text:
J. T. O'Sullivan
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J. T. O'Sullivan
O'Sullivan during his 2008 tenure with the 49ers
No. 14, 7, 4, 13, 0
Position:
Quarterback
Personal information
Born:
(1979-08-25) August 25, 1979 (age 38)
Burbank, California
Height:
6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
Weight:
232 lb (105 kg)
Career information
High school:
Carmichael (CA) Jesuit
College:
UC Davis
NFL Draft:
2002 / Round: 6 / Pick: 186
Career history
New Orleans Saints (2002–2004)
Frankfurt Galaxy (2004)
Green Bay Packers (2004)
Chicago Bears (2005)*
Minnesota Vikings (2005)
New England Patriots (2006)*
Carolina Panthers (2006)*
Frankfurt Galaxy (2007)
Chicago Bears (2007)*
Detroit Lions (2007)
San Francisco 49ers (2008)
Cincinnati Bengals (2009)
San Diego Chargers (2010)
Oakland Raiders (2010)
Saskatchewan Roughriders (2012)
* Offseason and/or practice squad member only
Career highlights and awards
First Team All-American (2000)
Second Team All-American (2001)
2× Harlon Hill Trophy finalist (2000, 2001)
All-NFL Europa (2007)
NFL Europa Co-Offensive MVP (2007)
Career NFL statistics
Completions–attempts:
145–257
Completion percentage:
56.4
Passing yards:
1,866
TD–INT:
9–13
Passer rating:
69.9
Player stats at NFL.com
Player stats at PFR
John Thomas O'Sullivan (born August 25, 1979) is a former professional gridiron football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL), NFL Europe and Canadian Football League (CFL) from 2002 to 2012. He played college football for the UC Davis Aggies of the University of California, Davis, where he was a three-year starter and threw for career totals of 10,745 yards and 96 touchdowns. He was named a First Team All-American in 2000 and a Second Team All-American in 2001. He was inducted into the Cal Aggie Athletics Hall of Fame in 2008.
O'Sullivan was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the sixth round of the 2002 NFL Draft. He also spent time with 10 other NFL teams: the Green Bay Packers, Chicago Bears, Minnesota Vikings, New England Patriots, Carolina Panthers, Detroit Lions, San Francisco 49ers, Cincinnati Bengals, San Diego Chargers, and Oakland Raiders. He was a backup for the majority of his NFL career but began the 2008 season as the starter for the 49ers. He also played for the Frankfurt Galaxy of NFL Europe in 2004 and 2007, leading the Galaxy to the World Bowl each year. He earned All-NFL Europa and NFL Europa Co-Offensive MVP honors in 2007. O'Sullivan spent the final season of his professional career as a backup for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the CFL.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early years
2 College career
3 Professional career
3.1 New Orleans Saints and Frankfurt Galaxy
3.2 Green Bay Packers
3.3 Chicago Bears
3.4 Minnesota Vikings
3.5 New England Patriots
3.6 Carolina Panthers
3.7 Second stint with Bears and Galaxy
3.8 Detroit Lions
3.9 San Francisco 49ers
3.10 Cincinnati Bengals
3.11 San Diego Chargers
3.12 Oakland Raiders
3.13 Saskatchewan Roughriders
3.14 NFL statistics
4 Personal life
5 References
6 External links
Early years[edit]
O'Sullivan was born in Burbank, California and attended Jesuit High School in Carmichael, California, where he played football and baseball. In football, he was a two-time All-Metro League selection and led his school to a Sac-Joaquin Section crown in 1995.[1][2] He was also team captain his senior year. He also set school records for single-season passing yards with 1,794 during his senior year and career passing yards with 3,500.[3] In baseball, he played catcher and earned all-league honors.[3] He had a .450 batting average his senior season.[1][3] O'Sullivan graduated from Jesuit High School in 1997.[4]
College career[edit]
O'Sullivan was a four-year letterman for the UC Davis Aggies, who competed in NCAA Division II at the time, of the University of California, Davis from 1998 to 2001. He was redshirted in 1997 and was a backup his redshirt freshman year in 1998.[3] He was a starter his final three seasons.[3][5]
As a sophomore in 1999, he completed 208 of 341 passes for 3,217 yards and 26 touchdowns with 16 interceptions.[3] He was also named an Honorable Mention All-American by Don Hansen's Football Gazette and was voted most improved player by his teammates in 1999.[3][6][7]
As a junior in 2000, he threw for 3,679 yards and a school single-season record 38 touchdowns passes as the Aggies advanced to the Division II semifinals, where they lost to Bloomsburg by a score of 58–48.[3][8][9] He had a 193.85 passer rating and was the only Division II player to receive a Heisman Trophy vote that season.[6][8] He was named a Third Team Little All-American by the Associated Press, a Second Team All-American by both Don Hansen's Football Gazette and Daktronics, and a First Team All-American by D2Football.com[6][10][11][12] He was also named First Team All-West Region by Daktronics.[12] He was a finalist for the Harlon Hill Trophy and a team co-captain as well.[3][6][12] He was co-winner of the Jerry Norris Award in 2000 as the team's most valuable and inspirational player.[3][6]
As a senior in 2001, he completed 255 of 406 passes for 32 touchdowns and a school single-season record 3,826 yards as the Aggies advanced to the Division II semifinals, where they lost to North Dakota by a score of 14–2.[3][9][13] He was named a Second Team All-American by both D2Football.com and Daktronics, and an Honorable Mention All-American by Don Hansen's Football Gazette.[14] For the second year in a row, he was both a finalist for the Harlon Hill Trophy and a team co-captain.[3][6][14] He was the first UC Davis player to twice be on the final ballot for the Harlon Hill Trophy. He also won the school's Colby E. "Babe" Slater Award for Male Athlete of Year in 2001.[14] He played in the 2002 East–West Shrine Game.[15][16]
He completed 669 of 1,070 passes for 10,745 yards and 96 touchdowns with 41 interceptions during his college career.[3][13][14] He also set the school record for total offense with 11,544 yards.[3][13][14]
He set a Division II record for touchdown passes in a playoff game with six, set on November 25, 2000, against Mesa State.[17] He also set a Division II record for most consecutive games with a touchdown pass.[6][18] He was Chapter President of the Phi Delta Theta chapter at UC Davis as well.[19] He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English.[3][20] O'Sullivan was inducted into the Cal Aggie Athletics Hall of Fame in 2008.[21][22] In 2009, he was the recipient of the school's Young Alumnus Award.[20]
Professional career[edit]
O'Sullivan had a long career, predominantly in the NFL, as a journeyman quarterback.[23]
Pre-draft measurables
Ht
Wt
40-yard dash
10-yd split
20-yd split
20-ss
3-cone
Vert jump
Broad
Wonderlic
6 ft 2 in
(1.88 m) 223 lb
(101 kg) 4.91 s 1.68 s 2.83 s 4.28 s 7.46 s 29 in
(0.74 m) 8 ft 11 in
(2.72 m) 35 [24]
All values from NFL Combine[25]
New Orleans Saints and Frankfurt Galaxy[edit]
O'Sullivan was selected by the New Orleans Saints in the sixth round of the 2002 NFL Draft with the 186th overall pick.[26] He signed a three-year contract worth $973,000 with the Saints on July 25, 2002.[27][28][29] The deal included a $68,000 signing bonus.[29] He was inactive as the third quarterback for all 16 regular season games in 2002.[3][30][31] He was released by the Saints on September 16, 2003.[28][32] He re-signed with the Saints on September 21.[32][33][34] He was again inactive as the third quarterback for all 16 regular season games in 2003.[3][30][31]
He was allocated to NFL Europe on January 27, 2004, where he played for the Frankfurt Galaxy during the 2004 season.[33][35] He started eight games for the Galaxy in 2004, completing 120 of 196 passes for 1,527 yards, ten touchdowns and five interceptions with a record of 6–2 as the starter.[30][35][36][37] His 91.9 passer rating was also second best in the league.[3][35] He missed the final two games of the regular season due to his father's death.[35][38] The Galaxy finished the year with a 7–3 regular season record, which granted them a berth in World Bowl XII.[39] In World Bowl XII, against the Berlin Thunder, O'Sullivan completed 19 of 33 passes for 210 yards and 3 touchdowns with 2 interceptions in the 30–24 loss.[3][38][40]
He was inactive as the Saints third quarterback for the first four games of the 2004 season.[3][37]
Green Bay Packers[edit]
O'Sullivan and a second round pick in the 2005 NFL Draft were traded to the Green Bay Packers for Mike McKenzie on October 4, 2004.[41] After the trade, O'Sullivan was inactive for 11 games as the third quarterback.[3][37][42] He then played the first regular season game of his career on January 2, 2005 in the season finale, when he took a knee twice to end the game.[3][43][44] He was also inactive for the team's Wild Card Round playoff game.[3] He re-signed with the Packers on April 22, 2005.[28][45] He was released by the team on September 3, 2005.[33][46][47]
Chicago Bears[edit]
O'Sullivan was signed to the Chicago Bears' practice squad on September 5, 2005.[28][33][46]
Minnesota Vikings[edit]
O'Sullivan was signed off the Bears' practice squad by the Minnesota Vikings on November 8, 2005, after Daunte Culpepper suffered a season-ending injury.[3][28][33][48] He was then inactive as the Vikings third quarterback for the final eight games of the season.[3][37] He was released by the Vikings on September 2, 2006.[28][33][49]
New England Patriots[edit]
O'Sullivan was signed to the New England Patriots' practice squad on September 5, 2006.[33][37] He was released by the team on October 2, 2006.[28][33][50]
Carolina Panthers[edit]
O'Sullivan was signed to the Carolina Panthers' practice squad in December 2006.[28][51]
Second stint with Bears and Galaxy[edit]
In February 2007, he signed with the Chicago Bears.[3][28][33] He was assigned to the Frankfurt Galaxy of NFL Europa on February 24, 2007.[33] In 2007, he completed 174 of 254 passes for 2,201 yards, 16 touchdowns, and 7 interceptions with a 104.8 passer rating. He led the league in passer rating and passing yards while also tying Casey Bramlet for the league lead in touchdown passes.[35][52][53][54] O'Sullivan recorded the league's only two 300 passing yards games of the 2007 season and threw for 374 yards in Week 9 against the Hamburg Sea Devils.[35][52] On June 21, 2007, O'Sullivan and Cologne Centurions running back Derrick Ross were named the 2007 NFL Europa Co-Offensive MVPs. They both earned All-NFL Europa honors as well.[52] O'Sullivan started all ten of the team's games, leading them to a 7–3 record and a berth in World Bowl XV, which the Galaxy lost to the Hamburg Sea Devils by a score of 37–28.[52][55] He completed 23 of 39 passes for 299 yards and two touchdowns with one interception in World Bowl XV.[55][56]
O'Sullivan was released by the Bears in July 2007.[57]
Detroit Lions[edit]
O'Sullivan signed a one-year contract with the Detroit Lions in July 2007.[3][58] Due to injuries to Detroit's other two quarterbacks, Dan Orlovsky and starter Jon Kitna, O'Sullivan played the Lions' final two 2007 preseason games in their entirety.[59] O'Sullivan was the primary backup to Kitna in 2007.[3][60][61] On September 16, Kitna suffered a concussion early in the second quarter against the Minnesota Vikings and was relieved by O'Sullivan, who was making his second career regular season appearance.[43][62] O'Sullivan then completed 13 of 24 passes for 148 yards, two interceptions and his first career touchdown, which was a seven-yarder to Calvin Johnson, before Kitna returned to the game midway through the fourth quarter.[3][62][63] The Lions won 20–17 in overtime.[62] O'Sullivan played in four games for the Lions in 2007, recording season passing totals of 13 attempts, 26 completions, 148 yards, one touchdown, and two interceptions.[26]
San Francisco 49ers[edit]
O'Sullivan and Adam Snyder in 2008
After hiring O'Sullivan's former offensive coordinator with the Lions, Mike Martz, the San Francisco 49ers signed O'Sullivan to a one-year contract for the veteran's minimum of $645,000 on February 29, 2008.[44][64][65][66] On August 12, head coach Mike Nolan appeared on a local radio show and announced that O'Sullivan had moved into the lead for the 49ers starting quarterback job.[67]
On August 22, Nolan officially declared O'Sullivan as the starting quarterback for the 2008 season.[68] He became the first 49ers quarterback to throw for over 300 yards in a game since 2004 when he completed 20 of 32 passes for 321 yards and a touchdown in a 33–30 win over the Seattle Seahawks on September 14.[43][67] O'Sullivan completed 16 of 28 passes for 256 yards, one touchdown and two interceptions in a 29–17 loss to the New York Giants on October 19. He was also sacked six times and fumbled four times, but only lost one fumble. Afterwards, Nolan said that the play of O'Sullivan in the Giants game was "disappointing".[67][69] On October 26, O'Sullivan, after throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown, was benched in favor of Shaun Hill by new head coach Mike Singletary during the second quarter of a game against the Seattle Seahawks.[70][71][72] O'Sullivan committed three turnovers in total during the Seahawks game, the interception and two fumbles.[72]
At the time of his benching, O'Sullivan and Brett Favre were tied for the league lead in interceptions with 11 and O'Sullivan led the league in fumbles with 11.[73][74] He also led the league in total turnovers with 11 interceptions and six fumbles lost. O'Sullivan, by himself, had committed more turnovers than any other NFL team at the time of his demotion. The Denver Broncos, New York Jets and Cincinnati Bengals were tied for the second most turnovers with 16.[73] On October 27, Singletary named Hill the starting quarterback.[72] Hill then started the final eight games of the season.[75] O'Sullivan completed 128 of 220 passes for 1,678 yards and eight touchdowns with 11 interceptions during the 2008 season. The 49ers won two out of the eight games that he started.[26] O'Sullivan, despite only starting eight games, was sacked 32 times, which made him tied for eighth in the NFL with Joe Flacco in number of times sacked.[76][77]
Cincinnati Bengals[edit]
An unrestricted free agent in the 2009 offseason, O'Sullivan signed a two-year contract with the Cincinnati Bengals in March 2009.[28][67][78][79] He was active as the Bengals second quarterback for every regular season game during the 2009 season.[80] He played in three games, completing four of eleven passes for 40 yards with no touchdowns or interceptions.[26] He was also active, but did not play, in the team's AFC Wild Card Game.[81] He was released by the Cincinnati Bengals on September 5, 2010.[28][67][82][83]
San Diego Chargers[edit]
After O'Sullivan was cut by the Bengals, the San Diego Chargers claimed him off waivers on September 6, 2010.[33][67][84] He was inactive as the Chargers third quarterback for six games.[67][81][85] He was released by the team on October 20, 2010.[28][67][86] In November 2010, he had workouts with the Miami Dolphins and Detroit Lions.[67]
Oakland Raiders[edit]
O'Sullivan was signed by the Oakland Raiders on December 2, 2010, after quarterback Bruce Gradkowski was placed on season-ending injured reserve.[33][67][87][88] He was inactive as the Raiders third quarterback for five games.[81] The Raiders were the last NFL team he played for. He became a free agent in July 2011.[28][33][89]
Saskatchewan Roughriders[edit]
O'Sullivan was signed by the Saskatchewan Roughriders on April 19, 2012.[90] He was the team's third-string quarterback for most of the season, behind starter Darian Durant and rookie Drew Willy.[91][92] O'Sullivan dressed for all 18 of the team's games in 2012, but played in just one game, completing nine of fourteen passes for 83 yards and rushing once for four yards.[91][92][93] He was released by the team on March 8, 2013.[91]
NFL statistics[edit]
Year
Team
GP
GS
Passing
Rushing
Cmp
Att
Pct
Yds
Y/A
TD
Int
Rtg
Att
Yds
Avg
TD
2004 GB 1 0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 2 −2 −1.0 0
2007 DET 4 0 13 26 50.0 148 5.7 1 2 48.2 4 −10 −2.5 0
2008 SF 9 8 128 220 58.2 1,678 7.6 8 11 73.6 30 145 4.8 0
2009 CIN 3 0 4 11 36.4 40 3.6 0 0 47.5 3 12 4.0 0
Career 17 8 145 257 56.4 1,866 7.3 9 13 69.9 39 145 3.7 0
Source:[26]
Personal life[edit]
O'Sullivan has spent time as a member of the compliance staff of San Diego State University's athletic department.[23][94]
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Lions QB Jon Kitna shaken up in second quarter against Vikings, but returns in fourth". twincities.com. September 16, 2007. Archived from the original on September 22, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "J.T. O'Sullivan". 49ers.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved September 21, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Dolphins sign guard Smiley to 5-year, $25M deal". espn.com. February 29, 2008. Archived from the original on September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Zaroo, Philip (February 29, 2008). "San Francisco 49ers sign Detroit Lions backup QB J.T. O'Sullivan". mlive.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Cotsonika, Nicholas J. (September 19, 2008). "Will 49ers, O'Sullivan make Lions regret his departure?". usatoday30.usatoday.com. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "J.T. O'Sullivan". kffl.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Sando, Mike (August 23, 2008). "O'Sullivan to start for 49ers in season opener". espn.com. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Crumpacker, John (October 20, 2008). "Champs make chumps of 49ers". sfgate.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Hawks win in San Francisco, 34-13". seahawks.com. October 26, 2008. Archived from the original on September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Mike Singletary benches J.T. O'Sullivan, Vernon Davis during 49ers' loss to Seahawks". Associated Press. twincities.com. October 26, 2008. Archived from the original on September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c "Singletary names Hill QB starter after benching O'Sullivan". espn.com. October 28, 2008. Archived from the original on September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Daniel (October 27, 2008). "Singletary discusses QBs, hints at Hill - 49ers Hot Read". blogs.mercurynews.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Florio, Mike (October 28, 2008). "O'SULLIVAN GETS O'BENCHED". profootballtalk.nbcsports.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Shaun Hill". pro-football-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2008 NFL Passing". pro-football-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Roughriders sign ex-NFL QB O'Sullivan". sportsnet.ca. April 19, 2012. Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "NFL Transactions". espn.com. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "O'Sullivan could sign as backup QB today". The Cincinnati Enquirer. March 5, 2009. p. 23. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "J.T. O'Sullivan". bengals.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c "J.T. O'Sullivan". raiders.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Bengals cut veteran QB O'Sullivan, claim rookie LeFevour". nfl.com. September 5, 2010. Archived from the original on September 22, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Hobson, Geoff (September 5, 2010). "Bengals spread QB field to add LeFevour, cut O'Sullivan". bengals.com. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Chargers add depth at quarterback by signing O'Sullivan". Associated Press. nfl.com. September 6, 2010. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Day, Kathy (October 20, 2010). "Chargers sign kicker as Kaeding recovers from groin injury". lajollalight.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Kaeding nursing groin injury, so Chargers sign kicker Brown". Associated Press. nfl.com. October 20, 2010. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Raiders sign backup QB J.T. O'Sullivan". Associated Press. foxsports.com. December 2, 2010. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Corbett, Jim (December 2, 2010). "Raiders place QB Bruce Gradkowki on season-ending IR". usatoday.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Corkran, Steve (July 25, 2011). "List of Raiders unrestricted free agents". ibabuzz.com. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "RIDERS RELEASE VETERAN ROMERO, SIGN FOUR". cfl.ca. April 19, 2012. Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c "ROUGHRIDERS RELEASE WR MOSS, QB O'SULLIVAN". cfl.ca. March 8, 2013. Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^ Jump up to: a b "J.T. O'sullivan". cflapedia.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "J.T. O'Sullivan". cfl.ca. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "SDSU ATHLETIC COMPLIANCE". goaztecs.com. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
External links[edit]
Just Sports Stats
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Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 24 July 2018.
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"7 Wonders of the Ancient World" redirects here. For the video game, see 7 Wonders of the Ancient World (video game).
The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (from left to right, top to bottom): Great Pyramid of Giza, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Temple of Artemis, Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, Colossus of Rhodes, and the Lighthouse of Alexandria
Timeline and map of the Seven Wonders. Dates in bold green and dark red are of their construction and destruction, respectively.
The Seven Wonders of the World or the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is a list of remarkable constructions of classical antiquity given by various authors in guidebooks or poems popular among ancient Hellenic tourists. Although the list, in its current form, did not stabilise until the Renaissance, the first such lists of seven wonders date from the 1st-2nd century BC. The original list inspired innumerable versions through the ages, often listing seven entries. Of the original Seven Wonders, only one—the Great Pyramid of Giza (also called the Pyramid of Khufu, after the pharaoh who built it), the oldest of the ancient wonders—remains relatively intact. The Colossus of Rhodes, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Temple of Artemis and the Statue of Zeus were all destroyed. The location and ultimate fate of the Hanging Gardens are unknown, and there is speculation that they may not have existed at all.
Contents
1 Background
2 Scope
3 Wonders
4 Influence
4.1 Arts and architecture
4.2 Modern lists
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Background
The Greek conquest of much of the known western world in the 4th century BC gave Hellenistic travellers access to the civilizations of the Egyptians, Persians, and Babylonians.[1] Impressed and captivated by the landmarks and marvels of the various lands, these travellers began to list what they saw to remember them.[2][3]
Instead of "wonders", the ancient Greeks spoke of "theamata" (θεάματα), which means "sights", in other words "things to be seen" (Τὰ ἑπτὰ θεάματα τῆς οἰκουμένης [γῆς] Tà heptà theámata tēs oikoumenēs [gēs]). Later, the word for "wonder" ("thaumata" θαύματα, "wonders") was used.[4] Hence, the list was meant to be the Ancient World's counterpart of a travel guidebook.[1]
The first reference to a list of seven such monuments was given by Diodorus Siculus.[5][6] The epigrammist Antipater of Sidon[7] who lived around or before 100 BC,[8] gave a list of seven such monuments, including six of the present list (substituting the walls of Babylon for the lighthouse):[9]
I have gazed on the walls of impregnable Babylon along which chariots may race, and on the Zeus by the banks of the Alpheus, I have seen the hanging gardens, and the Colossus of the Helios, the great man-made mountains of the lofty pyramids, and the gigantic tomb of Mausolus; but when I saw the sacred house of Artemis that towers to the clouds, the others were placed in the shade, for the sun himself has never looked upon its equal outside Olympus. – Greek Anthology IX.58
The Great Pyramid of Giza, the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing
Another 2nd century BC observer, who claimed to be the mathematician Philo of Byzantium,[10] wrote a short account entitled The Seven Sights of the World. However, the incomplete surviving manuscript only covered six of the supposedly seven places, which agreed with Antipater's list.[3]
Earlier and later lists by the historian Herodotus (484 BC–ca. 425 BC) and the architect Callimachus of Cyrene (ca. 305–240 BC), housed at the Museum of Alexandria, survived only as references.
The Colossus of Rhodes was the last of the seven to be completed, after 280 BC, and the first to be destroyed, by an earthquake in 226/225 BC. Hence, all seven existed at the same time for a period of less than 60 years.
Scope
The list covered only the sculptural and architectural monuments of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions,[10] which then comprised the known world for the Greeks. Hence, extant sites beyond this realm were not considered as part of contemporary accounts.[1]
The primary accounts, coming from Hellenistic writers, also heavily influenced the places included in the wonders list. Five of the seven entries are a celebration of Greek accomplishments in the arts and architecture (the exceptions being the Pyramids of Giza and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon).
Wonders
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as: KML · GPX
Name
Date of construction
Builders
Date of destruction
Cause of destruction
Modern location
Great Pyramid of Giza 2584–2561 BC Egyptians Still in existence, majority of façade gone Giza Necropolis, Egypt
29°58′45.03″N 31°08′03.69″E / 29.9791750°N 31.1343583°E / 29.9791750; 31.1343583 (Great Pyramid of Giza)
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
(existence unresolved)[11] c. 600 BC (evident) Babylonians or Assyrians After 1st century AD Unknown Hillah or Nineveh, Iraq
32°32′08″N 44°25′39″E / 32.5355°N 44.4275°E / 32.5355; 44.4275 (Hanging Gardens of Babylon)
Temple of Artemis at Ephesus c. 550 BC; and again at 323 BC Greeks, Lydians 356 BC (by Herostratus)
AD 262 (by the Goths) Arson by Herostratus, plundering Near Selçuk, Turkey
37°56′59″N 27°21′50″E / 37.94972°N 27.36389°E / 37.94972; 27.36389 (Temple of Artemis at Ephesus)
Statue of Zeus at Olympia 466–456 BC (temple)
435 BC (statue) Greeks 5th–6th centuries AD Disassembled and reassembled at Constantinople; later destroyed by fire Olympia, Greece
37°38′16.3″N 21°37′48″E / 37.637861°N 21.63000°E / 37.637861; 21.63000 (Statue of Zeus at Olympia)
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 351 BC Greeks,[12][13] Persians, Carians 12th–15th century AD Earthquakes Bodrum, Turkey
37°02′16″N 27°25′27″E / 37.0379°N 27.4241°E / 37.0379; 27.4241 (Mausoleum at Halicarnassus)
Colossus of Rhodes 292–280 BC Greeks 226 BC 226 BC Rhodes earthquake Rhodes, Greece
36°27′04″N 28°13′40″E / 36.45111°N 28.22778°E / 36.45111; 28.22778 (Colossus of Rhodes)
Lighthouse of Alexandria c. 280 BC Greeks, Ptolemaic Egyptians AD 1303–1480 1303 Crete earthquake Alexandria, Egypt
31°12′50″N 29°53′08″E / 31.21389°N 29.88556°E / 31.21389; 29.88556 (Lighthouse of Alexandria)
Influence
A map showing the locations of the seven wonders of the ancient world
Arts and architecture
In this painting by Maerten van Heemskerck, the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World are depicted as a background for the abduction of Helen by Paris.[14] The Walters Art Museum
The seven wonders on Antipater's list won praises for their notable features, ranging from superlatives of the highest or largest of their types, to the artistry with which they were executed. Their architectural and artistic features were imitated throughout the Hellenistic world and beyond.
The Greek influence in Roman culture, and the revival of Greco-Roman artistic styles during the Renaissance caught the imagination of European artists and travellers.[15] Paintings and sculptures alluding to Antipater's list were made, while adventurers flocked to the actual sites to personally witness the wonders. Legends circulated to further complement the superlatives of the wonders.
Modern lists
Of Antipater's wonders, the only one that has survived to the present day is the Great Pyramid of Giza. Its brilliant white stone facing had survived intact until around 1300 AD, when local communities removed most of the stonework for building materials. The existence of the Hanging Gardens has not been proven, although theories abound.[16] Records and archaeology confirm the existence of the other five wonders. The Temple of Artemis and the Statue of Zeus were destroyed by fire, while the Lighthouse of Alexandria, Colossus, and tomb of Mausolus were destroyed by earthquakes. Among the artifacts to have survived are sculptures from the tomb of Mausolus and the Temple of Artemis in the British Museum in London.
Still, the listing of seven of the most marvellous architectural and artistic human achievements continued beyond the Ancient Greek times to the Roman Empire, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and to the modern age. The Roman poet Martial and the Christian bishop Gregory of Tours had their versions.[1] Reflecting the rise of Christianity and the factor of time, nature and the hand of man overcoming Antipater's seven wonders, Roman and Christian sites began to figure on the list, including the Colosseum, Noah's Ark and Solomon's Temple.[1][3] In the 6th century, a list of seven wonders was compiled by St. Gregory of Tours: the list[17] included the Temple of Solomon, the Pharos of Alexandria and Noah's Ark.
Modern historians, working on the premise that the original Seven Ancient Wonders List was limited in its geographic scope, also had their versions to encompass sites beyond the Hellenistic realm—from the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World to the Seven Wonders of the World. Indeed, the "seven wonders" label has spawned innumerable versions among international organizations, publications and individuals based on different themes—works of nature, engineering masterpieces, constructions of the Middle Ages, etc. Its purpose has also changed from just a simple travel guidebook or a compendium of curious places, to lists of sites to defend or to preserve.
See also
Eighth Wonder of the World, about attempted additions to the famous ancient list.
Wonders of the World, about similar lists made throughout the ages.
Seven Wonders of the World (1956 film)
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World". Retrieved 2009-09-14.
Jump up ^ "History of the Past: World History".
^ Jump up to: a b c Paul Lunde (May–June 1980). "The Seven Wonders". Saudi Aramco World. Archived from the original on 2009-10-13. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
Jump up ^ Clayton, Peter; Martin J. Price (1990). The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-415-05036-4.
Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca Historica, Books I-V. 2.11.5: Perseus Project, Tufts University.
Jump up ^ Clayton, Peter A.; Price, Martin (2013-08-21). The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 9781136748097. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Greek Anthology, Volume III. Book 9, chapter 58: Perseus Project, Tufts University.
Jump up ^ Biographical Dictionary Volume III. Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. 1843. p. 48. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Clayton, Peter A.; Price, Martin (2013-08-21). The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 9781136748103. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b The New Encyclopædia Britannica Micropædia Volume 10. USA: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1995. p. 666. ISBN 0-85229-605-3.
Jump up ^ There is some conjecture as to whether the Hanging Gardens actually existed, or were purely legendary (see Finkel, Irving (1988) “The Hanging Gardens of Babylon,” In The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, Edited by Peter Clayton and Martin Price, Routledge, New York, pp. 38 ff. ISBN 0-415-05036-7).
Jump up ^ Kostof, Spiro (1985). A History of Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-19-503473-2.
Jump up ^ Gloag, John (1969) [1958]. Guide to Western Architecture (Revised ed.). The Hamlyn Publishing Group. p. 362.
Jump up ^ "Panorama with the Abduction of Helen Amidst the Wonders of the Ancient World". The Walters Art Museum.
Jump up ^ "Wonders of Europe". Retrieved 2009-09-14.
Jump up ^ Stephanie Dalley (2013), The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World wonder traced. OUP ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5
Jump up ^ Clayton, Peter and Price, Martin: The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (Routledge, 1988), pp. 162–163.
Further reading
Clayton, Peter A., and Martin Price. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. New York: Dorset, 1989.
Deliyannis, Deborah Mauskopf. “The mausoleum of Theoderic and the Seven Wonders of the World.” Journal of Late Antiquity 3, no. 2 (2010): 365-85.
D'Epiro, Peter, and Mary Desmond Pinkowish. What Are the Seven Wonders of the World? and 100 Other Great Cultural Lists. New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday, 1988.
Jordan, Paul. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Harlow, UK: Longman, 2002.
Mueller, Artur. The seven wonders of the world: Five thousand years of culture and history in the ancient world. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968.
Romer, John, and Elizabeth Romer. The Seven Wonders of the World: A History of the Modern Imagination. 1st American ed. New York: Henry Holt, 1995.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seven Wonders of the World.
Library resources about
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
"Seven Ancient Wonders of the World" on The History Channel website. Also includes links to medieval, modern and natural wonders.
Parkin, Tim, Researching Ancient Wonders: A Research Guide, from the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. – a collection of books and Internet resources with information on seven ancient wonders.
"Eternal wonder of humanity's first great achievements", by Jonathan Glancey in The Guardian, 10 March 2007
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Centralized database
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A centralized database (sometimes abbreviated CDB) is a database that is located, stored, and maintained in a single location. This location is most often a central computer or database system, for example a desktop or server CPU, or a mainframe computer. [1] In most cases, a centralized database would be used by an organization (e.g. a business company) or an institution (e.g. a university.) Users access a centralized database through a computer network which is able to give them access to the central CPU, which in turn maintains to the database itself.[2]
All of the information stored on the Centralized Database is accessible from a large number of different points, which in turn creates a significant amount of both advantages and disadvantages.
Contents
1 Historical context
2 Advantages
3 Disadvantages
4 Centralised databases vs. Distributed databases
5 See also
6 References
Historical context[edit]
The first ever created computers were overly expensive and did not have separate terminals. Thus, the need for centralized computing quickly arose. As a result, a way for data to be not just processed, but to also be organized and stored was discovered. This gave way to the earliest versions of databases, their respective database management systems (DBMS) and, in turn, centralized databases.[3]
With the growing popularity of computers, more and more types of database orientation and design were introduced. Centralized databases however are still used today, especially where storing and processing data in large enterprises is concerned.[4]
An example for a centralized database could be given with the Australian Department of Defense, which centralized their databases in the mid 1970s.[5]
Advantages[edit]
Centralized databases hold a substantial amount of advantages against other types of databases. Some of them are listed below:
Data integrity is maximized and data redundancy is minimised,[6] as the single storing place of all the data also implies that a given set of data only has one primary record. This aids in the maintaining of data as accurate and as consistent as possible and enhances data reliability.
Generally bigger data security, as the single data storage location implies only a one possible place from which the database can be attacked and sets of data can be stolen or tampered with.
Better data preservation than other types of databases due to often-included fault-tolerant setup.
Easier for using by the end-user due to the simplicity of having a single database design.
Generally easier data portability and database administration.
More cost effective than other types of database systems as labor, power supply and maintenance costs are all minimized.
Data kept in the same location is easier to be changed, re-organized, mirrored, or analyzed.
All the information can be accessed at the same time from the same location.[7]
Updates to any given set of data are immediately received by every end-user.
Disadvantages[edit]
Centralized databases also have a certain amount of limitations, such as those described below:
Centralized databases are highly dependent on network connectivity. The slower the internet connection is, the longer the database access time needed will be.
Bottlenecks can occur as a result of high traffic.
Limited access by more than one person to the same set of data as there is only one copy of it and it is maintained in a single location.[8] This can lead to major decreases in the general efficiency of the system.
If there is no fault-tolerant setup and hardware failure occurs, all the data within the database will be lost.
Since there is minimal to no data redundancy, if a set of data is unexpectedly lost it is very hard to retrieve it back, in most cases it would have to be done manually.
Centralised databases vs. Distributed databases[edit]
The underlying idea of centralised databases is that they should be able to receive, maintain, and complete every single request that the main system must perform by themselves. There is only one database file, kept at a single location on a given network.
A distributed database, however, is a database in which all the information is stored on multiple physical locations.[9] Distributed databases are divided into two groups: homogeneous and heterogeneous. It relies on replication and duplication within its multiple sub-databases in order to maintain its records up to date. It is composed of multiple database files, all controlled by a central DBMS.
The main differences between centralised and distributed databases arise due to their respective basic characteristics. Differences include but are not limited to:
Centralized databases store data on a single CPU bound to a single certain physical/geographical location. Distributed databases, however, rely on a central DBMS which manages all its different storage devices remotely, as it is not necessary for them to be kept in the same physical and/or geographical location.
As outlined above, centralised databases are easier to maintain up to date than distributed databases. This is so because distributed databases require additional (often manual) work to keep the data stored relevant, and to avoid data redundancy, as well as to improve the overall performance.[10]
If data is lost in a centralised system, retrieving it would be much harder. If, however, data is lost in a distributed system, retrieving it would be very easy, because there is always a copy of the data in a different location of the database.
Designing a centralised database is generally much less complex than designing a distributed database, as distributed database systems are based on a hierarchical structure.
See also[edit]
Database
Distributed database
Parallel database
Centralised computing
Centralisation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-08-27. Retrieved 2014-10-29. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ http://ib2012-itgs.wikispaces.com/file/view/Centralised+Vs+Distributed.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www2.cffn.ca/usha/part-iii-article-by-pramod-dhakal/129-the-law-of-rule-centralized-decentralized-and-distributed-systems
Jump up ^ http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-distributed-database-and-vs-centralized-database/
Jump up ^ Lake, Peter (2013). Concise Guide to Databases: A Practical Introduction. New York City: Springer. p. 37. ISBN 978-1447156000.
Jump up ^ http://www.mystudyroom.com.np/classnotes.php?nan=150&fire=4&cake=27&sun=6&rnd=577173844fe3450f92bab2.40075169
Jump up ^ http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-centralized-database.htm
Jump up ^ http://utahicelanders.com/what-are-the-advantages-of-centralized-database/
Jump up ^ http://casestudy-itgs-2012.wikispaces.com/Centralized+Database
Jump up ^ https://sites.google.com/site/assignmentssolved/mca/semester4/mc0077/10
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