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List of Olympic Games host cities
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This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games, both summer and winter, since the modern Olympics began in 1896. Since then, summer games have usually – but not always – celebrated a four-year period known as an Olympiad. There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities, and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities. In addition, three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war: Berlin (summer) in 1916; Tokyo/Helsinki (summer) and Sapporo/Garmisch-Partenkirchen (winter) in 1940; and London (summer) and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy (winter) in 1944. The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens. However, in 1949, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games.[1] Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games: Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics, Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics, Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics, and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics.
In 2022, Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games. Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once: Athens (1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics), Paris (1900, 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics), London (1908, 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics), St. Moritz (1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics), Lake Placid (1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics), Los Angeles (1932, 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics), Innsbruck (1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics), Tokyo (1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics) and Beijing (2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics). In addition, Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics.[d] London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics. Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics, followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028. The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games, more than any other country, followed by France with five editions. Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games.
The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe (36 editions) and North America (12 editions); eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania. In 2016, Rio de Janeiro became South America's first Olympic host city, while the African continent has yet to hold the Games. Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia.
Host cities are selected by the IOC membership, usually seven years in advance.[2] The selection process lasts approximately two years. In the first stage, any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city. After 10 months, the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications. In a second stage, the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission, which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection. The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session, a general meeting of IOC members.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Olympic Games host cities
1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games
1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country
1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent
1.4 Unsuccessful cities
2 Notes
3 References
4 External links
Olympic Games host cities[edit]
For individual summer and winter lists, see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games.
City
Country
Continent
Summer (Olympiad)
Winter
Year
Opening Ceremony
Closing Ceremony
Athens Greece Europe S005I — 1896 000000002018-04-06-0000April 6 000000002018-04-15-0000April 15
Paris France Europe S005II — 1900 000000002018-05-14-0000May 14 000000002018-10-28-0000October 28
St. Louis[a] United States North America S005III — 1904 000000002018-07-01-0000July 1 000000002018-11-23-0000November 23
London[c] United Kingdom Europe S005IV — 1908 000000002018-04-27-0000April 27 000000002018-10-31-0000October 31
Stockholm Sweden Europe S005V — 1912 000000002018-05-05-0000May 5 000000002018-07-22-0000July 22
Berlin Germany Europe S006VI — 1916 Cancelled due to WWI[4]
Antwerp[d] Belgium Europe S007VII — 1920 000000002018-04-20-0000April 20 000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]
Chamonix France Europe — W001I 1924 000000002018-01-25-0000January 25 000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]
Paris France Europe S008VIII — 000000002018-05-04-0000May 4 000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]
St. Moritz Switzerland Europe — W002II 1928 000000002018-02-11-0000February 11 000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]
Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009IX — 000000002018-05-17-0000May 17 000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]
Lake Placid United States North America — W003III 1932 000000002018-02-04-0000February 4 000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]
Los Angeles United States North America S010X — 000000002018-07-30-0000July 30 000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]
Garmisch-Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe — W004IV 1936 000000002018-02-06-0000February 6 000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]
Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011XI — 000000002018-08-01-0000August 1 000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]
Sapporo
Garmisch-Partenkirchen[e] Empire of Japan
Nazi Germany Asia
Europe — W005aV 1940 Cancelled due to WWII[4]
Tokyo
Helsinki[f] Empire of Japan
Finland Asia
Europe S012XII —
Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe — W005bV 1944
London United Kingdom Europe S013XIII —
St. Moritz Switzerland Europe — W005cV 1948 000000002018-01-30-0000January 30 000000002018-02-08-0000February 8
London United Kingdom Europe S014XIV — 000000002018-07-29-0000July 29 000000002018-08-14-0000August 14
Oslo Norway Europe — W006VI 1952 000000002018-02-14-0000February 14 000000002018-02-25-0000February 25
Helsinki Finland Europe S015XV — 000000002018-07-19-0000July 19 000000002018-08-03-0000August 3
Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe — W007VII 1956 000000002018-01-26-0000January 26 000000002018-02-05-0000February 5
Melbourne
Stockholm[g] Australia
Sweden Oceania
Europe S016XVI — 000000002018-11-22-0000November 22
000000002018-06-10-0000June 10 000000002018-12-08-0000December 8
000000002018-06-17-0000June 17
Squaw Valley United States North America — W008VIII 1960 000000002018-02-18-0000February 18 000000002018-02-28-0000February 28
Rome Italy Europe S017XVII — 000000002018-08-25-0000August 25 000000002018-09-11-0000September 11
Innsbruck Austria Europe — W009IX 1964 000000002018-01-29-0000January 29 000000002018-02-09-0000February 9
Tokyo Japan Asia S018XVIII — 000000002018-10-10-0000October 10 000000002018-10-24-0000October 24
Grenoble France Europe — W010X 1968 000000002018-02-06-0000February 6 000000002018-02-18-0000February 18
Mexico City Mexico North America S019XIX — 000000002018-10-12-0000October 12 000000002018-10-27-0000October 27
Sapporo Japan Asia — W011XI 1972 000000002018-02-03-0000February 3 000000002018-02-13-0000February 13
Munich West Germany Europe S020XX — 000000002018-08-26-0000August 26 000000002018-09-11-0000September 11
Innsbruck Austria Europe — W012XII 1976 000000002018-02-04-0000February 4 000000002018-02-15-0000February 15
Montreal Canada North America S021XXI — 000000002018-07-17-0000July 17 000000002018-08-01-0000August 1
Lake Placid United States North America — W013XIII 1980 000000002018-02-12-0000February 12 000000002018-02-24-0000February 24
Moscow Soviet Union Europe[h] S022XXII — 000000002018-07-19-0000July 19 000000002018-08-03-0000August 3
Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe — W014XIV 1984 000000002018-02-07-0000February 7 000000002018-02-19-0000February 19
Los Angeles United States North America S023XXIII — 000000002018-07-28-0000July 28 000000002018-08-12-0000August 12
Calgary Canada North America — W015XV 1988 000000002018-02-13-0000February 13 000000002018-02-28-0000February 28
Seoul South Korea Asia S024XXIV — 000000002018-09-17-0000September 17 000000002018-10-02-0000October 2
Albertville France Europe — W016XVI 1992 000000002018-02-08-0000February 8 000000002018-02-23-0000February 23
Barcelona Spain Europe S025XXV — 000000002018-07-25-0000July 25 000000002018-08-09-0000August 9
Lillehammer Norway Europe — W017XVII 1994 000000002018-02-12-0000February 12 000000002018-02-27-0000February 27
Atlanta United States North America S026XXVI — 1996 000000002018-07-19-0000July 19 000000002018-08-04-0000August 4
Nagano Japan Asia — W018XVIII 1998 000000002018-02-07-0000February 7 000000002018-02-22-0000February 22
Sydney Australia Oceania S027XXVII — 2000 000000002018-09-15-0000September 15 000000002018-10-01-0000October 1
Salt Lake City United States North America — W019XIX 2002 000000002018-02-08-0000February 8 000000002018-02-24-0000February 24
Athens Greece Europe S028XXVIII — 2004 000000002018-08-13-0000August 13 000000002018-08-29-0000August 29
Torino Italy Europe — W020XX 2006 000000002018-02-10-0000February 10 000000002018-02-26-0000February 26
Beijing[i] China Asia S029XXIX — 2008 000000002018-08-08-0000August 8 000000002018-08-24-0000August 24
Vancouver Canada North America — W021XXI 2010 000000002018-02-12-0000February 12 000000002018-02-28-0000February 28
London United Kingdom Europe S030XXX — 2012 000000002018-07-27-0000July 27 000000002018-08-12-0000August 12
Sochi Russia Europe[h] — W022XXII 2014 000000002018-02-07-0000February 7 000000002018-02-23-0000February 23
Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031XXXI — 2016 000000002018-08-05-0000August 5 000000002018-08-21-0000August 21
Pyeongchang South Korea Asia — W023XXIII 2018 000000002018-02-09-0000February 9 000000002018-02-25-0000February 25
Tokyo Japan Asia S032XXXII — 2020 000000002018-07-24-0000July 24 000000002018-08-09-0000August 9
Beijing China Asia — W024XXIV 2022 000000002018-02-04-0000February 4 000000002018-02-20-0000February 20
Paris France Europe S033XXXIII — 2024 000000002018-07-26-0000July 26 000000002018-08-11-0000August 11
TBD TBD — W025XXV 2026 (TBD)
Los Angeles United States North America S034XXXIV — 2028 000000002018-07-21-0000July 21 000000002018-08-06-0000August 6
TBD TBD — W026XXVI 2030 (TBD)
Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games[edit]
List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games
City
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total
London United Kingdom Europe 3 (1908, 1948, 2012) 0 3
Paris France Europe 3 (1900, 1924, 2024) 0
Los Angeles United States North America 3 (1932, 1984, 2028) 0
Athens Greece Europe 2 (1896, 2004) 0 2
Tokyo Japan Asia 2 (1964, 2020) 0
Beijing China Asia 1 (2008) 1 (2022)
St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 (1928, 1948)
Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 (1964, 1976)
Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 (1932, 1980)
The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games.
Number of Olympic Games by country[edit]
Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics
5 times
4 times (no entry)
3 times
2 times
1 time
Never held games
Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics
4 times or more
3 times
2 times
1 time
Never held games
List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games
Rank
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total
1 United States North America 5 (1904, 1932, 1984, 1996, 2028) 4 (1932, 1960, 1980, 2002) 9
2 France Europe 3 (1900, 1924, 2024) 3 (1924, 1968, 1992) 6
3 Japan Asia 2 (1940, 1964, 2020) 2 (1940, 1972, 1998) 4
4 United Kingdom Europe 3 (1908, 1944, 1948, 2012) 0 3
Canada North America 1 (1976) 2 (1988, 2010)
Italy Europe 1 (1960) 2 (1944, 1956, 2006)
German Empire/ Nazi Germany/ West Germany/ Germany Europe 2 (1916, 1936, 1972) 1 (1936, 1940)
8 China Asia 1 (2008) 1 (2022) 2
South Korea Asia 1 (1988) 1 (2018)
Soviet Union/ Russia Europe 1 (1980) 1 (2014)
Greece Europe 2 (1896, 2004) 0
Australia Oceania 2 (1956, 2000) 0
Norway Europe 0 2 (1952, 1994)
Austria Europe 0 2 (1964, 1976)
Switzerland Europe 0 2 (1928, 1940, 1948)
Sweden Europe 2 (1912, 1956 (equestrian events only)) 0
17 Brazil South America 1 (2016) 0 1
Spain Europe 1 (1992) 0
SFR Yugoslavia/ Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 (1984)
Mexico North America 1 (1968) 0
Finland Europe 1 (1940, 1952) 0
Netherlands Europe 1 (1928) 0
Belgium Europe 1 (1920) 0
Number of Olympic Games by continent[edit]
Rank
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total
1 Europe 17 (1896, 1900, 1908, 1912, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1960, 1972, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2012, 2024) 14 (1924, 1928, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1964, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1992, 1994, 2006, 2014) 31
2 North America 7 (1904, 1932, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1996, 2028) 6 (1932, 1960, 1980, 1988, 2002, 2010) 13
3 Asia 4 (1940, 1964, 1988, 2008, 2020) 4 (1940, 1972, 1998, 2018, 2022) 8
4 Oceania 2 (1956, 2000) 0 2
5 South America 1 (2016) 0 1
6 Africa 0 0 0
Unsuccessful cities[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Country
City
Bids
United States Detroit 7
Hungary Budapest 6
Turkey Istanbul 5
Spain Madrid 4
Argentina Buenos Aires 4
Switzerland Lausanne 4
United States Philadelphia 5
United States Chicago 4
United States Minneapolis 3
Cuba Havana 3
Belgium Brussels 3
Azerbaijan Baku 2
Qatar Doha 2
Spain Seville 2
Yugoslavia Belgrade 2
Puerto Rico San Juan 1
Australia Brisbane 1
Slovakia Poprad 1
United States Boston 1
Notes[edit]
a Originally awarded to Chicago, but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World's Fair.[14][15]
b The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held, and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949[16]
c The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome, but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted.[17]
d The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend, Belgium and in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
e The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo, but were moved to Garmisch-Partenkirchen before being cancelled.
f The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo, but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled.
g Equestrian events were held in Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies, just like the regular Summer Olympics.[18]
h Russia/Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia. However, the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees. Also, Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia. (Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary, being just south of the Greater Caucasus' western end; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe.)
i Equestrian events were held in China's Hong Kong SAR.[19] Although Hong Kong's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition, it was an integral part of the Beijing Games (unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid, separate flame, etc.).[20]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-313-32278-5.
Jump up ^ Group, Taylor Francis (2003). The Europa World Yearbook. Taylor and Francis Group. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-85743-227-5.
Jump up ^ "Choice of the Host City". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Durántez, Conrado (April–May 1997). "The Olympic Movement, a twentieth-century phenomenon" (PDF). Olympic Review. XXVI (14): 56–57.
Jump up ^ "Antwerp 1920". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chamonix 1924". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Paris 1924". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "St. Moritz 1928". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Amsterdam 1928". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Lake Placid 1932". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Los Angeles 1932". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Berlin 1936". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "St Louis 1904". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
Jump up ^ "St. Louis gets Olympic Games; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World's Fair in 1904" (PDF). The New York Times. 1903-02-12. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906, Karl Lennartz, Journal of Olympic History, Dec. 2001/Jan. 2002
Jump up ^ "Rome Games moved to London". realclearsports.com. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Stockholm/Melbourne 1956". Swedish Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
Jump up ^ Tim Pile (June 25, 2008). "Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
Jump up ^ "2008 Beijing Olympic home page". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
External links[edit]
"The Olympic Games". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
[show]
v
t
e
Summer Olympic Games host cities
1896: Athens
1900: Paris
1904: St. Louis
1908: London
1912: Stockholm
1916: None[c1]
1920: Antwerp
1924: Paris
1928: Amsterdam
1932: Los Angeles
1936: Berlin
1940: None[c2]
1944: None[c2]
1948: London
1952: Helsinki
1956: Melbourne
1960: Rome
1964: Tokyo
1968: Mexico City
1972: Munich
1976: Montreal
1980: Moscow
1984: Los Angeles
1988: Seoul
1992: Barcelona
1996: Atlanta
2000: Sydney
2004: Athens
2008: Beijing
2012: London
2016: Rio de Janeiro
2020: Tokyo
2024: Paris
2028: Los Angeles
[c1] Cancelled due to World War I; [c2] Cancelled due to World War II
[show]
v
t
e
Winter Olympic Games host cities
1924: Chamonix
1928: St. Moritz
1932: Lake Placid
1936: Garmisch-Partenkirchen
1940: Cancelled due to World War II
1944: Cancelled due to World War II
1948: St. Moritz
1952: Oslo
1956: Cortina d'Ampezzo
1960: Squaw Valley
1964: Innsbruck
1968: Grenoble
1972: Sapporo
1976: Innsbruck
1980: Lake Placid
1984: Sarajevo
1988: Calgary
1992: Albertville
1994: Lillehammer
1998: Nagano
2002: Salt Lake City
2006: Turin
2010: Vancouver
2014: Sochi
2018: Pyeongchang
2022: Beijing
2026: TBD
2030: TBD
[show]
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1896 Athens
1900 Paris
1904 St. Louis
1908 London
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1920 Antwerp
1924 Paris
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1932 Los Angeles
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1940 Tokyo
1944 London
1948 London
1952 Helsinki
1956 Melbourne
1960 Rome
1964 Tokyo
1968 Mexico City
1972 Munich
1976 Montreal
1980 Moscow
1984 Los Angeles
1988 Seoul
1992 Barcelona
1996 Atlanta
2000 Sydney
2004 Athens
2008 Beijing
2012 London
2016 Rio de Janeiro
2020 Tokyo
2024 Paris
2028 Los Angeles
2032 TBD
Winter Games
1924 Chamonix
1928 St. Moritz
1932 Lake Placid
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
1940 Sapporo
1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo
1948 St. Moritz
1952 Oslo
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
1960 Squaw Valley
1964 Innsbruck
1968 Grenoble
1972 Sapporo
1976 Innsbruck
1980 Lake Placid
1984 Sarajevo
1988 Calgary
1992 Albertville
1994 Lillehammer
1998 Nagano
2002 Salt Lake City
2006 Turin
2010 Vancouver
2014 Sochi
2018 Pyeongchang
2022 Beijing
2026 TBD
2030 TBD
Ancient Olympic Games
Intercalated Games
1906
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Olympics portal
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National Human Rights Commission of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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National Human Rights Commission
राष्ट्रीय मानवाधिकार आयोग
national human rights commission logo
Agency overview
Formed
12 October 1993
Jurisdictional structure
Federal agency
India
Operations jurisdiction
India
General nature
• Federal law enforcement
Headquarters
New Delhi, India

Agency executives
Justice H. L. Dattu, Chairman
Ambuj Sharma, Secretary General
Website
Official website
The Rights Commission'u (NHRC) of India' is an autonomous public body constituted on 12 October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance of 28 September 1993.[1] It was given a statutory basis by the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (TPHRA).[2] The NHRC is the National Human Rights Commission of India,[3] responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights, defined by the Act as "rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants".
"Human Rights" means the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the constitution or embodied in the International covenants and enforceable by courts in India. "Commission" means the National Human Rights Commission constituted under section of All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights known as Human rights, as commonly understood, are the rights that every human being is entitled to enjoy freely irrespective of his religion, race, caste, sex and nationality, etc. (Jagdish chand, 2007) In Declaration of Independence acknowledged the fundamental human rights. Human right means different thing to different people. Human Rights are not static, but are rather dynamic in nature. New rights are recognized and enforced from time to time. Only persons fully conversant with the latest development about the expanding horizons of Human Rights can promote their awareness better other.
Contents
[hide]
1 Functions
2 Composition
2.1 Chairman and Members
2.2 State Human Rights Commission
3 Appointment
4 Former chairpersons
4.1 Acting Chairpersons
5 Controversy
6 Human Rights Campaign's recommendations
7 References
8 External links
Functions[edit]
TPHRA mandates the NHRC to perform the following functions:[2]
proactively or reactively inquire into violations of government of India human rights or negligence in the prevention of such violation by a public servant
by leave of the court, to intervene in court proceeding relating to human rights
make recommendations
review the safeguards provided by or under the Constitution or any law for the time being in force for the protection of human rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation
review the factors, including acts of terrorism that inhibit the enjoyment of human rights and recommend appropriate remedial measures
to study treaties and other international instruments on human rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation
undertake and promote research in the field of human rights
engage in human rights education among various sections of society and promote awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of these rights through publications, the media, seminars and other available means
encourage the efforts of NGOs and institutions working in the field of human rights
such other function as it may consider it necessary for the protection of human rights.
requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office.
Composition[edit]
The NHRC consists of:
A Chairperson, should be retired Chief Justice of India (though GoI mulling appointment of retired SC Judges as chairperson[4])
One member who is, or has been, a Judge of the Supreme Court of India
One member who is, or has been, the Chief Justice of a High Court
Two members to be appointed from among persons having knowledge of, or practical experience in, matters relating to human rights
In addition, the Chairpersons of four National Commissions (Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Women and Minorities) serve as ex officio members.
The sitting Judge of the Supreme Court or sitting Chief Justice of any High Court can be appointed only after the consultation with the Chief Justice of Supreme Court.
Chairman and Members[edit]
Justice JS Kehar is going to be next chairman after H.L. Dattu The chairman of the NHRC is Justice H. L. Dattu and the other members are:[5]
Justice Cyriac Joseph
Justice D. Murugesan, Chief Justice of Delhi High Court
Sharad Chandra Sinha, former Director General, National Investigation Agency
Jyotika Kalra,
Ex-officio members:
Ram shankar Katheria, Chairperson, National Commission for Scheduled Castes
Nand Kumar Sai, Chairperson, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
Syed Gayorul Hasan Rizvi, Chairperson, National Commission for Minorities
Rekha Sharma, Chairperson, National Commission for Women
State Human Rights Commission[edit]
A State Government may constitute a body known as the Human Rights Commission of that State to exercise the powers conferred upon, and to perform the functions assigned to, a State Commission. In accordance to the amendment brought in TPHRA,1993[6] point No.10 below is the list[7] of State Human Rights Commissions formed to perform the functions of the commission as stated under chapter V of TPHRA,1993 (with amendment act 2006). At present, 25 states have constituted SHRC[8]
State Commission
City
Date constituted
Assam Human rights Commission Guwahati 19 January 1996
Andhra Pradesh State Human rights Commission Hyderabad 2 August 2006
Bihar Human rights Commission Patna 3 January 2000
Chhattisgarh Human Rights Commission Raipur 16 April 2001
Gujarat State Human Rights Commission[9] Gandhinagar 12 September 2006
Goa Human Rights Commission Panaji 2011
Meghalaya State Human Right Commission 2013
Himachal Pradesh State Human rights Commission Shimla --
Jammu & Kashmir Human Rights Commission Srinagar January 1997
Kerala State Human Rights Commission Thiruvananthapuram 11 December 1998
Karnataka State Human Rights Commission Bangalore 28 June 2005
Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission Bhopal 1 September 1995
Maharashtra State Human Rights Commission Mumbai 6 March 2001
Manipur State Human Rights Commission Imphal 2003
Odisha Human rights Commission Bhubaneswar 27 January 2000
Punjab Human Rights Commission Chandigarh 1997
Rajasthan State Human rights Commission Jaipur 18 January 1999
State Human Rights Commission Tamil Nadu Chennai 17 April 1997
Uttar Pradesh Human Rights Commission Lucknow 7 October 2002
West Bengal Human Rights Commission Kolkata 8 January 1994
Jharkhand State Human Rights Commission Ranchi 2010
Sikkim State Human Rights Commission Gangtok 18 October 2008
Uttarakhand Human Rights Commission Dehradun 13 May 2013
Haryana Human Rights Commission Chandigarh 2012
Tripura Human rights Commission Agartala 2015
Appointment[edit]
Section 2 Sections 3 and 4 of TPHRA lay down the rules for appointment to the NHRC. The Chairperson and members of the NHRC are appointed by the President of India, on the recommendation of a committee consisting of:
The Prime Minister (Chairperson)
The Home Minister
The Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha (Lower House)
The Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha (Upper House)
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha (Lower House)
The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House)
Former chairpersons[edit]
Sr
No
Name
Tenure
1. Justice Ranganath Misra 12 October 1993 – 24 November 1996
2. Justice M N Venkatachaliah 26 November 1996 – 24 October 1999
3. Justice J S Verma 4 November 1999 – 17 January 2003
4. Justice A S Anand 17 February 2003 – 31 October 2006
5. Justice S. Rajendra Babu 2 April 2007 - 31 May 2009
6. Justice K G Balakrishnan 7 June 2010 - 11 May 2015
7. Justice H.L. Dattu 29 Feb-2016
Acting Chairpersons[edit]
Justice Cyriac Joseph from 11 May 2015 to 28 February 2016
Dr. Justice Shivaraj Patil, from 1 November 2006 to 1 April 2007
Justice G.P. Mathur, from 1 June 2009 to 6 June 2010
.
Controversy[edit]
A report concerning the manner of which the Shivani Bhatnagar murder controversy case was rejected, a case which involved high-ranking officials being implicated in the murder of a journalist, opened the organisation up to questioning over the usefulness of human rights commissions set up by the government at the national and state levels.[10]
In mid-2011, the chairman of the NHRC, ex-Chief Justice K.G. Balakrishnan came under a cloud for allegedly owning assets disproportionate to his income.[11] His son-in-law P. V. Srinijan, an Indian National Congress politician, had to resign for suddenly coming into possession of land worth Rs. 25 lakhs.[12] Many prominent jurists, including former CJ J. S. Verma, SC ex-Judge V. R. Krishna Iyer, noted jurist Fali S. Nariman, former NHRC member Sudarshan Agrawal and prominent activist lawyer Prashant Bhushan, have called on Balakrishnan's resignation pending from the HRC pending inquiry.[13] In February 2012, the Supreme Court inquired of the government regarding the status of the inquiry.[14]
Human Rights Campaign's recommendations[edit]
NHRC held that 16 out of 19 police encounters with suspected maoists in Guntur and Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh, prior to 2002 were fake and recommended to Government payment of compensation of Rs 5 lakh each to the kin of the families.[15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Annual Report 1993-94 of the National Human Rights Commission
^ Jump up to: a b The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, as amended by the Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2006
Jump up ^ Nath, Damini. "NHRC issues notice to T.N." The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ex-sc-judges-could-soon-be-appointed-nhrc-chiefs/article19824595.ece
Jump up ^ NHRC website
Jump up ^ http://nhrc.nic.in/documents/Publications/HRActEng.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.nhrc.nic.in/shrc.htm
Jump up ^ http://nhrc.nic.in/shrc.htm
Jump up ^ http://nhrc.nic.in/GujratOrders.htm
Jump up ^ The NHRC, and the Shivani Murder Controversy. Indiatogether.org. Retrieved on 2012-09-30.
Jump up ^ CBDT to probe ex-CJI Balakrishnan's assets -Videos India:IBNLive Videos. Ibnlive.in.com (2011-06-22). Retrieved on 2012-09-30.
Jump up ^ Ex-CJI's son amasses property in four years. Deccanherald.com (2012-09-21). Retrieved on 2012-09-30.
Jump up ^ Fali Nariman wants judicial probe against ex-CJI, kin's assets : South News – India Today. Indiatoday.intoday.in (2011-01-03). Retrieved on 2012-09-30.
Jump up ^ SC asks Centre about action taken against ex-CJI KG Balakrishnan – India News – IBNLive. Ibnlive.in.com. Retrieved on 2012-09-30.
Jump up ^ "NHRC declares 16 out of 19 encounters fake, orders compensation of Rs.80 lakh". 13 July 2012.
External links[edit]
National Human Rights Commission Official Website
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text:
List of La Liga top scorers
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Jump to navigation Jump to search
La Liga's all-time top goalscorer is Lionel Messi, who also holds the record for most goals scored in a season with 50 goals in 2011-12. Athletic Bilbao's Telmo Zarra, who was the competition's all-time top scorer until 2014, was top scorer in six seasons between 1945 and 1953. Four other players—Lionel Messi, Real Madrid's Alfredo Di Stéfano, Quini of Sporting de Gijón and Barcelona, and Hugo Sánchez of Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid—each finished as top scorer in five seasons.
Contents
1 Top scorers by season
1.1 All-time top scorers
1.2 Top active scorers
1.3 Players with most hat-tricks
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Top scorers by season[edit]
Lionel Messi is the all-time top goalscorer in La Liga history.
Player won the European Golden Shoe
Season
Player
Club
Goals
Apps
Ratio
1930–31 Bata Athletic Bilbao 27 17 1.59
1931–32 Bata (2) Athletic Bilbao 13[1] 18 0.72
1932–33 Manuel Olivares Real Madrid 16 14 1.14
1933–34 Isidro Lángara Real Oviedo 26 18 1.44
1934–35 Isidro Lángara (2) Real Oviedo 27 22 1.23
1935–36 Isidro Lángara (3) Real Oviedo 28 21 1.33
1939–40 Víctor Unamuno Athletic Bilbao 20 22 0.91
1940–41 Pruden Atlético Madrid 33 22 1.5
1941–42 Mundo Valencia 27 25 1.08
1942–43 Mariano Martín Barcelona 30 23 1.3
1943–44 Mundo (2) Valencia 28 26 1.08
1944–45 Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 20 26 0.77
1945–46 Telmo Zarra (2) Athletic Bilbao 24 18 1.33
1946–47 Telmo Zarra (3) Athletic Bilbao 33 24 1.38
1947–48 Pahiño Celta de Vigo 20 22 0.91
1948–49 César Barcelona 27 24 1.13
1949–50 Telmo Zarra (4) Athletic Bilbao 24 26 0.92
1950–51 Telmo Zarra (5) Athletic Bilbao 38 30 1.27
1951–52 Pahiño (2) Real Madrid 28 27 1.04
1952–53 Telmo Zarra (6) Athletic Bilbao 24 29 0.83
1953–54 Alfredo di Stéfano Real Madrid 27 28 0.96
1954–55 Juan Arza Sevilla 28 29 0.97
1955–56 Alfredo di Stéfano (2) Real Madrid 24 30 0.8
1956–57 Alfredo di Stéfano (3) Real Madrid 31 30 1.03
1957–58 Manuel Badenes Real Valladolid 19 29 0.66
Alfredo di Stéfano (4) Real Madrid 19 30 0.63
Ricardo Alós Valencia 19 29 0.66
1958–59 Alfredo di Stéfano (5) Real Madrid 23 28 0.82
1959–60 Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 25 24 1.04
1960–61 Ferenc Puskás (2) Real Madrid 28 28 1
1961–62 Juan Seminario Real Zaragoza 25 30 0.83
1962–63 Ferenc Puskás (3) Real Madrid 26 30 0.87
1963–64 Ferenc Puskás (4) Real Madrid 21 25 0.84
1964–65 Cayetano Ré Barcelona 26 30 0.87
1965–66 Luis Aragonés Atlético Madrid 18[2] 28 0.64
1966–67 Waldo Valencia 24 30 0.8
1967–68 Fidel Uriarte Athletic Bilbao 22 24 0.92
1968–69 Amancio Real Madrid 14 29 0.48
José Eulogio Gárate Atlético Madrid 14 30 0.47
1969–70 Amancio (2) Real Madrid 16 29 0.55
Luis Aragonés (2) Atlético Madrid 16 30 0.53
José Eulogio Gárate (2) Atlético Madrid 16 30 0.53
1970–71 José Eulogio Gárate (3) Atlético Madrid 17 28 0.61
Carles Rexach Barcelona 17 28 0.61
1971–72 Enrique Porta Granada 20 31 0.65
1972–73 Marianín Real Oviedo 19 32 0.59
1973–74 Quini Sporting de Gijón 20 34 0.59
1974–75 Carlos Athletic Bilbao 19 32 0.59
1975–76 Quini (2) Sporting de Gijón 21 34 0.62
1976–77 Mario Kempes Valencia 24 34 0.71
1977–78 Mario Kempes (2) Valencia 28 34 0.82
1978–79 Hans Krankl Barcelona 29 30 0.97
1979–80 Quini (3) Sporting de Gijón 24 34 0.71
1980–81 Quini (4) Barcelona 20 30 0.67
1981–82 Quini (5) Barcelona 27 32 0.84
1982–83 Poli Rincón Real Betis 20 30 0.67
1983–84 Jorge da Silva Real Valladolid 17 30 0.57
Juanito Real Madrid 17 31 0.55
1984–85 Hugo Sánchez Atlético Madrid 19 33 0.58
1985–86 Hugo Sánchez (2) Real Madrid 22 33 0.67
1986–87 Hugo Sánchez (3) Real Madrid 34 41 0.83
1987–88 Hugo Sánchez (4) Real Madrid 29 36 0.81
1988–89 Baltazar Atlético Madrid 35 36 0.97
1989–90 Hugo Sánchez (5) Real Madrid 38 35 1.09
1990–91 Emilio Butragueño Real Madrid 19 35 0.54
1991–92 Manolo Atlético Madrid 27 36 0.75
1992–93 Bebeto Deportivo 29 37 0.78
1993–94 Romário Barcelona 30 33 0.91
1994–95 Iván Zamorano Real Madrid 28 38 0.74
1995–96 Juan Antonio Pizzi Tenerife 31 41 0.76
1996–97 Ronaldo Barcelona 34 37 0.92
1997–98 Christian Vieri Atlético Madrid 24 24 1
1998–99 Raúl Real Madrid 25 37 0.68
1999–2000 Salva Ballesta Racing Santander 27 36 0.75
2000–01 Raúl (2) Real Madrid 24 36 0.67
2001–02 Diego Tristán Deportivo 20 35 0.57
2002–03 Roy Makaay Deportivo 29 38 0.76
2003–04 Ronaldo (2) Real Madrid 24 32 0.75
2004–05 Diego Forlán Villarreal 25 38 0.66
Samuel Eto'o Barcelona 25[3] 37 0.68
2005–06 Samuel Eto'o (2) Barcelona 26 34 0.76
2006–07 Ruud van Nistelrooy Real Madrid 25 37 0.68
2007–08 Daniel Güiza Mallorca 27 37 0.73
2008–09 Diego Forlán (2) Atlético Madrid 32 33 0.97
2009–10 Lionel Messi Barcelona 34 35 0.97
2010–11 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 40 34 1.18
2011–12 Lionel Messi (2) Barcelona 50 37 1.35
2012–13 Lionel Messi (3) Barcelona 46 32 1.44
2013–14 Cristiano Ronaldo (2) Real Madrid 31 30 1.03
2014–15 Cristiano Ronaldo (3) Real Madrid 48 35 1.37
2015–16 Luis Suárez Barcelona 40 35 1.11
2016–17 Lionel Messi (4) Barcelona 37 34 1.09
2017–18 Lionel Messi (5) Barcelona 34 36 0.94
All-time top scorers[edit]
As of matches played on 28 October 2018[4]
Players in bold are still active in La Liga.
hideRank
Player
Years
Goals
Apps
Ratio
1 Lionel Messi 2004– 390 427 0.91
2 Cristiano Ronaldo 2009–2018 311 292 1.07
3 Telmo Zarra 1940–1955 251 278 0.9
4 Hugo Sánchez 1981–1994 234 347 0.67
5 Raúl 1994–2010 228 550 0.41
6 Alfredo Di Stéfano 1953–1966 227 329 0.69
7 César Rodríguez 1939–1955 223 353 0.63
8 Quini 1970–1987 219 448 0.49
9 Pahiño 1943–1956 210 278 0.76
10 Edmundo Suárez 1939–1950 195 231 0.84
11 Santillana 1970–1988 186 461 0.4
12 David Villa 2003–2014 185 352 0.53
13 Juan Arza 1943–1959 182 349 0.52
14 Guillermo Gorostiza 1929–1945 178 256 0.7
15 Samuel Eto'o 1998–2009 162 280 0.58
16 Luis Aragonés 1960–1974 160 360 0.44
17 Ferenc Puskás 1958–1966 156 180 0.87
18 Aritz Aduriz 2002– 155 415 0.37
19 Julio Salinas 1982–2000 152 417 0.36
20 Adrián Escudero 1945–1958 150 287 0.52
21 Daniel Ruiz 1974–1986 147 303 0.49
22 Raúl Tamudo 1997–2013 146 407 0.36
23 Silvestre Igoa 1941–1956 141 284 0.5
24 Manuel Badenes 1946–1959 139 201 0.69
Juan Araújo 1945–1956 207 0.67
José Mari Bakero 1980–1997 483 0.29
27 László Kubala 1951–1965 138 215 0.64
28 José Luis Panizo 1939–1955 136 325 0.42
29 Jesús María Satrústegui 1973–1986 133 297 0.45
30 Joaquín Murillo 1952–1964 132 227 0.58
Top active scorers[edit]
As of matches played 28 October 2018[4]
Rank
Player
Years
Current club
Goals
Apps
Ratio
1 Lionel Messi 2004– Barcelona 390 427 0.91
2 Aritz Aduriz 2002– Athletic Bilbao 155 415 0.36
3 Karim Benzema 2009– Real Madrid 131 286 0.46
4 Antoine Griezmann 2010– Atlético Madrid 121 292 0.41
5 Luis Suárez 2014– Barcelona 117 140 0.84
Players with most hat-tricks[edit]
Three or more goals in a single match. For the complete list of hat-tricks see List of La Liga hat-tricks.
As of matches played 28 October 2018[5][6]
Players in bold are still active in La Liga.
Players with at least 10 hat-tricks are shown in this table.
Rank
Player
Hat-tricks
Last hat-trick
1 Cristiano Ronaldo 45 18 March 2018
2 Lionel Messi 30 29 April 2018
3 Telmo Zarra 23 15 March 1953
4 Alfredo di Stéfano 22 15 March 1964
5 Mundo 19 4 March 1951
6 César Rodríguez 15 19 October 1952
7 Isidro Lángara 13 15 December 1946
8 Ferenc Puskás 12 15 December 1963
9 László Kubala 11 19 March 1961
Pahiño 11 September 1955
Manuel Badenes 29 March 1958
12 Quini 10 7 October 1981
Luis Suárez 28 October 2018
Source: BDFútbol
Notes
See also[edit]
Pichichi Trophy
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Marca awarded the Pichichi to Guillermo Gorostiza, whom they credited with 12 goals.
Jump up ^ Marca awarded the Pichichi to Vavá, whom they credited with 19 goals.
Jump up ^ Marca did not award the Pichichi to Eto'o, whom they credited with 24 goals.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ranking Goals First Division". BDFutbol. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ranking Hat Tricks First Division". Bdfutbol.com. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hat-tricks in La Liga history". sportsgoogly.com. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
Citations
Liga de Fútbol Profesional historical archive
Bravo, Luis Javier; Sillipp, Bernhard; Torre, Raúl; Di Maggio, Roberto (25 June 2015). "List of all Pichichi winners". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
Martínez Calatrava, Vicente (2002). Historia y estadística del fúbol español. De la Olimpiada de Amberes a la Guerra Civil (1920-1939). ISBN 84-607-5767-6
Martínez Calatrava, Vicente (2002). Historia y estadística del fútbol español. De la Guerra Civil al Mundial de Brasil (1939-1950). ISBN 978-84-607-8817-1
Martínez Calatrava, Vicente (2002). Historia y estadística del fútbol español. Del gol de Zarra al gol de Marcelino (1950-1964). ISBN 978-84-609-2967-3
Martínez Calatrava, Vicente (2002). Historia y estadística del fútbol español. Del Campeonato de Europa al Mundial de España (1964-1982). ISBN 978-84-611-0295-2
Martínez Calatrava, Vicente (2002). Historia y estadística del fútbol español. Del Mundial 82 a la final española de París (1982-2001) ISBN 978-84-612-2007-6
External links[edit]
LFP - Historical squads for every season of the league including official goal scoring stats
Top 10 La Liga Golden Boot winners
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1929: Bienzobas
1930: Gorostiza
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Excise stamp
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
1871 Beer excise stamp
An excise stamp is a type of revenue stamp affixed to some exciseable goods to indicate that the required excise tax has been paid by the manufacturer. They are securities printed by the finance ministry of the relevant country.
Contents
[hide]
1 Security measures
2 Usage
3 In the United Kingdom
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
Security measures[edit]
Excise stamps are often as detailed in their design as banknotes - usually made from the same type of paper and containing holograms and other anti-counterfeit devices. The reason for such measures is that excise duty is extremely expensive, in most EU countries accounting for around half the market price of the product.
Usage[edit]
Excise stamps are most commonly found on tobacco and alcohol products, which reach the consumer in neatly packaged units (namely packets and bottles) to which the adhesive stamp is easily affixed.[1] Since counterfeit alcohol and cigarettes are extremely common in many countries, the presence of a genuine excise stamp also goes some way towards guaranteeing the genuineness of the product, as only certified producers may legally buy excise stamps. (However, illegally obtained or counterfeit stamps are common in some countries.)
Manufacturers will buy a certain quantity of excise stamps from the government at their excise value which they are then obliged to affix to every packet of cigarettes or bottle of spirits produced. The excise stamps are ideally affixed with strong glue over the cap of a bottle or across the lid of a box of cigarettes (and underneath the plastic/foil wrapper on the bottleneck or the cellophane of the cigarette-box) in such a way that they are destroyed when the product is opened. This is so that they cannot be reused, since this would constitute contraband.
In countries where excise stamps are required, all cigarettes and alcohol produced legally will bear a stamp. Some countries have separate stamps for domestically-produced and imported excisable goods; others require separate stamps for products destined for duty-free sale, which are still subject to excise but not VAT; some countries do not require stamps for wines, while others do.
In the United Kingdom[edit]
In the UK, excise stamps have been in use for spirits since 2006.(view image) While these are usually printed on the back label of the bottle by the manufacturer rather than being a special security bought from the government, they still have to adhere to strict specifications, such as containing UV-visible inks.[2] UK law does not require such physical stamps for cigarettes, either - instead, the words "UK Duty Paid" are printed in bold on all packs as part of the manufacturing process, while other forms of control are implemented by HM Revenue & Customs to verify that this is indeed the case. Meanwhile, foreign-bought cigarette packets bearing revenue stamps can be widely seen across the UK, mainly due to the comparatively high price of British cigarettes, leading people to (often illegally) import them from abroad.
Gallery[edit]
Russian excise stamps (2000s)
Cigarettes (domestic)
Cigarettes (import)
Spirits
Wines
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alcohol tax stamps and Tobacco tax stamps.
Excise stamps of Russia
Excise stamps of Ukraine
Tobacco and alcohol revenue stamps
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Unlike petrol, for example, which, despite being subject to excise, has no packaging to which a stamp may be affixed, nor is it exposed to the same dangers of counterfeiting as are alcohol and tobacco.
Jump up ^ UK Duty Stamps Scheme, June 2006, retrieved Feb 2009.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Excise_stamp&oldid=802430254"
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Philatelic terminology
Revenue stamps
Excises
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