text:
Eddie Lowery
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For the former Michigan Wolverines ice hockey coach, see Eddie Lowrey.
Eddie Lowery with the white towel in front of the crowd carrying for Francis Ouimet in 1913.
Edward Edgar Lowery (October 14, 1902 – May 4, 1984)[1] was an American caddie, amateur golfer and multi-millionaire businessman.
Lowery is best known as the 10-year-old caddie of Francis Ouimet during the 1913 U.S. Open, held at The Country Club in Brookline, Massachusetts, which Ouimet won in a playoff over Harry Vardon and Ted Ray. An iconic photograph of Lowery and Ouimet striding down the fairway together is one of the most memorable in American golf history. It was used as the logo for the United States Golf Association's centennial celebrations, appears on the cover of Mark Frost's account of the 1913 Open The Greatest Game Ever Played: Harry Vardon, Francis Ouimet, and the Birth of Modern Golf and inspired a memorial statue in Brookline. Lowery was prominently featured in the 2005 Disney movie The Greatest Game Ever Played, portrayed by actor Josh Flitter.
Lowery and Ouimet remained lifelong friends, and when Ouimet died in 1967, Lowery was one of the pallbearers.[2]
Biography[edit]
Lowery was the fifth child born in Newton, Massachusetts, to John and Maria Lowery (née Curran,) who were Irish immigrants.[3] He moved to San Francisco, California, and championed the rising amateur careers of Ken Venturi (1964 U.S. Open Champion), Harvie Ward (1955 & 1956 U.S. Amateur Champion), and Tony Lema (1964 British Open Champion), among others. Lowery played at Lincoln Park in San Francisco. He died in 1984 in Riverside County, California.[4]
He became a multi-millionaire as an auto dealer in San Francisco. Lowery and Bob Hope were friends and they both played in the 1951 British Amateur. He enjoyed sponsoring young amateur golfers, such as two of his employees: Venturi and Ward. In 1956 he arranged a match between these two amateurs and two golf pros, Ben Hogan and Byron Nelson, a friendly four-ball match at Cypress Point Club. The amateurs played a strong game but the pros took the match, 1-up. Venturi told a newspaper years later, "It was the best golf I've ever seen." This match was chronicled in depth in Mark Frost's 2007 book The Match.[5]
Lowery also served on the Executive Committee of the United States Golf Association. His sponsorship of Harvie Ward led to problems, because Lowery had claimed certain disallowable business expenses for tax write-offs. And Ward, who had trusted Lowery's USGA expertise, had his amateur status revoked in 1957, at a time when he had won the previous two consecutive U.S. Amateur titles.[5]
See also[edit]
List of Caddie Hall of Fame inductees
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Social Security Death Index".
Jump up ^ "Francis Ouimet: The Father of American Golf".
Jump up ^ "1910 U.S. Census via Ancestry.com".
Jump up ^ "California Death Index".
^ Jump up to: a b Frost, Mark (2007). The Match: The Day the Game of Golf Changed Forever. Hyperion Books. ISBN 978-1-4013-0278-8.
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text:
The Last of the Mohicans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the novel. For other uses, see The Last of the Mohicans (disambiguation).
The Last of the Mohicans
Illustration from 1896 edition, by F.T. Merrill. The drawing occurs when Hawk-eye attacks Magua in the cave where Alice is held captive.
Author
James Fenimore Cooper
Country
United States
Language
English
Series
Leatherstocking Tales
Genre
Historical novel
Publisher
H.C. Carey & I. Lea
Publication date
February 1826
Dewey Decimal
813.2
Preceded by
The Pioneers (1823)
Followed by
The Prairie (1827)
The Last of the Mohicans: A Narrative of 1757 (1826) is a historical novel by James Fenimore Cooper.
It is the second book of the Leatherstocking Tales pentalogy and the best known to contemporary audiences.[1] The Pathfinder, published 14 years later in 1840, is its sequel.[2] The Last of the Mohicans is set in 1757, during the French and Indian War (the Seven Years' War), when France and Great Britain battled for control of North America. During this war, both the French and the British used Native American allies, but the French were particularly dependent, as they were outnumbered in the Northeast frontier areas by the more numerous British colonists.
The novel is primarily set in the upper New York wilderness, detailing the transport of the two daughters of Colonel Munro, Alice and Cora, to a safe destination at Fort William Henry. Among the caravan guarding the women are the frontiersman Natty Bumppo, Major Duncan Heyward, and the Indians Chingachgook and Uncas, the former of whom is the novel's title character. These characters are sometimes seen as a microcosm of the budding American society, particularly with regard to their racial composition.[3]
The novel has been one of the most popular English-language novels since its publication and is frequently assigned reading in American literature courses.[4] It has been adapted numerous times and in many languages for films, TV movies and cartoons.
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical background
2 Plot summary
3 Characters
4 Development
5 Critical reception
6 Legacy
7 Adaptations
7.1 Films
7.2 Radio
7.3 TV
7.4 Opera
7.5 Comics
8 See also
9 Notes
10 Further reading
11 External links
Historical background[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
At the time of Cooper's writing, many people believed that the Native Americans were disappearing, and would ultimately be assimilated or fail to survive. Especially in the East, their numbers continued to decline. At the same time, the author was interested in the period of the frontier of transition, when more colonists were increasing pressure on the Native Americans. He grew up in Cooperstown, New York, which his father had established on what was then a western frontier of settlement; it developed after the Revolutionary War.
Cooper set this novel during the Seven Years' War, an international conflict between Great Britain and France, which had a front in North America known by the Anglo-American colonists as the French and Indian War. The conflict arrayed British colonial settlers and minimal regular forces against royal French forces, with both sides also relying on Native American allies. The war was fought primarily along the frontiers of the British colonies from Virginia to Nova Scotia.
In the spring of 1757, Lieutenant Colonel George Monro became garrison commander of Fort William Henry, located on Lake George (New York) in the Province of New York. In early August, Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort. On 2 August General Webb, who commanded the area from his base at Fort Edward, sent 200 regulars and 800 Massachusetts militia to reinforce the garrison at William Henry. In the novel, this is the relief column with which Monro's daughters travel.
Monro sent messengers south to Fort Edward on 3 August requesting reinforcements, but Webb refused to send any of his estimated 1,600 men north because they were all that stood between the French and Albany. He wrote to Munro on 4 August that he should negotiate the best terms possible; this communication was intercepted and delivered to Montcalm. In Cooper's version, the missive was being carried by Bumppo when he, and it, fell into French hands.
On 7 August Montcalm sent men to the fort under a truce flag to deliver Webb's dispatch. By then the fort's walls had been breached, many of its guns were useless, and the garrison had taken significant casualties. After another day of bombardment by the French, Monro raised the white flag and agreed to withdraw under parle.
When the withdrawal began, some of Montcalm's Indian allies, angered at the lost opportunity for loot, attacked the British column. Cooper's account of the attack and aftermath is lurid and somewhat inaccurate. A detailed reconstruction of the action and its aftermath indicates that the final tally of British missing and dead ranges from 70 to 184;[5] more than 500 British were taken captive.
Plot summary[edit]
Thomas Cole, Cora Kneeling at the Feet of Tamenund, 1827
Cora and Alice Munro, daughters of Lieutenant Colonel Munro, are traveling with Major Duncan Heyward from Fort Edward to Fort William Henry, where Munro is in command, and acquire another companion in David Gamut, a naive singing teacher. They are guided through the forest by a native named Magua, who leads them through a shortcut unaccompanied by the British militia. Heyward is dissatisfied with Magua's shortcut, and the party roam unguided and finally join Natty Bumppo (known as Hawk-eye), a scout for the British, and his two Mohican friends, Chingachgook and his son Uncas. Heyward becomes suspicious of Magua, and Hawk-eye and the Mohicans agree with his suspicion, that Magua is a Huron scout secretly allied with the French. Upon discovery as such, Magua escapes, and in the (correct) belief that Magua will return with Huron reinforcements, Hawk-eye and the Mohicans lead their new companions to a hidden cave on an island in a river. They are attacked there by the Hurons, and when ammunition is exhausted, Hawk-eye and the Mohicans escape, with a promise to return for their companions. Magua and the Hurons capture Heyward, Gamut, and the Munro sisters, and Magua offers to spare the party if Cora becomes his wife, but she refuses. Upon a second refusal, he sentences the prisoners to death. Hawk-eye and the Mohicans rescue all four, and lead them to a dilapidated building that was involved with a battle between the Indians and the British some years ago. They are nearly attacked again, but the Hurons leave the area, rather than disturb the graves of their own fellow-countrymen. The next day, Hawk-eye leads the party to Fort Henry, past a siege by the French army. Munro sends Hawk-eye to Fort Edward for reinforcements; but he is captured by the French, who deliver him to Fort Henry without the letter. Heyward returns to Colonel Munro and announces his love for Alice, and Munro gives his permission for Heyward's courtship.
The French general, Montcalm, invites Munro to a parley, and shows him General Webb's letter, in which the British general has refused reinforcements. At this, Munro agrees to Montcalm's terms that the British soldiers, together with their wounded, women, and children, must leave the fort and withdraw from the war for eighteen months. Outside the fort, the column of British prisoners is attacked by 2000 Huron warriors; in the ensuing massacre, Magua kidnaps Cora and Alice, and he leads them toward the Huron village. David Gamut follows. After the massacre, Hawk-eye, the Mohicans, Heyward, and Colonel Munro follow Magua, and cross a lake to intercept his trail. A canoe chase ensues, in which the rescuers reach land before the Hurons can kill them, and eventually follow Magua to the Huron village. Here, they find Gamut (earlier spared by the Hurons as a harmless madman), who says that Alice is held in this village, and Cora in one belonging to the Lenape (Delaware). Disguised as a French medicine man, Heyward enters the Huron village with Gamut, to rescue Alice; Hawk-eye and Uncas set out to rescue Cora, and Munro and Chingachgook remain in safety. Uncas is taken prisoner by the Hurons, and left to starve when he withstands torture, and Heyward fails to find Alice. A Huron warrior asks Heyward to heal his lunatic wife, and both are stalked by Hawk-eye in the guise of a bear. They enter a cave where the madwoman is kept, and the warrior leaves. Soon after revelation of his identity to Heyward, Hawk-eye accompanies him, and they find Alice. They are discovered by Magua; but Hawk-eye overpowers him, and they leave him tied to a wall. Thereafter Heyward escapes with Alice, while Hawk-eye remains to save Uncas. Gamut convinces a Huron to allow him and his magical bear (Hawk-eye in disguise) to approach Uncas, and they untie him. Uncas dons the bear disguise, Hawk-eye wears Gamut's clothes, and Gamut stays in a corner mimicking Uncas. Uncas and Hawk-eye escape and the Hurons vow revenge.
Uncas and Hawk-eye travel to the Delaware village where Cora is held, and where Magua demands the return of his prisoners. Tamenund, the sage of the Delawares, frees the prisoners, except for Cora, whom he awards to Magua. To satisfy laws of hospitality, Tamenund gives Magua a three-hour head start before pursuit. The Delawares vanquish the Hurons, but Magua escapes with Cora and two other Hurons; Uncas, Hawk-eye, and Heyward pursue them. In a fight at the edge of a cliff, Cora, Uncas, and Magua are killed. The novel concludes with a lengthy account of the funerals of Uncas and Cora, and Hawk-eye reaffirms his friendship with Chingachgook. Tamenund prophesies: "The pale-faces are masters of the earth, and the time of the red-men has not yet come again....".
Characters[edit]
Magua (ma-gwah) – the villain: a Huron chief driven from his tribe for drunkenness; known as Le Renard Subtil ("Sly Fox.").
Chingachgook (usually pronounced chin-GATCH-gook): last chief of the Mohican tribe, escort to the Munro sisters, father to Uncas. His name was a Unami Delaware word meaning "Big Snake."[6]
Uncas – the son of Chingachgook and the eponymous "Last of the Mohicans" (meaning the last pure-blooded Mohican).[7] He is also known as "Le Cerf Agile", the Bounding Elk.
Nathaniel Bumppo/Hawk-eye: Oeil de Faucon; a frontiersman who becomes an escort to the Munro sisters. Known to the Indians and the French as La longue carabine for his marksmanship and signature weapon.
Cora Munro: a dark-haired daughter of Colonel Munro; serious, intelligent, and calm in the face of danger. Her mother, whom Munro met and married in the West Indies, was a mulatto or mixed-race woman,[8] described as "descended, remotely" from slaves.[9] Scholars have sometimes termed Cora a quadroon, but Cooper may have imagined her with even less African ancestry. Diane Roberts described Cora as "the first tragic mulatta in American literature."[10] Cora's mother died when she was young.
Alice Munro: Cora's blonde half-sister; cheerful, playful, frail, and charming. She is the daughter of Alice Graham, Munro's second wife.
Colonel Munro: a British army colonel in command of Fort William Henry.
Duncan Heyward – a British army major from Virginia who falls in love with Alice Munro.[11][12]
David Gamut: a psalmodist (teacher of psalm singing), known as "the singing master."
General Daniel Webb – Colonel Munro's commanding officer, who takes command at Fort Edward.
General Marquis de Montcalm – the French commander-in-chief, called by the Huron and other Indian allies of the French as "The great white father of the Canadas."
Tamenund – An ancient, wise, and revered Delaware (Lenape) sage, who has outlived three generations of warriors.
Development[edit]
According to Susan Fenimore Cooper, the author's eldest daughter, Cooper first conceived the idea for the book while visiting the Adirondack Mountains in 1825 with a party of English gentlemen.[13] The party passed through the Catskills, an area with which Cooper was already familiar, and about which he had written in his first novel featuring Natty: The Pioneers. They passed on to Lake George and Glens Falls.
Impressed with the caves behind the falls, one member of the party suggested that "here was the very scene for a romance." Susan Cooper says that Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, made this remark. Cooper promised Stanley "that a book should actually be written, in which these caves should have a place; the, idea of a romance essentially Indian in character then first suggesting itself to his mind."[14]
Cooper began work on the novel immediately. He and his family stayed for the summer in a cottage belonging to a friend, situated on the Long Island shore of the Sound, opposite Blackwell's Island, not far from Hallett's Cove (the area is now part of Astoria). He wrote quickly and completed the novel in the space of three or four months. He suffered a serious illness thought to have been brought on by sunstroke[14] and, at one point, he dictated the outline of the fight between Magua and Chingachgook (12th chapter), to his wife, who thought that he was delirious.[13]
In the novel, Hawkeye refers to Lake George as the Horican. Cooper felt that Lake George was too plain, while the French name, Le Lac du St. Sacrement, was "too complicated". Horican he found on an old map of the area; it was a French transliteration of a native group who had once lived in the area.[15]
Cooper grew up in Cooperstown, New York, the frontier town founded by his father. His daughter said that as a young man he had few opportunities to meet and talk with Native Americans: "occasionally some small party of the Oneidas, or other representatives of the Five Nations, had crossed his path in the valley of the Susquehanna River, or on the shores of Lake Ontario, where he served when a midshipman in the navy."[13] He read what sources were available at the time—Heckewelder, Charlevoix, William Penn, Smith, Elliot, Colden, Lang, Lewis and Clark, and Mackenzie.
By using the name Uncas for one of his characters, he seemed to confuse the two regional tribes: the Mohegan of Connecticut, of which Uncas had been a well-known sachem, and the Mahican of upstate New York. The popularity of Cooper's book helped spread the confusion.[16][17]
In the period when Cooper was writing, deputations from the Western tribes frequently traveled through the region along the Mohawk River, on their way to New York or Washington, DC. He made a point of visiting these parties as they passed through Albany and New York. On several occasions, he followed them all the way to Washington to observe them for longer. He also talked to the military officers and interpreters who accompanied them.[13]
Critical reception[edit]
This section may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (January 2012)
The novel was first published in 1826 by Carey & Lea, of Philadelphia. According to Susan Cooper, its success was "greater than that of any previous book from the same pen" and "in Europe the book produced quite a startling effect."[13]
Cooper's novels were popular, but reviewers were often critical, or dismissive. For example, the reviewer of the London Magazine (May 1826) described the novel as "clearly by much the worst of Mr Cooper's performances."[18] Mark Twain notably derided the author in his essay "Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses," published in North American Review (July 1895). Twain complained that Cooper lacked a variety of style and was overly wordy. In the essay, Twain re-writes a small section of The Last of the Mohicans, claiming that Cooper, "the generous spendthrift", used 100 "extra and unnecessary words" in the original version.[19]
Re-reading the book in his later years, Cooper noted some inconsistencies of plot and characterization, particularly the character of Munro. But, he wrote that in general, "the book must needs have some interest for the reader, since it could amuse even the writer, who had in a great measure forgotten the details of his own work."[13]
The book has been considered to be the first Great American Novel.[20]
Legacy[edit]
The Last of the Mohicans has been James Fenimore Cooper's most popular work. It has continued as one of the most widely read novels throughout the world, and it has influenced popular opinion about American Indians and the frontier period of eastern American history. The romanticized images of the strong, fearless, and ever resourceful frontiersman (i.e., Natty Bumppo), as well as the stoic, wise, and noble "red man" (i.e., Chingachgook) were notions derived from Cooper's characterizations more than from anywhere else.[21] The phrase, "the last of the Mohicans," has come to represent the sole survivor of a noble race or type.[22]
Adaptations[edit]
Films[edit]
A number of films have been based on the lengthy book, making various cuts, compressions, and changes. The American adaptations include:
a 1912 version starring James Cruze,
The Last of the Mohicans (1920), starring Wallace Beery;
The Last of the Mohicans (1932), a serial version starring Harry Carey;
The Last of the Mohicans (1936) starring Randolph Scott and Bruce Cabot;
Last of the Redmen (1947) starring Jon Hall and Michael O'Shea;
The Iroquois Trail (1950) starring George Montgomery
Fall of the Mohicans (1965) starring Jack Taylor, José Marco (José Joandó Roselló),[23] Luis Induni and Daniel Martin;
The Last of the Mohicans (1968)
The Last of the Mohicans (1992), starring Daniel Day-Lewis.
The 1920 film has been deemed "culturally significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. According to the director Michael Mann, his 1992 version was based more on the 1936 film version. Mann believes Cooper's novel is "not a very good book," taking issue with Cooper's sympathy for the Euro-Americans and their seizure of the American Indians' domain.[24]
In Germany, Der Letzte der Mohikaner, with Béla Lugosi as Chingachgook, was the second part of the two-part Lederstrumpf film released in 1920. Der letzte Mohikaner directed by Harald Reinl was a 1965 West German/Italian/Spanish co-production setting elements of the story in the post American Civil War era. Based on the same series of the novels, Chingachgook die große Schlange (Chingachgook the Great Serpent), starring Gojko Mitic as Chingachgook, appeared in East Germany in 1967, and became popular throughout the Eastern Bloc.
Radio[edit]
The Last of the Mohicans was adapted for radio in two one-hour episodes directed by Michael Fox and broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1995 (subsequently on BBC Radio 7), with Michael Fiest, Philip Franks, Helen McCrory and Naomi Radcliffe.
TV[edit]
From 2004-2007, the RAI made an animated TV series, Last of the Mohicans with Ted Russof as Uncas, Katie McGovern as Cora, and Flaminia Fegarotti as Alice.
There was a Canadian TV series, Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans in 1957 with John Hart as Hawkeye and Lon Chaney, Jr. as Chingachgook.
The BBC made a TV serial of the book in 1971, with Philip Madoc as Magua, Kenneth Ives as Hawkeye and John Abineri as Chingachgook, which some critics believe to be the most faithful and the best adaptation.
In a 1977 American made-for-TV movie, Steve Forrest starred as Hawkeye with Ned Romero as Chingachgook and Don Shanks as Uncas.
Opera[edit]
Classics Illustrated, The Last of the Mohicans
Issue #4.
In 1977, Lake George Opera presented an opera version The Last of the Mohicans by composer Alva Henderson.[25]
Comics[edit]
Classic Comics #4, The Last of the Mohicans, first published 1942.
Marvel Comics has published two versions of the story: in 1976 a one-issue version as part of their Marvel Classics Comics series (issue #13). In 2007, they published a six-issue mini-series to start off the new Marvel Illustrated series.
Famed manga artist Shigeru Sugiura wrote and illustrated a very loose manga adaptation of the story in 1952-3 (remade in 1973-4). This adaptation is heavily influenced by American movies and western comics and is filled with absurd humor and anachronistic jokes. An English translation of Sugiura's 1973-4 version including a lengthy essay on Sugiura's artistic influences was published in the United States in 2013.[26]
See also[edit]
Novels portal
France in the Seven Years' War
George Washington in the French and Indian War
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Last of the Mohicans, The. In: Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam-Webster, 1995, ISBN 0877790426, p.661
Jump up ^ Cf. the Leatherstocking Tales for a chart showing both the chronological order and the order of publication of the five novels.
Jump up ^ New Ideas of Race: The Last of the Mohicans. In: Fiona J. Stafford: The Last of the Race: The Growth of a Myth from Milton to Darwin.. Oxford Scholarship, 1994
Jump up ^ Last of the Mohicans. In: Martin J. Manning (ed.), Clarence R. Wyatt (ed.): Encyclopedia of Media and Propaganda in Wartime America. Volume I.. ABC-CLIO, 2011, ISBN 9781598842289, pp. 75-76
Jump up ^ Steele, Ian K (1990). Betrayals: Fort William Henry & the 'Massacre. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-19-505893-2. (page 144 at Google Books).
Jump up ^ "Cooper's Indians: A Critique".
Jump up ^ University of Houston study guide, Quote: "Uncas will be the last pure-blooded Mohican because there are no pure-blooded Mohican women for him to marry."
Jump up ^ Urdang, p. 875
Jump up ^ Last of the Mohicans (2005 Signet Classics edition), Chapter XVI, pg. 193
Jump up ^ Diane Roberts, The Myth of Aunt Jemima, Routledge 1994 p.173.
Jump up ^ {from Chapter XVI in James Fenimore Cooper, Works of J. Fenimore Cooper, 10 vols., (New York: P.F. Collier, Pub., 1892) 2:95}.
Jump up ^ Walker, Warren S. "Plots and Characters in the Fiction of James Fenimore Cooper". Originally published in Warren S. Walker, Plots and Characters in the Fiction of James Fenimore Cooper (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1978), pp. 86–92. James Fenimore Cooper Society. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Cooper, Susan Fenimore (1861). Pages and Pictures from the Writings of James Fenimore Cooper. W.A. Townsend and Co. pp. 121–131.
^ Jump up to: a b Cooper, Susan Fenimore (1876–1884). Household Edition of the Works of J. Fenimore Cooper. Houghton, Mifflin and Co. p. xi–xliv. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Cooper, James Fenimore (1850). The Last of the Mohicans. pp. Introduction p8.
Jump up ^ Uncas In: Spencer Tucker, James R. Arnold, Roberta Wiener: The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890. ABC-CLIO, 2011, ISBN 9781851096978, p. 809
Jump up ^ Uncas In: Jonathan Smith: Indian Tribes of the New England Frontier. Osprey, 2006, ISBN 9781841769370, p. 42
Jump up ^ George Dekker and John P McWilliams (1973). Fenimore Cooper—the critical reception. Routledge. p. 83.
Jump up ^ Cooper, James (2009). Paul Gutjahr, ed. The Last of the Mohicans. Peterborough: Broadview Press. p. 447. ISBN 978-1-55111-866-6.
Jump up ^ Italie, Hillel. ""Last of the Mohicans" was first great American novel". Retrieved October 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "James Fenimore Cooper", Mohican Press
Jump up ^ ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Mohican", The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 2006. Retrieved December 29, 2011
Jump up ^ IMDb entry for José Marco
Jump up ^ Tapley, Kristopher (May 12, 2012). "Michael Mann looks back on 'The Last of the Mohicans' 20 years later". HitFix.
Jump up ^ "Opera Saratoga".
Jump up ^ Neil Summers. "LAST OF THE MOHICANS By Shigeru Sugiura".
Further reading[edit]
H. Daniel Peck (ed.): New Essays on The last of the Mohicans. Cambridge University Press 1992, ISBN 0-521-37771-4
Martin Barker, Roger Sabin: The Lasting of the Mohicans. University Press of Mississippi 1995, ISBN 0-87805-858-3
George Dekker (ed.), John P. Williams (ed.): James Fenimore Cooper: The Critical Heritage. Routledge 1997, ISBN 0-415-15928-8, pp. 87–114
Craig White: Student Companion to James Fenimore Cooper. Greenwood Publishing 2006, ISBN 0-313-33413-7, pp. 101–124
Donald A. Ringe: "Mode and Meaning in 'The Last of the Mohicans'", In W. M. Verhoeven (ed.): James Fenimore Cooper: New Historical and Literary Contexts. Rodopi 1993, ISBN 90-5183-333-4, pp. 109–124 (excerpt at Google Books)
"The Last of the Mohicans." Literary Themes for Students. 2006. HighBeam Research. (June 17, 2014). http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3451000039.html
Thomas Philbrick: The Last of the Mohicans and the Sounds of Discord. American Literature, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Mar., 1971), pp. 25–41 (JSTOR)
Melissa McFarland Pennell: Masterpieces of American Romantic Literature. Greenwood, 2006, ISBN 9780313331411, pp. 9–27 (excerpt at Google Books)
Frank Bergmann: The Meanings of Indians and Their Land in Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans. In: Frank Bergmann (ed.): Upstate Literature: Essays in Memory of Thomas F. O'Donnell. Syracuse University Press, 1985, ISBN 0815623313, pp. 117–128 (excerpt at Google Books)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Last of the Mohicans.
Works related to The Last of the Mohicans at Wikisource
The James Fenimore Cooper Society – extensive collection of material about Cooper, in particular many scholarly articles on him and his work
The Last of the Mohicans at Project Gutenberg
The Last of the Mohicans at Open Library
The Last of the Mohicans public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Fort William Henry Museum
Fort William Henry: The Siege & Massacre
Last of the Mohicans Outdoor Drama
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Last of the Redmen (1947)
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Leatherstocking Tales
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 183066771
LCCN: n80036249
GND: 4306204-0
SUDOC: 073645044
BNF: cb12351891k (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_of_the_Mohicans&oldid=806884793"
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values: آخر سلالة الموهيكيين (رواية) – Arabic

values: Последният мохикан – Bulgarian

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