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Forever (Chris Brown song)
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"Forever"
Single by Chris Brown
from the album Exclusive: The Forever Edition
Released
April 29, 2008 (2008-04-29)
Format
CD
digital download
Recorded
September 2007
Village Studios
(Los Angeles, California)
Genre
Eurodance
eurodisco
Length
4:38
Label
Jive
Zomba
Songwriter(s)
Chris Brown
Jamal Jones
Brian Kennedy
Andre Merritt
Rob Allen
Producer(s)
Polow da Don
Brian Kennedy
Chris Brown singles chronology
"Take You Down"
(2008) "Forever"
(2008) "Dreamer"
(2008)
"Take You Down"
(2008) "Forever"
(2008) "Dreamer"
(2008)
"Forever" is a song by American recording artist Chris Brown from Exclusive: Forever Edition, a repackaged edition of his second studio album Exclusive. Brown co-wrote the song with Andre Merritt, Rob Allen, Brian Kennedy, and Jamal "Polow da Don" Jones; the latter two are also the producers. Initially created to be used for Ableton Live practice,[1] "Forever" was selected to be released as the first single from Brown's repackaged second studio album but overall it's the fifth single from the album. It was first released for digital download on November 2, 2007. The song's musical structure differs from Brown's previous work, opting for a more European techno dance sound.
The song reached number one in Ireland and New Zealand as well as peaking within the top ten in Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and United States. It also reached the top forty in countries like Denmark, Germany and Switzerland. The accompanying music video features Brown in several scenes pursuing his love interest. The video features much dancing and digital effects. The official remix features Lil Wayne and Lupe Fiasco.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Release
3 Composition
4 Music video
4.1 Background and synopsis
4.2 Reception
5 Critical reception
6 Chart performance
7 In other media
8 Track listing
8.1 US Promo CD
8.2 UK and Ireland CD single
8.3 Australian CD single
9 Official versions
10 Credits and personnel
11 Charts
11.1 Weekly charts
11.2 Year-end charts
11.3 Decade-end charts
12 Certifications
13 References
14 External links
Background[edit]
The song was written by Brown and his songwriting team, the Graffiti Artists (Rob Allen and Andre Merritt). He stated that after entering the studio, Polow da Don created a beat that Brown wrote along to. Because the producer's style was "more of a European, techno, house-type feel,"[2] the group "wanted to give it that other side of crossover, and go a little bit to that pop realm".[2] "Forever" is one of four new songs Brown recorded for the re-release of his second studio album Exclusive. He recorded the song using an autotune effect, as he did in one of his previous singles, "Kiss Kiss".[3] The song was first intended to be on Brown's following album, but decided he "wasn't ready to release a new album yet".[4]
"Forever" is actually an extended version of a commercial jingle for Doublemint gum, commissioned by an advertising company working for Wrigley. Brown first created the short version for the commercial, then extended and amended it into a full song during a recording session in February 2007, which was paid for by the gum company.[1] Originally, the plan was to follow up his third single, "With You," with the Kanye West-featuring "Down," but the new material won out.[5] Although the label initially was reluctant to release "Forever" as a single, the song was so "potent and strong" that it overruled any hesitations regarding its commercial connections.[1]
Release[edit]
The song was first released in on November 2, 2007[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] as a digital download in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, New Zealand. The digital download release for the song came months later on April 15, 2008 in France,[13] on April 22, 2008 in Japan[14] and on August 12, 2008 in the United States and the Netherlands.[15][16] An EP featuring three remixes was released in Ireland on June 13, 2008,[17] in Australia, Austria and the Netherlands on June 16, 2008[18][19][20] and in Japan on August 13, 2008.[21]
Composition[edit]
"Forever" is a Eurodance and Euro disco[22] song that runs for 4:38 (4 minutes and 38 seconds). It contains influences of techno, trance, and house boasting bubbling and gurgling synths and a "rolling around the bottom of the sea"-sounding bass line.[23] According to the digital sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by EMI Music Publishing, it is written in the key of B major, with a simple chord progression of E-B-F#-C#m. The song runs through a "with movement"-style tempo and maintains a tempo of 120 beats per minute in common time. Brown's vocal range spans nearly an octave and a half from B3 to G#5.[24]
Music video[edit]
Background and synopsis[edit]
The two-days shoot took place in Los Angeles, California, at the beginning of March 2008. It was directed by Joseph Kahn. The video premiered on TRL on April 30, 2008 and on BET's 106 & Park on May 5, 2008. The video reached number one on the MTV Online Chart.[25] BET placed the song at #55 on their Notarized: Top 100 Videos countdown. Brown's main love interest in the video is played by model Megan Abrigo,[26] comedian Daniel Tosh's girlfriend.[27]
The music video starts off with Brown driving into a club (where he chews a fresh stick of Doublemint Gum), and people are seen dancing while Brown starts to sing the first verse. Brown is also seen singing with light effects circling him. During the choruses, Brown and his background dancers start to house dance on the empty dance floor. Among the dancers are Marie Courchinoux and Rino Nakasone Razalan from Beat Freaks. In the second verse, Brown is walking outside the club following his love interest. Later he is seen performing a 540 crescent kick in front of a water fountain. During the bridge, Brown is seen in the top roof with his love interest; the girl falls off the roof and Brown jumps to catch her. The two land safely, and after the final chorus, Brown drives out of the club.[28]
Reception[edit]
According to the Billboard, the song's video is "digital dream about sharing with one who makes your world stop."[29] The video was popular in American television. The video for "Forever" debuted on BET's 106 & Park at number 10 on July 21, 2008 before finally reach number 2 and has stayed in the countdown for nine days. The video also has reached number 2 on for 8 days MTV TRL, behind Katy Perry's "I Kissed a Girl", and has stayed in the countdown for 29 days.
The video for "Forever" was also popular enough across Asia, by debuting at number 13 on MTV Asia program, "Chart Attack", which count 20 most popular video in Asia and so far has peaked at number 1 replacing Mariah Carey's "Bye Bye". "Forever" also debuted at number 7 on MTV Hip Hop Countdown; MTV Asian program which count 10 most popular urban video in the region and has reached number 1 for six consecutive weeks.[30] In UK, it has reached number 1 on MTV Base. It also has peaked at number 1 on the MTV Online Chart for several weeks.[31] The video was nominated in the "Best Dancing in a Video", "Best Choreography" and "Video of the Year" categories 2008 MTV Video Music Awards.
Critical reception[edit]
Bill Lamb of About.com gave the song four and a half stars, and said it was one of Brown's best to date.[23] Billboard stated that the single "is really a love song but bangs with electrified production from Polow Da Don to ignite dancefloors."[29] Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy gave the song two out of five stars, saying "Listening to 'Forever' is a pleasant enough experience, but this track never truly sparks into life or finds its own identity." He went on to say that, "His style is a bit hard to distinguish from Usher, Ne-Yo and the rest of the current crop of American male solo artists."[32]
Chart performance[edit]
"Forever" has reached number one in Ireland and New Zealand, and the top ten in Australia, Canada, the United States and the UK.
The song debuted at number six on the Billboard Hot Digital Songs on May 10, 2008, selling 113,072 digital downloads on its first week. Due to its high digital sales, "Forever" debuted at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100, making it the highest debut of that week along with Jesse McCartney's "Leavin'" which debuted at number fourteen; it became Brown's ninth top-ten single. The song also debuted at number nine on the Canadian Hot 100 based only on digital sales and has peaked there for 3 non-consecutive weeks, before finally jumped to number two. Has peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks behind "I Kissed a Girl" by Katy Perry and Rihanna's "Disturbia".[33] It has been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It also stayed in the top ten for 15 weeks. It has sold over 3,830,000 copies as of April 2014.[34]
"Forever" began receiving airplay on pop and rhythmic radio stations across the US while urban radio stations still playing his previous single, "Take You Down". The song has finally been added to urban radio stations in the week of July 7, 2008, and made a debut at number ninety-five on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, peaking at number seventy-two. "Forever" debuted at number sixty-three on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay, and has peaked at number-one on the Hot 100 Airplay, staying there for three weeks.
"Forever" has entered various Billboard charts including number one the Hot 100 Airplay, Mainstream Top 40, Pop 100, Pop 100 Airplay, Hot Digital Songs, Hot Digital Tracks, and Hot RingMasters.
"Forever" also became a hit across Oceania. "Forever" debuted at number-forty on the New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart, and in its second week ascended to number-five before reaching its peak at number-one, due to high digital sales. "Forever" has officially become Brown's eighth top ten hit in the country. It sat at number-one on the official RIANZ Singles Chart for eight weeks keeping Rihanna's "Take a Bow" from taking the top spot for five weeks. It became his fifth number one single in New Zealand, after "Run It!", "Kiss Kiss", "With You" and "No Air". It has been certified Platinum by RIANZ for sales in excess of 15,000, and was the third biggest selling single of 2008 in New Zealand. "Forever" debuted at number twenty-nine on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, and the following week rose to number-sixteen following its physical release. "Forever" has since peaked at number seven. "Forever" has not only become the third consecutive top ten hit from Exclusive, but has also surpassed the success of "Kiss Kiss" to become the album's second most successful single.
The song also became successful across Europe. In the UK, the song charted on June 1, 2008, at number 17 on downloads alone. The following week it moved up to number 11, and a week later, to number 8 (still on downloads alone). "Forever" was physically released on June 16, 2008, and on the chart dated June 29, 2008, it reached its peak position at number 4, becoming Chris Brown's second highest charting solo single in the UK at the time, behind "Run It!" which peaked at number two. It has sold 209,275 copies and stayed in the top ten for six weeks, becoming his third highest-selling single there[needs update] after "With You" (221,750 copies) and "No Air" (316,630 copies). In Ireland, "Forever" debuted at number nine, and two weeks later peaked at number six. In the next week, for the issue dated June 22, "Forever" knocked Rihanna's "Take A Bow" off the top spot on the Irish Singles Chart, becoming his first number-one single in that country, and stayed at number one for two non-consecutive weeks. The song also reached number 12 on European Hot 100 Singles, becoming his third highest-charting single there.
In other media[edit]
On July 16, 2008, Comfort Fedoke and Stephen "Twitch" Boss from the US television reality program and dance competition So You Think You Can Dance danced to "Forever" as the part of the competition.[35] Quest Crew and SoReal Cru danced to this song on America's Best Dance Crew.
In 2009 American parody comedy movie Dance Flick, the song was used in a scene where the protagonist is in a club, and when Forever comes up he screams "This is my song!" and he starts dancing.[36]
On July 19, 2009, a video was uploaded on YouTube that received significant media attention, using "Forever" as the song to a wedding march. The video, known as the JK Wedding Entrance Dance video, received over 1.7 million views in its first seven days.[37][38][39] The popularity of the video caused a resurgence of the song, landing it back into the top ten singles on iTunes.[40] By July 7, 2012, the video had received 81,511,082 hits. Due to the circumstances surrounding the song in their wedding video (the Chris Brown/Rihanna incident), on their website, the couple in the video asked that donations be made to a domestic violence charity.[41]
On October 8, 2009, "Forever" was used in the American version of The Office at Jim and Pam's wedding as part of an homage of the aforementioned JK Wedding. Again, it caused the song to move back into the top twenty singles on iTunes.
On March 30, 2010, Andrew Garcia performed an acoustic cover of the song on the top 10 performance night of American Idol. He chose this as his R&B song selection. His non-acoustic full-length recording of the song was released on the iTunes Store as "Forever (American Idol Studio Version) – Single" during the season's run and was later included as part of the American Idol Season 9 album that featured the top 10 finalists.
On January 13, 2012, this song, along with "I Want to Take You Higher" by Sly & the Family Stone, "Yeah!" by Usher and "Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours" by Stevie Wonder, was featured in the film Joyful Noise with Dolly Parton, Angela Grovey, and DeQuina Moore singing a part of it in the "Higher Medley".
Track listing[edit]
US Promo CD[edit]
"Forever" (Main) – 4:38
"Forever" (Instrumental) – 4:40
UK and Ireland CD single[edit]
"Forever" (Main)
"Forever" (23 Deluxe Remix)
Australian CD single[edit]
"Forever" (Main)
"Forever" (23 Deluxe Remix)
"Forever" (Cahill Club Mix)
"Forever" (Bobby Bass & J Remy Club Mix)
"Forever" (video)
Official versions[edit]
"Forever" (Main) / (Main Version)
"Forever" (23 Deluxe Remix)
"Forever" (Bobby Bass & J Remy Club Mix)
"Forever" (Cahill Club Mix)
"Forever" (Instrumental)
Credits and personnel[edit]
Vocals: Chris Brown, Keri Hilson (background)
Writers: C. Brown, J. Jones, B. Kennedy, R. Allen, A. Merritt
Producers: Polow da Don for Zone 4 Inc. and Brian Kennedy
Recording: Jason Scweitzer at Village Studios, Los Angeles, CA and Doug Fenske for Real Records, LLC at Westlake Audio, Los Angeles, CA
Mixing: Phil Tan for Riotproof Productions at Soapbox Studios, Atlanta, GA
Assistant: Josh Houghkir
Mastered by: Chris Athens at Sterling Sound, New York, New York
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2008)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[42]
7
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[43]
31
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[44]
47
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[45]
40
Brazilian Singles Chart (ABPD)[46]
1
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[47]
2
Denmark (Tracklisten)[48]
17
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)[49]
12
Germany (Official German Charts)[50]
20
France (SNEP)[51]
25
Ireland (IRMA)[52]
1
Japan (Japan Hot 100)[53]
88
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[54]
24
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[55]
1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[56]
17
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[57]
22
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[58]
4
US Billboard Hot 100[59]
2
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[60]
40
US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[61]
17
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[62]
66
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[63]
1
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[64]
3
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2008)
Position
Australia ARIA Singles Chart
20
Canadian Hot 100[65]
13
US Billboard Hot 100[66]
10
Chart (2009)
Position
Hungarian Singles Chart[67]
164
Decade-end charts[edit]
Chart (2000–2009)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100[68]
100
Preceded by
"Love in This Club" by Usher featuring Young Jeezy New Zealand RIANZ number-one single
May 12, 2008 – June 30, 2008 Succeeded by
"Always On My Mind" by Tiki Taane
Preceded by
"Take a Bow" by Rihanna Irish Singles Chart number-one single (first run)
June 19, 2008 Succeeded by
"On Wings" by Leanne Moore
Preceded by
"On Wings" by Leanne Moore Irish Singles Chart number-one single (second run)
July 3, 2008 Succeeded by
"All I Ever Wanted" by Basshunter
Preceded by
"I Kissed a Girl" by Katy Perry Billboard Pop 100 number-one single (first run)
August 23, 2008 – August 30, 2008 (first run) Succeeded by
"Disturbia" by Rihanna
Preceded by
"Disturbia" by Rihanna Billboard Pop 100 number-one single (second run)
September 13, 2008 (second run) Succeeded by
"Disturbia" by Rihanna
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[69]
2× Platinum 140,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[70]
Platinum 15,000*
Norway (IFPI Norway)[71]
2× Platinum 20,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[72]
Gold 400,000
United States (RIAA)[73]
4× Platinum 4,000,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Ethan Smith, Julie Jargon (July 28, 2008). Chew on This: Hit Song Is a Gum Jingle. The Wall Street Journal. Accessed July 29, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Shaheem Reid, Jasmine Dotiwala (March 25, 2008). Chris Brown readies deluxe Edition Of Exclusive MTV. Accessed March 25, 2008.
Jump up ^ The Gerbil's Revenge: Musical Events: The New Yorker Accessed July 23, 2008
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Gail (December 30, 2008). "Artist Of The Year: Chris Brown". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ Grammy After Party 08 Archived 2008-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed July 11, 2008
Jump up ^ "Forever — Single". iTunes. Apple Inc. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
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Jump up ^ "Forever — EP". iTunes. Apple Inc. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Forever — EP". iTunes. Apple Inc. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
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Jump up ^ Ratliff, Ben. "Nary a Carol in Earshot, and a Santa in Heels". New York Times. New York Times Company. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Chris Brown - "Forever" About.com. Accessed June 19, 2008.
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Jump up ^ "Megan Abrigo (The Official Megan Abrigo Myspace Page) on Myspace". Myspace.com.
Jump up ^ Lee, Linda (21 February 2009). "Ducking in and Out" – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Chris Brown - Forever". YouTube. October 25, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Menachem, Michael. Single Reviews: Forever. Billboard. Retrieved August 13, 2008. Archived July 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ MTV Hip Hop Countdown Chart MTV Asia. Accessed July 3, 2008.
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Jump up ^ Fletcher, Alex (June 16, 2008). "Chris Brown: 'Forever'". Digital Spy. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ Grein, Paul (November 23, 2011). "Week Ending Nov. 20, 2011. Songs: Katy Joins The Club". Chart Watch. Yahoo!.
Jump up ^ Paul Grein (April 9, 2014). "Chart Watch: 'Happy' Peaked But It's Still Potent". Yahoo Music.
Jump up ^ Williams, John-John (August 8, 2008). "'So You Think You Can Dance': finale details". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved November 22, 2008.
Jump up ^ "YouTube". www.youtube.com.
Jump up ^ Santo, Michael (July 24, 2009). "JK Wedding Entrance Dance Becomes YouTube Sensation". HULIQ. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Unusual wedding video is a viral hit". Archived from the original on July 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ Nocera, Kate (July 29, 2009). "Fun Minnesota couple Jill Peterson and Kevin Heinz dance down the aisle at their wedding". Daily News. New York.
Jump up ^ "Viral wedding video gives Brown's "Forever" a boost". Archived from the original on August 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Jill and Kevin wedding". Jkweddingdance.com. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Chris Brown – Forever". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Chris Brown – Forever" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 25, 2008". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Chris Brown Chart History (Japan Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 32, 2008" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Chris Brown – Forever". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Chris Brown – Forever". Singles Top 100. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Chris Brown – Forever". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Canadian Hot 100 Year-End 2008". Retrieved 2012-03-29.
Jump up ^ Chris Brown - Forever aCharts aCharts. Accessed August 1, 2008.
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Jump up ^ "Norwegian single certifications – Chris Brown – Forever" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Chris Brown – Forever". British Phonographic Industry. Select singles in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Enter Forever in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Chris Brown – Forever". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
JK Wedding Entrance Dance Official Site
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Chris Brown singles
Discography
Chris Brown
"Run It!"
"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)"
"Gimme That"
"Say Goodbye"
"Poppin'"
Exclusive
"Wall to Wall"
"Kiss Kiss"
"With You"
"Take You Down"
"Forever"
"Superhuman"
Graffiti
"I Can Transform Ya"
"Crawl"
F.A.M.E.
"Deuces"
"No Bullshit"
"Yeah 3x"
"Look at Me Now"
"Beautiful People"
"She Ain't You"
"Next to You"
"Wet the Bed"
Fortune
"Strip"
"Turn Up the Music"
"Sweet Love"
"Till I Die"
"Don't Wake Me Up"
"Don't Judge Me"
X
"Fine China"
"Don't Think They Know"
"Love More"
"Loyal"
"New Flame"
Fan of a Fan: The Album
"Ayo"
"Bitches N Marijuana"
Royalty
"Liquor"
"Zero"
"Back to Sleep"
"Fine by Me"
Heartbreak on a Full Moon
"Grass Ain't Greener"
"Party"
"Privacy"
"Pills & Automobiles"
"Questions"
Featured singles
"Shortie Like Mine"
"No Air"
"Shawty Get Loose"
"Get Like Me"
"What Them Girls Like"
"Freeze"
"Work That!"
"Better on the Other Side"
"Drop It Low"
"Back to the Crib"
"Make a Movie"
"Get Back Up"
"Ain't Thinkin' 'Bout You"
"Champion"
"My Last"
"One Night Stand"
"Best Love Song"
"Pot of Gold"
"Body 2 Body"
"Better with the Lights Off"
"International Love"
"Another Round"
"Why Stop Now"
"Birthday Cake (Remix)"
"Right by My Side"
"Take It to the Head"
"I Can Only Imagine"
"Put It Down"
"Algo Me Gusta de Ti"
"Celebration"
"Ready"
"As Your Friend"
"For the Road"
"Beat It"
"Sweet Serenade"
"Show Me"
"Main Chick"
"Hold You Down"
"Only"
"Post to Be"
"Waves (Robin Schulz Remix)"
"Hotel"
"Private Show"
"Five More Hours"
"You Changed Me"
"Do It Again"
"How Many Times"
"Fun"
"All Eyes on You"
"Body on Me"
"Moses"
"Play No Games"
"Player"
"Sorry"
"Gold Slugs"
"Paradise"
"Drifting"
"Wishing"
"Something New"
"I'm the Man (Remix)"
"No Romeo No Juliet"
"Do You Mind"
"I Think of You"
"Whatever You Need"
"African Bad Gyal"
"Tone It Down"
"Pie"
"Either Way"
"Flipmode"
"Melanin Magic"
"Freaky Friday"
Other songs
"This Christmas"
"Dreamer"
"Sing Like Me"
"Bassline"
"Nobody's Business"
"X"
"Wrist"
"Anyway"
"Picture Me Rollin’"
"Little More (Royalty)"
Book:Chris Brown
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forever_(Chris_Brown_song)&oldid=843786629"
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List of National Football League career passer rating leaders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The NFL rates its passers for statistical purposes against a fixed performance standard based on statistical achievements of all qualified pro passers since 1960. The current passer rating system, which was adopted in 1973, removes inequities that existed in the former method and, at the same time, provides a means of comparing passing performances from one season to the next.
It is important to remember that the system is used to rate passers, not quarterbacks. Statistics do not reflect leadership, play-calling, and other intangible factors that go into making a successful professional quarterback.
Four categories are used as a basis for compiling a rating:
Percentage of completions per attempt
Average yards gained per attempt
Percentage of touchdown passes per attempt
Percentage of interceptions per attempt
The average standard is 1.000. The bottom is .000. To earn a 2.000 rating, a passer must perform at exceptional levels, i.e., 70 percent in completions, 10 percent in touchdowns, 1.5 percent in interceptions, and 11 yards average gain per pass attempt. In order to make the rating more understandable, the point rating is then converted into a scale of 100, with 158.3 being the highest rating a passer can achieve. In cases where statistical performance has been superior, it is possible for a passer to surpass a 100 rating.
Quarterbacks are required to throw at least 1,500 passes before their ratings qualify for NFL career statistics for the regular season, and 150 attempts for the postseason.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Regular season
1.1 Below 1,500 attempts
2 Postseason
2.1 Below 150 attempts
3 All-time rankings in the 4 categories
4 References
5 External links
Regular season[edit]
Players in bold and green are currently active in the NFL.
Names in italics and red represent members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Active Player
Hall of Fame
Updated through the 2017 season.[2][3]
Rank
Quarterback
Rating
1 Aaron Rodgers 103.8
2 Russell Wilson 98.8
3 Tom Brady 97.6
4 Tony Romo 97.1
5 Steve Young 96.8
6 Drew Brees 96.7
7 Peyton Manning 96.5
8 Philip Rivers 94.8
9 Ben Roethlisberger 94.0
10 Kurt Warner 93.7
Kirk Cousins
12 Matt Ryan 93.4
13 Joe Montana 92.3
14 Chad Pennington 90.1
15 Matt Schaub 89.1
16 Colin Kaepernick 88.9
17 Andy Dalton 88.7
18 Matthew Stafford 88.3
19 Carson Palmer 87.9
20 Daunte Culpepper 87.8
21 Jeff Garcia 87.5
Derek Carr
23 Alex Smith 87.4
24 Andrew Luck 87.3
25 Jameis Winston 87.2
26 Otto Graham 86.6
27 Ryan Tannehill 86.5
28 Dan Marino 86.4
29 Brett Favre 86.0
Trent Green
31 David Garrard 85.8
32 Donovan McNabb 85.6
33 Jay Cutler 85.3
Cam Newton
35 Sam Bradford 85.1
36 Rich Gannon 84.7
37 Marc Bulger 84.4
Jim Kelly
39 Joe Flacco 84.1
40 Mark Brunell 84.0
Rank
Quarterback
Rating
41 Eli Manning 83.5
42 Roger Staubach 83.4
43 Steve McNair 82.8
44 Brian Griese 82.7
Neil Lomax
46 Len Dawson 82.6
Sonny Jurgensen
48 Brad Johnson 82.5
49 Matt Hasselbeck 82.4
50 Ken Anderson 81.9
51 Bernie Kosar 81.8
Neil O'Donnell
53 Jason Campbell 81.7
Danny White
55 Troy Aikman 81.6
56 Randall Cunningham 81.5
Dave Krieg
58 Jake Delhomme 81.3
59 Kyle Orton 81.2
60 Boomer Esiason 81.1
61 Warren Moon 80.9
62 Josh McCown 80.8
Blake Bortles
64 Jeff Hostetler 80.5
Bart Starr
66 Jeff George 80.4
Ken O'Brien
Fran Tarkenton
Michael Vick
70 Steve Beuerlein 80.3
71 Dan Fouts 80.2
72 John Elway 79.9
Ryan Fitzpatrick
74 Tony Eason 79.7
75 Elvis Grbac 79.6
76 Chris Chandler 79.1
77 Byron Leftwich 78.9
Mark Rypien
79 Matt Cassel 78.8
80 Jim Everett 78.6
Rank
Quarterback
Rating
81 Aaron Brooks 78.5
Phil Simms
83 Bert Jones 78.2
Jim McMahon
Johnny Unitas
86 Jeff Blake 78.0
Bobby Hebert
88 Jim Harbaugh 77.6
Frank Ryan
Josh Freeman
91 Jon Kitna 77.4
Joe Theismann
93 Charlie Batch 77.2
94 Drew Bledsoe 77.1
Jay Fiedler
Bob Griese
97 Bill Kenney 77.0
98 Gary Danielson 76.6
Erik Kramer
100 Doug Flutie 76.3
101 Stan Humphries 75.8
102 Wade Wilson 75.6
103 Chad Henne 75.5
104 Steve Bartkowski 75.4
105 Steve Bono 75.3
Scott Mitchell
Ken Stabler
108 Tim Couch 75.1
Norm Van Brocklin
110 Sid Luckman 75.0
Vinny Testaverde
112 David Carr 74.9
Chris Miller
114 Don Meredith 74.8
Brian Sipe
116 Jake Plummer 74.6
117 Roman Gabriel 74.3
Y. A. Tittle
119 Steve DeBerg 74.2
Gus Frerotte
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Rank
Quarterback
Rating
121 Earl Morrall 74.1
122 Mark Sanchez 73.9
123 Kerry Collins 73.8
124 Frankie Albert 73.5
Craig Morton
126 Rodney Peete 73.3
127 Daryle Lamonica 72.9
Greg Landry
Don Majkowski
130 Ron Jaworski 72.8
Tommy Kramer
132 Tony Banks 72.4
133 Bubby Brister 72.3
John Brodie
135 Sammy Baugh 72.2
Milt Plum
Bill Wade
138 Jay Schroeder 71.7
139 Billy Kilmer 71.6
140 Bill Munson 71.5
141 Rex Grossman 71.4
142 Derek Anderson 71.1
Rank
Quarterback
Rating
143 Terry Bradshaw 70.9
Lynn Dickey
145 Kordell Stewart 70.7
146 Trent Dilfer 70.2
Bill Nelsen
148 Vince Ferragamo 70.1
149 Steve Grogan 69.6
150 Kyle Boller 69.5
151 Joey Harrington 69.4
Doug Williams
153 Charley Johnson 69.2
154 Mike Tomczak 68.9
155 Eric Hipple 68.7
156 Joe Ferguson 68.4
157 Charlie Conerly 68.2
158 Dave M. Brown 67.9
159 Billy Joe Tolliver 67.7
Marc Wilson
161 Tom Flores 67.6
Richard Todd
163 Jim Plunkett 67.5
164 John Hadl 67.4
Rank
Quarterback
Rating
165 Jim Zorn 67.3
166 Archie Manning 67.1
167 Jim Hart 66.6
168 Joe Namath 65.5
Norm Snead
170 Rick Mirer 63.5
171 Bobby Layne 63.4
172 Jack Trudeau 63.3
Mike Pagel
Mike Livingston
175 Ed Brown 62.8
176 Mark Malone 61.9
177 Bob Waterfield 61.6
178 Eddie LeBaron 61.4
179 George Blanda 60.6
180 Babe Parilli 59.6
181 Dan Pastorini 59.1
182 Jack Kemp 57.3
183 Tobin Rote 56.8
184 Cotton Davidson 54.9
185 Mike Phipps 52.6
186 Frank Tripucka 52.2
Below 1,500 attempts[edit]
Updated through the 2017 season.
Active starters below minimum attempts needed
Rank if
qualified Quarterback Rating Attempts
2 Jimmy Garoppolo 99.7 272
8 Dak Prescott 95.5 949
14 Tyrod Taylor 91.2 1271
15 Jared Goff 89.4 682
18 Marcus Mariota 88.6 1274
23 Nick Foles 87.4 1386
29 Case Keenum 86.0 1258
50 Jacoby Brissett 81.9 524
91 Mitchell Trubisky 77.5 294
139 Blaine Gabbert 71.5 1397
145 T.J. Yates 70.7 324
158 Brett Hundley 67.9 326
168 Drew Stanton 66.3 659
180 DeShone Kizer 60.5 476
182 Bryce Petty 57.7 245
Active backups or injured players below minimum attempts needed
Rank if
qualified Quarterback Rating Attempts
2 Deshaun Watson 103.0 204
18 Carson Wentz 88.8 1047
28 Teddy Bridgewater 86.3 851
42 Mike Glennon 83.2 770
42 Brian Hoyer 83.4 1407
58 Matt Moore 81.2 983
71 Trevor Siemian 79.9 835
72 Colt McCoy 78.9 842
93 E.J. Manuel 77.1 590
99 Brock Osweiler 76.5 987
100 Brandon Weeden 76.0 965
126 Geno Smith 72.9 902
131 Tom Savage 72.5 315
153 Kellen Clemens 68.9 638
Postseason[edit]
Updated through the 2017 season.
Rank
Quarterback
Rating
1 Bart Starr 104.8
2 Kurt Warner 102.8
3 Matt Ryan 100.8
4 Drew Brees 100.7
5 Aaron Rodgers 99.4
6 Alex Smith 97.4
7 Joe Montana 95.6
8 Mark Sanchez 94.3
9 Russell Wilson 94.1
10 Ken Anderson 93.5
11 Tony Romo 93.0
12 Joe Theismann 91.4
13 Tom Brady 90.9
14 Joe Flacco 88.6
15 Troy Aikman 88.3
16 Cam Newton 87.7
17 Peyton Manning 87.4
Eli Manning
19 Colin Kaepernick 87.3
20 Ben Roethlisberger 86.5
21 Brett Favre 86.3
22 Steve Young 85.8
23 Philip Rivers 85.2
24 Warren Moon 84.9
25 Rich Gannon 84.6
Rank
Quarterback
Rating
26 Matt Hasselbeck 84.2
Ken Stabler
28 Bernie Kosar 83.5
29 Jake Delhomme 83.3
30 Terry Bradshaw 83.0
31 Jim Plunkett 81.9
32 Vinny Testaverde 81.0
33 Donovan McNabb 80.0
34 John Elway 79.7
35 Daryle Lamonica 77.9
36 Len Dawson 77.4
37 Chad Pennington 77.3
38 Dan Marino 77.1
39 Phil Simms 77.0
40 Jim McMahon 76.1
41 Roger Staubach 76.0
42 Wade Wilson 75.6
43 Kerry Collins 75.3
44 Neil O'Donnell 74.9
45 Randall Cunningham 74.3
46 Jeff Garcia 73.8
47 Jake Plummer 72.7
48 Dave Krieg 72.3
Jim Kelly
Rank
Quarterback
Rating
50 Mark Rypien 72.2
51 Danny White 71.6
52 Andrew Luck 70.8
53 Dan Fouts 70.0
54 Johnny Unitas 68.9
55 Billy Kilmer 68.6
56 Bob Griese 68.3
57 Jim Harbaugh 67.2
58 Steve McNair 66.7
59 Mark Brunell 66.3
60 Otto Graham 63.7
61 Ron Jaworski 63.4
62 Brad Johnson 62.8
63 Vince Ferragamo 59.9
64 Fran Tarkenton 58.6
65 Andy Dalton 57.8
66 Jim Everett 57.0
67 Drew Bledsoe 54.9
68 Stan Humphries 54.8
69 Doug Williams 53.6
70 Jay Schroeder 50.4
71 Jack Kemp 50.2
72 George Blanda 42.4
73 Craig Morton 42.0
Below 150 attempts[edit]
Updated through the 2017 season.
Active QBs below minimum attempts needed
Rank if
qualified
Quarterback
Rating
Attempts
1 Nick Foles 113.2 139
2 Dak Prescott 105.2 38
6 Matt Moore 97.8 36
10 Marcus Mariota 93.9 68
13 Blake Bortles 91.0 85
16 Matthew Stafford 87.8 117
16 Matt Schaub 87.5 89
19 Teddy Bridgewater 86.5 21
23 Jay Cutler 84.8 42
29 Connor Cook 83.4 21
31 Kirk Cousins 82.4 56
35 Jared Goff 77.9 45
47 Case Keenum 73.5 88
56 AJ McCarron 68.3 41
60 Brock Osweiler 63.9 65
67 Joe Webb 54.9 30
72 Tyrod Taylor 44.2 37
74 Matt Cassel 20.4 18
74 Brian Hoyer 15.9 34
All-time rankings in the 4 categories[edit]
These are the top 10 quarterbacks in each statistic that determine the NFL passer rating.[4]
Minimum: 1,500 Attempts
Records through the 2017 season.
Active Player
Hall of Fame
Completion percentage
Player
Percentage
Attempts
Completions
Drew Brees 66.95 9,294 6,222
Chad Pennington 66.05 2,471 1,632
Kurt Warner 65.50 4,070 2,666
Kirk Cousins 65.46 2,096 1,372
Peyton Manning 65.30 9,380 6,125
Tony Romo 65.26 4,335 2,829
Aaron Rodgers 65.13 4,895 3,188
Matt Ryan 64.90 5,593 3,630
Steve Young 64.28 4,149 2667
Philip Rivers 64.25 6,492 4,171
Average yards per pass
Player
Average
Attempts
Yards
Otto Graham 8.63 1,565 13,499
Sid Luckman 8.42 1,744 14,686
Norm Van Brocklin 8.16 2,895 23,611
Steve Young 7.98 4,149 33,124
Kurt Warner 7.95 4,070 32,344
Tony Romo 7.89 4,335 34,183
Aaron Rodgers 7.87 4,895 38,502
Ben Roethlisberger 7.86 6,493 51065
Ed Brown 7.85 1,987 15,600
Bart Starr 7.85 3,149 24,718
Touchdown percentage
Player
Percentage
Attempts
Touchdowns
Sid Luckman 7.86 1,744 137
Frank Ryan 6.99 2,133 149
Len Dawson 6.39 3,741 239
Aaron Rodgers 6.39 4,895 313
Daryle Lamonica 6.31 2,601 164
Sammy Baugh 6.24 2,995 187
Charlie Conerly 6.11 2,833 173
Bob Waterfield 6.00 1,617 97
Earl Morrall 5.99 2,689 161
Sonny Jurgensen 5.98 1,735 106
Interception percentage
Player
Percentage
Attempts
Interceptions
Aaron Rodgers 1.59 4,895 77
Colin Kaepernick 1.77 1,692 30
Tom Brady 1.82 8,805 160
Derek Carr 1.96 2,247 44
Sam Bradford 1.97 2,887 57
Russell Wilson 1.98 2,834 56
Alex Smith 2.08 4,613 96
Neil O'Donnell 2.11 3,229 68
Donovan McNabb 2.18 5,374 117
Matt Ryan 2.25 5,593 126
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Inside the Numbers - Passer Ratings" NFL.com
Jump up ^ NFL Career Passing Rating Leaders Pro-Football-Reference.com
Jump up ^ "Career Passer Rating", Pro Football Hall of Fame.com
Jump up ^ "Official 2017 National Football League Record & Fact Book" (PDF). NFL. p. 311. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
External links[edit]
NFL Single-Season Passer Rating Leaders
NFL Active Passer Rating Leaders
NFL Year-by-Year Passer Rating Leaders
NFL Single Game Passer Rating Leaders
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Football_League_career_passer_rating_leaders&oldid=835317331"
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text:
Tetrahedral molecular geometry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tetrahedral molecular geometry
Examples
CH4, PO3−
4, SO2−
4
Point group
Td
Steric number
4
Coordination number
4
Bond angle(s)
≈109.5°
In a tetrahedral molecular geometry, a central atom is located at the center with four substituents that are located at the corners of a tetrahedron. The bond angles are cos−1(−⅓) = 109.4712206...° ≈ 109.5° when all four substituents are the same, as in methane (CH4)[1][2] as well as its heavier analogues. Methane and other perfectly symmetrical tetrahedral molecules belong to point group Td, but most tetrahedral molecules have lower symmetry. Tetrahedral molecules can be chiral.
Contents
[hide]
1 Examples
1.1 Main group chemistry
1.2 Transition metal chemistry
1.3 Water structure
2 Bitetrahedral structures
3 Exceptions and distortions
3.1 Inverted tetrahedral geometry
3.2 Planarization
3.3 Tetrahedral molecules with no central atom
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Examples[edit]
Main group chemistry[edit]
The tetrahedral molecule methane (CH4)
Aside from virtually all saturated organic compounds, most compounds of Si, Ge, and Sn are tetrahedral. Often tetrahedral molecules feature multiple bonding to the outer ligands, as in xenon tetroxide (XeO4), the perchlorate ion (ClO−
4), the sulfate ion (SO2−
4), the phosphate ion (PO3−
4). Thiazyl trifluoride (SNF3) is tetrahedral, featuring a sulfur-to-nitrogen triple bond.[3]
Other molecules have a tetrahedral arrangement of electron pairs around a central atom; for example ammonia (NH3) with the nitrogen atom surrounded by three hydrogens and one lone pair. However the usual classification considers only the bonded atoms and not the lone pair, so that ammonia is actually considered as pyramidal. The H–N–H angles are 107°, contracted from 109.5. This difference is attributed to the influence of the lone pair which exerts a greater repulsive influence than a bonded atom.
Transition metal chemistry[edit]
Again the geometry is widespread, particularly so for complexes where the metal has d0 or d10 configuration. Illustrative examples include tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (Pd[P(C6H5)3]4), nickel carbonyl (Ni(CO)4), and titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4). Many complexes with incompletely filled d-shells are often tetrahedral, e.g. the tetrahalides of iron(II), cobalt(II), and nickel(II).
Water structure[edit]
In the gas phase, a single water molecule has an oxygen atom surrounded by two hydrogens and two lone pairs, and the H2O geometry is simply described as bent without considering the nonbonded lone pairs.
However in liquid water or in ice, the lone pairs form hydrogen bonds with neighboring water molecules. The most common arrangement of hydrogen atoms around an oxygen is tetrahedral with two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to oxygen and two attached by hydrogen bonds. Since the hydrogen bonds vary in length many of these water molecules are not symmetrical and form transient irregular tetrahedra between their four associated hydrogen atoms.[4]
Bitetrahedral structures[edit]
Many compounds and complexes adopt bitetrahedral structures. In this motif, the two tetrahedra share a common edge. The inorganic polymer silicon disulfide features an infinite chain of edge-shared tetrahedra.
Bitetrahedral structure adopted by Al2Br6 ("aluminium tribromide") and Ga2Cl6 ("gallium trichloride").
Exceptions and distortions[edit]
Inversion of tetrahedral occurs widely in organic and main group chemistry. The so-called Walden inversion illustrates the stereochemical consequences of inversion at carbon. Nitrogen inversion in ammonia also entails transient formation of planar NH3.
Inverted tetrahedral geometry[edit]
Geometrical constraints in a molecule can cause a severe distortion of idealized tetrahedral geometry. In compounds featuring "inverted" tetrahedral geometry at a carbon atom, all four groups attached to this carbon are on one side of a plane.[5] The carbon atom lies at or near the apex of a square pyramid with the other four groups at the corners.[6][7]
The simplest examples of organic molecules displaying inverted tetrahedral geometry are the smallest propellanes, such as [1.1.1]propellane; or more generally the paddlanes,[8] and pyramidane ([3.3.3.3]fenestrane).[6][7] Such molecules are typically strained, resulting in increased reactivity.
Planarization[edit]
A tetrahedron can also be distorted by increasing the angle between two of the bonds. In the extreme case, flattening results. For carbon this phenomenon can be observed in a class of compounds called the fenestranes.[citation needed]
Tetrahedral molecules with no central atom[edit]
A few molecules have a tetrahedral geometry with no central atom. An inorganic example is tetraphosphorus (P4) which has four phosphorus atoms at the vertices of a tetrahedron and each bonded to the other three. An organic example is tetrahedrane (C4H4) with four carbon atoms each bonded to one hydrogen and the other three carbons.
See also[edit]
AXE method
Orbital hybridisation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Angle Between 2 Legs of a Tetrahedron". Maze5.net.
Jump up ^ Brittin, W. E. (1945). "Valence Angle of the Tetrahedral Carbon Atom". J. Chem. Educ. 22 (3): 145. Bibcode:1945JChEd..22..145B. doi:10.1021/ed022p145.
Jump up ^ Miessler, G. L.; Tarr, D. A. Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). Pearson/Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-035471-6.
Jump up ^ Mason, P. E.; Brady, J. W. (2007). ""Tetrahedrality" and the Relationship between Collective Structure and Radial Distribution Functions in Liquid Water". J. Phys. Chem. B. 111 (20): 5669–5679. doi:10.1021/jp068581n.
Jump up ^ Wiberg, Kenneth B. (1984). "Inverted geometries at carbon". Acc. Chem. Res. 17 (11): 379–386. doi:10.1021/ar00107a001.
^ Jump up to: a b Joseph P. Kenny; Karl M. Krueger; Jonathan C. Rienstra-Kiracofe; Henry F. Schaefer III (2001). "C5H4: Pyramidane and Its Low-Lying Isomers". J. Phys. Chem. A. 105 (32): 7745–7750. Bibcode:2001JPCA..105.7745K. doi:10.1021/jp011642r.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewars, E. (1998). "Pyramidane: an ab initio study of the C5H4 potential energy surface". Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM. 423 (3): 173–188. doi:10.1016/S0166-1280(97)00118-8.
Jump up ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "paddlanes".
External links[edit]
Examples of Tetrahedral molecules
Animated Tetrahedral Visual
Elmhurst College
Interactive molecular examples for point groups
3D Chem – Chemistry, Structures, and 3D Molecules
IUMSC – Indiana University Molecular Structure Center]
[1]
Molecular Modeling
[hide]
v
t
e
Molecular geometry
Coordination number 2
Linear
Bent
Coordination number 3
Trigonal planar
Trigonal pyramidal
T-shaped
Coordination number 4
Tetrahedral
Square planar
Seesaw
Coordination number 5
Trigonal bipyramidal
Square pyramidal
Pentagonal planar
Coordination number 6
Octahedral
Trigonal prismatic
Pentagonal pyramidal
Distorted octahedral
Coordination number 7
Pentagonal bipyramidal
Coordination number 8
Square antiprismatic
Coordination number 9
Tricapped trigonal prismatic
Capped square antiprismatic
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Vision of the Valley of Dry Bones
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Engraving of "The Vision of The Valley of The Dry Bones" by Gustave Doré
The Vision of the Valley of Dry Bones (or The Valley of Dry Bones or The Vision of Dry Bones) is a prophecy in chapter 37 of the Book of Ezekiel.[1] The chapter details a vision revealed to the prophet Ezekiel, conveying a dream-like realistic-naturalistic depiction.
In his vision the prophet sees himself standing in the valley full of dry human bones. He is commanded to carry a prophecy. Before him the bones connect into human figures, then the bones become covered with tendon tissues, flesh and skin. Then God reveals the bones to the prophet as the People of Israel in exile and commands the Prophet to carry another prophecy in order to revitalize these human figures, to resurrect them and to bring them to the Land of Israel.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Book of Ezekiel, 37:1-14
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ezekiel's Vision of the Valley of Dry Bones.

This Bible-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Keynote
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the Apple application, see Keynote (presentation software). For other uses, see Keynote (disambiguation).
Steve Jobs was famous for his keynotes, dubbed Stevenotes
A keynote in public speaking is a talk that establishes a main underlying theme. In corporate or commercial settings, greater importance is attached to the delivery of a keynote speech or keynote address. The keynote establishes the framework for the following programme of events or convention agenda; frequently the role of keynote speaker[1] will include that of convention moderator. It will also flag up a larger idea – a literary story, an individual musical piece, or event.
At political or industrial conventions and expositions and at academic conferences, the keynote address or keynote speech is delivered to set the underlying tone and summarize the core message or most important revelation of the event. Some of the more famous keynote speeches in the United States are those made at the party conventions during Democratic and Republican presidential campaigns. Keynote speakers at these events have often gained nationwide fame (or notoriety); for example, Barack Obama at the 2004 Democratic National Convention, and have occasionally influenced the course of the election. In the commercial arena, Steve Jobs delivered influential keynote speeches at Apple product, system and service launches.[2]
Keynote speeches are also given at the graduation and commencement ceremonies of colleges, universities, and major high schools, usually by accomplished academics or celebrities invited by the student body.
Keynote speakers are often selected to raise interest in a particular event, such as a conference or large meeting sponsored by a corporation or association, and draw attendees to attend that program. Selecting a keynote speaker who is well known for his or her expertise in a particular field, or who has wide name recognition due to other accomplishments, will probably raise enthusiasm among prospective attendees for a meeting or conference. Increasingly the word keynote is being used as a synonym for plenary session or "invited talk," with some conferences having an opening keynote, a closing keynote, and many other keynotes.
A keynote speaker may work independently, be represented by a speakers bureau, or by a new crowdsourced model such as the speakerwiki website. In the event that a speaker is represented by a traditional speakers bureau, a commission, typically 25%–30%, is due; however, this is traditionally and ethically absorbed by the speaker rather than the client so that the fee remains flat and transparently priced to the client.[3]
The term key note comes from the practice of a cappella, such as doo-wop or barbershop singers, playing a note before singing. The note played determines the key in which the song will be performed.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What is a Keynote Speaker, really?". Mike Hourigan. 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
Jump up ^ "11 Presentation Lessons You Can Still Learn From Steve Jobs". Forbes. 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
Jump up ^ Weiss, Alan (1998). Money talks how to make a million as a speaker ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-069615-2.
Jump up ^ "What Is A Keynote Speech?". Lisa B. Marshall. 2011-11-23. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keynote&oldid=844786114"
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Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)"
Single by Rod Stewart
from the album A Night on the Town
B-side
"The Ball Trap" (UK)
"Fool for You" (US)
Released
May 1976 (International)
September 1976 (US)
Format
7" single
Recorded
December 1975
Genre
Soft rock[1]
Length
3:56 (album version)
3:34 (edit)
Label
Riva (UK); Warner Bros. (US)
Songwriter(s)
Rod Stewart
Producer(s)
Tom Dowd
Rod Stewart singles chronology
"This Old Heart of Mine"
(1976) "Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)"
(1976) "The Killing of Georgie (Part I and II)"
(1976)
"This Old Heart of Mine"
(1976) "Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)"
(1976) "The Killing of Georgie (Part I and II)"
(1976)
"Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)" is a song by Rod Stewart, recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Sheffield, Alabama for his 1976 album A Night on the Town. The song became his second US chart topper on the Billboard Hot 100. It made its debut at number 81 on October 2, 1976 and rose quickly, climbing from number eight to the top of the chart on November 13, 1976, and remained on top for eight consecutive weeks until January 8, 1977. It was the longest stay of any song during 1976, as well as the longest stay at number one for Rod Stewart in his entire recording career. The song also peaked at No. 5 in the UK, No. 3 in Australia and charted well in other parts of the world. It was the number 1 song on Billboard's 1977 year-end chart. It became the best-selling single of 1977 in the United States. As of 2015, it is the seventeenth most popular song in the history of the chart.
Contents
1 Background and lyrics
2 Chart performance
2.1 Weekly charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 Cover versions
4 References
5 External links
Background and lyrics[edit]
According to Dan Peek of America, Stewart's inspiration for "Tonight's the Night" was America's Top 30 hit "Today's the Day": Peek recalls that one evening when he and his guest Rod Stewart were playing together in Peek's home recording studio: "I played 'Today's the Day', the song I had been working on. Rod said that he liked it and that it gave him an idea for a song. Of course after his recording of 'Tonight's the Night' came out I laughed when I remembered what he'd said. I'm sure I probably smacked my forehead and said: 'Why didn't I think of that?'"[2]
The song features a French spoken part from Britt Ekland who was Stewart's girlfriend at the time.[3] While primarily recorded at Muscle Shoals, the final vocal was recorded at Caribou Ranch studios, where Stewart, Ekland and producer Tom Dowd spent several days. The high-altitude result was a vocal an octave higher than "sea-based" versions--and fit the song perfectly. Some radio stations play edits of the song, shortening the coda, as well as the whispers, because they were deemed to be too suggestive for airplay, where the songs could be banned from being played on the air.[citation needed]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1976–77)
Peak
position
Australia 3
Canada[4] 1
Germany 26
Ireland 2
Netherlands 5
New Zealand 2
Sweden 7
UK 5
US Billboard Hot 100 1
US Billboard Easy Listening[5] 42
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1976)
Rank
Australia[6] 11
Canada[7] 1
New Zealand[8] 19
Chart (1977)
Rank
US Billboard Hot 100 1
Cover versions[edit]
In 1993, Stewart recorded a live version of the song during his session for MTV Unplugged. This version was included on the album Unplugged...and Seated.
The song has been remade by such artists as: Linda Clifford, Nicky Moore, and sung by Anthony Kavanagh, Terry Steele, who reached number forty-four on the R&B singles chart,[9] and Alison Crawford on Grease is the Word.
In Janet Jackson's cover, the lyrics imply that she and her partner are about to share a threesome with another woman. Jackson begins the song by saying, "This is just between me and you...and you." Additionally, each chorus addresses a different person, as she sings, "'Cause I love you, boy" in one and "'Cause I love you, girl" in another. "She even makes a bid for gay icon status…" wrote Neil McCormick in The Daily Telegraph's review of The Velvet Rope, "climaxing (if that's the right word) with a bizarre lesbian reinterpretation of Rod Stewart's 'Tonight's the Night'."[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The 10 Ickiest Soft-Rock Hits of the '70s - Oldies Music". Oldies.about.com. 2014-04-03. Retrieved 2014-06-06.
Jump up ^ Peak, Dan (2004). An American Band: the America Story. Xulon Press. ISBN 1-594679-29-0.
Jump up ^ Robert Windeler (1977-02-21). "Romantic Rod". People. Retrieved 2016-02-07.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 10 November 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 230.
Jump up ^ Australian-charts.com
Jump up ^ "Top Singles – Volume 26, No. 14 & 15, January 08 1977". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 1976 | The Official New Zealand Music Chart". Nztop40.co.nz. 1963-12-08. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 550.
Jump up ^ The Daily Telegraph, 18 October 1997
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
t
e
Billboard Year-End number one singles (1960–1979)
1960: "Theme from A Summer Place" – Percy Faith
1961: "Tossin' and Turnin'" – Bobby Lewis
1962: "Stranger on the Shore" – Mr. Acker Bilk
1963: "Sugar Shack" – Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs[1][2][3]"/Surfin' U.S.A." - The Beach Boys[4][5]
1964: "I Want to Hold Your Hand" – The Beatles
1965: "Wooly Bully" – Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs
1966: "Ballad of the Green Berets" – S/Sgt. Barry Sadler
1967: "To Sir, with Love" – Lulu
1968: "Hey Jude" – The Beatles
1969: "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies
1970: "Bridge over Troubled Water" – Simon & Garfunkel
1971: "Joy to the World" – Three Dog Night
1972: "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Roberta Flack
1973: "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" – Tony Orlando and Dawn
1974: "The Way We Were" – Barbra Streisand
1975: "Love Will Keep Us Together" – Captain & Tennille
1976: "Silly Love Songs" – Wings
1977: "Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)" – Rod Stewart
1978: "Shadow Dancing" – Andy Gibb
1979: "My Sharona" – The Knack
Complete list
(1946–1959)
(1960–1979)
(1980–1999)
(2000–2019)
show
v
t
e
Rod Stewart singles
1970s
"It's All Over Now" (1970)
"Reason to Believe"/"Maggie May" (1971)
"Every Picture Tells a Story"/"Reason to Believe" (1971) Spain only
"(I Know) I'm Losing You"/"Mandolin Wind" (1971)
"Handbags and Gladrags" (1972)
"You Wear It Well" (1972)
"Angel" (1972)
"What's Made Milwaukee Famous (Has Made a Loser Out of Me)" (1972)
"Twistin' the Night Away" (1973, 1987)
"Oh! No Not My Baby" (1973)
"Farewell" / "You Send Me" (1973)
"Mine for Me" (1974)
"You Can Make Me Dance, Sing or Anything" (1974) Stewart/Faces
"Sailing" (1975)
"This Old Heart of Mine" (1975)
"Tonight's the Night" (1976)
"The Killing of Georgie" (1976)
"Get Back" (1976)
"The First Cut Is the Deepest" (1977)
"I Don't Want to Talk About It" (1977, 1990)
"You're in My Heart (The Final Acclaim)" (1978)
"Hot Legs" (1978)
"I Was Only Joking" (1978)
"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" (1978, 1997)
"Ain't Love a Bitch" (1979)
"Blondes (Have More Fun)" (1979)
1980s
"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right" (1980)
"Passion" (1980)
"Tonight I'm Yours (Don't Hurt Me)" (1981)
"Young Turks" (1982)
"How Long" (1982)
"Baby Jane" (1983)
"That's What Friends Are For" (1983)
"Infatuation" (1984)
"Some Guys Have All the Luck" (1984)
"All Right Now" (1984)
"People Get Ready" (1985, 1991, 1993) Stewart/Beck
"Love Touch" (1986)
"In My Life" (1987)
"Forever Young" (1988)
"My Heart Can't Tell You No" (1988)
"This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)" (1989)Stewart/Isley
"Downtown Train" (1989)
1990s
"It Takes Two" (1990) Stewart/Turner
"Rhythm of My Heart" (1991)
"The Motown Song" (1991)
"Your Song" (1992)
"Ruby Tuesday" (1993)
"Have I Told You Lately" (1993)
"Reason to Believe" (unplugged, 1993)
"All for Love" (1993) Stewart/Adams/Sting
"Leave Virginia Alone" (1995)
"Lady Luck" (1996)
"Ooh La La" (1998)
"Rocks" (1998)
"Cigarettes and Alcohol" (1998)
"Faith of the Heart" (1999)
2000s
"These Foolish Things" (2002)
"They Can't Take That Away from Me" (2003)
"Time After Time" (2003)
"What a Wonderful World" (2004)
"Blue Moon" (2004)
"Baby, It's Cold Outside" (2005)
"I've Got a Crush on You" (2005)
"I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm" (2006)
"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?" (2006)
2010s
"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" (2012)
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" (2012)
"Everyday" (2015)
Jump up ^ "The Billboard Hot 100 - 1963". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 20, 2006. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kowal, Barry. "Billboard (USA) Magazine's (Magazine Chart) Top 100 Singles of 1963", Hits of All Decades. September 20, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ [Fred (2003). The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits. New York: Billboard Books. p. 138. ISBN 0823076776. Retrieved 20 October 2018.]
Jump up ^ "Top Records of 1963", Billboard, Section II, December 28, 1963. p. 30. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kowal, Barry. Billboard Magazine's (USA) Top 100 Single Recordings of 1963, Hits of All Decades. August 27, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonight%27s_the_Night_(Gonna_Be_Alright)&oldid=864736759"
Categories:
1976 singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Music videos directed by Bruce Gowers
Rod Stewart songs
Song recordings produced by Tom Dowd
Songs about sexuality
LGBT-related songs
Songs written by Rod Stewart
Works about virginity
Riva Records singles
Warner Bros. Records singles
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This page was last edited on 19 October 2018, at 03:55 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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