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Resident Evil (film series)
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For the animated film series, see Resident Evil (animated film series).
Resident Evil
Produced by
Paul W. S. Anderson
Jeremy Bolt
Written by
Paul W. S. Anderson
Based on
Resident Evil
by Capcom
Starring
Milla Jovovich
Production
company
Constantin Film
Davis Films
Impact Pictures
Capcom Co, Ltd.
Distributed by
Screen Gems
Language
English
Budget
$290 million
Box office
$1.233 billion
Resident Evil is an action-horror film series loosely based on the Japanese video game franchise of the same name by Capcom. German studio Constantin Film bought the rights to the first film in January 1997 with Alan B. McElroy and George A. Romero as potential writers. In 2001, Sony Pictures Entertainment acquired distribution rights and hired Paul W. S. Anderson as writer and director for Resident Evil (2002). Anderson continued as writer and producer for Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004) and Resident Evil: Extinction (2007), and returned as the director for Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010), Resident Evil: Retribution (2012) and Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2016).
The films follow Alice (Milla Jovovich), a character created for the films, who battles the Umbrella Corporation, whose bioweapons have triggered a zombie apocalypse. Characters from the games also appear, including Jill Valentine, Carlos Olivera, Claire Redfield, Albert Wesker, Chris Redfield, Barry Burton, Leon S. Kennedy, Ada Wong and James Marcus.
Despite negative reviews, the Resident Evil film series is the highest-grossing film series based on a video game, having grossed over $1.233 billion worldwide.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Films
1.1 Resident Evil (2002)
1.2 Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004)
1.3 Resident Evil: Extinction (2007)
1.4 Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010)
1.5 Resident Evil: Retribution (2012)
1.6 Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2016)
1.7 Reboot
2 Cast and characters
3 Crew
4 Reception
4.1 Box office performance
4.2 Critical and public response
5 Novelizations
6 Home media releases
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Films[edit]
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Resident Evil (2002)[edit]
Main article: Resident Evil (film)
Actress Milla Jovovich portrays Alice in the film series.
Countries in which the Resident Evil film series was filmed
In January 1997, Constantin Film acquired the rights to the Resident Evil franchise with Alan B. McElroy possibly writing the script.[2] By 2001, Columbia TriStar was in final negotiations to acquire North American distribution rights to Resident Evil and budgeted the movie at $40 million.[3] George A. Romero was hired by Sony and Capcom to direct and write Resident Evil. His script was later rejected and he was ultimately dropped.[4][5] Capcom producer Yoshiki Okamoto stated that "Romero's script wasn't good, so Romero was fired".[6] Paul W. S. Anderson was then hired by Sony to write a screenplay and in late 2000, Anderson was announced as director and writer.[7] Anderson stated the film would not include any tie-ins with the video game series as "under-performing movie tie-ins are too common and Resident Evil, of all games, deserved a good celluloid representation".[8] In 2001, Milla Jovovich was cast as Alice, the protagonist of the film.[9]
In the film, the Umbrella Corporation operates a top-secret genetic research facility named The Hive. Located deep beneath Raccoon City, The Hive has been sealed by The Red Queen (the AI that controls the Hive) due to the release of the T-Virus into the facility. The Red Queen kills every living thing in the facility to ensure that the T-Virus doesn't reach the surface, but the T-Virus reanimates them, transforming the humans into ravenous zombies and the animals into highly aggressive mutants. Alice (Milla Jovovich) was once a security operative working for the Corporation until her memory was wiped by the Red Queen's nerve gas. As the team attempts to escape The Hive, an Umbrella test subject, a huge monster called the Licker, escapes and pursues the team. When they reach the train that leads them to the exit, the Licker attacks and scratches Matt before Alice can kill it. When they reach the surface, Matt is taken away by Umbrella workers and he eventually transforms into Nemesis. Alice awakens from a coma to a ravaged Raccoon City after a T-Virus outbreak.
Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004)[edit]
Main article: Resident Evil: Apocalypse
The sequel to the first film began production in 2003 after the success of the first film.[10] Anderson returned as the writer but, due to his work on Alien vs. Predator, he did not direct the film. Alexander Witt took over the director's role.
In the film, the viral outbreak reaches the surface and in an effort to contain the infection, Major Timothy Cain seals all exits to and from Raccoon City. Among the people trapped in the city are Jill Valentine and her partner Peyton Wells. After Alice awakens from her coma, she rescues Jill and Peyton from a group of Licker monsters who escaped The Hive. They are then contacted by Dr. Charles Ashford, who claims to know of an evacuation point in the city in exchange for the rescue of his daughter Angela Ashford, who is trapped in Raccoon City. The group knows that Umbrella plans to incinerate Raccoon City to get rid of the T-Virus. On their way to rescue Angela, Nemesis attacks the team after it is commanded by Cain to kill all STARS members. After Angela's rescue, they then make their way to the evacuation helicopter with Carlos Olivera, who has been dropped into Raccoon City and abandoned by Umbrella. After Alice's confrontation with Cain and Nemesis, which leaves the latter two dead, the team flies away from Raccoon City as it is being "sanitized" by a nuclear bomb. The helicopter crashes in the Arklay Mountains. A wounded Alice is the only person found by an Umbrella search team. She is taken to the Detroit Umbrella research station. When Alice awakens, she escapes the facility and displays extraordinary powers. She is then driven away by Jill and Carlos, who are disguised as Umbrella employees. As they drive away, the Umbrella logo flashes in Alice's eyes and Isaacs states "Program ALICE Activated".
Resident Evil: Extinction (2007)[edit]
Main article: Resident Evil: Extinction
In November 2005, Screen Gems gained the rights for the third installment in the franchise, which was then subtitled Extinction.[11] Anderson returned as a writer and filming took place in Mexico. Russell Mulcahy was the director. The film was released on September 21, 2007.[12]
In the film, the world has been consumed by the T-Virus and Umbrella Corporation develops clones of Alice in the hope of finding one who displays Alice's powers. Elsewhere, Claire Redfield leads a convoy of survivors across the Nevada desert, including Raccoon City survivors Carlos Olivera and L.J. Wayne. Alice roams the country in search of survivors. After failing to find living people, she comes into contact with Redfield's convoy after which, she rescues them from a mob of attacking crows using her special telekinetic powers. The convoy, along with Alice, heads to Las Vegas to gather supplies so that they can reach Alaska in an effort to get to a place called Arcadia, which is thought to be a safe haven. While there, they are ambushed by a group of Umbrella Corporation's new super zombies created by Dr. Alexander Isaacs, which kill most of the convoy. L.J was bitten before but he hides his infection from the rest of the group, he then transforms and bites Olivera, amidst the ambush. Isaacs himself is bitten and in an effort to cure himself he injects himself with large doses of the anti-virus, which causes him to transform into a Tyrant, a towering creature with regenerative ability and psionic powers similar to Alice's. Alice, Claire and Carlos then locate a helicopter in Umbrella base and plan to use it for extraction of the survivors to Alaska. Olivera makes his last stand by sacrificing himself and plowing his truck against a horde of zombies, giving the rest some time to load the survivors into the helicopter. Claire and the remaining survivors head towards Alaska, while Alice stays behind to confront Isaacs. While searching the facility for Isaacs, she discovers that she was cloned. After Alice defeats Isaacs, she contacts Umbrella and warns them that she is coming for them and that she will be bringing "friends" with her to fight them.
Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010)[edit]
Main article: Resident Evil: Afterlife
Before the third installment had been released, Constantin prepared to release a fourth entry.[13] The film was set in Japan and filmed in 3D with the Fusion Camera System developed by James Cameron and Vince Pace for the 2009 film Avatar.[14] The film was written and directed by Paul W. S. Anderson.
Set after the events of Extinction, Alice and her clones attack the Umbrella Headquarters in Tokyo. Wesker escapes and destroys the facility, killing the clones. Wesker is confronted by Alice aboard his helicopter. He injects Alice with a serum that removes her super-human abilities. The helicopter crashes, and only Alice is seen emerging from the rubble. After six months of a failed aerial search for other survivors, Alice heads toward the supposed location of Arcadia. She lands on an airfield in Alaska, where she finds Claire in a different state. Claire has an Umbrella controlling device attached to her chest and her memory has been wiped. Claire and Alice fly to Los Angeles, where they stumble on a prison where they meet Luther West and Chris Redfield, Claire's brother. The survivors explain that Arcadia is really a tanker off the coast that has been broadcasting a looped message and is picking up survivors. During an attempted escape, Alice, Claire and Chris are the only ones to emerge and they reach the tanker only to find it abandoned. Claire's memory begins to return when she remembers Umbrella workers attacking her group of survivors and moving them to the tanker. They learn that the ship is an Umbrella research facility, which is conducting experiments on the survivors. The three then meet Wesker, who has been granted super-human abilities due to the T-Virus. After the fight, Alice transmits a message to survivors calling them to the tanker and hopes to create a new and true safe haven. As the film closes, a fleet of Umbrella Corporation gunships led by Valentine prepares to lead an assault on the survivors.
Resident Evil: Retribution (2012)[edit]
Main article: Resident Evil: Retribution
Written and directed by Anderson, Retribution was planned to be filmed back to back with the sixth installment, but Anderson decided to focus on the fifth film.[15] Filming took place in Toronto, Ontario from mid-October to December 23, 2011.[16] Colin Salmon who played One and Michelle Rodriguez who played Rain Ocampo in the first film returned.[17][18] Oded Fehr, who portrayed Carlos Olivera in the second and third film, also returned. Three characters from the video games made their debut in the film series, Johann Urb as Leon S. Kennedy, Kevin Durand as Barry Burton, and Li Bingbing as Ada Wong.[19][20][21][22] It was released internationally on September 14, 2012.[16]
In the film, Alice awakens in an Umbrella base where she is interrogated by Valentine. During a power failure orchestrated by Ada Wong, Alice escapes from her cell and encounters her. Wong explains that Wesker plans to aid Alice's escape and battle the base's supercomputer Red Queen, in order to save what's left of mankind. Wesker has organized a team of freelance operatives to infiltrate the base and help Alice and Ada escape, including Leon S. Kennedy, Barry Burton, and Luther West. Along the way, Alice finds a clone of a girl named Becky. They also face clone versions of Carlos Olivera, One, and Rain Ocampo, who are all under the direction of Valentine. After Alice meets up with the rescue team, Valentine's soldiers catch up to them, resulting in a shootout that kills Burton, Olivera and One. Alice, West, Kennedy, and Becky reach the surface and are met by a submarine, from which Valentine, the clone Rain, and a captured Ada emerge. With new orders from the Red Queen to kill Alice, Valentine battles Alice while Rain fights Kennedy and West. Alice manages to remove the scarab device from Valentine, returning her back to normal. Alice joins Kennedy in defeating Rain. Alice, Ada, Becky, Leon, and Valentine travel to Wesker's base. Wesker injects Alice with the T-virus, returning her former superhuman powers in order to enact his plan, then tells her that she is responsible for saving the remaining humans from extinction.[23]
Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2016)[edit]
Main article: Resident Evil: The Final Chapter
Anderson wrote and directed the sixth and final film in the series, subtitled The Final Chapter, which was filmed in 2D and was post-converted to stereoscopic 3D.[24][25][26] Milla Jovovich reprised her role as Alice, with only Shawn Roberts, Iain Glen and Ali Larter returning from previous entries as Albert Wesker, Dr. Isaacs and Claire Redfield, respectively. Continuing from the last film, Anderson expressed his desire for the final film to "come full circle", bringing back characters, themes and the environment of the Hive from the first movie.[24] Filming was set to begin in South Africa in August 2014 but was delayed to the summer of 2015 due to Jovovich's pregnancy. Principal photography commenced on September 18, 2015 in South Africa.[26]
Picking up immediately three weeks after the events in Resident Evil: Retribution, humanity is on its last legs after Alice is betrayed by Wesker in Washington D.C. Alice then encounters the Red Queen, who tells her that she must return to where the nightmare began – Raccoon City, where the Umbrella Corporation has developed an airborne anti-virus which will kill every organism infected by the T-virus. In a race against time, Alice is captured by Dr. Isaacs, long thought to be dead, who reveals that the previous incarnation was a clone of his true self. Alice escapes and arrives first in Raccoon City, where she joins forces with Claire Redfield. After holding off Dr. Isaacs' undead army, Alice, Claire and a team of survivors make their way towards the Hive. They again encounter the Red Queen, who tells them the origins of the T-virus: it was created by James Marcus, the founder of the Umbrella Corporation to save his daughter, Alicia, from an ailment that caused her to rapidly age. James was then betrayed by his business partner, Dr. Isaacs, and killed by Albert Wesker. Dr. Isaacs and the board of the Umbrella Corporation then intended to release the T-virus on purpose in order to cleanse the world, save the rich and powerful with cryogenics in The Hive, and later rebuild it as they desire. After confronting Wesker and Dr. Isaacs at the bottom of the Hive, Alice also learns her own true nature: she is a clone of the original and still-living Alicia Marcus, who was unable to live a normal life due to her condition. Dr. Isaacs clone brought the army of undead towards Alice and the real Dr. Isaacs. Dr. Isaacs clone could not believe that he was a clone hence stabbed the real Dr. Isaacs to death. Alice then releases the anti-virus, eliminating all infected by the T-virus. Alice survives, and gains the memories of Alicia Marcus as a reward in order to reclaim the childhood she never had. The series ends with Alice riding a motorcycle to places unknown while being chased by BOW's (Bio Organic Weapons), stating that her job isn't finished yet and that it will take several years for the anti-virus to circle the globe.
The film was released on December 13, 2016 in Tokyo and on January 27, 2017 in North America.[27][28][29]
Reboot[edit]
In May 2017, Constantin chairman Martin Moszkowicz said that a reboot of the film series is in development.[30] James Wan will produce the reboot with a script by Greg Russo.[31]
Cast and characters[edit]
Further information: List of Resident Evil film characters
List indicator(s)
This table shows the major characters that were featured in the films, sorted according to the actors' billing order, including all those adapted from the video games.
A dark grey cell indicates that the character was not in the film.
A G indicates the character was adapted from the video games.
An O indicates an original character that was later adapted by the video games.
A Y indicates a role as a younger version of the character.
A U indicates an uncredited role.
A C indicates a cameo role.
A V indicates a voice-only role.
An A indicates an appearance through archival footage or stills.
Character
Film
Resident Evil
Resident Evil: Apocalypse
Resident Evil: Extinction
Resident Evil: Afterlife
Resident Evil: Retribution
Resident Evil: The Final Chapter
Alice / Alicia Marcus
Milla Jovovich Milla Jovovich
Ever Gabo AndersonY
Rain Ocampo
Michelle Rodriguez Michelle RodriguezUA Michelle Rodriguez Michelle RodriguezA
Matthew "Matt" Addison / NemesisG
Eric Mabius Matthew G. Taylor (Nemesis)
Eric MabiusA Matthew G. Taylor (Nemesis)UA Eric MabiusA
Matthew G. Taylor (Nemesis)UA Eric MabiusA
Matthew G. Taylor (Nemesis)A
Spence Parks
James Purefoy James PurefoyUA PhotographU James PurefoyA
Chad Kaplan
Martin Crewes Martin CrewesA
James "One" Shade
Colin Salmon Colin SalmonUA Colin SalmonC Colin SalmonA
Dr. Lisa Addison
Heike Makatsch Heike MakatschUA Heike MakatschA
J.D. Salinas
Pasquale Aleardi Pasquale AleardiUA Pasquale AleardiA
Olga Danilova
Liz May Brice Liz May BriceUA Liz May BriceA
Vance Drew
Torsten Jerabek Torsten JerabekUA Torsten JerabekUA Torsten JerabekA
Alfonso Warner
Marc Logan-Black Marc Logan-BlackUA Marc Logan-BlackUA Marc Logan-BlackA
Red QueenO
Michaela Dicker Megan Charpentier
Ave Merson-O'BrianV Ever Gabo Anderson
Michaela DickerA
Narrator / William Birkin[note 1]
Jason IsaacsUC
Jill ValentineG
Sienna Guillory Sienna GuilloryC Sienna Guillory
Carlos OliveraG / Todd
Oded Fehr Oded Fehr Oded FehrA
Major Tom Cain
Thomas Kretschmann Thomas KretschmannA
Angela "Angie" Ashford
Sophie Vavasseur Sophie VavasseurUA Sophie VavasseurUA
Terri Morales
Sandrine Holt Sandrine HoltA
Sgt. Peyton Wells
Razaaq Adoti Razaaq AdotiA
Dr. Charles AshfordG[note 2]
Jared Harris Jared HarrisA
Lloyd Jefferson "L.J." Wade
Mike Epps Mike EppsUA
Nicholai GinovaefG
Zack Ward
Dr. Isaacs / Dr. Alexander Roland Isaacs / TyrantG
Iain Glen Iain Glen
Brian Steele (Tyrant)
Gary HeckerV (Tyrant) Iain GlenA Iain Glen
Claire RedfieldG
Ali Larter Ali LarterA Ali Larter
Betty
Ashanti
Mikey
Christopher Egan
K-Mart
Spencer Locke Spencer LockeC Spencer LockeA
Slater
Matthew Marsden
Chase
Linden Ashby Linden AshbyA
Albert WeskerG
Jason O'Mara Shawn Roberts
Otto
Joe Hursley
White Queen
Madeline Carroll
Bennett Sinclair
Kim Coates Kim CoatesA
Angel Ortiz
Sergio Peris-Mencheta
Luther West
Boris Kodjoe Boris KodjoeA
Chris RedfieldG
Wentworth Miller Wentworth MillerA
Crystal Waters
Kacey Clarke
Kim Yong
Norman Yeung Norman YeungA
Wendell
Fulvio Cecere
Axeman / The Axe MenG[note 3]
Ray Olubowale Ray Olubowale
Kevin Shand Ray OlubowaleA
J Pop Girl
Mika NakashimaC Mika NakashimaA
Barry BurtonG
Kevin Durand Kevin DurandA
Becky
Aryana Engineer Aryana EngineerA
Leon S. KennedyG
Johann Urb Johann UrbA
Ada WongG
Li Bingbing
Sally CahillUV[39] Li BingbingA
Abigail
Ruby Rose
Doc
Eoin Macken
Razor
Fraser James
Cobalt
Rola
Commander Chu
Lee Joon-gi
Christian
William Levy
Dr. James MarcusG
Mark Simpson
Crew[edit]
Occupation
Film
Resident Evil
Resident Evil: Apocalypse
Resident Evil: Extinction
Resident Evil: Afterlife
Resident Evil: Retribution
Resident Evil: The Final Chapter
Director
Paul W. S. Anderson Alexander Witt Russell Mulcahy Paul W. S. Anderson
Producers
Paul W. S. Anderson
Jeremy Bolt
Bernd Eichinger
Samuel Hadida Paul W. S. Anderson
Jeremy Bolt
Don Carmody Paul W. S. Anderson
Jeremy Bolt
Bernd Eichinger
Samuel Hadida
Robert Kulzer Paul W. S. Anderson
Jeremy Bolt
Don Carmody
Bernd Eichinger
Samuel Hadida
Robert Kulzer Paul W. S. Anderson
Jeremy Bolt
Don Carmody
Samuel Hadida
Robert Kulzer Paul W. S. Anderson
Jeremy Bolt
Samuel Hadida
Robert Kulzer
Executive producer(s)
Victor Hadida
Daniel S. Kletzky
Robert Kulzer
Yoshiki Okamoto Bernd Eichinger
Samuel Hadida
Victor Hadida
Robert Kulzer Victor Hadida
Martin Moszkowicz
Kelly Van Horn Victor Hadida
Martin Moszkowicz
Writer
Paul W. S. Anderson
Composer(s)
Marco Beltrami
Marilyn Manson Jeff Danna Charlie Clouser Tomandandy Paul Haslinger
Director(s) of photography
David Johnson Derek Rogers
Christian Sebaldt David Johnson Glen MacPherson
Editor
Alexander Berner Eddie Hamilton Niven Howie Doobie White
Reception[edit]
For more details on the reception of each film, see the "Reception" section on each film's article.
Box office performance[edit]
Film
Release date
Box office gross
All time box office ranking
Production budget
Reference
United States
Other
territories
North America
Other
territories
Worldwide
North America
Worldwide
Resident Evil March 15, 2002 March 21, 2002 $40,119,709 $62,865,153 $102,984,862 1,938
$35 million [40]
Resident Evil: Apocalypse September 10, 2004 September 11, 2004 $51,201,453 $78,141,316 $129,342,769 1,532
$45 million [41]
Resident Evil: Extinction September 21, 2007 September 19, 2007 $50,648,679 $97,763,386 $148,412,065 1,555
$45 million [42]
Resident Evil: Afterlife September 10, 2010 September 9, 2010 $60,128,566 $240,099,518 $300,228,084 1,262 393 $60 million [43]
Resident Evil: Retribution September 14, 2012 September 12, 2012 $42,345,531 $197,658,893 $240,004,424 1,841 530 $65 million [44]
Resident Evil: The Final Chapter January 27, 2017 December 23, 2016 $26,844,962 $285,412,558 $312,257,250 2,698 375 $40 million [45]
Total
[46]
$7008271288900000000♠271,288,900
$7008961940824000000♠961,940,824
$7009123322945400000♠1,233,229,454
$290 million
With the exception of the first entry and The Final Chapter, all films opened at number one at the North American box office. The series holds the record for the "most live-action film adaptations of a video game" in the 2012 Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition. It is also the highest-grossing film series to be based on a video game, grossing over 1 billion worldwide.[1]
Critical and public response[edit]
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
CinemaScore
Resident Evil 34% (124 reviews)[47] 33 (24 reviews)[48] B[49]
Resident Evil: Apocalypse 21% (125 reviews)[50] 35 (26 reviews)[51] B[49]
Resident Evil: Extinction 22% (94 reviews)[52] 41 (12 reviews)[53] B−[49]
Resident Evil: Afterlife 23% (95 reviews)[54] 37 (14 reviews)[55] B−[49]
Resident Evil: Retribution 31% (65 reviews)[56] 39 (17 reviews)[57] C+[49]
Resident Evil: The Final Chapter 36% (91 reviews)[58] 49 (19 reviews)[59] B[49]
The first, third and sixth films received generally mixed reviews from critics, while the second, fourth and fifth films were received more negatively. The series was criticized for its unrestrained use of violence, cliffhanger endings and habit of abandoning established characters without explaining what happened to them. However, The Chicago Tribune declared the first film as "one of the few video game movies to truly re-create the gaming experience"[60] and The Austin Chronicle calling it "an absolute wreck. But what an ambitiously mind-blowing wreck it is, bursting with dazzlingly sordid cinematography".[61] The Seattle Times marked the second film an improvement from the original, saying the film "makes up for the wretched mess that was 2002's "Resident Evil"".[62] The Hollywood Reporter gave the third film a positive review stating "Fast-paced and filled with brisk action sequences—the film should reasonably satisfy the devotees."[63] Michael Ordoña of The Los Angeles Times gave the fourth film a positive review, claiming that "the action is easier to read than in most films of the genre, and therefore more enjoyable. Anderson makes particular use of sets and locations to wring out more bang for the stereoscopic buck."[64]
Novelizations[edit]
The novelizations for the first three Resident Evil films were written by Keith R. A. DeCandido. The novelization for the fifth film was written by John Shirley, and the sixth by Tim Waggoner. The fourth film did not receive a novelization.
The novel for the first film, titled Resident Evil: Genesis, was published over two years after that film's release, while the Extinction novel was released in late July 2007, two months before the film's release. There was also a Japanese novelization of the first film, unrelated to DeCandido's version, written by Osamu Makino. Makino also wrote two novels based on the game Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles.
Home media releases[edit]
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the all six films on DVD, Blu-ray, and digital download. The films were also released on DVD and Blu-ray box sets:
Title
Format
Release date
Films
Reference
Resident Evil / Resident Evil: Apocalypse – Resurrected Edition DVD September 4, 2007 Resident Evil, Resident Evil: Apocalypse [65]
Resident Evil: The High Definition Trilogy Blu-ray January 1, 2008 Resident Evil, Resident Evil: Apocalypse, Resident Evil: Extinction [66]
Resident Evil Trilogy DVD December 9, 2008 [67]
The Resident Evil Collection DVD, Blu-ray September 4, 2012 Resident Evil, Resident Evil: Apocalypse, Resident Evil: Extinction, Resident Evil: Afterlife [68]
December 21, 2012 Resident Evil, Resident Evil: Apocalypse, Resident Evil: Extinction, Resident Evil: Afterlife, Resident Evil: Retribution [69][70]
Resident Evil: The Complete Collection Blu-ray May 16, 2017 Resident Evil, Resident Evil: Apocalypse, Resident Evil: Extinction, Resident Evil: Afterlife, Resident Evil: Retribution, Resident Evil: The Final Chapter [71]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Jason Isaacs, who appeared in most of Anderson's early films,[32] was brought in for a day of filming, making a cameo appearance as a doctor near the end of the film, and he also provided the narration that opens it. In interviews, Anderson said Isaacs' character would be expanded on the sequel,[33][34] to which Isaacs responded he would be happy to return for.[35] When Isaacs didn't return, Anderson created the character of Dr. Isaacs, played by Iain Glen, as a homage to the unnamed doctor that Jason Isaacs played originally.[36]
Jump up ^ According to Anderson, the Ashford family and particularly Dr. Charles Ashford is "based on the game but with a slightly different role", indicating he based him on Resident Evil – Code: Veronica's Dr. Alexander Ashford.[37]
Jump up ^ Based on the "Executioner Majini" creature, from Resident Evil 5.[38]
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Dunkley, Cathy (2001-05-09). "Col TriStar giving 'Evil' the eye". Variety. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil Film News". Computer and video games.com. 2001-01-27. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
Jump up ^ Chernov, Matthew (December 14, 2016). "The film that never was: why George Romero's 'Resident Evil' failed to launch". Variety. p. 116.
Jump up ^ "Deep Dark Thoughts". House of horrors.com. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
Jump up ^ Harris, Dana (2000-10-04). "Anderson game to take 'Resident'". Variety. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil Director explains character and story line changes". News Spong. 2001-06-26. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
Jump up ^ "Milla Jovovich ready for action!". Counting Down. 2001-03-14. Retrieved 2007-11-26. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Harris, Dana (2002-10-10). "'Resident' redo slated". Variety. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (November 5, 2005). "'Evil' knocking". Variety. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Paul (July 27, 2006). "A Date for Extinction". IGN Movies. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Digest: Constantine readies 'Evil' sequels". The Hollywood Reporter. 2005-04-16. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
Jump up ^ Bentley, David (2009-07-04). "Avatar inspires new Resident Evil trilogy in 3D". The Coventry Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2013-07-04. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
Jump up ^ "Paul W.S. Anderson is Definitely Directing 'Resident Evil 6'". First Showing. 2013-03-13.
^ Jump up to: a b V lessing, Etan (August 16, 2011). "'Resident Evil 5' To Shoot In Toronto". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on September 19, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Han, Angie (September 13, 2011). "May Take 'The Low Road', Peter Bogdanovich Joins 'Super 8' Star in 'The Healer', Colin Salmon Seeks 'Retribution'". /Film. Archived from the original on September 19, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Miska, Brad (September 22, 2011). "Michelle Rodriguez Returning for Some 'Retribution'!". Bloody Disgusting. The Collective. Archived from the original on September 24, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike (September 27, 2011). "Michelle Rodriguez, Johann Urb Join Milla Jovovich In 'Resident Evil 6'". Deadline Hollywood. Mike Fleming. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Phil Pirrello (2010-07-25). "Milla Jovovich Official Twitter Page". Milla Jovovich. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Milla Jovovich Official Twitter Page". Milla Jovovich. Retrieved 2011-12-11. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Milla Jovovich Official Twitter Page". Milla Jovovich. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil: Retribution Title Tweak". IGN. January 9, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Paul W.S. Anderson Confirms Resident Evil 6 Will End the Franchise". Movie Web. 2012-12-21.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil 6 Title: Last Installment Called "The Final Chapter"". Collider. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Jim Vejvoda (18 September 2015). "Resident Evil: The Final Chapter Begins Production, Full Cast and Plot Synopsis Revealed". IGN. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Luster, Joseph (26 April 2016). ""Resident Evil: The Final Chapter" Movie to Debut First in Japan". Crunchyroll. Ellation, Inc. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sony Pictures Dates 16 Films Through".
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil: The Final Chapter Poster Released". Comicbook.com. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
Jump up ^ Hopewell, John. "'Resident Evil' Franchise Set for a Reboot (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita. "'Resident Evil' Franchise Reboot: James Wan On Board To Produce From Greg Russo Script". Deadline. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Capone. "Capone sits with Jason Isaacs for GOOD conversation about HARRY POTTER, GREEN ZONE, and how to..." aintitcool.com. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Arrow interviews...Paul Anderson! (Part 2)". joblo.com. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Paul Anderson talks Nemesis! Ghost Ship photos! Michael Gross in Sci-Fi's Tremors series? Matrix storyboards!". movieweb.com. 11 July 2002. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Latino Review". archive.org. 5 July 2008. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Paul W. S. Anderson (Writer) (December 28, 2004). Resident Evil: Apocalypse (Writer and Producer Commentary) (DVD). Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. Event occurs at 01:19:37.
Jump up ^ Paul W. S. Anderson (Writer) (December 28, 2004). Resident Evil: Apocalypse (Writer and Producer Commentary) (DVD). Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. Event occurs at 17:55.
Jump up ^ "5 Best Moments from the Resident Evil Movies". escapistmagazine.com. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bingbing Li: Asia's Next Breakout Star". glamasia.com. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil (2002)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil: Extinction (2007)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil: Retribution (2012)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil Moviesat the Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil (2002)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil". Metacritic. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Cinemascore". Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil: Apocalypse". Metacritic. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil: Extinction (2007)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil: Extinction". Metacritic. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil: Afterlife". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil: Afterlife". Metacritic. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil: Retribution". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil: Retribution Metacritic rating". Metacritic. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil: The Final Chapter". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil: The Final Chapter Metacritic rating". Metacritic. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ K.Elder, Robert (2002-03-15). "Movie review, 'Resident Evil'". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2010-09-07.
Jump up ^ Marc, Savlov (2002-03-15). "Resident Evil". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-09-07.
Jump up ^ Shannon, Jeff (2004-09-10). "Improved sequel packed with zombies, babes, action". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2010-09-07.
Jump up ^ Scheck, Frank (2007-09-24). "Resident Evil: Extinction". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2010-09-07.
Jump up ^ Ordoña, Michael (2010-09-11). "Movie review: 'Resident Evil: Afterlife'". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
Jump up ^ "Amazon.com: Resident Evil / Resident Evil: Apocalypse". Retrieved August 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Amazon.com: Resident Evil: The High Definition Trilogy". Retrieved August 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Amazon.com: Resident Evil Trilogy". Retrieved August 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Amazon.com: The Resident Evil Collection". Retrieved August 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Amazon.com: The Resident Evil Collection". Retrieved August 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Amazon.com: Resident Evil Collection". Retrieved August 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Resident Evil The Complete Collection". Amazon.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2017.
External links[edit]
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Silk Cut
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the yacht, see Silk Cut (yacht).
Silk Cut
A pack of Silk Cut cigarettes with a French text warning that reads "Smoking seriously harms your health and that of others around you"
Product type
Cigarette
Owner
Gallaher Group, a division of Japan Tobacco
Introduced
1964; 53 years ago (1964)
Silk Cut is a brand of cigarettes produced by the Gallaher Group, a division of Japan Tobacco. The packaging is characterised by a distinctive stark white packet with the brand name in a purple, blue, red, silver, white or green square.
In the past, Silk Cut cigarettes contained approximately 75% tobacco, the rest of the filling being Cytrel, a cellulose-based tobacco substitute. In present day the addition of Cytrel has been abandoned, making the cigarette additive-free.
The brand increased in popularity around the world throughout the 1970s and 1980s as the dangers of cigarette smoking became well known and consumers switched to a lower tar brand. At 5 mg tar, Silk Cut contained less than half the tar content of stronger brands such as Benson and Hedges or Marlboro.
Production company Gallaher held a Royal Warrant of Appointment for 122 years, until the warrant was revoked in 1999 by Queen Elizabeth II; the Prince of Wales' rigorous anti-smoking campaigning is thought to have been a major influence on that decision. Gallaher was allowed one year to remove the Royal Coat of Arms from the brand's packaging.[1]
Silk Cut were also the title sponsors of rugby league's Challenge Cup for 16 years, between 1985 and 2001, and the competition was known as the 'Silk Cut Challenge Cup'. Silk Cut also sponsored the successful Jaguar XJR sportscars that competed in World Sportscar Championship, including the 24 Heures du Mans, but not in North America because of IMSA's title sponsorship of the GT series by R. J. Reynolds' Camel brand, which would have run the team in violation of the "Viceroy Rule".
Silk Cut sponsored Jaguar XJR-9 for Jaguar's sportscar efforts except in North America because of IMSA's tobacco ban, where Castrol was sponsor.
It is now illegal to advertise tobacco in many countries and the adverts have stopped. In the 1990s Silk Cut was the best selling brand in the UK, but sales have declined behind cheaper budget brands as tax on tobacco has increased. In an attempt to counteract this, the manufacturers responded in the new millennium by introducing bevelled corners to redesigned regular gauge packaging, and marketing their first 'slim' cigarette in the UK, even though this wasn't the first 'slim' cigarette available in the UK as More, Karelia and Vogue are available in most tobacconists. Capri were available in the UK until the mid-1990s.
Silk Cut is also available in a lower tar version and an ultra low tar version with a tar content of only 0.1 mg. When terms such as 'light' and 'low tar' were made illegal to use in the UK for use of tobacco promotion (for fear that it deluded smokers into thinking such products were safer), some commentators predicted that Silk Cut's name and good brand-recognition as a low-tar product would favourably affect sales of the brand to health conscious consumers. Silk Cut Blue cigarettes contain 0.3 mg Nicotine and Tar content is 3 mg. Silk Cut Silver cigarettes contain 0.1 mg Nicotine and Tar content is 1 mg. Silk Cut White cigarettes contain 0.01 mg Nicotine and Tar content is 0.5 mg. Silk Cut cigarettes are also available in a '100s' range (superking
in a menthol variety.
It is a misconception that the tobacco in Silk Cuts contains less nicotine than other cigarette tobacco[citation needed]. The lower nicotine levels are caused by the design of the filter, which has many more holes than regular strength cigarette filters, to mix the smoke with air.
Silk Cut Surreal Advertising Campaign[edit]
Silk Cut was made popular by a surrealistic advertising campaign launched in 1983, in preparation for a ban on named tobacco advertising.[2] By using the typical colours of the brand, the first surrealistic advertisement of Silk Cut showed a purple silk cloth with a single cut running through it, showing behind it a white background. The name of the cigarette brand never appears on this advertisement, nor are any other objects linked to smoking visible, such as packs of cigarettes or smoke. The only hint for the viewer that this ad concerns a cigarette brand at all is the mandatory health warning at the bottom.[3] Based on a series of works by avantgardist artist Lucio Fontana, this first advertisement represented a word play on the brand name Silk Cut.[4] This kind of understated advertisement brought together art and life and was unprecedented except for a similar, but not as daring Benson and Hedges campaign in the 1970s.
The campaign went on to be a huge success, even making Silk Cut the best-selling brand at the beginning of the 1990s.[5] Silk Cut went on to produce many more advertisements in this style, playing with surrealistic themes and pop cultural references, like Man Ray's "Cadeau" as well as Alfred Hitchcocks famous shower curtain scene from the movie "Psycho"(1960). In later parts of the campaign they also created original surrealistic themes for the ads.
The main idea behind the use of surrealism for an advertising campaign was to catch the attention of the viewer by giving him or her a riddle to solve, i.e. guessing what product or brand was actually advertised. Only those who could link the images would eventually come to the conclusion that this is an advertisement for the cigarette brand Silk Cut. This worked as a rewarding sensation for the viewer, attaching positive emotions (for successfully solving the riddle) with the brand. But it was also possible to interpret darker and sexual themes into the images of the campaign, even though this was most likely not intended.[6]
After a running time of almost two decades, the final poster in the series was in 2002 when all tobacco advertising in the UK was finally banned and showed an opera singer, wearing a purple silk dress which had split at the seams - a reference to the saying 'It's not over until the fat lady sings'.[7]
In popular culture[edit]
Silk Cut are the preferred cigarette brand of the DC Comics character, John Constantine.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Frew, Callum (Feb 8, 1999). "SILK CUT-OFF; Royal seal is pulled from cigarette packs.". Scottish Daily Record & Sunday. Retrieved 29 January 2016 – via The Free Library.
Jump up ^ Gibson, J. (2005). Art and Advertising. London: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. p. 54. ISBN 1-85043-585-5.
Jump up ^ Catherine R Langan (April 1998). "Intertextuality in Advertisements for Silk Cut Cigarettes". Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "The history of advertising in quite a few objects: 35 Lucio Fontana's paintings". campaign. July 26, 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Squire, M. (2009). Image and Text in Graeco-Roman Antiquity. New York. p. 1. ISBN 0521756014.
Jump up ^ Art and Advertising p. 64
Jump up ^ Lindstrom, M. (2010). Buyology: Truth and Lies About Why We Buy. Broadway Business. p. 85. ISBN 0-385-52389-0.
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United States Department of Transportation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"USDOT" redirects here. For U.S. Treasury Department, see United States Department of the Treasury.
Seal of the United States Department of Transportation
Flag of the United States Department of Transportation

Headquarters of the U.S. Department of Transportation
Department overview
Formed
April 1, 1967; 50 years ago (1967-04-01)
Jurisdiction
United States of America
Headquarters
1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, Washington, D.C.
38°52′32.92″N 77°0′10.26″W / 38.8758111°N 77.0028500°W / 38.8758111; -77.0028500Coordinates: 38°52′32.92″N 77°0′10.26″W / 38.8758111°N 77.0028500°W / 38.8758111; -77.0028500
Employees
58,622
Annual budget
$77.2 billion USD (FY2014)[1]
Department executives
Elaine Chao[2], Secretary
Jeffrey A. Rosen, Deputy Secretary
Joan DeBoer, Chief of Staff
Kathryn B. Thomson, General Counsel
Nitin Pradhan, CIO
Chris Bertram, CFO
Blair Anderson, Under Secretary for Policy
Child agencies
Federal Aviation Administration
Federal Highway Administration
Federal Railroad Administration
Federal Transit Administration
Maritime Administration
Additional agencies
Website
www.transportation.gov
The seal of the U.S. Department of Transportation prior to 1980.
The flag of the U.S. Department of Transportation prior to 1980.
The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT or DOT) is a federal Cabinet department of the U.S. government concerned with transportation. It was established by an act of Congress on October 15, 1966, and began operation on April 1, 1967. It is governed by the United States Secretary of Transportation.
Its mission is to "Serve the United States by ensuring a fast, safe, efficient, accessible, and convenient transportation system that meets our vital national interests and enhances the quality of life of the American people, today and into the future."
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Administrations
3 Former Administrations
4 Budget
5 Related legislation
6 Freedom of Information Act processing performance
7 See also
8 Notes and references
9 External links
History[edit]
Prior to the Department of Transportation, the Under Secretary of Commerce for Transportation administered the functions now associated with the DOT. In 1965, Najeeb Halaby, administrator of the Federal Aviation Agency – the future Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) – suggested to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson that transportation be elevated to a cabinet-level post, and that the FAA be folded into the DOT.[3]
Administrations[edit]
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA)
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Federal Transit Administration (FTA)
Maritime Administration (MARAD)
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
Office of Inspector General (OIG)
Office of the Secretary of Transportation (OST)
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA)
Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation (SLSDC)
Former Administrations[edit]
Transportation Security Administration – transferred to Department of Homeland Security in 2003
United States Coast Guard – transferred to Department of Homeland Security in 2003
Surface Transportation Board (STB) – spun off as an independent federal agency in 2015
Budget[edit]
In 2012, the DOT awarded $742.5 million in funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to 11 transit projects. The awardees include light rail projects. Other projects include both a commuter rail extension and a subway project in New York City, and a bus rapid transit system in Springfield, Oregon. The funds subsidize a heavy rail project in northern Virginia, completing the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority's Metro Silver Line to connect Washington, D.C., and the Washington Dulles International Airport.[4] (DOT had previously agreed to subsidize the Silver Line construction to Reston, Virginia.)[5]
President Barack Obama's budget request for fiscal year 2010 also included $1.83 billion in funding for major transit projects, of which more than $600 million went towards 10 new or expanding transit projects. The budget provided additional funding for all of the projects currently receiving Recovery Act funding, except for the bus rapid transit project. It also continued funding for another 18 transit projects that are either currently under construction or soon will be.[4]
Following the same the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2014 delegates $600 million for Infrastructure Investments, referred to as Discretionary Grants.
The Department of Transportation was authorized a budget for Fiscal Year 2016 of $75.1 billion. The budget authorization is broken down as follows:[6]
Administration
Funding (in millions)
Employees (in FTE's)
Federal Aviation Administration $16,280.7 45,988
Federal Highway Administration $43,049.7 2,782
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration $580.4 1,175
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration $869.0 639
Federal Transit Administration $11,782.6 585
Federal Railroad Administration $1,699.2 934
Pipelines and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration $249.6 575
Maritime Administration $399.3 835
Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation $28.4 144
Office of the Secretary $935.4 1,284
Office of the Inspector General $87.5 413
TOTAL $75,536.1 55,739
Related legislation[edit]
1806 – Cumberland Road
1862 – Pacific Railway Act[7]
1887 – Interstate Commerce Act
1916 – Adamson Railway Labor Act
1935 – Motor Carrier Act
1946 – Federal Airport Act PL 79-377
1950 – Federal Aid to Highway PL 81-769
1954 – Saint Lawrence Seaway Act
1956 – Federal-Aid to Highway/Interstate Highway Act PL 84-627
1957 – Airways Modernization Act PL 85-133
1958 – Transportation Act of 1958 PL 85-625
1958 – Federal Aviation Act PL 85-726
1959 – Airport Construction Act PL 86-72
1964 – Urban Mass Transportation Act PL 88-365
1965 – Highway Beautification Act PL 89-285
1966 – Department of Transportation established PL 89-670
1970 – Urban Mass Transportation Act PL 91-453
1970 – Rail Passenger Service Act PL 91-518
1970 – Airport and Airway Development Act PL 91-258
1973 – Federal Aid Highway Act PL 93-87
1973 – Amtrak Improvement Act PL 93-146
1973 – Federal Aid Highway Act PL 93-87
1974 – National Mass Transportation Assistance Act PL 93-503
1976 – Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act PL 94-210
1976 – Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act PL 94-435
1978 – Airline Deregulation Act PL 95-504
1980 – Motor Carrier Act PL 96-296
1980 – Staggers Rail Act PL 96-448
1982 – Transportation Assistance Act PL 97-424
1982 – Bus Regulatory Reform Act PL 97-261
1987 – Surface Transportation Act PL 100-17
1991 – Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act PL 102-240
1998 – Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century PL 105-178
2000 – Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century PL 106-181
2002 – Homeland Security Act (PL 107-296)
2005 – Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (PL 109-59)
2012 – Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) PL 112-141
2015 – Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act) PL 114-94
Freedom of Information Act processing performance[edit]
In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act FOIA requests, published in 2015 (using 2012 and 2013 data, the most recent years available), the Department of Transportation earned a D by scoring 65 out of a possible 100 points, i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade.[8]
See also[edit]
Government of the United States portal
Transportation portal
Title 23 of the Code of Federal Regulations
American Highway Users Alliance
National Highway System (United States)
National Transportation Safety Board
Passenger vehicles in the United States
Transportation in the United States
United States Federal Maritime Commission
Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ 2014 Department of Transportation Budget Request, pg 54, United States Department of Transportation, Accessed 2014-07-15
Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/01/31/senate-confirms-chao-dot/97285812/
Jump up ^ "US Department of Transportation, History". National Transportation Library. March 1, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "DOT Awards $742.5 Million in Recovery Act Funds to 11 Transit Projects". EERE Network News. May 13, 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
Jump up ^ "Annual Report on Funding Recommendations – Fiscal Year 2010" (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation. 29 April 2009. pp. A–75 (101) & seq. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
Jump up ^ https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/DOT_BH2017_508%5B2%5D.pdf
Jump up ^ "Profile Showing the Grades upon the Different Routes Surveyed for the Union Pacific Rail Road Between the Missouri River and the Valley of the Platte River". World Digital Library. 1865. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
Jump up ^ Making the Grade: Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015, 80 pages, Center for Effective Government, retrieved 21 March 2016
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of Transportation.
Official website
United States Department of Transportation in the Federal Register
[show]
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Agencies under the United States Department of Transportation
Headquarters: 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE
(Transportation Department Building)
Elaine Chao, Secretary of Transportation
Jeffrey A. Rosen, Deputy Secretary of Transportation
Deputy Secretary of Transportation
Federal Aviation Administration
Federal Highway Administration
Federal Railroad Administration
Federal Transit Administration
Inspector General
U.S. Maritime Administration
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
Research and Innovative Technology Administration
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation
Surface Transportation Board
Office of Drug and Alcohol Policy and Compliance
Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy
Office of Aviation and International Affairs
Office of Transportation Policy
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 135454651
LCCN: n79058419
ISNI: 0000 0001 2162 7951
GND: 9688-X
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Transportation&oldid=801061895"
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Afterimage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Afterimage (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
If the viewer stares at this image for 5–60 seconds and then looks at a white object, a negative afterimage will appear (in this case cyan on magenta). This can also be achieved by the viewer closing one's eyes and tilting one's head up.
An afterimage is an image that continues to appear in one's vision after the exposure to the original image has ceased. An afterimage may be a normal phenomenon (physiological afterimage) or may be pathological (palinopsia). Illusory palinopsia may be a pathological exaggeration of physiological afterimages. Afterimages occur because photochemical activity in the retina continues even when you are no longer experiencing the original stimulus.[1][2] The remainder of this article refers to physiological afterimages. A common physiological afterimage is the dim area that seems to float before one's eyes after briefly looking into a light source, such as a camera flash. Afterimages are a common symptom of visual snow.
Contents
[hide]
1 Negative afterimages
2 Positive afterimages
3 Afterimage on empty shape
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Negative afterimages[edit]
Negative afterimages are caused when the eye's photoreceptors, primarily known as rods and cones, adapt to overstimulation and lose sensitivity. Newer evidence suggests there is cortical contribution as well.[3] Normally, the overstimulating image is moved to a fresh area of the retina with small eye movements known as microsaccades. However, if the image is large or the eye remains too steady, these small movements are not enough to keep the image constantly moving to fresh parts of the retina. The photoreceptors that are constantly exposed to the same stimulus will eventually exhaust their supply of photopigment, resulting in a decrease in signal to the brain. This phenomenon can be seen when moving from a bright environment to a dim one, like walking indoors on a bright snowy day. These effects are accompanied by neural adaptations in the occipital lobe of the brain that function similar to color balance adjustments in photography. These adaptations attempt to keep vision consistent in dynamic lighting. Viewing a uniform background while these adaptations are still occurring will allow an individual to see the after image because localized areas of vision are still being processed by the brain using adaptations that are no longer needed.
"When all wavelengths stimulate the retinal region adapted to green light, the M and L cones contribute less to the resulting percept because their photopigments absorb less light than the S cones. Thus, trichromatic theory can not explain all afterimage phenomena, indicating the need for an opponent-process theory such as that articulated by Ewald Hering (1878) and further developed by Hurvich and Jameson (1957). Afterimages are the complementary hue of the adapting stimulus and trichromatic theory fails to account for this fact." (David T. Horner, Demonstrations of Color Perception and the Importance of Contours, Handbook for Teaching Introductory Psychology, Volume 2, page 217. Psychology Press, Texas, 2000)[4]
Ewald Hering explained how the brain sees afterimages, in terms of three pairs of primary colors. This opponent process theory states that the human visual system interprets color information by processing signals from cones and rods in an antagonistic manner. The opponent color theory suggests that there are three opponent channels: red versus green, blue versus yellow, and black versus white. Responses to one color of an opponent channel are antagonistic to those to the other color. Therefore, a green image will produce a magenta afterimage. The green color fatigues the green photoreceptors, so they produce a weaker signal. Anything resulting in less green, is interpreted as its paired primary color, which is magenta.[citation needed]
Play media
Example movie which produces distortion illusion after one watches it and looks away. See Motion aftereffect.[citation needed]
Positive afterimages[edit]
Positive afterimages, by contrast, appear the same color as the original image. They are often very brief, lasting less than half a second. The cause of positive afterimages is not well known, but possibly reflects persisting activity in the brain when the retinal photoreceptor cells continue to send neural impulses to the occipital lobe.[5]
A stimulus which elicits a positive image will usually trigger a negative afterimage quickly via the adaptation process. To experience this phenomenon, one can look at a bright source of light and then look away to a dark area, such as by closing the eyes. At first one should see a fading positive afterimage, likely followed by a negative afterimage that may last for much longer. It is also possible to see afterimages of random objects that are not bright, only these last for a split second and go unnoticed by most people.[citation needed]
Afterimage on empty shape[edit]
An afterimage in general is an optical illusion that refers to an image continuing to appear after exposure to the original image has ceased. Prolonged viewing of the colored patch induces an afterimage of the complementary color (for example, yellow color induces a bluish afterimage). The "afterimage on empty shape" effect is related to a class of effects referred to as contrast effects.[citation needed]
In this effect, an empty (white) shape is presented on a colored background for several seconds. When the background color disappears (becomes white), an illusionary color similar to the original background is perceived within the shape.[citation needed] The mechanism of the effect is still unclear, and may be produced by one or two of the following mechanisms:

During the presentation of the empty shape on a colored background, the colored background induces an illusory complementary color ("induced color") inside the empty shape (i.e. bird). After the disappearance of the colored background an afterimage of the "induced color" might appear inside the "empty shape". Thus, the expected color of the shape will be complementary to the "induced color", and therefore similar to the color of the original background.
After the disappearance of the colored background, an afterimage of the background is induced. This induced color has a complementary color to that of the original background. It is possible that this background afterimage induces simultaneous contrast on the "empty shape". Simultaneous contrast is a psychophysical phenomenon of the change in the appearance of a color (or an achromatic stimulus) caused by the presence of a surrounding average color (or luminance).
Gallery[edit]
The US flag inverted
The Italian flag inverted
See also[edit]
Palinopsia
Book of Optics
Lilac chaser
Motion aftereffect
Neural adaptation
Persistence of vision
Screen burn-in
McCollough effect
Spectropia
Visual perception
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Bender, MB; Feldman, M; Sobin, AJ (Jun 1968). "Palinopsia". Brain : a journal of neurology. 91 (2): 321–38. doi:10.1093/brain/91.2.321. PMID 5721933.
Jump up ^ Gersztenkorn, D; Lee, AG (Jul 2, 2014). "Palinopsia revamped: A systematic review of the literature". Survey of ophthalmology. 60: 1–35. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.06.003. PMID 25113609.
Jump up ^ Shimojo, S; Kamitani, Y; Nishida, S (2001). "Afterimage of perceptually filled-in surface". Science. 293 (5535): 1677–80. doi:10.1126/science.1060161. PMID 11533495.
Jump up ^ Handbook for Teaching Introductory Psychology - Google Boeken. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-09-28.
Jump up ^ Positive afterimages description
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Afterimage illusions.
The Palinopsia Foundation is dedicated to increasing awareness of palinopsia, to funding research into the causes, prevention and treatments for palinopsia, and to advocating for the needs of individuals with palinopsia and their families.
Eye On Vision Foundation raises money and awareness for persistent visual conditions
Afterimages, a small demonstration.
afterimage examples
The Color Dove Illusion
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Optical illusions (list)
Illusions
Afterimage
Ambiguous image
Ames room
Barberpole
Bezold
Café wall
Checker shadow
Chubb
Cornsweet
Delboeuf
Ebbinghaus
Ehrenstein
Flash lag
Fraser spiral
Gravity hill
Grid
Hering
Impossible trident
Jastrow
Lilac chaser
Mach bands
McCollough
Müller-Lyer
Necker cube
Orbison
Penrose
stairs
triangle
Peripheral drift
Poggendorff
Ponzo
Rubin vase
Sander
Schroeder stairs
Spinning Dancer
Ternus
Vertical–horizontal
White's
Wundt
Zöllner
Popular culture
Op art
Trompe-l'œil
Ascending and Descending (drawing)
Waterfall (drawing)
Spectropia (book)
Related
Auditory illusions
Tactile illusions
Temporal illusion
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Phenomena of the visual system
Entoptic phenomena
Blind spot
Phosphene
Floater
Afterimage
Haidinger's brush
Prisoner's cinema
Blue field entoptic phenomenon
Purkinje images
Other phenomena
Aura
Form constant
Scintillating scotoma
Palinopsia
Visual snow
Afterimage on empty shape
Cosmic ray visual phenomena
Scotopic sensitivity syndrome
Closed-eye hallucination
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afterimage&oldid=840752501"
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