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Visa policy of Australia
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Entry and exit stamps.
The visa policy of Australia deals with the requirements which a foreign national wishing to enter Australia must meet to obtain a visa, which is a permit to travel, to enter and remain in the country.[1] Visa rules are set out in the Migration Act 1958 and the Migration Regulations, which are administered by the Department of Immigration and Border Protection.
Australia maintains a universal visa regime, meaning that every non-citizen in Australia must have a visa, either as a result of an application, or one granted automatically by law. As of 2015 there is no intention to provide visa free access for any country,[2] however Australia gives a visitor visa exemption to:
citizens of one of the 36 eVisitor or 9 Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) eligible countries,
citizens of New Zealand, under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement, or
visitors eligible for visa-free travel under other laws such as Special purpose visa.[3]
In addition to the citizens of 45 eVisitor and ETA eligible countries and the citizens of New Zealand who may need to apply for a Visitor visa, the citizens of all other countries may apply for the Visitor visa online, except citizens of Somalia. Citizens of 34 countries are officially considered low risk.[4]
Since 1 September 2015, Australia ceased to issue visa labels on visa holders' passports, and all visas are issued and recorded on a central database.[5] Visa records can only be accessed through Visa Entitlement Verification Online (VEVO), a digital verification service provided by the Department of Immigration and Border Protection.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Visa types
2 Visitor visa policy map
3 History
4 Electronic visas
4.1 eVisitor (subclass 651)
4.2 Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) (subclass 601)
4.3 Online Visitor visa (e600)
5 Visa exemptions
5.1 Special purpose visa
5.2 Transit without visa
5.3 Torres Strait
6 External territories
7 Entry Refusal
8 SmartGate
9 APEC Business Travel Card
10 Temporary entrants statistics
11 Overstaying visas
12 Enforcement of visa restrictions
13 Reciprocity issues
14 Future
15 Historic stamp gallery
16 Visitor statistics
17 See also
18 References
19 External links
Visa types[edit]
Australian student visa label (subclass 573) in a Vietnamese passport. Australia stopped issuing visa labels in 2015[7]
There is a large range of visas that may be applied for, for a variety of purposes, including:[8][9][10]
Visitor visa - for people who need to come to Australia for a short duration for tourism or business purposes. They are issued for periods up to 3, 6 or 12 months. Selected Chinese citizens can be issued 10 year visas from the end of 2016 when applying from China.[11][12]
Transit visa (subclass 771)1 - for people who wish to transit through Australia for less than 72 hours and who do not qualify for transit without a visa or people travelling to Australia to join a vessel as crew.[13]
Medical treatment (subclass 602)2 - for people to have medical treatment or medical consultations, donate an organ or support the person who is having medical treatment in Australia but not to have medical treatment for surrogate motherhood.[14]
Working holiday visa (subclass 417)1 - for people aged 18 to 30 years of age, who are interested to have an extended holiday while supplementing their funds with short-term work of up to 12 months and who come from Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, South Korea, Sweden, Taiwan or the United Kingdom.[15]
Work and holiday visa (subclass 462)1 - for people aged 18 to 30 years of age, who are interested to have an extended holiday while supplementing their funds with short-term work of up to 12 months and who come from Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Chile, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, the USA or Uruguay.[16]
Student visa (subclass 500)2 - for people to study full-time in a recognised education institution.[17] This single type of visa replaced student visas with subclass numbers 570 to 576 on 1 July 2016.[18]
Special program (subclass 416)1 - for people to participate in approved programs that provide opportunities for cultural enrichment and community benefit.[19]
1 – must apply for this visa outside Australia.
2 – can apply for this visa in or outside Australia.
Permanent residency visa - authorises the permanent resident to remain in Australia indefinitely and to work, as well as many other benefits such medical health coverage under Medicare.
Resident Return Visa (RRV) (subclasses 155 and 157) - allows current and former permanent residents to travel to another country and re-enter the Australian migration zone as a permanent resident. RRVs allow the holder to re-enter Australia as often as they wish during the validity of the visa. RRVs may be issued with five years' or three months' validity.[20]
Special Category Visa (subclass 444) - issued under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement to citizens of New Zealand who present a valid New Zealand passport and authorises the holder to enter Australia, live and work indefinitely. The visa is subject to the following conditions: no criminal convictions, no untreated tuberculosis and have not been deported, excluded or removed from any country. The visa is given on arrival at any Australian port, unless they already hold another type of Australian visa.[21][22]
Special categories for residents of the Norfolk Island: The Norfolk Island became a part of the Australian migration zone on 1 July 2016 and all Norfolk Island immigration permits are no longer valid. Instead, its non-citizen residents are accorded the following categories of visa depending on their previous status (except for New Zealand citizens who were automatically given the Special Category Visa):
Provisional Resident Return visa (subclass 159) - issued to former holders of Norfolk Island immigration permits (Temporary Entry Permit (TEP) or General Entry Permit (GEP)). Holders of this visa may live and work on Norfolk Island and live in other parts of Australia only for education purposes. They may apply for the Confirmatory (Residence) visa after they meet the residence requirements on Norfolk Island.[23]
Confirmatory (Residence) visa (subclass 808) - issued to former holders of Norfolk Island immigration permits who were either holding an unrestricted entry permit (UEP) or who held a TEP or GEP and have fulfilled the residence requirements. Holders of this type of visa are Australian permanent residents and may live and work in Australia indefinitely, and they may freely leave and enter Australia within the visa's validity (same with the Resident Return visa). This type of visa replaced the UEP, and the Permanent Resident of Norfolk Island visa (PRNIV) which was issued to permanent residents of Norfolk Island at an Australian airport.[24]
Visitor visa policy map[edit]
Australia
Special Category Visa
eVisitor
Electronic Travel Authority
Visa required
History[edit]
Visa formats in Australia have changed over the years. Australia was possibly one of the first countries to replace ink based stamps with more secure stick-on labels in the 1970s.[25]
In 1987, the Department of Immigration initiated a scheme which saw the utilization of computers to process visitor visa applications in overseas Australian missions for the first time.[25]
In 1990, a second generation of the Immigration Records and Information System (IRIS II) was introduced as a replacement of the original 1987 scheme. At the time, IRIS II was the most advanced visa processing system in the world, simplifying immigration clearance processes at airports and enabling across-the-counter visa issue at the Australian diplomatic missions.[25]
In 1996, the Electronic Travel Authority system (ETA) was launched. The system allows visas to be issued electronically and linked to the applicant's passport, eliminating paper application forms.[26] Australia was the first country in the world to launch electronic visas.[25]
Australia officially ceased the issuance of visa stickers on 1 September 2015, and all visas are issued and recorded electronically.[5]
Electronic visas[edit]
eVisitor and Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) are authorisations for entry to Australia available to holders of certain passports. Established in 1996 to remove the need for some people to apply for full visas, they can be applied for online, or (for ETAs) through travel agents, airlines, specialist service providers or Australian visa offices. Electronic tourist visas (class 600) are processed by Australian visa offices and consulates outside Australia, and citizens of most countries in the world can apply online. Their applications may be granted in a matter of minutes if a requested period of stay is three months or less and no further information or checking is required. In other cases, the application will be manually processed by a case officer.[27]
eVisitor (subclass 651)[edit]
The eVisitor was introduced on 27 October 2008, replacing an older eVisa system, to create a reciprocal short stay travel arrangement for nationals of Australia and the European Union, while still maintaining the universal visa system. On 23 March 2013 the business and tourist purpose eVisitors visas were merged into a single application.[28][29] The eVisitor is available to citizens of all[30] 28 European Union member states and 8 other European countries that are part of the Schengen Area.
The eVisitor is issued free of charge and allows a stay of up to 3 months at a time in a 12-month period for tourism or business purposes. At the time of travel to, and entry into, Australia, all holders of an eVisitor must be free from tuberculosis and must not have any criminal convictions for which the sentence or sentences (whether served or not) total 12 months or more.[28]
Holders of the following passports are eligible:[31]
All European Union citizens1
Andorra
Iceland
Liechtenstein
Monaco
Norway
San Marino
Switzerland
Vatican City
1 - For British passport holders, only British citizens are eligible to apply for eVisitor.
The grant rate of eVisitor has been consistently high over the years, never dropping below 98.7%. In the last quarter of 2014 the lowest approval rates for tourism applications were for the citizens of Romania (74.5%), Bulgaria (80.8%), Croatia (80.8%), Latvia (91.9%) and Lithuania (94.3%) with all other countries having a grant rate above 95%.[32][33] The eVisitor in 2013 was granted automatically to 85.8% of applicants but the rates differed significantly among countries. The lowest automatically granted rates in the 4th quarter were for the citizens of Bulgaria (16.2%), Romania (18.3%), Czech Republic (58.6%), Lithuania (59.3%), Slovakia (66.3%), Latvia (62.4%), Poland (71.6%) and Hungary (77.7%) with all other countries having an automatic grant rate above 80%.[34]
In 2014 Bulgaria, Cyprus and Romania notified the European Commission that they consider Australia requires a visa for their citizens.[35] If the notification is accepted, the EU may suspend the visa exemption for certain categories of Australian nationals and may suspend the reciprocal visa-free access to all Australian citizens.[36]
Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) (subclass 601)[edit]
Development of the ETA system commenced in January 1996. It was first implemented in Singapore on a trial basis on 11 September 1996, for holders of Singapore and US passports travelling on Qantas and Singapore Airlines. Implementation of online applications began in June 2001.[27][37] The current ETA came into effect on 23 March 2013 replacing older ETAs (subclass 976, 977 and 956) while offering a single authorization for both tourist and business purposes.[38]
The ETA allows the holder to visit Australia for unlimited times, up to 3 months per visit, in a 12-month period for tourism or business purposes. There is no visa application charge but a service charge of AU$20 applies for applications lodged online. At the time of travel to, and entry into, Australia, all holders of an ETA must be free from tuberculosis and must not have any criminal convictions for which the sentence or sentences (whether served or not) total 12 months or more.[39]
Holders of the following passports can apply online:[40]
Brunei
Canada
Hong Kong
Japan
Malaysia
Singapore
South Korea
United States
Nationals of Taiwan holding passports with National ID number[41] can also apply for the ETA but solely through one of the approved travel agents in Taiwan or an Australian visa office outside Australia.[42] Citizens of Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom (British Citizens and British Nationals (Overseas)[42] only) and the Vatican City may also apply for the ETA instead of eVisitor but solely through a travel agent, airline, specialist service provider or an Australian visa office outside Australia.[39]
Online Visitor visa (e600)[edit]
Since November 2012, visa labels in passport have not been required, but were issued at a request for a fee. As of September 2015 the possibility to obtain a visa label is no longer available and records are accessible only online through the Visa Entitlement Verification Online (VEVO) service.[43]
On 23 March 2013, a new Visitor visa (subclass 600) replaced the previous Tourist visa (subclass 676).[44]
In addition to countries eligible for the eVisitor and ETA, online applications for the Online Visitor visa can be made by citizens of all countries except for the citizens of Somalia.[45]
Citizens of Somalia need to apply in person at the nearest Australian consular office or Australian Visa Application Centres (run by VFS Global).[27]
In the 4th quarter of 2013 the automatic grant rate for electronically lodged applications outside Australia stood at 28.3%. Previously the rate ranged from 20.4% to 63.2%.[34]
Visa exemptions[edit]
Special purpose visa[edit]
A special purpose visa is a visa exemption given by operation of law to certain non-citizens in Australia to whom standard visa and immigration clearance arrangements do not apply. It effectively exempts certain persons from the normal processes for entry into Australia. These include members of the Royal Family and the members of the Royal party, guests of Government, SOFA forces members including civilian component members, Asia‑Pacific forces members, Commonwealth forces members, foreign armed forces dependents, foreign naval forces members, airline positioning crew members and airline crew members, eligible transit passengers, persons visiting Macquarie Island, eligible children born in Australia and Indonesian traditional fishermen visiting the Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands.[46][47]
Transit without visa[edit]
Some travelers do not need a Transit visa (subclass 771) if they depart Australia by air within 8 hours of the scheduled time of their arrival, hold confirmed onward booking and documentation necessary to enter the country of their destination and remain in the transit lounge at an airport (i.e. they do not need to clear immigration in order to re-check their luggage).[48]
Holders of the following passports can transit through Australia under this arrangement:
eVisitor eligible passports
ETA eligible passports
Citizens of these countries:
Argentina
Chile
Fiji
Indonesia
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Mexico
Micronesia
Nauru
Oman
Palau
Philippines
Papua New Guinea
Qatar
Samoa
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Thailand
Tonga
Tuvalu
United Arab Emirates
Uruguay
Vanuatu
Nationals of Taiwan holding ordinary Taiwan passports (other than official or diplomatic passports).
Persons holding British passports (irrespective of endorsement in passport regarding national status).
Persons who hold diplomatic passports, except nationals of these countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Comoros, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Madagascar, Mauritania, Morocco, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Taiwan, Tunisia, Yemen, Zimbabwe, and Arab Non-National Passport Holders (ANNPH).
A Transit visa is required for Gold Coast airport, and for Cairns airport and Sydney airport if staying overnight. Transit without a visa through Adelaide applies only to passengers departing on the same aircraft unless advance notice is given by the airline.[49] In addition, those who need to leave the transit lounge for any reason must hold a valid Australian visa.
Torres Strait[edit]
Residents of thirteen coastal villages in Papua New Guinea are permitted to enter the 'Protected Zone' of the Torres Strait (part of Queensland) for traditional purposes. This exemption from passport control is part of a treaty between Australia and Papua New Guinea negotiated when PNG became independent from Australia in 1975. Full list was determined in 2000 and includes the following 13 villages – Bula, Mari, Jarai, Tais, Buji/Ber, Sigabadaru, Mabadauan, Old Mawatta, Ture Ture, Kadawa, Katatai, Parama and Sui. They can make traditional visits (free movement without passports) as far as 10 degrees 30 minutes South latitude (near Number One Reef). Australian traditional inhabitants come from the following villages – Badu, Boigu, Poruma (Coconut Island), Erub (Darnley Island), Dauan, Kubin, St Pauls, Mabuiag, Mer (Murray Island), Saibai, Ugar (Stephen Island), Warraber (Sue Island), Iama (Yam Island) and Masig (Yorke Island). They can make traditional visits to the Papua New Guinea Treaty Villages and travel north as far as the 9 degrees South latitude (just north of Daru).[50] Vessels from other parts of Papua New Guinea and other countries attempting to cross into Australia or Australian waters are stopped by Australian Customs or the Royal Australian Navy.
External territories[edit]
Norfolk Island passport stamp
Australian Antarctic Territory – an environmental authorisation must be obtained, based on an environmental impact assessment (EIA) submitted by the organiser of the activity. In some cases, where an activity organised in another country party to the Treaty and Protocol, Australia will recognise an authorisation provided by that country. As well as an environmental authorisation, permits are required for certain activities.[51]
Christmas Island – Passports and visas are not required when travelling from the Australian mainland. However, photographic identification must be produced for clearance through Customs and Immigration. Normal Australian Customs and Immigration procedures apply when entry is made from outside Australia.[52]
Cocos (Keeling) Islands – Passports and visas are not required when travelling from the Australian mainland. However, photographic identification must be produced for clearance through Customs and Immigration. Normal Australian Customs and Immigration procedures apply when entry is made from outside Australia.[53]
Heard Island and McDonald Islands – a permit to enter and undertake activities in the Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands is required and is issued by the Australian Antarctic Division.[54]
Macquarie Island – a written authorisation of the Director of National Parks and Wildlife is required.[55][56]
Norfolk Island – From 1 July 2016 all movements between Norfolk Island and Australian mainland are considered as domestic movements, however all passengers are still required to carry passports or, for Australian citizens, some type of photographic identification and pass Customs and Immigration.[57] Normal Australian Customs and Immigration procedures apply when entry is made from outside Australia.[58] Passengers not carrying their passports are not eligible to purchase duty-free goods on Norfolk Island.[59]
Entry Refusal[edit]
Admission and transit is refused to nationals of Somalia, even if not leaving the aircraft and proceeding by the same flight.[60]
SmartGate[edit]
Main article: SmartGate
SmartGate is an automated border processing system being introduced by the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service and New Zealand Customs Service. The SmartGate is available to eligible to holders of ePassports issued by the following jurisdictions aged 16 or over:[61]
Australia (including those aged between 10 and 15 years provided travelling with a minimum of two adults)
Canada
China
France
Hong Kong
Ireland
Japan
South Korea
Macao
New Zealand
Singapore
Sweden
Switzerland
United Arab Emirates[62]
United Kingdom
United States of America
APEC Business Travel Card[edit]
Holders of passports issued by the following countries who possess an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) containing the "AUS" code on the reverse that it is valid for travel to Australia can enter visa-free for business trips for up to 90 days.[63]
ABTCs are issued to nationals of:[64]
Brunei
Chile
China
Hong Kong
Indonesia
Japan
South Korea
Malaysia
Mexico
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Russia
Singapore
Taiwan
Thailand
Vietnam
Temporary entrants statistics[edit]
The number of temporary entrants and New Zealand citizens physically present in Australia is estimated every three months by identifying those who have entered Australia and those who have neither left nor granted permanent residency.[65]
Temporary visa holders
30 September 2014
30 September 2015
% Change
% of Total
New Zealand (Special Category 444) visa 657,210 661,550 0.7 35.4
Student visa 387,800 425,740 9.8 22.8
Visitor visa 226,010 258,910 14.6 13.8
Temporary Skilled visa 196,930 186,810 -5.1 10.0
Working Holiday Maker visa 151,220 144,450 -4.5 7.7
Bridging visa 94,840 114,390 20.6 6.1
Other Temporary visa 47,210 52,190 10.5 2.8
Temporary Graduate visa 21,970 25,520 16.2 1.4
Total visa 1,783,190 1,869,550 4.8 100
Overstaying visas[edit]
Non-citizens who remain in Australia after their visa has expired are termed overstayers. Official government sources put the number of visa overstayers in Australia at approximately 50,000. This has been the official number of undocumented immigrants for about 25 years and is considered to be low. Other sources have placed it at up to 100,000, but no detailed study has been completed to quantify this number, which could be significantly higher.
The government calculates a "Modified Non-Return Rate" of the people who arrive on a Visitor visa granted outside Australia, but do not depart before their visa expires. It is considered when assessing visa applications as an indicator of Visitor visa compliance.[66]
[show]Citizenship
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
Afghanistan 18.23 19.02 8.06
Albania 5.86 7.14 3.76
Algeria 1.03 0.91 0.82
Andorra1 3 6.79 0.00 0.00
Angola 0.00 0.00 0.00
Antigua and Barbuda 0.00 0.00 0.00
Argentina 0.66 0.53 0.47
Armenia 3.80 1.63 4.84
Austria1 3 0.44 0.45 0.34
Azerbaijan 0.00 0.94 0.81
Bahamas 1.82 1.47 1.96
Bahrain 4.95 6.19 5.23
Bangladesh 1.60 1.15 2.09
Barbados 0.00 0.00 0.00
Belarus 0.71 0.25 0.48
Belgium1 3 0.45 0.53 0.34
Belize 0.00 0.00 2.86
Benin 5.88 10.53 0.00
Bermuda 0.00 0.00 12.50
Bhutan 0.76 1.50 2.42
Bolivia 0.79 5.17 2.37
Bosnia-Herzegovina 0.98 0.85 1.27
Botswana 1.48 1.53 1.32
BPP 0.00 N/A4 0.00
Brazil 0.91 0.65 0.87
Brunei Darussalam2 3 0.74 0.35 0.62
Bulgaria1 3.73 3.97 4.61
Burkina Faso 4.18 0.00 0.00
Burma (Myanmar) 2.62 1.54 1.60
Burundi 16.67 16.13 0.00
Cambodia 1.95 4.95 2.03
Cameroon 9.47 1.89 1.30
Canada2 3 0.88 0.92 0.66
Cape Verde 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cayman Islands 0.00 0.00 N/A4
Central African Republic N/A4 0.00 0.00
Chad 0.00 0.00 0.00
Chile 1.18 0.81 0.66
China, People's Republic of 0.39 0.32 0.29
Colombia 1.15 1.44 1.71
Comoros 0.00 0.00 0.00
Congo 0.00 3.28 5.26
Costa Rica 1.96 0.50 0.85
Cote d'Ivoire 1.96 0.00 0.00
Croatia1 0.48 0.98 2.19
Cuba 3.37 4.88 2.22
Cyprus1 1.28 2.00 2.28
Czech Republic1 0.77 0.85 0.85
Democratic Republic of Congo 2.99 5.33 7.27
Denmark1 3 0.36 0.47 0.26
Djibouti 0.00 16.67 0.00
Dominica 0.00 0.00 0.00
Dominican Republic 3.85 1.30 0.85
Ecuador 2.39 0.99 0.73
Egypt 6.37 9.23 15.20
El Salvador 6.01 3.67 1.17
Equatorial Guinea 0.00 0.00 0.00
Eritrea 28.89 10.51 15.91
Estonia1 2.66 3.89 3.87
Ethiopia 9.24 10.92 12.23
Fiji 2.34 2.09 1.60
Finland1 3 0.40 0.52 0.36
France1 3 0.52 0.58 0.43
Gabon 0.00 0.00 0.00
Gambia 0.00 0.00 0.00
Georgia 4.55 15.89 10.45
Germany1 3 0.48 0.47 0.36
Ghana 3.57 3.46 4.03
Greece1 3 3.99 8.40 7.97
Grenada 0.00 0.00 0.00
Guatemala 1.13 1.39 4.20
Guinea 0.00 2.17 9.76
Guinea-Bissau 0.00 0.00 0.00
Guyana 4.57 3.05 4.11
Haiti 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hong Kong SAR2 3 0.57 0.72 0.65
Honduras 1.62 1.82 1.45
Hungary1 2.09 2.42 2.50
Iceland1 3 1.72 1.23 1.61
India 0.84 0.90 1.02
Indonesia 0.70 0.70 0.46
Iran 2.85 2.65 4.39
Iraq 8.79 6.46 7.60
Ireland1 3 1.39 1.28 1.27
Israel 1.02 0.70 0.41
Italy1 3 0.85 1.12 1.25
Jamaica 1.15 1.13 1.84
Japan2 3 0.19 0.23 0.16
Jordan 2.45 3.65 5.44
Kazakhstan 1.31 0.42 0.56
Kenya 0.62 1.34 1.03
Kiribati 1.97 1.60 1.50
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of 0.00 0.00 0.00
Korea, Republic of2 3 0.89 1.02 1.02
Kosovo 0.00 7.84 0.00
Kuwait 0.21 0.73 0.87
Kyrgyzstan 5.17 1.01 0.00
Laos 2.15 2.66 2.48
Latvia1 5.14 2.65 3.61
Lebanon 3.13 2.84 6.62
Lesotho 0.00 0.00 0.00
Liberia 22.38 13.75 4.55
Libya 2.60 4.35 2.56
Liechtenstein1 3 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lithuania1 4.34 3.45 2.99
Luxembourg1 3 0.33 0.38 0.17
Macau 1.03 1.13 0.29
Macedonia 1.93 1.17 2.97
Madagascar 0.00 1.72 0.00
Malawi 1.14 1.04 0.00
Malaysia2 3 1.05 1.58 1.01
Maldives 2.15 0.00 0.64
Mali 0.00 0.00 0.00
Malta1 3 2.09 1.24 1.61
Marshall Islands 3.39 0.00 0.00
Mauritania 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mauritius 1.17 1.56 1.56
Mexico 0.85 0.78 0.77
Micronesia 0.00 7.93 1.95
Moldova 1.15 1.05 1.01
Monaco1 3 2.16 0.00 0.00
Mongolia 2.54 1.44 3.08
Montenegro 3.09 1.03 2.27
Morocco 3.40 0.49 1.91
Mozambique 0.97 1.42 0.51
Namibia 0.71 0.59 0.00
Nauru 0.97 0.68 0.55
Nepal 5.26 1.24 2.32
Netherlands1 3 0.46 0.49 0.37
Netherlands Antilles N/A4 0.00 N/A4
New Zealand 0.74 1.09 0.44
Nicaragua 7.41 2.83 11.11
Niger 0.00 0.00 0.00
Nigeria 3.70 4.42 4.40
Norway1 3 0.63 0.50 0.36
Oman 1.15 1.10 0.42
Pakistan 3.94 4.44 4.39
Palau 0.00 9.74 0.00
Palestinian Authority 10.84 4.22 13.18
Panama 1.34 0.74 0.00
Papua New Guinea 1.31 0.86 0.82
Paraguay 1.31 1.72 1.61
Peru 1.59 1.80 1.15
Philippines 1.50 1.91 2.00
Poland1 1.76 1.60 1.75
Portugal1 3 1.68 2.22 2.29
Qatar 0.52 0.36 0.17
Romania1 4.03 4.01 4.77
Russian Federation 0.47 0.61 0.48
Rwanda 2.78 0.00 8.33
Samoa 1.97 2.41 1.99
San Marino1 3 0.00 0.00 2.42
Sao Tome & Principe N/A4 0.00 N/A4
Saudi Arabia 4.93 5.18 5.39
Senegal 2.94 0.00 2.56
Serbia 1.13 1.06 1.34
Serbia and Montenegro 0.00 0.00 0.00
Seychelles 1.38 1.55 1.34
Sierra Leone 0.00 5.34 4.63
Singapore2 3 0.32 0.33 0.26
Slovakia1 0.67 1.01 0.87
Slovenia1 0.60 0.66 0.82
Solomon Islands 1.59 1.63 1.19
Somalia 0.00 0.00 0.00
South Africa 0.91 0.72 0.65
Spain1 3 0.95 0.94 1.05
Sri Lanka 1.23 1.26 1.25
Stateless 5.11 4.31 5.79
Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.00 0.00 0.00
Saint Lucia 0.00 0.00 0.00
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sudan 4.06 2.34 4.96
Suriname 0.00 12.00 0.00
Swaziland 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sweden1 3 0.61 0.61 0.60
Switzerland1 3 0.47 0.39 0.24
Syria 2.70 13.23 20.68
Tajikistan 0.00 0.00 0.00
Taiwan3 0.58 0.72 0.73
Tanzania 0.69 0.19 0.79
Thailand 0.85 1.02 0.92
Timor-Leste 0.59 1.53 2.76
Togo 0.00 0.00 8.33
Tonga 3.54 5.60 2.88
Trinidad and Tobago 0.95 0.31 1.04
Tunisia 1.44 0.88 0.83
Turkey 1.80 1.15 1.55
Turkmenistan 6.25 0.00 0.00
Tuvalu 1.26 0.64 0.40
Uganda 4.16 2.95 1.92
Ukraine 1.40 2.08 1.32
UN Convention Refugee 9.19 4.40 2.63
United Arab Emirates 0.31 0.38 0.34
United Kingdom1 3 0.68 0.69 0.58
UN Agency 2.78 1.08 0.00
United Nations Organisation 0.00 0.97 0.00
United States of America2 3 0.74 0.73 0.51
Uruguay 2.97 0.77 0.37
Uzbekistan 3.83 0.00 0.76
Vanuatu 0.91 1.17 0.85
Vatican City1 3 0.00 0.00 0.00
Venezuela 1.61 1.24 0.68
Vietnam 1.99 1.18 1.44
Yemen 3.85 4.37 2.86
Yugoslavia 3.77 0.00 0.00
Zambia 1.61 1.77 0.42
Zimbabwe 3.12 2.02 2.79
Global average 0.74 0.79 0.69
1 - eVisitor eligible
2 - online ETA eligible
3 - officially considered low risk[4]
4 - N/A indicates that no arrivals were recorded for this citizenship during the reporting period
Enforcement of visa restrictions[edit]
On 1 June 2013, the Migration Amendment (Reform of Employer Sanctions) Act 2013 commenced and put the onus on businesses to ensure that their employees maintain the necessary work entitlements in Australia. The new legislation enables the Department of Immigration and Border Protection to levy infringement notices against business (AUD $15,300) and individual (AUD $3,060) employers on a strict liability basis – meaning that there is no requirement to prove fault, negligence or intention.[67][68]
Reciprocity issues[edit]
Whilst citizens of all Member States of the European Union and Schengen associated countries are entitled to use the eVisitor system since 27 October 2008, the European Commission is still assessing whether the eVisitor visa fully satisfies reciprocity requirements. In its Seventh report on certain third countries' maintenance of visa requirements in breach of the principle of reciprocity from 2012, the European Commission found that in principle, the eVisitor provides equal treatment of the citizens of all Member States and Schengen associated countries. However, while the average autogrant rate was high (86.36%), the quarterly reports on eVisitor application statistics showed that applications by citizens of some Member States are mainly processed manually. Autogrant rates for Bulgaria and Romania were at just 18% and 23%, as the majority of applications were sent for additional examination. The Commission therefore engaged to continue to closely monitor the processing of eVisitor applications. The Commission would submit its assessment of whether eVisitor is equivalent to the Schengen visa application process in a separate document in parallel with the assessment of the Final Rule on ESTA.[69] Currently the Schengen Area does not have visa requirements in place for short-term stays of Australian nationals.[70][71] The United Kingdom and Ireland are exempt from this particular EU policy, but still do not impose any short-term visa requirements on Australians.[72][73]
In 2014 Bulgaria, Cyprus and Romania, which are not yet part of the Schengen Area, notified the European Commission that they considered Australia's low rate of automatically-granted eVisitor authorisations for their citizens tantamount to a normal visa requirement for their citizens.[35] Implications are that if the notification is accepted the EU may suspend the visa exemption for certain categories of Australian nationals and at the latest six months after publication of the regulation, the Commission may decide to suspend the visa-free access to all Australian citizens.[36]
Some countries regard the ETA as being equivalent to visa-free travel when deciding whether to grant the same to Australians wishing to enter their territory. The United States, for example, offers their Visa Waiver Program to Australian passport-holders,[74] and one of the conditions for joining this scheme is that "Governments provide reciprocal visa-free travel for U.S. citizens for 90 days for tourism or business purposes".[75] However, United States require from January 2009 similar ETA from citizens of Australia and some more countries. This system is not called visa, but Electronic System for Travel Authorization, therefore the USA still allows visa-free travel for Australians. As of December 1998, Japan has also granted visa-free access to Australians.[76] Other ETA eligible countries and territories Canada,[77] Hong Kong,[78] Malaysia,[79] Singapore[80] and South Korea (90 days)[81] and Taiwan (30 days)[82] also grant visa-free access to Australians while Brunei grants Australians a 30-day visa on arrival.[83]
Future[edit]
In 2014 Australia announced that among the countries discussed for visa waiver extension are the Gulf Cooperation Council countries.[84]
Historic stamp gallery[edit]
Visa and Passport stamps
Arrival stamp Melbourne Airport - 1970
Arrival stamp Sydney via ship - 1968
Departure stamp Sydney Airport - 1990
Arrival stamp Brisbane Airport - 1990
Arrival stamps Melbourne Airport - 1982
Arrival stamp Melbourne Airport - 1970
Visitor statistics[edit]
Most visitors arriving to Australia were from the following countries of nationality:[85]
[show]Country/Territory
2016
2015
2014
2013
New Zealand 1,347,400 1,309,900 1,241,400 1,192,800
China 1,199,100 1,023,600 839,500 708,900
United Kingdom 716,700 688,400 652,100 657,600
United States 711,400 609,900 553,000 501,100
Singapore 439,600 395,800 372,100 339,800
Japan 413,800 335,500 326,500 324,400
Malaysia 387,700 338,800 324,500 278,100
South Korea 284,600 230,100 204,100 197,500
India 259,900 233,100 196,600 168,600
Hong Kong 249,300 219,700 201,600 183,500
Total 8,262,900 7,428.600 6,868.000 6,382.300
See also[edit]
Australia portal
Visa requirements for Australian citizens
Tourism in Australia
Australian migration zone
Immigration to Australia
Passenger Movement Charge
References[edit]
Jump up ^ s.29 Migration Act 1958
Jump up ^ Doubts over Indonesia's plans to scrap tourist visa for Australians
Jump up ^ "Country information (visa section)". Timatic. International Air Transport Association (IATA) through Olympic Air. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Electronic Travel Authority (subclass 601) - Eligible passports
^ Jump up to: a b Electronic visa record
Jump up ^ Visa Entitlement Verification Online (VEVO)
Jump up ^ Electronic visa record, Department of Immigration and Border Protaction
Jump up ^ Visa listing
Jump up ^ Information for Visitors
Jump up ^ Fees and charges for visas
Jump up ^ "New Visitor visa options for Chinese applicants". Retrieved 1 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Visa products available for Chinese nationals to visit, work or study in Australia" (PDF). Retrieved 1 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Transit Visa (Subclass 771)
Jump up ^ Medical Treatment Visa (Subclass 602)
Jump up ^ Working Holiday Visa (Subclass 417)
Jump up ^ Work and Holiday Visa (Subclass 462)
Jump up ^ Student visa (subclass 500)
Jump up ^ Important changes to the student visa programme – from 1 July 2016
Jump up ^ Special Program Visa (Subclass 416)
Jump up ^ "Resident Return Visas (Subclasses 155 and 157)". Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Special Category visa (subclass 444)
Jump up ^ "Fact Sheet 17 – New Zealanders in Australia". Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Provisional Resident Return visa (subclass 159)
Jump up ^ "Fact Sheet 59 - Immigration Arrangements for Norfolk Island". Department of Immigration & Border Protection. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d A HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF IMMIGRATION: Managing Migration to Australia
Jump up ^ http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_reg_es/mr1996n75334.html
^ Jump up to: a b c "Fact Sheet 53 – Australia's Entry System for Visitors". Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "eVisitor (subclass 651)". Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Excluding British National (Overseas), British Overseas Territories citizen, British Overseas citizen, British protected person or British Subject passport.
Jump up ^ "For eVisitor Applicants - Who can apply". Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Report" (PDF). Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Report" (PDF). Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Report" (PDF). Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Information from the Commission about notifications by the Member States of cases of non-reciprocity in accordance with Article 1(4)(a) of Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 as amended by Regulation (EU) No 1289/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council". European Commission. 12 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b EU gives US six months to come clean on visa policy
Jump up ^ "Policy study on an EU Electronic System for travel Authorization (EU ESTA) - Annexes: Introduction of the ETA, eVisitor and eVisa systems" (PDF). PricewaterhouseCoopers. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) for Electronic Travel Authority (subclass 601)". Australian - Embassy Republic of Korea. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Electronic Travel Authority (Subclass 601)". Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "For Electronic Travel Authority Applicants - Who can apply". Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
Jump up ^ https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2014L01319 Migration Regulations 1994 - Specification of Class of Passports - IMMI 14/073
^ Jump up to: a b http://hongkong.china.embassy.gov.au/hkng/VISMG_ETA.html Visa and migration - Electronic Travel Authorities (ETA)
Jump up ^ Electronic visa record
Jump up ^ "Visitor visa (subclass 600)". Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Visitor e600 Visa Online Applications". Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Migration Act 1958, taking into account amendments up to Migration Amendment (Temporary Sponsored Visas) Act 2013". Australian Government - ComLaw. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Migration Regulations 1994, taking into account amendments up to Migration Amendment (Visa Application Charge) Regulation 2013". Australian Government - ComLaw. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Do I need a visa to transit through Australia?
Jump up ^ KLM - Visa Information
Jump up ^ "Torres Strait Treaty and You - What is free movement for traditional activities?". Australian Government = Dept. of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Environmental approvals for tour and expedition organisers
Jump up ^ Christmas Island traveller information
Jump up ^ Cocos (Keeling) Islands traveller information
Jump up ^ Can I visit Heard Island?
Jump up ^ Guidelines for Tourist Operations and Visits
Jump up ^ Guidelines for Tourist Visits to Macquarie Island Nature Reserve and World Heritage Area
Jump up ^ Norfolk Island
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference Timatic was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ Arrivals SmartGate
Jump up ^ UAE nationals can use SmartGate at Australian airports
Jump up ^ [4]
Jump up ^ ABTC Summary
Jump up ^ "Temporary entrants in Australia (stock data) statistics". www.border.gov.au. Retrieved 2016-01-11.
Jump up ^ Modified Non-Return Rate Quarterly Report Ending at 30 June 2013
Jump up ^ "Employer Sanctions Legislation - vSure - Visa Checks Made Easy". vSure. 2013-06-01. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Fact Sheet - Employing Legal Workers". Immi.gov.au. 2008-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
Jump up ^ "COM(2012) 681 final REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL - Seventh report on certain third countries' maintenance of visa requirements in breach of the principle of reciprocity" (.pdf). European Commission.
Jump up ^ "Same visa policy for all European Union Member States". EUROPA. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
Jump up ^ Office for Official Publications of the European Communities (2001-03-21). "Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Communities. 44 (L 81): 1–7; Article 1(2) and Annex II. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Australia Visa". UK Visas. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Do I need a visa to come to Ireland?". Department of Foreign Affairs, Government of Ireland. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Visa Waiver Program (VWP)". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Visa Waiver Program - How a Country Qualifies". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Visa Free Entry to Japan for Short-term Visitors from Australia". Department of Immigration and Citizenship. 1998-11-05. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Countries and territories whose citizens do not need a visa (visa exemptions)". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Visit Visa / Entry Permit Requirements for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". Immigration Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Visa Requirement by Country". Immigration Department of Malaysia. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Visa Requirements for Entry into Singapore". High Commission of The Republic of Singapore - London. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nationals of countries or regions allowed for visa-free entry". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Visa-Exempt Entry". Bureau of Consular Affairs. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Visa Information". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Australia mulls visa waiver for Gulf nationals
Jump up ^ Visitors by country of residence
External links[edit]
Department of Immigration & Border Protection
ETA:
Australian Government - Electronic Travel Authority
Department of Immigration & Border Protection - ETA (Visitor) (Subclass 601)
eVisitor:
Department of Immigration & Border Protection - eVisitor
[show]
v
t
e
Visa policy by country
Visa
Passport
Travel document
Africa
Central
Angola
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
DR Congo
R Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
São Tomé and Príncipe
Eastern
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Comoros
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Eritrea
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Kenya
Madagascar
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Mauritius
Mozambique
Rwanda
Seychelles
Somalia (Somaliland)
South Sudan
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
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Northern
Algeria
Egypt8
Libya
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Southern
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Lesotho
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Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha1
South Africa
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Mali
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Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Togo
Americas
Caribbean
Dutch Caribbean (Aruba, Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao, Sint Maarten)
Anguilla1
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
British Virgin Islands1
Cayman Islands1
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Haiti
Jamaica
Montserrat1
Puerto Rico11
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands1
United States Virgin Islands11
Central
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North
Bermuda1
Canada
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Falkland Islands1
Guyana
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Peru
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands1
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
Central & North
Afghanistan
Kazakhstan6
Kyrgyzstan
Russia3
Tajikistan
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East
China
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Japan
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Mongolia
Taiwan (Republic of China)10
South
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Southeast (ASEAN)
Brunei
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East Timor
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Western
Abkhazia510
Akrotiri and Dhekelia1 7
Armenia7
Artsakh7 10
Azerbaijan5
Bahrain
Cyprus7
Egypt8
Georgia5
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
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Lebanon
Northern Cyprus7 10
Oman
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South Ossetia5
Syria
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Europe
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Austria
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Denmark
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Finland
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Gibraltar1
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Norway
Svalbard12
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Overseas
Other Europe
Abkhazia5 10
Akrotiri and Dhekelia1 7
Albania
Andorra
Armenia7
Artsakh7 10
Azerbaijan5
Belarus
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Georgia5
Kazakhstan6
Kosovo10
Macedonia
Moldova
Monaco 2
Montenegro
Northern Cyprus7 10
Russia3
San Marino 2
Serbia
South Ossetia5 10
Transnistria10
Turkey4
Ukraine
Vatican City 2
Oceania
American Samoa11
Australia
Cook Islands9
Fiji
Guam11
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
New Zealand
Niue9
Northern Mariana Islands11
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Pitcairn Islands1
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tokelau9
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
1 British Overseas Territories. 2 Open border with Schengen Area. 3 Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The majority of its population (80%) lives in European Russia, therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here. 4 Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe. Has part of its territory (3%) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace. 5 Azerbaijan (Artsakh) and Georgia (Abkhazia; South Ossetia) are transcontinental countries. Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus. 6 Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country. Has part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe. 7 Armenia and Cyprus (Northern Cyprus; Akrotiri and Dhekelia) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe. 8 Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East. Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula. 9 Part of the Realm of New Zealand. 10 Partially recognized. 11 Unincorporated territory of the United States. 12 Part of Norway, not part of the Schengen Area, special open-border status under Svalbard Treaty
[show]
v
t
e
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Africa
Central
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R Congo
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Gabonese
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Saint Helena1
South African
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Americas
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Anguillan1
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Grenadian
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Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Turks and Caicos Islands1
Central
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Bermudian1
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Paraguayan
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Asia
Central & North
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Kazakhstani6
Kyrgyzstani
Russian3
Tajik
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East
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Mongolian
Taiwanese9
South
Bangladeshi
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Indian
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Southeast
Bruneian
Cambodian
East Timorese
Indonesian
Laotian
Malaysian
Myanmar
Philippine
Singaporean
Thai
Vietnamese
Western
Abkhaz5 9
Armenian7
Artsakh7 9
Azerbaijani5
Bahraini
Cypriot7
Egyptian8
Georgian5
Emirati
Iranian
Iraqi
Israeli
Jordanian
Kuwaiti
Lebanese
Northern Cypriot7 9
Omani
Palestinian5
Qatari
Saudi
South Ossetian5 9
Syrian
Turkish4
Yemeni
Europe
European Union
Austrian
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British (BOTC · BN(O) · BOC)
Bulgarian
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Cypriot7
Czech
Danish
Dutch
Estonian (Non-citizens)
Finnish
French
German
Greek
Hungarian
Irish
Italian
Latvian (Non-citizens)
Lithuanian
Luxembourg
Maltese
Polish
Portuguese
Romanian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
Other Europe
Abkhaz5 9
Albanian
Andorran2
Armenian7
Artsakh7 9
Azerbaijani5
Belarusian
Bosnian and Herzegovinian
Georgian5
Gibraltar1
Icelandic2
Kazakhstani6
Kosovan9
Liechtenstein2
Macedonia
Moldovan
Monégasque2
Montenegrin
Northern Cypriot7 9
Norwegian2
Russian3
San Marino2
Serbian
South Ossetian5 9
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Swiss
Transnistrian9
Turkish4
Ukrainian
Vatican City2
Oceania
Australian
Fijian
Kiribati
Marshallese
Micronesian
Nauruan
New Zealand
Palauan
Papua New Guinean
Pitcairn Islands1
Samoan
Solomon Islands
Tongan
Tuvaluan
Vanuatuan
1 British Overseas Territories. 2 Open border with Schengen Area. 3 Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The vast majority of its population (80%) lives in European Russia. 4 Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe. Has a small part of its territory (3%) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace. 5 Azerbaijan and Georgia (Abkhazia; South Ossetia) are transcontinental countries. Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus. 6 Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country. Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe. 7 Armenia (Artsakh) and Cyprus (Northern Cyprus) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe. 8 Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East. Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai peninsula. 9 Partially recognized.
Immigration law
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text:
The empire on which the sun never sets
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" has been used with variations to describe certain global empires that were so extensive that there was always at least one part of their territory that was in daylight.
It was originally used for the Spanish Empire, mainly in the 16th and 17th centuries. In more recent times, it was used for the British Empire, mainly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. During this period, the British Empire reached a territorial size larger than that of any other empire in history.
Georg Büchmann traces the idea to a speech in Herodotus' Histories, made by Xerxes I before invading Greece.[1][2]
A similar concept in the Old Testament might pre-date Herodotus and Xerxes I where Psalm 72:8 speaks of the Messianic King: ‘He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth’ [3] for ‘as long as the sun and moon endure, throughout all generations’ Ps 72:5.[4] This concept had existed in the Ancient Near East before the Old Testament. The Story of Sinuhe (19th century BC) announces that the Egyptian King rules “all what the sun encircles.”[5] Mesopotamian texts contemporary to Sargon of Akkad (c. 2334 – 2279 BC) proclaim that this king ruled “all the lands from sunrise to sunset.”[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Spain
2 United Kingdom
3 United States
4 See also
5 Notes
Spain[edit]
Anachronous map of the Spanish Empire including territorial claims
In the early 16th century, the phrase, "el imperio en el que nunca se pone el sol" (the empire on which the sun never sets) originated with a remark made by Fray Francisco de Ugalde[citation needed] to Charles I, who as king of Spain and as Holy Roman Emperor by the name of Charles V, had an empire, which included many territories in Europe, islands in the Mediterranean and Atlantic, cities in North Africa and vast territories in the Americas.
The phrase gained added resonance during the reign of Charles's son, Philip II of Spain, when the Philippines and several other island chains in the Pacific were obtained by Spain. When King Henry of Portugal died, Philip II pressed his claim to the Portuguese throne and was recognised as Philip I of Portugal in 1581. He then reigned over all his father's possessions in Europe, Africa and the Americas (except the Holy Roman Empire) and Asia and the Portuguese Empire, which itself included territories in the Americas, in the North and the Subsaharian Africa, in all the Asian Subcontinents, and islands in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.
However, it was under his son Philip III of Spain, when the Spanish Empire acquired its largest extension. Philip III and his son Philip IV of Spain were also kings of Portugal among other territories besides Spain, which made both of them the rulers of the greatest extension on earth of all time, simply by joining the global territories of Spain and Portugal empires account for more extension than any other king has ever ruled.
In 1585, Giovanni Battista Guarini wrote Il pastor fido to mark the marriage of Catherine Michelle, daughter of Philip II, to Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy. Guarini's dedication read, "Altera figlia / Di qel Monarca, a cui / Nö anco, quando annotta, il Sol tramonta."[1] ("The proud daughter / of that monarch to whom / when it grows dark [elsewhere] the sun never sets.").[7]
In the early 17th century, the phrase was familiar to John Smith,[8] and to Francis Bacon, who writes: "both the East and the West Indies being met in the crown of Spain, it is come to pass, that, as one saith in a brave kind of expression, the sun never sets in the Spanish dominions, but ever shines upon one part or other of them : which, to say truly, is a beam of glory [...]".[9] Thomas Urquhart wrote of "that great Don Philippe, Tetrarch of the world, upon whose subjects the sun never sets."[10]
In the German dramatist Friedrich Schiller's 1787 play, Don Carlos, Don Carlos's father, Philip II, says, "German: Ich heiße / der reichste Mann in der getauften Welt; / Die Sonne geht in meinem Staat nicht unter." ("I am called / The richest monarch in the Christian world; / The sun in my dominion never sets.").[11]
Joseph Fouché recalled Napoleon saying before the Peninsular War, "Reflect that the sun never sets in the immense inheritance of Charles V, and that I shall have the empire of both worlds." [12] This was cited in Walter Scott's Life of Napoleon.[7][13]
It has been claimed that Louis XIV of France's emblem of the "Sun King" and associated motto, "Nec pluribus impar" were based on the solar emblem and motto of Philip II.[14]
United Kingdom[edit]
The British Empire in 1919, at its greatest extent with presence on all inhabited continents
In the 19th century, it became popular to apply the phrase to the British Empire. It was a time when British world maps showed the Empire in red and pink to highlight British imperial power spanning the globe. Scottish author, John Wilson, writing as "Christopher North" in Blackwood's Magazine in 1829, is sometimes credited as originating the usage.[15][16][17][18] However, George Macartney wrote in 1773, in the wake of the territorial expansion that followed Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War, of "this vast empire on which the sun never sets, and whose bounds nature has not yet ascertained."[19]
In a speech on 31 July 1827, Rev. R. P. Buddicom said, "It had been said that the sun never set on the British flag; it was certainly an old saying, about the time of Richard the Second, and was not so applicable then as at the present time."[20] In 1821, the Caledonian Mercury wrote of the British Empire, "On her dominions the sun never sets; before his evening rays leave the spires of Quebec, his morning beams have shone three hours on Port Jackson, and while sinking from the waters of Lake Superior, his eye opens upon the Mouth of the Ganges."[21]
Daniel Webster famously expressed a similar idea in 1834: "A power which has dotted over the surface of the whole globe with her possessions and military posts, whose morning drumbeat, following the sun and keeping company with the hours, circles the earth with one continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England."[7][22] In 1839, Sir Henry Ward said in the House of Commons, "Look at the British Colonial empire — the most magnificent empire that the world ever saw. The old Spanish boast that the sun never set in their dominions, has been more truly realised amongst ourselves."[23] By 1861, Lord Salisbury complained that the £1.5 million spent on colonial defence by Britain merely enabled the nation "to furnish an agreeable variety of stations to our soldiers, and to indulge in the sentiment that the sun never sets on our Empire".[24]
United States[edit]
"Ten Thousand Miles From Tip to Tip", 1898. The sunbeams of this famous cartoon are a visual reference to the expression.
From the mid-nineteenth century, the image of the sun never setting can be found applied to Anglophone culture, explicitly including both the British Empire and the United States, for example in a speech by Alexander Campbell in 1852: "To Britain and America God has granted the possession of the new world; and because the sun never sets upon our religion, our language and our arts...".[25]
By the end of the century, the phrase was also being applied to the United States alone. An 1897 magazine article titled "The Greatest Nation on Earth" boasted, "[T]he sun never sets on Uncle Sam".[26] In 1906, William Jennings Bryan wrote, "If we can not boast that the sun never sets on American territory, we can find satisfaction in the fact that the sun never sets on American philanthropy";[27] after which, The New York Times received letters attempting to disprove his presupposition.[28] A 1991 history book discussion of U.S. expansion states, "Today ... the sun never sets on American territory, properties owned by the U.S. government and its citizens, American armed forces abroad, or countries that conduct their affairs within limits largely defined by American power."[29]
Although most of these sentiments have a patriotic ring, the phrase is sometimes used critically with the implication of American imperialism, as in the title of Joseph Gerson's book, The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases.[30]
See also[edit]
King of Kings
Nec pluribus impar
Plus ultra
List of former transcontinental countries
Pluricontinentalism
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Büchmann, Georg; Walter Robert-turnow (1895). Geflügelte Worte: Der Citatenschatz des deutschen Volkes (in German) (18th ed.). Berlin: Haude und Spener (F. Weidling). p. 157. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
Jump up ^ "γῆν τὴν Περσίδα ἀποδέξομεν τῷ Διὸς αἰθέρι ὁμουρέουσαν. οὐ γὰρ δὴ χώρην γε οὐδεμίαν κατόψεται ἥλιος ὅμουρον ἐοῦσαν τῇ ἡμετέρῃ" ("We shall extend the Persian territory as far as God's heaven reaches. The sun will then shine on no land beyond our borders.") Herodotus (1910). "Book 7 (Polyhmnia)". Histories. translated by George Rawlinson. ¶8. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
Jump up ^ Psalm 72:8
Jump up ^ Psalm 72:5
Jump up ^ Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings, ed. Miriam Lichtheim, Berkeley & Los Angeles & London: University of California Press, (1975), vol I, p 230.
Jump up ^ Wayne Horowitz, Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography, Winona Lake: Eisenbraums, (1998), p 88.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bartlett, John (2000) [1919]. Familiar quotations. Bartleby.com. revised and enlarged by Nathan Haskell Dole (10th ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 495. ISBN 1-58734-107-7. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
Jump up ^ Bartlett, John (1865). Familiar quotations (4th ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 388. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
Jump up ^ Bacon, Francis (1841). "An Advertisement Touching a Holy War". In Basil Montagu. The works of Francis Bacon, lord chancellor of England. Vol. 2. address to Lancelot Andrewes. Carey. p. 438.
Jump up ^ Duncan, William James; Andrew Macgeorge (1834). Miscellaneous papers, principally illustrative of events in the reigns of Queen Mary and King James VI. E. Khull, printer. p. 173. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
Jump up ^ Don Carlos, Act I, Scene 6.
Jump up ^ Fouché, Joseph (1825). The memoirs of Joseph Fouché. Vol. 1. Compiled and translated by Alphonse de Beauchamp and Pierre Louis P. de Jullian. p. 313.
Jump up ^ Scott, Walter (1835). "Chap. XLI". Life of Napoleon Buonaparte: With a Preliminary View of the French Revolution. VI. Edinburgh: Cadell. p. 23.
Jump up ^ Tiedeman, H. (29 February 1868). "The French King's Device: "Nec Pluribus Impar" (3rd Ser. xii. 502)". Notes and Queries: 203–4. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
Jump up ^ Wilson, John (April 1829). "Noctes Ambrosianae No. 42". Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. XXV (cli): 527. Not a more abstemious man than old Kit North in his Majesty's dominions, on which the sun never sets.
Jump up ^ Vance, Norman (2000). "Imperial Rome and Britain's Language of Empire 1600–1837". History of European Ideas. 26 (3-4): 213, fn.3. ISSN 0191-6599. doi:10.1016/S0191-6599(01)00020-1. It seems this proverbial phrase was first used by 'Christopher North' (John Wilson) in Blackwood's Magazine (April 1829).
Jump up ^ Morris, Jan (1978). Farewell the Trumpets: An Imperial Retreat. as Christopher North the poet, had long before declared it, an Empire on which the sun never set.
Jump up ^ Miller, Karl (9 August 2003). "Star of the Borders". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-06-15. the British empire, on which, as Wilson may have been the first to say, the sun never set.
Jump up ^ Macartney, George (1773). An Account of Ireland in 1773 by a Late Chief Secretary of that Kingdom. p. 55. ; cited in Kenny, Kevin (2006). Ireland and the British Empire. Oxford University Press. p. 72,fn.22. ISBN 0-19-925184-3. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
Jump up ^ Scott, William; Francis Garden; James Bowling Mozley (1827). "Monthly Register: Society for the Propagation of the Gospel: Liverpool District Committee". The Christian remembrancer, or the Churchman's Biblical, Ecclesiastical & Literary Miscellany. Vol. IX. F.C. & J. Rivington. p. 589. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
Jump up ^ "The British Empire". Caledonian Mercury (15619). 15 October 1821. p. 4. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Lodge, Henry Cabot (1907–21). "XVI. Webster". In W. P. Trent; J. Erskine; S. P. Sherman; C. Van Doren. [American] Early National Literature, Part II; Later National Literature, Part I. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. XVI. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. § 6. Rhetoric and Literature. ISBN 1-58734-073-9.
Jump up ^ "Waste Lands of the Colonies". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 25 Jun 1839. col. 847.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Andrew (October 1999). "Salisbury: The Empire Builder Who Never Was". History Today. 49.
Jump up ^ Speeches of Alexander Campbell Archived 10 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Jordon, William (July 1897). "The Greatest Nation on Earth". Ladies' Home Journal: 7–8. ; cited by Kaiser, Kaitlyn (2005). "Americanizing the American Woman: Symbols of Nationalism in the Ladies Home Journal, 1890–1900". Salve Regina University (thesis): 17, fn.57,58.
Jump up ^ Bryan, William Jennings (1908). "American Philanthropy". In Richard Lee Metcalfe. The real Bryan; being extracts from the speeches and writings of "a well-rounded man". Vol. 2. Des Moines: Personal Help Publishing Company. pp. 44–45.
Jump up ^ "That never-setting sun". The New York Times. 5 August 1906. p. 8. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
Jump up ^ Williams, William Appleman (1991). "Expansion, Continental and Overseas". In Eric Foner; John Arthur Garraty. The Reader's companion to American history. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 365. ISBN 0-395-51372-3. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
Jump up ^ Gerson, Joseph; Bruce Birchard, eds. (1991). The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases. Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-399-3.
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Warmer in the Winter
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Warmer in the Winter
Studio album by Lindsey Stirling
Released
October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)
Genre
Christmas music, classical crossover
Label
Lindseystomp
Universal
Concord[1]
Lindsey Stirling chronology
Brave Enough
(2016)Brave Enough2016 Warmer in the Winter
(2017)
Warmer in the Winter is the fourth studio album by violinist and composer Lindsey Stirling, released on October 20, 2017.[2] The album features Becky G, Trombone Shorty, Alex Gaskarth of All Time Low, and Sabrina Carpenter. The album is composed of ten Christmas cover tracks and three original tracks.[3] The album opened at #32 on the Billboard 200, selling 15,000 copies, making her fourth Top 40 album.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Critical reception
2 Track listing
3 Charts
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year end charts
4 See also
5 References
Critical reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017)
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [5]
AllMusic gave Warmer in the Winter three stars out of five, with reviewer James Christopher Monger writing that "Stirling has crafted a fun and flighty brew of modern holiday cheer that is most certainly of its time".[5]
Track listing[edit]
Standard edition
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy"
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Traditional
Josh Abraham
NONFICTION
Oligee[a]
2:39
2. "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch" (featuring Sabrina Carpenter)
Albert Hague
Theodor S. Geisel
Abraham
Oligee[a]
Brian Phillips[a]
2:48
3. "Christmas C'mon" (featuring Becky G)
Lindsey Stirling
Autumn Rowe
Jon Levine
Abraham
Levine
3:50
4. "Carol of the Bells"
Mykola Leontovych
Traditional
Abraham
Oligee[a]
Phillips[a]
2:48
5. "Angels We Have Heard on High" Traditional Abraham 4:22
6. "I Saw Three Ships" Traditional Stephen J. Anderson 2:35
7. "Let It Snow"
Jule Styne
Sammy Cahn
Abraham 2:53
8. "Warmer in the Winter" (featuring Trombone Shorty)
Stirling
Evan Bogart
Phillips
Abraham 2:55
9. "What Child Is This"
William Chatterton Dix
Traditional
Abraham 3:19
10. "All I Want for Christmas"
Mariah Carey
Walter Afanasieff
Abraham 4:05
11. "Time to Fall in Love" (featuring Alex Gaskarth of All Time Low)
Stirling
Jordan Witzigreuter
Cameron Alexander Walker-Wright
Witzigreuter
Rian Dawson[b]
2:56
12. "Jingle Bell Rock"
Joseph Beal
James Boothe
Abraham 3:48
13. "Silent Night"
Franz Gruber
Joseph Mohr
Traditional
Abraham 3:54
[show]Target deluxe edition[6]
No.
Title
Length
14. "We Three Gentlemen" 2:59
15. "O Come, Emmanuel" 3:52
Notes
^[a] signifies a co-producer
^[b] signifies a vocal producer
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[7]
43
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[8]
150
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[9]
75
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[10]
90
French Albums (SNEP)[11]
66
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[12]
52
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[13]
40
US Billboard 200[14]
22
US Top Classical Albums (Billboard)[15]
1
US Top Holiday Albums (Billboard)[16]
1
Year end charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Position
US Classical Albums (Billboard)[17]
7
See also[edit]
List of Billboard number-one holiday albums of the 2010s
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Warmer In The Winter". amazon.com. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cirisano, Tatiana (September 14, 2017). "Lindsey Stirling Talks Joining 'Dancing With the Stars' & Shares First Holiday Album Track: Premiere". Billboard. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Warmer In The Winter (Pre-Order) - Vinyl Record". soundstagedirect.com. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith. "Billboard 200 Chart Moves: Pentatonix's 'Christmas' Album Returns to Top 40". Billboard. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Warmer in the Winter - Lindsey Stirling". AllMusic. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lindsey Stirling - Warmer In The Winter (Target Exclusive)". Target.com. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Lindsey Stirling – Warmer in the Winter" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Lindsey Stirling – Warmer in the Winter" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Lindsey Stirling – Warmer in the Winter" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lindsey Stirling Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Lindsey Stirling – Warmer in the Winter". Hung Medien. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Lindsey Stirling – Warmer in the Winter" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Lindsey Stirling – Warmer in the Winter". Hung Medien. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lindsey Stirling Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lindsey Stirling Chart History (Top Classical Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lindsey Stirling Chart History (Holiday Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Classical Albums - Year-End 2017". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
[show]
v
t
e
Lindsey Stirling
Studio albums
Lindsey Stirling (2012)
Shatter Me (2014)
Brave Enough (2016)
Warmer in the Winter (2017)
Video albums
Lindsey Stirling: Live from London (2015)
Extended plays
Lindsey Stomp (2010)
Singles
"Crystallize"
"Beyond the Veil"
"Shatter Me"
Concert tours
Lindsey Stirling Tour (2012–2013)
Shatter Me World Tour (The Music Box World Tour) (2014–2015)
Related
Discography
Drew Steen
This 2010s electronic album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warmer_in_the_Winter&oldid=816552159"
Categories:
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