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Baby Driver
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For other uses, see Baby Driver (disambiguation).
Baby Driver
Theatrical release poster by Rory Kurtz
Directed by
Edgar Wright
Produced by
Nira Park
Tim Bevan
Eric Fellner
Written by
Edgar Wright
Starring
Ansel Elgort
Kevin Spacey
Lily James
Eiza González
Jon Hamm
Jamie Foxx
Jon Bernthal
Music by
Steven Price
Cinematography
Bill Pope
Edited by
Paul Machliss
Jonathan Amos
Production
companies
Working Title Films
Big Talk Productions
MRC
Distributed by
TriStar Pictures (US)[1]
Sony Pictures Releasing (International)[2]
Release date
March 11, 2017 (2017-03-11) (SXSW)
June 28, 2017 (2017-06-28) (US/UK)
Running time
113 minutes[2]
Country
United Kingdom
United States[2][3]
Language
English
Budget
$34 million[4]
Box office
$220.1 million[5]
Baby Driver is a 2017 action crime film written and directed by Edgar Wright. It stars Ansel Elgort, Kevin Spacey, Lily James, Eiza González, Jon Hamm, Jamie Foxx, and Jon Bernthal. The plot follows Baby, a young getaway driver and music lover who must work for a kingpin.
Baby Driver was co-produced by Working Title Films, Big Talk Productions and Media Rights Capital, and was distributed worldwide by Sony Pictures and by TriStar Pictures in the US. It premiered at South by Southwest on March 11, 2017, and was released theatrically on June 28, 2017.[6][7] The film received critical acclaim and has grossed $220 million worldwide against a production budget of $34 million, making it Wright's highest-grossing film as director.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
4.2 Charts
4.3 Lawsuit
5 Release
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Baby is a getaway driver in Atlanta, Georgia. He ferries crews of robbers assembled by Doc, a heist mastermind, to pay off a debt he incurred after stealing one of Doc's cars. When he was a child, a car accident killed his parents and left him with tinnitus, which he blocks out by listening to music on various iPods. Between jobs, he creates remixes from snippets of conversations he records, while caring for his deaf foster father Joseph. While visiting a local diner, he meets a waitress named Debora, and the two start dating.
His next robbery goes awry after an armed bystander chases them down, but Baby evades him and the police. Informed by Doc that they are now "straight", Baby quits his life of crime, and starts delivering pizzas. During a date with Debora at an upscale restaurant, Doc blackmails him into performing another heist at a post office.
The crew consists of easy-going Buddy, his sharpshooter wife Darling, and trigger-happy Bats, who takes an immediate dislike to Baby. While the crew attempts to purchase illegal arms for the job, Bats realizes the dealers are police and opens fire, killing them all. Afterwards, Bats forces Baby to stop at Debora's diner, unaware of Baby and Debora's romance, and nearly kills her in a hold-up.
Doc, furious at the botched deal, tries to cancel the heist, but Baby convinces him to go through with it. He attempts to flee later that night, hoping to take Debora and leave Atlanta, but is stopped by Buddy and Bats, who have discovered his recordings and believe he is an informant. When they and Doc hear his mixtapes, they are convinced of his innocence.
During the heist, Bats kills a security guard. Disgusted, Baby refuses to drive the crew, causing Bats to beat him. Baby rams the car into rebar which impales Bats, killing him. The three flee the police on foot. After police kill Darling, Buddy blames Baby for her death, and vows to kill him. Baby steals another car and flees to his apartment. After leaving Joseph at an assisted living home, Baby drives to Debora's diner to pick her up, where he discovers Buddy waiting. Baby shoots Buddy and flees with Debora as the police close in.
Baby seeks help from Doc, who initially refuses to help as he blames Baby for ruining the heist. After seeing he truly loves Debora, Doc supplies them with cash and directions to get out of the country. Buddy ambushes them in the parking garage and hits and kills Doc with a stolen police car. A cat-and-mouse game ensues until Buddy has Baby at his mercy. Debora disarms Buddy with a crowbar and Baby shoots him with the pistol, causing him to fall to his death.
Fleeing Atlanta, Baby and Debora run into a police roadblock. Debora prepares to ram it, but Baby stops her and surrenders, telling her she is not a criminal. At Baby's trial, Joseph, Debora, and several people Baby saved during the robberies testify in his defense. Baby is sentenced to 25 years in prison with a parole hearing after five years. He receives postcards from Debora who promises to wait for him. Baby is released and finds Debora waiting. They kiss.
Cast[edit]
Ansel Elgort as Baby (Miles), a young man with a love for music who works as the getaway driver for a rotating crew of bank robbers[8]
Hudson Meek as Young Baby
Kevin Spacey as Doc, the mysterious kingpin of the rag-tag gang of bank robbers and a veteran criminal mastermind
Lily James as Debora, a young waitress who befriends Baby
Jon Hamm as Buddy / Jason Van Horn, a handsome party animal and frequent member of Doc's gang
Eiza González as Darling / Monica Castello, one of Doc's gang of bank robbers, Buddy’s lawless and scandalous wife and partner in crime[9]
Jamie Foxx as Bats / Leon Jefferson III, an impulsive, violent member of Doc's gang
Jon Bernthal as Griff, one of Doc's gang, who mocks Baby constantly
Flea as Eddie "No-Nose", one of Doc's gang[10]
Lanny Joon as JD, one of Doc's gang
CJ Jones as Joseph, Baby's deaf foster father
Sky Ferreira as Baby's Mother
Lance Palmer as Baby's Father
Big Boi as Restaurant Patron #1[11]
Killer Mike as Restaurant Patron #2[11]
Paul Williams as "The Butcher"[11]
Jon Spencer as Prison Guard[11]
Sidney and Thurman Sewell (The ATL Twins) as Hellcat Thug #1 and #2 (cameo)[12]
Filmmaker Walter Hill makes a vocal cameo appearance as a courtroom interpreter during Baby's trial hearing near the end of the film. Wright has cited Hill's 1978 film The Driver as a major inspiration for Baby Driver.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Writer-director Edgar Wright conceived Baby Driver in 1994; he adapted the film's original planned beginning into a 2003 music video he directed for Mint Royale's "Blue Song",[13] which starred Noel Fielding as a music-loving getaway driver for a group of bank robbers.[14] A clip of the music video is shown briefly in the movie as the main character flips between television channels.
Casting[edit]
On July 22, 2014, it was announced that Edgar Wright, who had left the film Ant-Man, would instead direct Baby Driver for Working Title Films. Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner and Nira Park produced the film.[15] On January 13, 2015, it was reported that Ansel Elgort was in early talks to star in the film, which Sony Pictures Entertainment would release through TriStar Pictures.[16] Emma Stone and Michael Douglas were also rumoured to be in the cast.[17] On May 7, 2015, Lily James was reported to be in talks to be the female lead, a waitress and Elgort's character's love interest.[18][19]
Jamie Foxx was reported to be in talks to join the film on September 8, 2015.[20] On October 20, 2015, Jon Hamm signed on to play one of the villains, a former Wall Street trader turned member of the gang.[19] On November 3, 2015, it was announcd that Kevin Spacey had been cast as a veteran criminal and the boss of the crew.[21] On December 16, 2015, Eiza González joined the film to play one of the bank robbers—the wife of Hamm's character.[22] Jon Bernthal was cast as Griff, another one of the gang, on February 23, 2016.[23] On January 8, 2017, Wright posted on Twitter that "Streep is in my new movie", deleting the tweet shortly afterward, leading some to speculate that Meryl Streep would appear in Baby Driver.[24] In fact, Streep's cameo in the movie It's Complicated is seen on a television set during the movie.
Wright enlisted the choreographer Ryan Heffington to sync the actors' timing and movements with the soundtrack.[25][26]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography, which took place in Atlanta, Georgia, began on February 17, 2016, and concluded on May 13.[27][28]
Soundtrack[edit]
Baby Driver (Music from the Motion Picture)
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)
Length
1:43:53
Label
30th Century
Producer
Danger Mouse
Baby Driver (Music from the Motion Picture) is the soundtrack album of the film. The soundtrack was released on June 23, 2017, on CD, vinyl and digital music via the Columbia Records imprint, 30th Century Records.[29] The album features a combination of artists, from various decades, including Blur, Run the Jewels, Sky Ferreira, Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, Queen and Golden Earring.[30]
The film takes its name from "Baby Driver", a song from the Simon & Garfunkel album Bridge over Troubled Water. The song is played during the end credits.[31][32] Wright consulted with James Gunn, director of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, before Vol. 2 released to ensure the two films did not feature the same songs on their soundtracks.[33]
Track listing[edit]
The soundtrack features three original tracks: a cover of "Easy" by Sky Ferreira; "Chase Me" by Danger Mouse (featuring Run the Jewels and Big Boi); and "Was He Slow?" by Kid Koala.[30]
No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length
1. "Bellbottoms" Jon Spencer Blues Explosion 5:17
2. "Harlem Shuffle" Bob & Earl 2:52
3. "Egyptian Reggae" Jonathan Richman & The Modern Lovers 2:37
4. "Smokey Joe's La La" Googie Rene 3:02
5. "Let's Go Away for Awhile" The Beach Boys 2:21
6. "B-A-B-Y" Carla Thomas 2:57
7. "Kashmere" Kashmere Stage Band 4:57
8. "Unsquare Dance" Dave Brubeck 2:00
9. "Neat Neat Neat" The Damned 2:42
10. "Easy (Single Version)" The Commodores 4:16
11. "Debora" T. Rex 3:19
12. "Debra" Beck 5:43
13. "Bongolia" Incredible Bongo Band 2:15
14. "Baby Let Me Take You (In My Arms)" The Detroit Emeralds 3:53
15. "Early in the Morning" Alexis Korner 3:01
16. "The Edge" David McCallum 2:54
17. "Nowhere to Run" Martha and the Vandellas 3:02
18. "Tequila" The Button Down Brass 3:32
19. "When Something Is Wrong with My Baby" Sam & Dave 3:16
20. "Every Little Bit Hurts" Brenda Holloway 2:57
21. "Intermission" Blur 2:27
22. "Hocus Pocus" (original single version) Focus 3:18
23. "Radar Love" (1973 single edit) Golden Earring 3:44
24. "Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up" Barry White 4:51
25. "Know How" Young MC 4:02
26. "Brighton Rock" Queen 5:10
27. "Easy" Sky Ferreira 4:28
28. "Baby Driver" Simon & Garfunkel 3:16
29. "Was He Slow?" (credit roll version) Kid Koala 1:47
30. "Chase Me" Danger Mouse featuring Run the Jewels and Big Boi 3:27
Total length: 1:43:53
Charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[34]
5
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[35]
56
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[36]
48
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[37]
64
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[38]
40
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[39]
66
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[40]
76
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[41]
16
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[42]
52
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[43]
54
US Billboard 200[44]
27
Lawsuit[edit]
In August 2017, Rolan Feld, son of T. Rex lead vocalist Marc Bolan, sued Sony Pictures, Media Rights Capital, and Bambino Films for using the band's song "Debora" without permission.[45]
Release[edit]
In August 2015, Sony Pictures Entertainment announced that the film would be released on March 17, 2017. It was briefly pushed back to August 11, 2017 before a final date of June 28, 2017 was settled on.[46] Baby Driver had its world premiere at the South by Southwest film festival on March 11, 2017.[47] On the weekend of August 25, the film was re-released in 1,074 theaters.[48]
Box office[edit]
As of September 17, 2017[update], Baby Driver has grossed $107.1 million in the United States and Canada and $113 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $220.1 million (against a production budget of $34 million).[5]
In North America, Baby Driver was initially projected to gross $12–20 million from 3,150 theaters over its first five days, with the possibility to earn more due to strong reviews.[4] The film made $5.7 million on its first day (including $2.1 million from Tuesday-night previews) and $3.3 million on Thursday.[49] It made $6 million on Friday, increasing five-day projections to $27 million. It ended up opening to $21 million (and a five-day total of $30 million), finishing second behind another new release, Despicable Me 3 ($72.4 million). This marked the biggest American debut of Wright's career, doubling the $10.6 million opening of Scott Pilgrim vs. the World in 2010.[50] In its second weekend, Baby Driver grossed $13 million (a drop of 36.7%), finishing third at the box office;[51] in its third weekend, the film made $8.8 million, finishing fourth.[52] The film was re-released into 1,074 theaters on August 25 and made $1.2 million, up 34% from the previous week.[53]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93% based on 283 reviews, with an average rating of 8 out of 10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Stylish, exciting, and fueled by a killer soundtrack, Baby Driver hits the road and it's gone—proving fast-paced action movies can be smartly written without sacrificing thrills."[54] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a score of 86 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[55] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[49]
Peter Debruge of Variety called the film "a blast, featuring wall-to-wall music and a surfeit of inspired ideas".[56] The New York Times' Manohla Dargis listed the film as a "NYT Critic’s Pick", writing that the film "is so good that you want it to be better and go deeper, for it to put down its guns (or at least hold them differently) and transcend its clichés and cine-quotes so it can rocket out of the genre safe box into the cosmic beyond where craft and technique transform into art".[57] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film five out of five stars, listing it as his "film of the week" and calling it an "outrageously enjoyable petrolhead heist caper".[58]
CNN's Brian Lowry wrote that the film "is a crackling-good ride, one that organically weaves music and humor into a slick showcase for its cast. Despite a few plotholes toward the end, writer-director Edgar Wright's stylish thriller consistently clicks on all cylinders".[59] Brian Tallerico of RogerEbert.com gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, and called it "fluid and jaw-dropping—the kind of thing you want to see immediately again after it's over to catch all the things you missed".[60] Empire's Terri White gave the film five out of five stars, calling it an "awe-inspiring piece of filmmaking" and "one of the most utterly original films in years".[61]
However, there were several less positive reviews. Rating Baby Driver three out of five stars, Joyce Slaton of Common Sense Media praised the driving sequences and music, but felt that the film "quickly slump[s] into stereotypes" and "fails to grab viewers on a visceral level", particularly criticizing Baby's backstory and the portrayal of Debora and Darling.[62] In a dismissive review, Richard Brody of The New Yorker cited many flaws, calling it "an imitation of generation’s worth of imitations."[63]
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Official website
Baby Driver on IMDb
Baby Driver at Box Office Mojo
Baby Driver at Metacritic
Baby Driver at Rotten Tomatoes
[hide]
v
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e
Edgar Wright
Written and directed
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A Fistful of Fingers (1994)
Shaun of the Dead (2004)
Hot Fuzz (2007)
Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (2010)
The World's End (2013)
Baby Driver (2017)
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Dead Right (1993)
Don't (2007)
Writing credit
The Adventures of Tintin (2011)
Ant-Man (2015)
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Asylum (1996)
Mash and Peas (1996–1997)
Sir Bernard's Stately Homes (1998)
Is It Bill Bailey? (1998)
Spaced (1999–2001)
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Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy
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Sinoatrial node
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sinoatrial node
Figure 1 shows the conduction system of the heart. The SA node is labelled 1.
Details
System
Electrical conduction system of the heart
Artery
Sinoatrial nodal artery
Identifiers
Latin
nodus sinuatrialis
Acronym(s)
SA node
MeSH
D012849
TA
A12.1.06.003
FMA
9477
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The sinoatrial node (SA node), also known as sinus node, is a group of cells located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart.[1] These cells have the ability to spontaneously produce an electrical impulse (action potential; see below for more details), that travels through the heart via the electrical conduction system (see figure 1) causing it to contract. In a healthy heart, the SA node continuously produces action potential, setting the rhythm of the heart and so is known as the heart's natural pacemaker. The rate of action potential production (and therefore the heart rate) is influenced by nerves that supply it.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Location
1.2 Microanatomy
1.3 Blood supply
1.4 Venous drainage
2 Function
2.1 Pacemaking
3 Nerve supply
4 Clinical significance
5 History
6 Additional images
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Structure[edit]
The sinoatrial node is a banana-shaped structure that varies in size, usually between 10-30 millimeters (mm) long, 5–7 mm wide, and 1–2 mm deep.[3][4]
Location[edit]
The SA node is located in the wall (myocardium) of the right atrium, laterally to the entrance of the superior vena cava in a region called the sinus venarum (hence sino- + atrial).[5] It is positioned roughly between a groove called the crista terminalis located on the internal surface of the heart and the corresponding sulcus terminalis, on the external surface.[6] These grooves run between the entrance of the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.
Microanatomy[edit]
Figure 2: Low magnification stained image of the SA node (center-right on image) and its surrounding tissue. The SA node surrounds the sinoatrial nodal artery, seen as the open lumen. Cardiac muscle cells of the right atrium can be seen to the left of the node, and fat tissue to the right.
The cells of the SA node are spread out within a mesh of connective tissue, containing nerves, blood vessels, collagen and fat. Immediately surrounding the SA node cells, are paranodal cells.[7] These cells have structures intermediate between that of the SA node cells and the rest of the atrium.[8] The connective tissue, along with the paranodal cells insulate the SA node from the rest of the atrium, preventing the electrical activity of the atrial cells from affecting the SA node cells.[9] The SA node cells are smaller and paler than the surrounding atrial cells, with the average cell being around 8 micrometers in diameter and 20-30 micrometers in length (1 micrometer= 0.000001 meter).[10] Unlike the atrial cells, SA node cells contain fewer mitochondria (the power plant of the cell), fewer myofibers (the contractile machinery of the cell), and a smaller sarcoplasmic reticulum (a calcium storage organelle that releases calcium for contraction). This means that the SA node cells are less equipped to contract compared to the atrial and ventricular cells.[11]
Action potentials pass from one cardiac cell to the next through pores known as gap junctions. These gap junctions are made of proteins called connexins. There are fewer gap junctions within the SA node and they are smaller in size. This is again important in insulating the SA node from the surrounding atrial cells.[12][13]
Blood supply[edit]
The sinoatrial node receives its blood supply from the sinoatrial nodal artery. This blood supply, however, can differ hugely between individuals. For example, in most humans, this is a single artery, although in some cases there have been either 2 or 3 sinoatrial node arteries supplying the SA node. Also, the SA node artery, mainly originates as a branch of the right coronary artery, however in some individuals, it has arisen from the circumflex artery, which is a branch of the left coronary artery. Finally, the SA node artery commonly passes behind the superior vena cava, before reaching the SA node, however in some instances it passes in front. Despite these many differences, there doesn’t appear to be any advantage how many sinoatrial nodal arteries an individual has, or where they originate from[14]
Venous drainage[edit]
There are no large veins that drain blood away from the SA node. Instead, smaller venules drain the blood directly into the right atrium.[15]
Function[edit]
Pacemaking[edit]
See also: Cardiac pacemaker
The main role of a sinoatrial node cell is to initiate action potentials, so that it can pass throughout the heart and cause contraction. An action potential is a change in voltage (membrane potential) across the membrane of the cell, produced by the movement of charged atoms (ions). Non-pacemaker cells (including the ventricular and atrial cells) have a period, immediately after an action potential, where the membrane potential remains relatively constant; this is known as a resting membrane potential. This resting phase (see cardiac action potential, phase 4) ends when another action potential reaches the cell. This produces a positive change in membrane potential (known as depolarisation), which initiates the start of the next action potential. Pacemaker cells, however, don’t have this resting phase. Instead, immediately after one action potential, the membrane potential of these cells begins to depolarise again automatically, this is known as the pacemaker potential. Once the pacemaker potential reaches a set value, known as the threshold value, it then produces an action potential.[16] Other cells within the heart (including the purkinje fibers[17] and atrioventricular node; AVN) can also initiate action potentials; however, they do so at a slower rate and therefore, if the SA node is working, it usually beats the AVN to it.[18]
Outlined below are the 3 phases of a sinoatrial node action potential. In the ventricular action potential, there are 5 phases (labelled 0-4), however pacemaker action potentials don’t have an obvious phase 1 or 2.
Phase 4
Figure 3: Sinoatrial node action potential waveform, outlining major ion currents involved (downward deflection indicates ions moving into the cell, upwards deflection indicates ions flowing out of the cell).
This phase is also known as the pacemaker potential. Immediately following an action potential, when the membrane potential is very negative (it is hyperpolarised) the voltage slowly begins to increase. This is initially due to the closing of potassium channels, which reduces the flow of potassium ions (Ik) out of the cell (see phase 3, below).[19] Alongside the deactivation of the potassium channels, channels known as hyperpolarisation-activated cyclic nucleotide–gated (HCN) channels, are activated. Activation of these channels at very negative membrane potential is an unusual property for ion channels, therefore the flow of sodium (Na+) and some potassium (K+) through the activated HCN channel is referred to as a funny current (If).[20] This funny current causes the membrane potential of the cell to gradually increase, as the positive charge (Na+ and K+) is flowing into the cell. Another mechanism involved in pacemaker potential is known as the calcium clock. Here, calcium is released spontaneously from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (a calcium store) into the cell, this is known as a spontaneous Ca2+ spark. This in-crease in calcium within the cell then activates a sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX), which removes one Ca2+ from the cell, and exchanges it for 3 Na+ into the cell (therefore removing a charge of +2 from the cell, but allowing a charge of +3 to enter the cell) therefore in-creasing the membrane potential. The calcium is later pumped back into the cell via calcium channels located on the cell membrane and SR membrane.[21] The increase in membrane potential produced by these mechanisms, activates T-type calcium channels and then L-type calcium channels (which open very slowly). These channels allow a flow of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the cell, making the membrane potential more positive.
Phase 0
This is the depolarisation phase. When the membrane potential reaches a threshold value (around -20 to -50 mV), it begins to rapidly depolarise (become more positive).[22] This is mainly due to the flow of Ca2+ through the L-type calcium channels, which are now fully open. During this stage the T-type calcium channels and HCN channels deactivate.
Phase 3
This phase is the repolarisation phase. This occurs due to the inactivation of the L-type calcium channels (preventing the movement of Ca2+ into the cell), and the activation of potassium channels, which allows the flow of K+ out of the cell, making the membrane potential more negative.[23]
Nerve supply[edit]
Heart rate depends on the rate at which the sinoatrial node produces action potentials. At rest, heart rate is between 60 and 100 beats per minute. This is a result of the activity of two sets of nerves, one acting to slow down action potential production (these are parasympathetic nerves) and the other acting to speed up action potential production (sympathetic nerves).[24]
The sympathetic nerves begin in the thoracic region of the spinal cord (in particular T1-T4). These nerves release a neurotransmitter called noradrenaline (NA). This binds to a receptor on the SA node membrane, called a beta-1adrenoceptor. Binding of NA to this receptor activates a G-protein (in particular a Gs-Protein, S for stimulatory) which initiates a series of reactions (known as the cAMP pathway) that results in the production of a molecule called cyclic adenosinemonophosphate (cAMP). This cAMP binds to the HCN channel (see above). Binding of cAMP to the HCN, increases the flow of Na+ and K+ into the cell, speeding up the pacemaker potential, so producing action potentials at a quicker rate, and increasing heart rate.[25] An increase in heart rate is known as positive chronotropy.
The parasympathetic nerves supplying the SA node (in particular the Vagus nerves) originate in the brain. These nerves release a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine (ACh). ACh binds to a receptor called an M2 muscarinic receptor, located on the SA node membrane. Activation of this M2 receptor, then activates a protein called a G-protein (in particular Gi protein, i for inhibitory). Activation of this G-protein, blocks the cAMP pathway, reducing its effects, therefore inhibiting sympathetic activity and slowing action potential production. As well as this, the G-protein also activates a potassium channel, which allows K+ to flow out of the cell, making the membrane potential more negative and slowing the pacemaker potential, therefore decreasing the rate of action potential production and therefore decreasing heart rate.[26] A decrease in heart rate is known as negative chronotropy.
The first cell to produce the action potential in the SA node isn’t always the same, this is known as pacemaker shift. In certain species of animals, for example, in dogs, a superior shift (i.e. the cell that produces the fastest action potential in the SA node is higher than previously) usually produced an increased heart rate whereas an inferior shift (i.e. the cell producing the fastest action potential within the SA node is further down than previously) produced a decreased heart rate.[27]
Clinical significance[edit]
Sinus node dysfunction describes an irregular heartbeat caused by faulty electrical signals of the heart. When the heart's sinoatrial node is defective, the heart’s rhythms become abnormal – typically too slow or exhibiting pauses in its function or a combination, and very rarely faster than normal.[28]
Blockage of the arterial blood supply to the SA node (most commonly due to a myocardial infarction or progressive coronary artery disease) can therefore cause ischaemia and cell death in the SA node. This can disrupt the electrical pacemaker function of the SA node, and can result in sick sinus syndrome.
If the SA node does not function, or the impulse generated in the SA node is blocked before it travels down the electrical conduction system, a group of cells further down the heart will become its pacemaker.[29]
History[edit]
The sinoatrial node was first discovered by a young medical student, Martin Flack, in the heart of a mole, whilst his mentor, Sir Arthur Keith, was on a bicycle ride with his wife. They made the discovery in a makeshift laboratory set up in a picturesque farmhouse in Kent, England, called Mann's Place. Their discovery was published in 1907.[30][31]
Additional images[edit]
Heart; conduction system (SA node labeled 1)
Schematic representation of the atrioventricular bundle
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Cardiac pacemaker
Cardiology
Heart block
Sinus bradycardia
Sinus tachycardia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ . Keith A, Flack M. The form and nature of the muscular connections between the pri-mary divisions of the vertebrate heart. J Anat Physiol 1907; 41:172–189.
Jump up ^ MONFREDI, O., DOBRZYNSKI, H., MONDAL, T., BOYETT, M.R. and MORRIS, G.M. (2010) ‘The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node-A contemporary review’, Pacing and Clinical Electro-physiology, 33(11), pp. 1392–1406. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02838.x.
Jump up ^ Csepe, Thomas A.; Zhao, Jichao; Hansen, Brian J.; Li, Ning; Sul, Lidiya V.; Lim, Praise; Wang, Yufeng; Simonetti, Orlando P.; Kilic, Ahmet (2017-03-01). "Human Sinoatrial Node Structure: 3D Microanatomy of Sinoatrial Conduction Pathways". Progress in biophysics and molecular biology. 120 (1-3): 164–178. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.12.011. ISSN 0079-6107. PMC 4808362  . PMID 26743207.
Jump up ^ Chandler, N., Aslanidi, O., Buckley, D., Inada, S., Birchall, S., Atkinson, A., Kirk, D., Monfredi, O., Molenaar, P., Anderson, R., Sharma, V., Sigg, D., Zhang, H., Boyett, M. and Dobrzynski, H. (2011) ‘Computer three-dimensional anatomical recon-struction of the human sinus node and a novel paranodal area’, Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)., 294(6), pp. 970–9.
Jump up ^ Elsevier, Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, Elsevier.
Jump up ^ MONFREDI, O., DOBRZYNSKI, H., MONDAL, T., BOY-ETT, M.R. and MORRIS, G.M. (2010) ‘The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node-A con-temporary review’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 33(11), pp. 1392–1406. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02838.x.
Jump up ^ MON-FREDI, O., DOBRZYNSKI, H., MONDAL, T., BOYETT, M.R. and MORRIS, G.M. (2010) ‘The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node-A contemporary review’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiol-ogy, 33(11), pp. 1392–1406. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02838.x.
Jump up ^ 6. Chandler NJ, Greener ID, Tellez JO, Inada S, Musa H, Molenaar P, Difrancesco D, et al. Molecular architecture of the human sinus node: Insights into the function of the cardiac pacemaker. Circulation 2009; 119:1562–1575.
Jump up ^ MONFREDI, O., DOBRZYNSKI, H., MONDAL, T., BOYETT, M.R. and MOR-RIS, G.M. (2010) ‘The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node-A contemporary re-view’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 33(11), pp. 1392–1406. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02838.x.
Jump up ^ Honjo, H., Boyett, M.R., Kodama, I. and Toyama, J. (1996) ‘Correlation between electrical activity and the size of rabbit sino-atrial node cells’, 496(Pt 3).
Jump up ^ Boyett, Honjo, H. and Kodama, I. (2000) ‘The sinoatrial node, a heterogeneous pace-maker structure’, Cardiovascular research., 47(4), pp. 658–87.
Jump up ^ Boyett, Honjo, H. and Kodama, I. (2000) ‘The sinoatrial node, a heterogeneous pacemaker structure’, Cardiovascular research., 47(4), pp. 658–87.
Jump up ^ MONFREDI, O., DOBRZYNSKI, H., MONDAL, T., BOYETT, M.R. and MORRIS, G.M. (2010) ‘The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node-A contemporary review’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 33(11), pp. 1392–1406. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02838.x.
Jump up ^ Vikse, J., Henry, B.M., Roy, J., Ramakrishnan, P.K., Hsieh, W.C., Walocha, J.A. and Tomaszewski, K.A. (2016b) ‘Anatomical variations in the Sinoatrial Nodal artery: A Meta-Analysis and clinical con-siderations’, 11(2).
Jump up ^ Anderson, K.R., Ho, S.Y. and Anderson, R.H. (1979) ‘Location and vascular supply of sinus node in human heart’, 41(1).
Jump up ^ MONFREDI, O., DOBRZYNSKI, H., MONDAL, T., BOYETT, M.R. and MORRIS, G.M. (2010) ‘The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node-A contemporary review’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 33(11), pp. 1392–1406. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02838.x.
Jump up ^ Tsien, R. W.; Carpenter, D. O. (1978-06-01). "Ionic mechanisms of pacemaker activity in cardiac Purkinje fibers". Federation Proceedings. 37 (8): 2127–2131. ISSN 0014-9446. PMID 350631.
Jump up ^ Vassalle, M. (1977). "The relationship among cardiac pacemakers: Overdrive suppression". Circulation Research. 41 (3): 269–77. doi:10.1161/01.res.41.3.269. PMID 330018.
Jump up ^ Irisawa H, Brown HF, Giles W. Cardiac pacemaking in the sinoatrial node. Physiol Rev 1993; 73:197–227.
Jump up ^ DiFrancesco, D. (2010) ‘The role of the funny current in pacemaker activi-ty’, Circulation research., 106(3), pp. 434–46.
Jump up ^ Joung, B., Chen, P. and Lin, S. (2011) ‘The role of the calcium and the voltage clocks in sinoatrial node dysfunction’, Yonsei medical journal., 52(2), pp. 211–9
Jump up ^ Verkerk, A., Borren, van, Peters, R., Broekhuis, E., Lam, K., Coronel, R., Bakker, de, Tan, H. and Wilders, R. (2007) ‘Single cells isolated from human sinoatrial node: Action potentials and numerical reconstruction of pacemaker current’, Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference., 2007, pp. 904–7.
Jump up ^ Clark, R.B., Mangoni, M.E., Lueger, A., Couette, B., Nargeot, J. and Giles, W.R. (2004) ‘A rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ current reg-ulates pacemaker activity in adult mouse sinoatrial node cells’, Article, 286(5), pp. 1757–1766. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00753.2003.
Jump up ^ Gordan, R., Gwathmey, J.K. and Xie, L.-H. (2015) ‘Autonomic and endocrine control of cardiovascular func-tion’, 7(4).
Jump up ^ Larsson, P.H. (2010) ‘How is the heart rate regulated in the sinoatrial node? Another piece to the puzzle’, 136(3).
Jump up ^ Osterried-er W., Noma A., Trautwein W.(1980) On the kinetics of the potassium current activated by acetylcholine in the SA node of the rabbit heart. Pflügers Arch. 386:101–109.
Jump up ^ MONFREDI, O., DOBRZYNSKI, H., MONDAL, T., BOYETT, M.R. and MORRIS, G.M. (2010) ‘The anatomy and physiology of the Sinoatrial Node-A con-temporary review’, Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 33(11), pp. 1392–1406. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02838.x.
Jump up ^ Sinus node dysfunction Mount Sinai Hospital, New York
Jump up ^ Junctional Rhythm at eMedicine
Jump up ^ Silverman, M.E.; Hollman, A. (1 October 2007). "Discovery of the sinus node by Keith and Flack: on the centennial of their 1907 publication". Heart. 93 (10): 1184–1187. doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.105049. PMC 2000948  . PMID 17890694.
Jump up ^ Boyett MR, Dobrzynski H (June 2007). "The sinoatrial node is still setting the pace 100 years after its discovery". Circ. Res. 100 (11): 1543–5. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.101101. PMID 17556667.
External links[edit]
Anatomy figure: 20:06-01 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "The conduction system of the heart."
Diagram at gru.net
thoraxlesson4 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (thoraxheartinternalner)
https://web.archive.org/web/20070929080346/http://www.healthyheart.nhs.uk/heart_works/heart03.shtml
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