1, 1826 000000001827-10-04-0000October 4, 1827
Barbour, JamesJames Barbour 000000001828-05-23-0000May 23, 1828 000000001828-11-24-0000November 24, 1828 000000001829-10-01-0000October 1, 1829
McLane, LouisLouis McLane 000000001829-01-01-00001829 000000001829-10-12-0000October 12, 1829 000000001831-06-13-0000June 13, 1831 Jackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson
Van Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren 000000001831-08-08-0000August 8, 1831 000000001831-09-21-0000September 21, 1831 000000001832-03-19-0000March 19, 1832 Eighth President of the United States
Vail, AaronAaron Vail 000000001832-07-13-0000July 13, 1832 000000001836-07-13-0000July 13, 1836 [c]
Stevenson, AndrewAndrew Stevenson 000000001836-03-16-0000March 16, 1836 000000001836-07-13-0000July 13, 1836 000000001841-10-21-0000October 21, 1841
Everett, EdwardEdward Everett 000000001841-01-01-00001841 000000001841-12-16-0000December 16, 1841 000000001845-08-08-0000August 8, 1845 Harrison, William HenryWilliam Henry Harrison
McLane, LouisLouis McLane 000000001845-01-01-00001845 000000001845-08-08-0000August 8, 1845 000000001846-08-18-0000August 18, 1846 Polk, James K.James K. Polk
Bancroft, GeorgeGeorge Bancroft 000000001846-09-09-0000September 9, 1846 000000001846-11-12-0000November 12, 1846 000000001849-08-31-0000August 31, 1849
Lawrence, AbbottAbbott Lawrence 000000001849-08-20-0000August 20, 1849 000000001849-10-20-0000October 20, 1849 000000001852-10-12-0000October 12, 1852 Taylor, ZacharyZachary Taylor
Ingersoll, Joseph R.Joseph R. Ingersoll 000000001852-08-21-0000August 21, 1852 000000001852-10-16-0000October 16, 1852 000000001853-08-23-0000August 23, 1853 Fillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore
Buchanan, JamesJames Buchanan 000000001849-08-20-0000August 20, 1849 000000001853-08-23-0000August 23, 1853 000000001856-03-15-0000March 15, 1856 Pierce, FranklinFranklin Pierce Fifteenth President of the United States
Dallas, George M.George M. Dallas 000000001856-02-04-0000February 4, 1856 000000001856-04-04-0000April 4, 1856 000000001861-05-16-0000May 16, 1861
Adams Sr., Charles FrancisCharles Francis Adams Sr. 000000001861-03-20-0000March 20, 1861 000000001861-05-16-0000May 16, 1861 000000001868-05-13-0000May 13, 1868 Lincoln, AbrahamAbraham Lincoln
Johnson, ReverdyReverdy Johnson 000000001868-06-12-0000June 12, 1868 000000001868-09-14-0000September 14, 1868 000000001869-05-13-0000May 13, 1869 Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
Motley, John LothropJohn Lothrop Motley 000000001869-04-13-0000April 13, 1869 000000001869-06-18-0000June 18, 1869 000000001870-12-06-0000December 6, 1870 Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant
Schenck, Robert C.Robert C. Schenck 000000001870-12-22-0000December 22, 1870 000000001871-06-23-0000June 23, 1871 000000001876-03-03-0000March 3, 1876
Pierrepont, EdwardsEdwards Pierrepont 000000001876-05-22-0000May 22, 1876 000000001876-07-11-0000July 11, 1876 000000001877-12-22-0000December 22, 1877
Welsh, JohnJohn Welsh 000000001877-11-09-0000November 9, 1877 000000001877-12-22-0000December 22, 1877 000000001879-08-14-0000August 14, 1879 Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes
Lowell, James RussellJames Russell Lowell 000000001880-01-26-0000January 26, 1880 000000001880-03-11-0000March 11, 1880 000000001885-05-19-0000May 19, 1885
Phelps, Edward JohnEdward John Phelps 000000001885-03-23-0000March 23, 1885 000000001885-05-19-0000May 19, 1885 000000001889-01-31-0000January 31, 1889 Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
Lincoln, Robert ToddRobert Todd Lincoln 000000001889-03-30-0000March 30, 1889 000000001889-05-25-0000May 25, 1889 000000001893-05-04-0000May 4, 1893 Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison
Ambassadors (1893–present)[edit]
Although France became a republic in 1870, the country continued to exchange ambassadors with other Great Powers. In 1893, the United States followed the French precedent and upgraded its relations with other Great Powers to the ambassadorial level. The United States Legation in London became the United States Embassy, and the United States Minister to Great Britain became the United States Ambassador to Great Britain.

Name
Portrait
Appointment
Presentation
Termination
Appointer
Notes
Bayard, Thomas F.Thomas F. Bayard 000000001893-01-01-00001893 000000001893-06-22-0000June 22, 1893 000000001897-03-17-0000March 17, 1897 Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
Hay, JohnJohn Hay 000000001897-01-01-00001897 000000001897-05-03-0000May 3, 1897 000000001898-09-12-0000September 12, 1898 McKinley, WilliamWilliam McKinley
Choate, Joseph HodgesJoseph Hodges Choate 000000001899-01-19-0000January 19, 1899 000000001899-03-06-0000March 6, 1899 000000001905-05-23-0000May 23, 1905
Reid, WhitelawWhitelaw Reid 000000001905-03-08-0000March 8, 1905 000000001905-06-05-0000June 5, 1905 000000001912-12-15-0000December 15, 1912 Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt †
Page, Walter HinesWalter Hines Page 000000001913-04-21-0000April 21, 1913 000000001913-05-30-0000May 30, 1913 000000001918-10-03-0000October 3, 1918 Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
Davis, John W.John W. Davis 000000001918-11-21-0000November 21, 1918 000000001918-12-18-0000December 18, 1918 000000001921-03-09-0000March 9, 1921
Harvey, George Brinton McClellanGeorge Brinton McClellan Harvey 000000001921-04-16-0000April 16, 1921 000000001921-05-12-0000May 12, 1921 000000001923-11-03-0000November 3, 1923 Harding, Warren G.Warren G. Harding
Kellogg, Frank B.Frank B. Kellogg 000000001924-01-01-00001924 000000001924-01-14-0000January 14, 1924 000000001925-02-10-0000February 10, 1925 Coolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge
Houghton, Alanson B.Alanson B. Houghton 000000001925-02-24-0000February 24, 1925 000000001925-04-27-0000April 27, 1925 000000001929-03-28-0000March 28, 1929
Dawes, Charles G.Charles G. Dawes 000000001929-04-16-0000April 16, 1929 000000001929-06-15-0000June 15, 1929 000000001931-12-30-0000December 30, 1931 Hoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover
Mellon, Andrew W.Andrew W. Mellon 000000001932-02-05-0000February 5, 1932 000000001932-04-09-0000April 9, 1932 000000001933-03-17-0000March 17, 1933
Bingham, Robert WorthRobert Worth Bingham 000000001933-03-23-0000March 23, 1933 000000001933-05-23-0000May 23, 1933 000000001937-11-19-0000November 19, 1937 Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt
Kennedy, Joseph P.Joseph P. Kennedy 000000001938-01-17-0000January 17, 1938 000000001938-03-08-0000March 8, 1938 000000001940-10-22-0000October 22, 1940
Winant, John G.John G. Winant 000000001941-02-11-0000February 11, 1941 000000001941-03-01-0000March 1, 1941 000000001946-04-10-0000April 10, 1946
Harriman, W. AverellW. Averell Harriman 000000001946-04-02-0000April 2, 1946 000000001946-04-30-0000April 30, 1946 000000001946-10-01-0000October 1, 1946 Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman
Douglas, Lewis W.Lewis W. Douglas 000000001947-03-06-0000March 6, 1947 000000001947-03-25-0000March 25, 1947 000000001950-11-16-0000November 16, 1950
Gifford, Walter S.Walter S. Gifford 000000001950-12-12-0000December 12, 1950 000000001950-12-21-0000December 21, 1950 000000001953-01-23-0000January 23, 1953
Aldrich, Winthrop W.Winthrop W. Aldrich 000000001953-02-02-0000February 2, 1953 000000001953-02-20-0000February 20, 1953 000000001957-02-01-0000February 1, 1957 Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower
Whitney, John HayJohn Hay Whitney 000000001957-02-11-0000February 11, 1957 000000001957-02-28-0000February 28, 1957 000000001961-01-14-0000January 14, 1961
Bruce, David K. E.David K. E. Bruce 000000001961-02-22-0000February 22, 1961 000000001961-03-17-0000March 17, 1961 000000001969-03-20-0000March 20, 1969 Kennedy, John F.John F. Kennedy
Annenberg, WalterWalter Annenberg 000000001969-03-14-0000March 14, 1969 000000001969-04-29-0000April 29, 1969 000000001974-10-30-0000October 30, 1974 Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon
Richardson, ElliotElliot Richardson 000000001975-02-20-0000February 20, 1975 000000001975-03-21-0000March 21, 1975 000000001976-01-16-0000January 16, 1976 Ford, GeraldGerald Ford
Armstrong, AnneAnne Armstrong 000000001976-01-29-0000January 29, 1976 000000001976-03-17-0000March 17, 1976 000000001977-03-03-0000March 3, 1977
Brewster, Jr., KingmanKingman Brewster, Jr. 000000001977-04-29-0000April 29, 1977 000000001977-06-03-0000June 3, 1977 000000001981-02-23-0000February 23, 1981 Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter
Louis, Jr., John J.John J. Louis, Jr. 000000001981-05-07-0000May 7, 1981 000000001981-05-27-0000May 27, 1981 000000001983-11-07-0000November 7, 1983 Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
Price II, Charles H.Charles H. Price II 000000001983-11-11-0000November 11, 1983 000000001983-12-20-0000December 20, 1983 000000001989-02-28-0000February 28, 1989
Catto, Jr., Henry E.Henry E. Catto, Jr. 000000001989-04-14-0000April 14, 1989 000000001989-05-17-0000May 17, 1989 000000001991-03-13-0000March 13, 1991 Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush
Seitz, Raymond G. H.Raymond G. H. Seitz 000000001991-04-25-0000April 25, 1991 000000001991-06-25-0000June 25, 1991 000000001994-05-10-0000May 10, 1994
Crowe, Jr., William J.William J. Crowe, Jr. 000000001994-05-13-0000May 13, 1994 000000001994-06-02-0000June 2, 1994 000000001997-09-20-0000September 20, 1997 Clinton, BillBill Clinton
Lader, PhilipPhilip Lader 000000001997-08-01-0000August 1, 1997 000000001997-09-22-0000September 22, 1997 000000002001-02-28-0000February 28, 2001
Farish III, William S.William S. Farish III 000000002001-07-12-0000July 12, 2001 000000002001-08-01-0000August 1, 2001 000000002004-06-11-0000June 11, 2004 Bush, George W.George W. Bush
Tuttle, Robert H.Robert H. Tuttle 000000002005-07-09-0000July 9, 2005 000000002005-10-19-0000October 19, 2005 000000002009-02-06-0000February 6, 2009
Susman, LouisLouis Susman 000000002009-07-13-0000July 13, 2009 000000002009-10-13-0000October 13, 2009 000000002013-04-03-0000April 3, 2013 Obama, BarackBarack Obama
Barzun, MatthewMatthew Barzun 000000002013-08-06-0000August 6, 2013 000000002013-12-04-0000December 4, 2013 January 18, 2017 [d]
Woody Johnson January 19, 2017 August 29, 2017 Incumbent Donald Trump [6]
See also[edit]
Ambassadors of the United States
British Embassy, Washington, D.C.
Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to the United States
United Kingdom – United States relations
Notes and references[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ John Adams became so frustrated with his cool reception at the court that he closed the legation in 1788 and the post remained vacant for four years.[3]
Jump up ^ From 1811 to the outbreak of the War of 1812, chargé d'affaires Johnathan Russell was the chief United States officer in London. The United States severed relations with the United Kingdom on the outbreak of the War of 1812 – Normal relations were restored in 1815.[3]
Jump up ^ Chargé d'affaires
Jump up ^ Lewis Lukens became the chargé d'affaires.[4][5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Collier, Peter; Horowitz, David (2002). The Kennedys: An American Drama. p. 6.
Jump up ^ http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/meet-donald-trumps-new-ambassador-11026915
^ Jump up to: a b "United Kingdom". Diplomatic History of the United States. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (5 January 2017). "In Break With Precedent, Obama Envoys Are Denied Extensions Past Inauguration Day". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Biography of Ambassador Matthew W. Barzun". U.S. Embassy & Consulates in the United Kingdom. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Who is Woody Johnson, Trump's new ambassador to the UK?". RT International. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
United States Department of State: Background notes on the United Kingdom
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Department of State website http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/index.htm (Background Notes).
Further reading[edit]
Alison R. Holmes and J. Simon Rofe, The Embassy in Grosvenor Square: American Ambassadors to the United Kingdom, 1938–2008. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
External links[edit]
United States Department of State: Chiefs of Mission for the United Kingdom
United States Department of State: United Kingdom
United States Embassy in London
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Neil Hamilton (actor)
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Neil Hamilton
Press photo of Hamilton (c.1931)
Born
(1899-09-09)September 9, 1899
Lynn, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died
September 24, 1984(1984-09-24) (aged 85)
Escondido, California, U.S.
Cause of death
Asthma
Nationality
American
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1918–1971
Spouse(s)
Elsa Whitmer (m. 1922–1984; his death); 1 child
James Neil Hamilton (September 9, 1899 – September 24, 1984) was an American stage, film and television actor, probably best known for his role as Commissioner Gordon on the Batman TV series of the 1960s.
Contents
[hide]
1 Acting career
2 Personal life
3 Partial filmography
4 References
5 External links
Acting career[edit]
An only child, Hamilton was born in Lynn, Massachusetts. His show business career began when he secured a job as a shirt model in magazine ads, similar to fellow silent film performer Reed Howes, who was known in advertisements as "The Arrow Collar Man".[1]
After this, he became interested in acting and joined several stock companies. This allowed him to secure his first film role in 1918 in Vitagraph's The Beloved Impostor, but he got his big break from D. W. Griffith in The White Rose (1923). In 1924, he traveled to Germany with Griffith and made a film about the incredibly harsh living conditions in post-World War I Germany, Isn't Life Wonderful.[2]
While filming America in 1924, a soldier's arm was blown off. As fellow actor Charles Emmett Mack recalls, "Neil Hamilton and I went to neighboring towns and raised a fund for him—I doing a song and dance and Neil collecting a coin."[3]
Hamilton was signed by Paramount Pictures in the mid-1920s and became one of their leading men. He often appeared opposite star Bebe Daniels. In 1926, he played one of Ronald Colman's brothers in Paramount's original silent version of Beau Geste.[2] In 1926, Hamilton played Nick Carraway in the first production of The Great Gatsby, a now lost film. He starred in John Ford's Mother Machree with Victor McLaglen, and with John Wayne in an early bit role before he was well known, the title of which would coincidentally become sidekick Chief O'Hara's catchphrase in the Batman television show nearly four decades later. He was steadily employed in supporting roles, and worked for just about every studio in Hollywood.[2]
Neil Hamilton in Stars of the Photoplay, 1924.
He made the transition to sound pictures at the end of the 1920s and continued appearing in noteworthy productions. In 1930, he appeared in the original production of The Dawn Patrol, playing the squadron commander, a role played by Basil Rathbone in the 1938 remake. Hamilton was billed above newcomer Clark Gable in the 1931 Joan Crawford vehicle Laughing Sinners, in which he plays a cad who deserts Crawford's brokenhearted character. He originated the role of milksop Harry Holt, Jane's fiance, in the 1932 film Tarzan the Ape Man, and he actually received top billing in the film. Hamilton reprised the role in the 1934 pre-Code sequel, Tarzan and His Mate, at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He made 268 films, both silents and talkies.[2] He made five films in England in 1936 and 1937.
"A"-level work in Hollywood dried up for Hamilton by the 1940s, and he was reduced to working in serials, "B" films, and other low-budget projects. He starred as the villain in King of the Texas Rangers, one of the most successful movie serials on all time for Republic Pictures in 1941.[2] In Since You Went Away, a 1944 epic about life on the home front in World War II, Hamilton is seen only in still photographs as a serviceman away at war. His family's travails during his absence are the center of the movie. Hamilton reportedly shot scenes for the movie before filmmakers decided to keep his character off screen. He appeared in the 1944 film noir classic When Strangers Marry with Robert Mitchum.[2]
In a 1970s book interview for Whatever Happened To ..., Hamilton said he had been banned from A level work for insulting a studio executive. A Roman Catholic, Hamilton said that his faith got him through the difficult period of late 1942 to early 1944, when he could not obtain film employment, and was down on his luck financially. When television came along, Hamilton hosted Hollywood Screen Test (1948-1953), co-starred in the short lived sitcom That Wonderful Guy with Jack Lemmon (1949-50), at the same time as Hollywood Screen Test,[2] and did guest shots on numerous series of the 1950s/60s such as seven episodes of Perry Mason, five episodes of 77 Sunset Strip, as well as Maverick, The Real McCoys, Mister Ed, Bachelor Father, and The Outer Limits. During the late 1940s and early 1950s Hamilton performed on Broadway in such shows as Many Happy Returns (1945), The Men We Marry (1948), To Be Continued (1952), and Late Love (1953-54).[2]
In 1960, actor Richard Cromwell was seeking a comeback of sorts in 20th Century Fox's planned production of The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come but Cromwell died of complications from liver cancer. Producer Maury Dexter quickly signed Hamilton to replace Cromwell in the film, which co-starred Jimmie Rodgers and Chill Wills. During the 1960s, Hamilton appeared in three Jerry Lewis films: The Patsy, The Family Jewels, and Which Way to the Front?[2]
Hamilton is best remembered as the somewhat pompous Police Commissioner Gordon in the campy Batman TV series (1966-68). He appeared in all 120 episodes of Batman. Yvonne Craig, who played Commissioner Gordon's daughter Barbara, said Hamilton "came every day to the set letter perfect in dialogue and never missed a beat—a consummate professional."[4]
Personal life[edit]
Hamilton was married to Elsa Whitmer from 1922 until his death in September 1984. They had one child. Hamilton was a Roman Catholic, and a member of the Good Shepherd Parish and the Catholic Motion Picture Guild in Beverly Hills, California.[5] He died at the age of 85 in 1984 after suffering an asthma attack. His ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean after his cremation.[2]
Partial filmography[edit]
Hamilton and Olive Borden in The Joy Girl 1927
The Beloved Impostor (1918)
The Great Romance (1919)
The White Rose (1923) as John White
America (1924) as Nathan Holden
The Sixth Commandment (1924) as Robert Fields
The Side Show of Life (1924) as Charles Verity-Stewart
Isn't Life Wonderful (1924) as Paul
Men and Women (1925) as Ned Seabury
The Little French Girl (1925) as Giles Bradley
The Street of Forgotten Men (1925) as Philip Peyton
The Golden Princess (1925) as Tennessee Hunter
New Brooms (1925) as Thomas Bates Jr.
The Splendid Crime (1925) as Bob Van Dyke
Desert Gold (1926) as George Thorne
Beau Geste (1926) as Digby Geste
The Great Gatsby (1926) as Nick Carraway
Diplomacy (1926) as Julian Weymouth
The Music Master (1927) as Beverly Cruger
Ten Modern Commandments (1927) as Tod Gilbert
The Joy Girl (1927) as John Jeffrey Fleet
The Spotlight (1927) as Norman Brooke
Mother Machree (1928) as Brian
The Shield of Honor (1928) as Jack MacDowell
The Showdown (1928) as Wilson Shelton
Something Always Happens (1928) as Roderick Keswick
Don't Marry (1928) as Henry Willoughby
The Grip of the Yukon (1928) as Jack Elliott
Hot News (1928) as Scoop Morgan
The Patriot (1928) as Crown Prince Alexander
Take Me Home (1928) as David North
Three Weekends (1928) as James Gordon
What a Night! (1928) as Joe Madison
Why Be Good? (1929) as Winthrop Peabody Jr.
A Dangerous Woman (1929) as Bobby Gregory
The Studio Murder Mystery (1929) as Tony White
The Love Trap (1929) as Paul Harrington
The Mysterious Dr. Fu Manchu (1929) as Dr. Jack Petrie
Darkened Rooms (1929) as Emory Jago
The Kibitzer (1930) as Eddie Brown
The Return of Dr. Fu Manchu (1930) as Dr. Jack Petrie
The Dawn Patrol (1930) as Major Brand
Anybody's War (1930) as Red Reinhardt
Ladies Must Play (1930) as Anthony Gregg
The Cat Creeps (1930) as Charles Wilder
Ex-Flame (1930) as Sir Carlisle Austin
The Widow From Chicago (1930) as 'Swifty' Dorgan
Command Performance (1931) as Peter Fedor / Prince Alexis
Strangers May Kiss (1931) as Alan
The Spy (1931) as Ivan Turin
Laughing Sinners (1931) as Howard 'Howdy' Palmer
The Great Lover (1931) as Carlo
This Modern Age (1931) as Robert 'Bob' Blake Jr.
The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) as Larry
The Wet Parade (1932) as Roger Chilcote, Jr.
Are You Listening? (1932) as Jack Clayton
Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) as Harry Holt
The Woman in Room 13 (1932) as Paul Ramsey
What Price Hollywood? (1932) as Lonny Borden
Two Against the World (1932) as Mr. David 'Dave' Norton
The Animal Kingdom (1932) as Owen Fiske
Terror Aboard (1933) as James Cowles
The World Gone Mad (1933) as Lionel Houston
The Silk Express (1933) as Donald Kilgore
As the Devil Commands (1933) as Dr. David Graham
One Sunday Afternoon (1933) as Hugo Barnstead
Ladies Must Love (1933) as Bill Langhorne
Mr. Stringfellow Says No (1934) as Jeremy Stringfellow
Tarzan and His Mate (1934) as Harry Holt
Here Comes the Groom (1934) as Jim
Blind Date (1934) as Bob
Once to Every Bachelor (1934) as Lyle Stuart
One Exciting Adventure (1934) as Walter Stone
Two Heads on a Pillow (1934) as John C. Smith
By Your Leave (1934) as David McKenzie
Fugitive Lady (1934) as Donald Brooks
Mutiny Ahead (1935) as Kent Brewster
Honeymoon Limited (1935) as Dick Spencer Gordon / Gulliver
Keeper of the Bees (1935) as James 'Jamie' Lewis McFarland
The Daring Young Man (1935) as Gerald Raeburn
Parisian Life (1936) as Jaques
Southern Roses (1936) as Reggie
Everything in Life (1936) as Geoffrey Loring
You Must Get Married (1936) as Michael Brown
Secret Lives (1937) as Lt. Pierre de Montmalion
Mr Stringfellow Says No (1937) as Earle Condon
Lady Behave! (1937) as Stephen Cormack
Hollywood Stadium Mystery (1938) as Bill Devons
Army Girl (1938) as Capt. Joe Schuyler
The Saint Strikes Back (1939) as Allan Breck
Queen of the Mob (unbilled; 1940) as First FBI Chief
Federal Fugitives (1941) as Capt. James Madison / Robert Edmunds
They Meet Again (1941) as Gov. John C. North
Father Takes a Wife (1941) as Vincent Stewart
Dangerous Lady (1941) as Duke Martindel
King of the Texas Rangers (1941) as John Barton
Look Who's Laughing (1941) as Hilary Horton
The Lady Is Willing (1942) as Charlie (uncredited)
Too Many Women (1942) as Richard Sutton
X Marks the Spot (1942) as John J. Underwood
Secrets of the Underground (1942) as Harry Kermit
Bombardier (1943) as Colonel (uncredited)
All by Myself (1943) as Mark Turner
The Sky's the Limit (1943) as Navy Officer on Train (uncredited)
When Strangers Marry (1944) as Lieutenant Blake
Brewster's Millions (1945) as Mr. Grant
Murder in Villa Capri (1955) as Police Capt. Brady
The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come (1961) as Gen. Dean
The Devil's Hand (1962) as Francis Lamont
The Bellero Shield (1964) as Larry Boling
The Patsy (1964) as The Barber
The Family Jewels (1965) as Attorney
Madame X (1966) as Scott Lewis (uncredited)
Batman (1966) as Commissioner James Gordon
Strategy of Terror (1969) as Mr. Harkin
Which Way to the Front? (1970) as Chief of Staff
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Barry Monush. Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors: From the Silent Era to 1965, p. 308
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Neil Hamilton on IMDb
Jump up ^ Tildesley, Alice L. (July 1926). "Prop Boy to Star (Continued)". Motion Picture Classic. Chicago, IL: Brewster Publications. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cassell, Dewey (February 2010). "Growing Up Gordon: The Early Years of Batgirl". Back Issue!. TwoMorrows Publishing (38): 70.
Jump up ^ Church of the Good Shepherd: Our History, goodshepherdbh.org; accessed October 31, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neil Hamilton (actor).
Biography portal
Neil Hamilton on IMDb
Neil Hamilton at the TCM Movie Database
Neil Hamilton at the Internet Broadway Database
1966 Batman TV Heroes – Neil Hamilton
1941 They Meet Again – Neil Hamilton as Governor John C. North – at Internet Archive
Photographs of Neil Hamilton
Neil Hamilton at Find a Grave
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 24802545
LCCN: n85273998
ISNI: 0000 0001 1609 3780
SUDOC: 142932566
BNF: cb140408749 (data)
IATH: w6km0740
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Hamilton_(actor)&oldid=795520620"
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Synthetic element
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Synthetic elements
Rare radioactive natural elements; often produced artificially
In chemistry, a synthetic element is a chemical element that does not occur naturally on Earth, and can only be created artificially. So far, 24 synthetic elements have been created (those with atomic numbers 95–118). All are unstable, decaying with half-lives ranging from 15.6 million years to a few hundred microseconds.
Seven other elements were first created artificially and thus considered synthetic, but later discovered to exist naturally (in trace quantities) as well; among them plutonium—first synthesized in 1940—the one best known to laypeople, because of its use in atomic bombs and nuclear reactors.
Contents
[hide]
1 Properties
2 History
3 List of synthetic elements
3.1 Other elements usually produced through synthesis
4 References
5 External links
Properties[edit]
Synthetic elements are radioactive and decay rapidly into lighter elements—possessing half-lives so short, relative to the age of Earth (which formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago), that any atoms of these elements that may have existed when the Earth formed have long since decayed. Atoms of synthetic elements only occur on Earth as the product of atomic bombs or experiments that involve nuclear reactors or particle accelerators, via nuclear fusion or neutron absorption.
Atomic mass for natural elements is based on weighted average abundance of natural isotopes that occur in Earth's crust and atmosphere. For synthetic elements, the isotope depends on the means of synthesis, so the concept of natural isotope abundance has no meaning. Therefore, for synthetic elements the total nucleon count (protons plus neutrons) of the most stable isotope, i.e. the isotope with the longest half-life—is listed in brackets as the atomic mass.
History[edit]
The first element discovered through synthesis was technetium—its discovery being definitely confirmed in 1936. This discovery filled a gap in the periodic table, and the fact that no stable isotopes of technetium exist explains its natural absence on Earth (and the gap). With the longest-lived isotope of technetium, Tc-98, having a 4.2-million-year half-life, no technetium remains from the formation of the Earth. Only minute traces of technetium occur naturally in the Earth's crust—as a spontaneous fission product of uranium-238 or by neutron capture in molybdenum ores—but technetium is present naturally in red giant stars.
The first discovered synthetic element was curium, synthesized in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles. The discoveries of americium, berkelium, and californium followed soon. Einsteinium and fermium were discovered by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso in 1952 while studying the radioactive debris from the detonation of the first hydrogen bomb. The isotopes discovered were einsteinium-253, with a half-life of 20.5 days, and fermium-255, with a half-life of about 20 hours.
The discoveries of mendelevium, nobelium, lawrencium followed. During the height of the Cold War, the Soviet Union and United States independently discovered rutherfordium and dubnium. The naming and credit for discovery of those elements remained unresolved for many years but eventually shared credit was recognized by IUPAC/IUPAP in 1992. In 1997, IUPAC decided to give dubnium its current name honoring the city of Dubna where the Russian team made their discoveries since American-chosen names had already been used for many existing synthetic elements, while the name rutherfordium (chosen by the American team) was accepted for element 104.
No element with an atomic number greater than 99 has any use outside of scientific research, as they have extremely short half-lives.
List of synthetic elements[edit]
The following elements do not occur naturally on Earth. All are transuranium elements and have atomic numbers of 95 and higher.
Element name
Chemical
Symbol
Atomic
Number
First definite
synthesis
Americium Am 95 1944
Curium Cm 96 1944
Berkelium Bk 97 1949
Californium Cf 98 1950
Einsteinium Es 99 1952
Fermium Fm 100 1952
Mendelevium Md 101 1955
Nobelium No 102 1966
Lawrencium Lr 103 1971
Rutherfordium Rf 104 1966 (USSR), 1969 (U.S.) *
Dubnium Db 105 1968 (USSR), 1970 (U.S.) *
Seaborgium Sg 106 1974
Bohrium Bh 107 1981
Hassium Hs 108 1984
Meitnerium Mt 109 1982
Darmstadtium Ds 110 1994
Roentgenium Rg 111 1994
Copernicium Cn 112 1996
Nihonium Nh 113 2004
Flerovium Fl 114 2004
Moscovium Mc 115 2010
Livermorium Lv 116 2004
Tennessine Ts 117 2010
Oganesson Og 118 2006
* Shared credit for discovery.
Other elements usually produced through synthesis[edit]
All elements with atomic numbers 1 through 94 are naturally occurring at least in trace quantities, but the following elements are often produced through synthesis. Except for polonium, francium, actinium, and protactinium, they were all discovered through synthesis before being found in nature.
Element name
Chemical
Symbol
Atomic
Number
First definite
discovery
Technetium Tc 43 1936
Promethium Pm 61 1945
Polonium Po 84 1898
Astatine At 85 1940
Francium Fr 87 1939
Actinium Ac 89 1902
Protactinium Pa 91 1913
Neptunium Np 93 1940
Plutonium Pu 94 1940
References[edit]
External links[edit]
"einsteinium (Es) - chemical element". Britannica.com. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
"mendelevium (Md) - chemical element". Britannica.com. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
"synthetic elements". Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
"It's Elemental - The Element Fermium". Education.jlab.org. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
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Glowplug
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the similar device used in model aircraft engines, see Glow plug (model engine).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A standard glowplug
A glowplug (alternatively spelled as glow plug or glow-plug) is a heating device used to aid starting diesel engines. In cold weather, high speed diesel engines can be difficult to start because the mass of the cylinder block and cylinder head absorb the heat of compression, preventing ignition (which relies on that heat). Pre-chambered engines use small electric heaters (glowplugs) inside the pre-chambers. Direct-injected engines have these glowplugs in the combustion chamber. The glowplug is a pencil-shaped piece of metal with a heating element at the tip. This heating element, when electrified, heats due to its electrical resistance and begins to emit light in the visible spectrum, hence the term glowplug. The visual effect is similar to the heating element in a toaster. The fuel injector spray pattern then impinges directly upon the hot tip of the glow plug during the injection of fuel at top dead center. This ignites the fuel even when the engine is insufficiently hot for normal operation, which reduces the cranking time to start the engine.
This is a glowplug being heated up whilst outside an engine as a test.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Method of operation
2.1 Pre-heating
2.2 Starting
2.3 Warm engine start
3 Construction
4 Model engines
5 See also
6 References
Overview[edit]
Glow plugs, beneath the contact bar, on a small Kubota engine.
Diesel engines, unlike gasoline engines, do not use spark plugs to induce combustion. Instead, they rely solely on compression to raise the temperature of the air to a point where the diesel combusts spontaneously when introduced to the hot high pressure air. The high pressure and spray pattern of the diesel ensures a controlled, complete burn. The piston rises, compressing the air in the cylinder; this causes the air's temperature to rise. By the time the piston reaches the top of its travel path, the temperature in the cylinder is very high. The fuel mist is then sprayed into the cylinder; it instantly combusts, forcing the piston downwards, thus generating power. The pressure required to heat the air to that temperature, however, requires a large and strong engine block.
The temperature at the top of the compression stroke depends on many factors, particularly the compression ratio of the cylinder and the starting temperature of the inducted air. When the engine is cold, the temperature of the inducted air is low and it receives little heat from the engine cylinder walls. In addition, as the air is compressed and becomes heated, some of this heat is lost to the cold cylinder walls, further reducing the temperature at the top of the compression stroke. The glow plug solves this.
There are two different glow plug types: the in-cylinder variety and the in-manifold ("Thermostart") variety. In the case of in-cylinder, there is a plug in every cylinder direct injected (or in the case of indirect injected, the glow plug is in the prechamber providing a hot spot to encourage ignition. In the case of the in-manifold one, there is only one for all the cylinders.
Method of operation[edit]
Pre-heating[edit]
"Wait-to-Start" light (glowplug indicator light, ISO 7000-0457) in a diesel car.
In older generation diesel-engine vehicles, unlike in a gasoline-engine vehicle, for a 'cold start' the operator did not simply turn the key to the "start" position and have the engine immediately start. Instead, the operator activated the glow plug(s) for a time first. Early diesels used the 'Thermostart' type glowplug in the inlet manifold. These take 20 seconds to achieve working temperature and the vehicle operator had to manually time (or guess) when the 20 seconds had elapsed. With in-cylinder glow plugs, technological improvements included a warning light on the dash to indicate how long the preheating should last. The preheating phase was also made to be automatically activated when the operator turned the key to the "on" position for a long duration; the glowplug relay switches the glowplugs on, and a light (see picture at right) on the instrument cluster illuminates. This process is called "pre-heating" or "glowing". Many modern diesels automatically activate their glow plugs when the operator unlocks the vehicle or opens the door to the car, thus simplifying the process and shortening the time the operator has to wait before the engine will start. According to Bosch: "Older engines with Thermostart manifold plugs used a glow period of up to 20 seconds whereas more modern engines use around a 6 to 8 second heat period and provide after glow at a reduced voltage."[1]
Starting[edit]
Before any attempt is made to start a vehicle engine, the vehicle's parking brake should be firmly applied and gear selection should be in Neutral (or Park). Any engine stop control should be returned to the run position and in cold weather, any 'excess fuel' starting aid should be set or used - such as Ki-Gass.
With in-cylinder glow plugs, when a pre-set time has elapsed, the glowplug relay switches off the "wait-to-start" light. A pre-heating cycle usually lasts for 2 to 5 seconds. The operator then proceeds to turn the key to the "start" position. The relay switches off the glowplugs after the engine is running (or, in older cars, at the same time the "wait to start" light goes out). In some cars, in order to maintain compliance with emissions regulations, the glow plugs may be operated immediately after engine start, or during periods of extended idle where engine temperature has decreased, as combustion efficiency is greatly reduced when the engine is below operating temperature.
With a Thermostart plug in the inlet manifold, within a few seconds diesel vapours start to fill the inlet manifold. As the plug continues to heat up, it opens a valve permitting diesel from a special reservoir mounted directly above the Thermostart into the Thermostart plug. This fresh diesel is also vaporised and adds to that in the inlet manifold. At 20 seconds, provided air is available, the diesel near the plug ignites and as the engine is cranked, the ignited diesel is drawn into the combustion chambers - to which more diesel is added after the compression stroke. This additional diesel immediately ignites, starting the engine with ease. Vehicles fitted with Thermostart glow plugs do not usually activate via the normal ignition switch. A button elsewhere is provided (along with, in some cases, the button to activate the starting motor). Where a Thermostart is activated by the same switch as the ignition, it is usually activated by turning the switch one 'notch' counter-clockwise. After the 20 second period has elapsed, cranking is achieved by turning the ignition switch a further notch counter-clockwise. Once the engine has fired and is running, the ignition switch is released, allowing it to spring back to the off position. The operator should then turn the ignition switch to the on position - usually one notch clockwise
Warm engine start[edit]
If the car had been running very recently, or if the ambient temperature was hot, the "wait to start" light might not come on. In this case, the operator may proceed to turn the key to the "start" position and start the engine without having to wait.
With a Thermostart, it is entirely up to the operator to choose whether to activate the glow plug. In the case of ignition key controlled Thermostart, turning the key two notches to the right initiates unheated cranking.
Construction[edit]
A glowplug resembles a short metal pencil. The heating filament is fitted into its tip. Glowplug filaments must be made of certain materials, such as platinum and iridium, that resist oxidation and high temperature.
Model engines[edit]
Main article: Glow plug (model engine)
Glow plugs in model engines differ from those in full-size diesel engines. Full-size engines only use the glow plug for starting. Model engines use a glow plug as an integral part of the ignition system because of the catalytic effect of the platinum wire, on the methanol-base fuel they are designed to run on.
Model engine glow plugs are also used as re-usable igniters in theatrical pyrotechnics and the special effects industry to remotely ignite pyrotechnic devices using flash and smoke composition powders.[2]
See also[edit]
Block heater
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Robert Bosch GmbH (2010-03-24). "Glow Plugs". Bosch. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
Jump up ^ "Glo-Plugs". TheatreFX. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glowplug&oldid=825704716"
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