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David
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This article is about the Biblical person. For other uses, see David (disambiguation).
David
King of Israel
Statue of King David by Nicolas Cordier in the Borghese Chapel of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
Reign
c. 1000 BCE
Predecessor
Saul
Ish-bosheth
Successor
Solomon
Born
Bethlehem, Judah, Israel
Died
Jerusalem, Judah, Israel
Burial
City of David (Jerusalem)
Consort
8 wives:[show]
Michal
Ahinoam
Abigail
Maachah
Haggith
Abital
Eglah
Bathsheba
Issue
18+ children:[show]
Amnon
Chileab
Absalom
Adonijah
Shephatiah
Ithream
Shammua
Shobab
Nathan
Solomon
Ibhar
Elishua
Nepheg
Japhia
Elishama
Eliada
Eliphalet
Tamar
House
House of David
Father
Jesse
Mother
Nitzevet (Talmud)
Kings of Ancient Israel
United Monarchy of Israel
Saul · Ish-bosheth
David · Solomon · Rehoboam
Northern Kingdom of Israel
Jeroboam I · Nadab
Baasha · Elah
Zimri
Omri · Ahab · Ahaziah · Joram/Jehoram
Jehu · Jehoahaz · Joash/Jehoash · Jeroboam II · Zechariah
Shallum
Menahem · Pekahiah
Pekah
Hoshea
v
t
e
David[a] is described in the Hebrew Bible as the second king of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah.
In the biblical narrative, David is a young shepherd who first gains fame as a musician and later by killing Goliath. He becomes a favorite of King Saul and a close friend of Saul's son Jonathan. Worried that David is trying to take his throne, Saul turns on David. After Saul and Jonathan are killed in battle, David is anointed as King. David conquers Jerusalem, taking the Ark of the Covenant into the city, and establishing the kingdom founded by Saul. As king, David arranges the death of Uriah the Hittite to cover his adultery with Bathsheba. According to the same biblical text, God denies David the opportunity to build the temple and his son, Absalom, tries to overthrow him. David flees Jerusalem during Absalom's rebellion, but after Absalom's death he returns to the city to rule Israel. Before his peaceful death, he chooses his son Solomon as his successor. He is mentioned in the prophetic literature as an ideal king and an ancestor of a future Messiah, and many psalms are ascribed to him.
Historians of the Ancient Near East agree that David probably existed around 1000 BCE, but that there is little that can be said about him as a historical figure. There is no direct evidence outside of the Bible concerning David, but the Tel Dan Stele, an inscribed stone erected by a king of Damascus in the late 9th/early 8th centuries BCE to commemorate his victory over two enemy kings, contains the phrase ביתדוד, bytdwd, which most scholars translate as "House of David". Ancient Near East historians generally doubt that the united monarchy as described in the Bible existed.
David is richly represented in post-biblical Jewish written and oral tradition, and is discussed in the New Testament. Early Christians interpreted the life of Jesus in light of the references to the Messiah and to David; Jesus is described as being descended from David. David is discussed in the Quran and figures in Islamic oral and written tradition as well. The biblical character of David has inspired many interpretations in fictional literature over centuries.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical account
1.1 Family
1.2 Narrative
1.3 Intertextuality in the Hebrew Bible
2 History and archeology
3 History of interepretation in the Abrahamic religions
3.1 Rabbinic Judaism
3.2 Christianity
3.2.1 Middle Ages
3.3 Islam
4 Art and literature
4.1 Literature
4.2 Paintings
4.3 Sculptures
4.4 Film
4.5 Music
4.6 Musical theater
4.7 Television
4.8 Playing cards
5 Image gallery
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Notes
7.2 Citations
7.3 Bibliography
8 Further reading
9 External links
Biblical account
Family
David raises the head of Goliath as illustrated by Josephine Pollard (1899)
The first book of Samuel portrays David as the youngest of the eight sons of Jesse of Bethlehem. His mother is not named in any book of the Bible, but the Talmud identifies her as Nitzevet daughter of Adael.[2] When the story was retold in 1 Chronicles (4th century BCE) he was made the youngest of seven sons and given two sisters, Zeruiah and Abigail. The Book of Ruth (possibly also 4th century BCE) traces his ancestry back to Ruth the Moabite.
David is described as cementing his relations with various political and national groups through marriage.[3] He is described as having eight wives: Michal, the second daughter of King Saul; Ahinoam the Jezreelite; Abigail the Carmelite, previously wife of Nabal; Maachah, daughter of Talmai, king of Geshur; Haggith; Abital; Eglah; and Bathsheba.
The Book of Chronicles lists his sons with his various wives and concubines. In Hebron, David had six sons: Amnon, by Ahinoam; Daniel, by Abigail; Absalom, by Maachah; Adonijah, by Haggith; Shephatiah, by Abital; and Ithream, by Eglah.[4] By Bathsheba, his sons were Shammua, Shobab, Nathan and Solomon. David's sons born in Jerusalem of his other wives included Ibhar, Elishua, Eliphelet, Nogah, Nepheg, Japhia, Elishama and Eliada.[5] Jerimoth, who is not mentioned in any of the genealogies, is mentioned as another of his sons in 2 Chronicles 11:18. His daughter Tamar, by Maachah, is a key character in the incident of her rape by one of her half-brothers.
Narrative
Samuel anoints David, Dura Europos, Syria, 3rd century CE
God is angered when Saul, Israel's king, unlawfully offers a sacrifice[6] and later disobeys a divine instruction to not only kill all of the Amalekites, but to destroy also their confiscated property.[7] Consequently, he sends the prophet Samuel to anoint a shepherd, David, the youngest son of Jesse of Bethlehem, to be king instead.[8]
God sends an evil spirit to torment Saul. Saul's courtiers recommend that he send for David, a man skillful on the lyre, wise in speech, and brave in battle. So David enters Saul's service as one of the royal armour-bearers, and plays the lyre to soothe the king.[9]
War comes between Israel and the Philistines, and the giant Goliath challenges the Israelites to send out a champion to face him in single combat.[10] David, sent by his father to bring provisions to his brothers serving in Saul's army, declares that he can defeat Goliath.[11] Refusing the king's offer of the royal armour,[12] he kills Goliath with his sling.[13] Saul inquires the name of the young hero's father.[14]
Saul threatening David, by José Leonardo
Saul sets David over his army. All Israel loves David, but his popularity causes Saul to fear him ("What else can he wish but the kingdom?").[15] Saul plots his death, but Saul's son Jonathan, one of those who loves David, warns him of his father's schemes and David flees. He goes first to Nob, where he is fed by the priest Ahimelech and given Goliath's sword, and then to Gath, the Philistine city of Goliath, intending to seek refuge with King Achish there. Achish's servants or officials question his loyalty, and David sees that he is in danger there.[16] He goes next to the cave of Adullam, where his family join him.[17] From there he goes to seek refuge with the king of Moab, but the prophet Gad advises him to leave and he goes to the Forest of Hereth,[18] and then to Keilah, where he is involved in a further battle with the Philistines. Saul plans to besiege Keilah so that he can capture David, so David leaves the city in order to protect its inhabitants.[19] From there he takes refuge in the mountainous Wilderness of Ziph.[20]
Jonathan meets with David again and confirms his loyalty to David as the future king. The people of Ziph notify Saul that David is taking refuge in their territory, Saul seeks confirmation and plans to capture David in the Wilderness of Maon, but his attention is diverted by a renewed Philistine invasion and David is able to secure some respite at Ein Gedi.[21] Returning from battle with the Philistines, Saul heads to Ein Gedi in pursuit of David and enters the cave where, as it happens, David and his supporters are hiding, "to attend to his needs". David realises he has an opportunity to kill Saul, but this is not his intention: he secretly cuts off a corner of Saul's robe and when Saul has left the cave he comes out to pay homage to Saul as the king and to demonstrate, using the piece of robe, that he holds no malice towards Saul. The two are thus reconciled and Saul recognises David as his successor.[22]
Alternatively, or (in the opinion of some commentators) subsequently,[23] Saul and David were reconciled following a similar occurrence when David was able to infiltrate Saul's camp on the hill of Hachilah and remove his spear and a jug of water from his side while he and his guards lay asleep. In this account (1 Samuel 26), David is advised by Abishai that this is his opportunity to kill Saul, but David declines, saying he will not "stretch out [his] hand against the Lord’s anointed".[24] David shows, by removing Saul's spear, that he had chance to take Saul's life but did not do so. Saul confesses that he has been wrong to pursue David, blesses him and promises that he "will do great things and surely triumph".[25] David prays that his own protection will be like his protection of Saul. The New King James Version and the New International Version both identify this episode as a second reconciliation between Saul and David[26] (with no account of any intervening dispute) but theologian Albert Barnes says the incident "is of a nature unlikely to have occurred more than once". This, it seems, was their last interview; after this they saw each other no more.[27]
A different tradition is recalled in 1 Samuel 27:1–4, namely that Saul ceased to pursue David because David took refuge a second time with Achish, the Philistine king of Gath.[28] Robert Jamieson, in the Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary, suggests that Saul and David had "become irreconcilable" despite the reconciliations described in 1 Samuel 24 and 1 Samuel 26.[29] Achish permits David to reside in Ziklag, close to the border between Gath and Judea, from where he leads raids against the Geshurites, the Girzites and the Amalekites, but leads Achish to believe he is attacking the Israelites in Judah, the Jerahmeelites and the Kenites. Achish believes that David had become a loyal vassal, but he never wins the trust of the princes or lords of Gath and at their request Achish instructs David to remain behind to guard the camp when the Philistines march against Saul.[30] David returns to Ziklag.[31] Jonathan and Saul are killed in battle,[32] and David is anointed king over Judah.[33] In the north, Saul's son Ish-Bosheth is anointed king of Israel, and war ensues until Ish-Bosheth is murdered.[34]
With the death of Saul's son, the elders of Israel come to Hebron and David is anointed king over all of Israel.[35] He conquers Jerusalem, previously a Jebusite stronghold, and makes it his capital.[36] He brings the Ark of the Covenant to the city,[37] intending to build a temple for God, but the prophet Nathan forbids it, prophesying that the temple would be built by one of his sons.[38] Nathan also prophesies that God has made a covenant with the house of David stating, "your throne shall be established forever".[39] David wins additional victories over the Philistines, Moabites, Edomites, Amalekites, Ammonites and king Hadadezer of Aram-Zobah, after which they become tributaries.[40]
David staring at Bathsheba bathing
David mourning the death of Absalom, by Gustave Doré
During a siege against the Ammonite capital of Rabbah, David remains in Jerusalem. He spies a woman, Bathsheba, bathing on a nearby rooftop and summons her; she becomes pregnant.[41][42][43] The text in the Bible does not explicitly state whether Bathsheba consented or not for sex.[44][45][46] David calls her husband, Uriah the Hittite, back from the battle to rest, hoping that he will go home to his wife and the child will be presumed to be his. Uriah does not visit his wife, however, so David conspires to have him killed in the heat of battle. David then marries the widowed Bathsheba.[47] In response, Nathan prophesies the punishment that will fall upon him, stating "the sword shall never depart from your house."[48] When David acknowledges that he has sinned,[49] Nathan advises him that his sin is forgiven and he will not die,[50] but the child will.[51]
In fulfillment of Nathan's words, David's son Absalom rebels.[52] Absalom's forces are routed at the battle of the Wood of Ephraim, and he is caught by his long hair in the branches of a tree where, contrary to David's order, he is killed by Joab, the commander of David's army.[53] David laments the death of his favourite son: "O my son Absalom, my son, my son Absalom! Would I had died instead of you, O Absalom, my son, my son!"[54] until Joab persuades him to recover from "the extravagance of his grief"[55] and to fulfil his duty to his people.[56] David returns to Gilgal and is escorted across the River Jordan and back to Jerusalem by the tribes of Judah and Benjamin.[57]
When David is old and bedridden, Adonijah, his eldest surviving son and natural heir, declares himself king.[58] Bathsheba and Nathan go to David and obtain his agreement to crown Bathsheba's son Solomon as king, according to David's earlier promise, and the revolt of Adonijah is put down.[59] David dies at the age of 70 after reigning for 40 years,[60] and on his deathbed counsels Solomon to walk in the ways of God and to take revenge on his enemies.[61]
Intertextuality in the Hebrew Bible
The Book of Samuel calls David a skillful harp (lyre) player[62] and "the sweet psalmist of Israel."[63] Yet, while almost half of the Psalms are headed "A Psalm of David" (also translated as "to David" or "for David") and tradition identifies several with specific events in David’s life (e.g., Psalms 3, 7, 18, 34, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63 and 142),[64] the headings are late additions and no psalm can be attributed to David with certainty.[65]
Psalm 34 is attributed to David on the occasion of his escape from Abimelech (or King Achish) by pretending to be insane.[66] According to the parallel narrative in 1 Samuel 21, instead of killing the man who had exacted so many casualties from him, Abimelech allows David to depart, exclaiming, "Am I so short of madmen that you have to bring this fellow here to carry on like this in front of me? Must this man come into my house?"[67]
History and archeology
The Tel Dan Stele
The Tel Dan Stele, an inscribed stone erected by a king of Damascus in the late 9th/early 8th centuries BCE to commemorate his victory over two enemy kings, contains the phrase ביתדוד, bytdwd, which most scholars translate as "House of David".[68] Other scholars, such as Anson Rainey have challenged this reading,[69][70] but it is likely that this is a reference to a dynasty of the Kingdom of Judah which traced its ancestry to a founder named David.[68] The Mesha Stele from Moab, dating from approximately the same period, may also contain the name David in two places, although this is less certain than the mention in the Tel Dan inscription.[71]
Apart from these, all that is known of David comes from the biblical literature. The Books of Samuel were substantially composed during the time of King Josiah at the end of the 7th century BCE, extended during the Babylonian exile (6th century BCE), and substantially complete by about 550 BCE, although further editing was done even after then—the silver quarter-shekel which Saul's servant offers to Samuel in 1 Samuel 9 "almost certainly fixes the date of the story in the Persian or Hellenistic period".[72] The authors and editors of Samuel drew on many earlier sources, including, for their history of David, the "history of David's rise" (1 Samuel 16:14–2 Samuel 5:10), and the "succession narrative" (2 Samuel 9–20 and 1 Kings 1–2).[73] The Book of Chronicles, which tells the story from a different point of view, was probably composed in the period 350–300 BCE, and uses Samuel as its source.[74]
The authors and editors of Samuel and Chronicles did not aim to record history, but to promote David's reign as inevitable and desirable, and for this reason there is little about David that is concrete and undisputed.[75] The archaeological evidence indicates that in the 10th century BCE, the time of David, Judah was sparsely inhabited and Jerusalem was no more than a small village; over the following century it slowly evolved from a highland chiefdom to a kingdom, but always overshadowed by the older and more powerful kingdom of Israel to the north.[76] The biblical evidence likewise indicates that David's Judah was something less than a full-fledged monarchy: it often calls him negid, for example, meaning "prince" or "chief", rather than melek, meaning "king"; the biblical David sets up none of the complex bureaucracy that a kingdom needs (even his army is made up of volunteers), and his followers are largely related to him and from his small home-area around Hebron.[77]
Beyond this, the full range of possible interpretations is available. The late John Bright, in his History of Israel (1981), takes Samuel at face value. Donald B. Redford, however, sees all reconstructions from biblical sources for the United Monarchy period as examples of "academic wishful thinking".[78] Thomas L. Thompson rejects the historicity of the biblical narrative: "The history of Palestine and of its peoples is very different from the Bible's narratives, whatever political claims to the contrary may be. An independent history of Judea during the Iron I and Iron II periods has little room for historicizing readings of the stories of I-II Samuel and I Kings."[79] Amihai Mazar however, concludes that based on recent archeological findings, like those in City of David, Khirbet Qeiyafa, Tel Dan, Tel Rehov, Khirbet en-Nahas and others "the deconstruction of United Monarchy and the devaluation of Judah as a state in 9th century is unacceptable interpretation of available historic data". According to Mazar, based on archeological evidences, the United Monarchy can be described as a "state in development".[80]
Some studies of David have been written: Baruch Halpern has pictured David as a lifelong vassal of Achish, the Philistine king of Gath;[81] Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman have identified as the oldest and most reliable section of Samuel those chapters which describe David as the charismatic leader of a band of outlaws who captures Jerusalem and makes it his capital.[82] Steven McKenzie, Associate Professor of the Hebrew Bible at Rhodes College and author of King David: A Biography, states the belief that David actually came from a wealthy family, was "ambitious and ruthless" and a tyrant who murdered his opponents, including his own sons.[65]
Critical Bible scholarship holds that the biblical account of David's rise to power is a political apology—an answer to contemporary charges against him, of his involvement in murders and regicide.[83]
Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman reject the idea that David ruled over a united monarchy, suggesting instead that he ruled only as a chieftain over the southern kingdom of Judah, much smaller than the northern kingdom of Israel at that time.[84] They posit that Israel and Judah were still polytheistic in the time of David and Solomon, and that much later seventh-century redactors sought to portray a past golden age of a united, monotheistic monarchy in order to serve contemporary needs.[85] They note a lack of archeological evidence for David's military campaigns and a relative underdevelopment of Jerusalem, the capital of Judah, compared to a more developed and urbanized Samaria, capital of Israel.[86][87][88]
Jacob L. Wright, Associate Professor of Hebrew Bible at Emory University, has written that the most popular legends about David, including his killing of Goliath, his affair with Bathsheba, and his ruling of a United Kingdom of Israel rather than just Judah, are the creation of those who lived generations after him, in particular those living in the late Persian or Hellenistic periods.[89]
History of interepretation in the Abrahamic religions
Rabbinic Judaism
David is an important figure in Rabbinic Judaism. Many legends have grown around the figure of David. According to one Rabbinic tradition, David was raised as the son of his father Jesse and spent his early years herding his father's sheep in the wilderness while his brothers were in school.
David's adultery with Bathsheba was only an opportunity to demonstrate the power of repentance, and the Talmud states that it was not adultery at all, quoting a Jewish practice of divorce on the eve of battle. Furthermore, according to Talmudic sources, the death of Uriah was not to be considered murder, on the basis that Uriah had committed a capital offense by refusing to obey a direct command from the King.[90] However, in tractate Sanhedrin, David expressed remorse over his transgressions and sought forgiveness. God ultimately forgave David and Bathsheba but would not remove their sins from Scripture.[91]
According to midrashim, Adam gave up 70 years of his life for the life of David.[92] Also, according to the Talmud Yerushalmi, David was born and died on the Jewish holiday of Shavuot (Feast of Weeks). His piety was said to be so great that his prayers could bring down things from Heaven.
Christianity
King David the Prophet
King David in Prayer, by Pieter de Grebber (c. 1640)
Holy Monarch, Prophet, Reformer, Spiritual Poet and Musician, Vicegerent of God, Psalm-Receiver
Born
Bethlehem
Died
Jerusalem
Venerated in
Judaism
Christianity
Islam
Feast
December 29 – Roman Catholicism
Attributes
Psalms, Harp, Head of Goliath
See also: Genealogy of Jesus
The concept of the Messiah is important in Christianity. Originally an earthly king ruling by divine appointment ("the anointed one", as the title Messiah had it), the "son of David" became in the last two pre-Christian centuries the apocalyptic and heavenly one who would deliver Israel and usher in a new kingdom. This was the background to the concept of Messiahship in early Christianity, which interpreted the career of Jesus "by means of the titles and functions assigned to David in the mysticism of the Zion cult, in which he served as priest-king and in which he was the mediator between God and man".[93] The early Church believed that "the life of David [foreshadowed] the life of Christ; Bethlehem is the birthplace of both; the shepherd life of David points out Christ, the Good Shepherd; the five stones chosen to slay Goliath are typical of the five wounds; the betrayal by his trusted counsellor, Achitophel, and the passage over the Cedron remind us of Christ's Sacred Passion. Many of the Davidic Psalms, as we learn from the New Testament, are clearly typical of the future Messiah."[94] In the Middle Ages, "Charlemagne thought of himself, and was viewed by his court scholars, as a 'new David'. [This was] not in itself a new idea, but [one whose] content and significance were greatly enlarged by him".[95] The linking of David to earthly kingship was reflected in later Medieval cathedral windows all over Europe through the device of the Tree of Jesse, its branches demonstrating how divine kingship descended from Jesse, through his son David, to Jesus.
Western Rite churches (Lutheran, Roman Catholic) celebrate his feast day on 29 December, Eastern-rite on 19 December.[96] The Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches celebrate the feast day of the "Holy Righteous Prophet and King David" on the Sunday of the Holy Forefathers (two Sundays before the Great Feast of the Nativity of the Lord), when he is commemorated together with other ancestors of Jesus. He is also commemorated on the Sunday after the Nativity, together with Joseph and James, the Brother of the Lord.
Middle Ages
Coat of arms attributed to King David by mediaeval heralds[97] (identical to the arms of Ireland)
In European Christian culture of the Middle Ages, David was made a member of the Nine Worthies, a group of heroes encapsulating all the ideal qualities of chivalry. His life was thus proposed as a valuable subject for study by those aspiring to chivalric status. This aspect of David in the Nine Worthies was popularised firstly through literature, and was thereafter adopted as a frequent subject for painters and sculptors.
David was considered as a model ruler and a symbol of divinely-ordained monarchy throughout medieval Western Europe and Eastern Christendom. David was perceived as the biblical predecessor to Christian Roman and Byzantine emperors and the name "New David" was used as an honorific reference to these rulers.[98] The Georgian Bagratids and the Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia claimed a direct biological descent from him.[99] Likewise, the Frankish Carolingian dynasty frequently connected themselves to David; Charlemagne himself occasionally used the name of David as his pseudonym.[98]
Islam
Main article: David in Islam
David (Arabic داود, Dāwūd) is a highly important figure in Islam as one of the major prophets sent by God to guide the Israelites. David is mentioned several times in the Quran, often with his son Solomon. The actual Arabic equivalent to the Hebrew Davīd is Dawūd. In the Qur'an: David killed Goliath (2:251), a giant soldier in the Philistine army. When David killed Goliath, God granted him kingship and wisdom and enforced it (38:20). David was made God's "vicegerent on earth" (38:26) and God further gave David sound judgment (21:78; 37:21–24, 26) as well as the Psalms, regarded as books of divine wisdom (4:163; 17:55). The birds and mountains united with David in uttering praise to God (21:79; 34:10; 38:18), while God made iron soft for David (34:10), God also instructed David in the art of fashioning chain-mail out of iron (21:80); an indication of the first use of Wrought iron, this knowledge gave David a major advantage over his bronze and cast iron-armed opponents, not to mention the cultural and economic impact. Together with Solomon, David gave judgment in a case of damage to the fields (21:78) and David judged the matter between two disputants in his prayer chamber (38:21–23). Since there is no mention in the Qur'an of the wrong David did to Uriah nor any reference to Bathsheba, Muslims reject this narrative.[100]
Muslim tradition and the hadith stress David's zeal in daily prayer as well as in fasting.[101] Qur'an commentators, historians and compilers of the numerous Stories of the Prophets elaborate upon David's concise Qur'anic narratives and specifically mention David's gift in singing his Psalms as well as his musical and vocal talents. His voice is described as having had a captivating power, weaving its influence not only over man but over all beasts and nature, who would unite with him to praise God.[102]
Art and literature
Literature
David praying, The Art Bible (1896)
Literary works about David include:
1681–82 Dryden's long poem Absalom and Achitophel is an allegory that uses the story of the rebellion of Absalom against King David as the basis for his satire of the contemporary political situation, including events such as the Monmouth Rebellion (1685), the Popish Plot (1678) and the Exclusion Crisis.
1893 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle may have used the story of David and Bathsheba as a foundation for the Sherlock Holmes story The Adventure of the Crooked Man. Holmes mentions "the small affair of Uriah and Bathsheba" at the end of the story.[103]
1928 Elmer Davis's novel Giant Killer retells and embellishes the biblical story of David, casting David as primarily a poet who managed always to find others to do the "dirty work" of heroism and kingship. In the novel, Elhanan in fact killed Goliath but David claimed the credit; and Joab, David's cousin and general, took it upon himself to make many of the difficult decisions of war and statecraft when David vacillated or wrote poetry instead.
1936 William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom! refers to the story of Absalom, David's son; his rebellion against his father and his death at the hands of David's general, Joab. In addition it parallels Absalom's vengeance for the rape of his sister Tamar by his half-brother, Amnon.
1946 Gladys Schmitt's novel David the King was a richly embellished biography of David's entire life. The book took a risk, especially for its time, in portraying David's relationship with Jonathan as overtly homoerotic, but was ultimately panned by critics as a bland rendition of the title character.
1966 Juan Bosch, a Dominican political leader and writer, wrote David: Biography of a King, as a realistic portrayal of David's life and political career.
1970 Dan Jacobson's The Rape of Tamar is an imagined account, by one of David's courtiers Yonadab, of the rape of Tamar by Amnon.
1972 Stefan Heym wrote The King David Report in which the historian Ethan compiles upon King Solomon's orders "a true and authoritative report on the life of David, Son of Jesse"—the East German writer's wry depiction of a court historian writing an "authorized" history, many incidents clearly intended as satirical references to the writer's own time.
1974 In Thomas Burnett Swann's biblical fantasy novel How are the Mighty Fallen, David and Jonathan are explicitly stated to be lovers. Moreover, Jonathan is a member of a winged semi-human race (possibly nephilim), one of several such races coexisting with humanity but often persecuted by it.
1980 Malachi Martin's factional novel King of Kings: A Novel of the Life of David relates the life of David, Adonai's champion in his battle with the Philistine deity Dagon.
1984 Joseph Heller wrote a novel based on David called God Knows, published by Simon & Schuster. Told from the perspective of an aging David, the humanity—rather than the heroism—of various biblical characters is emphasized. The portrayal of David as a man of flaws such as greed, lust, selfishness, and his alienation from God, the falling apart of his family is a distinctly 20th-century interpretation of the events told in the Bible.
1993 Madeleine L'Engle's novel Certain Women explores family, the Christian faith, and the nature of God through the story of King David's family and an analogous modern family's saga.
1995 Allan Massie wrote King David, a novel about David's career that portrays the king's relationship to Jonathan as sexual.[104]
2015 Geraldine Brooks wrote a novel about King David, The Secret Chord , told from the point of view of the prophet Nathan.[105]
Paintings
1599 Caravaggio David and Goliath
c. 1619 Caravaggio, David and Goliath
Sculptures
David by Michelangelo
1440? Donatello David
1501–04 Michelangelo, David
Film
David has been depicted several times in films; these are some of the best-known:
1951 In David and Bathsheba, directed by Henry King, Gregory Peck played David.
1959 In Solomon and Sheba, directed by King Vidor, Finlay Currie played an aged King David.
1961 In A Story of David, directed by Bob McNaught, Jeff Chandler played David.
1985 In King David, directed by Bruce Beresford, Richard Gere played King David. This film was poorly received by critics and failed at the box office.
1996 In Dave and the Giant Pickle
2016 In Of Kings and Prophets
Music
The traditional birthday song Las Mañanitas mentions King David as the original singer in its lyrics.
1738 George Frideric Handel's oratorio Saul features David as one of its main characters.[106]
1921 Arthur Honegger's oratorio Le Roi David with a libretto by René Morax, instantly became a staple of the choral repertoire.
1983 Bob Dylan refers to David in his song "Jokerman" ("Michelangelo indeed could've carved out your features").[107]
1984 Leonard Cohen's song "Hallelujah" has references to David ("there was a secret chord that David played and it pleased the Lord", "The baffled king composing Hallelujah") and Bathsheba ("you saw her bathing on the roof") in its opening verses.
1990 The song "One of the Broken" by Paddy McAloon, performed by Prefab Sprout on the album Jordan: The Comeback, has a reference to David ("I remember King David, with his harp and his beautiful, beautiful songs, I answered his prayers, and showed him a place where his music belongs").
1991 "Mad About You", a song on Sting's the album The Soul Cages, explores David's obsession with Bathsheba from David's perspective.[108]
2000 The song "Gimme a Stone" appears on the Little Feat album Chinese Work Songs chronicles the duel with Goliath and contains a lament to Absalom as a bridge.[109]
Musical theater
1997 King David, sometimes described as a modern oratorio, with a book and lyrics by Tim Rice and music by Alan Menken.
Television
1997 David, a TV-film with Nathaniel Parker as King David and Leonard Nimoy as the Prophet Samuel.[110]
1997 Max von Sydow portrayed an older King David in the TV-film Solomon, a sequel to David.[111]
2009 Christopher Egan played David on Kings, a re-imagining loosely based on the biblical story.[112]
2013 Langley Kirkwood portrayed King David in the miniseries The Bible.
Playing cards
For a considerable period, starting in the 15th century and continuing until the 19th, French playing card manufacturers assigned to each of the court cards names taken from history or mythology. In this context, the King of Spades was often known as "David".[113][114]
Image gallery
Study of King David, by Julia Margaret Cameron. Depicts Sir Henry Taylor, 1866.
Miniature from the Paris Psalter: David in the robes of a Byzantine emperor.
Matteo Rosselli The triumphant David.
Rembrandt, c. 1650: Saul and David.
Arnold Zadikow, 1930: The Young David displayed in the entrance of Berlin's Jewish Museum from 1933 until its loss during the Second World War.
King David, stained glass windows from the Romanesque Augsburg Cathedral, late 11th century.
See also
Saints portal
Judaism portal
Christianity portal
Islam portal
Latter Day Saints portal
David in Islam
Large Stone Structure
David's Tomb
David's Mighty Warriors
Midrash Shmuel (aggadah)
Kings of Israel and Judah
Davidic line
David and Jonathan
References
Notes
Jump up ^ (/ˈdeɪvɪd/; Hebrew: דָּוִד, Modern David, Tiberian Dawēḏ (Dawîḏ); Ancient Greek: Δαυίδ, translit. Davíd; Latin: Davidus, David; Ge'ez: ዳዊት, Dawit; Old Armenian: Դաւիթ, Dawitʿ; Church Slavonic: Давíдъ, Davidŭ; possibly meaning "beloved one"[1])
Citations
Jump up ^ G. Johannes Botterweck; Helmer Ringgren (1977). Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-8028-2327-4.
Jump up ^ Talmud Tractate Bava Batra 91a
Jump up ^ Lemaire, Andre. in Ancient Israel, (Hershel Shanks, ed.), Biblical Archaeology Society; Revised edition (1999), ISBN 978-1880317549
Jump up ^ 1 Chronicles 3:1–3
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 5:14–16
Jump up ^ 1 Sam 13:8–14
Jump up ^ 1 Sam 15:1–28
Jump up ^ 1 Sam 16:1–13
Jump up ^ 1 Sam 16:14–23
Jump up ^ 1 Sam 17:1–11
Jump up ^ 1 Sam 17:17–37
Jump up ^ 1 Sam 17:38–39
Jump up ^ 1 Sam 17:49–50
Jump up ^ 1 Sam 17:55–56
Jump up ^ 1 Sam 18:5–9
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 21:10–11
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 22:1
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 22:5
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 23:1–13
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 23:14
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 23:27–29
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 24:1–22
Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick, A. F., Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 1 Samuel, Note VII, accessed 31 May 2017
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 26:11
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 26:25, NIV text
Jump up ^ "Bible Gateway passage: 1 Samuel 26 - New King James Version". Bible Gateway.
Jump up ^ Barnes' Notes on 1 Samuel 26, accessed 27 May 2017
Jump up ^ cf. 1 Samuel 21:10–15
Jump up ^ Jamieson, R., Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary on 1 Samuel 27, accessed 31 May 2017
Jump up ^ 1 Sam 29:1–11
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 30:1
Jump up ^ 1 Sam 31:1–13
Jump up ^ 2 Sam 2:1–4
Jump up ^ 2 Sam 2:8–11
Jump up ^ 2 Sam 5:1–3
Jump up ^ 2 Sam 5:6–7
Jump up ^ 2 Sam 6:1–12
Jump up ^ 2 Sam 7:1–13
Jump up ^ 2 Sam 7:16
Jump up ^ 2 Sam 8:1–14
Jump up ^ Lawrence O. Richards (2002). Bible Reader's Companion. David C Cook. pp. 210–. ISBN 978-0-7814-3879-7.
Jump up ^ Carlos Wilton (June 2004). Lectionary Preaching Workbook: For All Users of the Revised Common, the Roman Catholic, and the Episcopal Lectionaries. Series VIII. CSS Publishing. pp. 189–. ISBN 978-0-7880-2371-2.
Jump up ^ David J. Zucker (10 December 2013). The Bible's Prophets: An Introduction for Christians and Jews. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-1-63087-102-4.
Jump up ^ Antony F. Campbell (2005). 2 Samuel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 104–. ISBN 978-0-8028-2813-2.
Jump up ^ Sara M. Koenig (8 November 2011). Isn't This Bathsheba?: A Study in Characterization. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-1-60899-427-4.
Jump up ^ Antony F. Campbell (2004). Joshua to Chronicles: An Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 161–. ISBN 978-0-664-25751-4.
Jump up ^ 2 Sam 11:14–17
Jump up ^ Some commentators believe this meant during David's lifetime. Others say it included his posterity. 2 Sam 12:8-12:10
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 12:13
Jump up ^ Adultery was a capital crime under Mosaic law: Leviticus 20:10
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 12:14: NIV translation
Jump up ^ 2 Sam 15:1–12
Jump up ^ 2 Sam 18:1–15
Jump up ^ 2 Sam 18:33
Jump up ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 2 Samuel 19, accessed 12 August 2017
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 19:1–8
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 19:15–17
Jump up ^ 1 Kings 1:1–5
Jump up ^ 1 Kings 1:11–31
Jump up ^ 2 Sam 5:4
Jump up ^ 1 Kings 2:1–9
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 16:15–18
Jump up ^ Other translations say, "the hero of Israel's songs," "the favorite singer of Israel," "the contented psalm writer of Israel," and "Israel's beloved singer of songs." 2 Samuel 23:1.
Jump up ^ Commentary on II Samuel 22, The Anchor Bible, Vol. 9. II Samuel. P. Kyle McCarter, Jr., 1984. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-06808-5
^ Jump up to: a b Steven McKenzie, Associate Professor Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee Archived 2012-06-21 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Psalm 34, Interlinear NIV Hebrew-English Old Testament, Kohlenberger, J.R, 1987. Grand Rapids, Michigan:Zondervan Publishing House ISBN 0-310-40200-X
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 21:15
^ Jump up to: a b Pioske 2015, p. 180.
Jump up ^ Pioske, Daniel (2015-02-11). "4: David's Jerusalem: The Early 10th Century BCE Part I: An Agrarian Community". David's Jerusalem: Between Memory and History. Routledge Studies in Religion. 45. Routledge (published 2015). p. 180. ISBN 9781317548911. Retrieved 2016-09-17. [...] the reading of bytdwd as "House of David" has been challenged by those unconvinced of the inscription's allusion to an eponymous David or the kingdom of Judah.
Jump up ^ Rainey, Anson F., The 'House of David' and the House of the Deconstructionists. Biblical Archaeology Review 20/6 (November/December 1994): p. 47
Jump up ^ Pioske 2015, p. 210, fn.18.
Jump up ^ Auld 2003, p. 219.
Jump up ^ Knight 1991, p. 853.
Jump up ^ McKenzie 2004, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Moore & Kelle 2011, pp. 232–233.
Jump up ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2007, pp. 26–27.
Jump up ^ Moore & Kelle 2011, pp. 220–221.
Jump up ^ Donald B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton University Press, 1992 pp. 301–307.
Jump up ^ Thompson TL. "A view from Copenhagen: Israel and the History of Palestine".
Jump up ^ Mazar A. Archaeology and the biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-11.
Jump up ^ Baruch Halpern, "David's Secret Demons", 2001. Review of Baruch Halpern's "David's Secret Demons".
Jump up ^ Finkelstein and Silberman, "David and Solomon", 2006. See review "Archaeology" magazine.
Jump up ^ Baden, Joel (2014-07-29). The Historical David: The Real Life of an Invented Hero. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 9780062188373.
Jump up ^ Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002) [2001]. "8. In the Shadow of Empire (842–720 BCE)". The Bible Unearthed. Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and The Origin of Its Sacred Texts (First Touchstone Edition 2002 ed.). New York: Touchstone. pp. 189–190. ISBN 978-0-684-86913-1. Archaeologically and historically, the redating of these cities from Solomon's era to the time of Omrides has enormous implication. It removes the only archeological evidence that there was ever a united monarchy based in Jerusalem and suggests that David and Solomon were, in political terms, little more than hill country chieftains, whose administrative reach remained on a fairly local level, restricted to the hill country.
Jump up ^ Israel Finkelstein; Neil Asher Silberman (6 March 2002). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts. Simon and Schuster. pp. 23; 241–247. ISBN 978-0-7432-2338-6.
Jump up ^ Israel Finkelstein; Neil Asher Silberman (6 March 2002). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts. Simon and Schuster. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-7432-2338-6. we still have no hard archaeological evidence—despite the unparalleled biblical description of its grandeur—that Jerusalem was anything more than a modest highland village in the time of David, Solomon, and Rehoboam.
Jump up ^ "Table Two" (Finklestein and Silberman, 2002: 131).
Jump up ^ Speaking of Samaria: "The scale of this project was enormous." (Finkelstein and Silberman 2002: 181).
Jump up ^ "David, King of Judah (Not Israel)". bibleinterp.com. July 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "David". jewishencyclopedia.com.
Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin. p. 107a.
Jump up ^ Zohar Bereishis 91b
Jump up ^ "David" article from Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Jump up ^ John Corbett (1911) King David The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: Robert Appleton Company)
Jump up ^ McManners, John. The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. p. 101.
Jump up ^ Saint of the Day for December 29 at St. Patrick Catholic Church, Washington, D.C.
Jump up ^ Lindsay of the Mount, Sir David (1542). Lindsay of the Mount Roll.
^ Jump up to: a b Garipzanov, Ildar H. The Symbolic Language of Royal Authority in the Carolingian World (c. 751–877). Brill. pp. 128, 225. ISBN 9004166696.
Jump up ^ Rapp, Stephen H., Jr. (1997). Imagining History at the Crossroads: Persia, Byzantium, and the Architects of the Written Georgian Past. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan. p. 528.
Jump up ^ A–Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Wheeler, David
Jump up ^ "Dawud." Encyclopedia of Islam
Jump up ^ Stories of the Prophets, Ibn Kathir, Story of David
Jump up ^ DK (1 October 2015). "The Sherlock Holmes Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained". Dorling Kindersley Limited. Retrieved 12 February 2018 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ O'Kane, Martin (1999). "The Biblical King David and His Artistic and Literary Afterlives". In Exum, Jo Cheryl. Beyond the Biblical Horizon: The Bible and the Arts. p. 86. ISBN 9004112901. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Matthew (3 October 2015). "'The Secret Chord' by Geraldine Brooks". Boston Globe. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "G. F. Handel's Compositions". The Handel Institute. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Rogovoy, Seth (24 November 2009). "Bob Dylan: Prophet, Mystic, Poet". Simon and Schuster. p. 237. Retrieved 14 February 2018 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Mad About You". Sting.com. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lyrics Database". Little Feat website. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Jerry (5 June 2009). "Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors". Scarecrow Press. p. 368. Retrieved 14 February 2018 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Richards, Jeffrey (1 September 2008). "Hollywood's Ancient Worlds". A&C Black. p. 168. Retrieved 14 February 2018 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "David, My David". Retrieved 14 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "snopes.com: Four Kings in Deck of Cards". snopes.com.
Jump up ^ "Courts on playing cards", by David Madore, with illustrations of the Anglo-American and French court cards
Bibliography
Auld, Graeme (2003). "1 & 2 Samuel". In James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Bergen, David T. (1996). 1, 2 Samuel. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805401073.
Brettler, Mark Zvi (2007). "Introduction to the Historical Books". In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288803.
Coogan, Michael David (2007). "Cultural Contexts: The Ancient Near East and Israel". In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288803.
Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2007). David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743243636.
Gordon, Robert (1986). I & II Samuel, A Commentary. Paternoster Press. ISBN 9780310230229.
Halpern, Baruch (2000). "David". In Freedman, David Noel; Allen C., Myers. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032.
Kirsch, Jonathan (2000) King David: the real life of the man who ruled Israel. Ballantine. ISBN 0-345-43275-4.
Dever, William G. (2001) What did the Bible writers know and when did they know it? William B. Eerdmans Publ. Co., Cambridge UK.
Hertzberg, Hans Wilhelm (1964). I & II Samuel, A Commentary (trans. from German 1960 2nd ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664223182.
Tsumura, David Toshio (2007). The First Book of Samuel. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802823595.
Breytenbach, Andries (2000). "Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative?". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy. Past, Present, Future: The Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets. Brill. ISBN 9004118713.
Coogan, Michael D. (2009) A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: the Hebrew Bible in its Context Oxford University Press
Dick, Michael B (2004). "The History of "David's Rise to Power" and the Neo-Babylonian Succession Apologies". In Bernard Frank Batto and Kathryn L. Roberts. David and Zion: biblical studies in honor of J.J.M. Roberts. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575060927.
Eynikel, Erik (2000). "The Relation Between the Eli Narrative and the Ark Narratives". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy. Past, present, future: the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets. Brill. ISBN 9004118713.
Halpern, Baruch (2001). David's Secret Demons: Messiah, Murderer, Traitor, King. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802827975.
Jones, Gwilym H (2001). "1 and 2 Samuel". In John Barton and John Muddiman. The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198755005.
Klein, R.W. (2003). "Samuel, Books of". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. The international standard Bible encyclopedia. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837844.
Knight, Douglas A (1995). "Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists". In James Luther Mays, David L. Petersen and Kent Harold Richards. Old Testament Interpretation. T&T Clark. ISBN 9780567292896.
Knight, Douglas A (1991). "Sources". In Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard. Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865543737.
McKenzie, Steven L. (2004). Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries: I & II Chronicles. Abingdon Press.
Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). Biblical History and Israel's Past. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-6260-0.
Pioski, Daniel (2015). David's Jerusalem: Between Memory and History. Routledge.
Pfoh, Emanuel (2016). The Emergence of Israel in Ancient Palestine: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives. Routledge.
Rosner, Steven (2012). A Guide to the Psalms of David. Outskirts Press.
Schleffer, Eben (2000). "Saving Saul from the Deuteronomist". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy. Past, Present, Future: The Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets. Brill.
Soggin, Alberto (1987). Introduction to the Old Testament. Westminster John Knox Press.
Spieckerman, Hermann (2001). "The Deuteronomistic History". In Leo G. Perdue. The Blackwell companion to the Hebrew Bible. Blackwell.
Van Seters, John (1997). In Search of History: Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History. Eisenbrauns.
Walton, John H (2009). "The Deuteronomistic History". In Andrew E. Hill, John H. Walton. A Survey of the Old Testament. Zondervan.
Further reading
Alexander, David; Alexander, Pat, eds. (1983). Eerdmans' Handbook to the Bible ([New, rev.]. ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-3486-8.
Bright, John (1981). A History of Israel (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Westminster Press. ISBN 0-664-21381-2.
Bruce, F. F. (1963). Israel and the Nations. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
Julia Fridman, "The Naked Truth about King David, the 8th Son," Haaretz, February 20, 2014, http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/archaeology/.premium-1.575418
Harrison, R.K. (1969). An Introduction to the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
Kidner, Derek (1973). The Psalms. Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press. ISBN 0-87784-868-8.
Noll, K. L. (1997). The Faces of David. Sheffield: Sheffield Acad. Press. ISBN 1-85075-659-7.
Thompson, J.A. (1986). Handbook of Life in Bible Times. Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity Press. ISBN 0-87784-949-8.
Green, Adam (2007). King Saul, The True History of the First Messiah. Cambridge, UK: Lutterworth Press. ISBN 0718830741.
External links
Media related to David at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to David at Wikiquote
Complete Bible Genealogy David's family tree
David engravings from the De Verda collection
King David at the Christian Iconography web site
The History of David, by William Caxton
David of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah
House of David
Cadet branch of the Tribe of Judah
Regnal titles
New title
Rebellion from Israel under Ish-bosheth
King of Judah
1010 BC–1003 BC Succeeded by
Solomon
Preceded by
Ish-bosheth King of the United
Kingdom of Israel and Judah
1003 BC–970 BC
[show]
v
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e
Rulers of Israel and Judah
Davidic line
Kings of Israel and Judah
Kings of Judah
Hasmonean and Herodian rulers
Tribes of Israel
The Twelve Spies
Abimelech
United monarchy
Saul
Ish-bosheth
David
Solomon
Israel
(northern kingdom)
Jeroboam I
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Baasha
Elah
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Jehoash
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Zechariah
Shallum
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(southern kingdom)
Rehoboam
Abijam
Asa
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Jehoram
Ahaziah
Athaliah
Jehoash
Amaziah
Uzziah
Jotham
Ahaz
Hezekiah
Manasseh
Amon
Josiah
Jehoahaz
Jehoiakim
Jeconiah
Zedekiah
Hasmonean dynasty
Simon Thassi
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Aristobulus I
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Salome Alexandra
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Aristobulus II
Antigonus II Mattathias
Herodian dynasty
Herod the Great
Archelaus
Antipas
Philip the Tetrarch
Salome I
Agrippa
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Agrippa II
Bar Kokhba revolt
Simon bar Kokhba
See also
List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel
Italics indicate a disputed reign or non-royal title
[show]
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Tribe of Judah to Kingdom
Judah
Perez
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Nahshon
Salmon
Boaz
Obed
Jesse
David
Names in italics only appear in the Greek Septuagint version
[show]
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Prophets in the Hebrew Bible
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Italics indicate persons whose status as prophets is not universally accepted.
[show]
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Prophets in the Quran
آدم إدريس نوح هود صالح إبراهيم لوط إسماعيل
Adam
Adam
Idris
Enoch (?)
Nuh
Noah
Hud
Eber (?)
Saleh
Salah (?)
Ibrahim
Abraham
Lut
Lot
Ismail
Ishmael
إسحاق يعقوب يوسف أيوب شُعيب موسى هارون ذو الكفل داود
Is'haq
Isaac
Yaqub
Jacob
Yusuf
Joseph
Ayyub
Job
Shuayb
Jethro (?)
Musa
Moses
Harun
Aaron
Dhul-Kifl
Ezekiel (?)
Daud
David
سليمان إلياس إليسع يونس زكريا يحيى عيسى مُحمد
Sulaiman
Solomon
Ilyas
Elijah
Al-Yasa
Elisha
Yunus
Jonah
Zakaria
Zechariah
Yahya
John
Isa
Jesus
Muhammad
Muhammad
Note: Muslims believe that there were many prophets sent by God to mankind. The Islamic prophets above are only the ones mentioned by name in the Quran.
[show]
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Solomon
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Menelik I
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Ecclesiastes
Song of Songs
Book of Wisdom
Odes of Solomon
Key of Solomon
Lesser Key of Solomon
Magical Treatise of Solomon
Psalms of Solomon
Testament of Solomon
Prayer of Solomon
Related articles
Solomonic column
Seal of Solomon
Solomon's knot
United Monarchy
Davidic line
[show]
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Saints of the Catholic Church
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fathers
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Jerome of Stridonium
John Chrysostom
John of Damascus
Maximus the Confessor
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David&oldid=826651948"
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text:
Pom Klementieff
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Pom Klementieff
Klementieff in 2017
Born
May 3rd, 1986
Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
Nationality
French
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2007–present
Pom Klementieff is a French[1] actress. She was trained at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris and has appeared in such films as Loup (2009), Sleepless Night (2011) and Hacker's Game (2015). She plays the role of Mantis in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers: Infinity War (2018).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Pom Klementieff was born in Quebec City, Quebec, to a Korean mother and French-Russian father, who was working there as a consul with the French government.[2] She had an older brother, Namou, who committed suicide.[3] Her parents chose the name "Pom" because it is similar in pronunciation to the Korean words for both "spring" (봄) and "tiger" (범).[3] Klementieff lived in Canada for one year before her family traveled extensively due to her father's job,[4] and she lived in Japan and the Ivory Coast before settling in France. Klementieff later said that travelling at an early age gave her a "gypsy soul".[3][4]
Klementieff's father died of cancer when she was 5, and her mother was schizophrenic and unable to care for children,[3] so Klementieff was raised by her paternal uncle and aunt.[2] Her uncle, whom she described as "like my second father", died on her 18th birthday.[3] Klementieff briefly attended law school after her uncle's death to appease her aunt, but did not find the career path appealing. She also worked as a waitress and saleswoman in France.[3] She started acting at age 19 at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris. A few months into her education, she won a theater competition that awarded her free classes for two years with the school's top teachers.[4]
Career[edit]
Klementieff at premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
Klementieff's first professional acting job was the French independent film Après lui (2007), portraying the stepdaughter of the protagonist played by Catherine Deneuve.[2] Filming for her scenes took three days. During one scene, Klementieff was supposed to push someone down a set of stairs but accidentally fell down the stairs herself, and director Gaël Morel kept that shot in the final film. Her first leading role was in Loup (2009), a French film about a tribe of reindeer herders in the Siberian mountains. During filming, Klementieff stayed in a camp, hours from the nearest village, where temperatures dropped well below zero. During filming she befriended nomads who lived there, worked with real wolves, rode reindeer, and swam with a horse in a lake.[4]
Klementieff made her Hollywood debut in Spike Lee's Oldboy (2013), a remake of the South Korean film of the same name.[4][5] She portrayed Haeng-Bok, the bodyguard of the antagonist played by Sharlto Copley. A fan of the original film, Klementieff heard about the part through Roy Lee, a producer with the remake, and took boxing lessons after learning the role involved martial arts. After showcasing her boxing skills during her audition, Lee asked her to go home and come back wearing a more feminine outfit and make-up, like her character in the film.[3][2] She contributed some of her own clothes to the character's wardrobe,[2] and trained three hours a day for two months for an on-screen fight with star Josh Brolin.[2][5] Klementieff came up with the name Haeng-Bok, Korean for "happiness", herself after Lee asked her to research possible names for the character.[2][4]
Klementieff moved to Los Angeles after Oldboy was filmed and began pursuing more Hollywood auditions.[2][4] She continued taekwondo after the film, and has a purple belt as of the summer of 2014.[2] Her next acting role was the film Hacker's Game (2015), in which she plays a hacker she compared to Lisbeth Salander from the novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. Klementieff used her boxing skills again in the film, and due to the movie's low budget, she had to do her own make-up and chose her own wardrobe.[4] It was her idea to dye her hair purple for the role, to which the directors first objected but later acquiesced.[2] She joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe with her role as Mantis in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers: Infinity War (2018).[6]
Filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2007 Après lui Emilie
2008 The Easy Way NHI
2009 Loup Nastazya
2009 Pigalle, la nuit Sandra TV series (eight episodes)
2011 Borderline Naomi
2011 Sleepless Night Lucy
2011 Delicacy Waitress
2011 Love Lasts Three Years Julia
2011 Silhouettes Valerie
2012 Radiostars The pizza girl
2012 Porn in the Hood Tia
2012 À l'ombre du palmier Le modèle Short film
2013 Paris à tout prix Jess
2013 Oldboy Haeng-Bok
2015 Hacker's Game Loise
2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Mantis
2017 Ingrid Goes West Harley Chung
2018 Avengers: Infinity War Mantis Post-production
See also[edit]
Biography portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Klementieff, Pom [@pomklementieff] (28 July 2016). "I'm French. NOT Canadian-French." (Tweet). Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2017 – via Twitter.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Actress Pom Klementieff from Spike Lee's Oldboy". Filler Magazine. 2 (5). Summer 2014. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Han, Steve (November 2013). "Korean French Actress Pom Klementieff Makes US Debut in 'Oldboy' Remake". KoreAm. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved July 5, 2014. “So I told [filmmaker Spike Lee], my father died when I was 5. My mother, she is schizophrenic, so she couldn’t take care of me and my brother, who committed suicide a few months before the audition [for Lee's remake of Oldboy].
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Chang, Mina (July 2, 2013). "Q&A with Pom Klementieff". Anthem Magazine. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b De Ville, Reece (April 7, 2014). "Interview: Oldboy's ass kicking, earth moving Pom Klementieff". TheDigitalFix.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Romano, Nick (January 28, 2017). "Avengers: Infinity War adds Mantis from Guardians of the Galaxy 2". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 29, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pom Klementieff.
Pom Klementieff on IMDb
Pom Klementieff at AllMovie
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 166829042
LCCN: no2014090484
ISNI: 0000 0003 7182 9433
BNF: cb162591522 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pom_Klementieff&oldid=802480375"
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