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Shadow King
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Shadow King
Art by Jim Lee.
Publication information
Publisher
Marvel Comics
First appearance
Uncanny X-Men #117 (January 1979)
Created by
Chris Claremont
John Byrne
In-story information
Alter ego
Amahl Farouk
Species
Ancient entity and human mutant
Team affiliations
Dark X-Men
Gladiators
Brotherhood of Mutants
Notable aliases
Amahl Farouk, Jacob Reisz, Ananasi, Lenny, Benny, Cypher, Karma
Abilities
Telepathy
Possession
Immortality
The Shadow King (also known as Amahl Farouk) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is particularly associated with the X-Men family of comics. His nemesis is the X-Men's leader, Professor X, and he also figures into the backstory of the X-Man Storm. As originally introduced, Farouk was a human mutant from Egypt who used his vast telepathic abilities for evil, taking the alias Shadow King. Later writers established Farouk as only the modern incarnation of an ancient evil entity that has been around since the dawn of humanity, who became one with Farouk when he grew older.[1]
The character has appeared in various adaptations of X-Men stories, including X-Men: The Animated Series and Wolverine and the X-Men. He made his live-action debut in the television series Legion. In early episodes he appeared as a mental apparition known as the “Devil With the Yellow Eyes” (played by Quinton Boisclair), later taking on multiple forms including a woman named Lenny Busker (Aubrey Plaza). In season two of Legion, his true form, Amahl Farouk, is played by Navid Negahban.
Contents
[hide]
1 Publication history
2 Fictional character biography
2.1 As Amahl Farouk in the 1930s
2.2 Confrontation with Charles Xavier
2.3 New Mutants
2.4 Muir Island saga
2.5 Psi-War
2.6 Freedom
2.7 New Excalibur
2.8 X-Men: Worlds Apart
2.9 Brotherhood of Evil Mutants
2.10 Psi-War II
3 Powers
4 Other versions
4.1 Age of Apocalypse
4.2 Ultimate Marvel
4.3 X-Men '92
5 In other media
5.1 Television
5.1.1 Live action
5.1.2 Animation
5.2 Video games
6 References
7 External links
Publication history[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2015)
Created by writer Chris Claremont and illustrator/co-writer John Byrne, the character the Shadow King first appeared in Uncanny X-Men #117 (January 1979) as the telepathic mutant Amahl Farouk.
X-Treme X-Men and X-Men: True Friends reveal the Shadow King to be an entity of the astral plane which has existed since the dawn of humanity, an ethereal demon preferring to enslave the bodies of telepaths and psychics and use their capabilities to enslave others. As a side effect of its greed, hedonism and lack of self-control, the Shadow King's long-term telepathic hosts are often morbidly obese.[1]
Fictional character biography[edit]
The Shadow King's origins are unclear, all we know is that he was living in Morocco until the 1800s before taking Farouk as a host. It is a multiversal manifestation of the dark side of the human consciousnesses, spawned by the first nightmare. When Amahl Farouk's powers developed he psychically controlled those around him, feeding on the shadows in their souls and merging with the Shadow King (who had transferred from host to host since the dawn of humanity).[2]
For many years, the Shadow King's primary human manifestation was Amahl Farouk. As Farouk, he originally confronted Professor X (inspiring him to form the X-Men).
As Amahl Farouk in the 1930s[edit]
The Shadow King was known as Amahl Farouk in 1931, working for two of Adolf Hitler's special agents (Wolfgang von Strucker and Geist). Von Strucker and Geist planned to dethrone King Edward of England and replace him with a fascist ruler sympathetic to Hitler. When Farouk conducted a mystical ceremony, he accidentally brought back Phoenix Force host Rachel Summers and her teammate Shadowcat (also known as Kitty Pryde). Von Strucker began to doubt Farouk's abilities. The Shadow King quickly possessed Rachel Summers and, as Shadowcat escaped, allied herself with Alasdhair Kinross. Farouk kidnapped the heir to the throne, Lilibet, and fled to Edinburgh. When Shadowcat tried to reach Summers telepathically, she found Farouk in control. Pryde surprised Farouk by calling him "Shadow King", enabling her to escape. Farouk took control of Kinross and tried to kill them both, but Pryde used her phasing powers to disrupt Kinross's nervous system and knock him out.
Although Farouk was going to sacrifice Kinross to demons in return for a spell which would annihilate the English monarchy, he was interrupted by Kitty and his crystal knife shattered. The demons entered Farouk's body, overpowering him. He began dispersing energy, killing all the Nazi soldiers; von Strucker accused of treason and tried to shoot him. Farouk transformed into the Shadow King and tried to force Pryde and Kinross to fight, but they were saved by a young Logan. Phoenix unleashed her power on Farouk, but she was subdued and possessed. Lilibet escaped, fleeing to Holyrood House. Farouk possessed the house's servants and sent them and Phoenix in pursuit. Logan ambushed Farouk, von Strucker and Geist, but Farouk had Summers and the servants attack him. Farouk then possessed Pryde and Lilibet.
Pryde began talking about the future and the fall of Hitler; Lilibet attacked Farouk, disabling him enough for Pryde to disrupt his nervous system (stunning them both and giving Summers time to regain control of herself). Farouk recovered and tried to retake his prisoners, but Phoenix fought on the astral plane. Phoenix was going to kill him when Pryde struck them with the Sword of Scones, causing them to return to their bodies; Farouk's body was supposedly destroyed by an energy blast from the sword but later when questioned by Rachel if they had killed Farouk, Pryde reveals that they had for the moment only weakened him.[3]
Confrontation with Charles Xavier[edit]
In 1971, Farouk returned and met V-Battalion leader James Watkins Jr. Watkins offered him V-Battalion support if Farouk could obtain information about the Everlasting. Farouk gave Watkins the name of Marduk.[4]
Farouk became a crime lord in Egypt, controlling Cairo's Thieves Quarter (where a young Charles Xavier's pocket was picked by a child, Ororo Munroe). After Xavier stopped her and retrieved his wallet, he was struck by a bolt of psionic energy. When he recovered, he discovered that the source of the attack was a nearby tavern (where he met Farouk). Sitting at separate tables, they conversed telepathically. Farouk told Xavier that he sensed another telepath nearby, and the attack was a warning to stay clear of the area.
He unsuccessfully tried to persuade Xavier to join him in his criminal activities; Xavier believed that people with such gifts should use them to better the world. They assumed astral form, and Xavier defeated Farouk on the astral plane with a fatal psionic attack. Farouk was Xavier's first encounter with an evil mutant, which led to the formation of the X-Men. His psyche still on the Astral plane, Farouk awaited another chance to fight Xavier (whom he now feared).[5]
New Mutants[edit]
The Shadow King became aware of a young mutant, Karma, a member of Xavier's New Mutants with the psychic ability to possess other beings. In one of the team's earliest missions, Karma was apparently killed in an explosion at the Viper's hideout. However, the Shadow King used Karma's powers against her to possess her.
As Karma, the Shadow King rebuilt his worldwide empire while indulging his gluttony through her body. He used her to control the Gladiators, a group of mutants, by using a holographic image of leader Alexander Flynn.[6]
The Shadow King used the Gladiators to abduct Magma and Sunspot, forcing them to fight each other until teammates Cannonball, Shadowcat, Dazzler, and Magik tried to rescue them. In their battle to escape the Gladiators, Cannonball and Shadowcat recognized their obese antagonist as Karma (not realizing that she was controlled by the Shadow King).[7]
The team followed Karma to Madripoor, where they were subjected to Karma's mind control (augmented by the Shadow King). The remaining New Mutants and Storm fought their teammates in Cairo, where Karma took control of Storm and Mirage. Magik, realizing that Karma was possessed by the Shadow King, released her teammates from Karma's control and Karma from the Shadow King.[8][9] After losing his host, the Shadow King transferred to Cypher; Karma entered the astral plane, apparently destroying his astral form.[10]
Muir Island saga[edit]
The Shadow King resurfaced many years later in the body of deceased FBI agent Jacob Reisz when Storm had been sent back to childhood by the Nanny and woke up with amnesia. Forge used meditation to enter the astral plane, discovering that Storm was still alive but at the cost of his cybernetic arm. When the Shadow King tried to claim the child, he was questioned about his motives, at which point he killed a man and framed Storm. On Muir Island, the telepath Legion used Cerebro to look for Storm and the other X-Men when the Shadow King attacked and possessed him; he also controlled Moira MacTaggert and Valerie Cooper, after which he sent Valerie Cooper to kill Mystique.
The Shadow King set a trap to capture Storm. Her youth gave her less control of her mutant powers, and when he tried to possess her mind she involuntarily hit him with a lightning bolt, but he soon found her with Gambit. They worked together to fight him, escaping with the Shadow King's hounds in pursuit. Mystique defeated Valerie Cooper and impersonated her, appearing on television to report Mystique's death. Part of Carol Danvers separated from Rogue and traveled to Muir Island, where she was forced to fight Legion and Moira MacTaggert, when she emerged from the Siege Perilous in the X-Men's former Australian hideout. Although she defeated them, she was possessed by the Shadow King. He compelled her to go to the Savage Land to find Rogue, but she was defeated on arrival by Magneto.[11] The Shadow King, with his ambitious schemes, was afraid of being identified by other telepaths. He needed a nexus between the astral and psionic planes to generate a disturbance which would affect other telepaths. Polaris' powers had been recently altered by Zaladane, and he chose Polaris as his nexus.
Jean Grey tried to access the astral plane with Cerebro, but the Shadow King overrode Cerebro's defenses and noticed that Jean had lost her telepathic powers and was helpless. He tried to turn her into the Shadow Queen, but Psylocke threatened him with her psi-blade. Psylocke used the blade on Jean, returning her to the physical world; however, they could not remember the details of the encounter and his identity was not yet compromised.[12] It was discovered when Professor X probed Colossus' mind after the latter tried to kill him.[13]
The X-Men uncovered the Shadow King's control of Muir Island, and sent a task force which included Storm, Forge, Gambit, Banshee, Wolverine and Jubilee to remove his influence. The Shadow King sent his slaves to defend the island, and they defeated the invaders. Xavier understood that he needed a human host and a nexus to continue his exploits, and planned to cut both the links. Mystique revealed herself and shot Jacob Reisz in the head, destroying his brain and killing the Shadow King's human host. Due to shock and the removal of the Shadow King's host, Legion became unstable. X-Factor discovered that his nexus was Polaris, but the Shadow King took possession of Legion. He ordered the slaves to hide underground because he was going to use Legion's power to destroy the surface of Muir Island. Jean Grey's telekinesis protected X-Factor and the X-Men.[14]
Xavier then used Jean as a psi-anchor to fight the Shadow King in the astral plane, but he was defeated. Archangel, Colossus, Cyclops and Storm joined Jean in the astral plane to help Xavier, unaware of Legion's body nearby. Although they gave Xavier willpower and energy, Legion destroyed their bodies and Xavier returns to his former paraplegic state. Forge uses Psylocke's psi-blade on Polaris, breaking the Shadow King's link to the nexus, after which his energy dissipated overcoming the X-Men. Xavier and Jean tried to absorb whatever they could and shield the others. Xavier offered the Shadow King a chance to redeem himself, but he opted for the void and was left in a coma.[15]
Psi-War[edit]
After the Onslaught incident in which Charles Xavier lost his powers, the Shadow King could return to the physical world since the psionic plane had lost its guardian. Posing as "Ananasi", the Shadow King took over the African tribe who worshiped Storm. After attacking one of her relatives, Psylocke took Storm to the astral plane to fight "Ananasi" only to find the villagers’ minds set up in a distinct pattern. Before they can discern the reasoning, "Ananasi" attacks Psylocke and brings up her past failures and how she was always considered a redundant Jean Grey-wannabe. Ainet finds Storm and tells her the truth, but "Ananasi" buries Storm under bones of her dead friends before she can tell Betsy the truth. Psylocke falls into "Ananasi"’s trap and accidentally hits one of the villagers with her psi-blade. This caused a chain reaction that cripples the entire psionic plan itself, damaging the collective subconscious of every being on Earth (the basis of the psi-plane) as well as all psi-sensitive in the corporeal world. Humans experienced déjà vu, nightmares, migraines or nosebleeds, and those born with psionic, telepathic or intuitive abilities were maimed; Jean and Nate Grey, Cable, Emma Frost, Chamber and Bianca LaNiege were devastated. "Maddie" Pryor (Nate Grey's psionic construct from Madelyne Pryor's psionic remnants) was obliterated, and Dr. Strange and Spider-Man were also affected while Psylocke is left as a discombobulated mess, as "Ananasi" reveals himself to be the Shadow King, now free of any opposition on the Psionic Plane.[16] With the world’s telepaths crippled, the Shadow King ascends to dominance and, one by one, begins to corrupt mankind. He explains to Psylocke that although he was defeated by Charles Xavier at Muir Island, where they thought he was dead, however, as long as one dark thought exists in man, he can live. He went into hibernation, for the lack of a better word. He eventually bids her farewell forever as he teleports away and Psylocke turns to stone and then falls apart. Yet again the Crimson Dawn saves Psylocke once again and resurrects her, this time with an all black psi-form and the ability to command the shadows of the Psionic Plane, which allow her to go undetected by the Shadow King. She eventually confronts the Shadow King and pretends to be tempted by his offer to become the Shadow Queen to distract him while Storm freed the other X-Men. However Farouk saw through the ruse; Psylocke sent the X-Men to the physical world and takes the fight directly with the Shadow King, who stretches his powers to the maximum to infect every mind on Earth. Psylocke is intoxicated by the power, but keeps her focus and discovers that the Shadow King has left his nexus, the soul of every person on the Psionic Plane, exposed as his body unravels to reach every mind. Psylocke uses her shadows to contain the nexus and the Shadow King is trapped, but only as long as Psylocke focuses her telepathy on him, which means she can never use her powers again or else he will be free. Psylocke leaves the Psionic Plane for the last time and reveals what happened to Storm.[17]
Sometime later the Shadow King reached Psylocke's mind when she's forced to use Cerebro to cleansed Logan of the Death persona with a little push from each of Logan's closest friends, but Archangel experienced a metamorphosis of his own from his close contact to Apocalypse's handiwork.[18] The Shadow King eventually managed to convince Betsy to release him in order to help Warren but before she reaches him, Warren himself mysteriously appears on her mind and stop her sending the Shadow King back to his prison when Betsy disconnected herself from Cerebro.[19]
Freedom[edit]
The Shadow King was eventually released from his prison when Psylocke perished in combat with the mutant hunter, Vargas. Once again free, he possessed the Reavers and attempted to attack the X-Men. However, Rogue used her acquired memories as well as Sage's computer like mind and attacked the Shadow King, binding his core as Psylocke had done.[20]
New Excalibur[edit]
Due to the events of House of M, the Shadow King was released from his prison and was able to escape to an alternate reality, Earth-6141.[21] Once there, he possessed their version of Professor X and then corrupted the original X-Men (whom he called the Dark X-Men). He maintained constant telepathic contact and control over them and forced them to kill all the heroes of their world. The Scarlet Witch's Decimation Wave enabled the Shadow King to bring himself and his team to Earth-616 in order to gain revenge on those who had crossed him. He tried to kill Captain Britain with the controlled New Excalibur, but was again defeated by Psylocke (who was revived by her brother, Jamie Braddock).[22] The Dark X-Men tried to free Xavier from his prison with the help of Lionheart.[23] Lionheart sealed the Shadow King in the Dark Xavier's body, releasing the Shadow-X from his control and killed Dark Xavier therefore sending the Shadow King back to the Astral plane.[24]
X-Men: Worlds Apart[edit]
The Shadow King reappeared in Wakanda, where he killed a Wakandan priest and framed former New X-Men member Gentle. He then controlled Black Panther to confront his longtime enemy (and T'Challa's wife), Storm. The Shadow King intended to break Storm psychologically, forcing her to choose between the X-Men and her husband. He forced Cyclops to attack Emma Frost and the rest of the X-Men in California and forced the Black Panther to wreak havoc in Africa. While Storm raced to save the Black Panther and the X-Men, she recognized a third option: to take down the one responsible for making her choose. Storm defeated the Black Panther and flew with Gentle to San Francisco, taking down Gentle and the rest of the active X-Men (controlled by the Shadow King). She struck Cyclops (the Shadow King's host) with a bolt of lightning, stopping his heart and forcing the Shadow King to possess Storm. This was a trap; when he entered Storm's mind, the Shadow King found the panther god Bast waiting for him. Storm revealed that she allowed the Wakanda panther god to hide in her mind to avenge the Shadow King for violating T'Challa's mind. Bast essentially and literally devoured the Shadow King's astral form. Farouk's plan to cut Storm off from her relationships instead strengthened them.[25]
Brotherhood of Evil Mutants[edit]
The Shadow King's nexus survived however and when he recuperated he took over a military base's nuclear facility to use its missiles, aiming them at Utopia and New York. The X-Force headed to the military base after losing contact with Deadpool (who was investigating the psychic emanations felt by Betsy), learning that the Shadow King controlled the base.
He told Psylocke that her mind is an open book to him, and releases Archangel from his psychic prison in Warren's memory in revenge; Archangel cuts off the Shadow King's "head", erasing Betsy's memory and enabling her to kill the man who was under the Shadow King's influence.[26] The Shadow King gave a reporter photographs of Warren killing the military, forcing the squad to apprehend their teammate and seek help from Dark Beast.[27] As Farouk, the Shadow King appeared as a member of Daken's Brotherhood of Evil Mutants (consisting of Sabretooth, Mystique, Skinless Man, the Blob from Earth-295, and the Omega Clan) in a plot to attack the X-Force.[28]
He created an illusion of the Professor and Angel to catch Psylocke off-guard, expressing disappointment at the ease of defeating the warrior who caged him. Farouk was with the Brotherhood as they watched the apparent death of the X-Force. He, Creed and Daken showed Evan that his life was a computer-generated illusion and he was a clone of Apocalypse. The Brotherhood unsuccessfully planned to compel Evan to put on Apocalypse armor, make the Shadow King control him and destroy Jean Grey's school.[29] Psylocke locked the Shadow King in Omega White's body and entrusted it to her brother, Captain Britain.[30]
Apparently Brian or someone at his command had sealed the Shadow King's host body in a tomb in the Gobi Desert where it was eventually found in stasis erroneously trapped inside Omega Black's body by the Crimson Pirates and unwittingly released by their telepath, Bloody Bess. He possessed the Pirates except for Bess, who appealed to Nightcrawler for help. Nightcrawler and Bess fought the Pirates and the X-Men, who were controlled by the Shadow King. He was defeated when Bess and Psylocke threw off his mind control and sent Nightcrawler against him armed with Psylocke's psi-blade, which stunned him long enough to be interred again in Omega Black's body.[31]
Psi-War II[edit]
The Shadow King has since been revealed to be imprisoned in the Astral Plane, but still trying to force his way out to the physical world. He began targeting psychics to build a web in order to escape the Astral Plane and the first one was Psylocke, who fell prey to him and would have released him if not for the intervention of Rogue, Old Man Logan, Warren, Bishop, Gambit and Fantomex. Knowing now that others psychics can fall prey too, Psylocke sends to the Astral Plane her teammates in order to defeat the Shadow King, unaware that he had changed, now half-human half-spider and is waiting for them. He also reveals that he has imprisoned in his realm the astral form of Professor Xavier.[32] As they arrive, they quickly fall into the Shadow King's illusions and if they don’t break it their bodies and souls will fall under his control. Old Man Logan suddenly remembers everything and helps the other X-Men realize that the Shadow King is affecting their memories. As the room they are in transforms, they see three doors in front of them. Logan mentions that while the Shadow King is controlling things there are two minds involved in whatever they are in, which is how he figured out the play was fake.[33]
Powers[edit]
The Shadow King was originally presented as a telepathic mutant second only to Professor X. He can possess other beings while on the astral plane and control them.
The Shadow King's nature as an astral entity, preying on the bodies of powerful psychics and using them to enslave others, was later revealed. In its native form, it can only be harmed psychically or by magic weapons and has demonstrated the ability to live for millennia. Its powers when possessing a body are limited to the body's capabilities.[citation needed]
Other versions[edit]
In an alternate universe, the Shadow King conquered the Hellfire Club.[34] In the Mutant X dimension, he merged with Professor Xavier to form an evil being.
Age of Apocalypse[edit]
In the "Age of Apocalypse" storyline, the Shadow King story is essentially unchanged. He assumes the guise of crime lord Amahl Farouk and encounters Charles Xavier; they wage a psychic battle on the astral plane which kills Farouk's body, forcing his mind to move there. When Xavier died, the Shadow King became an agent of Apocalypse and appeared as a cloudy face in a bottle in his sanctum.[35][36] Apocalypse used him to hunt for telepaths who refused to join him and to instruct those who accepted his offer and had psionic powers.[35]
The Shadow King was the first to sense the presence of Nate Grey, forcing Apocalypse to send Domino and her Bounty Hunters to capture or kill him.[37] When Angel's assistant Karma was captured by Apocalypse's servants, the Shadow King psychically tortured her into revealing the location of Magneto's X-Men.[38] He later attempted to read the mind of Bishop, but Bishop's memory of the original reality (Earth-616) was enough to expel the Shadow King from his mind.[39] Finally, the Shadow King followed Nightcrawler to the sanctuary of Avalon by hiding in the mind of Dead Man Wade. There he took control of the minds of the many of Avalon's mutant and human refugees, causing great carnage. Nightcrawler, with the assistance of the psychic and Shadow King's former student Damask, the time-stopping Switchback and Mystique, was able to physically teleport into the astral plane and defeat the Shadow King. The casualties caused by the Shadow King's attack were enough to convince Destiny to accompany Nightcrawler and the X-Men on a mission to Apocalypse's stronghold;[40] Following his defeat on Avalon, the Shadow King was next seen reporting to Apocalypse about Domino's failure to capture Nate Grey[41] and inform Apocalypse about the destruction of the Southwest Kingdom by the Eurasian High Council's radioactive bombs.[42]
After Weapon X betrayed the X-Men and become the heir of Apocalypse, the Shadow King became his agent and chief telepath.
Ultimate Marvel[edit]
In the Ultimate Marvel series, the Shadow King appeared as Storm's lover and the leader of the group of thieves to which she and Lady Deathstrike belonged.[43] Storm sent him into a coma after accidentally electrocuting him.[43] His mind went to another dimension, where he encountered the Brood and others and became the Shadow King.[44]
X-Men '92[edit]
In Marvel's 2015 Secret Wars storyline, the 1992 X-Men Animated Series was adapted into a limited series where this reality was made into the Battleworld domain of Westchester. In the series, Cassandra Nova runs a rehabilitation center for former villains, but is secretly possessed by the Shadow King. He planned on killing the Battlezone's baron, Senator Kelly, but is stopped when X-Force rescues the X-Men.[45]
In other media[edit]
Television[edit]
Live action[edit]
Shadow King appears as the primary antagonist in the TV series Legion. Prior to the revelation of the character's identity, he was referred to by David Haller as "the Devil with the Yellow Eyes" (portrayed by Quinton Boisclair). The Shadow King takes several forms over the course of the series other than his real form, including Haller's childhood dog King, the Angry Boy (portrayed by Devyn Dalton) who is a manifestation of the title character from the children's book The Angriest Boy in the World, Haller's friend Lenny Busker (portrayed by Aubrey Plaza), and a friend from his youth named Benny (portrayed by Kirby Morrow). Originally a mutant enemy of David's father, the Shadow King's consciousness escaped his death and latched on to David as a kind of psychic parasite, using David's mutant abilities to grow stronger. His presence influenced David's mental instability and the way he perceives reality. The Shadow King is portrayed in the second season by Navid Negahban.[46]
Animation[edit]
Shadow King appears in two episodes of X-Men: The Animated Series (1992–97), voiced by Maurice Dean Wint. In flashbacks he is the first evil mutant faced by a younger Charles Xavier, who banished his spirit to the astral plane. Farouk is depicted as an athletic, middle-aged bearded man instead of his bald, obese appearance in the comics.
Shadow King appears in the Wolverine and the X-Men episode, "Overflow", voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson. In a flashback, Farouk takes in Ororo to steal for him until Professor X defeats him. He possesses Storm, forcing her to see Africa burning; she tries to extinguish the fire, unaware that she is the one destroying it. The X-Men try to stop the Shadow King; Emma Frost fights him on the astral plane, apparently destroying him with a telepathic sword.
Video games[edit]
Shadow King is one of three primary villains in the video game X-Men Legends, voiced by Dorian Harewood.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Schedeen, Jesse (3 April 2018). "Legion: How the Shadow King Connects to the X-Men". IGN. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe #9
Jump up ^ X-Men: True Friends #01-03
Jump up ^ Citizen V and the V-Battalion Everlasting #1
Jump up ^ X-Men vol. 01 #117
Jump up ^ New Mutants vol. 01 #30
Jump up ^ New Mutants vol. 01 #31
Jump up ^ New Mutants vol. 01 #32
Jump up ^ New Mutants vol. 01 #33
Jump up ^ New Mutants vol. 01 #34
Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men #269
Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men #273
Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men #279
Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men #280
Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men #253-280
Jump up ^ X-Men vol.02 #77
Jump up ^ X-Men vol.02 #78
Jump up ^ Wolverine (2nd series) #146
Jump up ^ Wolverine (2nd series) #147
Jump up ^ X-Treme X-Men Annual 2001
Jump up ^ X-Men: Messiah Complex - Mutant Files
Jump up ^ New Excalibur #08
Jump up ^ New Excalibur #19
Jump up ^ New Excalibur #19
Jump up ^ X-Men: Worlds Apart #1-4
Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Force #8
Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Force #10
Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Force #27
Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Force #34
Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Force #35
Jump up ^ Nightcrawler (2014) #8-#10
Jump up ^ Astonishing X-Men (Vol. 4) #01
Jump up ^ Astonishing X-Men (Vol. 4) #02
Jump up ^ Excalibur #21-22
^ Jump up to: a b X-Men Alpha
Jump up ^ Age of Apocalypse #05
Jump up ^ X-Man #1
Jump up ^ Amazing X-Men #2
Jump up ^ Amazing X-Men #3
Jump up ^ X-Calibre #3-4
Jump up ^ X-Man #4
Jump up ^ X-Men Omega
^ Jump up to: a b Ultimate X-Men #81
Jump up ^ Ultimate X-Men #89
Jump up ^ X-Men '92 #6
Jump up ^ Nemetz, Dave (January 5, 2018). "Legion Adds Homeland Alum Navid Negahban in Season 2 Villain Recast". TVLine. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
External links[edit]
Shadow King at Marvel.com
Shadow King at Marvel Appendix
Age of Apocalypse at Marvel.com
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Derek Shepherd
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This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Derek Shepherd
Grey's Anatomy character
Patrick Dempsey as Derek Shepherd in 2012
First appearance
"A Hard Day's Night" (1.01)
March 27, 2005
Last appearance
"How to Save a Life" (11.21)
May 14, 2015
Created by
Shonda Rhimes
Portrayed by
Patrick Dempsey
Information
Full name
Derek Christopher Shepherd
Nickname(s)
McDreamy
Occupation
Attending neurosurgeon
Member of the Board
Title
Chief of Neurosurgery
Chief of Surgery
M.D.
F.A.C.S.
Family
Mr. Shepherd
(father, deceased)
Carolyn Maloney Shepherd
(mother)
Nancy Shepherd
(sister)
Kathleen "Kate" Shepherd
(sister)
Elizabeth "Lizzie" Shepherd
(sister)
Amelia Shepherd
(sister)
9 unnamed nieces
6 unnamed nephews (one deceased)
Spouse(s)
Addison Montgomery
(m. 1994; div. 2006)

Meredith Grey (m. 2009–2015)
Significant other(s)
Rose
Children
Zola Grey Shepherd (daughter with Meredith)
Derek Bailey Shepherd (son via Meredith)
Ellis Shepherd (daughter via Meredith)
Derek Christopher Shepherd,[1] M.D., also referred to as "McDreamy", is a fictional surgeon from the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy, portrayed by actor Patrick Dempsey. He made his first appearance in the pilot episode, "A Hard Day's Night", which was broadcast on March 27, 2005. Derek was married to Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh) for 12 years, before their divorce in 2006. Before his death in 2015, Derek was happily married to his longtime girlfriend and wife Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo). The couple have three children together. Shepherd was formerly the Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace Mercy West (now known as Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital), but abruptly resigned as chief in season 7 following the shooting. For his portrayal of Shepherd, Dempsey was nominated in 2006 and 2007 Golden Globe for the Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series Drama for the role, and the 2006 SAG Award for the Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Drama Series.
Contents
1 Storyline
2 Development
2.1 Casting and creation
2.2 Characterization
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Storyline[edit]
Derek arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital as the new Head of Neurosurgery from New York City. He is a Bowdoin College graduate[2] and attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alongside his childhood best friend Mark Sloan and ex-wife Addison Montgomery and Private Practice characters Naomi Bennett and Sam Bennett. Derek was a student of Dr. Richard Webber and was enticed to come with an "offer he couldn’t refuse"[3] – the position of Chief of Surgery, which he eventually turned down. He specializes in highly complex tumors and conditions of the brain and spine[4][5][6] and came to Seattle Grace with a reputation for taking on "lost causes" and "impossible" cases[7] that most of his peers would turn down. As an attending he is both well-liked and feared — well-liked by patients and his scrub nurses for his compassion and gentlemanly bedside manner and feared by interns and residents who are intimidated by his reputation and high standards.[4][8] He is passionate about his job and has been known to expel staff or remove interns and residents (or at least threaten them) from his service for being disrespectful about patients or if he deems their attitude to be detrimental to his patient's well-being.[9][10][11][8]
Derek first meets Meredith Grey at a bar, and soon finds out that she is an intern at Seattle Grace. They begin to have feelings for one another and it causes some awkwardness at work, particularly after her supervising resident Dr. Miranda Bailey discovers their relationship. Meredith's housemates and fellow interns George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens both antagonized her for some time as they felt she was using her relationship with Derek to further her career. He generally tolerated them despite his dislike of sharing his living space with the interns who worked under him. While most of his family members accepted Meredith, his sister, Nancy, particularly disliked her and repeatedly called her "the slutty intern";[12] as of season nine she still refuses to speak to Meredith or acknowledge her as her sister-in-law.[13] His mother Carolyn approved as she felt Meredith's gray perspective of life complemented Derek's tendency to see everything in black and white.[14]
Derek's background was generally a mystery for the first season and source of speculation amongst his colleagues due to his sudden departure from an established and highly respected practice in New York. In the season one finale, his past eventually catches up with him when his estranged wife Addison moves to Seattle and is offered a position by Dr. Webber. Shortly thereafter, his childhood best friend Mark joins Seattle Grace as the new head of plastic surgery. Derek and Addison attempt to repair their marriage but attempts were futile. Since their divorce they have remained on amicable terms, with Addison even admonishing Meredith for breaking up with Derek in season three. In the Private Practice episode "Ex-Life" Derek finally tells Addison that his mother never liked her in the first place. He admits to Meredith that Addison cheating on him with Mark was partly his fault as an absentee husband.[15] Addison eventually leaves Seattle for a private practice in Los Angeles, spawning the spin-off Private Practice. In the season eight episode "If/Then", Meredith dreams of an alternate universe where her mother never had Alzheimer's; Derek and Addison are still married but their strained relationship and Shepherd's disillusionment causes his career to stagnate, earning him the nicknames "Bad Shepherd" and "McDreary".
When Derek is offered the Chief of Surgery position for the second time, he persuades the board to keep Dr. Webber on the staff. During the merger of Seattle Grace with Mercy West their relationship sours when Derek disagreed with Richard's handling of the merger and Richard begins to display uncharacteristic behavior, not unnoticed by his fellow surgeons. Derek learns from Meredith that Richard has since resumed drinking and feels forced to have him removed as Chief of Surgery. With mixed feelings, Derek offers him an ultimatum: go into rehab and possibly pick up where he left off after, or quit completely.
In seasons three and four, Meredith and Derek's relationship becomes rocky and they each take time to date other people. Derek's plans to propose were ruined by a series of unfortunate events in season five. In the season finale, they decide to give their planned wedding to Alex and Izzie. Due to their tight schedule, they instead informally marry and Derek writes down their "promises" on a post-it note. They legalize their marriage in season seven in order to adopt Zola, a young African orphan treated for spina bifida.[16] They briefly separate after Meredith tampers with their Alzheimer's trial, jeopardizing her career and tarnishing Derek's reputation. Zola is taken away from Meredith after a social worker finds out she and Derek are living separately. In later seasons, Derek often griped about how his subsequent interns and residents – mainly Lexie Grey, Shane Ross and Heather Brooks – did not quite measure up to Meredith.[4][10] The social worker comes back and announces they are the official parents of Zola. As Meredith nears the end of her fifth year of residency, she and Derek are torn between staying at Seattle Grace Mercy West or leaving for Boston where Derek would work at Harvard while Meredith would be at the Brigham and Women's Hospital.
Following his rescue from the plane crash that killed Mark and Lexie, Derek learns that he may only regain 80 percent of his hand's function. He comes to terms with the fact that his career as a surgeon may be over and is grateful that he is alive. When Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez), head of orthopedic surgery, tells him a more risky surgery could give him back full function of his hand or reduce its function if it goes wrong, he agrees, accepting the possibility of never again holding a scalpel. Derek recovers well and Callie clears him to return to work, but it is still weeks later that he feels ready to operate. Derek, Callie and fellow resident Jackson Avery decide to do nerve transplant for his hand. Meredith, newly pregnant with their second child, goes behind his back and calls his sisters so they can donate a nerve to him. Lizzie (Neve Campbell), Derek's younger sister, agrees to donate a nerve and the surgery is a success.
Derek and Meredith's marriage is strained after he accepted an invitation from the President to participate in the Brain-Mapping Initiative. He went back on his promise to her that he would not add to his current workload in order to devote time to their two young children and allow her the chance to establish her career as a full-fledged attending. Eventually he was offered a position at the National Institutes of Health in Washington, D.C., but Meredith puts her foot down and refuses to leave her hometown and uproot their young family. His youngest sister Amelia (Caterina Scorsone) takes over his position at Grey Sloan. Meanwhile, he and Meredith fight bitterly on and off over whether they should move. After a bad argument, he accepts the job in the heat of the moment and leaves for Washington. While there, he and Meredith talk things out over the phone and come to a mutual conclusion that they both did not want to end their marriage. He tells her that just being with her, raising their children and operating on patients was more satisfying than "saving the world".
In season 11, Derek is involved in a fatal car accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington. He is able to hear and process auditory input, but unable to speak. He is recognized by Winnie, one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier, who tells the surgeons that their patient's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well. The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night. Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times, he takes too long to arrive and Derek is declared brain dead. Police arrive at Meredith's door and take her to see Derek, where she consents to removing him from life support. At the time of his death, Meredith was pregnant with their third child. She gives birth to a daughter whom she names Ellis after her mother.
Derek was mentioned or referenced to a number of times in season 12 as the other characters struggle to cope with his sudden death. In the episode "My Next Life", Meredith had a flashback of their first ever surgery together when a patient named Katie Bryce was admitted to the hospital with a brain aneurysm. Amelia took his death especially hard as he was the sibling she was closest to. At the end of the season, prior to her wedding to Derek's long-time colleague Owen Hunt, Amelia goes on a nervous rant about how Derek was supposed to be the one to give her away, him having given away their three other sisters at their weddings.
Development[edit]
Casting and creation[edit]
When Patrick Dempsey auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd, he was afraid that he was not going to get the part. Creator Shonda Rhimes' first reaction was: "The very first time I met him, I was absolutely sure that he was my guy. Reading the lines of Derek Shepherd, Patrick had a vulnerable charm that I just fell for. And he had amazing chemistry with Ellen Pompeo." Rhimes admitted that Dempsey's dyslexia threw her at first, particularly at the first few table readings: "I did not know about Patrick's dyslexia in the beginning. I actually thought that he didn't like the scripts from the way he approached the readings. When I found out, I completely understood his hesitation. Now that we all know, if he is struggling with a word, the other actors are quick to step up and help him out. Everyone is very respectful."[citation needed] Isaiah Washington also auditioned for the part and when he did not get it, he said his reaction was like "I'd been kicked in the stomach by 14 mules." Washington was, however, later cast as Preston Burke.[17] Rob Lowe was also considered to portray Shepherd but turned the role down.[18] Some of the character's medical cases were inspired by real-life patients of Steve Giannotta, Chair of Neurological Surgery at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, whom Rhimes had consulted in writing for Shepherd's storylines and patients.[19]
In January 2014, Dempsey signed a two-year contract to remain on Grey's Anatomy (then in its tenth season) that would ensure his presence for potential 11th and 12th seasons.[20] However, in April 2015, Dempsey's character was killed off[21] while his contract was not over yet. Dempsey explained: "it just sort of evolved. It’s just kind of happened. It really was something that was kind of surprising that unfolded, and it just naturally came to be. Which was pretty good. I like the way it has all played out."[22] In August 2015, Rhimes commented:
“ The decision to have the character die the way that he did was not a difficult one in the sense of what were the options? Either Derek was going to walk out on Meredith, and leave her high and dry, and what was that going to mean? That was going to suggest that the love was not true, the thing we had said for 11 years was a lie and McDreamy wasn't McDreamy. For me, that was untenable. Meredith and Derek's love had to remain Meredith and Derek's love. As painful as it was for me as a storyteller, because I had never really thought that was going to happen, it preserved what felt true to me, was that Derek was going to have to die in order for that love to remain honest. Because I really couldn't have the idea that he just turned out to be a bad guy who walked out on his wife and kids be a true story. To me, it felt like that was the only way to make Meredith and Derek's magic remain true and forever frozen in time.[23] ”
The character was later written to be a graduate of Bowdoin College, a liberal arts college in Brunswick, Maine, after an alumnus led a petition signed by over 450 students to "adopt" the character as an alumnus.[24] Dempsey is from Lewiston, about 18 miles (29 km) away from Brunswick, and was awarded an honorary doctorate by Bowdoin in 2013.[2]
Characterization[edit]
Rhimes describes Shepherd as typical "Prince Charming". He was planned to be a doctor who doesn't really care about anything, who lives in his "own" universe and has a big sex appeal. A man who is charming, devilishly handsome and the type of guy every girl dreams of, and a man that often makes the wrong decisions, and is often known as a jerk or the ultimate heartbreaker. Rhimes planned to have this kind of character from the beginning, because he was the kind of guy whom girls fall in love with and a character whose storylines could easily be changed.[citation needed] USA Today writer Robert Bianco said: "Derek could, at times, seem like two people, warm and funny one minute, cold and self-involved the next. Dempsey's gift was in making those two sides seem like part of the same person, while keeping us rooting for that person as a whole."[25]
Reception[edit]
Dempsey's relation with Ellen Pompeo (Meredith Grey) has been the highlight of the series since its inception.
With the show concluding its second season, Robert Bianco of USA Today said that Emmy voters could consider him because of the "seemingly effortless way he humanizes Derek's 'dreamy' appeal with ego and vanity".[26] In the third season, Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger wrote that "the attempt to give the moral high ground back to McDreamy was bad. Dude, whatever happened in New York ceased to count in any kind of grievance tally once you agreed to take Addison back and give things another try. You're the dick who cheated on her, you're the one who knew that she found the panties, and still you act like her getting back together with Mark justifies what you did? Wow. I didn't think it was possible for me to dislike anyone on this show more than Meredith, but congratulations, big guy."[27]
Debbie Chang of BuddyTV noted the character's immaturity in the fourth season, saying: "The only character who did not make me love him was Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey). How this character is still Shonda's golden child is beyond me. Yes, we get it. He's tormented by his love for Meredith, but that does not give him the right to lash out at her when his clinical trial patients are dying. If things don't go absolutely the way he wants them to, then he refuses to cooperate. How immature can this man possibly be? No amount of heavily styled hair or blue-blue-blue eyes is going to make me warm up to him unless he admits to being the needy, desperate one in the relationship."[28]
Entertainment Weekly placed Shepherd in its list of the "30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses".[29] The character was also listed in Wetpaint's "10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV" and in BuzzFeed's "16 Hottest Doctors On Television".[30][31] His relationship with Meredith was included in TV Guide's list of "The Best TV Couples of All Time".[32]
Victor Balta of Today listed Shepherd and Sloan's friendship in its "TV's best bromances". He called them "the most exciting couple on Grey’s," explaining "they’ve demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter, sage wisdom on each other’s lives, and locker room-style teasing."[33] Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com, BuddyTV, Cosmopolitan, Wetpaint.[34][35][36][37] However, following the announcement of Dane's upcoming departure from the show, Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek "never clicked like you’d expect friends would. Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced."[38]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Addison Shepherd Quotes – Season 4, Episode 13: "Piece of My Heart"". TV Fanatic. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "'McDreamy' in Maine for Dempsey Challenge, Tips Cap to Bowdoin". Bowdoin College. October 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Enough is Enough". Grey's Anatomy. Season 1. Episode 2. April 12, 2012. ABC.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Poker Face". Grey's Anatomy. Season 8. Episode 6. October 20, 2011. ABC.
Jump up ^ "Stand By Me". Grey's Anatomy. Season 5. Episode 18. March 19, 2009. ABC.
Jump up ^ "Give Peace a Chance". Grey's Anatomy. Season 6. Episode 7. October 29, 2009. ABC.
Jump up ^ "Support System". Grey's Anatomy. Season 8. Episode 19. April 12, 2012. ABC.
^ Jump up to: a b "Go It Alone". Grey's Anatomy. Season 10. Episode 20. April 17, 2014. ABC.
Jump up ^ "Brave New World". Grey's Anatomy. Season 5. Episode 4. October 16, 2008. ABC.
^ Jump up to: a b "What Is It About Men". Grey's Anatomy. Season 8. Episode 4. October 6, 2011. ABC.
Jump up ^ "The Heart of the Matter". Grey's Anatomy. Season 4. Episode 4. October 18, 2007. ABC.
Jump up ^ "Let the Angels Commit". Grey's Anatomy. Season 3. Episode 6. November 2, 2006. ABC.
Jump up ^ "Love Turns You Upside Down". Grey's Anatomy. Season 9. Episode 8. December 6, 2012. ABC.
Jump up ^ "Sympathy for the Devil". Grey's Anatomy. Season 5. Episode 12. January 15, 2009. ABC.
Jump up ^ "Yesterday". Grey's Anatomy. Season 2. Episode 18. February 19, 2006. ABC.
Jump up ^ "White Wedding". Grey's Anatomy. Season 7. Episode 20. May 5, 2011. ABC.
Jump up ^ Rhodes, Joe (July 15, 2005). "Today's News: Our Take – Vet Earns M.D. on Grey's Anatomy". TV Guide. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Keck, William (November 17, 2006). "Lowe knows political roles". USA Today. Gannett Company. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Meet the Real-Life McDreamy: The Doctor Behind 'Grey's Anatomy'". The Hollywood Reporter. September 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (January 23, 2014). "'Grey's Anatomy's' Patrick Dempsey, Ellen Pompeo Ink New Two-Year Deals". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (April 23, 2015). "'Grey's Anatomy': Patrick Dempsey Officially Leaving After 11 Seasons". Variety. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rice, Lynette (April 24, 2015). "Grey's Anatomy star Patrick Dempsey on tonight's shocking twist -- exclusive". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bucksbaum, Sydney (August 5, 2015). "Shonda Rhimes Finally Explains Why Derek Had to Die on Grey's Anatomy". E! Online. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Alumnus puts Bowdoin in the Spotlight". The Bowdoin Orient. April 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ Bianco, Robert (April 24, 2015). "Review: 'Grey's Anatomy's' accidental death". USA Today. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bianco, Robert (May 14, 2006). "The cure for bromidic TV: 'Grey's Anatomy,' 'House'". USA Today. Gannett Company. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan (September 28, 2006). "Grey's Anatomy: You're kidding, right?". What's Alan Watching?. Blogspot. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Chang, Debbie (May 27, 2008). "How 'Grey's Anatomy' Got its Groove Back". BuddyTV. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Amy (June 15, 2009). "Paging Dr. Feelgood: 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Martin, Rebecca (December 21, 2012). "The 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV". Wetpaint. The Cambio Network. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 16 Hottest Doctors On Television". BuzzFeed. September 28, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Couples Pictures, Grey's Anatomy Photos – Photo Gallery: The Best TV Couples of All Time". TV Guide. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Balta, Victor. "How adorable! TV's best bromances". Today.com. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Rachel. "TV's Best Bromances". About.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best TV Bromances #15 McDreamy and McSteamy". BuddyTV. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hottest TV bromances". Cosmopolitan. July 19, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Kim (January 28, 2013). "Top 14 TV Bromances — I Love You, Man! (PHOTOS)". Wetpaint. The Cambio Network. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Perigard, Mark (July 27, 2012). "'Grey's Anatomy' drops another doc". Boston Herald. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
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Battle of Gonzales
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Battle of Gonzales
Part of the Texas Revolution

Come and Take It flag flown by Texians before the battle
Date
October 2, 1835
Location
Gonzales, Texas
Result
Texian Victory; Mexican withdrawal; beginning of Texian rebellion against the Mexican government.
Belligerents
Mexico Texian Army
Commanders and leaders
Francisco de Castañeda John Henry Moore
Strength
100 cavalry 150 militia
Casualties and losses
2 killed 0
hide
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Texas Revolution
Gonzales
Goliad
Concepción
Lipantitlán
Grass Fight
Béxar
San Patricio
Agua Dulce
The Alamo
Refugio
Coleto
San Jacinto
The Battle of Gonzales was the first military engagement of the Texas Revolution. It was fought near Gonzales, Texas, on October 2, 1835, between rebellious Texian settlers and a detachment of Mexican army soldiers .
In 1831, Mexican authorities gave the settlers of Gonzales a small cannon to help protect them from frequent Comanche raids. Over the next four years, the political situation in Mexico deteriorated, and in 1835 several states revolted. As the unrest spread, Colonel Domingo de Ugartechea, the commander of all Mexican troops in Texas, felt it unwise to leave the residents of Gonzales with a weapon and requested the return of the cannon.
When the initial request was refused, Ugartechea sent 100 dragoons to retrieve the cannon. The soldiers neared Gonzales on September 29, but the colonists used a variety of excuses to keep them from the town, while secretly sending messengers to request assistance from nearby communities. Within two days, up to 140 Texians gathered in Gonzales, all determined not to give up the cannon. On October 1, settlers voted to initiate a fight. Mexican soldiers opened fire as Texians approached their camp in the early hours of October 2. After several hours of desultory firing, the Mexican soldiers withdrew.[1]
Although the skirmish had little military significance, it marked a clear break between the colonists and the Mexican government and is considered to have been the start of the Texas Revolution. News of the skirmish spread throughout the United States, where it was often referred to as the "Lexington of Texas". The cannon's fate is disputed. It may have been buried and rediscovered in 1936, or it may have been seized by Mexican troops after the Battle of the Alamo.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Prelude
3 Battle
4 Aftermath
5 See also
6 Footnotes
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
Further information: Mexican Texas
Highlighted on this map of modern-day Texas is the area that was part of the DeWitt Colony.[2]
The Mexican Constitution of 1824 liberalized the country's immigration policies, allowing foreigners to settle in border regions such as Mexican Texas. In 1825, American Green DeWitt received permission to settle 400 families in Texas near the confluence of the San Marcos and Guadalupe Rivers.[3] The DeWitt Colony quickly became a favorite raiding target of local Karankawa, Tonkawa, and Comanche tribes, and in July 1826 they destroyed the capital city, Gonzales. The town was rebuilt the following year, after DeWitt negotiated peace treaties with the Karankawa and Tonkawa. The Comanche continued to stage periodic raids of the settlement over the next few years.[4] Unable to spare military troops to protect the town, in 1831 the region's political chief instead sent the settlers of Gonzales a six-pounder cannon,[5] described by historian Timothy Todish as "a small bored gun, good for little more than starting horse races".[6]
During the 1830s, the Mexican government wavered between federalist and centralist policies. As the pendulum swung sharply towards centralism in 1835, several Mexican states revolted.[7] In June, a small group of settlers in Texas used the political unrest as an excuse to rebel against customs duties, in an incident known as the Anahuac Disturbances.[8] The federal government responded by sending more troops to Texas.[9] Public opinion was sharply divided. Some communities supported the rebellion for a variety of reasons. Others, including Gonzales, declared their loyalty to Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna's centralist government.[10] Local leaders began calling for a Consultation to determine whether a majority of settlers favored independence, a return to federalism, or the status quo. Although some leaders worried that Mexican officials would see this type of gathering as a step toward revolution, by the end of August most communities had agreed to send delegates to the Consultation, scheduled for October 15.[11] In the interim, many communities formed militias to protect themselves from a potential attack by military forces.[9][12]
On September 10, a Mexican soldier bludgeoned a Gonzales resident, which led to widespread outrage and public protests.[13] Mexican authorities felt it unwise to leave the settlers with a weapon.[14] Colonel Domingo de Ugartechea, commander of all Mexican troops in Texas, sent a corporal and five enlisted men to retrieve the cannon that had been given to the colonists.[13][14] Many of the settlers believed Mexican authorities were manufacturing an excuse to attack the town and eliminate the militia. In a town meeting, three citizens voted to hand over the gun to forestall an attack; the remainder, including alcalde Andrew Ponton, voted to stand their ground.[15] According to historian Stephen Hardin, "the cannon became a point of honor and an unlikely rallying symbol. Gonzales citizens had no intention of handing over the weapon at a time of growing tension."[13] The soldiers were escorted from town without the cannon.[13]
Museum mural of Texian soldiers fighting in the Battle of Gonzales, which was referred to as the "Lexington of Texas" because it was the first battle of the Texas Revolution
Prelude[edit]
Ponton anticipated that Ugartechea would send more troops to force the handover of the cannon. As soon as the first group of soldiers left Gonzales, Ponton sent a messenger to the closest town, Mina, to request help.[16] Word quickly spread that up to 300 soldiers were expected to march on Gonzales. Stephen F. Austin, one of the most respected men in Texas and the de facto leader of the settlers, sent messengers to inform surrounding communities of the situation. Austin cautioned Texians to remain on the defensive, as any unprovoked attacks against Mexican forces could limit the support Texians might receive from the United States if war officially began.[16]
On September 27, 1835, a detachment of 100 dragoons, led by Francisco de Castañeda, left San Antonio de Béxar, carrying an official order for Ponton to surrender the cannon.[13][16] Castañeda had been instructed to avoid using force if possible.[13] When the troops neared Gonzales on September 29, they found that the settlers had removed the ferry and all other boats from the Guadalupe River. On the other side of the swiftly moving river waited eighteen Texians. Albert Martin, captain of the Gonzales militia, informed the soldiers that Ponton was out of town, and until his return the army must remain on the west side of the river.[13][17]
With no easy way to cross the river, Castañeda and his men made camp at the highest ground in the area, about 300 yards (300 meters) from the river. Three Texians hurried to bury the cannon, while others traveled to nearby communities to ask for assistance.[18] By the end of the day, more than 80 men had arrived from Fayette and Columbus.[19] Texian militias generally elected their own leaders, and the men now gathered in Gonzales invoked their right to choose their own captain rather than report to Martin. John Henry Moore of Fayette was elected leader, with Joseph Washington Elliot Wallace and Edward Burleson, both of Columbus, respectively elected second and third in command.[18]
On September 30, Castañeda reiterated his request for the cannon and was again rebuffed. Texians insisted on discussing the matter directly with Ugartechea. According to their spokesman, until this was possible "the only answer I can therefore give you is that I cannot now [and] will not deliver to you the cannon".[20] Castañeda reported to Ugartechea that the Texians were stalling, likely to give reinforcements time to gather.[21]
In San Antonio de Béxar, Ugartechea asked Dr. Launcelot Smither, a Gonzales resident in town on personal business, to help Castañeda convince the settlers to follow orders.[18] When Smither arrived on October 1, he met with militia captain Mathew Caldwell to explain that the soldiers meant no harm if the settlers would peacefully relinquish the cannon. Caldwell instructed Smither to bring Castañeda to the town the following morning to discuss the matter. At roughly the same time, Moore called a war council, which quickly voted to initiate a fight. It is unclear whether the war council was aware that Caldwell had promised Castañeda safe passage to Gonzales the next morning.[22]
Texians dug up the cannon and mounted it on cart wheels. In the absence of cannonballs, they gathered metal scraps to fill the cannon.[22] James C. Neill, who had served in an artillery company during the War of 1812, was given command of the cannon. He gathered several men, including Almaron Dickinson, also a former US Army field artilleryman, together to form the first artillery company of Texians.[23] A local Methodist minister, W. P. Smith, blessed their activities in a sermon which made frequent reference to the American Revolution.[22]
As the Texians made plans for an attack, Castañeda learned from a Coushatta Indian that about 140 men were gathered in Gonzales, with more expected. The Mexican soldiers began searching for a safe place to cross the river. At nightfall on October 1 they stopped to make camp, 7 miles (11 km) upriver from their previous spot.[24]
Battle[edit]
Texians began crossing the river at about 7 pm. Less than half of the men were mounted, slowing their progress as they tracked the Mexican soldiers. A thick fog rolled in around midnight, further delaying them. At around 3 am, Texians reached the new Mexican camp. A dog barked at their approach, alerting the Mexican soldiers, who began to fire. The noise caused one of the Texian horses to panic and throw his rider, who suffered a bloody nose.[24] Moore and his men hid in the thick trees until dawn. As they waited, some of the Texians raided a nearby field and snacked on watermelon.[25]
With the darkness and fog, Mexican soldiers could not estimate how many men had surrounded them. They withdrew 300 yards (meters) to a nearby bluff. At about 6 am, Texians emerged from the trees and began firing at the Mexican soldiers. Lieutenant Gregorio Pérez counterattacked with 40 mounted soldiers. The Texians fell back to the trees and fired a volley, injuring a Mexican private. According to some accounts, the cannon fell out of the wagon upon the shot. Unable to safely maneuver among the trees, the Mexican horsemen returned to the bluff.[25]
As the fog lifted, Castañeda sent Smither to request a meeting between the two commanders. Smither was promptly arrested by the Texians, who were suspicious of his presence among the Mexican soldiers.[25] Nevertheless, Moore agreed to meet Castañeda. Moore explained that his followers no longer recognized the centralist government of Santa Anna and instead remained faithful to the Constitution of 1824, which Santa Anna had repudiated. Castañeda revealed that he shared their federalist leanings, but that he was honor-bound to follow orders.[1]
As Moore returned to camp, the Texians raised a homemade white banner with an image of the cannon painted in black in the center, over the words "Come and Take It".[1] The makeshift flag evoked the American Revolutionary-era slogan "Don't Tread on Me".[26] Texians then fired their cannon at the Mexican camp. Realizing that he was outnumbered and outgunned, Castañeda led his troops back to San Antonio de Béxar. The troops were gone before the Texians finished reloading. In his report to Ugartechea, Castañeda wrote "since the orders from your Lordship were for me to withdraw without compromising the honor of Mexican arms, I did so".[1]
Aftermath[edit]
One spirit and one purpose animates the people of this party of the country, and that is to take Bexar, and drive the military out of Texas. ... A combined effort of all Texas would soon free our soil of Military despots—we should then have peace, for the present Government of Mexico have too much to do at home ... to send another army to Texas.
Stephen F. Austin[27]
Two Mexican soldiers were killed in the attack. The only Texian casualty was the bloody nose suffered by the man bucked off his horse. Although the event was, as characterized by Davis, "an inconsequential skirmish in which one side did not try to fight", Texians soon declared it a victory over Mexican troops.[26] Despite its minimal military impact, Hardin asserts that the skirmish's "political significance was immeasurable".[28] A large number of Texians had taken an armed stand against the Mexican army, and they had no intention of returning to their neutral stance towards Santa Anna's government.[28] Two days after the battle, Austin wrote to the San Felipe de Austin Committee of Public Safety, "War is declared—public opinion has proclaimed it against a Military despotism—The campaign has commenced".[29] News of the skirmish, originally called "the fight at Williams' place",[1] spread throughout the United States, encouraging many adventurers to come to Texas and assist in the fight against Mexico.[28] Newspapers referred to the conflict as the "Lexington of Texas"; as the Battles of Lexington and Concord began the American Revolution, the Gonzales skirmish launched the Texas Revolution.[1]
Before fighting had officially erupted, Santa Anna had realized that stronger measures were needed to ensure calm in Texas. He ordered his brother-in-law, General Martín Perfecto de Cos to bring approximately 500 soldiers to Texas.[8] Cos and his men arrived in Goliad on October 2. Three days later, after learning of the events at Gonzales, the soldiers left for San Antonio de Béxar.[30]
Gonzales became a rallying point for Texians opposed to Santa Anna's policies.[6] On October 11, they unanimously elected Austin their commander, despite his lack of military training. The following day, Austin led the men on a march towards San Antonio de Béxar to lay siege to Cos's troops.[31][32] By the end of the year, the Texians had driven all Mexican troops from Texas.[33]
This cannon, displayed at the Gonzales Memorial Museum, may have precipitated the battle.
The cannon's fate is disputed. According to the memoirs (written in the 1890s) of Gonzales blacksmith Noah Smithwick, the cannon was abandoned after the cart's axles began to smoke during a march to San Antonio de Béxar to assist in Austin's siege. Smithwick reported that the cannon was buried near a creek not far from Gonzales. A small iron cannon was exposed during a June 1936 flood near Gonzales. In 1979, this cannon was purchased by Dr. Patrick Wagner, who believed it matched Smithwick's descriptions of the cannon used in the battle. The Curator of Military History at the Smithsonian Institution verified that Wagner's cannon was a type of small swivel gun used in America through 1836. The Conservation Laboratory at the University of Texas confirmed that Wagner's cannon had been buried in moist ground for an extended time period.[34]
Writing in the Handbook of Texas, historian Thomas Ricks Lindley maintains that the Wagner cannon does not match the Smithwick account. The Wagner gun is made of iron and is smaller than a six-pounder. Historians such as Lindley think it more likely that the Gonzales cannon was taken to San Antonio de Béxar, where it was used during the Battle of the Alamo and captured by Mexican troops in March 1836. It was likely melted down with many of the other cannons when the Mexican army retreated.[35]
The battle is re-enacted during the Come and Take It celebration[36] in Gonzales every October. In and around Gonzales are nine Texas historical markers which commemorate various locations used in the prelude to the battle.[37]
See also[edit]
List of Texas Revolution battles
Timeline of the Texas Revolution
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Hardin (1994), p. 12.
Jump up ^ Baumgartner, Dorcas Huff; Vollentine, Genevieve B., "Gonzales County", Handbook of Texas, Texas State Historical Association
Jump up ^ Roell (1994), pp. 27–28.
Jump up ^ Roell (1994), pp. 29–31.
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), p. 6.
^ Jump up to: a b Todish et al. (1998), p. 8.
Jump up ^ Todish et al. (1998), p. 6.
^ Jump up to: a b Roell (1994), p. 36.
^ Jump up to: a b Lack (1992), p. 31.
Jump up ^ Lack (1992), p. 26.
Jump up ^ Lack (1992), pp. 31–32.
Jump up ^ Davis (2006), p. 129.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Hardin (1994), p. 7.
^ Jump up to: a b Groneman (1998), p. 28.
Jump up ^ Davis (2006), p. 137.
^ Jump up to: a b c Davis (2006), p. 138.
Jump up ^ William C. Davis attributes this action to Joseph D. Clements instead of Martin. Both Davis and Hardin agree that both men were part of this group, later known as the Old Eighteen. (Davis (2006), p 139.)
^ Jump up to: a b c Hardin (1994), p. 8.
Jump up ^ Davis (2006), p. 139.
Jump up ^ quoted in Davis (2006), p. 140. Attributed to Joseph Clements
Jump up ^ Davis (2006), p. 140.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hardin (1994), p. 9.
Jump up ^ Davis (2006), p. 141.
^ Jump up to: a b Hardin (1994), p. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hardin (1994), p. 11.
^ Jump up to: a b Davis (2006), p. 142.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), pp. 6–7.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hardin (1994), p. 13.
Jump up ^ Winders (2004), p. 54.
Jump up ^ Roell, Craig H., "Goliad Campaign of 1835", Handbook of Texas, Texas State Historical Association
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), p. 26.
Jump up ^ Winders (2004), p. 55.
Jump up ^ Barr (1990), p. 56.
Jump up ^ "Southwestern Collection", Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 84 (4): 450–1, April 1981, retrieved 2008-12-02
Jump up ^ Lindley, Thomas Ricks, "Gonzales "Come and Take It" Cannon", Handbook of Texas, Texas State Historical Association
Jump up ^ Chamber of Commerce[permanent dead link], retrieved 19 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Groneman (1998), pp. 30–31.
References[edit]
Barr, Alwyn (1990). Texans in Revolt: the Battle for San Antonio, 1835. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77042-1. OCLC 20354408.
Davis, William C. (2006). Lone Star Rising. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-532-5. originally published 2004 by New York: Free Press
Groneman, Bill (1998). Battlefields of Texas. Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-55622-571-0.
Hardin, Stephen L. (1994). Texian Iliad. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-73086-1.
Lack, Paul D. (1992). The Texas Revolutionary Experience: A Political and Social History 1835–1836. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-497-1.
Roell, Craig H. (1994). Remember Goliad! A History of La Bahia. Fred Rider Cotten Popular History Series. Austin, TX: Texas State Historical Association. ISBN 0-87611-141-X.
Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Austin, TX: Eakin Press. ISBN 978-1-57168-152-2.
Winders, Richard Bruce (2004). Sacrificed at the Alamo: Tragedy and Triumph in the Texas Revolution. Military History of Texas Series: Number Three. Abilene, TX: State House Press. ISBN 1-880510-80-4.
External links[edit]
Battle of Gonzales from the Handbook of Texas Online
Old Eighteen from the Handbook of Texas Online
Coordinates: 29°30′32″N 97°26′52″W / 29.5089°N 97.4478°W / 29.5089; -97.4478
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gonzales&oldid=844688870"
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