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Secondary data
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Secondary data refers to data that was collected by someone other than the user.[1] Common sources of secondary data for social science include censuses, information collected by government departments, organisational records and data that was originally collected for other research purposes.[2] Primary data, by contrast, are collected by the investigator conducting the research.
Secondary data analysis can save time that would otherwise be spent collecting data and, particularly in the case of quantitative data, can provide larger and higher-quality databases that would be unfeasible for any individual researcher to collect on their own. In addition, analysts of social and economic change consider secondary data essential, since it is impossible to conduct a new survey that can adequately capture past change and/or developments. However, secondary data analysis can be less useful in marketing research, as data may be outdated or inaccurate.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Sources of secondary data
1.1 Administrative data and census
2 Advantages and disadvantages of secondary data
3 Secondary analysis or re-use of qualitative data
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Sources of secondary data[edit]
Secondary data can be obtained from different sources:
information collected through censuses or government departments like housing, social security, electoral statistics, tax records
internet searches or libraries
progress reports
Administrative data and census[edit]
Government departments and agencies routinely collect information when registering people or carrying out transactions, or for record keeping – usually when delivering a service. This information is called administrative data.[3]
It can include:
personal information such as names, dates of birth, addresses
information about schools and educational achievements
information about health
information about criminal convictions or prison sentences
tax records, such as income
A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population. It is a type of administrative data, but it is collected for the purpose of research at specific intervals. Most administrative data is collected continuously and for the purpose of delivering a service to the people.
Advantages and disadvantages of secondary data[edit]
Secondary data is available from other sources and may already have been used in previous research, making it easier to carry out further research. It is time-saving and cost-efficient: the data was collected by someone other than the researcher. Administrative data and census data may cover both larger and much smaller samples of the population in detail. Information collected by the government will also cover parts of the population that may be less likely to respond to the census (in countries where this is optional).[4]
A clear benefit of using secondary data is that much of the background work needed has already been carried out, such as literature reviews or case studies. The data may have been used in published texts and statistics elsewhere, and the data could already be promoted in the media or bring in useful personal contacts. Secondary data generally have a pre-established degree of validity and reliability which need not be re-examined by the researcher who is re-using such data.
Secondary data can provide a baseline for primary research to compare the collected primary data results to and it can also be helpful in research design.
However, secondary data can present problems, too. The data may be out of date or inaccurate. If using data collected for different research purposes, it may not cover those samples of the population researchers want to examine, or not in sufficient detail.[1] Administrative data, which is not originally collected for research, may not be available in the usual research formats or may be difficult to get access to.
Secondary analysis or re-use of qualitative data[edit]
While 'secondary data' is typically associated with quantitative databases, analysis focused on verbal or visual materials created for another purpose, is a legitimate avenue for the qualitative researcher. Actually one could go as far as claim that qualitative secondary data analysis “can be understood, not so much as the analysis of pre-existing data; rather as involving a process of re-contextualising, and re-constructing, data.”[5]
In the analysis of secondary qualitative data, good documentation cannot be underestimated as it provides future researchers with the background and context and allows replication.[6]
References[edit]
Citations
^ Jump up to: a b c Heath Huff - Global Customer Support Training and Development. "Secondary Data - Meaning, its advantages and disadvantages". managementstudyguide.com. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
Jump up ^ "New impacts from 'old' data - Economic and Social Research Council". www.esrc.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
Jump up ^ "ADRN » What are administrative data". adrn.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
Jump up ^ "ADRN » Benefits of administrative data". adrn.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
Jump up ^ Moore, N. (2006). ‘The contexts of context: Broadening perspectives in the (re)use of qualitative data’, Sociological Research Online [Online], Special Section on Reusing Qualitative Data, 12(3) http://erdt.plymouth.ac.uk/mionline/public_html/viewarticle.php?id=27&layout=html[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Bishop, L. (May 2007) 'A reflexive account of reusing qualitative data: beyond primary/secondary dualism', Sociological Research Online [Online], Special Section on Reusing Qualitative Data, 12(3) http://www.socresonline.org.uk/12/3/2.html
Sources
Novak, Thomas P.1996 Secondary Data Analysis Lecture Notes. Marketing Research, Vanderbilt University. Available online (telnet):www2000.ogsm.vanderbilt.edu/marketing.research.spring.1996.
Further reading[edit]
Schutt, R. Investigating the Social World. Sage Publications, 2006. p423-426,412-416
McCaston, M. Katherine. Tips for Collecting, Reviewing, and Analyzing Secondary Data. Partnership & Household Livelihood Security Unit(PHLS), February 1998. https://web.archive.org/web/20070709112209/http://www.livelihoods.org/info/pcdl/docs/work/SL%20Nepal/Reference%20Sheets/Tips%20for%20Using%20Secondary%20Data.doc
696 Research Methods, Secondary Data Analysis http://www.csulb.edu/~msaintg/ppa696/696scond.htm
Sundararajan, V. Ethnicity, discrimination and health outcomes: a secondary analysis of hospital data from Victoria, Australia. Diversity in Health and Social Care, 2007.
Banta, J.E. Substance Abuse and Dependence Treatment in Outpatient Physician Offices, 1997-2004. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse.vol 33.aug 2007. p583-593.
Mochmann, Ekkehard. Data Archiving and the Uses of Secondary Analysis. Central Archives for Empirical Social Research, University of Cologne. http://www.metadater.org/archiving_and_secondary_analysis.htm
O'Sullivan, E. & Rassel, G. R.. Research Methods for Public Administrators. 3rd Ed. Longman,1999. p265,268-269.
Kelly, M. Primary and Secondary Data. McKinnon Secondary College, 2005. http://www.mckinnonsc.vic.edu.au/vceit/infodata/primarysecondary.htm
Corti, L. & Bishop, L. (2005) 'Strategies in Teaching Secondary Analysis of Qualitative Data' FQS 6(1) http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/509
External links[edit]
UK Data Archive: curator of the largest UK collection of digital data in the social sciences and humanities
Re-using qualitative data
ESDS Qualidata: access and support for a range of social science qualitative datasets
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Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Employee Retirement Income Security Act
Long title
An Act to provide for pension reform.
Acronyms (colloquial)
ERISA
Nicknames
Employee Benefit Security Act
Enacted by
the 93rd United States Congress
Effective
September 2, 1974
Citations
Public law
93-406
Statutes at Large
88 Stat. 829
Codification
Titles amended
29 U.S.C.: Labor
U.S.C. sections created
29 U.S.C. ch. 18 § 1001 et seq.
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 2 by John Herman Dent (D-PA) on January 3, 1973
Committee consideration by House Education and Labor
Passed the House on February 28, 1974 (376-4)
Passed the Senate on March 4, 1974 (passed, provisions of H.R. 4200 substituted)
Reported by the joint conference committee on August 12, 1974; agreed to by the House on August 20, 1974 (407-2) and by the Senate on August 22, 1974 (85-0)
Signed into law by President Gerald Ford on September 2, 1974
United States Supreme Court cases
Mead Corp. v. Tilley, 490 U.S. 714 (1989)
Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. McClendon, 498 U.S. 133 (1990)
Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. v. Darden, 503 U.S. 318 (1992)
Mertens v. Hewitt Associates, 508 U.S. 248 (1993)
Lockheed Corp. v. Spink, 517 U.S. 882 (1996)
Boggs v. Boggs, 520 U.S. 833 (1997)
Pegram v. Herdrich, 530 U.S. 211 (2000)
Rush Prudential HMO, Inc. v. Moran, 536 U.S. 355 (2002)
Sereboff v. Mid Atlantic Medical Services, Inc., 547 U.S. 356 (2006)
Montanile v. Board of Trustees of Nat. Elevator Industry Health Benefit Plan, No. 14–723, 577 U.S. ___ (2016)
The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) (Pub.L. 93–406, 88 Stat. 829, enacted September 2, 1974, codified in part at 29 U.S.C. ch. 18) is a federal United States tax and labor law that establishes minimum standards for pension plans in private industry. It contains rules on the federal income tax effects of transactions associated with employee benefit plans. ERISA was enacted to protect the interests of employee benefit plan participants and their beneficiaries by:
Requiring the disclosure of financial and other information concerning the plan to beneficiaries;
Establishing standards of conduct for plan fiduciaries;
Providing for appropriate remedies and access to the federal courts.
ERISA is sometimes used to refer to the full body of laws that regulate employee benefit plans, which are mainly in the Internal Revenue Code and ERISA itself.
Responsibility for interpretation and enforcement of ERISA is divided among the Department of Labor, the Department of the Treasury (particularly the Internal Revenue Service), and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation.
Contents
1 History
2 Coverage
2.1 Pension plans
2.2 Health benefit plans
3 Pension vesting
4 Pension funding
5 ERISA preemption
5.1 Hawaii Prepaid Health Care Act exemption
6 The Statute
6.1 Title I: Protection of Employee Benefit Rights
6.2 Title II: Amendments to the Internal Revenue Code Relating to Retirement Plans
6.3 Title III: Jurisdiction, Administration, Enforcement; Joint Pension Task Force, Etc.
6.4 Title IV: Plan Termination Insurance
6.4.1 Single-employer plans
6.4.1.1 Standard termination
6.4.1.2 Distress termination
6.4.1.3 Termination initiated by the PBGC
6.4.2 Multiemployer plans
7 Non-ERISA status and bankruptcy
8 Finding statutes
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
In 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy created the President's Committee on Corporate Pension Plans. The movement for pension reform gained some momentum when the Studebaker Corporation, an automobile manufacturer, closed its plant in 1963.[1] Its pension plan was so poorly funded that Studebaker could not afford to provide all employees with their pensions. The company created a program in which 3,600 workers who had reached the retirement age of 60 received full pension benefits, 4,000 workers aged 40–59 who had ten years with Studebaker received lump sum payments valued at roughly 15% of the actuarial value of their pension benefits, and the remaining 2,900 workers received no pensions.
In 1963, Senator John L. McClellan (D) of Arkansas began an investigation through the Permanent Investigations Senate Subcommittee into labor leader George Barasch, alleging misuse and diversion of $4,000,000 of union benefit funds. After three years the investigation had failed to find any wrongdoing,[2][3] but had resulted in several proposed laws, including McClellan's October 12, 1965 bill setting new fiduciary standards for plan trustees.[4] Additionally, due much in part to his "dismay" over Barasch's sole control over union benefit plan funds,[5][6] Senator Jacob K. Javits (R) of New York also introduced bills in 1965 and 1967 increasing regulation on welfare and pension funds to limit the control of plan trustees and administrators and to address the funding, vesting, reporting, and disclosure issues identified by the presidential committee.[7][8] His bills were opposed by business groups and labor unions, which sought to retain the flexibility they enjoyed under pre-ERISA law. Provisions from all three bills ultimately evolved into the guidelines enacted in ERISA.[5][6]
On September 12, 1972, NBC broadcast an hour-long television special, Pensions: The Broken Promise, that showed millions of Americans the consequences of poorly funded pension plans and onerous vesting requirements. In the following years, Congress held a series of public hearings on pension issues and public support for pension reform grew significantly.
ERISA was enacted in 1974 and signed into law by President Gerald Ford on September 2, 1974, Labor Day.[9][10] In the years since 1974, ERISA has been amended repeatedly.
Coverage[edit]
Pension plans[edit]
ERISA does not require employers to establish pension plans. Likewise, as a general rule, it does not require that plans provide a minimum level of benefits. Instead, it regulates the operation of a pension plan once it has been established.
Under ERISA, pension plans must provide for vesting of employees' pension benefits after a specified minimum number of years. ERISA requires that the employers who sponsor plans satisfy certain minimum funding requirements.
ERISA also regulates the manner in which a pension plan may pay benefits. For example, a defined benefit plan must pay a married participant's pension as a "joint-and-survivor annuity" that provides continuing benefits to the surviving spouse unless both the participant and the spouse waive the survivor coverage.
The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation was established by ERISA to provide coverage in the event that a terminated defined benefit pension plan does not have sufficient assets to provide the benefits earned by participants. Later amendments to ERISA require an employer who withdraws from participation in a multiemployer pension plan with insufficient assets to pay all participants' vested benefits to contribute the pro rata share of the plan's unfunded vested benefits liability.
There are two main types of pension plans: defined benefit plans and defined contribution plans. Defined benefit plans provide retirees with a certain level of benefits based on years of service, salary and other factors. Defined contribution plans provide retirees with benefits based on the amount and investment performance of contributions made by the employee and/or employer over a number of years.[11]
Health benefit plans[edit]
ERISA does not require that an employer provide health insurance to its employees or retirees, but it regulates the operation of a health benefit plan if an employer chooses to establish one.
There have been several significant amendments to ERISA concerning health benefit plans:
The Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA) provides some employees and beneficiaries with the right to continue their coverage under an employer-sponsored group health benefit plan for a limited time after the occurrence of certain events that would otherwise cause termination of such coverage, such as the loss of employment.
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) prohibits a health benefit plan from refusing to cover an employee's pre-existing medical conditions in some circumstances. It also bars health benefit plans from certain types of discrimination on the basis of health status, genetic information, or disability.
Other relevant amendments to ERISA include the Newborns' and Mothers' Health Protection Act, the Mental Health Parity Act, and the Women's Health and Cancer Rights Act.
During the 1990s and 2000s, many employers who promised lifetime health coverage to their retirees limited or eliminated those benefits.[12][13] ERISA does not provide for vesting of health care benefits in the way that employees become vested in their accrued pension benefits. Employees and retirees who were promised lifetime health coverage may be able to enforce those promises by suing the employer for breach of contract, or by challenging the right of the health benefit plan to change its plan documents to eliminate promised benefits.
Pension vesting[edit]
Before ERISA, some defined benefit pension plans required decades of service before an employee's benefit became vested. It was not unusual for a plan to provide no benefit at all to an employee who left employment before the specified retirement age (e.g. 65), regardless of the length of the employee's service.
Under the Pension Protection Act of 2006, employer contributions made after 2006 to a defined contribution plan must become vested at 100% after three years or under a 2nd-6th year gradual-vesting schedule (20% per year beginning with the second year of service, i.e. 100% after six years). (ref. 120 Stat. 988 of the Pension Protection Act of 2006.) The Technical Explanation of H.R.4, of the PPA, Page 156 Vesting Rules, states that the PPA amends both the ERISA and Code. Different rules apply with respect to employer contributions made before 2007. Employee contributions are always 100% vested. Accrued benefits under a defined benefit plan must become vested at 100% after five years or under a 3rd-7th year gradual vesting schedule (20% per year beginning with the third year of vesting service, and 100% after seven years). (ref. 26 U.S.C. 411(a)(1)(B), 29 U.S.C. 203(a)(2).)
Pension funding[edit]
ERISA established minimum funding requirements for pension plans, which includes defined benefit plans and money purchase plans but not profit sharing or stock bonus plans.
Before the Pension Protection Act of 2006 (PPA), a defined benefit plan maintained a funding standard account, which was charged annually for the cost of benefits earned during the year and credited for employer contributions. Increases in the plan's liabilities due to benefit improvements, changes in actuarial assumptions, and any other reasons were amortized and charged to the account; decreases in the plan's liabilities were amortized and credited to the account. Every year, the employer was required to contribute the amount necessary to keep the funding standard account from falling below $0 at year-end.
In 2008, when the PPA funding rules went into effect, single-employer pension plans no longer maintain funding standard accounts. The funding requirement under PPA is simply that a plan must stay fully funded (that is, its assets must equal or exceed its liabilities). If a plan is fully funded, the minimum required contribution is the cost of benefits earned during the year. If a plan is not fully funded, the contribution also includes the amount necessary to amortize over seven years the difference between its liabilities and its assets. Stricter rules apply to severely underfunded plans (called "at-risk status").
The PPA has different funding requirements for multiemployer pension plans, which preserve most of the pre-PPA funding rules, including the funding standard account. Under PPA, increases and decreases in the plan's liabilities are amortized, but the amortization period for benefit improvements adopted after 2007 are shortened. As with single-employer plans, multiemployer pension plans that are significantly underfunded are subject to restrictions. The restrictions, which may limit the plan's ability to improve benefits or require the plan to reduce employees' benefits, vary depending whether a pension plan's funding status is termed "endangered", "seriously endangered", or "critical". The restrictions accompanying each deficient funding status are progressively more severe as funding status worsens.
ERISA preemption[edit]
ERISA Section 514 preempts all state laws that relate to any employee benefit plan, with certain, enumerated exceptions.[14] The most important exceptions — i.e. state laws that survive despite the fact that they may relate to an employee benefit plan — are state insurance, banking, or securities laws, generally applicable criminal laws, and domestic relations orders that meet ERISA's qualification requirements.[15]
A major limitation is placed on the insurance exception, known as the "deemer clause", which essentially provides that state insurance law cannot operate on employer self-funded benefit plans. The Supreme Court has created another limitation on the insurance exception, in which even a law that regulates insurance is preempted if it purports to add a remedy to a participant or beneficiary in an employee benefit plan that ERISA did not explicitly provide.
A three-part analysis is used to decide whether ERISA preempts state law. First, preemption is presumed if the state law “relates to” any employee benefit plan. Second, a state law relating to an employee benefit plan may be protected from preemption under ERISA if it regulates insurance, banking, or securities. The third step of the ERISA preemption analysis concerns the “deemer” clause. State insurance regulation may be saved only to the extent that it regulates genuine insurance companies or insurance contracts. As a result, a state may not “deem” that an employee benefit plan is an insurance plan in an effort to sidestep preemption if the benefit plan would not otherwise meet the requirements as an insurance company or contract. The “deemer” clause therefore restricts the use of the “savings” clause to conventionally insured employee benefit plans.[16]
The result of ERISA preemption is that the only remedy available to a covered person who has been denied benefits or dropped from coverage altogether is to seek an order from a federal judge (no jury trial is permitted) directing the Plan (in actuality the insurance company that underwrites and administers it) to pay for "medically necessary" care. If a person dies before the case can be heard, however, the claim dies with him or her, since ERISA provides no remedy for injury or wrongful death caused by the withholding of care.
Even if benefits are improperly denied, the insurance company cannot be sued for any resulting injury or wrongful death, regardless of whether it acted in bad faith in denying benefits. Insurers operating ERISA plans enjoy several immunities not available to other types of insurance companies. ERISA preempts all conflicting state laws, including state statutes prohibiting unfair claims practices and causes of action arising under state common law for insurance bad faith.[17] There is no right to a jury trial in ERISA benefits actions.[18] Although Americans normally take for granted the right to testify on their behalf, plaintiffs have no right to present live testimony in ERISA bench trials, in which the judge simply reads through the documents that formed the record originally before the ERISA plan administrator and performs de novo review.[19] Finally, punitive damages are not allowed in actions for ERISA benefits.[20]
It has been argued that in the case of health benefits, the effect of all of this may paradoxically have been to leave plan participants worse off than if ERISA had not been enacted.[21]
Many persons included among the some 29 million people presently without health care coverage in the United States are former ERISA "subscribers", insurance terminology for Plan beneficiaries, who have been denied benefits-usually on the ground that the prescribed care is not medically necessary or is "experimental"-or dropped from coverage, often because they have lost their jobs due to the very illness for which care was denied.[citation needed]
Many consumer and health care advocates have called for a "restoration of the freedom of contract enforcement," to the 75% of Americans insured under these work place group plans-in effect, a repeal of the ERISA preemption. Permitting these insured persons access to customary state remedies (98% of all civil disputes are resolved in state courts) would, they contend, result in a substantial reduction in arbitrary denial of care benefits, simultaneously alleviating a major burden on state Medicaid systems and clogged federal court dockets.[citation needed]
Hawaii Prepaid Health Care Act exemption[edit]
ERISA contains an exemption specifically regarding the Hawaii Prepaid Health Care Act (Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 393), which was enacted by that state a few months before ERISA was signed into law. As a result, private employers in Hawaii are bound by the rules of that state law in addition to ERISA. The exemption also freezes the law in its original 1974 form, meaning the Hawaii legislature is not able to make non-administrative amendments without Congressional approval.[22][23]
The Statute[edit]
Title I: Protection of Employee Benefit Rights[edit]
Title I protects employees' rights to their benefits. The following are some of the ways in which it achieves that goal:
Participants must be provided plan summaries.
Employers are required to report information about the plan to the Labor Department and provide it to participants upon request. The information is reported on Form 5500, which is available for public inspection.
If a participant requests, the employer must provide the participant with a calculation of her or his accrued and vested pension benefits.
Employers have fiduciary responsibility to the participants and to the plan.
Certain service providers, such as investment managers, have fiduciary responsibilities to the plan.[24]
Certain transactions between the employer and the plan are prohibited.
Certain transactions between fiduciary and the plan, or between the plan and certain "parties in interest" are prohibited (unless otherwise exempt).[25]
A pension plan is barred from investing more than 10% of its assets in employer securities.
Title I also includes the pension funding and vesting rules described above.
The United States Department of Labor's Employee Benefits Security Administration ("EBSA") is responsible for overseeing Title I, promulgating regulations implementing and interpreting the statute as well as conducting enforcement. Plan fiduciaries and plan participants may also bring certain civil causes of action in Federal Court.
The current Assistant Secretary of Labor for Employee Benefits and head of the Employee Benefits Security Administration is the Hon. Phyllis Borzi, who was confirmed on July 10, 2009 [1]. Past Assistant Secretaries include the Hon. Bradford P. Campbell, the Hon. Ann L. Combs and the Hon. Olena Berg-Lacy.
Title II: Amendments to the Internal Revenue Code Relating to Retirement Plans[edit]
Title II amended the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). The changes include the following:
Addition of various requirements for a pension plan to be tax-favored ("qualified"), including:
The plan must offer retirees the option of a joint-and-survivor annuity
Plan benefits may not discriminate in favor of officers and highly paid employees
Plans are subject to the pension funding and vesting rules described above.
Imposition of maximum limits on the annual benefit that may be paid from a qualified defined benefit pension plan and the annual contribution that may be made to a qualified defined contribution pension plan
The creation of individual retirement accounts (IRAs).
Revision of rules concerning the maximum tax deduction allowed with respect to a contribution to a pension plan
Imposition of an excise tax if the employer fails to make a required contribution to a pension plan or engages in transactions prohibited by ERISA
Title III: Jurisdiction, Administration, Enforcement; Joint Pension Task Force, Etc.[edit]
Title III outlines procedures for co-ordination between the Labor and Treasury Departments in enforcing ERISA.
It also created the Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries, which licenses actuaries to perform a variety of actuarial tasks required of pension plans under ERISA. The Joint Board administers two examinations to prospective Enrolled Actuaries. After an individual passes the two exams and completes sufficient relevant professional experience, she or he becomes an Enrolled Actuary.
Title IV: Plan Termination Insurance[edit]
Title IV created the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) to insure benefits of participants in underfunded terminated plans. It also describes the procedures that a pension plan must follow to terminate itself, and for the PBGC to initiate an involuntary termination.
Single-employer plans[edit]
Standard termination[edit]
An employer may terminate a single-employer plan under a standard termination if the plan's assets equal or exceed its liabilities. If the assets are less than the liabilities, the employer must contribute the amount necessary to fully fund the plan. A standard termination is sometimes referred to as a voluntary termination because the employer has chosen to terminate the plan.
In a standard termination, all accrued benefits under the plan become 100% vested. The plan must purchase annuity contracts for all participants. If the plan permits the payment of lump sums, employees may be offered the choice of a lump sum payment or an annuity.
If any assets remain in the plan after a standard termination has been completed, the provisions of the plan control their treatment. In some plans, the excess assets revert to the employer; in other plans, the excess assets must be used to increase participants' benefits.
Distress termination[edit]
An employer may terminate a single-employer plan under a distress termination if the employer demonstrates to the PBGC that one of these conditions exists:
Employer faces liquidation under bankruptcy proceedings.
Costs of continuing the plan will make the business fail.
Costs of continuing the plan have become unreasonably burdensome solely because of a decline in the employer's workforce.
If the PBGC finds that a distress termination is appropriate, the plan's liabilities are calculated and compared with its assets. Depending on the difference between the two values, the termination may be treated as if it had been a standard termination or as if it had been initiated by the PBGC.
Termination initiated by the PBGC[edit]
PBGC may initiate proceedings to terminate a single-employer plan if it determines one of the following:
The employer has not made its minimum required contributions to the plan.
The plan will not be able to pay benefits when due.
PBGC's long-term cost can be expected to be unreasonably higher if it does not terminate the plan.
A termination initiated by the PBGC is sometimes called an involuntary termination.
The benefits paid by the PBGC after a plan termination may be less than those promised by the employer. See Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation for details.
Multiemployer plans[edit]
A multiemployer plan may be terminated in one of three ways:
It may be amended so that participants receive no credit for future service.
All contributing employers may withdraw from the plan or stop making contributions to it.
It may convert into a defined contribution plan.
Non-ERISA status and bankruptcy[edit]
In 2005, the BAPCPA amended the Bankruptcy Code, by exempting most organized retirement plans, even those not subject to ERISA, and accorded them protected status, claimable as exempt property by a debtor declaring bankruptcy under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.
Now, most pension plans have the same protection as an ERISA anti-alienation clause giving these pensions the same protection as a spendthrift trust. The only remaining unprotected areas are the SIMPLE IRA and the SEP IRA. The SEP IRA is functionally similar to a self-settle trust, and a sound policy reason would exist to not shield SEP IRAs, but many financial planners argue that a rollover (or direct transfer) from a SEP IRA to a rollover IRA would give those funds protected status, too.
Finding statutes[edit]
Portions of ERISA are codified in various places of the United States Code, including 29 U.S.C. ch. 18, and Internal Revenue Code sections § 219 and § 408 (relating to the Individual Retirement Account) and sections § 410 through § 415, and § 4971, § 4974 and § 4975. A cross-reference between the sections of the ERISA law and the corresponding sections in the U.S.Code can be found at http://www.harp.org/erisaxref.htm.
See also[edit]
Bankruptcy in the United States
Pegram v. Herdrich
Vivien v. WorldCom
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The U.S. Department of Labor ERISA at 40 Timeline". United States Department of Labor. 2015-11-19. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
Jump up ^ Committee on Government Operations, United States Senate (1966). Diversion of union welfare-pension funds of Allied Trades Council and Teamsters 815; report, together with individual views. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Jump up ^ "Pension Fund Probe: Searching Questions and Puzzling Answers". Herald Tribune. August 8, 1965.
Jump up ^ Barkdoll, Robert (October 13, 1965). "Bill to Guard Welfare, Pension Funds Offered". Los Angeles Times. p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b McMillan, III, James (2000). "Misclassification and Employer Discretion Under ERISA" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania Journal of Labor and Employment Law. 2 (4): 837–866.
^ Jump up to: a b Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate (August 1984). The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974: The First Decade (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 11.
Jump up ^ Whitten, Leslie H. (August 2, 1965). "Javits Aims to Protect Union Funds". Journal American.
Jump up ^ "Javits Bids U.S. Curb Union Pension Funds". Daily News. August 4, 1965.
Jump up ^ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Gerald R. Ford: "Statement on the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974.," September 2, 1974". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.
Jump up ^ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Gerald R. Ford: "Remarks on Signing the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974.," September 2, 1974". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.
Jump up ^ Lemke and Lins, ERISA for Money Managers §1:1 (Thomson West, 2012).
Jump up ^ Costello, Daniel (October 18, 2004). "Not a future they expected". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2004-10-19. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
Jump up ^ Schultz, Ellen E. (November 10, 2004). "Companies Sue Union Retirees To Cut Promised Health Benefits". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Rush Prudential HMO, Inc. v. Moran, 536 U.S. 355, 364 (2002).
Jump up ^ 29 U.S.C. § 1144(b).
Jump up ^ Mary Ann Chirba-Martin; Troyen A. Brennan (April 1994). "The critical role of ERISA in state health reform". Health Affairs. 13 (2): 142–156. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.13.2.142.
Jump up ^ Kidneigh v. UNUM Life Ins. Co. of Am., 345 F.3d 1182, 1184 (10th Cir. 2003); Bast v. Prudential Life Ins. Co. of Am., 150 F.3d 1003 (9th Cir. 1998); Kanne v. Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. , 867 F.2d 489, 492 (9th Cir. 1988).
Jump up ^ Thomas v. Oregon Fruit Prods. Co., 228 F.3d 991, 996-97 (9th Cir. 2000) (listing cases and joining their holding).
Jump up ^ Kearney v. Standard Ins. Co., 175 F.3d 1084, 1094-1095 (9th Cir. 1999) (en banc).
Jump up ^ Varhola v. Doe , 820 F.2d 809, 812-13 (6th Cir. 1987).
Jump up ^ Stumpff, Andrew W. (2011), Darkness at Noon: Judicial Interpretation May Have Made Things Worse for Benefit Plan Participants Under ERISA than had the Statute Never Been Enacted, 23, St. Thomas L. Rev., p. 101, SSRN 1624384
Jump up ^ Hawaii Institute for Public Affairs (2004). "Prepaid Health Care Act". Retrieved 2011-02-19.
Jump up ^ 29 U.S.C. § 1144
Jump up ^ Lemke and Lins, ERISA for Money Managers §§1:2 to 1:4 (Thomson West, 2013).
Jump up ^ Lemke and Lins, ERISA for Money Managers §1:3, §1:5 (Thomson West, 2013).
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974
Department of Labor 2003 "interpretive bulletin," Field Assistance Bulletin 2003-3, May 19, 2003, concerning allocation of expenses in a defined contribution plan.
Guide to ERISA rights from the United States Department of Labor
LA Times, 21 August 2005, "The Safety Net She Believed In Was Pulled Away When She Fell" (registration required)
List of provision numbers in the original Act, and destinations in the US Code
Frequently Asked Questions - ERISA Governed Health and Disability Claims
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Witness: The Tour
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Witness: The Tour
Tour by Katy Perry
Associated album
Witness
Start date
September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)
End date
August 21, 2018 (2018-08-21)
Legs
6
No. of shows
52 in North America
11 in Latin America
9 in Asia
20 in Europe
14 in Oceania
106 in total
Katy Perry concert chronology
Prismatic World Tour
(2014–2015)
Witness: The Tour
(2017–2018)
Witness: The Tour is the fourth concert tour by American singer-songwriter Katy Perry, in support of her fifth studio album, Witness (2017).[1] The tour began on September 19, 2017, in Montreal, Canada, at the Bell Centre, and is scheduled to conclude on August 21, 2018, in Auckland, New Zealand at the Spark Arena.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Concert synopsis
3 Critical reception
4 Set list
5 Shows
6 Cancelled shows
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Production
The stage for the tour with the eye-related imagery
Perry first announced on May 15, 2017 that her fifth album Witness would be released on June 9, 2017, and that she would embark on Witness: The Tour in support of it. Copies of the album are included along with the purchased tickets.[2] During the North American leg of the tour, one dollar from each ticket purchased will go to the Boys & Girls Clubs of America, and fans will also have a chance to win free tickets by doing volunteer work for that organization via Global Citizen.[3]
In North America, Perry is scheduled to perform across the United States and Canada from September 2017 until February 2018.[4] In October 2017, she announced three concerts in Mexico the following May taking place on the 3rd, 8th, and 11th.[5] An additional concert for the country in Monterrey was added for May 9th after the first one sold out,[6] and another show in Mexico City was added the following month for Mexico City on May 4th.[7] In Europe, the singer is also scheduled to perform on 20 dates from May to June 2018.[8] The tour will then visit Oceania from July 2018 to August 2018.[9] In July 2017, three additional Australian dates were added following popular demand, resulting in 14 shows scheduled during the leg.[10]
The tour was originally scheduled to begin in Columbus on September 7, 2017. However, Perry revealed on August 17 that due to production delays, the tour had been rescheduled to begin September 19, 2017, with the opening night set in Montreal at the Bell Centre. She also confirmed that Noah Cyrus, Purity Ring, and Carly Rae Jepsen would respectively serve as opening acts from September 19 to November 1, November 7 to December 20, and January 5, 2018 to February 5, 2018.[11] The singer later added a final Canadian date for February 6 with Jepsen.[12] Dates in Latin America were later added to the itinerary, including three dates in Brazil, one in Chile, Argentina and Peru, and five in Mexico.[13]
Concert synopsis
Perry performing at Madison Square Garden, New York City in October 2017
Shortly before the show begins, the stage's eye-shaped screen displays a video of Perry's eye for a few moments. The eye transforms into a galaxy and a journey through outer space is shown, leading to a red-colored planet. The screen opens to reveal Perry riding upon a star-shaped structure, wearing a bejeweled and hooded red outfit with sunglasses. She performs the chorus of "Witness", followed by "Roulette" which she sings on top of giant climbable dice. "Dark Horse" is then sung, with Perry and her dancers atop of moving platforms. Perry performs "Chained to the Rhythm" next, with large puppets dressed in suits and sporting televisions for heads moving around the stage. A video interlude is played that shows a clock running backwards alongside childhood photos of Perry, as her backing singers perform portions of "Act My Age". Perry emerges wearing a pantsuit with a grid design, while her dancers wear shape-themed outfits. "Teenage Dream" is performed, which culminates in Perry and her dancers performing synchronised choreography while sitting on a floating cuboid. Perry removes her jacket to reveal an LED top that displays the lyrics of "Hot n Cold" as Perry performs the song with an electric guitar. "Hot n Cold" transitions into "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)", which Perry and her backing singers perform at the front of the stage. Puppets in the shape of flamingos are guided around the stage by dancers during this number. Perry's female dancers wear paper doll cut-outs of her most memorable outfits during "California Gurls", and she is also joined by the Left Shark that featured in her Super Bowl XLIX halftime show. Perry and the Left Shark then typically bring out an oversized telephone, with which Perry calls someone close to her, such as her parents. Giant lips emerge from behind the stage, which Perry is lifted inside while performing "I Kissed a Girl".
Perry and dancers performing "Bon Appétit"
An interlude is played, which features Perry floating through space. The stage is adorned with huge roses, and Perry emerges wearing a black-and-white, polka dot latex outfit. She performs "Déjà Vu", followed by "Tsunami", during which she dances on a rotating pole. Venus flytrap props are added to the stage, and Perry sings "E.T." as she is joined onstage by a dancer in stilts, dressed as an alien insect. "Bon Appétit" is performed next. Towards the end of the song, jeweled flies are attached to Perry's costume and she lies on a leaf, while dancers pour glitter on her from oversized salt and pepper shakers. The performance samples a portion of Janet Jackson's song "What Have You Done for Me Lately", which Perry performs with her backing singers. Perry exits the stage for a short time, while multi-colored planets descend from the venue's ceiling, and Perry emerges from a planet wearing a crystal-covered gown and wig. She sings "Thinking of You" with an acoustic guitar as the planet she is sitting on flies around the venue. Perry then moves to the Drop Zone, an area of the stage in which she is closest to fans. She invites a fan to join her on stage before singing "Power", at the end of which Perry is given angel wings.
The next segment of the show is introduced with a video interlude showing Perry wearing a motorcycle helmet. She appears from behind the stage riding a motorcycle and wearing a striped blue outfit, and performs "Hey Hey Hey", followed by "Part of Me". A huge basketball net appears on stage for "Swish Swish", which Perry sings alongside dancers holding inflatable basketballs. Perry interrupts the song to hold an impromptu basketball game, during which she competes against a father of a young attendee from the audience. She finishes the song joined by her dancers on trampolines. "Roar" is performed next, while a large lion's head emerges from behind the screen. Perry returns to sing "Firework" for the encore, which she performs wearing a sequined purple gown on top of a hand that rises from beneath the stage. Fireworks erupt on stage during the number. At the end of the song, the hand closes up with Perry inside as she ends the show.
Critical reception
Jon Caramanica from The New York Times said that the show was "game, wacky, mildly overcompensatory" with an "impeccable" set design, although he thought that the "new material" she performed was "among her weakest". He praised Perry's onstage charisma and despite he thought that her live vocals were often “low in the mix", he complimented the acoustic performances when the singer sat down and played on a guitar.[14] Jeffrey Lee Puckett from USA Today praised the visuals of the show, including the "non-stop blur of explosive lights, video, huge puppets, dancers, giant basketball goals, confetti and robot Venus flytraps". However, he felt the setlist was a "less successful" aspect of the show, adding "Perry's new songs from her Witness album don't have the sharpness or pop exuberance of her older material, instead just kind of sliding into a generic beat-per-minute muddle."[15] Jordan Zivitz from the Montreal Gazette said that "extra production time could have been used to adjust some visuals whose juxtapositions and statements were as confused as they were colourful", but complimented Perry's stage presence, adding that "the energy was certainly there, with the singer staying in constant motion on a multi-stage set for two hours."[16]
Set list
Perry closing the show with "Firework"
This set list is from the show on October 2, 2017 in New York City. It is not intended to represent all concerts for the tour.[17][18]
"Witness"
"Roulette"
"Dark Horse"
"Chained to the Rhythm"
"Teenage Dream"
"Hot n Cold"
"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)"
"California Gurls"
"I Kissed a Girl"
"Déjà Vu"
"Tsunami"
"E.T."
"Bon Appétit" (contains elements from "What Have You Done for Me Lately")
"Thinking of You"
"Power"
"Hey Hey Hey"
"Part of Me"
"Swish Swish"
"Roar"
Encore:
"Firework"
Notes [show]
At selected dates, Perry performed "Save as Draft" before "Power".[19]
On October 6, 2017 in New York City, Perry performed an acoustic version of "Part of Me" before "Power", rather than later in the show as a dedication to her fans for coming after the 2017 Las Vegas Strip shooting.[20][21]
On December 4, 2017 in Milwaukee, Perry performed "Wide Awake" in place of "Thinking of You".[22][23]
Shows
List of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, opening acts, tickets sold, amount of available tickets, and gross revenue
Date
City
Country
Venue
Opening act(s)
Attendance
Revenue
Leg 1 — North America[1][3][24]
September 19, 2017[a]
Montreal Canada Bell Centre Noah Cyrus — —
September 21, 2017
Uncasville United States Mohegan Sun Arena 6,334 / 6,554 $1,704,881
September 22, 2017
Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena 8,577 / 12,163 $752,651
September 24, 2017[b]
Columbus Schottenstein Center
September 25, 2017
Washington, D.C. Capital One Arena — —
September 29, 2017
Boston TD Garden — —
September 30, 2017
October 2, 2017
New York City Madison Square Garden 21,688 / 22,667 $2,618,096
October 6, 2017
October 8, 2017
Newark Prudential Center 10,067 / 11,307 $1,118,597
October 9, 2017[c]
Quebec City Canada Videotron Centre
October 11, 2017
Brooklyn United States Barclays Center 9,055 / 11,712 $1,002,705
October 12, 2017[d]
Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center — —
October 16, 2017
Louisville KFC Yum! Center — —
October 18, 2017
Nashville Bridgestone Arena — —
October 22, 2017
St. Louis Scottrade Center — —
October 24, 2017
Chicago United Center — —
October 25, 2017
October 27, 2017
Kansas City Sprint Center — —
October 31, 2017[e]
Toronto Canada Air Canada Centre — —
November 1, 2017[e]
— —
November 7, 2017
Los Angeles United States Staples Center Purity Ring — —
November 8, 2017
November 10, 2017
November 14, 2017
San Jose SAP Center — —
November 24, 2017
Salt Lake City Vivint Smart Home Arena — —
November 26, 2017
Denver Pepsi Center — —
November 28, 2017
Omaha CenturyLink Center Omaha — —
November 29, 2017
Tulsa BOK Center — —
December 1, 2017
Saint Paul Xcel Energy Center — —
December 2, 2017
Des Moines Wells Fargo Arena — —
December 4, 2017
Milwaukee BMO Harris Bradley Center — —
December 6, 2017
Detroit Little Caesars Arena — —
December 7, 2017
Grand Rapids Van Andel Arena — —
December 9, 2017
Indianapolis Bankers Life Fieldhouse — —
December 10, 2017
Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena — —
December 12, 2017
Atlanta Philips Arena — —
December 15, 2017
Tampa Amalie Arena — —
December 17, 2017
Orlando Amway Center — —
December 20, 2017
Miami American Airlines Arena — —
Asia[1]
December 31, 2017
Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates du Arena N/A — —
Leg 1 — North America[1][3][12]
January 5, 2018
New Orleans United States Smoothie King Center Carly Rae Jepsen — —
January 7, 2018
Houston Toyota Center — —
January 10, 2018
San Antonio AT&T Center — —
January 12, 2018
North Little Rock Verizon Arena — —
January 14, 2018
Dallas American Airlines Center — —
January 19, 2018
Glendale Gila River Arena — —
January 20, 2018
Las Vegas T-Mobile Arena — —
January 31, 2018
Sacramento Golden 1 Center — —
February 2, 2018
Portland Moda Center — —
February 3, 2018
Tacoma Tacoma Dome — —
February 5, 2018
Vancouver Canada Rogers Arena — —
February 6, 2018
Leg 2 — Latin America[1]
March 8, 2018
Santiago Chile Pista Atlética Estadio Nacional TBA — —
March 11, 2018
Buenos Aires Argentina Club Ciudad Lali — —
March 14, 2018[f]
Porto Alegre Brazil Arena do Grêmio Bebe Rexha — —
March 17, 2018
São Paulo Allianz Parque — —
March 18, 2018
Rio de Janeiro Barra Olympic Park — —
March 21, 2018
Lima Peru Jockey Club Parcela H — —
Leg 3 — Asia[1]
March 27, 2018
Saitama Japan Saitama Super Arena TBA — —
March 28, 2018
March 30, 2018
Hong Kong China AsiaWorld–Arena — —
April 2, 2018
Manila Philippines Mall of Asia Arena — —
April 4, 2018
Taipei Taiwan Taipei Arena — —
April 8, 2018
Singapore Singapore Indoor Stadium — —
April 10, 2018
Bangkok Thailand Impact Arena — —
April 14, 2018
Jakarta Indonesia Indonesia Convention Exhibition — —
Leg 4 — Latin America[1]
May 3, 2018
Mexico City Mexico Arena Ciudad de México TBA — —
May 4, 2018
May 8, 2018
Monterrey Arena Monterrey — —
May 9, 2018
May 11, 2018
Guadalajara Arena VFG — —
Leg 5 — Europe[1]
May 23, 2018
Cologne Germany Lanxess Arena TBA — —
May 24, 2018
Antwerp Belgium Sportpaleis — —
May 26, 2018
Amsterdam Netherlands Ziggo Dome — —
May 27, 2018
May 29, 2018
Paris France AccorHotels Arena — —
May 30, 2018
June 1, 2018
Zürich Switzerland Hallenstadion — —
June 2, 2018
Bologna Italy Unipol Arena — —
June 4, 2018
Vienna Austria Wiener Stadthalle — —
June 6, 2018
Berlin Germany Mercedes-Benz Arena — —
June 8, 2018
Copenhagen Denmark Royal Arena — —
June 10, 2018
Stockholm Sweden Ericsson Globe — —
June 14, 2018
London England The O2 Arena — —
June 15, 2018
June 18, 2018
Birmingham Arena Birmingham — —
June 19, 2018
Sheffield Sheffield Arena — —
June 21, 2018
Liverpool Echo Arena — —
June 22, 2018
Manchester Manchester Arena — —
June 24, 2018
Glasgow Scotland SSE Hydro — —
June 25, 2018
Newcastle England Metro Radio Arena — —
Leg 6 — Oceania[1][10][26]
July 24, 2018
Perth Australia Perth Arena TBA — —
July 25, 2018
July 30, 2018
Adelaide Adelaide Entertainment Centre — —
July 31, 2018
August 2, 2018
Melbourne Rod Laver Arena — —
August 3, 2018
August 5, 2018
August 8, 2018
Brisbane Brisbane Entertainment Centre — —
August 10, 2018
August 13, 2018
Sydney Qudos Bank Arena — —
August 14, 2018
August 16, 2018
August 20, 2018
Auckland New Zealand Spark Arena — —
August 21, 2018
Total
—
—
Cancelled shows
Date
City
Country
Venue
Reason
September 16, 2017
Buffalo United States KeyBank Center Production delays[27]
September 27, 2017
Charlotte Spectrum Center Scheduling conflict[28]
Notes
Jump up ^ The September 19, 2017 concert at Bell Centre in Montreal was originally scheduled to take place on September 9, 2017, but was postponed due to "production delays".[11]
Jump up ^ The September 24, 2017 concert at Schottenstein Center in Columbus was originally scheduled to take place on September 7, 2017, marking the start of the tour, but was postponed due to "production delays".[11]
Jump up ^ The concert of October 9, 2017 at Videotron Centre in Quebec City was originally scheduled to take place on September 10, 2017, but was postponed due to "production delays".[11]
Jump up ^ The concert of October 12, 2017 at Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia was originally scheduled to take place on September 18, 2017, but was postponed due to "production delays".[11]
^ Jump up to: a b The concerts of October 31, 2017 and November 1, 2017 at Air Canada Centre in Toronto were originally scheduled to take place on September 12, 2017 and September 13, 2017 respectively, but were postponed due to "production delays".[11]
Jump up ^ The March 14, 2018 concert at Arena do Grêmio in Porto Alegre was originally scheduled to take place on March 15, 2018 at Pedreira Paulo Leminski in Curitiba, but was rescheduled due to high demand.[25]
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Tour – Katy Perry". KatyPerry.com. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Neubeck, Kyle (May 15, 2017). "Katy Perry Announces Release Date and Tour for New Album 'Witness'". Complex. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kreps, Daniel (May 15, 2017). "Katy Perry Announces New Album 'Witness,' Maps Fall Tour". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Da'Shan (May 16, 2017). "Everything We Know About Katy Perry's 'Witness' Album (So Far)". Billboard. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Katy Perry trae su 'Witness: The Tour' a México" (in Spanish). El Financiero. October 25, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Katy Perry [@katyperry] (October 27, 2017). "🇲🇽 Monterrey 🇲🇽 Thanks to U the first show is SOLD OUT!! ADDING 5/9 so I can 👁 you ALL!! Santander 🎟 presale 11/1 10am katyperry.com/tour" (Tweet). Retrieved October 27, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Katy Perry [@katyperry] (November 14, 2017). "Mexico City! We're going back to back 🇲🇽 🇲🇽 A second chance to #WITNESSTHETOUR has been added for Friday, May 4 and the Santander presale starts tomorrow at 10am CT 🎟🎟 katyperry.com/tour OK" (Tweet). Retrieved November 14, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Katy announces UK, European tour dates". The Nation. June 3, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Katy Perry announces Australian tour dates". SBS. June 30, 2017. Retrieved July 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Katy Perry Adds Additional Australian Dates for WITNESS Tour". Broadway World. July 31, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Kaufman, Gil (August 17, 2018). "Katy Perry Pushes Back Start of Witness Tour Due to 'Unavoidable Production Delays'". Billboard. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Katy Perry [@katyperry] (November 22, 2017). "The FINAL night of the 🇺🇸 + 🇨🇦 tour has just been added in Vancouver on Feb 6! We're going to leave it all on the stage, right @carlyraejepsen? Tickets on sale 12/1 at 10AM PT 💖" (Tweet). Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Tour - Katy Perry". KatyPerry.com. Archived from the original on November 24, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Caramanica, Jon (October 3, 2017). "Review: Katy Perry, Queen of Froth, Stars in a Carnival of Her Own". The New York Times. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Puckett, Jeffrey Lee (October 17, 2017). "Katy Perry goes over the top with manic, colorful and escapist show - Review". USA Today. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Zivitz, Jordan (September 20, 2017). "Concert review: Bell Centre witnesses Katy Perry's glitzy tour debut". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Olivier, Bobby (October 3, 2017). "Katy Perry calls for 'world peace,' delivers visually stunning performance on new tour (PHOTOS)". N.J.com. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ McNeilage, Ross (September 21, 2017). "Katy Perry Kicks Off 'Witness' World Tour And It Looks Incredible". MTV News. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wass, Mike (September 20, 2017). "Crazy Costumes & Cosmic Props: Katy Perry Kicks Off The 'Witness Tour'". Idolator. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Weatherby, Taylor (October 7, 2017). "7 Parts of Katy Perry's Tour You Have to 'Witness' to Believe". Billboard. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Katy Perry Calls for 'Some Freakin' Peace' While Praising Fans for Attending Her Concert Following the Mass Shooting". People music. October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ KatyCats.com [@katyperryforum] (December 4, 2017). "Katy swapped out Thinking of You with Wide Awake tonight in Milwaukee! 🤔" (Tweet). Retrieved December 5, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Katy Perry Updates [@katyspics] (December 4, 2017). "#VIDEO" (Tweet). Retrieved December 5, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ North American box score:
"Billboard Boxscore :: Curent Scores". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
"Billboard Boxscore :: Curent Scores". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
"Billboard Boxscore :: Curent Scores". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 14, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/katyperry/status/940990409886507008
Jump up ^ Katy Perry [@katyperry] (August 23, 2017). "NZ IT'S YOUR TURN! #WITNESSTHETOUR is coming to Auckland's Spark Arena on 20 Aug, 2018 ! Tickets on sale 1 Sept ! katyperry.com/tour" (Tweet). Retrieved August 23, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Katy Perry - CANCELLED". KeyBank Center. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Katy Perry – Cancelled". Spectrum Center. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Witness: The Tour.
#WitnessTheFuture with Boys and Girls Clubs of America at KatyPerry.com
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Katy Perry
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