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Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye
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"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye"
Single by Steam
from the album Steam
B-side
"It's the Magic in You Girl"
Released
November 1969
Format
7" single
Recorded
1969 in New York at Mercury Sound Studios
Genre
Pop, psychedelic pop, pop rock
Length
4:08 (LP version)
6:20 (Long version)
3:45 (45 version)
2:59 (45 radio version)
Label
Fontana F 1667 (U.S.)
Songwriter(s)
Paul Leka, Gary DeCarlo, Dale Frashuer
Producer(s)
Paul Leka
Steam singles chronology
"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye"
(1969) "I've Gotta Make You Love Me"
(1970)
"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye"
(1969) "I've Gotta Make You Love Me"
(1970)
"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye"
Single by Bananarama
from the album Deep Sea Skiving
B-side
"Tell Tale Signs"
Released
February 1983
Format
7" single, 12" single
Recorded
1982
Genre
New wave
Length
3:30
Label
London Records
Songwriter(s)
Gary DeCarlo, Dale Frashuer, Paul Leka
Producer(s)
Jolley & Swain
Bananarama singles chronology
"He's Got Tact"
(1982) "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye"
(1983) "Cruel Summer"
(1983)
"He's Got Tact"
(1982) "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye"
(1983) "Cruel Summer"
(1983)
"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" is a song written and recorded by Paul Leka, Gary DeCarlo and Dale Frashuer, attributed to a then-fictitious band they named "Steam". It was released under the Mercury subsidiary label Fontana and became a number one pop single on the Billboard Hot 100 in late 1969, and remained on the charts in early 1970.[1] In 1977, Chicago White Sox organist Nancy Faust began playing the song when White Sox sluggers knocked out the opposing pitcher. The fans would sing and a sports ritual was born. The song's chorus remains well-known, and is still frequently used as a crowd chant at many sporting events. It is generally directed at the losing side in an elimination contest when the outcome is all but certain or when an individual player is ejected or disqualified. It has also been observed by crowds in political rallies to drown out and mock disruptive protesters who are being escorted out by security.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Original version
2 Covers
2.1 Bananarama
2.1.1 Track listing
2.1.2 Music video
3 In popular culture
4 References
5 External links
Original version[edit]
Paul Leka, Gary DeCarlo and Dale Frashuer wrote a blues shuffle version of the song in the early 1960s when they were members of a doo-wop group from Bridgeport, Connecticut, called the Glenwoods, the Citations, and the Chateaus, of which Leka was the piano player. The group disbanded when Leka talked Frashuer into going into New York City with him to write and possibly produce. In 1968, DeCarlo recorded four songs at Mercury Records in New York with Leka as producer. The singles impressed the company's executives, who wanted to issue all of them as A-side singles. In need of a B-side, Leka and DeCarlo resurrected an old song from their days as the Glenwoods, "Kiss Him Goodbye", with their old bandmate, Frashuer.
With DeCarlo as lead vocalist, they recorded the song in one recording session. Instead of using a full band, Leka played keyboards himself and had engineer Warren Dewey splice together a drum track from one of DeCarlo's four singles and a conga drum solo by Ange DiGeronimo recorded in Mr. Leka's Bridgeport, Conn. studio for an entirely different session.[2] "I said we should put a chorus to it (to make it longer)", Leka told Fred Bronson in The Billboard Book of Number One Hits. "I started writing while I was sitting at the piano going 'na, na, na, na, na, na, na, na'... Everything was 'na na' when you didn't have a lyric." Gary added "hey hey".[3] The group that is seen on the album cover and in the old black and white video was a road group that had nothing to do with the recording. The road group was lip syncing to DeCarlo's vocal in the video.[citation needed]
"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" reached number one in the United States for two weeks, on December 6 and 13, 1969; it was Billboard's final multi-week number 1 hit of the 1960s and also peaked at number twenty on the soul chart.[4] In Canada, the song reached number six.[5] By the beginning of the 21st century, sales of "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" had exceeded 6.5 million records,[6] attaining gold record status.
Covers[edit]
The Supremes included a cover of the song on their 1970 album New Ways but Love Stays.
The Belmonts recorded an acappella version, which can be found as a track on their 1972 album Cigars, Acappella, Candy.
Dave Clark & Friends released the song in October 1973 under the title "Sha-Na-Na-Na (Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye)" (EMI 2082), but the single didn't chart.
In 1987, Canadian quartet The Nylons released an a cappella version of this song as a single under the shortened title "Kiss Him Goodbye". It became their biggest hit on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number twelve that summer.[7]
The Donna Summer compilation album Gold (a 1995 release exclusively for the Netherlands) contains a 3:42 disco cover of the song.
In 2014 the Norwegian artist Adelén used the chorus line of the song on her World Cup song "Olé." The song was one of the tracks on the One Love, One Rhythm - The 2014 FIFA World Cup Official Album. The song peaked at number #3 in Norway.
The song "Chillin" by rapper Wale featuring singer Lady Gaga samples the chorus.
"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" bears a resemblance to the coda of the 1968 Beatles' "Na Na Hey Jude".
Bananarama[edit]
In February 1983, UK girl group Bananarama released the song as a single from their album Deep Sea Skiving. This version became a top ten hit in the United Kingdom (#5), but only a minor hit in the US (Billboard #101) later that year.[citation needed]
This was the fifth single released from their first album in 1983. It peaked at number five in the UK singles chart, and number 38 in Australia on the Kent Music Report chart.[8]
Track listing[edit]
UK & USA 7" vinyl single
UK: London Records NANA 4; USA: London Records 810 115-7
"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" 3:22
"Tell Tale Signs" 2:58
UK 12" vinyl single
London Records NANX 4
"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" (Extended Version) 4:52
"Na Na Hey Hey Na (Dub) Hey" 4:12
"Tell Tale Signs" (Extended Version) 4:46
Music video[edit]
The music video features the band playing in a school playground and then being made to move by a group of lads. They then decide to join a boxing club so the video features them singing the song whilst boxing. By the end of the video they return to the playground wearing leathers and this time make the group of lads move away. They then ride off into the night on motorbikes.
In popular culture[edit]
The song is sang acapella by the crowd in hockey games in Canada (specially in Montreal) by the end of games in order to say goodbye to the losing team.
On January 23, 2006, Paul Martin was defeated by Stephen Harper as Prime Minister of Canada. Martin had acceded to the prime ministry following the ouster of Jean Chrétien. The next day's issue of La Voix de l'Est, a French newspaper in Granby, Quebec, included a cartoon by Paquette showing Chrétien calling Martin and singing Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye. This cartoon demonstrates that the impact of the song did not stop at the U.S. border, and its impact also went beyond the English-speaking world.
The Paquette cartoon shows Jean Chrétien taunting Paul Martin by singing Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye
At the 2009 and 2017 Presidential Inaugurations, some audiences were chanting 'Na na na na' to the departing Presidents, respectively George W. Bush and Barack Obama.[9]
On May 4, 2017, after the House of Representatives voted to pass the American Health Care Act which partially repealed Obamacare, Democratic representatives chanted "Na na na na, hey hey, goodbye" to Republican representatives, implying that in voting for the bill, they would lose their House seats in the next election. DeCarlo was happy to hear of the song getting renewed exposure, but said he opposed Obamacare.[10] It was not the first time the song had been sung in Congress; in 1993, after Democrats voted for then-President Bill Clinton's tax bill, House Republicans sung "Goodbye". [11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Steam Biography". Pandora Internet Radio. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Paul Leka confirmed some months before his death that the conga solo was in fact Mr. DiGeronimo's. It had been recorded in Bridgeport as part of a session with the band "Yazoo Fraud," then under contract with Mr. Leka's production company.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard Book of Number One Hits.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942–2004. Record Research. p. 550.
Jump up ^ "RPM100" (PDF). Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1969-12-27. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Steam's Gary DeCarlo of 'Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye' Fame Dead at 75". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits (8th edition). Record Research. p. 464.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). Sydney: Australian Chart Book. p. 25. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Flashback: Bush booed, mocked by 'Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye' song at '09 Obama inaugural". The Blaze. January 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ken Stone. "'Hey Hey, Goodbye' songman liked Dems' House chant, not Obamacare". MyNewsLA.com. May 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Haag, Matthew (May 4, 2017). "Democrats Taunt Republicans With 'Hey, Hey, Hey, Goodbye' During Health Vote" – via NYTimes.com.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Video on YouTube
Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye on theoriginals (nl)
Preceded by
"Something / Come Together"
by The Beatles Billboard Hot 100 number one single
December 6, 1969 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"Leaving on a Jet Plane"
by Peter, Paul, and Mary
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Glossary
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For Wikipedia's glossary, see Help:Glossary.
See also: List of glossaries and Dictionary
A Glossary of Islamic Legal Terminology
A glossary, also known as a vocabulary or clavis, is an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms. Traditionally, a glossary appears at the end of a book and includes terms within that book that are either newly introduced, uncommon, or specialized. While glossaries are most commonly associated with non-fiction books, in some cases, fiction novels may come with a glossary for unfamiliar terms.
A bilingual glossary is a list of terms in one language defined in a second language or glossed by synonyms (or at least near-synonyms) in another language.
In a general sense, a glossary contains explanations of concepts relevant to a certain field of study or action. In this sense, the term is related to the notion of ontology. Automatic methods have been also provided that transform a glossary into an ontology[1] or a computational lexicon.[2]
Core glossary[edit]
The Intelligence Law glossary provides a description of the key terms in intelligence law.
A core glossary is a simple glossary or defining dictionary that enables definition of other concepts, especially for newcomers to a language or field of study. It contains a small working vocabulary and definitions for important or frequently encountered concepts, usually including idioms or metaphors useful in a culture.
Automatic extraction of glossaries[edit]
Computational approaches to the automated extraction of glossaries from corpora[3] or the Web[4][5] have been developed in the recent years. These methods typically start from domain terminology and extract one or more glosses for each term of interest. Glosses can then be analyzed to extract hypernyms of the defined term and other lexical and semantic relations.
See also[edit]
Index (publishing)
Terminology extraction
Frahang-i Pahlavig, a glossary of Pahlavi logograms
References[edit]
Jump up ^ R. Navigli, P. Velardi. From Glossaries to Ontologies: Extracting Semantic Structure from Textual Definitions, Ontology Learning and Population: Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge (P. Buitelaar and P. Cimiano, Eds.), Series information for Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, IOS Press, 2008, pp. 71-87.
Jump up ^ R. Navigli. Using Cycles and Quasi-Cycles to Disambiguate Dictionary Glosses, Proc. of 12th Conference of the European Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2009), Athens, Greece, March 30-April 3rd, 2009, pp. 594-602.
Jump up ^ J. Klavans and S. Muresan. Evaluation of the Definder System for Fully Automatic Glossary Construction. In Proc. of American Medical Informatics Association Symp., 2001, pp. 324–328.
Jump up ^ A. Fujii, T. Ishikawa. Utilizing the World Wide Web as an Encyclopedia: Extracting Term Descriptions from Semi-Structured Texts. In Proc. 38th Ann. Meeting Assoc. for Computational Linguistics, 2000, pp. 488–495.
Jump up ^ P. Velardi, R. Navigli, P. D'Amadio. Mining the Web to Create Specialized Glossaries, IEEE Intelligent Systems, 23(5), IEEE Press, 2008, pp. 18-25.
External links[edit]
Look up glossary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
maxprograms.com: Introduction to GlossML This article presents Glossary Markup Language (GlossML), an open XML vocabulary specially designed to facilitate the exchange of glossaries.
glossarist.com: The Glossarist - Large list of glossaries
www.ontopia.net: The TAO of Topic Maps
www.babel-linguistics.com: Babel Linguistics Glossaries Selected Multilingual Glossaries by Industry
www.maxprograms.com: Anchovy Anchovy is a free multilingual cross-platform glossary editor and term extraction tool based on the open Glossary Markup Language (GlossML) format.
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Camila Banus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Camila Banus
Banus in May 2015
Born
(1990-07-22) July 22, 1990 (age 27)
Miami Beach, Florida, USA
Occupation
Actress
Camila Banus (born July 22, 1990[1]) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Gabi Hernandez on the soap opera Days of Our Lives from October 4, 2010, to June 12, 2014; Banus returned for brief appearances on December 22 and 29, 2014. Banus reprised her role as Gabi again, beginning September 17, 2015.[2] Banus also played the character of Lola Montez on One Life to Live from October 2008 to May 2009.
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal life
2 Filmography
3 Awards and nominations
4 References
5 External links
Personal life[edit]
Banus was born in Miami Beach, Florida.[1] She is the oldest daughter of Carmen and Jaime Banus. She has a younger sister, Gabriela, who is also an actress.[3]
Filmography[edit]
One Life to Live as Lola Montez (2008–09)
Summer Camp as Alice (2009)
Days of Our Lives as Gabi Hernandez (2010–2014; 2015–present)
Summer Camp All Stars as Alice (2013)
Counterpunch as Talia Portillo (2013)
Wishin' and Hopin' as Simone Funicello (2014)
Mistresses (2016)
Awards and nominations[edit]
List of acting awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Title
Result
Ref.
2009 Young Artist Award Outstanding Young Ensemble in a TV Series
(shared with Eddie Alderson, Kristen Alderson, Carmen LoPorto and Austin Williams) One Life to Live Nominated [4]
2015 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series Days of Our Lives Nominated [5]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Camila Banus [bio]". NBC. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "‘Days of Our Lives’ (DOOL) Spoilers: Camila Banus Returns September 17 – Gabi Leaves Prison, Reunites with Arianna". Celebdirtylaundry.com.
Jump up ^ "All About Camila Banus". About.com. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "30th Annual Young Artist Awards". YoungArtistAwards.org. Retrieved 2013-05-12.
Jump up ^ "The 42nd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations" (PDF). New York City: Emmys and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. March 31, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
External links[edit]
Camila Banus on IMDb

This article about an American television actor or actress born in the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Hypochlorous acid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hypochlorous acid
Names
IUPAC name
hypochlorous acid, chloric(I) acid, chloranol, hydroxidochlorine
Other names
Hydrogen hypochlorite, Chlorine hydroxide
Identifiers
CAS Number
7790-92-3 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:24757 Y
ChemSpider
22757 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.029.302
EC Number 232-232-5
PubChem CID
24341
UNII
712K4CDC10 Y
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/ClHO/c1-2/h2H Y
Key: QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
InChI=1/ClHO/c1-2/h2H
Key: QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYAT
SMILES[show]
ClO
Properties
Chemical formula
HOCl
Molar mass 52.46 g/mol
Appearance Colorless aqueous solution
Density Variable
Solubility in water
Soluble
Acidity (pKa) 7.53[1]
Hazards
Main hazards Oxidizing agent
Related compounds
Related compounds
Chlorine
Calcium hypochlorite
Sodium hypochlorite
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is Y ?)
Infobox references
Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is a weak acid that forms when chlorine dissolves in water, and itself partially dissociates, forming ClO-. HClO and ClO- are oxidizers, and the primary disinfection agents of chlorine solutions.[2] HClO cannot be isolated from these solutions due to rapid equilibration with its precursor. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2), are bleaches, deodorants, and disinfectants.
Contents
[hide]
1 Uses
2 Formation, stability and reactions
2.1 Chemical reactions
2.2 Reactivity of HClO with biomolecules
2.2.1 Reaction with protein sulfhydryl groups
2.2.2 Reaction with protein amino groups
2.2.3 Reaction with DNA and nucleotides
2.2.4 Reaction with lipids
3 Mode of disinfectant action
3.1 Inhibition of glucose oxidation
3.2 Depletion of adenine nucleotides
3.3 Inhibition of DNA replication
3.4 Protein unfolding and aggregation
4 Hypochlorites
4.1 Production of hypochlorites using electrolysis
5 Safety
6 Uses of Hypochlorous Acid
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Uses[edit]
In organic synthesis, HClO converts alkenes to chlorohydrins.[3]
In biology, hypochlorous acid is generated in activated neutrophils by myeloperoxidase-mediated peroxidation of chloride ions, and contributes to the destruction of bacteria.[4][5][6]
In the cosmetics industry it is used as a skin cleansing agent, which benefits the body's skin rather than causing drying.[citation needed] It is also used in baby products, because baby skin is particularly sensitive and can be easily irritated.[citation needed]
In water treatment, hypochlorous acid is the active sanitizer[citation needed] in hypochlorite-based products (e.g. used in swimming pools).
In food service and water distribution, specialized equipment to generate weak solutions of HClO from water and salt is sometimes used to generate adequate quantities of safe (unstable) disinfectant to treat food preparation surfaces and water supplies.[7][8]
Formation, stability and reactions[edit]
Addition of chlorine to water gives both hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl):[9]
Cl2 + H2O ⇌ HClO + HCl
Cl2 + 4 OH− ⇌ 2 ClO− + 2 H2O + 2 e−
Cl2 + 2 e− ⇌ 2 Cl−
When acids are added to aqueous salts of hypochlorous acid (such as sodium hypochlorite in commercial bleach solution), the resultant reaction is driven to the left, and chlorine gas is formed. Thus, the formation of stable hypochlorite bleaches is facilitated by dissolving chlorine gas into basic water solutions, such as sodium hydroxide.
The acid can also be prepared by dissolving dichlorine monoxide in water; under standard aqueous conditions, anhydrous hypochlorous acid is impossible to prepare due to the readily reversible equilibrium between it and its anhydride:[10]
2 HOCl ⇌ Cl2O + H2O K (at 0 °C) = 3.55×10−3 dm3 mol−1
The presence of light or transition metal oxides of copper, nickel, or cobalt accelerates the exothermic decomposition into hydrochloric acid and oxygen:[10]
2 Cl2 + 2 H2O → 4 HCl + O2
Chemical reactions[edit]
In aqueous solution, hypochlorous acid partially dissociates into the anion hypochlorite ClO−:
HClO ⇌ ClO− + H+
Salts of hypochlorous acid are called hypochlorites. One of the best-known hypochlorites is NaClO, the active ingredient in bleach.
HClO is a stronger oxidant than chlorine under standard conditions.
2 HClO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− ⇌ Cl2(g) + 2 H2O E = +1.63 V
HClO reacts with HCl to form chlorine gas:
HClO + HCl → H2O + Cl2
HClO reacts with amines to form chloramines and water. Reacting with ammonia:
NH3 + HClO → NH2Cl + H2O
HClO can also react with organic amines, forming N-chloroamines.
Reactivity of HClO with biomolecules[edit]
Hypochlorous acid reacts with a wide variety of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA,[6][11][12][13] fatty acid groups, cholesterol[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] and proteins.[17][22][23][24][25][26][27]
Reaction with protein sulfhydryl groups[edit]
Knox et al.[25] first noted that HClO is a sulfhydryl inhibitor that, in sufficient quantity, could completely inactivate proteins containing sulfhydryl groups. This is because HClO oxidises sulfhydryl groups, leading to the formation of disulfide bonds[28] that can result in crosslinking of proteins. The HClO mechanism of sulfhydryl oxidation is similar to that of chloramine, and may only be bacteriostatic, because once the residual chlorine is dissipated, some sulfhydryl function can be restored.[24] One sulfhydryl-containing amino acid can scavenge up to four molecules of HOCl.[27] Consistent with this, it has been proposed that sulfhydryl groups of sulfur-containing amino acids can be oxidized a total of three times by three HClO molecules, with the fourth reacting with the α-amino group. The first reaction yields sulfenic acid (R–SOH) then sulfinic acid (R–SO2H) and finally R–SO3H. Sulfenic acids form disulfides with another protein sulfhydryl group, causing cross-linking and aggregation of proteins. Sulfinic acid and R–SO3H derivatives are produced only at high molar excesses of HClO, and disulfides are formed primarily at bacteriocidal levels.[13] Disulfide bonds can also be oxidized by HClO to sulfinic acid.[28] Because the oxidation of sulfhydryls and disulfides evolves hydrochloric acid,[13] this process results in the depletion HClO.
Reaction with protein amino groups[edit]
Hypochlorous acid reacts readily with amino acids that have amino group side-chains, with the chlorine from HClO displacing a hydrogen, resulting in an organic chloramine.[29] Chlorinated amino acids rapidly decompose, but protein chloramines are longer-lived and retain some oxidative capacity.[5][27] Thomas et al.[5] concluded from their results that most organic chloramines decayed by internal rearrangement and that fewer available NH2 groups promoted attack on the peptide bond, resulting in cleavage of the protein. McKenna and Davies[30] found that 10 mM or greater HClO is necessary to fragment proteins in vivo. Consistent with these results, it was later proposed that the chloramine undergoes a molecular rearrangement, releasing HCl and ammonia to form an amide.[31] The amide group can further react with another amino group to form a Schiff base, causing cross-linking and aggregation of proteins.[17]
Reaction with DNA and nucleotides[edit]
Hypochlorous acid reacts slowly with DNA and RNA as well as all nucleotides in vitro.[11][32] GMP is the most reactive because HClO reacts with both the heterocyclic NH group and the amino group. In similar manner, TMP with only a heterocyclic NH group that is reactive with HClO is the second-most reactive. AMP and CMP, which have only a slowly reactive amino group, are less reactive with HClO.[32] UMP has been reported to be reactive only at a very slow rate.[6][11] The heterocyclic NH groups are more reactive than amino groups, and their secondary chloramines are able to donate the chlorine.[13] These reactions likely interfere with DNA base pairing, and, consistent with this, Prütz[32] has reported a decrease in viscosity of DNA exposed to HClO similar to that seen with heat denaturation. The sugar moieties are nonreactive and the DNA backbone is not broken.[32] NADH can react with chlorinated TMP and UMP as well as HClO. This reaction can regenerate UMP and TMP and results in the 5-hydroxy derivative of NADH. The reaction with TMP or UMP is slowly reversible to regenerate HClO. A second slower reaction that results in cleavage of the pyridine ring occurs when excess HClO is present. NAD+ is inert to HClO.[13][32]
Reaction with lipids[edit]
Hypochlorous acid reacts with unsaturated bonds in lipids, but not saturated bonds, and the ClO− ion does not participate in this reaction. This reaction occurs by hydrolysis with addition of chlorine to one of the carbons and a hydroxyl to the other. The resulting compound is a chlorhydrin.[14] The polar chlorine disrupts lipid bilayers and could increase permeability.[15] When chlorhydrin formation occurs in lipid bilayers of red blood cells, increased permeability occurs. Disruption could occur if enough chlorhydrin is formed.[14][20] The addition of preformed chlorhydrins to red blood cells can affect permeability as well.[16] Cholesterol chlorhydrins have also been observed,[15][18] but do not greatly affect permeability, and it is believed that Cl2 is responsible for this reaction.[18]
Mode of disinfectant action[edit]
Escherichia coli exposed to hypochlorous acid lose viability in less than 0.1 seconds due to inactivation of many vital systems.[9][33][34][35][36] Hypochlorous acid has a reported LD50 of 0.0104–0.156 ppm[37] and 2.6 ppm caused 100% growth inhibition in 5 minutes.[30] However, the concentration required for bactericidal activity is also highly dependent on bacterial concentration.[25]
Inhibition of glucose oxidation[edit]
In 1948, Knox et al.[25] proposed the idea that inhibition of glucose oxidation is a major factor in the bacteriocidal nature of chlorine solutions. He proposed that the active agent or agents diffuse across the cytoplasmic membrane to inactivate key sulfhydryl-containing enzymes in the glycolytic pathway. This group was also the first to note that chlorine solutions (HOCl) inhibit sulfhydryl enzymes. Later studies have shown that, at bacteriocidal levels, the cytosol components do not react with HOCl.[38] In agreement with this, McFeters and Camper[39] found that aldolase, an enzyme that Knox et al.[25] proposes would be inactivated, was unaffected by HOCl in vivo. It has been further shown that loss of sulfhydryls does not correlate with inactivation.[24] That leaves the question concerning what causes inhibition of glucose oxidation. The discovery that HOCl blocks induction of β-galactosidase by added lactose[40] led to a possible answer to this question. The uptake of radiolabeled substrates by both ATP hydrolysis and proton co-transport may be blocked by exposure to HOCl preceding loss of viability.[38] From this observation, it proposed that HOCl blocks uptake of nutrients by inactivating transport proteins.[23][38][39][41] The question of loss of glucose oxidation has been further explored in terms of loss of respiration. Venkobachar et al.[42] found that succinic dehydrogenase was inhibited in vitro by HOCl, which led to the investigation of the possibility that disruption of electron transport could be the cause of bacterial inactivation. Albrich et al.[6] subsequently found that HOCl destroys cytochromes and iron-sulfur clusters and observed that oxygen uptake is abolished by HOCl and adenine nucleotides are lost. It was also observed that irreversible oxidation of cytochromes paralleled the loss of respiratory activity. One way of addressing the loss of oxygen uptake was by studying the effects of HOCl on succinate-dependent electron transport.[43] Rosen et al.[36] found that levels of reductable cytochromes in HOCl-treated cells were normal, and these cells were unable to reduce them. Succinate dehydrogenase was also inhibited by HOCl, stopping the flow of electrons to oxygen. Later studies[34] revealed that Ubiquinol oxidase activity ceases first, and the still-active cytochromes reduce the remaining quinone. The cytochromes then pass the electrons to oxygen, which explains why the cytochromes cannot be reoxidized, as observed by Rosen et al.[36] However, this line of inquiry was ended when Albrich et al.[22] found that cellular inactivation precedes loss of respiration by using a flow mixing system that allowed evaluation of viability on much smaller time scales. This group found that cells capable of respiring could not divide after exposure to HOCl.
Depletion of adenine nucleotides[edit]
Having eliminated loss of respiration, Albrich et al.[22] proposes that the cause of death may be due to metabolic dysfunction caused by depletion of adenine nucleotides. Barrette et al.[40] studied the loss of adenine nucleotides by studying the energy charge of HOCl-exposed cells and found that cells exposed to HOCl were unable to step up their energy charge after addition of nutrients. The conclusion was that exposed cells have lost the ability to regulate their adenylate pool, based on the fact that metabolite uptake was only 45% deficient after exposure to HOCl and the observation that HOCl causes intracellular ATP hydrolysis. It was also confirmed that, at bacteriocidal levels of HOCl, cytosolic components are unaffected. So it was proposed that modification of some membrane-bound protein results in extensive ATP hydrolysis, and this, coupled with the cells inability to remove AMP from the cytosol, depresses metabolic function. One protein involved in loss of ability to regenerate ATP has been found to be ATP synthetase.[23] Much of this research on respiration reconfirms the observation that relevant bacteriocidal reactions take place at the cell membrane.[23][40][44]
Inhibition of DNA replication[edit]
Recently it has been proposed that bacterial inactivation by HOCl is the result of inhibition of DNA replication. When bacteria are exposed to HOCl, there is a precipitous decline in DNA synthesis that precedes inhibition of protein synthesis, and closely parallels loss of viability.[30][45] During bacterial genome replication, the origin of replication (oriC in E. coli) binds to proteins that are associated with the cell membrane, and it was observed that HOCl treatment decreases the affinity of extracted membranes for oriC, and this decreased affinity also parallels loss of viability. A study by Rosen et al.[46] compared the rate of HOCl inhibition of DNA replication of plasmids with different replication origins and found that certain plasmids exhibited a delay in the inhibition of replication when compared to plasmids containing oriC. Rosen’s group proposed that inactivation of membrane proteins involved in DNA replication are the mechanism of action of HOCl.
Protein unfolding and aggregation[edit]
HOCl is known to cause post-translational modifications to proteins, the notable ones being cysteine and methionine oxidation. A recent examination of HOCl's bactericidal role revealed it to be a potent inducer of protein aggregation.[47] Hsp33, a chaperone known to be activated by oxidative heat stress, protects bacteria from the effects of HOCl by acting as a holdase, effectively preventing protein aggregation. Strains of E. coli and Vibrio cholerae lacking Hsp33 were rendered especially sensitive to HOCl. Hsp33 protected many essential proteins from aggregation and inactivation due to HOCl, which is a probable mediator of HOCl's bactericidal effects.
Hypochlorites[edit]
Main article: Hypochlorite
Hypochlorites are the salts of hypochlorous acid; commercially important hypochlorites are calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite.
Production of hypochlorites using electrolysis[edit]
See also: Chloralkali process
Solutions of hypochlorites can be produced by electrolysis of an aqueous chloride solution. The composition of the resulting solution depends on the pH at the anode. In acid conditions the solution produced will have a high hypochlorous acid concentration, but will also contain dissolved gaseous chlorine, which can be corrosive, at a neutral pH the solution will be around 75% hypochlorous acid and 25% hypochlorite. Some of the chlorine gas produced will dissolve forming hypochlorite ions. Hypochlorites are also produced by the disproportionation of chlorine gas in alkaline solutions.
Safety[edit]
HOCl is a strong oxidising agent.
Uses of Hypochlorous Acid[edit]
Hypochlorous acid has been investigated as a possible wound care agent,[48][49][50] and as of early 2016 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved products whose main active ingredient is hypochlorous acid for use in treating wounds and various infections in humans and pets. It is also FDA-approved as a preservative for saline solutions.
See also[edit]
Dichlorine monoxide: the corresponding acidic oxide
Hypofluorous acid
Perchloric acid
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
National Pollutant Inventory – Chlorine
Reuters – Mystery solved: How bleach kills germs
Royal Society of Chemistry-'The Mole' Magazine, MARCH 2014 issue
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Objective (optics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Several objective lenses on a microscope.
In optical engineering, the objective is the optical element that gathers light from the object being observed and focuses the light rays to produce a real image. Objectives can be a single lens or mirror, or combinations of several optical elements. They are used in microscopes, telescopes, cameras, slide projectors, CD players and many other optical instruments. Objectives are also called object lenses, object glasses, or objective glasses.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
1.1 Microscope
1.2 Photography and imaging
1.3 Telescope
2 See also
3 References
Types[edit]
Microscope[edit]
The objective lens of a microscope is the one at the bottom near the sample. At its simplest, it is a very high-powered magnifying glass, with very short focal length. This is brought very close to the specimen being examined so that the light from the specimen comes to a focus inside the microscope tube. The objective itself is usually a cylinder containing one or more lenses that are typically made of glass; its function is to collect light from the sample.
Microscope objectives are characterized by two parameters: magnification and numerical aperture. The magnification typically ranges from 4× to 100×. It is combined with the magnification of the eyepiece to determine the overall magnification of the microscope; a 4× objective with a 10× eyepiece produces an image that is 40 times the size of the object. Numerical aperture for microscope lenses typically ranges from 0.10 to 1.25, corresponding to focal lengths of about 40 mm to 2 mm, respectively.
A typical microscope has three or four objective lenses with different magnifications, screwed into a circular "nosepiece" which may be rotated to select the required lens. These lenses are often color coded for easier use. The least powerful lens is called the scanning objective lens, and is typically a 4× objective. The second lens is referred to as the small objective lens and is typically a 10× lens. The most powerful lens out of the three is referred to as the large objective lens and is typically 40–100×. Some microscopes use an oil-immersion or water-immersion lens, which can have magnification greater than 100, and numerical aperture greater than 1. These objectives are specially designed for use with refractive index matching oil or water, which must fill the gap between the front element and the object. These lenses give greater resolution at high magnification. Numerical apertures as high as 1.6 can be achieved with oil immersion.[1]
Photography and imaging[edit]
Camera lenses (usually referred to as "photographic objectives" instead of simply "objectives"[2]) need to cover a large focal plane so are made up of a number of optical lens elements to correct optical aberrations. Image projectors (such as video, movie, and slide projectors) use objective lenses that simply reverse the function of a camera lens, with lenses designed to cover a large image plane and project it at a distance onto another surface.[3]
Telescope[edit]
In a telescope the objective is the lens at the front end of a refractor or the image-forming primary mirror of a reflecting or catadioptric telescope. A telescope's light-gathering power and angular resolution are both directly related to the diameter (or "aperture") of its objective lens or mirror. The larger the objective, the dimmer the object it can view and the more detail it can resolve.
A photographic objective, focal length 50 mm, aperture 1:1.4
Diastar projection objective from a 35 mm movie projector, (focal length 400 mm).
Two Leica oil immersion microscope objective lenses; left 100×, right 40×.
The segmented hexagonal objective mirror of the Keck 2 Telescope
See also[edit]
List of telescope parts and construction
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kenneth, Spring; Keller, H. Ernst; Davidson, Michael W. "Microscope objectives". Olympus Microscopy Resource Center. Retrieved 29 Oct 2008.
Jump up ^ Stroebel, Leslie; Zakia, Richard D. (1993). The Focal Encyclopedia of photography. p. 515.
Jump up ^ Keller, Max (1999). Weiss, Johannes, ed. Light Fantastic: The Art and Design of Stage Lighting. Prestel. p. 71. ISBN 9783791321622.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Objective_(optics)&oldid=791947579"
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