text:
Sakoku Edict of 1635
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This Sakoku Edict (Sakoku-rei, 鎖国令) of 1635 was a Japanese decree intended to eliminate foreign influence, enforced by strict government rules and regulations to impose these ideas. It was the third of a series issued by Tokugawa Iemitsu[citation needed], Shogun of Japan from 1623 to 1651. The Edict of 1635 is considered a prime example of the Japanese desire for seclusion. The Edict of 1635 was written to the two commissioners of Nagasaki, a port city located in southwestern Japan.
Contents
[hide]
1 Japan before seclusion
2 Decrees of the Edict
3 Enforcement
4 After the Edict
5 References
Japan before seclusion[edit]
Before the issuing of the exclusion edicts in 1633, Japanese fascination with European culture brought trade of various goods and commercial success to the country. Items such as eyeglasses, clocks, firearms, and artillery were in high demand in Japan, and trade began to flourish between the Japanese and Europe.
With the exchange of goods came the exchange of ideas as well. Christian missionaries, such as Francis Xavier, were among the first to travel to Japan to teach Catholicism. For a time, they were encouraged to enlighten the Japanese people, and Oda Nobunaga, during his reign as military leader of Japan in the 1570s and 1580s, encouraged the conversion of the Japanese to Catholicism. His hopes of competing with his Buddhist rivals led him to allow Catholic missionary activity in Japan. In Kyoto, Japan’s capital city, a large portion of the population had already been converted to Christianity by the seventeenth century.[1]
Following Nobunaga was Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who ruled over Japan from 1582 to 1598. Anti-European attitudes began under Hideyoshi, whose suspicion of the Europeans first began with their intimidating appearance; their armed ships and sophisticated military power produced doubt and distrust, and following the conquest of the Philippines by the Spanish, Hideyoshi was convinced they were not to be trusted. The true motives of the Europeans came quickly into question.
Those who converted to Catholicism were questioned about their loyalty to Japan, and in 1597, Hideyoshi ordered the crucifixion of nine Catholic missionaries and seventeen Japanese converts. This was only the start of the hostility towards European influence and interaction; persecutions, beheadings, and forced conversions would all but eliminate the Christian community over the next few decades.
Decrees of the Edict[edit]
The key points of the Edict of 1635 included:
The Japanese were to be kept within Japan’s own boundaries. Strict rules were set to prevent them from leaving the country. Anyone caught trying to leave the country, or anyone who managed to leave and then returned from abroad, was to be executed. Europeans who entered Japan illegally would face the death penalty too.
Catholicism was strictly forbidden. Those found practicing the Christian faith were subject to investigation, and anyone associated with Catholicism would be punished. To encourage the search for those who still followed Christianity, rewards were given to those who were willing to turn them in. Prevention of missionary activity was also stressed by the edict; no missionary was allowed to enter, and if apprehended by the government, he would face imprisonment.
Trade restrictions and strict limitations on goods were set to limit the ports open to trade, and the merchants who would be allowed to engage in trade. Relations with the Portuguese were cut off entirely; Chinese merchants and those of the Dutch East India Company were restricted to enclaves in Nagasaki. Trade was also conducted with China through the semi-independent vassal kingdom of the Ryukyus, with Korea via the Tsushima Domain, and also with the Ainu people through the Matsumae Domain.
Enforcement[edit]
As a way of enforcing the edict, investigation methods such as the anti-Christian inquisition were established to expose those still practicing Catholicism. The fumi-e ceremony was considered yet another way of detecting a Christian; to reveal any individual that was still loyal to the Christian faith, a picture resembling that of Jesus or Mary was placed on the floor of a pagoda, and everyone within the building was required to step on it. If any hesitation was visible, or any reluctance was detected, that individual was automatically suspect and subject to investigation.[2]
Monetary rewards were also offered to anyone who had information regarding the violation of the edict. Anyone suspect of disregarding the decree would undergo a thorough investigation, and punishment usually followed. The allowance of ships was strictly regulated; only specific vessels were permitted to enter Japan, and merchants had to obtain special licenses to trade. Although trade was not cut off completely, it was very rare. To discourage those from embracing anything even remotely related to Europe, the Tokugawa punished any offenders that happened to surface. Many were publicly tortured, and often faced the death penalty as a result of their practices.
After the Edict[edit]
Following the precedence of this seclusion edict, others followed in its footsteps. One example is the edict detailing the Exclusion of the Portuguese in 1639. This isolationist policy would continue to thrive until 1858, over two hundred years later, when Commodore Perry from the Americas embraced Japan at the Convention of Kanagawa (Nichibei Washin Jōyaku, 日米和親条約). Although the isolationist policy was not willingly given up, on July 29, 1858, Japan and the United States signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce (Nichibei Shūkō Tsūshō Jōyaku, 日米修好通商条約), also known as the Harris Treaty. The signing of this document opened numerous trade ports in areas such as Edo, Kobe, Nagasaki, Niigata and Yokohama along Japan’s coast.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Andrea, Alfred; James H. Overfield (2005). The Human Record: Sources of Global History. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-37041-2.
Jump up ^ Hagemann, Edward (June 1942). "The Persecution of the Christians in Japan in the Middle of the Seventeenth Century". The Pacific Historical Review. 11 (2). JSTOR 3633765. doi:10.2307/3633765.
Jump up ^ Bulliet, Richard; Pamela Kyle Crossley; Daniel R. Headrick; Steven W. Hirsch; Lyman L. Johnson; David Northrup (2006). The Earth and Its Peoples. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-47116-2.
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104th Grey Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
104th Grey Cup
Calgary Stampeders
Ottawa Redblacks
(15–2–1) (8–9–1)
33 39
Head coach:
Dave Dickenson
Head coach:
Rick Campbell
1
2
3
4
OT
Total
Calgary Stampeders 7 0 10 16 0 33
Ottawa Redblacks 10 10 7 6 6 39
Date
November 27, 2016
Stadium
BMO Field
Location
Toronto, Ontario
Most Valuable Player
Henry Burris
Most Valuable Canadian
Brad Sinopoli
National anthem
The Tenors
Coin toss
Rt. Hon. David Johnston
Referee
André Proulx
Halftime show
OneRepublic
Attendance
33,421
Broadcasters
Network
Canada (English): TSN
Canada (French): RDS
United States: ESPN2
Announcers
Chris Cuthbert (play-by-play)
Glen Suitor (analyst)
Sara Orlesky (sideline reporter)
Matthew Scianitti (sideline reporter)
Ratings
3.9 million (average)
10 million (total)[1]
← 103rd Grey Cup
105th Grey Cup →
The 104th Grey Cup (branded as the 104th Grey Cup presented by Shaw for sponsorship reasons)[2] was a Canadian football game that was played on November 27, 2016, between the Calgary Stampeders and the Ottawa Redblacks, that decided the champion for the 2016 CFL season. In an upset, Ottawa defeated the heavily favoured Stampeders 39–33 in overtime to win a championship in just their third season of existence. This was the third Grey Cup game to go into overtime (the other two instances came in 1961 and 2005). This also marked a first that a CFL team won its division with a losing record (8-9-1) and became the 3rd worst team (behind the 2000 BC Lions and 2001 Calgary Stampeders who both went 8-10) to win the Grey Cup.
The Redblacks ended a 40-year championship drought for the city of Ottawa that spanned three CFL franchises and 27 football seasons of play. The Redblacks became the fourth-fastest expansion team to win a championship in an established North American professional sports league, after the 1950 Cleveland Browns (who won a championship in their first season in the National Football League), the 1927–28 New York Rangers (who won the Stanley Cup in their second National Hockey League season) and the 1995 Baltimore Stallions (who, as part of the CFL's mid-1990's U.S. expansion, won the Grey Cup in their second and final CFL season); they are tied with the 1970-71 Milwaukee Bucks (winners of the National Basketball Association title in their third season).
The game was played at BMO Field in Toronto, Ontario.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Host city
1.2 Teams
1.2.1 Ottawa Redblacks
1.2.2 Calgary Stampeders
1.2.3 Head-to-Head
2 Entertainment
3 Venue
4 Game summary
5 Aftermath
6 Television
7 References
Background[edit]
Host city[edit]
Grey Cup promotion near the John Street Roundhouse at Roundhouse Park in Toronto
On September 4, 2015, news agencies reported that the game would be awarded to Toronto, as a gift to the new Argonaut owners, despite the city recently hosting the 95th and the 100th Grey Cups.[4] On October 1, 2015, this rumor was confirmed at a news conference that BMO Field in Toronto, Ontario, would host the 104th Grey Cup.[3]
It was the 48th Grey Cup game to be held in Toronto, the most recent being the 100th Grey Cup in 2012. Although it was the first Grey Cup at BMO Field, which had undergone a $120 million renovation in order to accommodate the CFL franchise,[5] it was not the first to be held at the site – the stadium that previously stood where BMO Field was built (Exhibition Stadium) hosted twelve CFL championship games, the last being the 70th Grey Cup in 1982.[6] It was the first Grey Cup game to be played on a natural grass surface since the 90th Grey Cup at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton. [7]
The lead-up to the game was marked by significant media speculation concerning the health of the Argos and of the CFL as a whole in Toronto. The speculation was brought on by several factors, including the poor attendance of Argos games throughout the season, slow ticket sales for the Grey Cup, and a lack of media coverage for the game compared to other sporting events in the city. Despite affirmation of the league's confidence in the Toronto market, the poor showing of fan support in the city led to some questioning the future relevance of the CFL in Canada's largest city.[8][9] The CFL attributed the slow ticket sales to competition in the Toronto sports market from other major sports teams, including the Toronto Blue Jays and Toronto FC due to their playoff runs.[10]
Teams[edit]
Ottawa Redblacks[edit]
Main article: 2016 Ottawa Redblacks season
Coming off a season in which they had appeared in the Grey Cup in just their second season of existence, the Redblacks failed to match their 12–6 record of 2015. Nevertheless, they managed to finish in first place in a weak East Division with an 8–9–1 record, becoming the first CFL team to finish first in their division with a losing record. In another CFL first, the Redblacks faced the defending champion Edmonton Eskimos (who, as a crossover team, had defeated the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in the Eastern Semi-Final) in the first-ever Grey Cup rematch to take place in a division final. Despite being underdogs to the 10–8 Eskimos in the Eastern Final, the Redblacks avenged their 2015 Grey Cup loss with a 35–23 win over Edmonton to advance to their second consecutive championship game.[11]
Calgary Stampeders[edit]
Main article: 2016 Calgary Stampeders season
After losing the first game of the regular season to the BC Lions, the Stampeders dominated the CFL en route to a 15–2–1 record (tying the team's record for most wins in a season) and a first-place finish. The Stampeders would not lose again until their last game of the season and maintained a fourteen-game win streak between July 21 and October 21, the fourth longest in CFL history. As a result of the team's success five of its players were recognized by the league during its end-of-season awards ceremony, including quarterback Bo Levi Mitchell being named the league's Most Outstanding Player. By virtue of finishing first in the West the Stampeders received a bye through the first round of the playoffs, before defeating the BC Lions 42–15 in the Western Final.[12]
Despite their success on the field, the Stampeders were struck by tragedy on September 25, when defensive back Mylan Hicks was shot and killed at a Calgary nightclub.[13] Fellow defensive back and teammate Jamar Wall changed his jersey number from 29 to Hicks' 31 for the rest of the season in tribute.
Head-to-Head[edit]
Ottawa and Calgary met twice in the 2016 regular season. Their first meeting took place on July 8 in Ottawa and resulted in the only tie game of the season, with the two teams playing to a 26–26 draw. In their second and final meeting on September 17, the Stampeders defeated Ottawa 48–23 in Calgary.[14]
Entertainment[edit]
The Grey Cup Festival featured various fan events leading up to the game, including activities, the alumni luncheon, and autograph sessions. Two new events added to the festival are the Empowering Women and Community Through Sport Summit, and the first official Grey Cup party in support of the LGBT community, hosted by You Can Play and the law firm Baker & McKenzie at the Striker Sports Bar—Toronto's first sports bar catering to the city's LGBT community. The New Pornographers, Tokyo Police Club, The Lowest of the Low, and The Sheepdogs were announced as headlining acts for the SiriusXM Concert Series.[15][16][17][18]
Canadian opera group The Tenors sang the national anthem, and Canadian singer Alessia Cara headlined the SiriusXM Kickoff Show.[19] On September 7, 2016, the CFL announced that OneRepublic would perform during the Freedom Mobile Halftime Show.[20]
Venue[edit]
BMO Field was temporarily expanded to about 34,000 for the Grey Cup game. By the middle of October, ticket prices were lowered due to difficulty in selling tickets to reach the temporary capacity. Originally the tickets were priced between $169 and $899 (before tax), but after the sale the cheapest tickets dropped to $89 and thousands more middle section seats saw a major decrease in cost as well.[21] Some who had purchased their tickets in advance of the mid-October sale were offered upgrades or compensation. Less than a week prior to the game, organizers announced that ticket sales had increased dramatically and they expected a sell-out crowd.[22] Attendance was announced at 33,421.[23]
Game summary[edit]
First Quarter
OTT – TD Burris 1 yard rush (Early convert) (8:26) 7–0 OTT
CGY – TD Messam 7 yard pass (Paredes convert) (6:08) 7–7 Tie
OTT – FG Early 37 yards (2:13) 10–7 OTT
Second Quarter
OTT – TD Lavoie 6 yard pass (Early convert) (6:46) 17–7 OTT
OTT – FG Early 29 yards (0:08) 20–7 OTT
Third Quarter
OTT – TD Sinopoli 9 yard pass (Early convert) (12:03) 27–7 OTT
CGY – FG Paredes 32 yards (7:33) 27–10 OTT
CGY – TD Durant 33 yard pass (Paredes convert) (4:20) 27–17 OTT
Fourth Quarter
CGY – TD Buckley 1 yard rush (missed convert) (13:53) 27–23 OTT
OTT – TD Burris 1 yard rush (missed convert) (6:21) 33–23 OTT
CGY – TD Daniels 19 yard rush (Paredes convert) (1:44) 33–30 OTT
CGY – FG Paredes 10 yards (0:22) 33–33 Tie
Overtime
OTT – TD Jackson 18 yard pass (missed 2 point convert) (0:00) 39–33 OTT
Immediately prior to the game during the team warm-ups, Ottawa quarterback Henry Burris suffered a scare as he appeared to injure his knee, leading to questions regarding his status for the game. He did not lead his team out onto the field during the team's introduction or participate in the coin toss; in both instances he was replaced by back-up quarterback Trevor Harris. Burris eventually did return to the field in time to start the game, after having received medical attention from the team's doctors.[24]
Calgary entered the game as the heavy favourites,[24] but it was Ottawa that opened the scoring in the game with a touchdown by Burris halfway into the first quarter, capping off a 65-yard opening drive. The Stampeders responded two minutes later with a 79-yard drive of their own which ended with a touchdown pass from Bo Levi Mitchell to the regular season's Most Outstanding Canadian Jerome Messam, tying the game up at 7–7. Redblacks kicker Ray Early would kick a field goal before the end of the first to put the Redblacks ahead 10–7. In the second quarter, the Redblacks continued to score, with Burris connecting with running back Patrick Lavoie for another touchdown with 6:46 remaining and Early scoring another field goal with eight seconds left to put the team up at halftime 20–7. The Redblacks defence intercepted two passes by Mitchell in the second quarter, after Mitchell had thrown only eight in the entire season.[24]
The Redblacks opened the third quarter with another touchdown, this time from Burris to receiver Brad Sinopoli, to make the game 27–7. This was the largest lead of the game for the Redblacks, however, as in a repeat of the 103rd Grey Cup, they found themselves fending off a fierce second-half rally by their opponent. Halfway through the third quarter, Stampeders kicker Rene Paredes connected on a field goal, and on the Stamps' next possession, Mitchell would throw a touchdown pass to wide receiver Lemar Durant to bring the Stampeders within ten points by the start of the fourth quarter. Backup quarterback Andrew Buckley would run for a touchdown a minute into the fourth, making the score 27–23 (Parades missed the subsequent convert kick). The Redblacks would respond eight minutes later with a one-yard touchdown run by Burris (and a missed convert kick by Early) to make the score 33–23 with six minutes to play in the game. With under two minutes left to play in the game, Stampeders wide receiver DaVaris Daniels scored a touchdown to bring the Stampeders within three points.[25] After recovering an onside kick, the Stampeders threatened to end the game with a touchdown and made it to the two-yard line before the Redblacks defence managed to hold them back after a controversial play that saw the Stampeders hand the ball to Buckley – their third-string quarterback – instead of Mitchell or Messam, the CFL's MOP and MOC, respectively.[26] On their final play of regulation, the Stampeders settled for a field goal to tie the game 33–33 and force overtime.
The Stampeders won the coin toss to decide which team would be on offence first, and chose to play second. On the Redblacks' first drive in overtime, Burris threw an 18-yard touchdown pass to Ernest Jackson to go ahead 39–33. After Ottawa failed on the requisite two-point convert attempt, the Stampeders were unable to respond with a touchdown of their own; quarterback Bo Levi Mitchell threw three consecutive incomplete passes to end the game, sealing victory for the Redblacks.[24]
Ottawa quarterback Henry Burris ended the game completing 35–46 passes for 461 yards (the fourth most in Grey Cup history and the first 400+ performance in the game since Danny McManus in 1996), three touchdowns and one interception. Bo Levi Mitchell responded for Calgary with 28–41 passes completed for 391 yards, two touchdowns and three interceptions.[25]
Aftermath[edit]
Immediately following the game, Redblacks quarterback Henry Burris was named the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Player, having completed 35-of-46 passes for 461 yards and three touchdowns (while running for another two). Redblacks receiver Brad Sinopoli received the Dick Suderman Trophy as the game's Most Valuable Canadian.[24] Burris became the oldest quarterback to ever win the Grey Cup at 41 years and 177 days.[27]
The Redblacks' victory ended a 40-year-long championship drought for the city of Ottawa, dating back to the last championship of the Ottawa Rough Riders in 1976. During that timespan, the Rough Riders and the city's original replacement franchise Ottawa Renegades both folded while the modern Ottawa Senators (who have yet to win a Stanley Cup) joined the National Hockey League. Shortly after the game, the City of Ottawa announced it would hold a championship parade and fan rally for the Redblacks on November 29, two days after the game.[28]
With the Redblacks' win, the CFL's longest active championship drought now belongs to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, who last won the Grey Cup in 1990.[29]
On December 7, 2016 CFL Commissioner Jeffrey Orridge fined more than 20 of the 88 players who suited up in this year’s Grey Cup because of violations related to how they wore their socks in the game.[30]
Television[edit]
The 104th Grey Cup was watched by an average of 3.9 million Canadians, with the average viewership peaking at 5.7 million during the Stampeders' fourth quarter comeback and overtime. The day following the game, the CFL announced the game saw increases in viewership over the previous year, including a 15% increase in viewers from the 18–34 male demographic. The game also saw significant growth in online viewership and in coverage on social media sites such as Twitter. Overall, approximately ten million Canadians watched at least part of the game.[31]
According to the CFL, approximately 2.5 million viewers in the United States watched the Grey Cup, either on ESPN 2 or through livestreaming.[32]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ TSN.ca Staff (November 28, 2016). "10 million Canadians watch Grey Cup on TSN, RDS". TSN. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Shaw, CFL announce Grey Cup sponsorship deal". Global News. Shaw Media. May 8, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "104th Grey Cup presented by Shaw awarded to Toronto". Canadian Football League. October 1, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Toronto to host Grey Cup in 2016, Ottawa in 2017". Sportsnet. Rogers Media. September 4, 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Toronto Argonauts: BMO Field to Host 2016 Grey Cup". Tip of the Tower. October 1, 2015. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Once Upon A City: Mistake by the Lake's troubled place in Toronto history". Toronto Star. March 31, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "BMO Field's hat trick: Three sports, four games, five weeks, one stadium". Globe and Mail. December 30, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "CFL commissioner optimistic on Toronto market despite struggles". CTV. November 25, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Everyone loves the CFL (except Toronto)". The Globe and Mail. November 25, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Toronto Argonauts slash ticket prices for Grey Cup at BMO Field". The Star. October 18, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "REDBLACKS back in the Grey Cup after Eastern Final win". CFL.ca. November 20, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Too Much Horsepower: Stamps handle Lions in Western Final". CFL.ca. September 17, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Calgary Stampeder Mylan Hicks dead after nightclub shooting". CBC. September 26, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Streaking Stamps: Calgary downs Ottawa for ninth straight win". CFL.ca. September 17, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "LGBTQ sports bar makes a home near Toronto's Gay Village". Toronto Star. October 12, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "THE SHEEPDOGS, TOKYO POLICE CLUB TO HEADLINE GREY CUP FESTIVAL PRESENTED BY SHAW". CFL. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grey Cup fans will have entertainment options". TSN. Bell Media. September 22, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "CFL to hold first ever LGBTQ Grey Cup party". TSN. Bell Media. November 15, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Tenors to sing O Canada at Grey Cup minus controversial ex-member". CBC Sports. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "OneRepublic to headline 2016 Grey Cup halftime show". Global News. Corus Entertainment. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Argos reduce ticket prices for Grey Cup". TSN. Bell Media. October 18, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Strong, Gregory. "Organizers report spike in ticket sales for Grey Cup, sellout crowd expected". Canadian Press. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Redblacks pull off huge upset to win 104th Grey Cup in OT". CBC. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Redblacks top Stamps in OT for Grey Cup". TSN. November 27, 2015. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Red, Black & Grey: Ottawa captures first championship in 40 years". CFL.ca. November 27, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Failed Grey Cup call may haunt Dave Dickenson". CBC Sports. November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Henry Burris earns legendary status with Grey Cup win". CBC Sports. November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Here's where you can watch Ottawa's Grey Cup parade". Ottawa Citizen. November 28, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "If the Cubs can end their drought, when will the Bombers?". The Manitoban. November 23, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "CFL fined more than 20 players in Grey Cup for sock violations - Sportsnet.ca". Sportsnet.ca. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
Jump up ^ "10 Million Canadians Watch the 104th Grey Cup presented by Shaw". CFL.ca. November 28, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ @CFL_PR (December 1, 2016). "104th #GreyCup telecast on @ESPN 2, combined with livestreaming audience, reached a total of 2.5M viewers (P2+) in the USA. Progress. #CFL" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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Perfect round
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the measure of the shape of a round object, see Sphericity.
In golf, a perfect round is a round of eighteen holes where all holes were played on average at one under par (average of birdie on every hole) resulting in a score of 55 on a par 73 course, 54 on a par 72 course, 53 on a par 71 course, and 52 on a par 70 course. The term 'perfect round' is used for a 54 as the lowest score generally accepted as being in the realm of possibility among professional golfers on a par 72 course. This has remained the standard and has never been achieved by a professional golfer in a professional event.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lowest scores overall
2 Lowest scores in professional golf
3 Comments and quotes about achieving the perfect round
4 References
Lowest scores overall[edit]
The lowest officially recorded score is 55 by Rhein Gibson and this score is recognized by the Guinness World Records.[1] Four other rounds of 55 are documented, but these are commonly discounted due to the quality of the course or the nature of the round (e.g., a non-competitive round).[2]
Lowest scores in professional golf[edit]
In official golf tournaments on major tours:
Player
Score
To par
Rnd
Finish
Year
Tour
Tournament
Ref
Ishikawa, RyoRyo Ishikawa 58 −12 4/4 1 2010 Japan Golf Tour The Crowns [3]
Jäger, StephanStephan Jäger 58 −12 1/4 1 2016 Web.com Tour Ellie Mae Classic [4]
Furyk, JimJim Furyk 58 −12 4/4 5 !T5 2016 PGA Tour Travelers Championship [5]
Geiberger, AlAl Geiberger 59 −13 2/4 1 1977 PGA Tour Danny Thomas Memphis Classic [6][7]
Beck, ChipChip Beck 59 −13 3/5 3 !T3 1991 PGA Tour Las Vegas Invitational [6][8]
Begay III, NotahNotah Begay III 59 −13 2/4 6 !T6 1998 Nike Tour Dominion Open [6][9]
Dunakey, DougDoug Dunakey 59 −11 2/4 2 !T2 1998 Nike Tour Miami Valley Open [6][10]
Duval, DavidDavid Duval 59 −13 5/5 1 1999 PGA Tour Bob Hope Chrysler Classic [6][11]
Sörenstam, AnnikaAnnika Sörenstam 59 −13 2/4 1 2001 LPGA Tour Standard Register PING [12]
Kuramoto, MasahiroMasahiro Kuramoto 59 −12 1/4 1 2003 Japan Golf Tour Acom International [3][13]
Gore, JasonJason Gore 59 −12 2/4 1 2005 Nationwide Tour Cox Classic [14]
Mörk, AdrienAdrien Mörk 59 −12 2/4 1 2006 Challenge Tour Tikida Hotels Agadir Moroccan Classic [15]
Goydos, PaulPaul Goydos 59 −12 1/4 2 2010 PGA Tour John Deere Classic [16]
Appleby, StuartStuart Appleby 59 −11 4/4 1 2010 PGA Tour Greenbrier Classic [17]
Wilcox, WillWill Wilcox 59 −12 4/4 3 !T3 2013 Web.com Tour Utah Championship [18]
Knox, RussellRussell Knox 59 −12 2/4 12 !T12 2013 Web.com Tour Albertsons Boise Open [19]
Furyk, JimJim Furyk 59 −12 2/4 3 2013 PGA Tour BMW Championship [20]
Sutherland, KevinKevin Sutherland 59 −13 2/3 7 !T7 2014 Champions Tour Dick's Sporting Goods Open [21]
Ravano, NicoloNicolo Ravano 59 −12 2/3 2 2016 Challenge Tour Fred Olsen Challenge de España [22]
Thomas, JustinJustin Thomas 59 −11 1/4 1 2017 PGA Tour Sony Open in Hawaii [23]
Hadwin, AdamAdam Hadwin 59 −13 3/4 2 2017 PGA Tour CareerBuilder Challenge [24]
Saunders, SamSam Saunders 59 −12 1/4 T2 2017 Web.com Tour (Finals) Web.com Tour Championship [25]
In unofficial tournaments or on minor tours:
Player
Score
To par
Rnd
Finish
Year
Tour
Tournament
Ref
Maruyama, ShigekiShigeki Maruyama 58 −13 1/2 2000 PGA Tour U.S. Open qualifying round [26]
Bohn, JasonJason Bohn 58 −13 4/4 1 2001 Canadian Tour Bayer Championship [27]
Hahn, JohnJohn Hahn 58 −12 4/6 T50 2014 European Tour qualifying school tournament [28]
Player, GaryGary Player 59 −10 2/4 1 1974 Brazil Open [29]
Gossett, DavidDavid Gossett 59 −13 4/6 T68 2000 PGA Tour qualifying school tournament [6][30]
Mickelson, PhilPhil Mickelson 59 −13 2/2 1 2004 PGA Tour PGA Grand Slam of Golf [31]
Kaymer, MartinMartin Kaymer 59 −13 2/3 1 2006 EPD Tour Habsberg Classic [32]
Frazar, HarrisonHarrison Frazar 59 −13 4/6 1 2008 PGA Tour qualifying school tournament [33]
McCurdy, WillWill McCurdy 59 −13 2/3 2015 SwingThought.com Tour Callaway Gardens 3 Day [34]
Kind, RobinRobin Kind 59 −13 2/3 1 2015 Pro Golf Tour Sparkassen Open [35]
Love, JamesJames Love 59 −12 1/4 2016 Web.com Tour qualifying school tournament [36]
Austin, WoodyWoody Austin 59 −12 1/3 1 2017 PGA Tour Champions Diamond Resorts Invitational [37]
Kooratanapisan, SutijetSutijet Kooratanapisan 59 −11 4/4 3 2017 Asian Development Tour Singha Phuket Open [38]
Arkenau, HinrichHinrich Arkenau 59 −13 1/3 1 2017 Pro Golf Tour Sparkassen Open [39]
Notes:
Rnd is the round in which the score was shot, i.e. 2/4 means the round was shot in the second of four rounds.
Finish is the final tournament finish of the player
Comments and quotes about achieving the perfect round[edit]
Annika Sörenstam has commented on many occasions about her desire to shoot the perfect round saying,
"I believe I can hit 18 greens, hit every fairway, you know—Vision 54, which means you birdie every hole, that's in the back of my mind. I want to putt better, chip better. That day when I hit 18 greens and one putt, I'll know I'm a complete golfer. Will that ever happen? I'm not sure, but it's possible. The 54 vision is always in the back of my mind."
In another interview she said,
"How do you shoot a 54? Hit one fairway. Hit one green. Make one putt. Do that 18 times and you have achieved golf perfection."
She even has a knitted blue and yellow head cover in her bag with the number 54 on it.
Cecilia Ekelundh, of the Ladies European Tour keeps the perfect round on her mind by drawing a 54 on the ball she plays in competition. "There is no reason why you can't birdie every hole," Ekelundh said. "I got the idea when Swedish speed skater Tomas Gustafson came and spoke at one of our national team days. He said he wrote his ultimate lap time on his shoe so that every time he put his shoes on he visualised making that time. Now every time I pick up a ball I have that vision."[40]
There is an emerging philosophy among top rated golf schools popularized by Pia Nilsson's Vision 54 that concentrates on achieving the perfect round, the basic ideology being that striving for perfection results in better scores even if the goal is not met.[41]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Lowest golf score 18 holes (male)". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
Jump up ^ Kelley, Brent. "What Is the Lowest 18-Hole Golf Score Ever Recorded?". About.com. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ishikawa's 58 sets major-tour record". ESPN. Associated Press. May 2, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
Jump up ^ "Stephan Jaeger shoots the first 58 in Web.com Tour history". Golf News Net. July 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Traveler's Championship Scorecard: Jim Furyk". PGA Tour. August 7, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "David the Goliath". Sports Illustrated. Associated Press. December 2, 2000. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
Jump up ^ "Al Geiberger Becomes First Pro To Shoot 59 In U.S. Golf Tournament". Gettysburg Times. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. June 11, 1977. p. 14. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Beck's 59 Ties Pro Golf Record". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Sarasota, Florida. October 12, 1991. p. 1C. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Burns gets first Nike Tour victory". TimesDaily. Florence, Alabama. May 18, 1998. p. 2D. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Nike Tour's Dunakey becomes fourth to shoot 59". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. June 6, 1998. p. 6C. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
Jump up ^ Brown, Clifton (January 25, 1999). "A Round for the Ages: Duval wins With a 59". The New York Times. New York, New York. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Sorenstam Shoots LPGA Record 59". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Sarasota, Florida. Associated Press. November 30, 1974. p. 1C. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
Jump up ^ "Kuramoto Shoots a 59 in Japan". Golf Channel. September 26, 2003. Retrieved 2010-05-26. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Gore Shoots 59 on Nationwide Tour". Los Angeles Times. August 6, 2005. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
Jump up ^ "French golfer shoots European Tour's first official 59". ESPN. Associated Press. May 26, 2006. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
Jump up ^ "Goydos shoots fourth 59 in tour history". ESPN. July 8, 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Stuart Appleby shoots 59 at Greenbrier Classic". Sports Illustrated. August 1, 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-01. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Will Wilcox bags 4th 59 on Web.com". ESPN. July 15, 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-15.
Jump up ^ Shain, Jeff (July 26, 2013). "Knox makes 'nearly everything' to shoot magical 59". PGA Tour. Retrieved 2013-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Jim Furyk hits golf's magic mark". ESPN. 2013-09-13. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
Jump up ^ "Kevin Sutherland shoots first 59 on Champion's Tour at Dick's Sporting Goods Open". ESPN. Associated Press. 2014-08-16.
Jump up ^ "Ravano shots second official 59 in European Tour history". PGA European Tour. July 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Eagle on final hole gives Justin Thomas 59 at Sony Open". ESPN. Associated Press. January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hadwin cards a 59 to grab lead". PGA Tour. January 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sam Saunders, grandson of Arnold Palmer, shoots 59 on Web.com Tour". ESPN. September 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Maruyama hits record low of 58 in qualifying". The Independent. London. June 7, 2000. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
Jump up ^ Hunter, Rory (September 18, 2001). "Bohn's round of 58 earns place in history". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
Jump up ^ "John Hahn Fires 58 at European Tour Qualifying Tournament". Golf.com. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
Jump up ^ "Player fires 59". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. Daytona Beach, Florida. Associated Press. November 30, 1974. p. 3B. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
Jump up ^ "'99 Am Champ Gossett Shoots 59". CBS News. December 2, 2000. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Magic Mickelson fires 59 in Kauai". BBC Sport. November 24, 2004. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
Jump up ^ "59 shots! Martin Kaymer writes golf history with a fabulous round". EPD Tour. June 21, 2006. Archived from the original on July 16, 2006. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
Jump up ^ "Harrison Frazar shoots a 59 to seize Q-school lead". The Seattle Times. Seattle, Washington. Associated Press. December 7, 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-06-22. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
Jump up ^ "McCurdy shoots 59 in SwingThought.com Tour event". Golfweek. July 16, 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-16.
Jump up ^ Langer, Christian (August 11, 2015). "59! Robin Kind and the round of his life". Pro Golf Tour. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
Jump up ^ Prise, Kevin (October 12, 2016). "Love shoots 59 at First Stage of Q-School". PGA Tour. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Woody Austin shoots 59 at Diamond Resorts Invitational". ESPN. Associated Press. January 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Mr 59' Sutijet and Chanachok aim to reign #QueensCup". Asian Tour. June 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lettenbichler, Matthias (July 6, 2017). "59 again! Hinrich Arkenau shoots 13 birdies". PGA of Germany.
Jump up ^ Cutler, Bethan (June 10, 2004). "Cecilia Ekelundh: What's In The Bag?". Ladies European Tour. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
Jump up ^ "Ever-busy, multi-talented Nilsson dedicates time to teaching, traveling, forming friendships". LPGA. February 3, 2003. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
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Postoperative nausea and vomiting
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Postoperative nausea and vomiting
Classification and external resources
MeSH
D020250
[edit on Wikidata]
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is an unpleasant complication affecting about a third of the 10% of the population undergoing general anaesthesia each year.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cause
1.1 Risk factors
2 Management
2.1 Preoperative fasting
2.2 Medications
2.3 Alternative medicine
3 Epidemiology
4 References
Cause[edit]
Emetogenic drugs commonly used in anaesthesia include nitrous oxide, physostigmine and opioids. The intravenous anaesthetic propofol is currently the least emetogenic general anaesthetic. These medications are thought to stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ). This area is on the floor of the fourth ventricle and is effectively outside of the blood-brain barrier. This makes it incredibly sensitive to toxin and pharmacological stimulation. There are multiple neurotransmitters such as histamine, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and the more recently discovered neurokinin-1 (substance P).
Risk factors[edit]
A 2008 study compared 121 Japanese patients who experienced PONV after being given the general anesthetic propofol to 790 people who were free of post-operative nausea after receiving it. Those with a G at both copies of rs1800497 were 1.6 times more likely to experience PONV within six hours of surgery compared to those with the AG or AA genotypes. But they were not significantly more likely to experience PONV more than six hours after surgery.[1]
Postoperative nausea and vomiting results from patient factors, surgical factors, and anesthetic factors. It has been proven that there is a direct link between length of surgery and risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Due to the length of the procedure, abdominal and laparoscopic are at a higher risk for PONV. Procedures in ENT have an increased risk as well due to the involvement of the vestibulocochlear system. In addition to the length of the surgery the dose of the anesthetic also play a large role in the risk of PONV.
Patients that are female or who have a history of postoperative nausea and vomiting are at greater risk. Smokers have a decreased risk, but this would never be recommended by any physician. Older patients suffer less PONV.
Obesity, age less than 16 years, past history of motion sickness and high levels of pre-operative anxiety are also risk factors for PONV.
Management[edit]
Because no currently available antiemetic is especially effective by itself, and successful control is often elusive, experts recommend a multimodal approach. Anaesthetic strategies to prevent vomiting include using regional anaesthesia wherever possible and avoiding medications that cause vomiting. Medications to treat and prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting is limited by both cost and the adverse effects. People with risk factors probably warrant preventative medication, whereas a "wait and see" strategy is appropriate for those without risk factors.
Preoperative fasting[edit]
Fasting guidelines often restrict the intake of any oral fluid after two to six hours preoperatively. However, it has been demonstrated in a large retrospective analysis in Torbay Hospital that unrestricted clear oral fluids right up until transfer to theatre could significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting without an increased risk in the adverse outcomes for which such conservative guidance exists.[2]
Medications[edit]
A Cochrane review found droperidol, metoclopramide, ondansetron, tropisetron, dolasetron, dexamethasone, cyclizine, and granisetron effective for preventing PONV.[3]
Granisetron and dexamethasone is not recommended due to the higher rate of side effects.[4]
Alternative medicine[edit]
In conjunction with antiemetic medications, at least one study has found that application to the Pericardium Meridian 6 acupressure point produced a positive effect in relieving postoperative nausea and vomiting.[5] Another study found no statistically significant difference.[6] The two general types of alternative pressure therapy are sham acupressure and the use of the P6 point. A 2015 study found that there is no significant difference between the use of either therapy in the treatment or prevention of PONV. In a review of 59 studies it was found that both therapies significantly affected the nausea aspect, but had no significant effect on vomiting.
Epidemiology[edit]
On average the incidence of nausea or vomiting after general anesthesia ranges between 25 and 30% [Cohen 1994]. Nausea and vomiting can be extremely distressing for patients and is therefore one of their major concerns [Macario 1999]. Vomiting has been associated with major complications such as pulmonary aspiration of gastric content and might endanger surgical outcomes after certain procedures, for example after maxillofacial surgery with wired jaws. Nausea and vomiting can delay discharge and about 1% of patients scheduled for day surgery require unanticipated overnight admission because of uncontrolled postoperative nausea and vomiting.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ McCracken, Graham C.; Montgomery, Jane (2017-11-06). "Postoperative nausea and vomiting after unrestricted clear fluids before day surgery: A retrospective analysis". European Journal of Anaesthesiology (EJA). Publish Ahead of Print. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000000760. ISSN 0265-0215.
Jump up ^ Carlisle, JB; Stevenson, CA (19 July 2006). "Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD004125. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004125.pub2. PMID 16856030.
Jump up ^ Tricco, AC; Soobiah, C; Blondal, E; Veroniki, AA; Khan, PA; Vafaei, A; Ivory, J; Strifler, L; Ashoor, H; MacDonald, H; Reynen, E; Robson, R; Ho, J; Ng, C; Antony, J; Mrklas, K; Hutton, B; Hemmelgarn, BR; Moher, D; Straus, SE (18 June 2015). "Comparative safety of serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonists in patients undergoing surgery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis". BMC Medicine. 13: 142. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0379-3. PMC 4472408  . PMID 26084332.
Jump up ^ "Acupressure Treatment For The Prevention Of Postoperative Nausea And Vomiting".
Jump up ^ "Effect of acupressure on postoperative nausea and vomiting in laparoscopic cholecystectomy".
Lee, A., Chan, S., Fan, L. (2015). Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003281.pub4
Blackburn, J., Spencer, R. (2015). Postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Pleuvry, B. (2015). Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting.
[hide]
v
t
e
Anesthesia (outline)
Types
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Techniques
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Scientific principles
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Complications
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Perioperative mortality
Postanesthetic shivering
Postoperative nausea and vomiting
Postoperative residual curarization
Fields of study
Cardiothoracic
Geriatric
Oral sedation dentistry
Professions
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History
A.C.E. mixture
Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology
History of general anesthesia
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Organizations
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American Society of Anesthesiologists
Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists
Australian Society of Anaesthetists
International Anesthesia Research Society
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values: غثيان وقيء بعد العملية الجراحية – Arabic

values: Postoperative Übelkeit und Erbrechen – German

values: تهوع و استفراغ بعد از بیهوشی – Persian

values: Náusea e vômito pós-operatório – Portuguese

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