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West Coast Customs
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West Coast Customs
Type
Private company
Founded
1994[1] (LA Times), 1997[2] (USA Today)
Founder
Ryan Friedlinghaus
Headquarters
Burbank, California, U.S.
Key people
Quinton Dodson, Chris G. Cooley, Dana Florence
Products
Custom cars, branded merchandise,[3][4] franchising,[5] trade school courses[6]
Revenue
$10 million (2008)[2]
Number of employees
40 (2015)[7]
Website
www.westcoastcustoms.com
CEO of West Coast Customs Ryan Friedlinghaus, in red, poses with three Microsoft employees. Friedlinghaus makes a "W" hand sign as in the opening sequence of Inside West Coast Customs, while the Microsoft employees make V signs.
West Coast Customs (abbreviated by the company[8] as WCC) is an automobile repair shop focusing on the customization of vehicles. It was started by co-founders Ryan Friedlinghaus and Quinton Dodson in 1994.[1] According to Friedlinghaus, he began the business with a $5000 loan from his grandfather,[9] but other sources claim that he raised the seed money for the business while working at his father's liquor store.[1] Owing to the patronage of celebrities such as Shaquille O'Neal, and Sean Combs,[1] along with appearances in the reality television programs Pimp My Ride and Street Customs, the company has gained a high degree of notoriety and has become a multimillion-dollar[2] business.
Besides celebrities, West Coast Customs has also created vehicles for global brands such as Virgin,[9] Nintendo,[10] and Microsoft.[11] It is frequently characterized as one of the best custom car shops in the United States.[12][13][14] However, the company has also at times been accused of missing deadlines,[15][16] using aggressive sales tactics,[17][16] and producing low quality and potentially unsafe customized vehicles.[16][18] Some observers and past employees have also criticized the company's employment practices.[2][19]
It has had some success franchising outside of the United States with open franchises in Dubai, United Arab Emirates[20] and Shanghai, China (as Chinese: 西海岸汽车定制).[21][22] Other franchises, however, such as the one in Berlin, Germany, closed shortly after opening due to becoming insolvent. After a long history of different locations within the U.S. state of California, its current flagship and largest facility of 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2)[23] is headquartered in Burbank, California.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early years; Pimp My Ride (1990-2007)
1.2 Street Customs and (Inside) West Coast Customs (2007-2017)
2 Location changes
3 Criticism
3.1 Mistreatment of employees
3.2 Quality issues alleged
3.2.1 Jake Glazier's Buick Century
3.2.2 Trisha Paytas' Mercedez-Benz G-Wagen
3.2.3 Firefall bus for Red 5 Studios
4 Franchises
4.1 Closed franchises
4.2 Never opened franchises
4.3 Open franchises
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Early years; Pimp My Ride (1990-2007)[edit]
Main article: Pimp My Ride
According to two contradictory statements in the Los Angeles Times, West Coast Customs was founded in either 1994 or 1998[1] by auto enthusiast Ryan Friedlinghaus. In a 2008 article, USA Today put the foundation year as 1997.[2] The legal entity, West Coast Customs International, LLC, was incorporated in California on 20 October 2000.[24] A young Friedlinghaus had gotten his custom vehicles featured on the covers auto magazines by age 14, but he became frustrated with the tedium of dealing with multiple specialty shops which led to longer times to build the vehicles. According to Entrepreneur, this frustration, coupled to his love for custom cars, was what led to his opening of his own shop.[25]
The company moved many times in its early years, but it is at its Inglewood location that WCC began to gain a reputation for quality, which caused celebrities to have their cars modified there.[1] According to Friedlinghaus, one of his first customers was Shaquille O'Neal, who wanted a customized Chevrolet Suburban,[26] and this relationship helped him get contacts with other celebrities who were looking for custom automobiles.[27] Owing to this, Music Television (MTV) offered Friedlinghaus the opportunity to have a reality television show filmed at his business with co-founder Quinton "Q" Dodson as the star and rapper Xzibit as the host;[28] his acceptance of this deal led to the 2004 TV show Pimp My Ride.[1]
Pimp My Ride was extremely successful, spawning international spin-offs, and its success increased the profile of West Coast Customs substantially.[27][29] The show's format was that the producers at MTV would find typical Americans with junk cars, they would be given a short interview with Xzibit, Friedlinghaus and the WCC crew to determine their interests and hobbies, and then WCC staff would fix their junk car and also transform it into a custom car embodying the interests and personality of its owner. In 2004, CBS News reported that the show consistently ranked first place in the 12 to 34 year old demographic for its 9:30PM time slot.[29]
According to a former employee of the company at the time Pimp My Ride was filmed, most of the work actually done on the vehicles was done behind the scenes. Cars and expectations for the final product would arrive on Monday, and employees had until the following Friday to complete a project, sometimes necessitating twelve hour work days. According to this employee, much of the off-screen labor was done by illegal immigrants from Mexico, around eleven in total. As the employees were of WCC and not MTV, MTV was apparently unconcerned about possible ramifications of this for them.[19]
Owing to the popularity of Pimp My Ride, West Coast Customs was prominently featured in the 2005 street racing video game L.A. Rush as the car upgrade mechanism. According to the Chicago Tribune, Midway, the developer of the game, paid "handsomely" to be able to use the brand.[30]
In June 2005, Friedlinghaus took over the role of host from Dodson for the fourth season.[31]
As early as 2005, during airing of the second season of Pimp My Ride, rumors circulated that the location of the show would change and Friedlinghaus would part with MTV to host a show on a different network.[32] These rumors were confirmed with simultaneous announcements by MTV and Friedlinghaus in 2007,[2] after the fourth and final season with WCC as the shop.[27]
In a 2007 interview in the Los Angeles Times Friedlinghaus gave after the Pimp My Ride relocation from West Coast Customs to Galpin Auto Sports, Friedlinghaus credited Pimp My Ride with helping him build his brand, but said that he felt that his focus on building cars for the television show damaged his relationships with his other customers.[27]
Friedlinghaus speaks with Hewlett-Packard, a client of his, at HP's Global Influencer Summit in 2012 in Shanghai, China.
Exterior of GMC Denali West Coast Customs prepared for HP for the 2012 summit.
Interior of vehicle West Coast Customs prepared for HP for the 2012 summit.
Street Customs and (Inside) West Coast Customs (2007-2017)[edit]
Nevertheless, after leaving Pimp My Ride Friedlinghaus would almost immediately begin a new television program that aired simultaneously on Discovery Channel and The Learning Channel, Street Customs, produced by Pilgrim Films & Television. Instead of building the cars for the people chosen by MTV, the new show followed ongoing customizations being done for consenting customers of West Coast Customs. Friedlinghaus described the difference between the two shows thus: "I want to build cars on TV, not for TV."[27] While the break up was described as amicable,[32] others at WCC were not so subdued: Sean Mahaney, a then-employee of WCC, reportedly said "Most of the MTV people are not real car guys... They pay us to build the cars, so we do what they want even if it sucks."[32]
Street Customs would change names twice and networks four times, but its format remained constant. While cars would still be built for individuals, more and more episodes were devoted to brands as the show ran on. Because MTV was no longer footing the bill, all episodes of the new series were about cars built for people who could afford the high cost of customization. Some notable individuals built for in Street Customs are Carroll Shelby,[33] a Cadillac for Shaquille O'Neal[34] (according to Friedlinghaus, O'Neal had already had 30 cars built for him by WCC by July 2007[27]), a modified Range Rover for an unnamed member of the royal family of Dubai,[35] and a Cadillac CTS-V for Justin Bieber.[36] Brands built for included Chronic Tacos[37] and Vans.[38]
According to Friedlinghaus in an interview with The Press-Enterprise, the 2008 global financial crisis affected his business heavily: he had to lay off half of the company's employees, orders decreased, and customers opted to have used cars repaired instead of buying brand new cars to be customized.[39]
In 2010, West Coast Customs designed three identical customized 1955 Ford F-100 pick up trucks which were prominently featured in the film The Expendables.[40] One of these cars was for Sylvester Stalone, who sold it at auction in 2011 for $132,000.[41] In 2015, WCC created a car by combining the body of a Ford Maverick and the internals of a Ford Ranger for another film, Mad Max: Fury Road.[42]
After the 2009 season, the show was renamed to Inside West Coast Customs. Along with this change, it was also moved to Discovery HD Theater, which later became a different specifically automotive related cable channel, Velocity.[43] In June 2013, Fox Sports Network took over the production of the show, dropping the word "Inside" from the show's name, and has continued to produce new seasons of the show until 2016.[44] In March 2017, the television show moved back to Velocity with a new season.[45]
Location changes[edit]
The company has moved several times in its history, each time to larger spaces. According to Friedlinghaus, the first shop was in Laguna Niguel, Orange County, California, after which it moved to Compton, Los Angeles in 1998.[1] In 2000, it moved again to a location on Olive Street in Inglewood.[1] After the first season of Pimp My Ride, the company moved yet another time to a larger location near Los Angeles International Airport which had a room specifically for the filming.[1] After Pimp My Ride left the company, it moved to a location in Corona, California in preparation for the Street Customs television show.[32]
During filming of Season 5 Episode 12 "WCC's New Zip Part 1" of West Coast Customs, Friedlinghaus began moving the shop to its current location, a 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2) auto shop on West Empire Avenue in Burbank, Los Angeles County, California.[46] The grand opening of the new facility occurred in January 2015.[47]
Criticism[edit]
Mistreatment of employees[edit]
As early as 2008, USA Today noted that Friedlinghaus's auto shop routinely had 60 hour work weeks and employees had 'insane deadlines' working for Friedlinghaus, a 'self-described micromanager'.[2] One former employee, Mauricio Hernández, who would go on to co-found the Mexican franchise of WCC, claimed in an interview with NPR that during the period of his employment at the California branch (2004-2009), he worked ten to twelve hours per day, six days per week as an undocumented worker, without Social Security or any other benefits, and that by so doing he "missed...the childhood of [his] kids."[19]
In some episodes of Inside West Coast Customs, if Friedlinghaus had agreed to a too tight deadline, employees would stay at the shop late into the night, or even overnight.[48] In Season 1 Episode 3 "Smoothie Operator", Ishmael, an interior designer and upholsterer, was about to have a child with his wife, but Friedlinghaus' sole concern was on the project. After the baby was born, Ishmael left his newborn with his wife the very next day at the request of Friedlinghaus to finish a project.[49]
In an interview with Entertainment Scoop, when asked "What does it take to be an employee at West Coast Customs?", Friedlinghaus replied: "Not saying, 'when do I go home?' The guys who want to stay and work and get things done...it's hard to find people that are good...[people who will do] whatever we ask them to do."[50]
On 23 April 2014, after an investigation by the United States Department of Labor (USDOL), the company was found to have violated the provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act.[51] The government found that paying employees overtime, paying employees a minimum wage, and proper record keeping was not being done by the company. During the investigation, the government found that all employees were paid a weekly salary, regardless of how many hours they worked. Because employees were frequently coerced to work overtime, this resulted in a wage of $6/hour for some employees.[51] Furthermore, until 2011, the company attempted to skirt minimum wage and overtime laws by classifying their on-site exclusive long-term employees as independent contractors, which is illegal in the United States.[51]
When presented with the opportunity to go to court or pay the fine assessed by USDOL, Friedlinghaus chose to pay the fine, which amounted to $157,592 in back wages for the wronged employees and $16,830 in civil penalties.[51] In an interview with The Press-Enterprise from after the fine was paid, Daniel Pasquil, the director for the wages and hour division of the West Covina office of the USDOL, noted that "The most important thing is that the company did correct the violations" and stressed that the company is now in full compliance.[52]
Quality issues alleged[edit]
A Buick Century, the same model and color of which were "pimped" on the MTV show.
Jake Glazier's Buick Century[edit]
In 2015, The Huffington Post interviewed three people who were participants on Pimp My Ride, one of whom had a vehicle that was "pimped" during the time that the location of the show was West Coast Customs, Jake Glazier (featured in Season 4 Episode 7, "Jake's Buick Century").[18]
During the episode, the team at West Coast Customs were told that Glazier had recently graduated from a degree program in audio engineering, so they installed an MTX Jackhammer high fidelity sound system (with accompanying decibel meter and warning light, to, in the words of Xzibit, stave off deafness) and a record player inside the dashboard. Other customizations were a flat black paint job (with a red metal flake paint job on the roof with scallops on the sides and hood to match), four inch whitewall tires, removal of the muffler and installation of exhaust pipes, and black and white vinyl interior.[53]
Besides problems caused by the long period of time that the vehicle was in the shop, for around one half of a year, Glazier claimed that the quality of the vehicle he received was also severely compromised. According to Glazier, when the muffler was removed, three "fake" exhaust pipes were substituted instead: these were used to make the engine sound much more powerful to viewers of the television show, but they made the car needlessly loud. He also claimed that very little or no mechanical work was done to the car, to the extent that he had trouble driving it home from the show's set. Due to all of the mechanical trouble, one month after acquiring the car from West Coast Customs, he sold it to MTX Audio for $18,000. According to Glazier, MTX did not buy the car to drive it, but merely to prevent it from falling into the hands of their competitors. Glazier further claimed that when it was time to receive the car, Dana "Big Dane" Florence intimidated him to act more enthusiastic for the cameras, saying "Listen, we put a lot of work into this. We expect you to be a little more fucking enthusiastic."[18] Larry Hochberg, an executive producer for MTV at the time, disputed Glazier's statements, saying that in reality great lengths were taken to provide the participants in the show with automobiles in good driving condition, and that MTV even paid for free for some further repairs and tows after the cameras were rolling.[18]
Despite the problems he faced with the vehicle, and with the caveat that he appear on a show with the same format as Pimp My Ride where MTV paid for all work done until the car was delivered (and for some afterwards, depending on who one believes), Glazier said he would happily participate in the program again if given the chance.[18]
Mercedes-Benz G-Wagen of the same model and year to the one modified on behalf of Paytas.
Trisha Paytas' Mercedez-Benz G-Wagen[edit]
There have been several high profile incidents of quality issues outside of the context of the MTV program. In 2015, Trisha Paytas, a singer-songwriter and internet personality had her three-week old 2014 Mercedez-Benz G-Wagen customized by WCC. Among other customizations, she requested that the car be painted pink, that Swarovski crystals be integrated into the headrests and steering wheel, and that the floormats be changed out with customized ones.[16] According to Paytas, after bringing in her vehicle she was promised that it would be ready by November 17, but the company missed both that deadline and a further December 9 one. After the second deadline was missed, she uploaded a vlog[17] to YouTube about her experience, and claims that WCC threatened her with a lawsuit if she refused to remove it.[16] December 17 became the deadline that the company would ultimately keep, but when she came to pick up the vehicle she found that none of the electronic components worked, including ones which the non-use of is a crime in the United States besides being major safety issues, such as turn signals, headlights, and in some states, windshield wipers. Furthermore, the dashboard instruments did not function, which could cause the driver to underestimate her speed.[16] To her complaints about these issues, Paytas claims that the company told her to drive the car home and then to the Mercedez-Benz dealership from which she bought it and ask them for an in-warranty repair.[16] Paytas uploaded yet another vlog five days after this incident,[54] after which point WCC uploaded its own video in the form of a scrolling text public relations statement.[55] In the statement, besides denying that they had "talked down" to Paytas, WCC denied that its customization was the reason for the issues with her vehicle, claimed that the vehicle was late because she had changed what she had ordered "several times", denied that they had ignored Paytas as she claimed, and invited Paytas to contact them with any further requests or complaints for an "immediate resolution," noting that they had already committed to fix the problem (which, though they wrote it was "unrelated to their services", they would do it anyway "as part of providing excellent customer service"). The company also noted its track record, but did not provide any concrete details.[55] As of 23 December 2016, the statement-as-YouTube video, which has had its comments disabled, had 261 "likes" and 1,652 "dislikes", or a ratio of 6.32 dislikes for every 1 like.[55]
Despite the many problems her car customization had received, after the fixed vehicle was received by Paytas, she would seemingly forgive West Coast Customs, reportedly writing on Instagram "It was a bit of a struggle getting [it] but I do love my [car] so very very much."[56]
Firefall bus for Red 5 Studios[edit]
The Firefall promotional bus makes its debut appearance at Anime Expo 2012
In 2010, Chinese online game operator The9 Limited announced Firefall, an MMO first-person shooter to be developed by Red 5 Studios as their first game. The game would enter closed beta in 2011, and open beta in 2013. Mark Kern, a video game designer, was appointed by The9 as CEO of the new Red 5 Studios. As CEO, one of Kern's major tasks was promoting the game, and he chose to do this in part with a custom designed tour bus worth US$3 million made to look like one of the vehicles in the videogame and to be converted into a game room on wheels.[15] The customization of the bus was featured on Inside West Coast Customs in Season 3 Episode 4. While in the episode itself it is made to appear that the bus was on-time,[57] arriving at the Los Angeles 2012 Anime Expo which took place between June 29 and July 2,[58] in reality it arrived much later than anticipated, according to both then-CEO Mark Kern[59] and a report by Tech in Asia.[15] Kern also accused WCC of not delivering what he wanted and of going over budget,[59] while Tech in Asia noted that the bus was delivered missing some of its key features, and that it missed all of the key video game conferences for the year 2011 (such as the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012, which was held between June 5 and June 7). According to their report, it now "sits in a warehouse somewhere, collecting dust."[15] A Twitter parody of the bus describes itself as a "gross demonstration of capitalistic overindulgence."[60]
Franchises[edit]
West Coast Customs has attempted to franchise its brand to other parts of the world with limited success.
Closed franchises[edit]
Facade of the Berlin franchise shortly after its closure
On 14 September 2008, a franchise was opened in a converted factory building along Revaler Straße in Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany,[61][62] but it closed and declared insolvency less than one year later on 14 August 2009.[63][64][65] Before its closure, professional boxer Wladimir Klitschko[66] and musician "Evil" Jared Hasselhoff[67] were customers. In 2011, following the closure of the business, the building was repainted.[68]
Mauricio Hernández, a former employee at the California location hired just before the debut on Pimp My Ride, co-founded a Mexican franchise with Friedlinghaus' blessing in 2009.[19] A television show with a similar format to the American version called Tunéame la nave was first broadcast on 14 August 2009 by Azteca shortly after the opening of the new business.[69] According to Hernández, who became the host of the show, the franchise was opened with a "high" fee paid to Friedlinghaus to use the brand.[19] The show continued for six seasons on Azteca, but it is unclear if there will be a 2017 season, and where it will air.[70] This is because on 24 May 2016, during airing of season six, Hernández announced that he was abandoning the "West Coast Customs" brand and company in favor of his own brand, PacifiCoast Customs.[71] In an interview with TuningMex, Hernández stated that the new company had hired 20 employees, had an initial investment of MXN 2.5 million (US$133,947), and would be based in Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico, describing the name change as similar to cutting "an umbilical cord."[72] In a separate interview, Hernández stated that when people in Mexico think of West Coast Customs, they think of him and not Ryan Friedlinghaus; thus hinting that he does not believe that the change in name will hurt business.[19] In an apparent dig at Friedlinghaus, Hernández stated that the new company is projected to work on only twenty cars in its first year, thus guaranteeing quality and that employees will not be overworked.[71]
Never opened franchises[edit]
A Japanese franchise is mentioned on the official WCC website,[5] and a website announcing that it was "coming soon!" became available in 2009,[73] and was online until 13 March 2012,[74] but by 13 April 2012 the server hosting the site began returning a 403 error,[75] and after 7 November 2012 the server hosting the website of the Japanese franchise went offline.[76] In a 2013 video released by HP interviewing Friedlinghaus, the Japanese franchise's logo was displayed as (Japanese: ウエスト・コースト・カスタムズ), despite the fact that no such company existed at the time.[77] An address was never provided, no Japanese media wrote about the opening of the franchise, and no further information about it has been forthcoming from WCC, so it can be assumed that the Japanese franchise never opened.
In 2010, Dana Florence traveled to St. Petersburg, Russia for a question-and-answer session at the "Active Open Air Show Cars [sic]", according to The Village.[78] A Russian franchise under the name Russian: Вест Коуст Customs is likewise mentioned by the company,[77][5] but as of January 2017, as in the case of the Japanese franchise, there is no sign of its opening.
A Malaysian franchise is also mentioned in the 2013 HP video[77] as Malay: Pantai Barat Customs. The owner of the franchise claimed that he would bring "official WCC merchandise to Malaysian shores" in 2013, but has made no further posts as of December 2016.[79]
Open franchises[edit]
Despite these setbacks, some franchisees have created successful businesses.
In 2007, Friedlinghaus announced a Dubai franchise[80] to be owned by Al Ghussein Global Investments which continues to operate as of December 2016.[81] The Dubai franchise was opened with a fee of AED 18 million (US$4.9 million) paid to West Coast Customs to use its trademark.[82]
On 14 January 2016, Friedlinghaus announced a further Shanghai, China franchise via a Facebook post.[83] When the franchise opened on 18 August 2016, the event was met with substantial positive coverage by Chinese media, with articles appearing in the Qilu Evening News,[21] auto magazine Autohome,[84] and the website of Chinese television station Phoenix InfoNews Channel.[85]
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Jump up ^ "Vans Van". Street Customs. Season 3. Episode 4.
Jump up ^ Pierceall, Kimberly (13 October 2010). "Q&A: Full speed ahead for West Coast customizer". The Press-Enterprise. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Mata, Jr., John (23 August 2010). "The expendables' F-100: LMC truck teams up with West Coast customs for a wild ride". Truckin'. The Enthusiast Network. Retrieved 22 January 2017 – via Gale (General OneFile). (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Popa, Bogdan (25 January 2011). "Sylvester Stallone's "Expendables" Truck Sells for $132,000". autoevolution. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Ungureanu, Ionut (1 September 2015). "West Coast Customs Made a Magnum Opus Car for Mad Max Game, and It's Apocalyptic". autoevolution. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Peter (20 September 2011). "Discovery's New Velocity Channel: What Do Rich Men Want? What's the Sweet Spot? Plus: Who's Next for a Re-name?". DocumentaryTelevision.com. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Zamalloa, Dana (6 June 2013). "West Coast Customs Moves to FOX Sports Networks". GlobeNewswire News Room. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Velocity and Ryan Friedlinghaus Join Forces to Bring the Inner Workings of the World-Renowned West Coast Customs Back to Velocity" (Press release). New York: Velocity. 18 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-15.
Jump up ^ Laurell, David (3 June 2015). "On the Town: Chamber members, guests tour West Coast Customs". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ West Coast Customs (23 January 2015), Grand Opening West Coast Customs Burbank, YouTube, retrieved 19 December 2016
Jump up ^ "Old...Meets New". Inside West Coast Customs. Season 1. Episode 5. 27 February 2011. 35:39 minutes in.
Jump up ^ "Smoothie Operator". Inside West Coast Customs. Season 1. Episode 3. 27 February 2011. 36:20 minutes in.
Jump up ^ Iadonisi, Jackie (7 March 2015). West Coast Customs Burbank Exclusive Interview Ryan Friedlinghaus (YouTube video). 4:10 minutes in.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Carnevali, Jose (23 April 2014). "Auto shop in hit TV show found violating wage law". www.dol.gov. United States Department of Labor. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Katzanek, Jack (23 April 2014). "West Coast Customs fined by for unpaid wages". Press Enterprise. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Pimp My Ride. Season 4. Episode 7. 7 August 2005. MTV.
Jump up ^ Paytas, Trisha (22 December 2015). MY PINK G WAGON NIGHTMARE! (YouTube video).
^ Jump up to: a b c West Coast Customs Official Statement (YouTube Video). 23 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Huist, Samuel (20 January 2016). "Los Angeles Actress Trisha Paytas' Pink G-Wagen Will Leave You Speechless". The News Wheel. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Firefall". Inside West Coast Customs. Season 3. Episode 4. Available to watch online for free, uploaded by the copyright holder's official YouTube channel.
Jump up ^ "Anime Expo 2012 Convention Information @ AnimeCons.com". AnimeCons.com. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Kern, Mark (28 December 2013). "Mark Kern: My Own Kobayashi Maru • /r/firefall". reddit. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Firefall Bus (@FirefallBus) | Twitter". twitter.com. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Render, Tobias (19 July 2008). "Die Jungs von West Coast Customs eröffnen ihre Werkstatt in Berlin" [The guys from West Coast Customs will open a workshop in Berlin]. Berliner Kurier (in German). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Die Jungs von West Coast Customs suchen Schrauber: TV-Auto-Aufmotzen sind jetzt in Berlin" [The guys from West Coast Customs are seeking mechanics: Car pimping from the world of TV now in Berlin]. Berliner Kurier (in German). 6 September 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "News: : TuningScene @ West Coast Custom Corona (CA)". TuningScene. 14 November 2011. Dann wurde es lange Zeit still in Europa um die Jungs von West Coast Customs. Wilde Gerüchte kursierten. Änderungen in der Geschäftsführung folgten, sogar eine Niederlassung in Deutschland wurde gegründet. Jedoch wurde diese Niederlassung mittlerweile wieder geschlossen. (Then it was quiet for a long time in Europe around the guys of West Coast Customs. Wild rumors circulated. Changes in the management team followed, even a branch office in Germany was founded. However, this branch has now been closed again.)
Jump up ^ See also: West Coast Customs §§ Street Customs Berlin (geschlossen) (German)
Jump up ^ "Hat West Coast-Customs Berlin dicht gemacht? (Tuning)". Gutefrage (in German). Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Katja, Kirste; Braun, Stefanie (17 September 2008). "DISCOVERY NETWORKS DEUTSCHLAND produziert mit "Street Customs Berlin" erstmals internationale TV-Serie" [DISCOVERY NETWORKS DEUTSCHLAND produces its first international TV series: "Street Customs Berlin"] (Press release) (in German). Germany: Discovery Networks Deutscheland. Ihren ersten Kunden haben sie auch schon: Dr. Wladimir Klitschko, der bei der Werkstatteröffnung diese Woche dabei war, konnte mit Ryan Friedlinghaus schon Einzelheiten seiner Smart-Veredelung besprechen. [They already had their first customers: Dr. Wladimir Klitschko, who was present at the workshop opening this week, was able to discuss the details of his customization with Ryan Friedlinghaus.]
Jump up ^ "Street Customs Berlin: Partybus für die Bloodhound Gang" [Street Customs Berlin: A party bus for Bloodhound Gang]. DMAX (in German). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Lemme (16 October 2011). "West Coast Customs Berlin". E36 Talk Forum (in German). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tunéame la nave". TuningMex. 14 August 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Clavijo, Judith Chacón (19 April 2016). ""Tunéame la Nave" busca televisora" ["Tunéame la Nave" searches for a television station]. Así Sucede (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Abre PacifiCoast Customs | Ya puedes "tunear" tu nave en Culiacán" [PacifiCoast Customs opens | Now you can "pimp" your ride in Culiacán]. Revista Espejo (in Spanish). 29 May 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
Jump up ^ González, Guadalupe Martínez (24 May 2016). "Mauricio Hernández deja WCC y crea PacifiCoast Customs" [Mauricio Hernández leaves WCC and creates PacifiCoast Customs]. TuningMex (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 January 2017. Es una decisión importante en mi vida no puedo vivir conectado en un cordón umbilical que se puede decir era West Coast es momento de empezar mi propia aventura. (It's an important decision in my life. I can't live connected by an umbilical cord, that is to say, connected to West Coast Customs; it is time to start my own adventure.)
Jump up ^ "West Coast Customs Japan, Coming Soon!". westcoastcustoms.co.jp. 25 March 2009. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Welcome to West Coast Customs Japan". westcoastcustoms.co.jp. 13 March 2012. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "403 Error - Forbidden". westcoastcustoms.co.jp. 13 April 2012. Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". 13 April 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c お客様事例：West Coast Customs [Customer case study: West Coast Customs] (YouTube Video) (in English and with Japanese subtitles). Hewlett-Packard. 18 August 2013. 0:22 minutes in. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Note: Make sure to choose 720p to see the logo clearly. Sometimes the player defaults to a lower resolution.
Jump up ^ Artamonov, Dmitry (17 June 2010). "West Coast Customs впервые в Питере". The Village (in Russian). Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "West Coast Customs Malaysia | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Friedlinghaus, Ryan (22 April 2007). West Coast Customs (WCC) coming to Dubai! (YouTube video).
Jump up ^ "West Coast Customs Dubai | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Rahimi, Safura (24 April 2007). "Auto firm to 'pimp' cars in Dubai". m.arabianbusiness.com. Arabian Business. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Friedlinghaus, Ryan (14 January 2016). "Ryan Friedlinghaus and WCC are going BIG!". www.facebook.com. West Coast Customs, Inc via Facebook. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "【图】全球著名品牌西海岸汽车定制登陆中国" [World famous brand West Coast Customs landing in China]. www.autohome.com.cn (in Chinese). Autohome (汽车之家). 19 July 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016. 编辑了解到， 今年8月，大家期待已久的三款豪华定制车将由西海岸汽车定制带到中国上海 。 (Our editor has learned that in August of this year, the world famous luxury brand West Coast Customs will be available in China's "West Coast": Shanghai.)
Jump up ^ "西海岸汽车定制进驻中国，线下业务全面启动！". Phoenix InfoNews Channel (in Chinese). (Republishing of the article of Qilu Evening News). Retrieved 19 December 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
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text:
Notre-Dame de Paris
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Victor Hugo novel, see The Hunchback of Notre-Dame.
For other uses, see Notre Dame (disambiguation) and Notre Dame de Paris (disambiguation).
Notre-Dame de Paris
Cathedral of Our Lady of Paris (English)
Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris (French)
View of the eastern facade from the Seine
48°51′11″N 2°20′59″E / 48.8530°N 2.3498°E / 48.8530; 2.3498Coordinates: 48°51′11″N 2°20′59″E / 48.8530°N 2.3498°E / 48.8530; 2.3498
Location
Parvis Notre-Dame – place Jean-Paul-II, Paris, France
Denomination
Roman Catholic
Website
www.notredamedeparis.fr
Architecture
Status
Cathedral
Functional status
Active
Style
French Gothic
Groundbreaking
1163 (1163)
Completed
1345 (1345)
Specifications
Length
128 metres (420 ft)
Width
48 metres (157 ft)
Number of towers
2
Tower height
69 metres (226 ft)
Number of spires
1
Spire height
90 metres (300 ft)
Bells
10
Administration
Archdiocese
Paris
Clergy
Archbishop
André Vingt-Trois
Rector
Patrick Jacquin
Dean
Patrick Chauvet
Laity
Director of music
Sylvain Dieudonné[1]
Monument historique
Official name: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris
Type
Église
Designated
1862[2]
Reference no.
PA00086250
Notre-Dame de Paris (French: [nɔtʁə dam də paʁi] ( listen); meaning "Our Lady of Paris"), also known as Notre-Dame Cathedral or simply Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France.[3] The cathedral is widely considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture, and it is among the largest and best-known church buildings in the Catholic Church in France, and in the world. The naturalism of its sculptures and stained glass serve to contrast it with earlier Romanesque architecture.
As the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Paris, Notre-Dame contains the cathedra of the Archbishop of Paris, currently Cardinal André Vingt-Trois.[4] The cathedral treasury contains a reliquary, which houses some of Catholicism's most important relics, including the purported Crown of Thorns, a fragment of the True Cross, and one of the Holy Nails.
In the 1790s, Notre-Dame suffered desecration in the radical phase of the French Revolution when much of its religious imagery was damaged or destroyed. An extensive restoration supervised by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc began in 1845. A project of further restoration and maintenance began in 1991.
Contents
[hide]
1 Architecture
2 Contemporary critical reception
3 Construction history
3.1 Timeline of construction
4 Crypt
5 Alterations, vandalism, and restorations
6 Organ and organists
7 Bells
8 Ownership
9 Significant events
10 Gallery
11 See also
12 References
13 Bibliography
14 External links
Architecture[edit]
The western facade illuminated at night
The spire and east side of the cathedral
The north rose window is a fine example of Gothic Rayonnant style.
Notre-Dame de Paris was among the first buildings in the world to use the flying buttress. The building was not originally designed to include the flying buttresses around the choir and nave but after the construction began, the thinner walls grew ever higher and stress fractures began to occur as the walls pushed outward. In response, the cathedral's architects built supports around the outside walls, and later additions continued the pattern. The total surface area is 5,500 m² (interior surface 4,800 m²).
Many small individually crafted statues were placed around the outside to serve as column supports and water spouts. Among these are the famous gargoyles, designed for water run-off, and chimeras. The statues were originally colored as was most of the exterior. The paint has worn off. The cathedral was essentially complete by 1345. The cathedral has a narrow climb of 387 steps at the top of several spiral staircases; along the climb it is possible to view its most famous bell and its gargoyles in close quarters, as well as having a spectacular view across Paris when reaching the top.
Contemporary critical reception[edit]
John of Jandun recognized the cathedral as one of Paris's three most important buildings [prominent structures] in his 1323 Treatise on the Praises of Paris:
“ That most glorious church of the most glorious Virgin Mary, mother of God, deservedly shines out, like the sun among stars. And although some speakers, by their own free judgment, because [they are] able to see only a few things easily, may say that some other is more beautiful, I believe however, respectfully, that, if they attend more diligently to the whole and the parts, they will quickly retract this opinion. Where indeed, I ask, would they find two towers of such magnificence and perfection, so high, so large, so strong, clothed round about with such a multiple variety of ornaments? Where, I ask, would they find such a multipartite arrangement of so many lateral vaults, above and below? Where, I ask, would they find such light-filled amenities as the many surrounding chapels? Furthermore, let them tell me in what church I may see such a large cross, of which one arm separates the choir from the nave. Finally, I would willingly learn where [there are] two such circles, situated opposite each other in a straight line, which on account of their appearance are given the name of the fourth vowel [O] ; among which smaller orbs and circlets, with wondrous artifice, so that some arranged circularly, others angularly, surround windows ruddy with precious colors and beautiful with the most subtle figures of the pictures. In fact I believe that this church offers the carefully discerning such cause for admiration that its inspection can scarcely sate the soul. ”
— Jean de Jandun, Tractatus de laudibus Parisius[5]
Construction history[edit]
In 1160, because the church in Paris had become the "Parish church of the kings of Europe", Bishop Maurice de Sully deemed the previous Paris cathedral, Saint-Étienne (St Stephen's), which had been founded in the 4th century, unworthy of its lofty role, and had it demolished shortly after he assumed the title of Bishop of Paris. As with most foundation myths, this account needs to be taken with a grain of salt; archeological excavations in the 20th century suggested that the Merovingian cathedral replaced by Sully was itself a massive structure, with a five-aisled nave and a façade some 36m across. It is possible therefore that the faults with the previous structure were exaggerated by the Bishop to help justify the rebuilding in a newer style. According to legend, Sully had a vision of a glorious new cathedral for Paris, and sketched it on the ground outside the original church.
To begin the construction, the bishop had several houses demolished and had a new road built to transport materials for the rest of the cathedral. Construction began in 1163 during the reign of Louis VII, and opinion differs as to whether Sully or Pope Alexander III laid the foundation stone of the cathedral. However, both were at the ceremony. Bishop de Sully went on to devote most of his life and wealth to the cathedral's construction. Construction of the choir took from 1163 until around 1177 and the new High Altar was consecrated in 1182 (it was normal practice for the eastern end of a new church to be completed first, so that a temporary wall could be erected at the west of the choir, allowing the chapter to use it without interruption while the rest of the building slowly took shape). After Bishop Maurice de Sully's death in 1196, his successor, Eudes de Sully (no relation) oversaw the completion of the transepts and pressed ahead with the nave, which was nearing completion at the time of his own death in 1208. By this stage, the western facade had also been laid out, though it was not completed until around the mid-1240s.[6]
Numerous architects worked on the site over the period of construction, which is evident from the differing styles at different heights of the west front and towers.[citation needed] Between 1210 and 1220, the fourth architect oversaw the construction of the level with the rose window and the great halls beneath the towers.
The most significant change in design came in the mid 13th century, when the transepts were remodeled in the latest Rayonnant style; in the late 1240s Jean de Chelles added a gabled portal to the north transept topped off by a spectacular rose window. Shortly afterwards (from 1258) Pierre de Montreuil executed a similar scheme on the southern transept. Both these transept portals were richly embellished with sculpture; the south portal features scenes from the lives of St Stephen and of various local saints, while the north portal featured the infancy of Christ and the story of Theophilus in the tympanum, with a highly influential statue of the Virgin and Child in the trumeau.[7]
Timeline of construction[edit]
1160 Maurice de Sully (named Bishop of Paris) orders the original cathedral demolished.
1163 Cornerstone laid for Notre-Dame de Paris; construction begins.
1182 Apse and choir completed.
1196 Bishop Maurice de Sully dies.
c.1200 Work begins on western facade.
1208 Bishop Eudes de Sully dies. Nave vaults nearing completion.
1225 Western facade completed.
1250 Western towers and north rose window completed.
c.1245–1260s Transepts remodelled in the Rayonnant style by Jean de Chelles then Pierre de Montreuil
1250–1345 Remaining elements completed.
Crypt[edit]
The Archaeological Crypt of Notre-Dame de Paris.
The Archaeological Crypt of the Paris Notre-Dame (La crypte archéologique du Parvis de Notre-Dame) was created in 1965 to protect a range of historical ruins, discovered during construction work and spanning from the earliest settlement in Paris to the modern day. The crypts are managed by the Musée Carnavalet and contain a large exhibit, detailed models of the architecture of different time periods, and how they can be viewed within the ruins. The main feature still visible is the under-floor heating installed during the Roman occupation.[8]
Alterations, vandalism, and restorations[edit]
In 1548, rioting Huguenots damaged features of Notre-Dame, considering them idolatrous.[9] During the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV, the cathedral underwent major alterations as part of an ongoing attempt to modernize cathedrals throughout Europe. A colossal statue of St Christopher, standing against a pillar near the western entrance and dating from 1413, was destroyed in 1786. Tombs and stained glass windows were destroyed. The north and south rose windows were spared this fate, however.
An 1853 photo by Charles Nègre of Henri Le Secq next to Le Stryge
In 1793, during the French Revolution, the cathedral was rededicated to the Cult of Reason, and then to the Cult of the Supreme Being. During this time, many of the treasures of the cathedral were either destroyed or plundered. The 13th century spire was torn down[10] and the statues located at the west facade were beheaded.[11] Many of the heads were found during a 1977 excavation nearby and are on display at the Musée de Cluny. For a time the Goddess of Liberty replaced the Virgin Mary on several altars.[12] The cathedral's great bells managed to avoid being melted down. The cathedral came to be used as a warehouse for the storage of food.[9]
A controversial restoration programme was initiated in 1845, overseen by architects Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. Viollet Le Duc was responsible for the restorations of several dozen castles, palaces and cathedrals across France. The restoration lasted twenty five years[9] and included a taller and more ornate reconstruction of the flèche (a type of spire),[10] as well as the addition of the chimeras on the Galerie des Chimères. Viollet le Duc always signed his work with a bat, the wing structure of which most resembles the Gothic vault (see Château de Roquetaillade).
The Second World War caused more damage. Several of the stained glass windows on the lower tier were hit by stray bullets. These were remade after the war, but now sport a modern geometrical pattern, not the old scenes of the Bible.
In 1991, a major programme of maintenance and restoration was initiated, which was intended to last ten years, but was still in progress as of 2010,[9] the cleaning and restoration of old sculptures being an exceedingly delicate matter. Circa 2014, much of the lighting was upgraded to LED lighting.[13]
Organ and organists[edit]
The organ of Notre-Dame de Paris
Though numerous organs have been installed in the cathedral over time, the earliest models were inadequate for the building.[citation needed] The first more noted organ[citation needed] was finished in the 18th century by the noted builder François-Henri Clicquot. Some of Clicquot's original pipework in the pedal division continues to sound from the organ today. The organ was almost completely rebuilt and expanded in the 19th century by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll.
The position of titular organist ("head" or "chief" organist; French: titulaires des grands orgues) at Notre-Dame is considered one of the most prestigious organist posts in France, along with the post of titular organist of Saint Sulpice in Paris, Cavaillé-Coll's largest instrument.
The organ has 7,952 pipes, with ca 900 classified as historical. It has 110 real stops, five 56-key manuals and a 32-key pedalboard. In December 1992, a two-year restoration of the organ was completed that fully computerized the organ under three LANs (Local Area Networks). The restoration also included a number of additions, notably two further horizontal reed stops en chamade in the Cavaille-Coll style. The Notre-Dame organ is therefore unique in France in having five fully independent reed stops en chamade.
Among the best-known organists at Notre-Dame de Paris was Louis Vierne, who held this position from 1900 to 1937. Under his tenure, the Cavaillé-Coll organ was modified in its tonal character, notably in 1902 and 1932. Léonce de Saint-Martin held the post between 1932 and 1954. Pierre Cochereau initiated further alterations (many of which were already planned by Louis Vierne), including the electrification of the action between 1959 and 1963. The original Cavaillé-Coll console, (which is now located near the organ loft), was replaced by a new console in Anglo-American style and the addition of further stops between 1965 and 1972, notably in the pedal division, the recomposition of the mixture stops, a 32' plenum in the Neo-Baroque style on the Solo manual, and finally the adding of three horizontal reed stops "en chamade" in the Iberian style.
After Cochereau's sudden death in 1984, four new titular organists were appointed at Notre-Dame in 1985: Jean-Pierre Leguay, Olivier Latry, Yves Devernay (who died in 1990), and Philippe Lefebvre. This was reminiscent of the 18th-century practice of the cathedral having four titular organists, each one playing for three months of the year. Vincent Dubois was appointed to succeed Leguay upon his retirement in 2016.
Bells[edit]
The new bell, Marie, ringing in the nave
The new bells of Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral on public display in the nave in February 2013
The treasure consists of important ornaments of the Fourteenth Century.
The cathedral has 10 bells. The largest, Emmanuel, original to 1681, is located in the south tower and weighs just over 13 tons and is tolled to mark the hours of the day and for various occasions and services. This bell is always rung first, at least 5 seconds before the rest. Until recently, there were four additional 19th-century bells on wheels in the north tower, which were swing chimed. These bells were meant to replace nine which were removed from the cathedral during the Revolution and were rung for various services and festivals. The bells were once rung by hand before electric motors allowed them to be rung without manual labor. When it was discovered that the size of the bells could cause the entire building to vibrate, threatening its structural integrity, they were taken out of use. The bells also had external hammers for tune playing from a small clavier.
On the night of 24 August 1944 as the Île de la Cité was taken by an advance column of French and Allied armoured troops and elements of the Resistance, it was the tolling of the Emmanuel that announced to the city that its liberation was under way.
In early 2012, as part of a €2 million project, the four old bells in the north tower were deemed unsatisfactory and removed. The plan originally was to melt them down and recast new bells from the material. However, a legal challenge resulted in the bells being saved in extremis at the foundry.[14] As of early 2013, they are still merely set aside until their fate is decided. A set of 8 new bells was cast by the same foundry, Cornille-Havard, in Normandy that had cast the four in 1856. At the same time, a much larger bell called Marie was cast in Asten, Netherlands by Royal Eijsbouts — it now hangs with Emmanuel in the south tower. The 9 new bells, which were delivered to the cathedral at the same time (31 January 2013),[15] are designed to replicate the quality and tone of the cathedral's original bells.
Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris[16]
Name
Mass
Diameter
Note
Emmanuel 13271 kg 261 cm F♯2
Marie 6023 kg 206.5 cm G♯2
Gabriel 4162 kg 182.8 cm A♯2
Anne Geneviève 3477 kg 172.5 cm B2
Denis 2502 kg 153.6 cm C♯3
Marcel 1925 kg 139.3 cm D♯3
Étienne 1494 kg 126.7 cm E♯3
Benoît-Joseph 1309 kg 120.7 cm F♯3
Maurice 1011 kg 109.7 cm G♯3
Jean-Marie 782 kg 99.7 cm A♯3
Ownership[edit]
Under a 1905 law, Notre-Dame de Paris is among seventy churches in Paris built before that year that are owned by the French State. While the building itself is owned by the state, the Catholic Church is the designated beneficiary, having the exclusive right to use it for religious purpose in perpetuity. The archdiocese is responsible for paying the employees, security, heating and cleaning, and assuring that the cathedral is open free to visitors. The archdiocese does not receive subsidies from the French State.[17]
Significant events[edit]
1170: Existence of a cathedral school operating at Notre-Dame. This corporation of teachers and students will evolve in 1200 into the University of Paris in an edict by King Philippe-Auguste.
1185: Heraclius of Caesarea calls for the Third Crusade from the still-incomplete cathedral.
1239: The Crown of Thorns is placed in the cathedral by St. Louis during the construction of the Sainte-Chapelle.
1302: Philip the Fair opens the first States-General.
16 December 1431: Henry VI of England is crowned King of France.[18]
7 November 1455: Isabelle Romée, the mother of Joan of Arc, petitions a papal delegation to overturn her daughter's conviction for heresy.
1 January 1537: James V of Scotland is married to Madeleine of France
24 April 1558: Mary, Queen of Scots is married to the Dauphin Francis (later Francis II of France), son of Henry II of France.
18 August 1572: Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV of France) marries Margaret of Valois. The marriage takes place not in the cathedral but on the parvis of the cathedral, as Henry IV is Protestant.[19]
10 September 1573: The Cathedral was the site of a vow made by Henry of Valois following the interregnum of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that he would both respect traditional liberties and the recently passed religious freedom law.[20]
10 November 1793: the Festival of Reason.
The coronation of Napoleon I, on 2 December 1804 at Notre-Dame, as portrayed in the 1807 painting The Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David
2 December 1804: the coronation ceremony of Napoleon I and his wife Joséphine, with Pope Pius VII officiating.
1831: The novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame was published by French author Victor Hugo.
1900: Louis Vierne is appointed organist of Notre-Dame de Paris after a heavy competition (with judges including Charles-Marie Widor) against the 500 most talented organ players of the era. On 2 June 1937 Louis Vierne dies at the cathedral organ (as was his lifelong wish) near the end of his 1750th concert.
11 February 1931: Antonieta Rivas Mercado shot herself at the altar with a pistol property of her lover Jose Vasconcelos. She died instantly.
26 August 1944: The Te Deum Mass takes place in the cathedral to celebrate the liberation of Paris. (According to some accounts the Mass was interrupted by sniper fire from both the internal and external galleries.)
12 November 1970: The Requiem Mass of General Charles de Gaulle is held.
26 June 1971: Philippe Petit surreptitiously strings a wire between the two towers of Notre-Dame and tight-rope walks across it. Petit later performed a similar act between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center.
31 May 1980: After the Magnificat of this day, Pope John Paul II celebrates Mass on the parvis of the cathedral.
January 1996: The Requiem Mass of François Mitterrand is held.
10 August 2007: The Requiem Mass of Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger, former Archbishop of Paris and famous Jewish convert to Catholicism, is held.
12 December 2012:The Notre-Dame Cathedral begins a year long celebration of the 850th anniversary of the laying of the first building block for the cathedral.[21]
21 May 2013: Around 1,500 visitors were evacuated from Notre-Dame Cathedral after Dominique Venner, a historian, placed a letter on the Church altar and shot himself. He died immediately.[22][23]
8 September 2016: Notre Dame Cathedral bombing attempt. Arrests made after an explosives-filled car was discovered parked alongside the cathedral.
10 February 2017 Police arrested 4 people in Montpellier, France, including a 16-year-old girl and a 20-year-old man already known by authorities to have ties to extremist Islamist organizations, on charges of plotting to travel to Paris and attack the cathedral.[24]
6 June 2017 2017 Notre Dame attack Lone attacker armed with hammer arrested for attacking police officer outside the Cathedral.
The cathedral is renowned for its Lent sermons founded by the famous Dominican Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire in the 1860s. In recent years, however, an increasing number have been given by leading public figures and state employed academics.
Gallery[edit]
The north transept rose
Emmanuel, the great bourdon bell, at the Notre-Dame de Paris
A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western façade
Notre-Dame's facade showing the Portal of the Virgin, Portal of the Last Judgment, and Portal of St-Anne
A view of Notre-Dame from Montparnasse Tower
A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western facade
The Statue of Virgin and Child inside Notre-Dame de Paris
Notre-Dame's high altar with the kneeling statues of Louis XIII and Louis XIV
One of Notre-Dame's well known gargoyle statues
South rose window of Notre-Dame de Paris
Notre-Dame at the end of the 19th century
Flying buttresses of Notre-Dame
Memorial tablet to the British Empire dead of the First World War
Tympanum of the Last Judgment
Statue of Joan of Arc in Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral interior
Close look of the details on the Tympanum of the Last Judgment (2016)
Chimera "Le Stryge" overlooking Paris.
See also[edit]
Paris portal
Catholicism portal
Architecture of Paris
List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region
Maîtrise Notre-Dame de Paris
Musée de Notre-Dame de Paris
Roman Catholic Marian churches
Little Dedo
Virgin of Paris
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Les chefs de chœurs & organistes de Notre-Dame de Paris (Choir directors & organists)
Jump up ^ Mérimée database 1993
Jump up ^ Notre Dame, meaning "Our Lady" in French, is frequently used in the names of churches including the cathedrals of Chartres, Rheims and Rouen.
Jump up ^ "Discoverfrance.net". Discoverfrance.net. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Erik Inglis, "Gothic Architecture and a Scholastic: Jean de Jandun's Tractatus de laudibus Parisius (1323)," Gesta, XLII/1 (2003), 63–85.
Jump up ^ Caroline Bruzelius, The Construction of Notre-Dame in Paris, in The Art Bulletin, Vol. 69, No. 69 (Dec. 1987), pp. 540–569.
Jump up ^ Paul Williamson (10 April 1995). Gothic Sculpture, 1140–1300. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-030006-338-7.
Jump up ^ Crypte archéologique du parvis Notre-Dame website Retrieved 15 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Jason Chavis. "Facts on the Notre Dame Cathedral in France". USA Today. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.notredamedeparis.fr/The-spire
Jump up ^ "Visiting the Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris: Attractions, Tips & Tours". planetware. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
Jump up ^ James A. Herrick, The Making of the New Spirituality, InterVarsity Press, 2004 ISBN 0-8308-3279-3, p. 75-76
Jump up ^ Metcalfe, John. "Notre Dame Cathedral Just Got an LED Makeover." The Atlantic Cities. The Atlantic Monthly Group, 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Le Figaro article from 9 November 2012 (in French)". Le Figaro. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Les Neuf Cloches Geantes Sont Arrivees A Notre Dame De Paris". L'Express (in French). 31 January 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Sonnerie des nouvelles cloches de Notre-Dame de Paris Archived 28 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. (notredameparis.fr)
Jump up ^ Communique of the Press and Communication Service of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame-de-Paris, November 2014.
Jump up ^ Jean-Baptiste Lebigue, "L'ordo du sacre d'Henri VI à Notre-Dame de Paris (16 décembre 1431)", Notre-Dame de Paris 1163–2013, ed. Cédric Giraud, Turnhout : Brepols, 2013, p. 319-363. Archived 4 April 2014 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ Hiatt, Charles, Notre Dame de Paris: a short history & description of the cathedral, (George Bell & Sons, 1902), 12.
Jump up ^ Daniel Stone (2001). The Polish–Lithuanian State, 1386–1795. Warsaw: University of Washington Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-295-98093-1. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Paris's Notre Dame cathedral celebrates 850 years". GIE ATOUT FRANCE. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Notre-Dame Cathedral evacuated after man commits suicide". Fox News Channel. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Frémont, Anne-Laure. "Un historien d'extrême droite se suicide à Notre-Dame". Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 21 May 2013.
Jump up ^ McAuley, James (10 February 2016). "After Louvre attack, France foils another terrorist plot". Washington Post. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
Bibliography[edit]
Bruzelius, Caroline. "The Construction of Notre-Dame in Paris." Art Bulletin (1987): 540–569 in JSTOR.
Davis, Michael T. "Splendor and Peril: The Cathedral of Paris, 1290–1350." The Art Bulletin (1998) 80#1 pp: 34–66.
Jacobs, Jay, ed. The Horizon Book of Great Cathedrals. New York City: American Heritage Publishing, 1968
Janson, H.W. History of Art. 3rd Edition. New York City: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1986
Myers, Bernard S. Art and Civilization. New York City: McGraw-Hill, 1957
Michelin Travel Publications. The Green Guide Paris. Hertfordshire, UK: Michelin Travel Publications, 2003
Temko, Allan. Notre-Dame of Paris (Viking Press, 1955)
Tonazzi, Pascal. Florilège de Notre-Dame de Paris (anthologie), Editions Arléa, Paris, 2007, ISBN 2-86959-795-9
Wright, Craig. Music and ceremony at Notre Dame of Paris, 500–1550 (Cambridge University Press, 2008)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris.
"Monument historique – PA00086250". Mérimée database of Monuments Historiques (in French). France: Ministère de la Culture. 1993. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
Official website of Notre-Dame de Paris (in French) (in English)
List of Facts about the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris
Notre-Dame de Paris's Singers
Official site of Music at Notre-Dame de Paris
Panoramic view
Further information on the Organ with specifications of the Grandes Orgues and the Orgue de Choeur
Photos: Notre-Dame de Paris - The Gothic Cathedral, Flickr
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Musée de Cluny

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Mérimée database

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Monument Historique

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French Ministry of Culture

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Aéroports de Paris

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Musée du quai Branly

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values: كاتدرائية نوتردام دو باري (باريس) – Arabic

values: নটৰ-ডেমৰ কেথেড্ৰেল – Assamese

values: নোত্র্ দাম দ্য পারি – Bangla

values: Pa-lí Notre-Dame Tāi-sèng-tông – Chinese (Min Nan)

values: Сабор Парыжскай Божай Маці – Belarusian

values: Сабор Парыскай Божай Маці – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Света Богородица (Париж) – Bulgarian

values: Παναγία των Παρισίων – Greek

values: Catedral de Notre Dame (París) – Spanish

values: کلیسای نوتردام پاریس – Persian

values: Catedral de Notre-Dame de París – Galician

values: 노트르담 대성당 – Korean

values: Փարիզի Աստվածամոր տաճար – Armenian

values: Katedrala Notre-Dame u Parizu – Croatian

values: קתדרלת נוטרדאם (פריז) – Hebrew

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values: პარიზის ღვთისმშობლის ტაძარი – Georgian

values: Katedrala Notre Dame ya Parîsê – Kurdish

values: ມະຫາວິຫານນົດ-ດາມ – Lao

values: Ecclesia Cathedralis Nostrae Dominae Parisiensis – Latin

values: Paräisser reliéis Gebaier – Luxembourgish

values: Paryžiaus Dievo Motinos katedra – Lithuanian

values: Notre-Dame-székesegyház (Párizs) – Hungarian

values: Богородична црква (Париз) – Macedonian

values: നോത്ര ദാം ദേവാലയം – Malayalam

values: नोत्र देम दे पॅरिस – Marathi

values: ノートルダム大聖堂 (パリ) – Japanese

values: Catedrau de Nosta Dauna de París – Occitan

values: ନୋଟ୍ରେ ଡାମ୍ – Odia

values: نوٹرڈیم ڈی پیرس – Western Punjabi

values: Catedral de Notre-Dame de Paris – Portuguese

values: Catedrala Notre-Dame din Paris – Romanian

values: Собор Парижской Богоматери – Russian

values: Нотр Дам – Serbian

values: Notre Damen katedraali (Pariisi) – Finnish

values: நோட்ரே டேம் டி பாரிஸ் – Tamil

values: อาสนวิหารน็อทร์-ดามแห่งปารีส – Thai

values: Собор Паризької Богоматері – Ukrainian

values: نوٹر ڈیم ڈے پیرس – Urdu

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