text:
Parameter (computer programming)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In computer programming, a parameter (often called formal parameter[1] or formal argument) is a special kind of variable, used in a subroutine to refer to one of the pieces of data provided as input to the subroutine.[a] These pieces of data are the values[2][3][4] of the arguments (often called actual arguments or actual parameters) with which the subroutine is going to be called/invoked. An ordered list of parameters is usually included in the definition of a subroutine, so that, each time the subroutine is called, its arguments for that call are evaluated, and the resulting values can be assigned to the corresponding parameters.
Unlike argument in usual mathematical usage, the argument in computer science is thus the actual input expression passed/supplied to a function, procedure, or routine in the invokation/call statement, whereas the parameter is the variable inside the implementation of the subroutine. For example, if one defines the add subroutine as def add(x, y): return x + y, then x, y are parameters, while if this is called as add(2, 3), then 2, 3 are the arguments. Note that variables (and expressions thereof) from the calling context can be arguments: if the subroutine is called as a = 2; b = 3; add(a, b) then the variables a, b are the arguments, not the values 2, 3. See the Parameters and arguments section for more information.
In the most common case, call by value, a parameter acts within the subroutine as a new local variable initialized to the value of the argument (a local (isolated) copy of the argument if the argument is a variable), but in other cases, e.g. call by reference, the argument variable supplied by the caller can be affected by actions within the called subroutine (as discussed in evaluation strategy).
The semantics for how parameters can be declared and how the (value of) arguments are passed to the parameters of subroutines are defined by the language, but the details of how this is represented in any particular computer system depend on the calling conventions of that system.
Contents
[hide]
1 Example
2 Parameters and arguments
2.1 Alternative convention in Eiffel
3 Datatypes
4 Argument passing
4.1 Default arguments
4.2 Variable-length parameter lists
4.3 Named parameters
4.4 Multiple parameters in functional languages
5 Output parameters
5.1 Use
5.2 Drawbacks
5.3 Alternatives
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
Example[edit]
The following program in the C programming language defines a function that is named "sales_tax" and has one parameter named "price". The type of price is "double" (i.e. a double-precision floating point number). The function's return type is also a double.
double sales_tax(double price) { return 0.05 * price; }
After the function has been defined, it can be invoked as follows:
sales_tax(10.00);
In this example, the function has been invoked with the argument 10.00. When this happens, 10.00 will be assigned to price, and the function begins calculating its result. The steps for producing the result are specified below, enclosed in {}. 0.05 * price indicates that the first thing to do is multiply 0.05 by the value of price, which gives 0.50. return means the function will produce the result of 0.05 * price. Therefore, the final result (ignoring possible round-off errors one encounters with representing decimal fractions in IEEE-754 format) is 0.50.
Parameters and arguments[edit]
The terms parameter and argument may have different meanings in different programming languages. Sometimes they are used interchangeably, and the context is used to distinguish the meaning. The term parameter (sometimes called formal parameter) is often used to refer to the variable as found in the function definition, while argument (sometimes called actual parameter) refers to the actual input supplied at function call. For example, if one defines a function as def f(x): ..., then x is the parameter, and if it is called by a = ...; f(a) then a is the argument. A parameter is an (unbound) variable, while the argument can be a value or variable or more complex expression involving values and variables. In case of call by value, what is passed to the function is the value of the argument – for example, f(2) and a = 2; f(a) are equivalent calls – while in call by reference, with a variable as argument, what is passed is a reference to that variable - even though the syntax for the function call could stay the same. The specification for pass-by-reference or pass-by-value would be made in the function declaration and/or definition.
Parameters appear in procedure definitions; arguments appear in procedure calls. In the function definition f(x) = x*x the variable x is a parameter; in the function call f(2) the value 2 is the argument of the function. Loosely, a parameter is a type, and an argument is an instance.
A parameter is an intrinsic property of the procedure, included in its definition. For example, in many languages, a procedure to add two supplied integers together and calculate the sum would need two parameters, one for each integer. In general, a procedure may be defined with any number of parameters, or no parameters at all. If a procedure has parameters, the part of its definition that specifies the parameters is called its parameter list.
By contrast, the arguments are the expressions[1] supplied to the procedure when it is called, usually one expression matching one of the parameters. Unlike the parameters, which form an unchanging part of the procedure's definition, the arguments may vary from call to call. Each time a procedure is called, the part of the procedure call that specifies the arguments is called the argument list.
Although parameters are also commonly referred to as arguments, arguments are sometimes thought of as the actual values or references assigned to the parameter variables when the subroutine is called at run-time. When discussing code that is calling into a subroutine, any values or references passed into the subroutine are the arguments, and the place in the code where these values or references are given is the parameter list. When discussing the code inside the subroutine definition, the variables in the subroutine's parameter list are the parameters, while the values of the parameters at runtime are the arguments. For example, in C, when dealing with threads it's common to pass in an argument of type void* and cast it to an expected type:
void ThreadFunction( void* pThreadArgument ) { // Naming the first parameter 'pThreadArgument' is correct, rather than // 'pThreadParameter'. At run time the value we use is an argument. As mentioned // above, reserve the term parameter for when discussing subroutine definitions. }
To better understand the difference, consider the following function written in C:
int sum(int addend1, int addend2) { return addend1 + addend2; }
The function sum has two parameters, named addend1 and addend2. It adds the values passed into the parameters, and returns the result to the subroutine's caller (using a technique automatically supplied by the C compiler).
The code which calls the sum function might look like this:
int sumValue; int value1 = 40; int value2 = 2; sumValue = sum(value1, value2);
The variables value1 and value2 are initialized with values. value1 and value2 are both arguments to the sum function in this context.
At runtime, the values assigned to these variables are passed to the function sum as arguments. In the sum function, the parameters addend1 and addend2 are evaluated, yielding the arguments 40 and 2, respectively. The values of the arguments are added, and the result is returned to the caller, where it is assigned to the variable sumValue.
Because of the difference between parameters and arguments, it is possible to supply inappropriate arguments to a procedure. The call may supply too many or too few arguments; one or more of the arguments may be a wrong type; or arguments may be supplied in the wrong order. Any of these situations causes a mismatch between the parameter and argument lists, and the procedure will often return an unintended answer or generate a runtime error.
Alternative convention in Eiffel[edit]
Within the Eiffel software development method and language, the terms argument and parameter have distinct uses established by convention. The term argument is used exclusively in reference to a routine's inputs,[5] and the term parameter is used exclusively in type parameterization for generic classes.[6]
Consider the following routine definition:
    sum (addend1: INTEGER; addend2: INTEGER): INTEGER do Result := addend1 + addend2 end
The routine sum takes two arguments addend1 and addend2, which are called the routine's formal arguments. A call to sum specifies actual arguments, as shown below with value1 and value2.
    sum_value: INTEGER value1: INTEGER = 40 value2: INTEGER = 2 … sum_value := sum (value1, value2)
Parameters are also thought of as either formal or actual. Formal generic parameters are used in the definition of generic classes. In the example below, the class HASH_TABLE is declared as a generic class which has two formal generic parameters, G representing data of interest and K representing the hash key for the data:
class HASH_TABLE [G, K -> HASHABLE] …
When a class becomes a client to HASH_TABLE, the formal generic parameters are substituted with actual generic parameters in a generic derivation. In the following attribute declaration, my_dictionary is to be used as a character string based dictionary. As such, both data and key formal generic parameters are substituted with actual generic parameters of type STRING.
    my_dictionary: HASH_TABLE [STRING, STRING]
Datatypes[edit]
In strongly typed programming languages, each parameter's type must be specified in the procedure declaration. Languages using type inference attempt to discover the types automatically from the function's body and usage. Dynamically typed programming languages defer type resolution until run-time. Weakly typed languages perform little to no type resolution, relying instead on the programmer for correctness.
Some languages use a special keyword (e.g. void) to indicate that the subroutine has no parameters; in formal type theory, such functions take an empty parameter list (whose type is not void, but rather unit).
Argument passing[edit]
The exact mechanism for assigning arguments to parameters, called argument passing, depends upon the evaluation strategy used for that parameter (typically call by value), which may be specified using keywords.
Default arguments[edit]
Some programming languages such as Ada, C++, Clojure, Common Lisp, Fortran 90, Python, Ruby, Tcl, and Windows PowerShell allow for a default argument to be explicitly or implicitly given in a subroutine's declaration. This allows the caller to omit that argument when calling the subroutine. If the default argument is explicitly given, then that value is used if it is not provided by the caller. If the default argument is implicit (sometimes by using a keyword such as Optional) then the language provides a well-known value (such as null, Empty, zero, an empty string, etc.) if a value is not provided by the caller.
PowerShell example:
 function doc($g = 1.21) { "$g gigawatts? $g gigawatts? Great Scott!" }
PS > doc 1.21 gigawatts? 1.21 gigawatts? Great Scott! PS > doc 88 88 gigawatts? 88 gigawatts? Great Scott!
Default arguments can be seen as a special case of the variable-length argument list.
Variable-length parameter lists[edit]
Some languages allow subroutines to be defined to accept a variable number of arguments. For such languages, the subroutines must iterate through the list of arguments.
PowerShell example:
 function marty { $args | foreach { "back to the year $_" } }
PS > marty 1985 back to the year 1985 PS > marty 2015 1985 1955 back to the year 2015 back to the year 1985 back to the year 1955
Named parameters[edit]
Some programming languages—such as Ada and Windows PowerShell—allow subroutines to have named parameters. This allows the calling code to be more self-documenting. It also provides more flexibility to the caller, often allowing the order of the arguments to be changed, or for arguments to be omitted as needed.
PowerShell example:
 function jennifer($adjectiveYoung, $adjectiveOld) { "Young Jennifer: I'm $adjectiveYoung!" "Old Jennifer: I'm $adjectiveOld!" }
PS > jennifer 'fresh' 'experienced' Young Jennifer: I'm fresh! Old Jennifer: I'm experienced! PS > jennifer -adjectiveOld 'experienced' -adjectiveYoung 'fresh' Young Jennifer: I'm fresh! Old Jennifer: I'm experienced!
Multiple parameters in functional languages[edit]
In lambda calculus, each function has exactly one parameter. What is thought of as functions with multiple parameters is usually represented in lambda calculus as a function which takes the first argument, and returns a function which takes the rest of the arguments; this is a transformation known as currying. Some programming languages, like ML and Haskell, follow this scheme. In these languages, every function has exactly one parameter, and what may look like the definition of a function of multiple parameters, is actually syntactic sugar for the definition of a function that returns a function, etc. Function application is left-associative in these languages as well as in lambda calculus, so what looks like an application of a function to multiple arguments is correctly evaluated as the function applied to the first argument, then the resulting function applied to the second argument, etc.
Output parameters[edit]
An output parameter, also known as an out parameter or return parameter, is a parameter used for output, rather than the more usual use for input. Using call by reference parameters, or call by value parameters where the value is a reference, as output parameters is an idiom in some languages, notably C and C++,[b] while other languages have built-in support for output parameters. Languages with built-in support for output parameters include Ada[7] (see Ada subprograms), Fortran (since Fortran 90; see Fortran "intent"), various procedural extensions to SQL, such as PL/SQL (see PL/SQL functions)[8] and Transact-SQL, C#[9] and the .NET Framework,[10] and the scripting language TScript (see TScript function declarations).
More precisely, one may distinguish three types of parameters or parameter modes: input parameters, output parameters, and input/output parameters; these are often denoted in, out, and in out or inout. An input argument (the argument to an input parameter) must be a value, such as an initialized variable or literal, and must not be redefined or assigned to; an output argument must be an assignable variable, but it need not be initialized, any existing value is not accessible, and must be assigned a value; and an input/output argument must be an initialized, assignable variable, and can optionally be assigned a value. The exact requirements and enforcement vary between languages – for example, in Ada 83 output parameters can only be assigned to, not read, even after assignment (this was removed in Ada 95 to remove the need for an auxiliary accumulator variable). These are analogous to the notion of a value in an expression being an r-value (has a value), an l-value (can be assigned), or an r-value/l-value (has a value and can be assigned), respectively, though these terms have specialized meanings in C.
In some cases only input and input/output are distinguished, with output being considered a specific use of input/output, and in other cases only input and output (but not input/output) are supported. The default mode varies between languages: in Fortran 90 input/output is default, while in C# and SQL extensions input is default, and in TScript each parameter is explicitly specified as input or output.
Syntactically, parameter mode is generally indicated with a keyword in the function declaration, such as void f(out int x) in C#. Conventionally output parameters are often put at the end of the parameter list to clearly distinguish them, though this is not always followed. TScript uses a different approach, where in the function declaration input parameters are listed, then output parameters, separated by a colon (:) and there is no return type to the function itself, as in this function, which computes the size of a text fragment:
 TextExtent(WString text, Font font : Integer width, Integer height)
Parameter modes are a form of denotational semantics, stating the programmer's intent and allowing compilers to catch errors and apply optimizations – they do not necessarily imply operational semantics (how the parameter passing actually occurs). Notably, while input parameters can be implemented by call by value, and output and input/output parameters by call by reference – and this is a straightforward way to implement these modes in languages without built-in support – this is not always how they are implemented. This distinction is discussed in detail in the Ada '83 Rationale, which emphasizes that the parameter mode is abstracted from which parameter passing mechanism (by reference or by copy) is actually implemented.[7] For instance, while in C# input parameters (default, no keyword) are passed by value, and output and input/output parameters (out and ref) are passed by reference, in PL/SQL input parameters (IN) are passed by reference, and output and input/output parameters (OUT and IN OUT) are by default passed by value and the result copied back, but can be passed by reference by using the NOCOPY compiler hint.[11]
A syntactically similar construction to output parameters is to assign the return value to a variable with the same name as the function. This is found in Pascal and Fortran 66 and Fortran 77, as in this Pascal example:
function f(x, y: integer): integer; begin f := x + y; end;
This is semantically different in that when called, the function is simply evaluated – it is not passed a variable from the calling scope to store the output in.
Use[edit]
The primary use of output parameters is to return multiple values from a function, while the use of input/output parameters is to modify state using parameter passing (rather than by shared environment, as in global variables). An important use of returning multiple values is to solve the semipredicate problem of returning both a value and an error status – see Semipredicate problem: Multivalued return.
For example, to return two variables from a function in C, one may write:
int width, height; f(x, &width, &height);
where x is an input parameter and width and height are output parameters, passed by reference.
A common use case in C and related languages is for exception handling, where a function places the return value in an output variable, and returns a boolean corresponding to whether the function succeeded or not. An archetypal example is the TryParse method in .NET, especially C#, which parses a string into an integer, returning true on success and false on failure. This has the following signature:[12]
public static bool TryParse(string s, out int result)
and may be used as follows:
int result; if (!Int32.TryParse(s, result)) { // exception handling }
Similar considerations apply to returning a value of one of several possible types, where the return value can specify the type and then value is stored in one of several output variables.
Another use is as a micro-optimization, to avoid assigning a local variable in a function and then needing to copy it when returning. This can be done when output parameters are implemented by call by reference. For example, in C++, instead of the more usual:
LargeObject obj = f(x);
one might instead write:
LargeObject obj; f(x, &obj);
so the function f does not need to assign space for the object or copy it on returning.
Drawbacks[edit]
Output parameters are often discouraged in modern programming, essentially as being awkward, confusing, and too low-level – commonplace return values are considerably easier to understand and work with.[13] Notably, output parameters involve functions with side effects (modifying the output parameter) and are semantically similar to references, which are more confusing than pure functions and values, and the distinction between output parameters and input/output parameters can be subtle. Further, since in common programming styles most parameters are simply input parameters, output parameters and input/output parameters are unusual and hence susceptible to misunderstanding.
Output and input/output parameters prevent function composition, since the output is stored in variables, rather than in the value of an expression. Thus one must initially declare a variable, and then each step of a chain of functions must be a separate statement. For example, in C++ the following function composition:
Object obj = g(y, f(x));
when written with output and input/output parameters instead becomes (for f it is an output parameter, for g an input/output parameter):
Object obj; f(x, &obj); g(y, &obj);
In the special case of a function with a single output or input/output parameter and no return value, function composition is possible if the output or input/output parameter (or in C/C++, its address) is also returned by the function, in which case the above becomes:
Object obj; g(y, f(x, &obj));
Alternatives[edit]
There are various alternatives to the use cases of output parameters.
For returning multiple values from a function, an alternative is to return a tuple. Syntactically this is clearer if automatic sequence unpacking and parallel assignment can be used, as in Go or Python, such as:
def f(): return 1, 2 a, b = f()
For returning a value of one of several types, a tagged union can be used instead; the most common cases are nullable types (option types), where the return value can be null to indicate failure. For exception handling, one can return a nullable type, or raise an exception. For example, in Python one might have either:
result = Parse(s) if result is None: # exception handling
or, more idiomatically:
try: result = Parse(s) except ParseError: # exception handling
The micro-optimization of not requiring a local variable and copying the return when using output variables can also be applied to conventional functions and return values by sufficiently sophisticated compilers.
The usual alternative to output parameters in C and related languages is to return a single data structure containing all return values.[9] For example, given a structure encapsulating width and height, one can write:
WidthHeight width_and_height = f(x);
In object-oriented languages, instead of using input/output parameters, one can often use call by sharing, passing a reference to an object and then mutating the object, though not changing which object the variable refers to.[13]
See also[edit]
Command-line argument
Evaluation strategy
Operator overloading
Free variables and bound variables
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In this article, the term "subroutine" refers to any subroutine-like construct, which have different names and slightly different meanings depending on the programming language being discussed.
Jump up ^ C and C++ are call by value, but if type is a reference (a C/C++ pointer or C++ reference), then setting the value of the reference can be used to produce call by reference style behavior.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Prata, Stephen (2004). C primer plus (5th ed.). Sams. p. 275-276. ISBN 0-672-32696-5.
Jump up ^ Prata, Stephen (2004). C primer plus (5th ed.). Sams. p. 276-277. ISBN 0-672-32696-5.
Jump up ^ "Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++" (PDF). www.open-std.org. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Gordon, Aaron. "Subprograms and Parameter Passing". rowdysites.msudenver.edu/~gordona. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Bertrand. Object-Oriented Software Construction, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 1997, p 444.
Jump up ^ Meyer, p. 96.
^ Jump up to: a b 8.2 Parameter Modes, "Rationale for the Design of the Ada® Programming Language"
Jump up ^ 8. PL/SQL Subprograms: Specifying Subprogram Parameter Modes
^ Jump up to: a b Peter Hallam. "Why does C# have both 'ref' and 'out'?". Archived from the original on 2011-09-26.
Jump up ^ ParameterDirection Enumeration
Jump up ^ 8. PL/SQL Subprograms: Passing Large Data Structures with the NOCOPY Compiler Hint
Jump up ^ Int32.TryParse Method (String, Int32)
^ Jump up to: a b CA1021: Avoid out parameters
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parameter_(computer_programming)&oldid=818050256"
Categories:
Subroutines
Variable (computer science)
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Français
한국어
Íslenska
Italiano
日本語
Олык марий
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenščina
Suomi
Українська
Tiếng Việt
12 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 January 2018, at 06:21.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

value: b

value: sup

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Variable_(programming)
mw-redirect
Variable (programming)

values:
/wiki/Function_signature
mw-redirect
Function signature

values:
/wiki/Call_by_value
mw-redirect
Call by value

values:
/wiki/Call_by_reference
mw-redirect
Call by reference

values:
/wiki/Floating_point
mw-redirect
Floating point

values:
/wiki/Runtime_error
mw-redirect
Runtime error

values: Edit section: Alternative convention in Eiffel

values:
/wiki/Tcl_(programming_language)
mw-redirect
Tcl (programming language)

values:
/wiki/Windows_PowerShell
mw-redirect
Windows PowerShell

values: Edit section: Variable-length parameter lists

values: Edit section: Multiple parameters in functional languages

values: b:Fortran/Fortran procedures and functions

values:
/wiki/Return_value
mw-redirect
Return value

values:
/wiki/Parallel_assignment
mw-redirect
Parallel assignment

values:
/wiki/Call_by_sharing
mw-redirect
Call by sharing

values:
/wiki/Command-line_argument
mw-redirect
Command-line argument

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: وسيط (برمجة حاسوب) – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values: Παράμετρος (υπολογιστές) – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: 매개변수 (컴퓨터 프로그래밍) – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametr
Parametr – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Parâmetro (ciência da computação) – Portuguese

values: Параметр (программирование) – Russian

values: Parameter (computer science) – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: Параметр (програмування) – Ukrainian

values: Tham số (lập trình máy tính) – Vietnamese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Parameter_computer_programming rootpage-Parameter_computer_programming skin-vector action-view


text:
Forged in Fire (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Forged in Fire
Genre
Reality
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
57
Production
Running time
42 minutes
Production company(s)
Outpost Entertainment
Release
Original network
History
Original release
June 22, 2015 (2015-06-22) – present
Website
www.history.com/shows/forged-in-fire
Forged in Fire is an American competition series that airs on the History channel, and is produced by Outpost Entertainment, a Leftfield Entertainment company. In each episode, four bladesmiths compete in a three-round elimination contest to forge bladed weapons, with the overall winner receiving $10,000 and the day's championship title. The series is hosted by Wil Willis, with a three-judge panel consisting of J. Neilson (Jason Knight during portions of season 3 and 4), David Baker, and Doug Marcaida, experts in weapon history and use. History ordered an initial eight episodes of the series.[1] with the first program premiering on Monday, June 22, 2015, at 10pm ET.[2][3] Season two premiered on February 16, 2016.[4] The third season premiered with a "champion of champions" match on August 23, 2016, and was announced as having 16 episodes.[5] The fourth season premiered on April 11, 2017, with a "Judges' Pick" episode in which the four judges (Neilson, Knight, Baker, Marcaida) each selected one smith from past seasons to compete again.
Contents
[hide]
1 Format
1.1 Special episodes
2 Cast, judges, and producers
3 Episodes
3.1 Season 1 (2015)
3.2 Season 2 (2016)
3.3 Season 3 (2016–17)
3.4 Season 4 (2017–present)
4 Trivia
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Format[edit]
The series is filmed in Brooklyn, New York.[1][2][3][6] The set, referred to as "The Forge," is stocked with a wide range of metalworking equipment, including propane forges, coal forges, grinders, power hammers and hydraulic presses. At the end of each round, the smith whose weapon is judged to be the least satisfactory must surrender it and leave the competition. Medical personnel are present to treat any injuries or other health problems and may, at their discretion, disqualify smiths who are unable to continue safely.
In the first round, the four smiths are presented with a starting material that they must use to forge a blade. In some episodes, they all begin with the same material; in others, they may choose from an assortment of metal objects or must salvage their material from a source such as a junked car or lawnmower. Willis states one set of criteria concerning blade or blade/tang length, and often a second set for a feature that must be incorporated, such as serrations or a fuller groove; not all competitions require a special feature. The smiths are typically given 10 minutes to sketch out their designs, but this time is occasionally extended or omitted altogether. Following the design period, they are given a set length of time to forge their blades. Once time expires, the judges evaluate the blades based on Willis' criteria and inspect their workmanship, quality, and design.
For the second round, the three remaining smiths are given an additional length of time to turn their blades into fully operational weapons. They must attach a handle, choosing from a range of provided materials and incorporating any special feature stated by Willis, and grind, sharpen, and polish the blades. They may also address any flaws or issues pointed out by the judges in the first round, if they choose to do so. After the time expires, the judges put each weapon through a series of tests to gauge properties such as sharpness, durability, and ease of use. For these tests, the weapons are used to chop/slash/slice/stab various objects that include ice blocks, animal carcasses, sandbags, and car doors. If a weapon suffers catastrophic failure, defined as damage that renders it unsafe or ineffective for further testing, its maker is immediately disqualified. The judges may, at their discretion, choose not to subject a weapon to a particular test if it is sufficiently cracked or flawed.
The working time in each of the first two rounds is typically three hours, but may be extended to four hours if an added feature poses a sufficient challenge, such as being required to forge a billet with modern damascus steel methods and use it for the blade.
In the third round, the two remaining smiths are shown a historically significant weapon and are given five days to create a version of it. They return to their home forges to do the work and comply with any specifications set by Willis. Afterwards, they return to the Forge and submit their weapons for testing against objects and environments similar to the historical scenarios in which they were typically used. Based on the test results, the judges select one smith to receive the $10,000 prize.
Special episodes[edit]
The "Master & Apprentice" episode in Season 4 featured four master/apprentice pairs of smiths. Only one member of each pair was allowed to work at any time, trading off every 30 minutes in the first two rounds, and every day in the third. The non-working member was allowed to offer advice. For this episode, the forging time in the first round was extended to three and a half hours.
For the "Ultimate Champions Edition" episode in season 4, five champions from previous episodes were invited to compete again. The smiths were required to forge competition choppers at their homes and bring them to the studio for a log chop. One smith was eliminated based on the results of this test, after which the competition proceeded through the normal three rounds.
Cast, judges, and producers[edit]
Willis is a former Army Ranger and decorated Air Force para-rescue specialist.[1][3][6] Willis' previous television experience includes Special Ops Mission and Triggers, two series that aired on the former Military Channel.[2]
J. Neilson, a knife and sword expert,[1] holds the rank of Master Smith within the American Bladesmith Society. He has over 20 years' experience in making knives and edged weapons.[2][6] He examines the weapons' technical qualities and tests their durability.[3] In Season 3, Neilson took a leave of absence in order to have surgery on his hand; Jason Knight, another ABS Master Smith, filled his seat on the judges' panel during that time. Neilson appeared alongside Knight for the Season 4 premiere, then resumed his seat in the eighth episode. Starting with the 21st episode of the season, he was replaced by two-time Forged in Fire champion Ben Abbott.
David Baker, a Hollywood prop maker who has appeared on the Spike series Deadliest Warrior,[3] is an authority on weapons history[1] and an expert on replicating period-accurate weapons for both museums and films.[2][6] He judges the weapons' historical accuracy and aesthetic beauty.[3]
Doug Marcaida, an edged-weapons specialist, is a U.S. military contractor, martial arts instructor and knife designer for FOX Knives Italy. Specializing in the Southeast Asian fighting style of Kali, he has taught classes in weapon awareness and use for military, law enforcement, and security organizations. Marcaida evaluates the smiths' weapons to determine their effectiveness in combat.[3] When he cannot test the smiths' weapons himself due to injury, he has a co-worker or family member perform this task in his place.
Tim Healy and Steve Ascher are executive producers for History.[1][6] Jodi Flynn, Brent Montgomery, David George, Shawn Witt and Simon Thomas are executive producers for Outpost Entertainment.[1][6] Healy observed the demonstration, and later the filming, from the sidelines. Healy says that the inspiration for Forged in Fire came from his and other developers' love of food competition shows such as Chopped and Iron Chef.[3] However, in order to appeal to the History channel's audience, they decided to have the competition focus on historical weaponry.[3]
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2015)[edit]
Episode
Title
Results
1st Place
2nd Place
3rd Place
4th Place
1 "Japanese Katana" Matthew Parkinson Rich Greenwood Billy Helton Joe Waites
2 "Chakram" Chris Farrell Trenton Tye Grant Marcoux Chad Harding
3 "Viking Battle Axe" Ryu Lim Jonathan Porter Phil Evans James Huse
4 "Katar" David Goldberg Jaime L. Vining Jimmy Seymour Arnon Andrey Kartmazov
5 "Crusader Sword" Peter Swarz-Burt David Roeder Matt Venier Gabriel Bell
6 "The Elizabethan Rapier" Guy Harris Peter Martin Peter Szymanski JD Smith
7 "The Roman Gladius" Jamie Lundell Mareko Maumasi Maxon McCarter Adam Ison
8 "The Moro Kris" Mace Vitale Murray Carter Ray Kirk Jason Morrissey
Season 2 (2016)[edit]
Episode
Title
Results
1st Place
2nd Place
3rd Place
4th Place
1 "The War Hammer" Craig Camerer Jeff Bridgers Kim Stahl Harry Harkins
2 "Khopesh" Salem Straub Craig Trnka Chris Marks Zack Jonas
3 "The Scottish Claymore" Scott Thomas Jonathan Wick Erin Simmons Earl Blackmore
4 "Spiked Shield" Ilya Alekseyev Michael Coffey Tim Hintsala John Gruber
5 "Viking Sword" Travis Wuertz Morgan Medlen Tom Ward Mardi Meshejian
6 "Nepalese Kukri" Jason Reddick Josh Weston Kelly Potter Jason Ritchie
7 "The Shotel" Burt Foster Chad Osborne Kevin Klein Erin Aylor
8 "The Cutlass" Tobin Nieto Ron Mezile Bob Brandel Kyle Gahagan
9 "The Khanda" Ben Abbott Tom McGinnis Brent Stubblefield Nathan Zimmerman
10 "The Tabar" Ted Thompson Rob "Deker" Dekelbaum Robert Burns Edward Kim
Season 3 (2016–17)[edit]
Episode
Title
Results
1st Place
2nd Place
3rd Place
4th Place
1 Champions Edition[note 1] – "Scottish Claymore" Ben Abbott Matthew Parkinson Salem Straub Burt Foster
2 Fan Favorites[note 2] – "Hook Sword" David Roeder Rich Greenwood Kelly Potter Ryu Lim
3 "Butterfly Swords" Shayne Carter Andy Alm Harry Burdett Michael Hoopes
4 "The Falcata" Kelly Vermeer-Vella Justin Jones Will Bagley Frank Christensen
5 "Kora Sword" Liam Hoffman Josh Smith Paul Happy Robby Bowman
6 "Hunga Munga" Jared Williams Eric Anthony Leong Ryan Lewis Harlan Whitman
7 "The Boar Spear" Allen Newberry Clayton Cowart Mike Sindel Chase Wilder
8 "Xiphos Sword" Keith Hill Jon Maynard Sam Rutherford Riley Butz
9 "The Pandat" Pete Winkler Jo Smith Brandon Brink April Franklin
10 "Zulu Iklwa" Matthew Moline Lyle Wynn Scott Mcreynolds Clarence Jackson
11 Champions Edition[note 1] – "The Pata"[1] Travis Wuertz Shayne Carter Peter Swarz-Burt Scott Thomas
12 "The Zweihänder" Jay Replogle Stephan Fowler Harry Black Emiliano Carrillo
13 "Cavalry Saber" David Mooneyham Todd Bitler Jason Glenn Howell Nic Hanlon
14 "The Naginata" Theo Nazz Joe Collett Walter Sorrells Erich Ouellette
15 "The Haladie" Raymond Smith Stephen Williamson Jason Kraus Adlai Stein
16 Redemption[note 3] – "Viking sword" Gabriel Bell Clarence Jackson JD Smith Brandon Brink
Season 4 (2017–present)[edit]
Episode
Title
Results
1st Place
2nd Place
3rd Place
4th Place
1 Judges' Pick[note 4] – "The Ida" Mareko Maumasi Josh Smith David Goldberg Erin Simmons
2 "Deer Horn Knives" Nicholas Marcelja Steve Godfrey Dustin Rhodes Thor Laizans
3 "The Katzbalger" James Helm Paul Walsh Rashelle Hams Jesse Hauer (medically disqualified)
4 "Makraka" Craig Barr Paul Brown Brian Dimmock Mark Nevling
5 Fan's Choice[note 2] – "The Panabas" Josh Weston Ray Kirk Robby Bowman Chad Osborne
6 "Akrafena" Page Steinhardt Brock Martin Larry Clements Terry Mitchell
7 "Talwar" Jordan LaMothe David McConnell Rick Fenlon Carl Oliver
8 "The Cinquedea" Neil Kamimura Dan Hurtado Storm Richardson Demetrios Papatriantafyllou
9 "The Charay" Steve Grosvenor Daniel Rowe Mark Green Tyler Mandgie
10 Redemption[note 3] – "Sword Breaker" James Huse Erich Ouellette Earl Blackmore Morgan Medlen
11 Master & Apprentice[note 5] – "Nzappa zap" Frank Allen Wren II
Nehemiah Brousseau Jesse Rhodes
Zack Lewis Robert Timberlake
Wesley Alberson Joseph Szilaski
John Lewis
12 "Ngombe (de) Ngulu (de)" Steven Bryan Paul Brach Robert Putantsu Ryan Weeks
13 "The Shamshir" Andrew Taycach Tim Shoal Tom Kinder Chad Hollar
14 "The Kachin Dao" Shawn Ellis Rachel Oliver Buster Grubbs Chad Boseman (medically disqualified)
15 "The Gladiator Scissor" Don Halter Jason Henderson Alf Rudd Francesco Muci
16 "The Kampilan" Michael Cross Todd Martin Jack Barber Leland Edward Stone
17 "The Kpinga" Nate Summers Richard Epting Jim Poor John Rainey
18 "The Yatagan" Gabe Mabry Dave Catoe Josh Fikentscher Randall W Turner
19 International Championship – "The Spadroon" JW Randall Julien Maniglier Guillermo Mendoza Michal Sielicki
20 "The Tabar-Shishpar" Mark Steele Knapp Christopher Price Holden Mystery Dan Rotblatt
21 Ultimate Champions Edition[note 6] – "The T'ai Chi Sword" Theo Nazz Neil Kamimura Kelly Vermeer-Vella Nicholas Marcelja (Round 1)
Raymond Smith (preliminary)
22 Knights Templar – "Crusader Sword" David Mirabile Brian Ronghall Josh Fenlon Richard Moore
23 Viking Edition – "Viking War Axes" Jeremiah Backhaus Chris Rowley Jeff Renner Joel Davis
Trivia[edit]
In the city of Cohoes, New York near Albany, a man, inspired by the series, tried to forge a piece of metal over a fire in a barrel near his home. He caused a fire that destroyed three residential buildings and damaged 28 others.[7]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b These four contestants, all champions from previous seasons, were invited to compete again. The winner received an additional $10,000 and the title "Champion of Champions"
^ Jump up to: a b These four contestants from previous seasons were invited to compete again based on fans' reaction to their initial performance.
^ Jump up to: a b This episode featured contestants eliminated from previous episodes returning for a chance at redemption
Jump up ^ These four contestants from previous seasons, each chosen by one of the four judges, were invited to compete again.
Jump up ^ Four master/apprentice pairs competed in this episode. When Jesse withdrew at the end of the first round, Zack was allowed to continue on his own.
Jump up ^ Five champions from previous episodes were invited to compete again. Raymond Smith was eliminated based on the results of a preliminary test performed on blades that they forged ahead of time.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Zumberge, Marianne (April 27, 2015). "History's Weapon Competition Series 'Forged in Fire' to Debut This Summer". variety.com. Variety. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Pfeiffer, Jeff (April 27, 2015). "Former "Special Ops Mission" star Wil Willis returns in new History competition series". www.channelguidemagblog.com. Channel Guide Magazine. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Kryah, Kevin (Jun 22, 2015). "Talking Swords on the Brooklyn Set of History's New Reality-Competition Series". www.esquire.com. Esquire. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/shows/forged-in-fire
Jump up ^ "Forged in Fire Season 3 will be released on — August 23, 2016 - PremiereDate.TV". premieredate.tv. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Petski, Denise (April 27, 2015). "Bladesmiths Cut To The Chase In New Competition Series On History". deadline.com. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Man Inspired by TV Show 'Forged in Fire' Sets Off Huge Blaze, Officials Say
External links[edit]
Official website
Forged in Fire on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
History channel original programming
Current, future and
returning series
Alone
American Pickers
American Restoration
Ancient Aliens
Big Easy Motors
Blue Book
Counting Cars
The Curse of Oak Island
Forged in Fire
Ice Road Truckers
Knightfall
Lost in Transmission
Mountain Men
Ozzy & Jack's World Detour
Pawn Stars
Six
Swamp People
ThingamaBob
Vikings
Past, canceled and
series on hiatus
20th Century with Mike Wallace
Appalachian Outlaws
Alaska Off-Road Warriors
American Eats
America Unearthed
Ancient Discoveries
Ancients Behaving Badly
Around the World in 80 Ways
Ax Men
Barbarians
Battle 360°
Battlefield Detectives
Battles BC
Big Rig Bounty Hunters
Big Shrimpin'
Boneyard
Brad Meltzer's Decoded
Breaking Vegas
Cajun Pawn Stars
Cities of the Underworld
Clash of the Gods
The Conquerors
Conquest
The Crusades: Crescent and the Cross
Decisive Battles
Declassified
Decoding the Past
Deep Sea Detectives
Digging for the Truth
Dogfights
Down East Dickering
Engineering an Empire
Evolve
Expedition Africa
Extreme Trains
Food Tech
Full Metal Jousting
Gangland
Gangland Undercover
Great Minds with Dan Harmon
Greatest Tank Battles
God, Guns & Automobiles
Hairy Bikers
Haunted History
The History of Sex
History's Business
History's Lost & Found
History's Mysteries
How the Earth Was Made
How the States Got Their Shapes
Human Weapon
Hunting Hitler
Ice Pilots NWT
Join or Die with Craig Ferguson
Jurassic Fight Club
Last Stand of the 300
Life After People
The Lost Evidence
Lost Worlds
MadHouse
Mail Call
Man, Moment, Machine
Mega Disasters
Mega Movers
Military Blunders
Modern Marvels (episodes)
MonsterQuest
Monumental Challenge
The Most
Mounted in Alaska
MysteryQuest
Nostradamus Effect
Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy
Patton 360°
Pawnography
Prehistoric Megastorms
The Presidents
Reel to Real
Rome: Rise and Fall of an Empire
Save Our History
Shark Wranglers
Sliced
The States
Surviving History
Tactical to Practical
Tales of the Gun
That's Impossible
Top Gear
Top Guns
Top Shot
Tougher In Alaska
UFO Files
UFO Hunters
United Stats of America
The Universe
Warriors
Weird U.S.
Wild West Tech
The XY Factor
Documentary films
and miniseries
102 Minutes That Changed America
Amelia Earhart: The Lost Evidence
America: The Story of Us
The American Revolution
Ancestors in the Attic
Barbarians Rising
The Bible
China's First Emperor
Civil War Combat
Conquest of America
Countdown to Armageddon
Countdown to Ground Zero
Failure Is Not an Option
Flying Pyramids, Soaring Stones
Grounded on 9/11
Hatfields & McCoys
Hotel Ground Zero
Houdini
I Missed Flight 93
Mankind: The Story of All of Us
Museum Secrets
The Occult History of the Third Reich
Predator X
Quest for King Arthur
Roots
Search for the Lost City of Gold
Shootout!
Sons of Liberty
Star Wars: The Legacy Revealed
Texas Rising
The Century: America's Time
The Exodus Decoded
The Man Who Predicted 9/11
The Men Who Built America
The People Speak
Vietnam in HD
WWII in HD
The World Wars
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forged_in_Fire_(TV_series)&oldid=816097504"
Categories:
American reality television series
2010s American television series
2015 American television series debuts
English-language television programs
History (U.S. TV channel) original programs
Television shows set in New York City
Television shows about weaponry
Hidden categories:
Interlanguage link template link number
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
Italiano
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 December 2017, at 07:16.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

value: tr

value: td

value: span

value: abbr

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)
mw-redirect
History (U.S. TV channel)

values: Jason Knight (blacksmith) (page does not exist)

values: David Baker (prop maker) (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Cast, judges, and producers

values: Triggers: Weapons That Changed the World

values:
/wiki/Viking_Sword
mw-redirect
Viking Sword

values:
/wiki/Butterfly_Sword
mw-redirect
Butterfly Sword

values: Walter Sorrells blacksmith (page does not exist)

values:
noprint
font-size:85%; font-style: normal;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4680444/
external text

values: List of programs broadcast by History (TV channel)

values: The Crusades: Crescent and the Cross (TV series)

values: Countdown to Ground Zero (page does not exist)

values: The Man Who Predicted 9/11 (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:American reality television series

values: Category:2010s American television series

values: Category:2015 American television series debuts

values: Category:History (U.S. TV channel) original programs

values: Category:Television shows set in New York City

values: Category:Television shows about weaponry

values: Category:Interlanguage link template link number

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Forged_in_Fire_(TV_series)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Forged_in_Fire_TV_series rootpage-Forged_in_Fire_TV_series skin-vector action-view


text:
Frosty the Snowman (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Frosty the Snowman
DVD cover
Based on
"Frosty the Snowman"
by Steve Nelson
Jack Rollins
Written by
Romeo Muller
Directed by
Jules Bass
Arthur Rankin, Jr.
Starring
Billy De Wolfe
Jackie Vernon
Paul Frees
June Foray
Narrated by
Jimmy Durante
Theme music composer
Maury Laws
Country of origin
United States
Japan
Original language(s)
English
Production
Producer(s)
Jules Bass
Arthur Rankin, Jr.
Running time
25 minutes
Production company(s)
Rankin/Bass Productions
Mushi Production
(animation)
Distributor
DreamWorks Classics
NBCUniversal Television Distribution
Release
Original network
CBS
Original release
December 7, 1969 (1969-12-07)
Chronology
Followed by
Frosty's Winter Wonderland
Frosty the Snowman is a 1969 animated Christmas television special based on the song "Frosty the Snowman". The program, which first aired on December 7, 1969 on CBS (where it continues to air annually), was produced for television by Rankin/Bass Productions and featured the voices of comedians Jimmy Durante as the film's narrator (Durante's final performance in a film) and Jackie Vernon as the title character.
Arthur Rankin, Jr. and Jules Bass wanted to give the show and its characters the look of a Christmas card, so Paul Coker, Jr., a greeting card and Mad magazine artist, was hired to do the character and background drawings. The animation was produced by Mushi Production in Japan, with then-Mushi staffer Osamu Dezaki among the animation staff.
Rankin/Bass veteran writer Romeo Muller adapted and expanded the story for television as he had done with Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer.
TV Guide ranked the special number 4 on its 10 Best Family Holiday Specials list.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Voice cast
3 Production credits
4 Soundtrack
5 Television rights
6 Home media
6.1 VHS and LaserDisc
6.2 DVD and Blu-ray
7 Sequels
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
One December afternoon, a school girl named Karen and her friends create a snowman after school. After several suggestions of what to call their snowman (including "Oatmeal" and "Christopher Columbus"), Karen decides to name him "Frosty." They later acquire a top hat discarded by inept magician Professor Hinkle. When Karen places it on top of Frosty's head, the snowman comes to life (and always says "Happy Birthday!" in response). When Hinkle learns of the magic power his hat actually possesses, he takes it back and departs, pretending that he did not see Frosty come to life. However, the professor's pet rabbit, Hocus Pocus, returns the hat to Frosty.
Frosty soon senses the temperature is rising and worries about melting. The children suggest putting him on the next train to the North Pole, where he will never melt, and they all parade into the city on the way to the train station, where Frosty has his confrontation with the traffic cop mentioned in the song's lyrics. When Karen explains that Frosty came to life and doesn't know what a traffic light or a lamp post is, the traffic cop lets Frosty go. At the train station, Frosty stows away aboard a refrigerated train car, since neither he nor the children have any money for a train ticket. As the train is about to leave the station, Karen and Hocus decide to join Frosty for the ride to keep him company. With that, Frosty, Karen, and Hocus wave goodbye to the other kids as the train takes off. Unbeknownst to them, Hinkle has also hitched a ride on the same train, intending to get his hat back.
As the train continues up north, however, Frosty notices Karen is freezing and starting to catch a cold, so they jump off the train, leaving Hinkle behind once again. Hinkle, seeing them escape, jumps off the train too, but falls down a mountain and crashes into a tree where a pile of snow falls on him. At Frosty's request, Hocus convinces some forest animals who are preparing for Christmas to build a campfire for Karen. Fearing that Karen still cannot survive for long in the cold weather, Frosty asks Hocus who might be able to help them. Hocus suggests (by pantomiming) the President of the United States and the United States Marines, before suggesting Santa Claus. Frosty agrees, and promptly takes credit for the idea himself (much to Hocus' annoyance). Hocus hops off to get Santa, but Hinkle then confronts Frosty and Karen once more and blows out Karen's campfire. Frosty and Karen are again forced to flee, this time with Karen riding on Frosty's back as he slides head-first down a hill. At the bottom of the slope, Karen and Frosty discover a greenhouse filled with Christmas poinsettias. Despite Karen's objections, Frosty steps inside the warm greenhouse with her, suggesting that he could afford to lose a little weight while she warms up. Unfortunately, an angry and vengeful Hinkle catches up to them immediately after and locks them in the greenhouse.
Hocus brings Santa Claus to the greenhouse only to find Karen in tears and Frosty melted on the floor due to Hinkle's cruel act. Santa explains to Karen that Frosty is made from Christmas snow, and that he can never completely disappear, only take the form of summer rain, until next December. With a gust of cold wind through the open greenhouse door, the puddle that was Frosty blows out the door and magically changes back into his typical snowman form. Before Santa can put the finishing touch on Frosty and bring him back to life, as Hocus arrives with the hat, Hinkle again arrives on the scene and again demands the return of his hat. He relents only when threatened with being removed from Santa's Christmas list for the rest of his life if he put so much as one finger on the hat. Santa states that if Hinkle is truly repentant for his mean attitude and harming Frosty, and if he goes home and writes "I am really sorry for what I did to Frosty" a hundred zillion times, he may find a gift in his stocking on Christmas morning, which makes Hinkle bid Frosty and Karen farewell and run home to repeatedly write his apologies, assuming he may get a new hat. Santa then places the magic hat back on top of Frosty's head and the snowman returns to life again. After celebrating, Santa takes Karen home and Frosty to the North Pole, but promises that Frosty will be back next winter.
The end credits show all the characters the next Christmas marching through the town square with Frosty in the lead, singing the "Frosty the Snowman" song. Among them is a redeemed Professor Hinkle, who is proudly wearing his new top hat. At the end of the parade, Frosty gets back into Santa's waiting sleigh and they return to the North Pole, with Frosty proclaiming, "I'll be back on Christmas Day!"
Voice cast[edit]
Jackie Vernon as Frosty
Jimmy Durante as himself (Narrator)
June Foray as Karen (original airing), schoolteacher, and Karen's friends (original airing)
Suzanne Davidson as Karen (later airings, uncredited)
Billy De Wolfe as Professor Hinkle
Paul Frees as the traffic cop, ticket man, and Santa Claus
Production credits[edit]
Produced and Directed by Arthur Rankin, Jr. and Jules Bass
Written by Romeo Muller
Based on the Original Song by Steve Nelson, Jack Rollins © 1951 Hill-Range Songs
Production Designer: Paul Coker, Jr.
Continuity Designer: Don Duga
Animation Production by Mushi Studio
Supervising Director: Steve Nakagawa
Animation Director: Osamu Dezaki (uncredited)
Animation: Akio Sugino, Sadao Miyamoto (both uncredited)
Music Composed and Directed by Maury Laws
Sound Effects Engineers: Jim Harris, Phil Kaye
Supervising Film Editing: Irwin Goldress
© 1969 Videocraft International Limited
Soundtrack[edit]
CD cover
Released by Rhino on October 1, 2002, the entire audio portion of Frosty the Snowman is available on CD along with the entire audio portion of Santa Claus is Comin' to Town, the Rankin/Bass special produced in 1970. This edition contains the full dialogue and song audio of both specials.
The track listing is as follows:
Medley: Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town...Be Prepared To Pay 25:18
Medley: Put One Foot In Front Of The Other...Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town (finale) 24:55
Frosty The Snowman Theme & Narration (Beginning) 13:45
Frosty The Snowman Theme & Narration (Conclusion) 11:48
Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town (Soundtrack Version) 1:50
Frosty The Snowman (Soundtrack Version) 1:04
Television rights[edit]
In the United States, CBS continues to hold the telecast rights to the original program (under license from the current copyright holder, Universal Television, and still airs it yearly with the CBS-produced sequel Frosty Returns (see below). The CBC holds broadcast rights in Canada. The special also airs on Freeform in some territories. However, CBS does not own the telecast rights to the 1976 sequel Frosty's Winter Wonderland (that special currently airs on Freeform's 25 Days of Christmas each year), which prompted CBS to produce its own "sequel" of sorts, Frosty Returns (see below).
Home media[edit]
VHS and LaserDisc[edit]
Family Home Entertainment released Frosty the Snowman on VHS as part of the Christmas Classics Series in 1989 and 1993, with multiple re-prints throughout the 1990s. It was paired with The Little Drummer Boy on LaserDisc in 1992. Upon its 1989 and 1993 releases, the special was also bundled in box sets with the other Rankin/Bass Christmas specials including Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and Santa Claus is Comin' to Town, the 1973 Chuck Jones holiday special, A Very Merry Cricket and the sequel Frosty Returns which aired on CBS in 1992. In 1998, Sony Wonder and Golden Books Family Entertainment released the special on VHS, and also paired it with these other Rankin/Bass Christmas specials including Cricket on the Hearth in the separate Holiday Classics Collection box sets.
DVD and Blu-ray[edit]
The special was also released on DVD by Sony Wonder and Classic Media in 2002 and 2004, and by Genius Entertainment in 2007. Gaiam Vivendi Entertainment released it on DVD and Blu-ray on October 12, 2010, and on the DVD/Blu-ray combo pack on November 6, 2012. Most DVD releases also include Frosty Returns. On September 8, 2015, Classic Media released both the special and Santa Claus is Comin' to Town in their 45th Anniversary Collector's Edition on Blu-ray and DVD in addition to the 50th Anniversary release of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer in 2014.
Sequels[edit]
Frosty returned in several sequels:
Frosty's Winter Wonderland – This 1976 sequel by Rankin/Bass was also written by Romeo Muller. Narration is provided by Andy Griffith (Durante had suffered a stroke that had forced his retirement in 1972 and eventually killed him). Jackie Vernon once again reprised his role as the voice of Frosty. Animation is produced by Topcraft in Japan. Unlike the original, the sequel takes place later in the winter season and is based upon the 1934 song "Winter Wonderland;" it features Frosty's pursuit of a wife and efforts to preserve him into the springtime. Furthermore, it makes no mention whatsoever of Christmas; in fact it could be considered more a "winter solstice" special than a Christmas special as it celebrates the season of winter.
Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July – This 1979 Rankin/Bass feature-length sequel was filmed in "Animagic" stop-motion animation in the style of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and Rudolph's Shiny New Year. While the Frosty specials were 30 minutes long, and the Rudolph specials were 60 minutes, this ambitious special was feature length, at 97 minutes long (120 minutes on television, including commercials). Vernon once again played the role of Frosty, in his last time for Rankin/Bass playing the voice of Frosty. This film features Frosty and his family as supporting characters. This is the only other Frosty cartoon to mention Christmas or Santa Claus in addition to the 1969 original.
Frosty Returns – This 1992 half-hour special is not truly a sequel to the 1969 classic, as it was produced not by Rankin/Bass but by CBS. The characters, setting, voices and animation (by Bill Melendez) are vastly different. Despite this, it is shown with the original special every year on CBS and was even included as a bonus on its DVD release. John Goodman provides the voice of Frosty in this special, and Jonathan Winters serves as narrator. Frosty's appearance is physically different, his personality and humor have changed, and he has the ability to live without his top hat, in direct contrast with the original and its other sequels. Also in contrast to the original specials, the special avoids all mention of Christmas (despite the special portraying the beginning of winter) and has an environmentalist theme, as Frosty works to stop a corporate executive whose product wipes out snow packs with one spray.
The Legend of Frosty the Snowman – This 2005 straight-to-video film was produced by Classic Media, the previous rights holder for the original Rankin/Bass special, and the remainder of their pre-1974 library. This movie has been bundled with the original 1969 Rankin/Bass special and the CBS sequel, and has also aired on Cartoon Network. The appearance of Frosty resembles much more the Rankin/Bass character design from their original animation, and Professor Hinkle returns in two cameo appearances – shown in a picture and flashback. Frosty is voiced by Bill Fagerbakke, best known as the voice of Patrick Star on SpongeBob SquarePants. And it, like Frosty Returns and Frosty's Winter Wonderland, also never mentions anything to do with Christmas whatsoever.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ TV Guide Guide to TV. Barnes and Noble. 2004. p. 574. ISBN 0-7607-5634-1.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Frosty the Snowman (film)
Holiday Central at CBS.com
Frosty the Snowman on IMDb
Christmas portal
film portal
United States portal
Japan portal
1960s portal
[show]
v
t
e
Rankin/Bass Productions
Television specials
Return to Oz
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
The Edgar Bergen & Charlie McCarthy Show
The Ballad of Smokey the Bear
Cricket on the Hearth
Mouse on the Mayflower
The Little Drummer Boy
Frosty the Snowman
The Mad, Mad, Mad Comedians
Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town
Here Comes Peter Cottontail
The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye: The Emperor's New Clothes
Mad Mad Mad Monsters
Willie Mays and the Say-Hey Kid
Red Baron
That Girl in Wonderland
'Twas the Night Before Christmas
The Year Without a Santa Claus
The First Christmas: The Story of the First Christmas Snow
The First Easter Rabbit
Frosty's Winter Wonderland
Rudolph's Shiny New Year
The Little Drummer Boy, Book II
The Easter Bunny Is Comin' to Town
The Hobbit
Nestor, the Long-Eared Christmas Donkey
The Stingiest Man in Town
Jack Frost
Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July
The Return of the King
Pinocchio's Christmas
The Leprechaun's Christmas Gold
The Flight of Dragons
The Coneheads
The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus
The Wind in the Willows
Santa Baby!
Feature films
Willy McBean and his Magic Machine
The Daydreamer
The Wacky World of Mother Goose
Mad Monster Party?
King Kong Escapes
Marco
The Last Dinosaur
The Bermuda Depths
The Bushido Blade
The Ivory Ape
The Last Unicorn
The Sins of Dorian Gray
The King and I
Television series
The New Adventures of Pinocchio
Tales of the Wizard of Oz
The King Kong Show
The Smokey Bear Show
The Tomfoolery Show
The Reluctant Dragon and Mr. Toad Show
The Jackson 5ive Show
The Osmonds
Kid Power
Festival of Family Classics
ThunderCats
SilverHawks
TigerSharks
Karate Kat
The Comic Strip
[show]
v
t
e
Christmas
Christmas Eve
Children's Day
Boxing Day
Nochebuena
Saint Nicholas Day
St. Stephen's Day
Sol Invictus
Yule
In
Christianity
Biblical Magi
Adoration of the Magi
Adoration of the Shepherds
Advent
Angel Gabriel
Annunciation
Annunciation to the shepherds
Baptism of the Lord
Bethlehem
Christingle
Christmastide
Epiphany
Herod the Great
Jesus
Joseph
Mary
Massacre of the Innocents
flight into Egypt
Nativity Fast
Nativity of Jesus
in art
in later culture
Nativity scene
Saint Nicholas
Star of Bethlehem
Twelfth Night
In folklore
Badalisc
La Befana
Belsnickel
Caganer
Christkind
Ded Moroz
Elves
Father Christmas
Grýla
Jack Frost
Joulupukki
Knecht Ruprecht
Korvatunturi
Krampus
Mikulás
Miner's figure
Mrs. Claus
Nisse/Tomte
North Pole
Old Man Winter
Olentzero
Père Fouettard
Père Noël
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Saint Lucy
Santa's reindeer
Santa's workshop
Sinterklaas
Tió de Nadal
Vertep
Yule Cat
Yule Lads
Zwarte Piet
Gift-bringers
Saint Nicholas
Santa Claus
List of Christmas gift-bringers by country
Traditions
Advent calendar
Advent candle
Advent wreath
Boar's Head Feast
Candle arches
Cards
Carols by Candlelight
Cavalcade of Magi
Crackers
Decorations
Events and celebrations
Feast of the Seven Fishes
Flying Santa
Google Santa Tracker
Hampers
Las Posadas
Letters
Lights
Markets
Meals and feasts
Moravian star
Nine Lessons and Carols
NORAD Tracks Santa
Nutcrackers
dolls
Ornaments
Parades
list
Piñatas
Pyramids
Räuchermann
Seals
Secret Santa
Spanbaum
Stamps
Stockings
Tree
Twelve Days
Wassailing
Windows
Yule Goat
Yule log
By country
Australia and New Zealand
Denmark
Germany
Hawaii
Hungary
Iceland
Indonesia
Ireland
Mexico
Norway
Philippines
Poland
Romania
Russia
Scotland
Serbia
Sweden
Ukraine
Music
Carols
list
Hit singles UK
Hit singles US
Music books
Carols for Choirs
The Oxford Book of Carols
The New Oxford Book of Carols
Piae Cantiones
Other media
Films
Poetry
"Old Santeclaus with Much Delight"
"A Visit from St. Nicholas"
Television
specials
Yule Log
In
modern
society
Advent Conspiracy
Black Friday (partying)
Black Friday (shopping)
Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
Christmas club
Christmas creep
Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
Christmas Lectures
Christmas Mountains
Christmas truce
Controversies
Cyber Monday
Economics
Giving Tuesday
El Gordo
Holiday season
In July
In August
Leon Day
NBA games
NFL games
Puritan New England
American Civil War
Post-War United States
Running of the Santas
SantaCon
Santa's Candy Castle
Small Business Saturday
Super Saturday
Virginia O'Hanlon
White Christmas
Winter festivals
WWE Tribute to the Troops
Xmas
Food and
drink
Dinner
Joulupöytä
Julebord
Kūčios
Réveillon
Twelve-dish supper
Smörgåsbord
Wigilia
Sweets
bûche de Noël
Cake
Candy cane
Cookies
Fruitcake
Gingerbread
Kourabiedes
Melomakarono
Mince pie
Pavlova
Pecan pie
Pumpkin pie
Pudding
Rosca de reyes
Szaloncukor
Turrón
Soup
Menudo
Sauce
Cranberry sauce
Beverages
Apple cider
Champurrado
Eggnog
Mulled wine
Smoking Bishop
Ponche crema
Dumpling
Hallaca
Tamale
Meat
Ham
Roast goose
Romeritos
Turkey
Stuffing
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frosty_the_Snowman_(film)&oldid=818295643"
Categories:
1969 films
1969 animated films
1969 in American television
1969 television specials
1960s American animated films
1960s American television specials
1960s animated short films
1960s fantasy films
American films
American animated television films
American children's animated fantasy films
Animated television specials
CBS television specials
Christmas television specials
Films about magic and magicians
Films based on songs
Films directed by Jules Bass
Films directed by Arthur Rankin Jr.
Films featuring anthropomorphic characters
Films scored by Maury Laws
Frosty the Snowman television specials
Rankin/Bass Productions television specials
Santa Claus in film
Santa Claus in television
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from December 2011
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
Italiano
Norsk
Русский
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 January 2018, at 19:24.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Arthur_Rankin,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Arthur Rankin, Jr.

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
/wiki/Voice_actor
mw-redirect
Voice actor

values:
/wiki/Paul_Coker,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Paul Coker, Jr.

values:
/wiki/MAD_Magazine
mw-redirect
MAD Magazine

values: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)

values:
/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Company
mw-redirect
Canadian Broadcasting Company

values:
/wiki/Family_Home_Entertainment
mw-redirect
Family Home Entertainment

values:
/wiki/Classic_Media
mw-redirect
Classic Media

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: q:Special:Search/Frosty the Snowman (film)

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064349/
external text

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
/wiki/Return_to_Oz_(TV_program)
mw-redirect
Return to Oz (TV program)

values:
/wiki/Frosty_the_Snowman_(TV_program)
mw-redirect
Frosty the Snowman (TV program)

values: Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town (TV special)

values: Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special)

values:
/wiki/Jack_Frost_(TV_special)
mw-redirect
Jack Frost (TV special)

values: The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1985 film)

values: The New Adventures of Pinocchio (TV series)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Day
mw-redirect
St. Stephen's Day

values:
/wiki/Old_Man_Winter
mw-redirect
Old Man Winter

values: List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers by country

values: Category:Christmas events and celebrations

values: List of Christmas and holiday season parades

values:
/wiki/Christmas_in_Denmark
mw-redirect
Christmas in Denmark

values: List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom

values: List of popular Christmas singles in the United States

values:
/wiki/Leon_Day_(holiday)
mw-redirect
Leon Day (holiday)

values: National Basketball Association Christmas games

values: National Football League Christmas games

values: List of multinational festivals and holidays

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:1960s American television specials

values: Category:American animated television films

values: Category:American children's animated fantasy films

values: Category:Films about magic and magicians

values: Category:Films directed by Arthur Rankin Jr.

values: Category:Films featuring anthropomorphic characters

values: Category:Frosty the Snowman television specials

values: Category:Rankin/Bass Productions television specials

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Frosty_the_Snowman_(film)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Приключения Снеговика Фрости – Russian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Frosty_the_Snowman_film rootpage-Frosty_the_Snowman_film skin-vector action-view