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Taxation in South Africa
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Projected constituents of South African taxation receipts for the tax year 2012–2013.[1]
Secondary tax on companies / dividends (1.2%)
Specific excise duties (3.5%)
Customs duties (4.8%)
Fuel levy (4.9%)
Other direct and indirect taxes (5.3%)
Company income tax (19.8%)
VAT (26.4%)
Personal income tax (34%)
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Taxation in South Africa may involve payments to a minimum of two different levels of government: central government through the South African Revenue Service (SARS) or to local government.[2] Central government revenues come primarily from income tax, value added tax (VAT), corporation tax and fuel duty. Local government revenues come primarily from grants from central government funds and municipal rates. In the 2012/2013 fiscal year SARS collected R813.8 billion (equivalent to US$ 73.1 billion)[3] in tax revenue, a figure R71.2 billion (or 9.6%) more than that from the previous fiscal year. In 2012/13 financial year South Africa had a tax-to-GDP ratio of 25.3% reflecing a marginal increase from 25% in 2011/12.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Direct taxation
2.1 Income tax
2.1.1 Normal tax
2.1.1.1 Individual income tax
2.1.1.2 Company income tax
2.1.2 Donations tax
2.1.3 Dividends tax
2.1.4 Withholding tax
2.2 Estate duty
2.3 Capital gains tax
3 Indirect taxation
3.1 Value Added Tax (VAT)
3.2 Fuel levy
4 Centenary of income tax
5 References
Overview[edit]
Of the R813.8 billion collected by SARS in 2012/2013, R459.6 billion (56%) came from direct taxes and R353.3 billion (43%) from indirect taxes.[1]
Breakdown of tax revenues by source[1]
Type of tax
Amounts in billions of Rands
percentage of total
Income from direct taxes for 2012/13
Personal Income Tax R276.67 bn 34%
Company Income Tax R160.89 bn 19.7%
Secondary taxes on companies & Dividends R9.81 bn 1.2%
Other R12.47 bn 1.5%
Income from indirect taxes for 2012/13
VAT R215.02 bn 26.4%
Fuel levy R40.41 bn 4.9%
Customs duties R38.99 bn 4.7%
Specific excise duties R28.37 bn 3.4%
Other R31.15 bn 3.8%
Total
R813.8 bn
100%
The cost of collecting tax revenue has remained somewhat constant; decreasing slightly from 1.11% of total revenue in 2011/12 to 1.07% in 2012/13.[4]
In the 2010/11 financial year SARS collected a total of R674.2 bn.[5]
Three provinces, Gauteng, the Western Cape, and KwaZulu-Natal was the source of 78% of total tax assessed in 2013.[6]
Direct taxation[edit]
Direct taxes are taxes which are imposed on individuals, trusts, deceased estates, companies and close corporations; all of whom are otherwise known as persons.
Income tax[edit]
South Africa has a progressive income taxation system which is based on the premise that the wealthy should contribute a greater proportion towards supporting the State than the poor. This means that the more a person earns the higher percentage tax they pay.[7]:2 By law all employers have to register all employees as taxpayers regardless of their tax liability.[4] In terms of individual income tax South Africans pay the 31st highest average income tax rate in the world.[8]
Income tax in South Africa was first introduced in 1914 with the introduction of the Income Tax Act No 28, an act that had its origins in the New South Wales Act of 1895. The act has gone through numerous amendments with the act presently in force is the Income Tax Act No 58 of 1962 which contains provisions for four different types of income tax.[7]:3 These four types of tax are:
normal tax
donations tax
secondary tax on companies
withholding tax
Normal tax[edit]
Normal tax in South Africa is a levy imposed on all persons in the form of an annual tax that is calculated by applying predetermined rates to a person's taxable income. This type of income tax can be divided into individual income tax and company income tax.
Individual income tax[edit]
Individual income tax (otherwise known as Personal income tax) rates in South Africa range from 18% (for income below R188,000 p.a) to 41% (for amounts over R701,300), although the tax threshold of R75,000 (for persons below age 65) means that anyone earning less than this amount pays no income tax. Individuals earning less than R75,000 (2016)[9] a year do not need to declare their income and do not need to submit an income tax return so long as their remuneration is from a single employer, their remuneration is for the full tax year and no allowance was paid, from which PAYE was not deducted in full with regards to travel allowance.[10]
In 2012/13 there were a total of 13.7 million registered individual taxpayers. There were a total of 5.1 million assessed taxpayers in 2012/13 with total taxable income of R1 trillion, of that they were liable to pay R206.7 billion. 40.1% of assessed taxpayers were registered in Gauteng Province and 27.3% of them employed in finance, insurance, real estate, or the business service sector. 27.5% of them were aged 35 to 44 and 5.7% or 289,476 declared a business income.[1]
The 2012 tax year saw an increase in the threshold for the top Personal Income Tax bracket to R580,000. Other increases in tax thresholds include:[1]
R59,750 for people below the age of 65.
R93,150 for people aged between 65 and 75.
R104,261 for people aged 75 and above.
In 2009 there were 3.5 million assessed taxpayers with a total taxable income of R632.6 billion, of that they were liable to pay R154.1 billion. Of them 28.8% were between 35 and 44 years old and 56.7% were male, 3.9% (136,124) of them had business income. Over 60% of taxable income came from salaries, wages and remuneration. Travel allowances were the largest allowance claim, the largest fringe benefit was medical aid paid on behalf of employees and contributions to retirement funds were the largest tax deductions. Although the number of tax payers has increased most taxpayers fall below the R63,556(2013) taxable income threshold and so are not required to submit an income tax return and are therefore not included in the 3.5 million assessed taxpayers.[11]:2
In 2015/16 financial year out of a total 33 million eligible tax payers around 10% or 3.3 million people paid 93% of total income tax collected in that period. Of them 1.1 million or 3.7% of all income tax payers paid just under 70% of all income tax collected in that period. This means that South African income tax receipts are highly reliant on a relatively small number of high income tax payers.[12]
Income tax table (2015/2016)[9]
Taxable Income (in Rands)
Rate of Tax
0 – 188,000 18% of taxable income
188,001 – 293,600 R33,840 + 26% of taxable income above R188,000
293,601 – 406,400 R61,296 + 31% of taxable income above R293,600
406,401 – 550,100 R96,264 + 36% of taxable income above R406,400
550,101 – 701,300 R147,996 + 39% of taxable income above R550,100
701,301 and above R206,964 + 41% of taxable income above R701,300
taxable income per assessed taxpayer by province in 2013[6]
Province
Total number of tax payers
Average taxable income
Total taxable income
Percentage of total taxable income
Eastern Cape 440 406 R193 931 R85.41 billion 7%
Free State 258 998 R178 251 R46.17 billion 3.9%
Gauteng 1 847 903 R272 188 R502.98 billion 42.6%
KwaZulu-Natal 707 335 R208 142 R147.23 billion 12.5%
Limpopo 261 252 R196 862 R51.43 billion 4.4%
Mpumalanga 301 871 R212 113 R64.03 billion 5.4%
Northern Cape 111 572 R184 038 R50.97 billion 4.3%
North West 276 937 R187 702 R20.94 billion 1.8%
Western Cape 801 441 R228 053 R182.77 billion 15.5%
Unknown province 166 857 R177 602 R29.63 billion 2.5%
Company income tax[edit]
The company income tax rate is levied at 26.67%(According to the Company Law No. 71 of 2008) of the taxable income of the company. Certain companies qualifying as a small business corporation where tax is levied at 10% for taxable income above R 59,750 up to a limit of R 300,000 and 28% on taxable income above R 300,000. Employment companies pay a tax of 33%. Dividends were subject to an additional tax called the Secondary Tax on Companies which was 10% of declared dividends. This tax was replaced by Dividend Tax on 1 April 2012; however Secondary Tax on Companies credits can be used until 31 March 2015.[13]
In the 2009 tax year 34.2% of 473,034 companies in South Africa had taxable income. Of them 56.5% of the tax was paid by 222 large companies with a taxable income in excess of R200 million. Around 50% of the collectively assessed companies were from the finance, retail and wholesale trade sectors and were responsible for over 35% of this tax. The mining and quarrying sector -consisting of only 0.3% of the companies assessed- shrunk from 8.6% in 2006 to 5.7% in 2008 reflecting the declining importance of the mining sector to the South African economy.[11]{{rp|3
Donations tax[edit]
Tax on donations is linked to Estate Duty which was first introduced in South Africa in 1955. It is not a tax on income but rather on the transfer of wealth but differs from estate duty in that it specifically taxes gifts and donations as opposed to inheritance. This tax subjects certain donations made by persons to a flat rate of 20%.[7]:4
Dividends tax[edit]
Dividends Tax is a policy tax imposed by government with the aim of encouraging companies to retain profits instead of giving out dividends. It takes the form of a 20% tax on receipt of dividends given by companies and closed corporations. Some of the recent growth in this tax revenue for 2012/13 occurred due to increases in the value of taxable economic activities and higher compliance rates even though this tax rate remained the same.[1]
Prior to 1 April 2012 this tax was known as the Secondary Tax on Companies and took the form of a 10% tax on the net dividend distributed by companies and closed corporations.[1]
Withholding tax[edit]
Withholding tax, also called retention tax, is a government requirement for a South African payer of an item of income to a non-resident in South Africa to withhold or deduct tax from the payment, and pay that tax to the government. This tax can be divided into two categories:
A withholding tax on royalties of 12% unless double taxation agreements apply.[7]:4
A withholding tax on payments for fixed property which applies to any person who must pay a non-resident for immovable property in South Africa. This tax ranges between 5% to 10%.[7]:5
Estate duty[edit]
Estate duty is similar to donations tax in that it is a tax on the transfer of wealth. The duty is charged on the death of a person and is based on the value of the deceased's estate at the date of their death. It is 20% on the amount remaining in the deceased's estate over R3.5 million.[7]:7
Capital gains tax[edit]
First introduced on 1 October 2001, capital gains tax is effectively charged by adding a percentage of the increase in value of an asset, that was disposed of for more than its base cost, to the taxpayer's taxable income (see normal tax). For individuals, deceased estates and special trusts 40% of the net gain exceeding R 40 000 exclusion for individuals is added to their taxable income. For companies, close corporations and trusts 80% is added. Net capital losses in any given year cannot be used as a set-off against ordinary income; but can be carried forward to the following years to be used as a set-off against future capital gains.[14]
Indirect taxation[edit]
Indirect taxes are taxes which are levied on transactions rather than on persons (whether individuals or corporate).
Value Added Tax (VAT)[edit]
Value Added Tax (VAT) is a broad tax made by vendors on the supply of goods and services that is charged upon purchase. VAT must be paid irrespective of whether or not it is a capital good or trading stock so long as the vendor uses the goods in his/her enterprise. It's compulsory for a business to register VAT remission when the value of taxable supplies in a 12-month period exceeds or is expected to exceed R1 million.[15] Value Added Tax (VAT) was first introduced in South Africa on 29 September 1991 at a rate of 10%. Currently VAT is set at 14%.[7]:7 If given price on an item charged by a vendor does not mention VAT then that price is deemed to include VAT.[7]:635
SARS VAT Calculator
In 2009/10 fiscal year about 72% of the 685,523 registered VAT vendors were active. Over 55% of VAT vendors had a turnover of less than R1 million.[11]:4 People who are not South African passport holders and are not resident in South Africa are eligible to claim back VAT on movable goods purchased in the country provided they present a tax invoice (such as a receipt) for those goods.[16]
Fuel levy[edit]
The fuel levy in South Africa represents a tax paid at the pump on fuel, predominantly processed fossils fuels like petrol and diesel. In 2011 this tax represented about 29.6% of the price of 93 octane petrol and 30.3% of the price of diesel.[17]
5% of the total fuel price paid at the pump in South Africa goes to the Road Accident Fund which is a state insurer that provides insurance cover to all drivers of motor vehicles in South Africa in respect of liability incurred or damage caused as a result of a traffic collision.[18]
Centenary of income tax[edit]
University of Cape Town, 17 November 2014: Dr Beric John Croome (right) addresses attendees at the "Income Tax in South Africa: The First 100 Years" conference, with Professor Jennifer Roeleveld, Head: Taxation, Department of Finance and Tax, UCT and a conference organiser, looking on. (Photograph by Michael Hammond/University of Cape Town) [19]
During 1914, General Jan Smuts, in his capacity as Minister of Finance, tabled legislation in the Parliament of the Union of South Africa, introducing income tax in the country, with the Income Tax Act of 1914.[20] Taxpayers in the Union of South Africa became liable to pay income tax, with effect from 20 July 1914. In 2014, 20 years since South Africa became a full democracy, the University of Cape Town marked that milestone, of the introduction of income tax in South Africa, with the "INCOME TAX IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE FIRST 100 YEARS 1914 – 2014" conference and later, a publication of papers presented.[21][22][23]

References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "2013 Tax Statistics" (PDF). South African Revenue Service. October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Article in Trade Forex SA
Jump up ^ "US dollar / ZAR exchange rate for 5 Feb 2014". xe.com. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "2013 Tax Statistics - Highlights" (PDF). SARS. October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Preliminary Outcome of Revenue Collection for the 2010/2011 Fiscal Year". SARS. 1 April 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "2014 Tax Statistics" (PDF). South African Revenue Service & National Treasury of South Africa. November 2014. ISBN 978-0-621-42856-8. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Huxham, Keith; Hauput, Philip (2004). Notes on South African Income Tax 2005. Roggebaai, South Africa: H&H Publications. ISBN 1-874929-28-9.
Jump up ^ "Do we pay too much income tax in South Africa?". Retrieved 2016-09-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "SARS Budget Pocket Guide 2016" (PDF). South African Revenue Service. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "About Income Tax". SARS. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "2010 Tax Statistics – Highlights". SARS. 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Do we pay too much income tax in South Africa?". Business Tech. 21 May 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.sars.gov.za/TaxTypes/STC/Pages/default.aspx
Jump up ^ http://www.sars.gov.za/AllDocs/OpsDocs/Guides/LAPD-CGT-G02%20-%20The%20ABC%20of%20Capital%20Gains%20Tax%20for%20Individuals%20-%20External%20Guide.pdf
Jump up ^ http://africa.calculator.co.ke/south-africa-value-added-tax-vat-calculator
Jump up ^ "Taxes and VAT Refunds". South African Consolate in New York. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Steyn, Greta (23 February 2011). "Fuel levy hike to hit motorists". Finance 24. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Fuel Levy". Road Accident Fund. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hundred Year Milestone for Taxpayers". 17 November 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/2014/05/26/a-century-later-income-tax-still-rests-on-a-narrow-base
Jump up ^ "UCT Conference Celebrating a Century of Income Tax in South Africa". 17 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hundred-year milestone for taxpayers". 24 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Income Tax in South Africa: The First Hundred Years (1914 - 2014)". 5 March 2016.
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Indian Standard Time
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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IST in relation with the bordering nations
Indian Standard Time (IST) is the time observed throughout India and Sri Lanka, with a time offset of UTC+05:30. India does not observe daylight saving time (DSTu) or other seasonal adjustments. In military and aviation time IST is designated E* ("Echo-Star").[1]
Indian Standard Time is calculated on the basis of 82.30' E longitude, in Kakinada, (16°35′N 82°09′E / 16.58°N 82.15°E / 16.58; 82.15) which is nearly on the corresponding longitude reference line.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Criticism and proposals
3 Time signals
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Main article: Time in India
After independence in 1947, the Indian government established IST as the official time for the whole country, although Kolkata and Mumbai retained their own local time (known as Calcutta Time and Bombay Time) until 1948 and 1955, respectively.[3] The Central observatory was moved from Chennai to a location at Shankargarh Fort Allahabad district, so that it would be as close to UTC +5:30 as possible.
Daylight Saving Time (DST) was used briefly during the China–Indian War of 1962 and the Indo–Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971.[4]
Criticism and proposals[edit]
The country's east–west distance of more than 2,933 kilometres (1,822 mi) covers over 29 degrees of longitude, resulting in the sun rising and setting almost two hours earlier on India's eastern border than in the Rann of Kutch in the far west. Inhabitants of the northeastern states have to advance their clocks with the early sunrise and avoid the extra consumption of energy after daylight hours.[5]
In the late 1980s, a team of researchers proposed separating the country into two or three time zones to conserve energy. The binary system that they suggested involved a return to British–era time zones; the recommendations were not adopted.[5][6]
In 2001, the government established a four–member committee under the Ministry of Science and Technology to examine the need for multiple time zones and daylight saving.[5] The findings of the committee, which were presented to Parliament in 2004 by the Minister for Science and Technology, Kapil Sibal, did not recommend changes to the unified system, stating that "the prime meridian was chosen with reference to a central station, and that the expanse of the Indian State was not large."[7]
Though the government has consistently refused to split the country into multiple time zones, provisions in labour laws such as the Plantations Labour Act, 1951 allow the Central and State governments to define and set the local time for a particular industrial area.[8] In Assam, tea gardens follow a separate time zone, known as the Chaibagaan or Bagan time ('Tea Garden Time'), which is one hour ahead of IST.[9] Still Indian Standard Time remains the only officially used time.
The filmmaker Jahnu Barua has been campaigning for a separate time zone (daylight saving time) for the past 25 years. In 2010, he suggested creating a separate time zone for the Development of Northeastern Region.[10]
In 2014, Chief Minister of Assam Tarun Gogoi started campaigning for another time zone for Assam and other northeastern states of India.[11] However, the proposal would need to be cleared by the Central Government of India.
In June 2017, Department of Science and Technology (DST) indicated that they are once again studying feasibility of two time-zones for India. A proposal for both creating an additional Eastern India Timezone (EIT @ UTC+6:00) shifting default IST to UTC +5:00 and Day-light saving (IDT for IST and EID for EIT) starting on 14 April (Ambedkar Jayanti) and ending on 2 October (Gandhi Jayanti) was submitted to DST for consideration.[12]
Time signals[edit]
Official time signals are generated by the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory at the National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi, for both commercial and official use. The signals are based on atomic clocks and are synchronised with the worldwide system of clocks that support the Coordinated Universal Time.
Features of the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory include:
High frequency broadcast service operating at 10 MHz under call sign ATA to synchronise the user clock within a millisecond;
Indian National Satellite System satellite-based standard time and frequency broadcast service, which offers IST correct to ±10 microsecond and frequency calibration of up to ±10−10; and
Time and frequency calibrations made with the help of pico- and nanoseconds time interval frequency counters and phase recorders.
IST is taken as the standard time as it passes through almost the centre of India. To communicate the exact time to the people, the exact time is broadcast over the national All India Radio and Doordarshan television network. Telephone companies have dedicated phone numbers connected to mirror time servers that also relay the precise time. Another increasingly popular means of obtaining the time is through Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers.[13]
See also[edit]
Equation of time
International Atomic Time
Terrestrial Time
Time zone (lists)
Zoneinfo
Time in India
Bombay Time
Calcutta Time
Madras Time
Port Blair mean time
Railway time of India
Sri Lanka Standard Time
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Military and Civilian Time Designations". Greenwich Mean Time. Retrieved 2006-12-02.
Jump up ^ "Two-timing India". Hindustan Times. 4 September 2007. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Odds and Ends". Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
Jump up ^ "India Time Zones". Greenwich Mean Time. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sen, Ayanjit (2001-08-21). "India investigates different time zones". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
Jump up ^ S. Muthiah (2012-09-24). "A matter of time". The Hindu. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Standard Time for Different Regions". Department of Science and Technology. 22 July 2004. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
Jump up ^ "A matter of time". National Resource Centre for Women. Archived from the original on 19 March 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Rahul Karmakar (24 September 2012). "Change clock to bagantime". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
Jump up ^ http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-02/india/45797966_1_jahnu-barua-tarun-gogoi-separate-time-zone
Jump up ^ http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-could-get-second-time-zone-with-assam-one-hour-ahead-466326?curl=1388743528
Jump up ^ "Government assessing feasibility of different time zones in India". The Economic Times. 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Satellites for Navigation". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
External links[edit]
National Physical Laboratory
Evaluating two timezones and Daylight Saving Time for India, by Viral Shah & Vikram Aggarwal.
[hide]
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