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Megan Mullally
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Megan Mullally
Mullally at the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con International
Born
(1958-11-12) November 12, 1958 (age 58)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Education
Northwestern University (B.A.)
Occupation
Actress, singer
Years active
1979–present
Spouse(s)
Michael A. Katcher (m. 1992; div. 1996)
Nick Offerman (m. 2003)
Website
meganmullally.net
Megan Mullally (born November 12, 1958) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her role as Karen Walker on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace (1998–2006, 2017-), for which she received 7 consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, winning twice in 2000 and 2006. She also received nominations for numerous other accolades for her portrayal, including 7 consecutive Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series, winning 3 times in 2001, 2002, and 2003, as well as receiving 4 Golden Globe Award nominations.
From 2006 to 2007, Mullally hosted The Megan Mullally Show. Since then, she has been a series regular on television series such as In the Motherhood, Party Down, Childrens Hospital, and Breaking In. She has also appeared in guest spots and recurring roles on other comedy series, including Parks and Recreation, Happy Endings, 30 Rock, Up All Night, Boston Legal, and The New Adventures of Old Christine. In addition to television, Mullally has also ventured into film, with appearances in Smashed (2012), The Kings of Summer (2013) and Why Him? (2016).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Television
2.2 Theatre
2.3 Music
2.4 Film
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Mullally was born in Los Angeles, California,[1] the daughter of Martha (née Palmer) and Carter Mullally, Jr., an actor who was a contract player with Paramount Pictures in the 1950s.[2] Mullally moved to her father's native Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, at the age of six.[3] She is of Irish ancestry on her father's side.[citation needed] She studied ballet from the age of six and performed at the Oklahoma City Ballet during high school, also studying at the School of American Ballet in New York City.
Following her graduation from Casady School, she attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where she studied English Literature and Art History, and subsequently became active in Chicago theatre.
Career[edit]
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Television[edit]
Mullally moved to Los Angeles in 1985.[citation needed] Two weeks later, she was signed by the William Morris Agency.[citation needed] One of her first acting spots was on a McDonald's commercial that also featured John Goodman.[4] She made her series debut in 1986 in The Ellen Burstyn Show. She subsequently guest starred on sitcoms such as Seinfeld, Frasier, Wings, Ned and Stacey, Mad About You, Caroline in the City, and Just Shoot Me!. She played a central character in a season-five episode of Murder, She Wrote, "Coal Miner's Slaughter," recalling in 2012, "I hadn't gotten a job for so long, and I was in a complete panic because I didn't know how I was going to pay my rent. So I get a call one day from my agent that I'd gotten offered a guest role, and it paid $5,000. I literally fell down onto my knees and testified and wept. I played some former protégée of Jessica Fletcher. It's one of my favorite things I've ever shot."[5]
In 1989, Mullally tested for the co-starring role of Elaine Benes on Seinfeld.[5] Mullally in 1998 landed the role of Karen Walker, Grace Adler's sarcastic, pill-popping assistant, in the NBC sitcom Will & Grace. She won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in both 2000 and 2006, and was nominated in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005. She won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series three times, in 2002, 2003 and 2004, and with cast members Eric McCormack, Debra Messing, and Sean Hayes, she shared the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2001. She is the first of only two actresses to win a SAG Award three years in a row. She was nominated each year from 2000 until 2003 for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film.
In 2005, Mullally saw comedian and actor Bill Hader performing with his Second City class in Los Angeles, and shortly thereafter brought Hader to the attention of Saturday Night Live producer Lorne Michaels. Also in 2005, Mullally was awarded the Women in Film Lucy Award "in recognition of her innovation in creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television".[6]
Following Will & Grace, Mullally hosted her own talk show, The Megan Mullally Show from 2006 to 2007. She has hosted Saturday Night Live, guest-hosted the Late Show with David Letterman, hosted the 2006 TV Land Awards, and been a featured performer twice on the Tony Awards. She has been featured in advertisements for M&M's, Old Navy, CheapTickets.com, and I Can't Believe It's Not Butter.
Mullally guest-starred as 'Bev', an adoption case worker for Liz Lemon in the season-three premiere of NBC sitcom 30 Rock and returned to play the same character two additional times during the show's run. Other appearances include Kathy Griffin: My Life on The D-List, Campus Ladies, director/actor David Wain's "Wainy Days," an episode of HBO's Funny or Die, and the Funny or Die web video "That's What She Said."
Mullally has guest-starred seven times as Tammy Swanson on the NBC series Parks and Recreation, in the episodes "Ron and Tammy," "Ron & Tammy: Part Two," "Li'l Sebastian," "Ron and Tammys," "The Trial of Leslie Knope," "Ron and Diane," and "Ron and Jammy". Mullally plays the role of the second ex-wife of the character Ron Swanson, who is played by her real-life husband, Nick Offerman.[7] Offerman also had a part on one episode of Mullally's show Will & Grace where he played a plumber that came to Will's mother's house while Will, Karen, Grace, and Jack were visiting.
Also in 2009, Mullally starred in the ABC sitcom In the Motherhood. Based on the original web series, the television adaptation focuses on three mothers. She played Rosemary opposite Cheryl Hines and Jessica St. Clair. The series was poorly received and was canceled by ABC due to low ratings after airing just five out of seven episodes produced.
Mullally co-starred in 2010 as Lydia on the Starz ensemble series Party Down.[8] Mullally co-starred as "Chief" on the Adult Swim series Childrens Hospital. In 2011, Mullally began a recurring role as Dana Hartz, the mother of Penny (Casey Wilson), on the ABC sitcom Happy Endings. In the following months, Fox announced Mullally would join the series Breaking In when the show returned for a second season on March 6, 2012.
Theatre[edit]
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Mullally made her Broadway debut as Marty in the 1994 revival of Grease, and subsequently appeared as Rosemary in the hit 1995 revival of How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying opposite Matthew Broderick. In 2007, Mullally starred as Elizabeth in Mel Brooks' original Broadway musical, Young Frankenstein. She can be heard on the cast albums of all three productions.
In 1996, she starred in You Never Know at the Pasadena Playhouse. Mullally appeared in 2000 as Pamela in the multiple award-winning production of Chuck Mee's The Berlin Circle, for which she won both the LA Weekly Theatre Award and the Backstage West Garland Award. Mullally starred as Beverly in the acclaimed production of Adam Bock's The Receptionist at the Odyssey Theatre (notably, the longest sold-out run of a show in that theatre's history), for which she was awarded the 2010 Backstage West Garland Award for Best Performance by an Actress.
From April 13 to June 1 in 2014, Mullally starred alongside her real-life husband, Nick Offerman, in Annapurna at the off-Broadway Acorn Theatre on New York's 42nd Street Theatre Row.[9]
Music[edit]
Mullally is a member of the band Supreme Music Program.[10] SMP has released three albums to date, The Sweetheart Break-In, Big as a Berry and Free Again!.[10][11]
Mullally and Stephanie Hunt formed the band Nancy and Beth in 2012. They went on tour in March 2013, along with Mullally's husband, Nick Offerman.
Film[edit]
Mullally has appeared in Marc Forster's Sundance competition entry Everything Put Together, Anywhere But Here with Susan Sarandon and Natalie Portman, About Last Night with Demi Moore and Rob Lowe, Speaking of Sex with James Spader, and Stealing Harvard with Tom Green and Jason Lee. Mullally played a singing teacher in the 2009 film remake of Fame,[12] and can be heard on the soundtrack recording. Additionally, Mullally sang the song "Long John Blues" (performed on-screen by Kristen Bell) in 2010's Burlesque. She played one of the leads' mothers in the 2013 indie film The Kings of Summer and Mrs Van Camp in the movie G.B.F. Mullally played Barb Fleming in the 2016 film Why Him?
Personal life[edit]
Mullally's first marriage, in the mid-1990s, was to talent agent Michael Katcher.[13]
In 2000, Mullally met actor Nick Offerman while doing a play with him in Los Angeles. The two married in 2003. Offerman guest-starred on Will & Grace during its fourth season; Mullally then guest-starred on Parks and Recreation, in which Offerman played a lead role. Mullally played Tammy 2, the conniving second ex-wife of Offerman's character Ron Swanson, in nine episodes between 2009 and 2015.
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1983 Risky Business Call Girl
1985 Once Bitten Suzette
1986 Last Resort Jessica Lollar
1986 About Last Night... Pat
1986 Blue Velvet Louise Scenes cut
1991 Queens Logic Dolores
1999 Anywhere But Here Woman Buying Car
1999 Best Man in Grass Creek Co-Worker
2000 Everything Put Together Barbie
2001 Monkeybone Kimmy Miley
2001 Speaking of Sex Jennifer Klink
2002 Stealing Harvard Patty Plummer
2004 Teacher's Pet Adele Voice
2005 Rebound Principal Walsh
2007 Bee Movie Trudy Voice
2009 Fame Ms. Fran Rowan
2012 Smashed Principal Barnes
2013 The Kings of Summer Mrs. Keenan
2013 G.B.F. Mrs. Van Camp
2014 Ernest & Celestine Lucienne (voice) English dub
2014 Date and Switch Patricia
2014 Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day Nina
2015 Hotel Transylvania 2 Linda Voice
2016 Why Him? Barb Fleming
2017 Lemon Simone
2017 Infinity Baby Hester
2017 The Disaster Artist
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1981 The Children Nobody Wanted Sharon Television film
1985 First Steps Cathy Television film
1986 Tall Tales & Legends Posy Episode: "Pecos Bill"
1986 American Playhouse Lilah Episode: "Under the Biltmore Clock"
1986–1987 Ellen Burstyn Show, TheThe Ellen Burstyn Show Molly Brewer Ross 13 episodes
1988 Murder, She Wrote Molly Connors Episode: "Coal Miner's Slaughter"
1989 Almost Grown Bride Episode: "The Hat That Fell from Space"
1989 China Beach Cindy Episode: "The World: Part 2"
1990 Wings Cindy Episode: "There Once Was a Girl from Nantucket"
1990 Rainbow Drive Ava Zieff Television film
1991 Dear John Molly Episode: "Molly and Me"
1991 My Life and Times Susan 6 episodes
1991–1993 Herman's Head Yvonne (voice) 2 episodes
1992 The Steadfast Tin Soldier Ballerina (voice) Television film
1992 Fish Police Pearl (voice) 6 episodes
1992 Rachel Gunn, R.N. Becky Jo 13 episodes
1993 I Yabba-Dabba Do! Pebbles Flintstone (voice) Television film
1993 Seinfeld Betsy Episode: "The Implant"
1993 Hollyrock-a-Bye Baby Additional voices Television film
1993 A Flintstone Family Christmas Pebbles Flintstone (voice) Television film
1994 Batman: The Animated Series Cindy (voice) Episode: "House and Garden"
1994 Couples Beth Television film
1997 Ned and Stacey Wendy Episode: "Where My Third Nepal Is Sheriff"
1997 Frasier Beth Armstrong Episode: "Four for the Seesaw"
1997 Mad About You Jane Episode: "Guardianhood"
1997 The Naked Truth Vanessa Episode: "He Ain't Famous, He's My Brother"
1997 Caroline in the City Vanessa Cassidy Episode: "Caroline and the Decanter"
1997 Extreme Ghostbusters Additional voices Episode: "The True Face of a Monster"
1998 Just Shoot Me! Stephanie Griffin-Cooper Episode: "Amblushed"
1998 Winchell June Winchell Television film
1998–2006, 2017 Will & Grace Karen Walker 194 episodes
2000 3rd Rock from the Sun Renata Albright Episode: "Les Liaisons Dickgereuses"
2002 King of the Hill Teresa (voice) Episode: "Beer and Loathing"
2002 The Pact Melanie Gold Television film
2006 Peep and the Big Wide World Pink Quack (voice) Episode: "Quack Quack/One Duck Two Many"
2006 How I Met Your Mother Barney's Mother (voice) Episode: "Single Stamina" (Uncredited)
2006 Campus Ladies Ms. Powell Episode: "The Dare"
2006–2007 Megan Mullally Show, TheThe Megan Mullally Show Herself (host) 71 episodes
2007 Boston Legal Renata Hill Episode: "The Bride Wore Blood"
2008 Bad Mother's Handbook Nan Television film
2008 New Adventures of Old Christine, TheThe New Adventures of Old Christine Margaret Episode: "Unidentified Funk"
2008–2013 30 Rock Bev 3 episodes
2008–2016 Childrens Hospital Chief 60 episodes
2009 In the Motherhood Rosemary 7 episodes
2009–2015 Parks and Recreation Tammy Swanson II 9 episodes
2010 Party Down Lydia Dunfree 10 episodes
2011–Present Bob's Burgers Gayle / Various voices 10 episodes
2011–2013 Happy Endings Dana Hartz 3 episodes
2012 Up All Night Shayna Mund 2 episodes
2012 Breaking In Veronica Mann 13 episodes
2012–2015 Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja Mrs. Marilyn Driscoll (voice) 9 episodes
2013 Out There Rose Stevens (voice) 10 episodes
2013 Web Therapy Franny Marshall 3 episodes
2013–2015 Axe Cop Anita / Various voices 13 episodes
2013–2016 Sofia the First Miss Nettle (voice) 3 episodes
2014 Trophy Wife Cricket 2 episodes
2015 You, Me and the Apocalypse Leanne 7 episodes
2016 Life in Pieces Mary-Lynn Episode: "Annulled Roommate Pill Shower"
Awards and nominations[edit]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Megan Mullally
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VL1X-48T
Jump up ^ "Megan Mullally Biography (1958-)". FilmReference.com. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stated in interview on Inside the Actors Studio
Jump up ^ "Megan Mullally and John Goodman 1980's McDonalds Breakfast Commercial". YouTube. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Megan Mullally on... Megan Mullally". Entertainment Weekly (1198). March 9, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Past Recipients". Wif.org. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bryant, Adam (October 2, 2009). "Exclusive: Megan Mullally Plays Ex on Parks and Recreation". TV Guide. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Holmes, Linda (April 23, 2010). "'Party Down': Proving It Is Possible To Soldier On Without Jane Lynch : Monkey See". NPR. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Annapurna - Off-Broadway Tickets | Broadway". Broadway.com. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
^ Jump up to: a b "Megan Mullally and Supreme Music Program. NEW CD: Free Again! On iTunes, CDBaby.com, DigStation.com". Supremeprogram.com. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
Jump up ^ "Megan Mullally and Supreme Music Program: Big as a Berry CD Information". Supremeprogram.com. 2003-12-31. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
Jump up ^ "Allen, Mullally, Grammer, Dutton & Neuwirth Join FAME Film Remake". Broadwayworld.com. 2009-09-25. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
Jump up ^ "The Megan Mullally Picture Pages". Superiorpics.com. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Megan Mullally, Biography Resource Center Online. Gale Group, 1999.
Jamie Painter Young, Clowning Glory. Back Stage. 19 Dec. 2003: B-38.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Megan Mullally
Wikinews has related news: Award show producers try Emmy Idol
Official website
Megan Mullally on Facebook
Megan Mullally at the Internet Broadway Database
Megan Mullally at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Megan Mullally on IMDb
Megan Mullally at AllMovie
[show]
Awards for Megan Mullally
[show]
v
t
e
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Vivian Vance (1953)
Audrey Meadows (1954)
Nanette Fabray (1955)
Pat Carroll (1956)
Ann B. Davis (1957)
Ann B. Davis (1959)
Alice Pearce (1966)
Frances Bavier (1967)
Marion Lorne (1968)
Karen Valentine (1970)
Valerie Harper (1971)
Sally Struthers / Valerie Harper (TIE) (1972)
Valerie Harper (1973)
Cloris Leachman (1974)
Betty White (1975)
Betty White (1976)
Mary Kay Place (1977)
Julie Kavner (1978)
Sally Struthers (1979)
Loretta Swit (1980)
Eileen Brennan (1981)
Loretta Swit (1982)
Carol Kane (1983)
Rhea Perlman (1984)
Rhea Perlman (1985)
Rhea Perlman (1986)
Jackée Harry (1987)
Estelle Getty (1988)
Rhea Perlman (1989)
Bebe Neuwirth (1990)
Bebe Neuwirth (1991)
Laurie Metcalf (1992)
Laurie Metcalf (1993)
Laurie Metcalf (1994)
Christine Baranski (1995)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (1996)
Kristen Johnston (1997)
Lisa Kudrow (1998)
Kristen Johnston (1999)
Megan Mullally (2000)
Doris Roberts (2001)
Doris Roberts (2002)
Doris Roberts (2003)
Cynthia Nixon (2004)
Doris Roberts (2005)
Megan Mullally (2006)
Jaime Pressly (2007)
Jean Smart (2008)
Kristin Chenoweth (2009)
Jane Lynch (2010)
Julie Bowen (2011)
Julie Bowen (2012)
Merritt Wever (2013)
Allison Janney (2014)
Allison Janney (2015)
Kate McKinnon (2016)
Kate McKinnon (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Helen Hunt (1994)
Christine Baranski (1995)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (1996)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (1997)
Tracey Ullman (1998)
Lisa Kudrow (1999)
Sarah Jessica Parker (2000)
Megan Mullally (2001)
Megan Mullally (2002)
Megan Mullally (2003)
Teri Hatcher (2004)
Felicity Huffman (2005)
America Ferrera (2006)
Tina Fey (2007)
Tina Fey (2008)
Tina Fey (2009)
Betty White (2010)
Betty White (2011)
Tina Fey (2012)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2013)
Uzo Aduba (2014)
Uzo Aduba (2015)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2016)
[show]
v
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Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
Will & Grace, season 2/season 3 (2000): Hayes; McCormack; Messing; Mullally
Sex and the City, season 4 (2001): Cattrall; Davis; Nixon; Parker
Everybody Loves Raymond season 6/season 7 (2002): Boyle; Garrett; Heaton; Roberts; Romano; Sweeten
Sex and the City, season 6 (2003): Cattrall; Davis; Nixon; Parker
Desperate Housewives, season 1 (2004): Bowen; Chavira; Cross; Culp; Denton; Hatcher; Huffman; Kasch; Longoria; Metcalfe; Moses; Sheridan; Strong
Desperate Housewives, season 1/season 2 (2005): Bart; Bowen; Brooks; Chavira; Cross; Culp; Denton; Hatcher; Huffman; B. Kinsman; S. Kinsman; Longoria; Moses; Savant; Sheridan; Strong; Woodard
The Office, season 2/season 3 (2006): Baker; Baumgartner; Carell; Denman; Fischer; Flannery; Hardin; Kaling; Kinsey; Krasinski; Lieberstein; Novak; Nunez; Smith; Wilson
The Office, season 3/season 4 (2007): Baker; Baumgartner; Carell; Denman; Fischer; Flannery; Hardin; Kaling; Kinsey; Krasinski; Lieberstein; Novak; Nunez; Smith; Wilson
30 Rock, season 2/season 3 (2008): Adsit; Baldwin; Bowden; Fey; Friedlander; Krakowski; McBrayer; Morgan; Powell
Glee, season 1 (2009): Agron; Colfer; Gallagher; Gilsig; Lynch; Mays; McHale; Michele; Monteith; Morris; Morrison; Riley; Rivera; Salling; Shum; Sussman; Talton; Theba; Ushkowitz
Complete list
(1994–1999)
(2000–2009)
(2010–2019)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 68213553
LCCN: n97048480
ISNI: 0000 0001 1474 2345
GND: 135509068
MusicBrainz: 156f8585-7bd8-4ef5-84c3-e4f40d5d4d35
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megan_Mullally&oldid=806771676"
Categories:
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American people of Irish descent
American ballerinas
LGBT rights activists from the United States
Actresses from Los Angeles
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Estates of the realm
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It has been suggested that The Estates be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since September 2017.
This article is about the medieval European concept of social hierarchy. For the modern concept of partitioning the government, see Separation of powers.
A 13th century French representation of the tripartite social order of the middle ages – Oratores: "those who pray", Bellatores: "those who fight", and Laboratores: "those who work".
The estates of the realm, or three estates, were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the medieval period to early modern Europe. Different systems for dividing society members into estates developed and evolved over time.
The best known system is the French Ancien Régime (Old Regime), a three-estate system used until the French Revolution (1789–1799). Monarchy was for the king and the queen and this system was made up of clergy (the First Estate), nobles (the Second Estate), and peasants and bourgeoisie (the Third Estate). In some regions, notably Scandinavia and Russia, burghers (the urban merchant class) and rural commoners were split into separate estates, creating a four-estate system with rural commoners ranking the lowest as the Fourth Estate. Furthermore, the non-landowning poor could be left outside the estates, leaving them without political rights. In England, a two-estate system evolved that combined nobility and bishops into one lordly estate with "commons" as the second estate. This system produced the two houses of parliament, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. In southern Germany, a three-estate system of nobility (princes and high clergy), ritters (knights), and burghers was used.
Today the terms three estates and estates of the realm may sometimes be re-interpreted to refer to the modern separation of powers in government into the legislature, administration, and the judiciary. Additionally the term fourth estate usually refers to forces outside the established power structure (evoking medieval three-estate systems), most commonly in reference to the independent press or media. Historically, in Northern and Eastern Europe, the Fourth Estate meant rural commoners.
Contents
1 Social immobility
2 Dynamics
3 Background
4 Kingdom of France
4.1 First Estate
4.2 Second Estate
4.3 Third Estate
4.4 Estates General
5 United Kingdom
5.1 Scotland
6 Sweden and Finland
7 Low Countries
8 Holy Roman Empire
9 Russian Empire
10 Catalonia
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
Social immobility[edit]
During the Middle Ages, advancing to different social classes was uncommon and very difficult.
The medieval Church was an institution where social mobility was most likely up to a certain level (generally to that of vicar general or abbot/abbess for commoners). Typically, only nobility were appointed to the highest church positions (bishops, archbishops, heads of religious orders, etc.), although low nobility could aspire to the highest church positions. Since clergy could not marry, such mobility was theoretically limited to one generation. Nepotism was common in this period.
Another possible way to rise in social position was due to exceptional military or commercial success. Such families were rare and their rise to nobility required royal patronage at some point. However, because noble lines went extinct naturally, some ennoblements were necessary.
Dynamics[edit]
"Medieval political speculation is imbued to the marrow with the idea of a structure of society based upon distinct orders," Johan Huizinga observes.[1] The virtually synonymous terms estate and order designated a great variety of social realities, not at all limited to a class, Huizinga concluded applying to every social function, every trade, every recognisable grouping.
There are, first of all, the estates of the realm, but there are also the trades, the state of matrimony and that of virginity, the state of sin. At court there are the 'four estates of the body and mouth': bread-masters, cup-bearers, carvers, and cooks. In the Church there are sacerdotal orders and monastic orders. Finally there are the different orders of chivalry.[1]
This static view of society was predicated on inherited positions. Commoners were universally considered the lowest order. The higher estates' necessary dependency on the commoners' production, however, often further divided the otherwise equal common people into burghers (also known as bourgeoisie) of the realm's cities and towns, and the peasants and serfs of the realm's surrounding lands and villages. A person's estate and position within it were usually inherited from the father and his occupation, similar to a caste within that system. In many regions and realms there also existed population groups born outside these specifically defined resident estates.
Legislative bodies or advisory bodies to a monarch were traditionally grouped along lines of these estates, with the monarch above all three estates. Meetings of the estates of the realm became early legislative and judicial parliaments. Monarchs often sought to legitimize their power by requiring oaths of fealty from the estates. Today, in most countries, the estates have lost all their legal privileges, and are mainly of historical interest. The nobility may be an exception, for instance due to legislation against false titles of nobility; similarly British government well maintains the distinction- witness its House of Lords, and the House of Commons.
One of the earliest political pamphlets to address these ideas was called "What Is the Third Estate?" (French: Qu'est-ce que le tiers-état?) It was written by Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès in January 1789, shortly before the start of the French Revolution.
Background[edit]
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, numerous geographic and ethnic kingdoms developed among the endemic peoples of Europe, affecting their day-to-day secular lives; along with those, the growing influence of the Catholic Church and its Papacy affected the ethical, moral and religious lives and decisions of all. This led to mutual dependency between the secular and religious powers for guidance and protection, but over time and with the growing power of the kingdoms, competing secular realities increasingly diverged from religious idealism and Church decisions.
The new lords of the land identified themselves primarily as warriors, but because new technologies of warfare were expensive, and the fighting men required substantial material resources and considerable leisure to train, these needs had to be filled. The economic and political transformation of the countryside in the period were filled by a large growth in population, agricultural production, technological innovations and urban centers; movements of reform and renewal attempted to sharpen the distinction between clerical and lay status, and power, recognized by the Church also had their effect.
In his book The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined, the French medievalist Georges Duby has shown that in the period 1023-1025 the first theorist who justified the division of European society into the three estates of the realm was Gerard of Florennes, the bishop of Cambrai.[2]
As a result of the Investiture Controversy of the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the powerful office of Holy Roman Emperor lost much of its religious character and retained a more nominal universal preeminence over other rulers, though it varied. The struggle over investiture and the reform movement also legitimized all secular authorities, partly on the grounds of their obligation to enforce discipline.[3]
In the 11th and 12th centuries thinkers argued that human society consisted of three orders: those who pray, those who fight, and those who labour. The structure of the first order, the clergy, was in place by 1200 and remained singly intact until the religious reformations of the 16th century. The very general category of those who labour (specifically, those who were not knightly warriors or nobles) diversified rapidly after the 11th century into the lively and energetic worlds of peasants, skilled artisans, merchants, financiers, lay professionals, and entrepreneurs, which together drove the European economy to its greatest achievements. The second order, those who fight, was the rank of the politically powerful, ambitious, and dangerous. Kings took pains to ensure that it did not resist their authority.[4]
By the 12th century, most European political thinkers agreed that monarchy was the ideal form of governance. This was because it imitated on earth the model set by God for the universe; it was the form of government of the ancient Hebrews and the Christian Biblical basis, the later Roman Empire, and also the peoples who succeeded Rome after the 4th century.[3]
Kingdom of France[edit]
Main article: Ancien Régime in France
France under the Ancien Régime (before the French Revolution) divided society into three estates: the First Estate (clergy); the Second Estate (nobility); and the Third Estate (commoners). The king was considered part of no estate.
The First Estate (Fr. premier état) was the clergy.
First Estate[edit]
The First Estate comprised the entire clergy, traditionally divided into "higher" and "lower" clergy. Although there was no formal demarcation between the two categories, the upper clergy were, effectively, clerical nobility, from the families of the Second Estate. In the time of Louis XVI, every bishop in France was a nobleman, a situation that had not existed before the 18th century.[5]
At the other extreme, the "lower clergy" (about equally divided between parish priests, monks, and nuns) constituted about 90 percent of the First Estate, which in 1789 numbered around 130,000 (about 0.5% of the population).[citation needed]
Second Estate[edit]
The Second Estate (Fr. deuxieme état) was the French nobility and (technically, though not in common use) royalty, other than the monarch himself, who stood outside of the system of estates.
The Second Estate is traditionally divided into noblesse d'épée ("nobility of the sword"), and noblesse de robe ("nobility of the robe"), the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil government.
The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5% of France's population.[citation needed] Under the ancien régime ("old rule/old government"), the Second Estate were exempt from the corvée royale (forced labour on the roads) and from most other forms of taxation such as the gabelle (salt tax) and most important, the taille (the oldest form of direct taxation). This exemption from paying taxes led to their reluctance to reform.
Third Estate[edit]
Kingdom of France
Structure
Estates of the realm
Parlements
French nobility
Taille
Gabelle
Seigneurial system
v
t
e
The Third Estate comprised all of those who were not members of the above and can be divided into two groups, urban and rural, together making up 98% of France's population.[citation needed] The urban included wage-labourers. The rural included free peasants (who owned their own land) who could be prosperous and villeins (serfs, or peasants working on a noble's land). The free peasants paid disproportionately high taxes compared to the other Estates and were unhappy because they wanted more rights. In addition, the First and Second Estates relied on the labour of the Third, which made the latter's unequal status all the more glaring.
There were an estimated 27 million people in the Third Estate when the French Revolution started.
They had the hard life of physical labour and food shortages.[citation needed] Most were born within this group and died as a part of it, too. It was extremely rare for people of this ascribed status to make it out into another estate. Those who did so managed as a result of either being recognized for their extraordinary bravery in a battle or entering religious life.[6] A few commoners were able to marry into the second estate, but this was a rare occurrence.[6]
Estates General[edit]
Main articles: French Estates General and Estates General of 1789
The first Estates General (not to be confused with a "class of citizen") was actually a general citizen assembly that was called by Philip IV in 1302.
In the period leading up to the Estates General of 1789, France was in the grip of an unmanageable public debt (nearly 3.56 million livres).[7] In May 1776, finance minister Turgot was dismissed, after failing to enact reforms. The next year, Jacques Necker, a foreigner, was appointed Comptroller-General of Finance. He could not be made an official minister because he was a Protestant.[8]), terrible inflation and widespread food scarcity (a huge famine in the winter of 1788-89). This led to widespread popular discontent and produced a group of Third Estate representatives (612 exactly) pressing a comparatively radical set of reforms, much of it in alignment with the goals of Finance Minister Jacques Necker, but very much against the wishes of Louis XVI's court and many of the hereditary nobles forming his Second Estate allies (at least allies against taking more taxes upon themselves and keeping the unequal taxation on the commoners).
When he could not persuade them to rubber-stamp his 'ideal program', Louis XVI sought to dissolve the Estates-General, but the Third Estate held out for their right to representation. The lower clergy (and some nobles and upper clergy) eventually sided with the Third Estate, and the King was forced to yield. Thus, the Estate-General meeting was an invitation to revolution.
By June, when continued impasses led to further deterioration in relations, the Estates-General was reconstituted first as the National Assembly (June 17, 1789) seeking a solution for the realm independent of the King's management of the meetings of the Estates General which occasionally continued to meet. These self-organized meetings are today defined as the epoch event beginning the historical epoch (era) of the French Revolution, during which – after several more weeks of civil unrest – the body assumed a new status as a revolutionary legislature, the National Constituent Assembly (July 9, 1789).[9]
This unitary body composed of the former representatives of the three estates stepping up to govern along with an emergency committee in the power vacuum existing after the Bourbon monarchy fled Paris. Among the Assembly was Maximilien de Robespierre, an influential member of the Jacobins who would years later become instrumental in the turbulent period of violence and political upheaval in France known as the Reign of Terror (5 September 1793 – 28 July 1794).[9]
United Kingdom[edit]
Further information: Parliament of the United Kingdom
Whilst the estates were never formulated in a way that prevented social mobility, the English (subsequently the British) parliament was long based along the classic estate lines being composed on the "Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons". The tradition where the Lords Spiritual and Temporal sat separately from the Commons began during the reign of Edward III in the 14th century.
Notwithstanding the House of Lords Act 1999, the British Parliament still recognises the existence of the three estates: the Commons in the House of Commons, the nobility (Lords Temporal) in the House of Lords, and the clergy in the form of the Church of England bishops also entitled to sit in the upper House as the Lords Spiritual.
Scotland[edit]
Main article: Parliament of Scotland
The members of the Parliament of Scotland were collectively referred to as the Three Estates (Older Scots: Thre Estaitis), also known as the community of the realm, and until 1690 composed of:
the first estate of prelates (bishops and abbots)
the second estate of lairds (dukes, earls, parliamentary peers (after 1437) and lay tenants-in-chief)
the third estate of burgh commissioners (representatives chosen by the royal burghs)
The First Estate was overthrown during the Glorious Revolution and the accession of William III.[10] The Second Estate was then split into two to retain the division into three.
A Shire Commissioner was the closest equivalent of the English office of Member of Parliament, namely a commoner or member of the lower nobility. Because the Parliament of Scotland was unicameral, all members sat in the same chamber, as opposed to the separate English House of Lords and House of Commons.
The Parliament also had University constituencies (see Ancient universities of Scotland). The system was also adopted by the Parliament of England when James VI ascended to the English throne. It was believed that the universities were affected by the decisions of Parliament and ought therefore to have representation in it. This continued in the Parliament of Great Britain after 1707 and the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 1950.[11]
Sweden and Finland[edit]
The Estates in Sweden (including Finland) and later also Russia's Grand Duchy of Finland were the two higher estates, nobility and clergy, and the two lower estates, burghers and land-owning peasants. Each were free men, and had specific rights and responsibilities, and the right to send representatives to the Riksdag of the Estates. The Riksdag, and later the Diet of Finland was tetracameral: at the Riksdag, each Estate voted as a single body. Since early 18th century, a bill needed the approval of at least three Estates to pass, and constitutional amendments required the approval of all Estates. Prior to the 18th century, the King had the right to cast a deciding vote if the Estates were split evenly.
After Russia's conquest of Finland in 1809, the estates in Finland swore an oath to the Emperor in the Diet of Porvoo. A Finnish House of Nobility was codified in 1818 in accordance with the old Swedish law of 1723. However, after the Diet of Porvoo, the Diet of Finland was reconvened only in 1863. In the meantime, for a period of 54 years, the country was governed only administratively.
There was also a population outside the estates. Unlike in other areas, people had no "default" estate, and were not peasants unless they came from a land-owner's family. A summary of this division is:
Nobility (see Finnish nobility and Swedish nobility) was exempt from tax, had an inherited rank and the right to keep a fief, and had a tradition of military service and government. Nobility was codified in 1280 with the Swedish king granting exemption from taxation (frälse) to land-owners that could equip a cavalryman (or be one themselves) for the king's army. Around 1400, letters patent were introduced, in 1561 the ranks of Count and Baron were added, and in 1625 the House of Nobility was codified as the First Estate of the land. Following Axel Oxenstierna's reform, higher government offices were open only to nobles. However, the nobility still owned only their own property, not the peasants or their land as in much of Europe. Heads of the noble houses were hereditary members of the assembly of nobles. The Nobility is divided into titled nobility (counts and barons) and lower nobility. Until the 18th century the lower nobility was in turn was divided into Knights and Esquires such that each of the three classes would first vote internally, giving one vote per class in the assembly. This resulted in great political influence for the higher nobility.
Clergy, or priests, were exempt from tax, and collected tithes for the church. After the Swedish Reformation, the church became Lutheran. In later centuries, the estate included teachers of universities and certain state schools. The estate was governed by the state church which consecrated its ministers and appointed them to positions with a vote in choosing diet representatives.
Burghers were city-dwellers, tradesmen and craftsmen. Trade was allowed only in the cities when the mercantilistic ideology had got the upper hand, and the burghers had the exclusive right to conduct commerce within the framework of guilds. Entry to this Estate was controlled by the autonomy of the towns themselves. Peasants were allowed to sell their produce within the city limits, but any further trade, particularly foreign trade, was allowed only for burghers. In order for a settlement to become a city, a royal charter granting market right was required, and foreign trade required royally chartered staple port rights. After the annexation of Finland into Imperial Russia in 1809, mill-owners and other proto-industrialists would gradually be included in this estate.
Peasants were land-owners of land-taxed farms and their families, which represented the majority in medieval times. Since most of the population were independent farmer families until the 19th century, not serfs nor villeins, there is a remarkable difference in tradition compared to other European countries. Entry was controlled by ownership of farmland, which was not generally for sale but a hereditary property. After 1809, Swedish tenants renting a large enough farm (ten times larger than what was required of peasants owning their own farm) were included as well as non-nobility owning tax-exempt land.
To no estate belonged propertyless cottagers, villeins, tenants of farms owned by others, farmhands, servants, some lower administrative workers, rural craftsmen, travelling salesmen, vagrants, and propertyless and unemployed people (who sometimes lived in strangers' houses). To reflect how the people belonging to the estates saw them, the Finnish word for "obscene", säädytön, has the literal meaning "estateless". Their mobility was severely limited by the policy of "legal protection" (Finnish: laillinen suojelu): every estateless person had to be employed by a taxed citizen from the estates, or they could be charged with vagrancy and sentenced to forced labor. In Finland, this policy lasted until 1883.[12]
In Sweden, the Riksdag of the Estates existed until it was replaced with a bicameral Riksdag in 1866, which gave political rights to anyone with a certain income or property. Nevertheless, many of the leading politicians of the 19th century continued to be drawn from the old estates, in that they were either noblemen themselves, or represented agricultural and urban interests. Ennoblements continued even after the estates had lost their political importance, with the last ennoblement of explorer Sven Hedin taking place in 1902; this practice was formally abolished with the adoption of the new Constitution January 1, 1975, while the status of the House of Nobility continued to be regulated in law until 2003.
In Finland, this legal division existed until 1906, still drawing on the Swedish constitution of 1772. However, at the start of the 20th century most of the population did not belong to any Estate and had no political representation. A particularly large class were the rent farmers, who did not own the land they cultivated but had to work in the land-owner's farm to pay their rent (unlike Russia, there were no slaves or serfs.) Furthermore, the industrial workers living in the city were not represented by the four-estate system.
The political system was reformed as a result of the Finnish general strike of 1905, with the last Diet instituting a new constitutional law to create the modern parliamentary system, ending the political privileges of the estates. The post-independence constitution of 1919 forbade ennoblement, and all tax privileges were abolished in 1920. The privileges of the estates were officially and finally abolished in 1995,[13] although in legal practice, the privileges had long been unenforceable. As in Sweden, the nobility has not been officially abolished and records of nobility are still voluntarily maintained by the Finnish House of Nobility.
In Finland, it is still illegal and punishable by jail time (up to one year) to defraud into marriage by declaring a false name or estate (Rikoslaki 18 luku § 1/Strafflagen 18 kap. § 1).
Low Countries[edit]
The Low Countries, which until the late sixteenth century consisted of several counties, prince bishoprics, duchies etc. in the area that is now modern Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, had no States General until 1464, when Duke Philip of Burgundy assembled the first States General in Bruges. Later in the 15th and 16th centuries Brussels became the place where the States General assembled. On these occasions deputies from the States of the various provinces (as the counties, prince-bishoprics and duchies were called) asked for more liberties. For this reason, the States General were not assembled very often.
As a consequence of the Union of Utrecht in 1579 and the events that followed afterwards, the States General declared that they no longer obeyed King Philip II of Spain, who was also overlord of the Netherlands. After the reconquest of the southern Netherlands (roughly Belgium and Luxemburg), the States General of the Dutch Republic first assembled permanently in Middelburg, and in The Hague from 1585 onward. Without a king to rule the country, the States General became the sovereign power. It was the level of government where all things were dealt with that were of concern to all the seven provinces that became part of the Republic of the United Netherlands.
During that time the States General were formed by representatives of the States (i.e. provincial parliaments) of the seven provinces. In each States (a plurale tantum) sat representatives of the nobility and the cities (the clergy were no longer represented; in Friesland the peasants were indirectly represented by the Grietmannen).
In the Southern Netherlands, the last meetings of the States General loyal to the Habsburgs took place in the Estates General of 1600 and the Estates General of 1632.
As a government, the States General of the Dutch Republic were abolished in 1795. A new parliament was created, called Nationale Vergadering (National Assembly). It no longer consisted of representatives of the States, let alone the Estates: all men were considered equal under the 1798 Constitution. Eventually, the Netherlands became part of the French Empire under Napoleon (1810: La Hollande est reunie à l'Empire).
After regaining independence in November 1813, the name "States General" was resurrected for a legislature constituted in 1814 and elected by the States-Provincial. In 1815, when the Netherlands were united with Belgium and Luxemburg, the States General were divided into two chambers: the First Chamber and the Second Chamber. The members of the First Chamber were appointed for life by the King, while the members of the Second Chamber were elected by the members of the States Provincial. The States General resided in The Hague and Brussels in alternate years until 1830, when, as a result of the Belgian Revolution, The Hague became once again the sole residence of the States General, Brussels instead hosting the newly founded Belgian Parliament.
From 1848 on, the Dutch Constitution provides that members of the Second Chamber be elected by the people (at first only by a limited portion of the male population; universal male and female suffrage exists since 1919), while the members of the First Chamber are chosen by the members of the States Provincial. As a result, the Second Chamber became the most important. The First Chamber is also called Senate. This however, is not a term used in the Constitution.
Occasionally the First and Second Chamber meet in a Verenigde Vergadering (Joint Session), for instance on Prinsjesdag, the annual opening of the parliamentary year, and when a new king is inaugurated.
Holy Roman Empire[edit]
The Holy Roman Empire had the Imperial Diet (Reichstag). The clergy was represented by the independent prince-bishops, prince-archbishops and prince-abbots of the many monasteries. The nobility consisted of independent aristocratic rulers: secular prince-electors, kings, dukes, margraves, counts and others. Burghers consisted of representatives of the independent imperial cities. Many peoples whose territories within the Holy Roman Empire had been independent for centuries had no representatives in the Imperial Diet, and this included the Imperial Knights and independent villages. The power of the Imperial Diet was limited, despite efforts of centralization.
Large realms of the nobility or clergy had estates of their own that could wield great power in local affairs. Power struggles between ruler and estates were comparable to similar events in the history of the British and French parliaments.
The Swabian League, a significant regional power in its part of Germany during the 15th Century, also had its own kind of Estates, a governing Federal Council comprising three Colleges: those of Princes, Cities, and Knights.
Russian Empire[edit]
Main article: Social estates in the Russian Empire
In the late Russian Empire the estates were called sosloviyes. The four major estates were: nobility (dvoryanstvo), clergy, rural dwellers, and urban dwellers, with a more detailed stratification therein. The division in estates was of mixed nature: traditional, occupational, as well as formal: for example, voting in Duma was carried out by estates. Russian Empire Census recorded the reported estate of a person.
Catalonia[edit]
Main article: Catalan Courts
The Parliament of Catalonia was first established in 1283 as the Catalan Courts (Corts Catalanes), according to American historian Thomas Bisson, and it has been considered by several historians as a model of medieval parliament. For instance, English historian of constitutionalism Charles Howard McIlwain wrote that the General Courts of Catalonia, during the 14th century, had a more defined organization and met more regularly than the parliaments of England or France.[14]
The roots of the parliament institution in Catalonia are in the Sanctuary and Truce Assemblies (assemblees de pau i treva) that started in the 11th century. The members of the parliament of Catalonia were organized in the Three Estates (Catalan: Tres Estats):
the "military estate" (polígons militars) with representatives of the feudal nobility
the "ecclesiastical estate" (eclesiàstica arrels) with representatives of the religious hierarchy
the "royal estate" (real estate) with representatives of the free municipalities under royal privilege
The parliament institution was abolished in 1716, together with the rest of institutions of Catalonia, after the War of the Spanish Succession.
See also[edit]
What Is the Third Estate?
Fourth Estate
Fifth Estate
Communalism before 1800
Trifunctional hypothesis
Four occupations (Asian equivalents)
Varna (Hinduism)
Location specific:
Prussian estates
Estates of the Netherlands Antilles
Estates of Brittany
The Canterbury Tales (the division of society into three estates is one of the key themes)
A Satire of the Three Estates
General:
Social class
Caste
Notes[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Estates of the realm.
^ Jump up to: a b Huizinga The Waning of the Middle Ages (1919, 1924:47).
Jump up ^ Georges Duby, The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined, Part 1
^ Jump up to: a b Encyclopædia Britannica, "History of Europe – Middle Ages – From territorial principalities to territorial monarchies"
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, "History of Europe – Middle Ages – From territorial principalities to territorial monarchies – The three orders"
Jump up ^ R. R. Palmer, A History of the Modern World 1961, p. 334.
^ Jump up to: a b Henslin, James M. (2004). "9". Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach. Allyn & Bacon. p. 225. ISBN 0205407358.
Jump up ^ "France's Financial Crisis: 1783–1788". Retrieved 26 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Hibbert, pp. 35, 36
^ Jump up to: a b "Terror, Reign of"; Encyclopædia Britannica
Jump up ^ Kidd, Colin Subverting Scotland's Past: Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo-British Identity 1689–1830 Cambridge University Press (2003) pp133
Jump up ^ Mann, Alastair, "A Brief History of an Ancient Institution: The Scottish Parliament", Scottish Parliamentary Review, Vol. I, No. 1 (June, 2013) [Edinburgh: Blacket Avenue Press]
Jump up ^ http://wiki.narc.fi/portti/index.php/Teema:_Irtolaisuus
Jump up ^ Original Act 971/1995
Jump up ^ Joaquim Albareda, "Estat i nació a l'Europa moderna"
References[edit]
Steven Kreis lecture on "The Origins of the French Revolution"
Notes on France and the Old Regime
Giles Constable. “The Orders of Society”, chap. 3 of Three Studies in Medieval Religious and Social Thought. Cambridge–New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 249–360.
Bernhard Jussen, ed. Ordering Medieval Society: Perspectives on Intellectual and Practical Modes of Shaping Social Relations. Trans. by Pamela Selwyn. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.
Jackson J. Spielvogel, Western Civilization, West Publishing Co. Minneapolis, 1994 for the English-language version of the quote from Abbé Sieyès, quoted at http://www.magnesium.net/~locutus/work/eurohist2.htm[permanent dead link].
http://vdaucourt.free.fr/Mothisto/Sieyes2/Sieyes2.htm for French-language original of this quotation.
Michael P. Fitzsimmons, The Night the Old Regime Ended: August 4, 1789 and the French Revolution, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-271-02233-7, quoted and paraphrased at https://web.archive.org/web/20041204105931/http://www3.uakron.edu/hfrance/reviews/crubaugh.html.
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text:
Empire State
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the state itself, see New York. For other uses, see Empire State (disambiguation).
One theory credits George Washington with coining the term "Empire State".[1]
The U.S. state of New York has been known by many nicknames, most notably as the Empire State, adopted as late as the 19th century. This nickname has been incorporated into the names of several state buildings and events, and is commonly believed to refer to the state's wealth and resources. However, the origin of the term remains unclear.
There are several theories on the origin of the name. Two of them involve George Washington, one credits aggressive trade routes, and another associates the nickname with New York exceeding Virginia in population. None has been proven. One commonly accepted tale says that, when Washington was given a full map of New York prior to the Battle of New York, he remarked on New York's natural geographic advantages, proclaiming New York the "Seat of an Empire".
The origin of the term has puzzled many historians; as American writer Paul Eldridge put it, "Who was the merry wag who crowned the State ... [as the Empire State]? New York would certainly raise a monument to his memory, but he made his grandiose gesture and vanished forever."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Namesakes
3 See also
4 References
History[edit]
The source of the term "Empire State" is uncertain. It has been attributed to the state's wealth and resources,[2] but there is some doubt regarding that. Two possible stories involve America's first president George Washington.
The first refers to an April 10, 1785 letter to New York City Mayor James Duane in which Washington called New York "the Seat of the Empire". Washington is also said to have used the phrase "Pathway to Empire" once when referring to the state in conversation with Governor George Clinton in the 1790s; no documentation exists for this exchange, however.[1]
Alexander Flick's History of New York State claims that the title was used as early as 1819, coinciding with New York surpassing Virginia in population. He does not provide any source for this claim. Further, Flick adds that the term was "universally acknowledged and accepted" by the time that the Erie Canal was completed in 1825.[1] In a later work, Flick and coauthor John Jacob Anderson claim that "New York is well called the Empire State ... not only because of the vastness of its resources, but because it so conspicuously illustrates the imperial power of law-abiding liberty among the people."[3]
Milton Klein proposes in The Empire State: A History of New York that the name may have accompanied the success of the Black Ball Line in 1818 "because of the signal advantage the regularity of shipping gave to New York's merchants over those in other coastal cities." He claims that, by 1820, it was clear that "Empire State" was in wide use, though he is doubtful that a clear origin of the term will ever be determined. The 1940 Guide to the Empire State included the following quotation: "...it would gratify the people of New York if they could discover who first dared that spacious adjective."[1]
Namesakes[edit]
The Empire State Building (1931) is the best-known application of the nickname.
The Empire State Plaza (constructed 1959–1976) houses much of New York State government.
New York is widely known by the nickname "Empire State", and its effects can be seen throughout the state.[1] Manhattan's Empire State Building opened in 1931 and was the world's tallest building until the completion of the north tower of the World Trade Center in 1970. Following the September 11 attacks, the Empire State Building once again became the tallest building in Manhattan until One World Trade Center claimed the title in April 2012.[4][5] The main offices of state government are located at the Empire State Plaza (ESP) in Albany, the state capital. Its most iconic structure is the Erastus Corning Tower, the tallest building in New York outside of New York City.[6]
The nickname has also been used for train routes. The Empire State Express of the New York Central Railroad was established in 1891, and Amtrak currently offers its Empire Service from New York City to Buffalo via Albany.[1] SUNY Empire State College was established in 1971 in Saratoga Springs and makes use of the name.[7] The Empire State Games were established in 1978 as an Olympic-style competition for amateur athletes from New York.[8] Additionally, the term "Empire State" has been included on New York State license plates since 2001.[9] In 2009, Jay-Z and Alicia Keys released the 5x-platinum single "Empire State of Mind."
See also[edit]
New York portal
History of New York
List of U.S. state nicknames
American imperialism
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g New York State Historical Association (2001). Milton M. Klein, ed. The Empire State: A History of New York. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. xix–xx. ISBN 0-8014-3866-7.
Jump up ^ Shearer, Benjamin; Barbara S. Shearer (2002). State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols: A Historical Guide (3rd ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-313-31534-5.
Jump up ^ Anderson, John Jacob; Alexander Clarence Flick (1902). A Short History of the State of New York. New York, NY: Maynard, Merrill, & Co. p. 321. OCLC 6812818.
Jump up ^ Berman, John S. (2003). The Empire State Building. New York, NY: Barnes and Noble Publishing, Inc. p. 9. ISBN 0-7607-3889-0.
Jump up ^ Dunlap, David (2012-04-29). "With a Steel Column, a Tower Will Reclaim the Manhattan Sky". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
Jump up ^ Waite, Diana S. (1993). Albany Architecture: A Guide to the City. Albany, NY: Mount Ida Press. pp. 81–82. ISBN 0-9625368-1-4.
Jump up ^ "About Us". Empire State College. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
Jump up ^ "About the Games". Empire State Games. Archived from the original on 2010-09-12. Retrieved 2010-09-20. ; Note that as of 2011, the games have been halted due to budget constraints.
Jump up ^ Swearingen, Jacquelyn (2001-01-02). "Lady Liberty's License Plate Number Is Up". Times Union. Albany, NY: Hearst Newspapers. p. A1. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
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values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: 엠파이어 스테이트 – Korean

values: "එම්පයර් ස්ටේට්" යන නමෙහි සම්භවය – Sinhala

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Empire_State rootpage-Empire_State skin-vector action-view