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Communications satellite
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An Advanced Extremely High Frequency communications orion satellite relays secure communications for the United States and other allied countries.
A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications. There are over 2,000 communications satellites in Earth’s orbit, used by both private and government organizations.[1]
Wireless communication uses electromagnetic waves to carry signals. These waves require line-of-sight, and are thus obstructed by the curvature of the Earth. The purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated points.[2] Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies. To avoid signal interference, international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or "bands" certain organizations are allowed to use. This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Satellite orbits
2.1 Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites
2.2 Satellite constellation
2.3 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
2.3.1 Example
2.4 Geostationary orbits (GEO)
2.4.1 Examples
2.5 Molniya satellites
2.6 Polar Orbit
3 Structure
4 Frequency Allocation for satellite systems
5 Applications
5.1 Telephone
5.2 Television
5.3 Radio broadcasting
5.4 Amateur radio
5.5 Internet access
5.6 Military
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The concept of the geostationary communications satellite was first proposed by Arthur C. Clarke, along with Vahid K. Sanadi building on work by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. In October 1945 Clarke published an article titled "Extraterrestrial Relays" in the British magazine Wireless World.[4] The article described the fundamentals behind the deployment of artificial satellites in geostationary orbits for the purpose of relaying radio signals. Thus, Arthur C. Clarke is often quoted as being the inventor of the communications satellite and the term 'Clarke Belt' employed as a description of the orbit.[5]
Decades later a project named Communication Moon Relay was a telecommunication project carried out by the United States Navy. Its objective was to develop a secure and reliable method of wireless communication by using the Moon as a passive reflector and natural communications satellite.
The first artificial Earth satellite was Sputnik 1. Put into orbit by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, it was equipped with an on-board radio-transmitter that worked on two frequencies: 20.005 and 40.002 MHz. Sputnik 1 was launched as a major step in the exploration of space and rocket development. However, it was not placed in orbit for the purpose of sending data from one point on earth to another.
The first artificial satellite used solely to further advances in global communications was a balloon named Echo 1.[6] Echo 1 was the world's first artificial communications satellite capable of relaying signals to other points on Earth. It soared 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) above the planet after its Aug. 12, 1960 launch, yet relied on humanity's oldest flight technology — ballooning. Launched by NASA, Echo 1 was a 30-metre (100 ft) aluminized PET film balloon that served as a passive reflector for radio communications. The world's first inflatable satellite — or "satelloon", as they were informally known — helped lay the foundation of today's satellite communications. The idea behind a communications satellite is simple: Send data up into space and beam it back down to another spot on the globe. Echo 1 accomplished this by essentially serving as an enormous mirror, 10 stories tall, that could be used to reflect communications signals.
The first American satellite to relay communications was Project SCORE in 1958, which used a tape recorder to store and forward voice messages. It was used to send a Christmas greeting to the world from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower.;[7] Courier 1B, built by Philco, launched in 1960, was the world's first active repeater satellite.
There are two major classes of communications satellites, passive and active. Passive satellites only reflect the signal coming from the source, toward the direction of the receiver. With passive satellites, the reflected signal is not amplified at the satellite, and only a very small amount of the transmitted energy actually reaches the receiver. Since the satellite is so far above Earth, the radio signal is attenuated due to free-space path loss, so the signal received on Earth is very, very weak. Active satellites, on the other hand, amplify the received signal before retransmitting it to the receiver on the ground.[3] Passive satellites were the first communications satellites, but are little used now. Telstar was the second active, direct relay communications satellite. Belonging to AT&T as part of a multi-national agreement between AT&T, Bell Telephone Laboratories, NASA, the British General Post Office, and the French National PTT (Post Office) to develop satellite communications, it was launched by NASA from Cape Canaveral on July 10, 1962, in the first privately sponsored space launch. Relay 1 was launched on December 13, 1962, and it became the first satellite to transmit across the Pacific Ocean on November 22, 1963.[8]
An immediate antecedent of the geostationary satellites was the Hughes Aircraft Company's Syncom 2, launched on July 26, 1963. Syncom 2 was the first communications satellite in a geosynchronous orbit. It revolved around the earth once per day at constant speed, but because it still had north-south motion, special equipment was needed to track it. Its successor, Syncom 3 was the first geostationary communications satellite. Syncom 3 obtained a geosynchronous orbit, without a north-south motion, making it appear from the ground as a stationary object in the sky.
Beginning with the Mars Exploration Rovers, landers on the surface of Mars have used orbiting spacecraft as communications satellites for relaying their data to Earth. The landers use UHF transmitters to send their data to the orbiters, which then relay the data to Earth using either X band or Ka band frequencies. These higher frequencies, along with more powerful transmitters and larger antennas, permit the orbiters to send the data much faster than the landers could manage transmitting directly to Earth, which conserves valuable time on the NASA Deep Space Network.[9]
Satellite orbits[edit]
Communications satellites usually have one of three primary types of orbit, while other orbital classifications are used to further specify orbital details.
Geostationary satellites have a geostationary orbit (GEO), which is 36,000 kilometres (22,000 mi) from Earth’s surface. This orbit has the special characteristic that the apparent position of the satellite in the sky when viewed by a ground observer does not change, the satellite appears to "stand still" in the sky. This is because the satellite's orbital period is the same as the rotation rate of the Earth. The advantage of this orbit is that ground antennas do not have to track the satellite across the sky, they can be fixed to point at the location in the sky the satellite appears.
Medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites are closer to Earth. Orbital altitudes range from 2,000 to 36,000 kilometres (1,200 to 22,400 mi) above Earth.
The region below medium orbits is referred to as low Earth orbit (LEO), and is about 160 to 2,000 kilometres (99 to 1,243 mi) above Earth.
As satellites in MEO and LEO orbit the Earth faster, they do not remain visible in the sky to a fixed point on Earth continually like a geostationary satellite, but appear to a ground observer to cross the sky and "set" when they go behind the Earth. Therefore, to provide continuous communications capability with these lower orbits requires a larger number of satellites, so one will always be in the sky for transmission of communication signals. However, due to their relatively small distance to the Earth their signals are stronger.[clarification needed]
Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites[edit]
Main article: Low Earth orbit
Low Earth orbit in Cyan
A low Earth orbit (LEO) typically is a circular orbit about 160 to 2,000 kilometres (99 to 1,243 mi) above the earth's surface[citation needed] and, correspondingly, a period (time to revolve around the earth) of about 90 minutes.
Because of their low altitude, these satellites are only visible from within a radius of roughly 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) from the sub-satellite point. In addition, satellites in low earth orbit change their position relative to the ground position quickly. So even for local applications, a large number of satellites are needed if the mission requires uninterrupted connectivity.
Low-Earth-orbiting satellites are less expensive to launch into orbit than geostationary satellites and, due to proximity to the ground, do not require as high signal strength (Recall that signal strength falls off as the square of the distance from the source, so the effect is dramatic). Thus there is a trade off between the number of satellites and their cost.
In addition, there are important differences in the onboard and ground equipment needed to support the two types of missions.
Satellite constellation[edit]
Main article: Satellite constellation
A group of satellites working in concert is known as a satellite constellation. Two such constellations, intended to provide satellite phone services, primarily to remote areas, are the Iridium and Globalstar systems. The Iridium system has 66 satellites.
It is also possible to offer discontinuous coverage using a low-Earth-orbit satellite capable of storing data received while passing over one part of Earth and transmitting it later while passing over another part. This will be the case with the CASCADE system of Canada's CASSIOPE communications satellite. Another system using this store and forward method is Orbcomm.
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)[edit]
A MEO is a satellite in orbit somewhere between 2,000 and 35,786 kilometres (1,243 and 22,236 mi) above the earth’s surface. MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in functionality. MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than LEO satellites, usually between 2 and 8 hours. MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites. A MEO satellite’s longer duration of visibility and wider footprint means fewer satellites are needed in a MEO network than a LEO network. One disadvantage is that a MEO satellite’s distance gives it a longer time delay and weaker signal than a LEO satellite, although these limitations are not as severe as those of a GEO satellite.
Like LEOs, these satellites don’t maintain a stationary distance from the earth. This is in contrast to the geostationary orbit, where satellites are always approximately 35,786 kilometres (22,236 mi) from the earth.
Typically the orbit of a medium earth orbit satellite is about 16,000 kilometres (10,000 mi) above earth. In various patterns, these satellites make the trip around earth in anywhere from 2
Example[edit]
In 1962, the first communications satellite, Telstar, was launched. It was a medium earth orbit satellite designed to help facilitate high-speed telephone signals. Although it was the first practical way to transmit signals over the horizon, its major drawback was soon realized. Because its orbital period of about 2.5 hours did not match the Earth's rotational period of 24 hours, continuous coverage was impossible. It was apparent that multiple MEOs needed to be used in order to provide continuous coverage.
Geostationary orbits (GEO)[edit]
Main article: Geostationary orbit
Geostationary orbit
To an observer on the earth, a satellite in a geostationary orbit appears motionless, in a fixed position in the sky. This is because it revolves around the earth at the earth's own angular velocity (360 degrees every 24 hours, in an equatorial orbit).
A geostationary orbit is useful for communications because ground antennas can be aimed at the satellite without their having to track the satellite's motion. This is relatively inexpensive.
In applications that require a large number of ground antennas, such as DirecTV distribution, the savings in ground equipment can more than outweigh the cost and complexity of placing a satellite into orbit.
Examples[edit]
The first geostationary satellite was Syncom 3, launched on August 19, 1964, and used for communication across the Pacific starting with television coverage of the 1964 Summer Olympics. Shortly after Syncom 3, Intelsat I, aka Early Bird, was launched on April 6, 1965 and placed in orbit at 28° west longitude. It was the first geostationary satellite for telecommunications over the Atlantic Ocean.
On November 9, 1972, Canada's first geostationary satellite serving the continent, Anik A1, was launched by Telesat Canada, with the United States following suit with the launch of Westar 1 by Western Union on April 13, 1974.
On May 30, 1974, the first geostationary communications satellite in the world to be three-axis stabilized was launched: the experimental satellite ATS-6 built for NASA.
After the launches of the Telstar through Westar 1 satellites, RCA Americom (later GE Americom, now SES) launched Satcom 1 in 1975. It was Satcom 1 that was instrumental in helping early cable TV channels such as WTBS (now TBS), HBO, CBN (now Freeform) and The Weather Channel become successful, because these channels distributed their programming to all of the local cable TV headends using the satellite. Additionally, it was the first satellite used by broadcast television networks in the United States, like ABC, NBC, and CBS, to distribute programming to their local affiliate stations. Satcom 1 was widely used because it had twice the communications capacity of the competing Westar 1 in America (24 transponders as opposed to the 12 of Westar 1), resulting in lower transponder-usage costs. Satellites in later decades tended to have even higher transponder numbers.
By 2000, Hughes Space and Communications (now Boeing Satellite Development Center) had built nearly 40 percent of the more than one hundred satellites in service worldwide. Other major satellite manufacturers include Space Systems/Loral, Orbital Sciences Corporation with the Star Bus series, Indian Space Research Organisation, Lockheed Martin (owns the former RCA Astro Electronics/GE Astro Space business), Northrop Grumman, Alcatel Space, now Thales Alenia Space, with the Spacebus series, and Astrium.
Molniya satellites[edit]
Main article: Molniya orbit
Geostationary satellites must operate above the equator and therefore appear lower on the horizon as the receiver gets the farther from the equator. This will cause problems for extreme northerly latitudes, affecting connectivity and causing multipath interference (caused by signals reflecting off the ground and into the ground antenna).
Thus, for areas close to the North (and South) Pole, a geostationary satellite may appear below the horizon. Therefore, Molniya orbit satellites have been launched, mainly in Russia, to alleviate this problem.
Molniya orbits can be an appealing alternative in such cases. The Molniya orbit is highly inclined, guaranteeing good elevation over selected positions during the northern portion of the orbit. (Elevation is the extent of the satellite's position above the horizon. Thus, a satellite at the horizon has zero elevation and a satellite directly overhead has elevation of 90 degrees.)
The Molniya orbit is designed so that the satellite spends the great majority of its time over the far northern latitudes, during which its ground footprint moves only slightly. Its period is one half day, so that the satellite is available for operation over the targeted region for six to nine hours every second revolution. In this way a constellation of three Molniya satellites (plus in-orbit spares) can provide uninterrupted coverage.
The first satellite of the Molniya series was launched on April 23, 1965 and was used for experimental transmission of TV signals from a Moscow uplink station to downlink stations located in Siberia and the Russian Far East, in Norilsk, Khabarovsk, Magadan and Vladivostok. In November 1967 Soviet engineers created a unique system of national TV network of satellite television, called Orbita, that was based on Molniya satellites.
Polar Orbit[edit]
Main article: Polar orbit
In the United States, the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) was established in 1994 to consolidate the polar satellite operations of NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). NPOESS manages a number of satellites for various purposes; for example, METSAT for meteorological satellite, EUMETSAT for the European branch of the program, and METOP for meteorological operations.
These orbits are sun synchronous, meaning that they cross the equator at the same local time each day. For example, the satellites in the NPOESS (civilian) orbit will cross the equator, going from south to north, at times 1:30 P.M., 5:30 P.M., and 9:30 P.M.
Structure[edit]
Communications Satellites are usually composed of the following subsystems:
Communication Payload, normally composed of transponders, antennas, and switching systems
Engines used to bring the satellite to its desired orbit
Station Keeping Tracking and stabilization subsystem used to keep the satellite in the right orbit, with its antennas pointed in the right direction, and its power system pointed towards the sun
Power subsystem, used to power the Satellite systems, normally composed of solar cells, and batteries that maintain power during solar eclipse
Command and Control subsystem, which maintains communications with ground control stations. The ground control Earth stations monitor the satellite performance and control its functionality during various phases of its life-cycle.
The bandwidth available from a satellite depends upon the number of transponders provided by the satellite. Each service (TV, Voice, Internet, radio) requires a different amount of bandwidth for transmission. This is typically known as link budgeting and a network simulator can be used to arrive at the exact value.
Frequency Allocation for satellite systems[edit]
Allocating frequencies to satellite services is a complicated process which requires international coordination and planning. This is carried out under the auspices of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). To facilitate frequency planning, the world is divided into three regions: Region 1: Europe, Africa, what was formerly the Soviet Union, and Mongolia Region 2: North and South America and Greenland Region 3: Asia (excluding region 1 areas), Australia, and the southwest Pacific
Within these regions, frequency bands are allocated to various satellite services, although a given service may be allocated different frequency bands in different regions. Some of the services provided by satellites are:
Fixed satellite service (FSS)
Broadcasting satellite service (BSS)
Mobile-satellite service
Radionavigation-satellite service
Meteorological-satellite service
Applications[edit]
Telephone[edit]
Main article: Satellite phone
An Iridium satellite
The first and historically most important application for communication satellites was in intercontinental long distance telephony. The fixed Public Switched Telephone Network relays telephone calls from land line telephones to an earth station, where they are then transmitted to a geostationary satellite. The downlink follows an analogous path. Improvements in submarine communications cables through the use of fiber-optics caused some decline in the use of satellites for fixed telephony in the late 20th century.
Satellite communications are still used in many applications today. Remote islands such as Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Diego Garcia, and Easter Island, where no submarine cables are in service, need satellite telephones. There are also regions of some continents and countries where landline telecommunications are rare to nonexistent, for example large regions of South America, Africa, Canada, China, Russia, and Australia. Satellite communications also provide connection to the edges of Antarctica and Greenland. Other land use for satellite phones are rigs at sea, a back up for hospitals, military, and recreation. Ships at sea, as well as planes, often use satellite phones.[10]
Satellite phone systems can be accomplished by a number of means. On a large scale, often there will be a local telephone system in an isolated area with a link to the telephone system in a main land area. There are also services that will patch a radio signal to a telephone system. In this example, almost any type of satellite can be used. Satellite phones connect directly to a constellation of either geostationary or low-Earth-orbit satellites. Calls are then forwarded to a satellite teleport connected to the Public Switched Telephone Network .
Television[edit]
Main article: Satellite television
As television became the main market, its demand for simultaneous delivery of relatively few signals of large bandwidth to many receivers being a more precise match for the capabilities of geosynchronous comsats. Two satellite types are used for North American television and radio: Direct broadcast satellite (DBS), and Fixed Service Satellite (FSS).
The definitions of FSS and DBS satellites outside of North America, especially in Europe, are a bit more ambiguous. Most satellites used for direct-to-home television in Europe have the same high power output as DBS-class satellites in North America, but use the same linear polarization as FSS-class satellites. Examples of these are the Astra, Eutelsat, and Hotbird spacecraft in orbit over the European continent. Because of this, the terms FSS and DBS are more so used throughout the North American continent, and are uncommon in Europe.
Fixed Service Satellites use the C band, and the lower portions of the Ku band. They are normally used for broadcast feeds to and from television networks and local affiliate stations (such as program feeds for network and syndicated programming, live shots, and backhauls), as well as being used for distance learning by schools and universities, business television (BTV), Videoconferencing, and general commercial telecommunications. FSS satellites are also used to distribute national cable channels to cable television headends.
Free-to-air satellite TV channels are also usually distributed on FSS satellites in the Ku band. The Intelsat Americas 5, Galaxy 10R and AMC 3 satellites over North America provide a quite large amount of FTA channels on their Ku band transponders.
The American Dish Network DBS service has also recently utilized FSS technology as well for their programming packages requiring their SuperDish antenna, due to Dish Network needing more capacity to carry local television stations per the FCC's "must-carry" regulations, and for more bandwidth to carry HDTV channels.
A direct broadcast satellite is a communications satellite that transmits to small DBS satellite dishes (usually 18 to 24 inches or 45 to 60 cm in diameter). Direct broadcast satellites generally operate in the upper portion of the microwave Ku band. DBS technology is used for DTH-oriented (Direct-To-Home) satellite TV services, such as DirecTV and DISH Network in the United States, Bell TV and Shaw Direct in Canada, Freesat and Sky in the UK, Ireland, and New Zealand and DSTV in South Africa.
Operating at lower frequency and lower power than DBS, FSS satellites require a much larger dish for reception (3 to 8 feet (1 to 2.5 m) in diameter for Ku band, and 12 feet (3.6 m) or larger for C band). They use linear polarization for each of the transponders' RF input and output (as opposed to circular polarization used by DBS satellites), but this is a minor technical difference that users do not notice. FSS satellite technology was also originally used for DTH satellite TV from the late 1970s to the early 1990s in the United States in the form of TVRO (TeleVision Receive Only) receivers and dishes. It was also used in its Ku band form for the now-defunct Primestar satellite TV service.
Some satellites have been launched that have transponders in the Ka band, such as DirecTV's SPACEWAY-1 satellite, and Anik F2. NASA and ISRO[11][12] have also launched experimental satellites carrying Ka band beacons recently.[13]
Some manufacturers have also introduced special antennas for mobile reception of DBS television. Using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology as a reference, these antennas automatically re-aim to the satellite no matter where or how the vehicle (on which the antenna is mounted) is situated. These mobile satellite antennas are popular with some recreational vehicle owners. Such mobile DBS antennas are also used by JetBlue Airways for DirecTV (supplied by LiveTV, a subsidiary of JetBlue), which passengers can view on-board on LCD screens mounted in the seats.
Radio broadcasting[edit]
Main article: Satellite radio
Satellite radio offers audio broadcast services in some countries, notably the United States. Mobile services allow listeners to roam a continent, listening to the same audio programming anywhere.
A satellite radio or subscription radio (SR) is a digital radio signal that is broadcast by a communications satellite, which covers a much wider geographical range than terrestrial radio signals.
Satellite radio offers a meaningful alternative to ground-based radio services in some countries, notably the United States. Mobile services, such as SiriusXM, and Worldspace, allow listeners to roam across an entire continent, listening to the same audio programming anywhere they go. Other services, such as Music Choice or Muzak's satellite-delivered content, require a fixed-location receiver and a dish antenna. In all cases, the antenna must have a clear view to the satellites. In areas where tall buildings, bridges, or even parking garages obscure the signal, repeaters can be placed to make the signal available to listeners.
Initially available for broadcast to stationary TV receivers, by 2004 popular mobile direct broadcast applications made their appearance with the arrival of two satellite radio systems in the United States: Sirius and XM Satellite Radio Holdings. Later they merged to become the conglomerate SiriusXM.
Radio services are usually provided by commercial ventures and are subscription-based. The various services are proprietary signals, requiring specialized hardware for decoding and playback. Providers usually carry a variety of news, weather, sports, and music channels, with the music channels generally being commercial-free.
In areas with a relatively high population density, it is easier and less expensive to reach the bulk of the population with terrestrial broadcasts. Thus in the UK and some other countries, the contemporary evolution of radio services is focused on Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) services or HD Radio, rather than satellite radio.
Amateur radio[edit]
Main article: Amateur radio satellite
Amateur radio operators have access to amateur satellites, which have been designed specifically to carry amateur radio traffic. Most such satellites operate as spaceborne repeaters, and are generally accessed by amateurs equipped with UHF or VHF radio equipment and highly directional antennas such as Yagis or dish antennas. Due to launch costs, most current amateur satellites are launched into fairly low Earth orbits, and are designed to deal with only a limited number of brief contacts at any given time. Some satellites also provide data-forwarding services using the X.25 or similar protocols.
Internet access[edit]
Main article: Satellite Internet access
After the 1990s, satellite communication technology has been used as a means to connect to the Internet via broadband data connections. This can be very useful for users who are located in remote areas, and cannot access a broadband connection, or require high availability of services.
Military[edit]
Communications satellites are used for military communications applications, such as Global Command and Control Systems. Examples of military systems that use communication satellites are the MILSTAR, the DSCS, and the FLTSATCOM of the United States, NATO satellites, United Kingdom satellites (for instance Skynet), and satellites of the former Soviet Union. India has launched its first Military Communication satellite GSAT-7, its transponders operate in UHF, F, C and Ku band bands.[14] Typically military satellites operate in the UHF, SHF (also known as X-band) or EHF (also known as Ka band) frequency bands.
Further information: X Band Satellite Communication
See also[edit]
Commercialization of space
List of communication satellite companies
List of communications satellite firsts
NewSpace
Reconnaissance satellite
Satcom On The Move
Satellite space segment
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Labrador, Virgil (2015-02-19). "satellite communication". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Satellites - Communication Satellites". Satellites.spacesim.org. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "Military Satellite Communications Fundamentals | The Aerospace Corporation". Aerospace. 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
Jump up ^ Extraterrestrial Relays
Jump up ^ "Arthur C. Clarke, inventor of satellite, visionary in technology, dead at 90". Engadget.com. 2008-03-18. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
Jump up ^ ECHO 1 space.com
Jump up ^ Martin, Donald; Anderson, Paul; Bartamian, Lucy (March 16, 2007). "Communications Satellites" (5th ed.). AIAA. ISBN 978-1884989193.
Jump up ^ "Significant Achievements in Space Communications and Navigation, 1958-1964" (PDF). NASA-SP-93. NASA. 1966. pp. 30–32. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
Jump up ^ "Talking to Martians: Communications with Mars Curiosity Rover". Steven Gordon's Home Page. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Connected | Maritime Archived 2013-08-15 at the Wayback Machine.. Iridium. Retrieved on 2013-09-19.
Jump up ^ "GSAT-14". ISRO. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Indian GSLV successfully lofts GSAT-14 satellite". NASA Space Flight. 4 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "DIRECTV's Spaceway F1 Satellite Launches New Era in High-Definition Programming; Next Generation Satellite Will Initiate Historic Expansion of DIRECTV". SpaceRef. Retrieved 2012-05-11.
Jump up ^ India's first 'military' satellite GSAT-7 put into earth's orbit. NDTV.com (2013-09-04). Retrieved on 2013-09-18.
External links[edit]
Satellite Industry Association
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http://prmt.com/glossary-of-terms/ Satellite Glossary]
SatMagazine
SatNews
The future of communication satellite business
Communications satellites short history by David J. Whalen
Beyond The Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication (NASA SP-4217, 1997)
An Overview of Satellite Operating Frequencies and their Applications
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Demon with a Glass Hand
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Demon with a Glass Hand"
The Outer Limits episode
Episode no.
Season 2
Episode 5
Directed by
Byron Haskin
Written by
Harlan Ellison
Cinematography by
Kenneth Peach
Production code
41
Original air date
October 17, 1964
Guest appearance(s)
Robert Culp as Trent
Arlene Martel as Consuelo Biros
Abraham Sofaer as Arch
Bill Hart as Durn
Rex Holman as Battle
Robert Fortier as Budge
Wally Rose as Kyben #1
Fred Krone as Kyben #2
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Expanding Human" Next →
"Cry of Silence"
List of The Outer Limits episodes
"Demon with a Glass Hand" is an episode of The Outer Limits television series, the second to be based on a script by Harlan Ellison, which Ellison wrote specifically with actor Robert Culp in mind for the lead role. It originally aired on 17 October 1964, and was the fifth episode of the second season.[1]
In 2009, TV Guide ranked "Demon with a Glass Hand" #73 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes.[2]
Contents
1 Opening narration
2 Synopsis
3 Closing narration
4 Awards
5 Production
6 Adaptations and non-sequel
7 Allegations of plagiarism
8 Sampling
9 UK broadcast
10 Feature film
11 Footnotes
12 External links
Opening narration[edit]
"Through all the legends of ancient peoples — Assyrian, Babylonian, Sumerian, Semitic — runs the saga of the Eternal Man, the one who never dies, called by various names in various times, but historically known as Gilgamesh, the man who has never tasted death ... the hero who strides through the centuries ..."
(Narrator Vic Perrin mistakenly says "Sumerican" instead of "Sumerian".)
Synopsis[edit]
Trent (Robert Culp) is a man with no memory of his life before the previous ten days. His left hand has been replaced by an advanced computer shaped like his missing hand and protected by some transparent material. Three fingers are missing; the computer tells him they must be reattached before it can tell Trent what is going on. Trent is being hunted by a handful of humanoid aliens called the Kyben; they have the missing appendages. The action takes place in a large rundown office building which the Kyben have sealed off from the world. In this deadly game of hide-and-seek, Trent enlists the help of Consuelo Biros (Arlene Martel), a woman who works in the building.
For reasons unknown to him, Trent was sent into the past via a "time mirror", located in the building. A captured Kyben tells Trent that both of them are from a thousand years in the future. In that future, Earth has been conquered by the Kyben, but all the surviving humans except Trent have mysteriously vanished. The aliens are being obliterated by a "radioactive plague" that is killing all intelligent life on the planet, apparently unleashed by the humans in a last-ditch effort to repel the invasion. In a desperate attempt to find a cure for the plague and to extract whatever knowledge is stored in the hand/computer, the Kyben have followed him back in time with the missing fingers.
Eventually, Trent defeats all of his Kyben hunters by ripping off the medallion-shaped devices they wear to anchor them in the past. Trent successfully destroys the mirror and recovers the missing fingers, one by one. When the computer is whole, he learns the terrible truth: he is not a man, but a robot. The human survivors have been digitally encoded onto a gold-copper alloy wire wrapped around the solenoid in his thorax. Immune to disease, he must protect his precious cargo for 200 years after the Kyben invasion, by which time the plague will have dissipated. Then he will resurrect the human race.
Trent had thought he was a man, as he and Consuelo had begun to develop feelings for each other. With the truth revealed, she leaves him, pity mixed with horror in her eyes. Trent is left to face 1,200 years of lonely vigil.
Closing narration[edit]
"Like the Eternal Man of Babylonian legend, like Gilgamesh, one thousand plus two hundred years stretches before Trent. Without love. Without friendship. Alone; neither man nor machine, Waiting. Waiting for the day he will be called to free the humans who gave him mobility. Movement, but not life."
Awards[edit]
The teleplay by Harlan Ellison won several major awards:
1965 Writers Guild of America Awards — Outstanding Script for a Television Anthology
1972 Georges Melies Fantasy Film Award — Outstanding Cinematic Achievement in Science Fiction Television
Production[edit]
Ellison's story outline depicted a sprawling, cross-country chase between the Kyben and Trent (then named Mr. Fish). Because this would have been prohibitively expensive, producer Robert H. Justman suggested that Ellison contain most of the action in a single structure when he went to script. Ellison agreed, realizing that by forcing the plot into an enclosed space, the change from a linear pursuit to a vertical climb, ascending as the action developed, would make for heightened tension. Most of this episode was shot in the Bradbury Building, the same location used for the final scenes of Blade Runner and a closing scene in the 1950 film noir classic D.O.A.
Ellison's 10-page story outline was published in Brain Movies III in 2013.[3]
Ellison's friendship with Robert Culp dates from the production of this episode. He found Culp to be very intelligent, quite a contrast to most actors, whom he described as "dips — strictly non compos mentis." When Culp first met Ellison at the Bradbury building location for the film, Ellison introduced himself in a loud voice and told Culp that he wrote the episode just for Culp. Culp also stated that he felt it was one of the best written episodes of television in the history of the medium. Culp indicated that he felt the success of the series and this episode was due to the fact that it was, essentially, a morality play. [4]
Adaptations and non-sequel[edit]
A graphic novel adaptation, illustrated by Marshall Rogers, was published by DC Comics January 1986. It was the fifth title of the DC Science Fiction Graphic Novel series.
Ellison's original script was published in Brain Movies Volume One, by Edgeworks Abbey, in 2011.[5]
During the run of Babylon 5, series creator J. Michael Straczynski often said that Ellison would write a sequel to this story (possibly called "Demon in the Dust" or "Demon on the Run") as an episode. However, the proposed sequel episode never appeared. Ellison was a creative consultant on the series and said in a behind-the-scene book about Babylon 5 written during that show's third season:[6]
"I want very much to write this script and Joe very much wants it, and I think it probably will get written during this next season, but one never knows. I don't want to promise because if you promise, then all of a sudden fans on the internet start screaming, 'Well, where is it, where is it? Why doesn't he do it, why isn't he doing it? He's late again, he's late again.' And then I have to get cranky, go to their house and nail their heads to a coffee table!"
In addition to "Demon With A Glass Hand", Ellison has written other stories set against the backdrop of the "Earth-Kyba War." He adapted five of these — "Run For the Stars", "Life Hutch", "The Untouchable Adolescents", "Trojan Hearse", and "Sleeping Dogs" — into the graphic novel Night and the Enemy (1987), illustrated by Ken Steacy. Also, Ellison's short story "The Human Operators" - later adapted into an episode of the new Outer Limits - is set in the same universe as this story (The Starfighters were originally built for the Earth-Kyba war).
Allegations of plagiarism[edit]
Some media outlets had previously reported that "Demon with a Glass Hand" was the basis of a settlement that Ellison received after it was allegedly plagiarized for The Terminator. These claims were disputed by the argument that the claim and subsequent settlement were exclusively premised upon the argument that the opening moments of The Terminator had plagiarized the other Ellison script produced by The Outer Limits, "Soldier". Harlan Ellison himself clarified this in a 2001 exchange with a fan at his website: "'Terminator' was not stolen from 'Demon with a Glass Hand,' it was a ripoff of my OTHER Outer Limits script, 'Soldier.'"[7]
According to the Los Angeles Times, the parties settled the lawsuit for an undisclosed amount, and an acknowledgement of Ellison's work in the credits of Terminator.[8]
James Cameron emphatically denied Ellison's allegations and was opposed to the settlement, stating "For legal reasons I'm not suppose [sic] to comment on that (the addition of acknowledgement credits) but it was a real bum deal, I had nothing to do with it and I disagree with it."[9]
Sampling[edit]
The industrial band Cabaret Voltaire sampled "Demon with a Glass Hand" extensively in several works:
"Stay Out Of It" from The Voice of America (1980): "the third part of your brain ... you know where it is?", "don't kill me please please" and "the hand ... tell me what to do".
"Yashar" from 2x45 (1982): "There's 70 billion people of Earth, where are they hiding?"
"Soul Vine (70 Billion People)" from Plasticity (1992).
"Soulenoid (Scream At The Right Time)" from Plasticity (1992).
UK broadcast[edit]
This episode was first transmitted in the UK on BBC2 on Friday 28 March 1980. Although the first season had been screened in the UK in 1964 by Granada TV, and a few other ITV regions, it wasn't until the BBC transmitted all 49 episodes, in two seasons between 28 March 1980 and 17 July 1981, that the second-season episodes were first seen in the UK. The BBC chose "Demon With A Glass Hand" as the first episode to be broadcast, none of the episodes were screened in series order, with second-season episodes mixed in with first-season episodes. This was also its last UK terrestrial television broadcast.[10][11][12]
Feature film[edit]
On June 20, 2014, it was announced that the episode would be adapted as a motion picture.[13]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Outer Limits: The Official Companion, by David J. Schow and Jeffrey Frentzen, 1986, Ace Science Fiction
Jump up ^ "TV Guide's Top 100 Episodes". Rev/Views. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Brain Movies The Original Teleplays of Harlan Ellison Volume III, pgs 115-124, Edgeworks Abbey, ISBN 978-0-9895257-0-1
Jump up ^ http://www.emmytvlegends.org/interviews/people/robert-culp#
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2013-07-22.
Jump up ^ Bassom, David (1996), Creating Babylon 5. Boxtree. ISBN 0-7522-0841-1.
Jump up ^ Ellison, Harlan. "The Ellison Bulletin Board". HarlanEllison.com.
Jump up ^ Marx, Andy. "IT'S MINE All Very Well and Good, but Don't Hassle the T-1000". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
Jump up ^ "When Ellison Attacks". James Cameron Online. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ A Television Heaven review Archived 2010-09-30 at the Wayback Machine. /Radio Times/Shadow Play fanzine No.1, page 16 (1986) article by Terry Doyle
Jump up ^ Starburst - A Marvel Monthly No.30 Volume 1,number 6 (Jan 1981),page 46
Jump up ^ TV Zone article by Tise Vahimagi
Jump up ^ "Classic sci-fi TV show 'The Outer Limits' coming to the big screen". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com.
External links[edit]
"Demon with a Glass Hand" at TV.com
Demon with a Glass Hand on IMDb
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Novels and novellas
Web of the City
Spider Kiss
A Boy and His Dog
Mefisto in Onyx
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Gentleman Junkie and Other Stories of the Hung-Up Generation
Ellison Wonderland
Paingod and Other Delusions
Love Ain't Nothing But Sex Misspelled
The Beast that Shouted Love at the Heart of the World
Alone Against Tomorrow
Approaching Oblivion
Deathbird Stories
No Doors, No Windows
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Shatterday
Stalking the Nightmare
Angry Candy
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”Adrift Just Off the Islets of Langerhans”
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“I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream”
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“Soldier from Tomorrow”
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Adaptations
I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream
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A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)
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"The Galaxy Being"
"The Hundred Days of the Dragon"
"The Architects of Fear"
"The Man with the Power"
"The Sixth Finger"
"The Man Who Was Never Born"
"O.B.I.T."
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"Soldier"
"Cold Hands, Warm Heart"
"Behold, Eck!"
"Expanding Human"
"Demon with a Glass Hand"
"Cry of Silence"
"The Invisible Enemy"
"Wolf 359"
"I, Robot"
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"Keeper of the Purple Twilight"
"The Duplicate Man"
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"Under the Bed"
"Dark Matters"
"The Conversion"
"Quality of Mercy"
"The New Breed"
"The Voyage Home"
"Caught in the Act"
"The Message"
"I, Robot"
"If These Walls Could Talk"
"Birthright"
"The Voice of Reason"
Season 2
"A Stitch in Time"
"Resurrection"
"Unnatural Selection"
"I Hear You Calling"
"Mind Over Matter"
"Beyond the Veil"
"First Anniversary"
"Straight and Narrow"
"Trial by Fire"
"Worlds Apart"
"The Refuge"
"Inconstant Moon"
"From Within"
"The Heist"
"Afterlife"
"The Deprogrammers"
"Paradise"
"The Light Brigade"
"Falling Star"
"Out of Body"
"Vanishing Act"
"The Sentence"
Season 3
"Bits of Love"
"Second Thoughts"
"Re-Generation"
"Last Supper"
"Stream of Consciousness"
"Dark Rain"
"The Camp"
"Heart's Desire"
"Tempests"
"Awakening"
"New Lease"
"Double Helix"
"Dead Man's Switch"
"Music of the Spheres"
"The Revelations of 'Becka Paulson"
"Bodies of Evidence"
"Feasibility Study"
"A Special Edition"
Season 4
"Criminal Nature"
"The Hunt"
"Hearts and Minds"
"In Another Life"
"In the Zone"
"Relativity Theory"
"Josh"
"Rite of Passage"
"Glyphic"
"Identity Crisis"
"The Vaccine"
"Fear Itself"
"The Joining"
"To Tell the Truth"
"Mary 25"
"Final Exam"
"Lithia"
"Monster"
"Sarcophagus"
"Nightmare"
"Promised Land"
"The Origin of Species"
"Phobos Rising"
"Black Box"
"In Our Own Image"
Season 5
"Alien Radio"
"Donor"
"Small Friends"
"The Grell"
"The Other Side"
"Joyride"
"The Human Operators"
"Blank Slate"
"What Will The Neighbors Think"
"The Shroud"
"Ripper"
"Tribunal"
"Summit"
"Descent"
"The Haven"
"Deja Vu"
"The Inheritors"
"Essence of Life"
"Stranded"
"Fathers and Sons"
"Star Crossed"
"Better Luck Next Time"
Season 6
"Judgment Day"
"The Gun"
"Skin Deep"
"Manifest Destiny"
"Breaking Point"
"The Beholder"
"Seeds of Destruction"
"Simon Says"
"Stasis"
"Glitch"
"Decompression"
"Abaddon"
"The Grid"
"Gettysburg"
"Nest"
Season 7
"Family Values"
"Patient Zero"
"A New Life"
"The Surrogate"
"The Vessel"
"Mona Lisa"
"Replica"
"Think Like a Dinosaur"
"In the Blood"
"Flower Child"
"Abduction"
"Lion's Den"
"The Tipping Point"
"The Human Factor"
"Human Trials"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demon_with_a_Glass_Hand&oldid=843564972"
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