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Vascular cambium
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This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. The talk page may contain suggestions. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

The vascular cambium (also called main cambium, wood cambium, bifacial cambium; plural cambia) is a plant tissue located between the xylem and the phloem in the stems and roots of vascular plants.[1]:125 It is a cylinder of unspecialized meristem cells that divide to form secondary vascular tissues. It is the source of both secondary xylem growth inwards towards the pith,[2] and secondary phloem growth outwards to the bark. Unlike the xylem and phloem, it does not transport water, minerals or food through the plant.[2]
Vascular cambia are found in dicots and gymnosperms but not monocots, which usually lack secondary growth. A few leaf types also have a vascular cambium.[3] In wood, the vascular cambium is the obvious line separating the bark and wood.[4] For successful grafting, the vascular cambia of the rootstock and scion must be aligned so they can grow together.
Structure and function[edit]
The cambium present between primary xylem and primary phloem is called intrafasicular cambium. During secondary growth, cells of meduallary rays, in a line with intrafasicular cambium, become meristematic and form interfascicular cambium. Therefore, the intrafascicular and interfascicular cambia form a ring which separates the primary xylem and primary phloem, and is known as cambium ring. The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem on the inside of the ring, and secondary phloem on the outside, pushing the primary xylem and phloem apart.
The vascular cambium usually consists of two types of cells:
Fusiform initials (tall, axially oriented)
Ray initials (smaller and round to angular in shape)
Maintenance of cambial meristem[edit]
The vascular cambium is maintained by a network of interacting signal feedback loops. Currently, both hormones and short peptides have been identified as information carriers in these systems. While similar regulation occurs in other meristems of plants, the cambial meristem receives signals from both the xylem and phloem sides for the meristem. Signals received from outside the meristem act to down regulate internal factors, which promotes cell proliferation, and promotes differentiation.[5]
Hormonal regulation[edit]
The phytohormones that are involved in the vascular cambial activity are auxins, ethylene, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and more to be discovered. Each one of these plant hormones are vital for the regulation of the cambial activity and are dependent on their concentration.
Auxin hormones are proven to stimulate mitoses, cell production and regulate interfascicular and fascicular cambium. Applying auxin to the surface of a tree stump allowed decapitated shoots to continue secondary growth. The absence of auxin hormones will have a detrimental effect on a plant. It has been shown that mutants without auxin will exhibit increased spacing between the interfascicular cambiums and reduced growth of the vascular bundles. The mutant plant will therefore experience a decreased in water, nutrients, and photosynthates being transported throughout the plant, eventually leading to death. Auxin also regulates the two types of cell in the vascular cambium, ray and fusiform initials. Regulation of these initials ensures the connection and communication between xylem and phloem is maintained for the translocation of nourishment and sugars are safely being stored as an energy resource. Ethylene levels are high in plants with an active cambial zone and are still currently being studied. Gibberellin stimulates the cambial cell division and also regulates differentiation of the xylem tissues, with no effect on the rate of phloem differentiation. Differentiation is an essential process that changes these tissues into a more specialized type, leading to an important role in maintaining the life form of a plant. In poplar trees, high concentrations of gibberellin is positively correlated to an increase of cambial cell division and an increase of auxin in the cambial stem cells. Gibberellin is also responsible for the expansion of xylem through a signal traveling from the shoot to the root. Cytokinin hormone is known to regulate the rate of the cell division instead of the direction of cell differentiation. A study demonstrated that the mutants are found to have a reduction in stem and root growth but the secondary vascular pattern of the vascular bundles were not affected with a treatment of cytokinin.
See also[edit]
Cambium
Meristem
Cork cambium
Unifacial cambium
Sun scald (flora)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Esau, Katherine (1958). Plant Anatomy. Chapman and Hall Ltd.
^ Jump up to: a b Stern, K.R. (1997). Introductory Plant Biology (7 ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 9780697257758.
Jump up ^ Ewers, F.W. (1982). "Secondary growth in needle leaves of Pinus longaeva (bristlecone pine) and other conifers: Quantitative data". American Journal of Botany. 69: 1552–1559. JSTOR 2442909. doi:10.2307/2442909.
Jump up ^ Capon, Brian (2005). Botany for Gardeners (2nd ed.). Portland, OR: Timber Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 0-88192-655-8.
Jump up ^ Etchells, J. Peter; Mishra, Laxmi S.; Kumar, Manoj; Campbell, Liam; Turner, Simon R. (April 2015). "Wood Formation in Trees Is Increased by Manipulating PXY-Regulated Cell Division". Current Biology. 25 (8): 1050–1055. PMC 4406943  . PMID 25866390. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.023.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article Cambium.
Pictures of Vascular cambium
Detailed description - James D. Mauseth
Review; Risopatron, JPM; Sun, YQ; Jones, BJ (2010). "The vascular cambium: Molecular control of cellular structure". Protoplasma. 247 (3–4): 145–161. PMID 20978810. doi:10.1007/s00709-010-0211-z.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vascular_cambium&oldid=802253822"
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Dean's List
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A Dean's List is an academic award, or notation, used to recognize the level of highest scholarship demonstrated by students in a college or university. This system is most often used in North America,[1][2] though institutions in Europe,[3] Asia,[4] and Australia[5] may also employ similar measures. It is often synonymous with honor roll and honor list, but should not be confused with honours degrees.
Generally, students enrolled in college or university would need to satisfy a series of specific requirements before receiving the Dean's List. These requirements may differ across institutions, but in most cases will require students to enroll in a full-time capacity, to achieve a specific grade point average within the academic term, and to maintain a specific cumulative grade point average throughout enrollment. Universities may often establish further rewards, such as Annual Dean's Lists, for students that demonstrate even greater academic distinction. As such, a Dean's List and its direct derivatives are usually intended for students that demonstrate highest scholarship across multiple disciplines, and not necessarily bound to a specific field of study.
Over time, the Dean's List has also led to the creation of additional rewards with similar nomenclatures, including the Provost's List,[6] the Chancellor's List,[7] the Rector's List (mostly limited to within Europe),[8] and the Director's List.[9] The additional requirements to be met for such honors may include academic distinction within a target field of study, extracurricular achievements, continued high scholarship throughout enrollment or other noteworthy accomplishments.
Contents
1 Distinction
1.1 Comparison to North American Latin honors
1.2 Comparison to GPA
1.3 Comparison to European classifications
2 See also
3 References
Distinction[edit]
Comparison to North American Latin honors[edit]
Main article: Latin honors
Although the Dean's List and Latin honors may both be issued in recognition of high scholarship, they are mostly separate awards not intended for direct comparison. Many institutions confer three levels of Latin honors, as follows:
cum laude, meaning "with praise" (or "with honor")[10]
In North America, this honor is typically awarded to graduates in the top 25% (or 30%) of their class.[11][12]
magna cum laude, meaning "with great honor"
In North America, this honor is typically awarded to graduates in the top 10% (or 15%) of their class; this is the highest honor awarded at some institutions.
summa cum laude, meaning "with highest honor"
In North America, this honor is typically awarded to graduates in the top 1-5% of their class.
Because Latin honors are often conferred to the approximate class rank whereby students also receive the Dean's List (as the top 10-15%), magna and summa cum laude are usually held in higher regard. A Dean's List may therefore be seen as equal to (or more prestigious than) cum laude, depending on the specific requirements involved.
Comparison to GPA[edit]
The Dean's List GPA requirements vary from school to school, although there are general standards:
With the GPA scale from 0 to 4, 4 being an A, the dean's list cutoff is typically around 3.5-3.7.[6][13][14][15][16]
Top 10% of the class in GPA[9]
Some schools maintain two lists for two different levels of GPA. For example, the dean's list records students with at least a 3.5 GPA whereas the chancellor's list records students with a higher 4.0 GPA.[17][7][18]
Different from an academic scholarship, the dean's list award does not come with any financial aid. However, students high on the dean's list are often offered extra financial aid, especially if they express a desire to transfer or exhibit more financial need.
Comparison to European classifications[edit]
In Europe, colleges and universities may utilize variations of the British degree classifications to distinguish students of high scholarship. The classification system as currently used in the United Kingdom, for example, was developed in 1918.[19] The system was implemented based on one from the 16th century, when the Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Cambridge implemented norm referencing to distinguish the top 25% of candidates, the next 50%, and the bottom 25%.[19]
Today, first-class honours (commonly referred to as "first-hons") is awarded, by most institutions, to any student that receives a grade of 70% or higher (as opposed to classification by class rank). The number of first-class honours degrees has reportedly tripled since the 1990s,[20] and there has been concern over possible grade inflation due to increasing numbers of higher-class honours degrees awarded per annum.[21][22]
See also[edit]
Academic honors
Class rank
Latin honors
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Dean's List | University of Pennsylvania - College of Arts and Sciences". www.college.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Congratulations to each student on the Dean's List!". Ryerson University Faculty of Engineering & Architectural Science. Ryerson University. Retrieved January 11, 2017. To be eligible for consideration for the Dean's List in the Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, undergraduate students must: 1. Carry an average unit load of 4.0 billing units or higher for the two terms of the academic year under consideration (Fall and Winter).* 2. Obtain a minimum GPA of 3.5 for the academic year under consideration. The minimum GPA applies for both the Fall and Winter terms exclusively, in addition to the student's overall GPA for the year.
Jump up ^ "University of College London (UCL): Dean's Lists". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
Jump up ^ "National University of Singapore (NUS): Faculty of Science Dean's List". National University of Singapore (NUS). Retrieved 2017-08-02.
Jump up ^ "University of Melbourne Dean's Honours List | Faculty of Business and Economics". fbe.unimelb.edu.au. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "Office of the Registrar: Provost's List". University of Wyoming. University of Wyoming. Retrieved January 11, 2017. The requirements to be met are as follows: 1. Undergraduate students must complete a minimum of 6 semester hours, but fewer than 12 semester hours, of which at least 6 semester hours must be graded on the basis of A, B, C, D or F with no semester grade of X. Courses taken for audit do not count for honor roll purposes. 2. A grade point average of 3.5 or better.
^ Jump up to: a b "UNC Asheville Announces Fall 2016 Chancellor's List and Dean's List Students". UNC Asheville. University of North Carolina at Asheville. Retrieved January 11, 2017. The Chancellor's List is made up of full-time students who have achieved a 4.0 grade point average. The Dean's List is made up of full-time students who have achieved between 3.5 and 3.99 grade point average.
Jump up ^ "Rector's List". WU Vienna. Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien (Vienna University of Economics and Business). Retrieved January 11, 2017. Am Ende jedes Studiensemesters wird für beide WU Bachelorstudien eine so genannte Rector's List veröffentlicht. Dadurch zeichnet die Rektorin der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien die besten Studierenden des jeweiligen Semesters aus und setzt ein deutliches Zeichen der Anerkennung für herausragende Studienleistungen. [At the end of each semester, a so-called rector's list is published for both WU Bachelor studies. As a result, the Rector of the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration honors the best students of the respective semester and is a clear sign of recognition for outstanding study achievements.]
^ Jump up to: a b "Class of 2014 Honors". Wharton SPIKE. The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on May 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ The usual translation of laude from Latin is "with praise".
Jump up ^ "Graduation Honors". NYU. New York University. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Effective with the September 2008 graduating class,... the GPA cutoffs for each category are determined by the combined GPA distribution from the preceding academic year, all graduation moments included. Summa cum laude: the GPA included within the top 5 percent of the previous year's graduating class. Magna cum laude: the GPA included within the next 10 percent of the previous year's class. Cum laude: the GPA included within the next 15 percent of the previous year's class.
Jump up ^ "Latin Honors". BU, Office of the University Registrar. Boston University. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Among graduating seniors in each school or college, Latin Honors are awarded to the top 30% of the class as follows: Summa Cum Laude Top 5%, Magna Cum Laude Next 10%, Cum Laude Next 15%
Jump up ^ "Dean's List". OSU.EDU. The Ohio State University. Retrieved January 11, 2017. Students completing a minimum of 12 graded credit hours with a GPA of 3.5 or higher for any given term will be named to the Dean's List for that term in the college in which they are enrolled. Courses graded satisfactory/unsatisfactory (S/U) or pass/non-pass (PA/NP) do not count toward the minimum 12 graded hours, and a grade of U, E, EN, or NP will disqualify you from making the Dean's List, even if you meet the 3.5 criteria.
Jump up ^ "Dean's List Requirements". Cornell University. 2008-06-16. Archived from the original on September 1, 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-20. Minimum GPA Required: 12 Credits --- 3.85 or higher, 13 or 14 credits --- 3.75 or higher, 15 or 16 credits --- 3.65 or higher, 17 or more credits --- 3.55 or higher
Jump up ^ "Falk College Spring 2016 Dean's List". Falk College. Syracuse University. January 11, 2017. Students at the College are named to Dean’s list when they have achieved a minimum of a 3.4 semester grade point average and have earned at least 12 credit hours of course work. Students receive a certificate of achievement from Dean Murphy and often cite this honor on their resume, portfolio or when applying for employment.
Jump up ^ "Dean's List". University of Washington. University of Washington. Retrieved January 11, 2017. The Quarterly Dean's List includes the names of matriculated undergraduate students who are pursuing their first undergraduate degree and have attained a quarterly GPA of 3.50 in the final grades for at least 12 graded credits. Appropriate entries regarding inclusion on the Dean's List are made on the student's permanent academic record.
Jump up ^ "More than 1,000 IU Southeast students honored for academics in spring semester" (Press release). New Albany, Indiana: Indiana University Southeast. June 7, 2016. Retrieved January 11, 2017. The Dean’s and Chancellor’s lists both recognize students who have achieved outstanding semester honors in academics. Those named to the Chancellor’s List received highest academic honors in the spring semester.
Jump up ^ "University Honors". Gonzaga University. Gonzaga University. Retrieved January 11, 2017. Welcome to the Gonzaga University Honors webpage, showcasing students who have achieved academic excellence and earned a place on either our President's List or the Dean's List. These lists are published twice a year following the completion of the fall and spring semesters.
^ Jump up to: a b Alderman, Geoffrey. "Tear up the class system". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Paton, Graeme (10 January 2013). "Number of first-class degrees "has tripled since late 90s"". The Telegraph.
Jump up ^ "Is the number of first-class degrees cause for concern?". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Shepherd, Jessica (17 January 2012). "Is the number of first-class degrees cause for concern: Update". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dean%27s_List&oldid=853281766"
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It'll Be Alright on the Night
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
It'll Be Alright on the Night
Presented by
Denis Norden (1977–2006)
Griff Rhys Jones (2008–2016)
Composer(s)
Rod Argent &
Peter Van Hooke
(1990–2016)
Music 4 (2008–2016)
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of episodes
40
Production
Location(s)
The London Studios
Running time
60 minutes
(including adverts)
Production company(s)
LWT (1977–2004)
Granada (2004–2005)
ITV Productions (2006–2008)
ITV Studios (2011–2016)
Release
Original network
Channel 4 (one episode),
ITV, STV, UTV
Picture format
4:3 (1977–2001)
16:9 (2001–2016)
Original release
18 September 1977 (1977-09-18) –
4 June 2016 (2016-06-04)
Chronology
Related shows
Auntie's Bloomers
Laughter File
Outtake TV
TV's Naughtiest Blunders
External links
Website
It'll Be Alright on the Night was a British television bloopers show screened on ITV and produced by ITV Studios. It was one of the first shows created with the specific purpose of showing behind the scenes bloopers from film and TV and ran from 18 September 1977 to 4 June 2016.
The show was presented by Denis Norden from 1977 until 2006. Griff Rhys Jones was the presenter from 2008 until 2016.
Contents
[hide]
1 Format
2 Episodes
3 Broadcasting
4 Denis Norden's Laughter File
4.1 Episodes
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Format[edit]
The show is usually one hour in length and aired in ITV's Saturday evening entertainment slot. However, some of the first few episodes up to and including It'll Be Alright on the Night 6, which aired in 1990, originally went out on a Sunday evening. A new episode aired on Sunday 28 December 2014. Two episodes also debuted on a Friday: It'll Be Alright on the Night 3 and It'll Be Alright on Christmas Night on Christmas Day 1981 and 1987 respectively. The show's success led to the competing BBC One series Auntie's Bloomers presented by Terry Wogan, which focused on bloopers from some of the BBC archives.
The shows followed a simple format. Norden, traditionally holding his trademark clipboard in his hand, appeared on an otherwise empty stage and delivered a humorous piece to camera, followed by a selection of outtakes taken from various sources. Popular sources for clips include numerous British and American sitcoms, news reports and foreign broadcasts which may or may not include explanatory subtitles.
The show returned in September 2008 with Griff Rhys Jones who presented 11 episodes of It'll Be Alright on the Night. The last episode was broadcast on ITV on 4 June 2016.
Episodes[edit]
The audience figures (where given) are those for the initial transmission of an episode. It was not unknown, especially in the early years of the series, for episodes to achieve higher ratings on repeat showings. For instance, It'll Be Alright on the Night 2 (first shown on 28 October 1979) was watched by 16 million viewers for a repeat showing in February 1983, while It'll Be Alright on the Night 4 (first shown on 11 March 1984) was watched by 18.5 million viewers on its initial repeat in January 1985. A further repeat of The Worst of Alright on the Night (first shown on 28 September 1980) achieved the programme's highest ratings of 19.92 million in February 1992.[1][2]
Episode
Episode name
Original airdate
Presenter
Viewers
(millions)
1 It'll Be Alright on the Night 1 18 September 1977 Denis Norden
2 It'll Be Alright on the Night 2 28 October 1979
3 The Worst of Alright on the Night 28 September 1980
4 It'll Be Alright on the Night 3 25 December 1981
5 It'll Be Alright on the Night 4 11 March 1984 16.90
6 It'll Be Alright Late at NightA 11 July 1985
7 The Second Worst of Alright on the Night 24 November 1985 14.55
8 It'll Be Alright on Christmas NightB 25 December 1987 17.95
9 10 Years of It'll Be Alright on the Night 25 December 1988
10 It'll Be Alright on the Night 6C 1 December 1990 17.92
11 It'll Be Alright on the Night 7 2 January 1993D
12 The Utterly Worst of Alright on the Night 10 April 1994
13 The Kids from Alright on the Night 26 November 1994
14 It'll Be Alright on the Night 8 10 December 1994 14.89
15 Alright on the Night's Cockup Trip 12 October 1996 13.00
16 It'll Be Alright on the Night 10 15 November 1997
17 21 Years of Alright on the Night 24 January 1998
18 It'll Be Alright on the Night 11 2 October 1999 10.12
19 It'll Be Alright on the Night 12 27 January 2001 9.17
20 It'll Be Alright on Election Night 7 June 2001 6.77
21 It'll Be Alright on the Night 13 17 August 2001 6.61
22 Alright on the Night's Silver Jubilee SpecialE 14 September 2002 8.11
23 More Kids from Alright on the Night 28 September 2002 5.61
24 Alright on the Night's All-Star Special 31 August 2003 9.63
25 It'll Be Alright on the Night 16 6 September 2003 5.53
26 It'll Be Alright on the Night 18 2 October 2004 6.89
27 It'll Be Alright on the Night 19 24 December 2004 5.84
28 Alright on the Night's 50 Years of ITV 17 September 2005 6.28
29 It'll Be Alright on the Night 20 18 March 2006 5.32
30 It'll Be Alright on the Night 2008: Part 1 20 September 2008 Griff Rhys Jones 4.30
31 It'll Be Alright on the Night 2008: Part 2 25 December 2008 3.99
32 It'll Be Alright on the Night 2011: Part 1 28 December 2011 4.95
33 It'll Be Alright on the Night 2011: Part 2 31 December 2011 3.73
34 All New It'll Be Alright on the Night 2012 28 December 2012 3.91
35 All New It'll Be Alright on the Night 2014: Part 1 5 January 2014 3.86
36 It'll Be Alright on the Night's Best of the Worst 12 January 2014 3.64
37 All New It'll Be Alright on the Night 2014: Part 2 19 May 2014 3.11
38 All New It'll Be Alright on the Night 2014: Part 3 28 December 2014 3.43
39 It'll Be Alright on the Night 2015 30 December 2015 3.80
40 All New It'll Be Alright on the Night 2016 4 June 2016 2.76
^A Originally transmitted on Channel 4; was first aired on ITV on 29 June 1986.
^B Retitled and re-edited as It'll Be Alright on the Night 5 for subsequent repeats.
^C The debut of the Rod Argent/Peter van Hooke-composed theme tune.
^D This edition was scheduled to be aired on 26 December 1992, but LWT accidentally transmitted a repeat of It'll Be Alright on the Night 6 instead. The correct edition aired the following week.
^E Retitled It'll Be Alright on the Night 15 for subsequent repeats.
Broadcasting[edit]
Despite being a staple of ITV's light entertainment programming for nearly 40 years, comparatively few editions of It'll Be Alright on the Night have been produced, with rarely more than one new episode a year being screened. Episodes presented by Denis Norden have normally included a number in their title screens to aid identification with the audience, while from 2008 to 2016, episodes presented by Griff Rhys Jones did not done so. Towards the end of the Denis Norden era, episodes up to and including It'll Be Alright on the Night 20 were prefixed with "All New" to avoid viewer confusion with repeat screenings of earlier episodes.
During its run, several special episodes were also made, including anniversary specials, a late night edition for Channel 4 with more mature adult content and a one-off political special to mark the 2001 general election.
The majority of the episodes were filmed at The London Studios, but in the show's later years, the Granada studios in Manchester were also used, as well as the now-closed (and demolished) Meridian studios at Northam, Southampton. A few editions were also filmed on-location; most notably, Alright on the Night's Cockup Trip which was presented from the Great Cockup fell in the Lake District, 21 Years of Alright on the Night was presented on a yacht in the middle of the Bermuda Triangle (which, in reality, was in the south of France) and It'll Be Alright on the Night 11, which was presented from an empty Haymarket Theatre, London.
During its run, the series has had three main producers: Paul Smith (1977–1984), Paul Lewis (1984–2002) and Simon Withington (2003–2006). Sean Miller, James Sunderland and Stephanie Dennis also produced some episodes. Grant Philpott was the series producer (2011-2012) and Simon Withington, who previously served as a producer from 2003 to 2006 has been the executive producer from 2014 to 2016.
Denis Norden's Laughter File[edit]
The series also inspired the spin-off show Denis Norden's Laughter File, which began airing on 22 September 1991 and ran until 13 May 2006. Although it largely followed the same format as its sister show, while It'll Be Alright on the Night focused solely on bloopers/outtakes, Laughter File also screened clips that included pranks and practical jokes. As with It'll Be Alright on the Night, later episodes included the words "All New" in their titles to avoid viewer confusion with repeat screenings of earlier episodes.
The theme music used for Denis Norden's Laughter File throughout the whole of its run was a library piece, called "Dress to Kill" by Errol Reid. The show's producers were Paul Lewis (1991–2002) and Simon Withington (2002–2006).
Episodes[edit]
Episode
Episode name
Original airdate
Viewers
(millions)
1 Denis Norden's 1st Laughter File 22 September 1991 17.39
2 Denis Norden's 2nd Laughter File 4 October 1997
3 Denis Norden's 3rd Laughter File 5 December 1998 10.00
4 Denis Norden's 4th Laughter FileE 16 October 1999 8.46
5 Denis Norden's 5th Laughter FileF 30 September 2000 8.02
6 Denis Norden's 6th Laughter File 15 October 2001 7.21
7 Denis Norden's 7th Laughter File 30 March 2002 5.67
8 Denis Norden's 8th Laughter File 9 November 2002 6.62
9 Denis Norden's 9th Laughter File 4 October 2003 5.53
10 Denis Norden's Christmas Laughter File Special 27 December 2003 8.10
11 Denis Norden's All New 11th Laughter File 26 December 2004 5.73
12 Denis Norden's All New 12th Laughter File 12 February 2005 5.54
13 Denis Norden's All New 13th Laughter File 13 May 2006 3.88
^E Filmed on location around the LWT offices.
^F Filmed on location in an easyEverything internet cafe.
See also[edit]
TV's Bloopers & Practical Jokes
TV's Naughtiest Blunders
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
External links[edit]
It'll Be Alright on the Night on Twitter
BBC Cult TV
British Film Institute page
It'll Be Alright on the Night on IMDb
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text:
Right of foreigners to vote in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The right of foreigners to vote in the United States[1][2] has historically been a contentious issue. A foreigner, in this context, is an alien or a person who is not a citizen of the United States.
Since 1996, a federal law has prohibited non-citizens from voting in federal elections, punishing them by fines, imprisonment, inadmissibility, and deportation.[3][4][5] Exempt from punishment is any non-citizen who "reasonably believed at the time of voting (...) that he or she was a citizen of the United States," had a parent who is or was a citizen, and began permanently living in the United States before turning 16 years old.[3] The federal law does not prohibit non-citizens from voting in state or local elections, but no state has allowed non-citizens to vote in state elections since Arkansas became the last state to outlaw non-citizen voting in 1926.[6] 11 local governments, 10 of them in Maryland, allow non-citizens to vote in their local elections (Takoma Park, Barnesville, Martin's Additions, Somerset, Chevy Chase Sections 3 and 5, Glen Echo, Garrett Park, Hyattsville, and Mount Rainer). San Francisco allows noncitizens parents to vote in School Board elections (beginning in 2018).[7]
However, over 40 states or territories, including colonies before the Declaration of Independence, have at some time given at least some aliens voting rights in some or all elections.[8][9][10][11] For example, in 1875, the Supreme Court in Minor v. Happersett noted that "citizenship has not in all cases been made a condition precedent to the enjoyment of the right of suffrage. Thus, in Missouri, persons of foreign birth, who have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States, may under certain circumstances vote."[12]
By 1900, nearly half of the states and territories had some experience with voting by aliens, and for some the experience lasted more than half a century.[13] At the turn of the twentieth century, anti-immigration feeling ran very high, and Alabama stopped allowing aliens to vote by way of a constitutional change in 1901; Colorado followed suit in 1902, Wisconsin in 1908, and Oregon in 1914.[14] Just as the nationalism unleashed by the War of 1812 helped to reverse the alien suffrage policies inherited from the late eighteenth century, World War I caused a sweeping retreat from the progressive alien suffrage policies of the late nineteenth century.[15] In 1918, Kansas, Nebraska, and South Dakota all changed their constitutions to purge alien suffrage, and Texas ended the practice of non-citizen voting in primary elections by statute.[14] Indiana and Texas joined the trend in 1921, followed by Mississippi in 1924 and, finally, Arkansas in 1926.[16] In 1931, political scientist Leon Aylsworth noted: "For the first time in over a hundred years, a national election was held in 1928 in which no alien in any state had the right to cast a vote for a candidate for any office – national, state, or local."[17]
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical data
1.1 No citizenship requirement for suffrage
1.1.1 Connecticut
1.1.2 Delaware
1.1.3 Illinois
1.1.4 Kentucky
1.1.5 Maryland
1.1.6 Massachusetts
1.1.7 New Hampshire
1.1.8 New Jersey
1.1.9 New York
1.1.10 North Carolina
1.1.11 Northwest Territory
1.1.12 Ohio
1.1.13 Pennsylvania
1.1.14 Rhode Island
1.1.15 South Carolina
1.1.16 Tennessee
1.1.17 Vermont
1.1.18 Virginia
1.2 Suffrage for those who intend to become citizens
1.2.1 Alabama
1.2.2 Arkansas
1.2.3 Colorado
1.2.4 Florida
1.2.5 Georgia
1.2.6 Idaho
1.2.7 Indiana
1.2.8 Kansas
1.2.9 Louisiana
1.2.10 Michigan
1.2.11 Minnesota
1.2.12 Mississippi
1.2.13 Missouri
1.2.14 Montana
1.2.15 Nebraska
1.2.16 Nevada
1.2.17 North Dakota
1.2.18 Oklahoma
1.2.19 Oregon
1.2.20 South Dakota
1.2.21 Texas
1.2.22 Washington
1.2.23 Wisconsin
1.2.24 Wyoming
2 Recent events
2.1 California
2.1.1 San Francisco Proposition N
2.2 Connecticut
2.3 District of Columbia
2.4 Maryland
2.5 Maine
2.6 Massachusetts
2.7 Minnesota
2.8 New York
2.9 Texas
3 Places where non-citizens can currently vote
4 See also
5 References
Historical data[edit]
No citizenship requirement for suffrage[edit]
Connecticut[edit]
1776–1819[10]
Delaware[edit]
1776–1831[10]
Illinois[edit]
Article 27 of the 1818 Illinois Constitution: "In all elections, all white male inhabitants above the age of 21 years, having resided in the state six months next preceding the election, shall enjoy the right of an elector"
1848: end of alien suffrage by constitutional amendment, but noncitizens who were present in 1848 were grandfathered.[10]
Kentucky[edit]
1789–1799[10]
Maryland[edit]
1776–1851[10]
Massachusetts[edit]
1780 Massachusetts Constitution:[10][18]
Article IV (Chapter I., Section III. House of Representatives) : "Every male person, being twenty-one years of age, and resident in any particular town in this Commonwealth for the space of one year next preceding, having a freehold estate within the same town, of the annual income of three pounds, or any estate of the value of sixty pounds, shall have a right to vote in the choice of a Representative or Representatives for the said town."
Article II (Chapter I, Section II. Senate): "every male inhabitant of twenty-one years of age and upwards, having a freehold estate within the Commonwealth, of the annual income of three pounds, or any estate of the value of sixty pounds, shall have a right to give in his vote for the Senators for the district of which he is an inhabitant. And to remove all doubts concerning the meaning of the word "inhabitant" in this constitution, every person shall be considered as an inhabitant, for the purpose of electing and being elected into any office, or place within this State, in that town, district, or plantation, where he dwelleth, or hath his home."
New Hampshire[edit]
1792–1814[10]
New Jersey[edit]
1776–1820[10]
New York[edit]
1776–1804[10]
North Carolina[edit]
1704–1856[10]
Northwest Territory[edit]
1787 Northwest Ordinance (valid until 1803) "Provided, That no person be eligible or qualified to act as a representative unless he shall have been a citizen of one of the United States three years, and be a resident in the district, or unless he shall have resided in the district three years; and, in either case, shall likewise hold in his own right, in fee simple, two hundred acres of land within the same; Provided, also, That a freehold in 50 acres (200,000 m2) of land in the district, having been a citizen of one of the states, and being resident in the district, or the like freehold and two years residence in the district, shall be necessary to qualify a man as an elector of a representative."[19]
Ohio[edit]
1802 Constitution: "In all elections, all white male inhabitants above the age of twenty-one years, having resided in the State one year next preceding the election, and who have paid or are charged with a State or county tax, shall enjoy the right of an elector"[20]
1851: end of aliens voting rights[10]
Pennsylvania[edit]
1776 Constitution: "all free men having a sufficient evident common interest with, and attachment to the community, have a right to elect officers, or to be elected into office"[21]
1790 Constitution (Art. III section 1.): "In elections by the citizens, every freeman of the age of twenty-one years, having resided in the State two years next before the election, and within that time paid a State or county tax, which shall have been assessed at least six months before the election, shall enjoy the rights of an elector: Provided, That the sons of persons qualified asaforesaid, between the ages of twenty-one and twenty-two years, shall be entitled to vote, although they shall not have paid taxes."[22]
1838 Constitution (Art. III, section 1.): "In elections by the citizens, every white freeman of the age of twenty-one years, having resided in this State one year, and in the election-district where he offers to vote ten days immediately preceding such election, and within two years paid a State or county tax, which shall have been assessed at least ten days before the election, shall enjoy the rights of an elector. (...)"[23]
1874 Constitution (Article VIII, section 1.): "Every male citizen twenty-one years of age, possessing the following qualifications, shall be entitled to vote at all elections: First—He shall have been a citizen of the United States at least one month. (...)"[24]
Rhode Island[edit]
1762–1842[10]
South Carolina[edit]
1790–?[10]
Tennessee[edit]
1796–1834[10]
Vermont[edit]
1776 and 1786 Constitutions: "all freemen. having a sufficient, evident, common interest with, and attachment to the community, have a right to elect officers, or be elected into office."[25][26]
1793 Constitution (Section 21st): "Every man of the full age of twenty one years, having resided in this State for the space of one whole year next before the election of Representatives, and is of a quiet and peaceable behaviour, and will take the following oath or affirmation, shall be entitled to all the privileges of a freeman of this State. "You solemnly swear (or affirm) that whenever you give your vote or suffrage, touching any matter that concerns the State of Vermont, you will do it so as in your conscience you shall judge will most conduce to the best good of the same, as established by the constitution, without fear or favour of any man." "[27]
1828: end of alien suffrage for federal elections; but still up to 1977 for local elections.[28]
Virginia[edit]
1776 Virginia Bill of Rights: "all men, having sufficient evidence of permanent common interest with, and attachment to, the community, have the right of suffrage"[29]
1850: end of aliens voting rights[10]
Suffrage for those who intend to become citizens[edit]
Alabama[edit]
1868: "Every male person, born in the United States, and every male person who has been naturalized, or who has legally declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, twenty-one years old or upward, who shall have resided in this State six months next preceding the election, and three months in the county in which he offers to vote, except as hereinafter provided, shall be deemed an elector"[30]
1901: "Every male citizen of this state who is a citizen of the United States, and every male resident of foreign birth, who, before the ratification of this Constitution, shall have legally declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, twenty-one years old or upwards, not laboring under any of the disabilities named in this article, and possessing the qualifications required by it, shall be an elector, and shall be entitled to vote at any election by the people; provided, that all foreigners who have legally declared their intention to become citizens of the United States, shall, if they fail to become citizens thereof at the time they are entitled to become such, cease to have the right to vote until they become such citizens"[31]
Arkansas[edit]
1874: "Every male citizen of the United States, or male person who has declared his intention of becoming a citizen of the same, of the age of twenty-one years, who has resided in the State twelve months, and in the county six months, and in the voting precinct or ward one month, next preceding any election, where he may propose to vote, shall be entitled to vote at all elections by the people."[32]
1926: end of aliens voting rights[8][10]
Colorado[edit]
1876–1902[10]
Florida[edit]
1868: "Every male person of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, of whatever race, color, nationality, or previous condition, who shall, at the time of offering to vote, be a citizen of the United States, or who shall have declared his intention to become such in conformity to the laws of the United States, and who shall have resided and had his habitation, domicil, home, and place of permanent abode in Florida for one year, and in the county for six months, next preceding the election at which he shall offer to vote, shall in such county be deemed a qualified elector at all elections under this Constitution."[33]
1894: end of aliens voting rights[10]
Georgia[edit]
1868 "Every male person born in the United States and every male person who has been naturalized, or who has legally declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, twenty-one years old or upward, who shall have resided in this State six months next preceding the election, and shall have resided thirty days in the county in which he offers to vote, and shall have paid all taxes which may have been required of him, and which he may have had an opportunity of paying, agreeably to law, for the year next preceding the election (except as hereinafter provided), shall be deemed an elector"[34]
1877: end of aliens voting rights[10]
Idaho[edit]
1863–1890[10]
Indiana[edit]
1851: "In all elections, not otherwise provided for by this Constitution, every white male citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, who shall have resided in the State during the six months immediately preceding such election; and every white male, of foreign birth, of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, who shall have resided in the United States one year, and shall have resided in the State during the six months immediately preceding such election, and shall have declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, conformably to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization; shall be entitled to vote, in the township or precinct where he may reside."; "No Negro or Mulatto shall have the right of suffrage"[35]
1921: end of aliens voting rights[8][10]
Kansas[edit]
1859: "Every white male person, of twenty-one years and upward, belonging to either of the following classes, who shall have resided in Kansas six months next preceding any election, and in the township or ward in which he offers to vote at least thirty days next preceding such election, shall be deemed a qualified elector: First, Citizens of the United States. Second, Persons of foreign birth who shall have declared their intention to become citizens, conformably to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization."[36]
1918: end of aliens voting rights[8][10]
Louisiana[edit]
1879–?[10]
Michigan[edit]
1850: "In all elections, every male inhabitant of this State, being a citizen of the United States, every male inhabitant residing in this State on the twenty-fourth day of June, eighteen hundred and thirty-five, every male inhabitant residing in this State on the first day of January, eighteen hundred and fifty, every male inhabitant of foreign birth who, having resided in the State two years and six months prior to the eighth day of November, eighteen hundred and ninety-four, and having declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States two years and six months prior to said last named day, and every civilized male inhabitant of Indian descent, a native of the United States and not a member of any tribe, shall be an elector and entitled to vote; but no one shall be an elector or entitled to vote at any election unless he shall be above the age of twenty-one years, and has resided in this State six month, and in the township or ward in which he offers to vote, twenty days next preceding such election"[37]
1894: end of aliens voting rights[10]
Minnesota[edit]
1849–1898[10]
1857–1898[38]
Mississippi[edit]
never[10]
up to 1924[8]
Missouri[edit]
1865–1921[10]
Montana[edit]
1864–1889[10]
Nebraska[edit]
1854–1918[10]
Nevada[edit]
1848–1864[10]
North Dakota[edit]
1889-1889/1909[10]
Oklahoma[edit]
1850–1907[10]
Oregon[edit]
1848–1914[10]
South Dakota[edit]
1850–1918[10]
Texas[edit]
1876: "Every male person subject to none of the foregoing disqualifications, who shall have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall be a citizen of the United States, and who shall have resided in this State one year next preceding an election, and the last six months within the district or county in which he offers to vote, shall be deemed a qualified elector; and every male person of foreign birth, subject to none of the foregoing disqualifications, who, at any time before an election, shall have declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, in accordance with the federal naturalization laws, and shall have resided in this State one year next preceding such election, and the last six months in the county in which he offers to vote, shall also be deemed a qualified elector"[39]
1921[40]
Washington[edit]
(1853–1889)
Wisconsin[edit]
1848: "Every male person of the age of twenty-one years, or upwards, of the following classes, who shall have resided in this State for one year next preceding any election, shall be deemed a qualified elector at such election. 1st. White citizens of the United States 2d. White persons of foreign birth who shall have declared their intention to become citizens conformably to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization (...)"; "No person shall be eligible to the legislature, who shall not not have resided one year within the state, and be a qualified elector in the district he may be chosen to represent."[41]
1908
Wyoming[edit]
(1850–1889)
Recent events[edit]
Jamie Raskin, an American law professor and politician, has argued that the blanket exclusion of noncitizens from the ballot is neither constitutionally required nor historically normal.[8] A San Francisco State University political science professor and rights activist, Ron Hayduk, wrote in 2006 a book entitled Democracy For All: Restoring Immigrant Voting Rights In The United States, presenting additional elements of the historical and present reality of noncitizens voting rights in the United States.[10]
California[edit]
On October 28, 2015, Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill into law that automatically registers all holders of a driver's license as a registered voter for all California ballots, including federal elections. Opponents expressed concern this could offer suffrage rights to non-citizen residents, since a January 2015 legislation decreed the right of a driver's license to non-citizens.[42] However, as the Sacramento Bee pointed out, "people will need to attest they’re citizens before being able to register," "undocumented immigrants applying for driver’s licenses, a right they gained this year, will not be offered the option."[43] Citizenship status is verified at the DMV when applying for a license.[44]
While voting as a non-citizen in a US Federal election carries legal penalties, California Assembly Bill No. 1461[45] removes legal ramifications from the State of California for individuals that accurately represent themselves and the DMV incorrectly registers the individual to vote, which means a failure on the DMV clerk or system to properly execute the process of verifying the voter registration information for the individual:
"Existing law makes it a crime for a person to willfully cause, procure, or allow himself or herself or any other person to be registered as a voter, knowing that he or she or that other person is not entitled to registration. Existing law also makes it a crime to fraudulently vote or attempt to vote.
This bill would provide that if a person who is ineligible to vote becomes registered to vote by operation of the California New Motor Voter Program in the absence of a violation by that person of the crime described above, that person’s registration shall be presumed to have been effected with official authorization and not the fault of that person. The bill would also provide that if a person who is ineligible to vote becomes registered to vote by operation of this program, and that person votes or attempts to vote in an election held after the effective date of the person’s registration, that person shall be presumed to have acted with official authorization and is not guilty of fraudulently voting or attempting to vote, unless that person willfully votes or attempts to vote knowing that he or she is not entitled to vote."
This specific wording is added to deal with California Probate Code Section 18100, as is noted later in the bill, describing good faith transactions with a trustee. It is also unlikely to happen in the cases of non-US persons as it would mean the DMV trustee not documenting the lack of a US Citizenship document.
San Francisco Proposition N[edit]
In November 2016 voters in San Francisco approved a proposal to allow all parents of children in the San Francisco school system to vote in school board elections regardless of their immigration or citizenship status.[46] Unless extended by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, the proposition is only effective for the school board elections of 2018, 2020, and 2022.[47] Voters rejected similar proposals in 2004 and 2010.[48]
Critics, such as Florida's Agriculture Commissioner Adam Putnam, have used this proposition to generalize that non-citizens can vote in San Francisco.[49]
Connecticut[edit]
An "act concerning voting by resident alien property owners", "to allow alien property owners to vote at town meetings and referenda", was submitted to the Connecticut General Assembly in 2003.[50]
District of Columbia[edit]
An "Equitable Voting Rights Amendment Act" was proposed, and rejected in commission, in 2004.[51]
Maryland[edit]
Maryland ended noncitizen voting rights for state and federal elections in 1851, but its constitution recognizes the autonomy of local municipalities and localities on the subject. As of February, 2008, one city, three towns, and three villages in Montgomery County have introduced bills to restore the right to vote to foreigners within their jurisdictions. Barnesville (since 1918), Martin's Additions and Somerset (since 1976), Takoma Park (since 1991) and Garrett Park (since 1999), Chevy Chase Section 3 and Chevy Chase Section 5.[10][52]
Maine[edit]
LD 1195, "An Act To Allow Noncitizen Residents To Vote in Municipal Elections", was submitted to the 124th Maine Legislature in 2009 and was voted down.[53]
Massachusetts[edit]
Three municipal assemblies in the state of Massachusetts have introduced bills to confer foreigners the right to vote. The municipal assembly in the city of Newton introduced a bill to this effect in 2004, while Amherst and Cambridge did so in 1998.[54] However, as of February 2008, the proposals had not been approved by the state's assembly.
Minnesota[edit]
A "bill for an act relating to elections; proposing an amendment to the Minnesota Constitution, article VII, section 1; authorizing local units of government to permit permanent resident noncitizens to vote in local elections" was submitted on February 7, 2005 at the Minnesota House of Representatives.[55]
New York[edit]
Bills were submitted at the New York City Council and at the New York State Assembly in 2003, 2005, 2006 and 2010.[56]
In New York City, non-citizens who have children in public schools could vote in school board elections until 2002. Since then there are no longer elected school boards.
Texas[edit]
A bill was submitted by Rep. Roberto Alonso in 1995 "proposing a constitutional amendment providing by local option for a lawfully admitted resident alien to vote in an election held by a political subdivision."[57]
Places where non-citizens can currently vote[edit]
Municipalities in Maryland where non-citizens can currently vote in local elections:
Barnesville, Maryland (since 1918)[58]
Chevy Chase Section Three, Maryland[59]
Garrett Park, Maryland (since 1999)[60]
Glen Echo, Maryland[61]
Hyattsville, Maryland (since December 2016)[61]
Martin's Additions, Maryland[62]
Mount Rainier, Maryland (since January 2017)[63]
Somerset, Maryland[64]
Takoma Park, Maryland (since 1993)[65]
See also[edit]
Earnest, David C. (November 7, 2003). "Voting Rights for Resident Aliens: A Comparison of 25 Democracies" (pdf). Old Dominion University: 33. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
Hayduk, Ron (2006). Democracy for All: Restoring Immigrant Voting Rights in the United States, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-95073-2
Hayduk, Ron (2015). "Political Rights in the Age of Migration: Lessons from the United States." Journal of International Migration & Integration. Volume 16, Issue 1, pp 99–118.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "3 different United States (Hooven & Allison vs Evatt)".
Jump up ^ Black's Law 6th. p. 1533.
^ Jump up to: a b "18 U.S.C. §611. - Voting by Aliens". United States Congress. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(10)(D) - Inadmissible aliens". Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
Jump up ^ "8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(6) - Deportable aliens". Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Simon (December 3, 2010). "Voting Rights: Earned or Entitled?". Harvard Political Review.
Jump up ^ "Around The US". ronhayduk.com. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Raskin, Jamin B. (April 1993), "Legal aliens, local citizens: The historical, constitutional and theoretical meanings of Alien suffrage", University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Southern Oregon University, 141 (4): 1391–1470, JSTOR 3312345, doi:10.2307/3312345, archived from the original (– Scholar search) on 2008-11-03, retrieved 2007-12-03
Jump up ^ Williamson, Chilton (1960), American Suffrage. From property to democracy, Princeton University Press
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Hayduk, Ronald (2006), Democracy For All: Restoring Immigrant Voting Rights In The United States, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-95073-2
Jump up ^ see also Droit de vote des étrangers aux États-Unis
Jump up ^ U.S. Supreme Court, Minor v. Happersett 88 U.S. 162 (1875), retrieved 2007-12-08
Jump up ^ Raskin 1993, citing Rosberg, Gerald M. (April–May 1977), Aliens and Equal Protection: Why Not the Right to Vote?, 75, Michigan Law Review, p. 1099
^ Jump up to: a b Raskin 1993, citing Aylsworth, Leon E. (1931), The Passing of Alien Suffrage, 25, American Political Science Review, p. 115
Jump up ^ Raskin 1993, citing Braeman, John; Bremner, Robert Hamlett; Brody, David (1968), Change and Continuity in Twentieth Century America: the 1920s: The 1920s, Ohio State University Press, p. 229
Jump up ^ Raskin 1993, citing Aylsworth 1931, pp. 115–116
Jump up ^ Raskin 1993, citing Aylsworth 1931, p. 114
Jump up ^ the entry Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (1780) on Wikisource is not the original 1780 text but the present-day amended text; for the original 1780 constitution, see: A constitution or frame of government, Agreed upon by the Delegates of the People of the State of Massachusetts Bay, teachingamericanhistory.org – Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs at Ashland University, March 2, 1780, retrieved 2007-12-12
Jump up ^ An ordinance for the government of the Territory of the United States north-west of the river Ohio, July 13, 1787, The Library of Congress, retrieved 2007-12-04
Jump up ^ article IV, section 1 of the 1802 Ohio Constitution
Jump up ^ Constitution of Pennsylvania – September 28, 1776, The Avalon Project at Yale Law School, retrieved 2007-12-11
Jump up ^ Constitution of Pennsylvania 1790, retrieved 2007-12-11
Jump up ^ The Constitution of Pennsylvania of 1838, retrieved 2007-12-11
Jump up ^ The Constitution of Pennsylvania of 1874, retrieved 2007-12-11
Jump up ^ Constitution of Vermont – July 8, 1777, The Avalon Project at Yale Law School, retrieved 2007-12-11
Jump up ^ Constitution of Vermont – July 4, 1786, The Avalon Project at Yale Law School, retrieved 2007-12-11
Jump up ^ Constitution of Vermont – July 9, 1793, Vermont State Archives, retrieved 2007-12-11
Jump up ^ Immigrant voting rights in Vermont, Immigrant Voting Project, retrieved 2007-12-07
Jump up ^ Virginia Bill of Rights, June 12, 1776, The Avalon Project at Yale Law School, retrieved 2007-12-09
Jump up ^ 1868 Constitution of Alabama, Article VII, Section 2, retrieved 2007-12-04
Jump up ^ Constitution of Alabama, 1901, Section 177, retrieved 2007-12-12
Jump up ^ Constitution of Arkansas, 1874, Article 3 § 1, archived from the original on 2008-02-06, retrieved 2007-12-10
Jump up ^ Constitution of the State of Florida Adopted February 25, 1868, Article XIV. Section 1, retrieved 2007-12-09
Jump up ^ Georgia Constitution of 1868, Article II, Section 2, archived from the original on 2007-09-14, retrieved 2007-12-09
Jump up ^ Indiana's Constitution of 1851 Article 2, sections 2 and 5, retrieved 2007-12-10
Jump up ^ Constitution of Kansas, 1859 – Article V, section 1, retrieved 2007-12-10
Jump up ^ Constitution of Michigan, 1850 – Article 7, section 1, retrieved 2007-12-09
Jump up ^ Betty Kane, Amending our state constitution: Continuity Through Ordered Change, 1981
Jump up ^ Constitution of the State of Texas (1876), Article VI, section 2, retrieved 2007-12-09
Jump up ^ Non-citizens (aliens) voting rights in Texas, retrieved 2007-12-09
Jump up ^ Constitution of the State of Wisconsin, Adopted in Convention, at Madison, on the first day of February, in the year Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight. Article III, section 1. (Suffrage) and Article IV, section 6. (Legislative), retrieved 2007-12-09
Jump up ^ Q&A Here's how California's new voter registration law will work
Jump up ^ Jeremy B. Whyte'California voter law could register millions – for a start', Sacramento Bee, October 20, 2015
Jump up ^ https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/dl/dl_info#BDLP
Jump up ^ "Bill Text". Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Text of the proposal is here and election results are here - scroll down to Local Measure N - Non-Citizen Voting in School Board Elections.
Jump up ^ Lin II, Rong-Gong (November 9, 2016). "San Francisco measure to allow noncitizen parents to vote in school board elections leading". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Immigrant Voting Rights in California[dead link]
Jump up ^ Valverde, Miriam (September 15, 2017). "Can noncitizens vote in San Francisco, Takoma Park elections?". politifact.
Jump up ^ "C G A". Connecticut General Assembly. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Immigrant voting rights in Washington, D.C.
Jump up ^ Earnest, David C. (August 29, 2003). "Noncitizen Voting Rights: A Survey of an Emerging Democratic Norm" (pdf). Old Dominion University.
Jump up ^ "Summary". Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Non-citizens (aliens) voting rights in Massachusetts – the debate in the City of Newton (excerpts from meetings of the board of aldermen and the programs and services committee, 2004–2007". Retrieved 2007-12-12.
Jump up ^ H.F. No. 818, as introduced – 84th Legislative Session (2005–2006)
Jump up ^ "Immigrant Voting Project --Democracy for All". Archived from the original on February 9, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Non-citizens (aliens) voting rights in Texas". Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Barnesville Town Charter "SECTION 74- 3. Commissioners- Election: Qualifications. The qualified voters of said town having resided therein for six months previous to any town election and being eighteen years of age shall ..."
Jump up ^ Section 3 of the Village of Chevy Chase - Governance: Charter and Ordinances "Anyone age 18 or older who is a resident of Section 3 is a qualified voter regardless of citizenship or ownership status."
Jump up ^ Town of Garrett Park - Elections and Voter Registration "A Garrett Park resident who is not a United States citizen is permitted to vote in all Town elections."
^ Jump up to: a b https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/hyattsville-will-allow-non-us-citizens-to-vote-in-city-elections/2016/12/07/63bc87ae-bc8c-11e6-ac85-094a21c44abc_story.html
Jump up ^ Village of Martin's Additions - Village Council Election Process "Non-U.S. citizens are allowed to vote."
Jump up ^ "Mt. Rainier extends vote to non-citizens."
Jump up ^ Town of Somerset - Who can vote in Town Elections? "A citizen of the United States of America or an alien legally authorized to reside in the United States"
Jump up ^ City of Takoma Park - Elections & Voter Registration General Information "Residents of Takoma Park who are not United States citizens have been eligible to register and vote in City elections since 1993."
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Voting rights in the United States
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