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E Company, 506th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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"Easy Company" redirects here. For the DC Comics fictional unit, see Easy Company (comics).
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E Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th, 101st Airborne (Air Assault)
E Company
Active
1942–1945
1954–present
Country
United States of America
Branch
United States Army
Type
Infantry company
Role
Air Assault Forces
Size
140 soldiers listed, but "162 soldiers and officers" is said in part 7 of Band of Brothers because of replacements
Nickname(s)
"Easy Company"
Motto(s)
"Currahee" (We Stand Alone)
March
Blood on the Risers
Engagements
World War II:
* Operation Overlord
* Operation Market Garden
* Battle of the Bulge
* Western Allied invasion of Germany
Commanders
Colonel of
the Regiment
Colonel Robert Sink
Notable
commanders
Lt. Col. Herbert Sobel
Lt. Col. Ronald Speirs
Lt. Col. Norman Dike
Maj. Richard Winters
1st Lt. Frederick Heyliger
E Company, 2nd Battalion of the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division, the "Screaming Eagles", is a well known company in the United States Army. The experiences of its members during World War II are the subject of the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers based on the book of the same name by historian Stephen Ambrose.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Missions
2.1 Operation Overlord (D-Day)
2.2 Eindhoven, the Netherlands
2.3 Battle of the Bulge
2.4 Occupation duties
2.5 Post-war
3 Notable personnel
3.1 Senior officers
3.2 Company commanders
3.3 Junior officers
3.4 Non-commissioned officers
3.5 Junior Enlisted men
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The 506th PIR was an experimental airborne regiment created in 1942 at Camp Toccoa, Georgia. E Company missions were to involve being parachuted from C-47 transport airplanes into hostile territory.
Major Richard Winters described the original organization of E Company as follows:
"[Easy] company included three rifle platoons and a headquarters section. Each platoon contained three twelve-man rifle squads and a six-man mortar team squad. Easy also had one machine gun attached to each of its rifle squads, and a 60mm mortar in each mortar team."[1]
Before attending paratrooper training, the unit had to perform the standard battle drills and physical training that comes with being in the parachute infantry. One of the exercises was the regular running of Currahee, a large, steep hill. The phrase "3 miles up, 3 miles down" was derived from this run. E Company, while training at Toccoa, was under the command of Herbert Sobel, who was known for his extreme strictness.
Also as part of their physical training, the members of E Company performed formation runs in three-four column running groups. This innovative type of training was adopted by the Army in the 1960s.[citation needed]
Missions[edit]
Operation Overlord (D-Day)[edit]
For Operation Overlord, E Company's mission was to capture the entrances to and clear any obstacles around "Causeway 2", a pre-selected route off Utah Beach for the Allied forces landing from the sea a few hours later. The company departed from Upottery airbase in Devon, England, and dropped over the Cotentin Peninsula of Normandy, France in the early hours of the morning of 6 June 1944.
The Memorial plaque near RAF Upottery, Devon, UK showing the names of those who died in transit from the base to France on 5th and 7th June 1944.
After assembling on the ground, the men of E Company disabled a battery of four German heavy guns on D-Day that threatened forces coming along Causeway 2. A town in France called Carentan was crucial for American soldiers to capture because it would link Omaha and Utah beaches together so the soldiers could move equipment through. The Germans knew that so they wanted to keep the town out of allied hands. In one of Donald Malarkey's articles he stated that Lieutenant Winters made him mortar sergeant of second platoon. E Company, along with Dog and Fox Companies, were walking down the road to Carentan when they came to an intersection and one or two German machine gun teams suddenly started firing on them. Mortars and tanks soon joined the fight. The American soldiers all jumped into ditches for cover. Winters saw this and as Malarkey states, Winters "got hotter than I've ever seen him." It was a fast attack, at the end of which Malarkey states that he could hear moans and groans of wounded soldiers and occasional gun shots. Also at the end of the battle Winters was slightly wounded in his lower right leg by a ricocheting bullet fragment. The Germans mounted a counterattack, but 2nd battalion held onto Carentan. By the time the company was pulled off the line, they had taken 65 casualties including 24 KIA, 17 of which including their CO and 1stSgt, who were killed on D-day when their plane was shot down.[2]
Eindhoven, the Netherlands[edit]
E Company was assigned to support the British forces around Eindhoven, by defending the roads and bridges, so that the British armored divisions could advance into Arnhem and force a crossing over the major bridge across the Rhine River in September 1944. The story of the ill-fated Operation Market Garden is told in the book A Bridge Too Far by Cornelius Ryan.
E Company landed on its designated drop zone in the Sonsche Forest, north west of Son and marched down the road into Son behind the 2nd Battalion's other two companies. When the 2nd Battalion reached the Son Bridge they were met by enemy harassing fire whilst the bridge was destroyed by the Germans. After the Regiment's engineers constructed a makeshift crossing, E and the rest of the 506th moved out for Eindhoven. These events were omitted from the Band of Brothers series, with E having been portrayed as landing in the Netherlands and then marching into Eindhoven to join up with the British Army advancing from the south.
On 19 September, the company departed for Helmond accompanied by six Cromwell tanks of the British 11th Armoured Division.[3] Their advance was halted by the German 107th Panzer Brigade outside Nuenen and they were forced to retreat to Tongelre.[3] During the days following the link up, E Company successfully defended the towns of Veghel and Uden until XXX Corps infantry took up the task of defending the area. As Market Garden progressed, the company and the rest of the 101st joined the 82nd Airborne on "the island" north of Nijmegen.
At the conclusion of Market Garden, the company relieved the British 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division in Zetten.[4] On 5 October 1944, 1st platoon fought in the battle of "the island" that lay between the Lower Rhine and the Waal river. Along with a platoon from Fox Company and support from the Royal Artillery, they routed two Waffen-SS companies on 5 October 1944.[5] Colonel Sink issued a general order citing the company's 1st platoon for gallantry in action, describing their attack a "daring act and skillful maneuver against a numerically superior force".[6]
E Company was involved in the rescue of over 100 British troops trapped outside Arnhem. Operation Pegasus was a military operation carried out on the Lower Rhine near the village of Renkum, close to Arnhem in the Netherlands. Overnight on 22–23 October 1944, the Allies evacuated a large group of men trapped in German occupied territory who had been in hiding since the Battle of Arnhem. On the south bank of a Dutch river, Canadian engineers and a patrol of E Company observed the signal and immediately launched their boats, but the British were some 500-800m upriver of the crossing point. Upon reaching the north bank E Company established a small perimeter while men headed east to locate the evaders.[7] The men quickly moved downstream and in the next 90 minutes all of them were evacuated,[citation needed] with the exception of a Russian who was captured by the Germans.[citation needed] The Germans opened fire sporadically and some mortar rounds fell near the crossing, but the fire was inaccurate.[citation needed] Once on the other side the escapees were led to a farmhouse for refreshments, before being driven to Nijmegen where Dobie had arranged a party and champagne.[citation needed] The men were later flown back to the UK, rejoining the men who had escaped in Operation Berlin. Nine members of E company were killed in action in Holland with at least 40 wounded.
Battle of the Bulge[edit]
Names of E Company fallen on the monument in Foy
One of the still existing foxholes in the Jacques woods, occupied by the E Company in December 44 and January 45
During December 1944 and January 1945, E Company and the rest of the 101st Airborne Division fought in Belgium in the Battle of the Bulge. The 101st was in France in December when the Germans launched their offensive in the Ardennes. They were told to hold the vital cross-roads at Bastogne and were soon encircled by the Germans. E Company fought in cold weather under German artillery fire without winter clothing and with limited rations and ammunition.
Between the days of 1 to 13 January, the company took control of the Bois Jacques woods in Belgium, between the town of Foy and Bizory. E Company was assigned to capture the town of Foy.
Division Headquarters ordered the attack to begin at 0900 hours. During the assault, newly appointed company commander Lieutenant Norman Dike led E Company forward, then ordered 1st platoon (led by Lieutenant Jack Foley) to the left and lost contact with them. Dike ordered the remainder of the company to take cover after coming under fire. With the unit unable to proceed, he was informed by his subordinates that they would get killed if they didn't advance into the town, as they were now unprotected from enemy fire. At the same time, Captain Richard Winters, former company commander and now battalion executive officer, radioed to Dike, telling him the same thing. Dike ordered 1st platoon on a flanking mission around the town,[8] and then found cover and froze, ignoring Winters' orders. As Carwood Lipton, first sergeant at the time, later put it: "He fell apart."
According to Clancy Lyall, Dike stopped because he had been wounded in the right shoulder (which Lyall saw), not because he had panicked.
In either case, Dike was immediately relieved by First Lieutenant Ronald Speirs under orders from Captain Winters. To countermand Dike's previous orders, Speirs himself ran through the town and German lines (as 1st platoon had no radio), linked up with the Item Company soldiers and relayed the order.[9] Having completed this, he then ran back through the German-occupied town. Carwood Lipton later stated that "the Germans were so shocked at seeing an American soldier running through their lines - they forgot to shoot!"[10] Speirs was reassigned as commanding officer of E Company and remained in that position for the rest of the war.[11]
With the capture of Foy, the Allies defeated the German line in Bastogne. Afterward, E Company and the rest of the 506th PIR moved into Germany. The 101st Airborne Division was awarded a unit citation for holding the line at Bastogne. E Company suffered 82 casualties including 15 killed in action.[citation needed]
Occupation duties[edit]
Toward the end of the war, E Company was assigned to occupation duty in Germany, specifically to Berchtesgaden, which was home to Adolf Hitler’s famous Eagle's Nest. Following Berchtesgaden, the company moved into Austria for further occupation duty. The company mostly attended to various patrols, awaiting the end of the war.
Post-war[edit]
E Company and the rest of the 506th PIR was disbanded in November 1945 and reactivated in 1954 as a training unit. Under the Combat Arms Regimental System and U.S. Army Regimental System, the lineage of E Company is inactive, but the 2nd Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment, a unit that officially traces its lineage to the World War II B Company, 506th PIR maintains an unofficial link to E Company's heritage.[12]
Notable personnel[edit]
One hundred forty men formed the original E Company in Camp Toccoa, Georgia. Three hundred sixty-six men are listed as having belonged to the company by the war's end, due to transfers and replacements. Forty-nine men of E Company were killed in action.[13]
Senior officers[edit]
Major General Maxwell D. Taylor (101st Airborne Division CO) (26 August 1901 – 19 April 1987)
Brigadier General Anthony C. McAuliffe (101st Airborne Division Artillery Officer, later acting 101st Airborne Division CO) (2 July 1898 – 11 August 1975)
Colonel Robert Frederick Sink (506th Regiment CO) (3 April 1905 – 13 December 1965)
Major Richard D. Winters (2nd Battalion XO, later permanent 2nd Battalion CO) (21 January 1918 – 2 January 2011)
Company commanders[edit]
Richard Winters in 2004.
Captain Herbert M. Sobel (26 January 1912 – 30 September 1987)
Major Richard D. Winters (21 January 1918 – 2 January 2011)
First Lieutenant Frederick Theodore "Moose" Heyliger (23 June 1916 – 3 November 2001)
First Lieutenant Norman S. Dike (19 May 1918 – 23 June 1989)
Captain Ronald Speirs (20 April 1920 – 11 April 2007)
Junior officers[edit]
Captain Lewis Nixon (30 September 1918 – 11 January 1995)
First Lieutenant Lynn Compton (31 December 1921 – 25 February 2012)
First Lieutenant Edward D. Shames (b. 13 June 1922)
Second Lieutenant Robert B. Brewer (1924 – 5 December 1996)
Second Lieutenant Carwood Lipton (30 January 1920 – 16 December 2001)
Non-commissioned officers[edit]
Don Malarkey with US soldiers in Camp Arifjan, Kuwait (September 2008).
Forrest Guth, Clancy Lyall and Amos Taylor in Camp Arifjan, Kuwait (September 2008).
In order of rank, then alphabetically by last name.
Technical Sergeant Donald Malarkey (30 July 1921 – 30 September 2017)
Technical Sergeant Amos J. Taylor (28 September 1920 – 24 August 2011)
Staff Sergeant William Guarnere (28 April 1923 – 8 March 2014) (served as a platoon leader as Staff Sergeant, before demotion)
Staff Sergeant Earl McClung (27 April 1923 – 27 November 2013)
Staff Sergeant Darrell Powers (13 March 1923 – 17 June 2009)
Staff Sergeant Denver Randleman (20 November 1920 – 26 June 2003)
Staff Sergeant Myron N. Ranney (11 November 1922 – 22 September 1988)
Sergeant Clancy Lyall (14 October 1925 – 19 March 2012)
Sergeant Eugene Roe (17 October 1922 – 30 December 1998)
Sergeant Wayne A. Sisk (4 March 1922 – 13 July 1999)
Sergeant Robert Burr Smith (2 May 1924 – 7 January 1983)
Sergeant Robert Wynn (10 July 1921 – 18 March 2000)
Corporal Walter Gordon (15 April 1920 – 19 April 1997)
Corporal Forrest Guth (6 February 1921 – 8 August 2009)
Corporal Joseph Liebgott (17 May 1915 – 28 June 1992)
Corporal Dewitt Lowrey (22 April 1922 – 8 July 2015)
Technician Fifth Grade John McGrath (12 December 1919 – 24 April 2012)
Junior Enlisted men[edit]
Private First Class Edward Heffron (16 May 1923 – 1 December 2013)
Private First Class Edward Tipper (b. 3 August 1921 – 1 February 2017)
Private First Class David Kenyon Webster (2 June 1922 – 9 September 1961)
Private Albert Blithe (25 June 1923 – 17 December 1967)
See also[edit]
Brécourt Manor Assault
We Who Are Alive and Remain: Untold Stories From the Band of Brothers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Beyond Band of Brothers, pages 16–17. ISBN 978-0-425-21375-9
Jump up ^ "Easy Company in France - After D-Day". The History Reader.
^ Jump up to: a b Ambrose, Stephen. page 127.
Jump up ^ Ambrose, Stephen. page 143.
Jump up ^ Ambrose, Stephen. page 149.
Jump up ^ Ambrose, Stephen. page 153.
Jump up ^ Ambrose, p159
Jump up ^ Ambrose, p.208
Jump up ^ Ambrose, p.209
Jump up ^ "Belgium - Lieutenant Ronald C Speirs". ronaldspeirs.com.
Jump up ^ Winters, Richard D., with Cole C. Kingseed (2006). Beyond Band of Brothers: The War Memoirs of Major Dick Winters. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-425-20813-3. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Lineage and Honors Information: 2nd Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment". U.S. Army Center for Military History. 14 March 2014.
Jump up ^ perspective, We Who Are Alive and Remain: Untold Stories from Band of Brothers
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to E Company, 506th Infantry Regiment (United States).
Band of Brothers History, pictures and testimonies of the Easy Company
Men of Easy Company, archived from the original October 2012
Easy Company veterans' Middle East USO Tour
Easy Company veterans' visit with Prince Charles
[hide]
v
t
e
Band of Brothers (book) (miniseries)
Military units
E Company, 506th Infantry Regiment (United States)
506th Infantry Regiment
101st Airborne Division
Major engagements
Invasion of Normandy
Operation Market Garden
Battle of the Bulge
Notable personnel
Robert B. Brewer
Lynn Compton
Walter Gordon
William Guarnere
Edward Heffron
Frederick Heyliger
Carwood Lipton
Donald Malarkey
Lewis Nixon
Darrell Powers
Edward Shames
Robert Sink
Herbert Sobel
Ronald Speirs
Richard Winters
David Kenyon Webster
Robert "Popeye" Wynn
Other E Company members
Albert Blithe
Forrest Guth
Clancy Lyall
Robert Burr Smith
Amos J. Taylor
Ed Tipper
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E_Company,_506th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)&oldid=827302021"
Categories:
Companies of the United States Army
101st Airborne Division
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text:
Hart of Dixie (Season 3)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hart of Dixie: Season 3
Season 3 DVD Cover Art
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
22
Release
Original network
The CW
Original release
October 7, 2013 (2013-10-07) – May 16, 2014 (2014-05-16)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 2
Next →
Season 4
Hart of Dixie was renewed by The CW for 22 episode season on May 16th, 2013. [1] The show's third season premiered on October 7, 2013.[2] For the third season, the series moved back to it's Monday timeslot of 8/9 central followed by new Beauty and the Beast.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Regular
2.2 Recurring Characters
2.3 Special Guest Star
3 Episodes
4 Casting
5 Reception
6 DVD Release
7 References
Overview[edit]
The season begins with Zoe returning to Bluebell with her new boyfriend (Joel) played by Josh Cooke. George struggles to rebuild his life following his break up with Tansy but finds love with Levon's younger cousin. Lemon finds herself in a scandalous relationship while Annabeth hopes her relationship with Levon will grow into something more. Zoe begins to learn more about her family roots in Bluebell.
Cast and characters[edit]
Regular[edit]
Rachel Bilson as Dr. Zoe Hart
Scott Porter as George Tucker
Jaime King as Lemon Breeland
Cress Williams as Lavon Hayes
Wilson Bethel as Wade Kinsella
Kaitlyn Black as Annabeth Nass
Tim Matheson as Dr. Brick Breeland
Recurring Characters[edit]
Josh Cooke as Joel Stephens
Reginald VelJohnson as Dash DeWitt
Brandi Burkhardt as Crickett Watts
McKaley Miller as Rose Hattenbarger
Claudia Lee as Magnolia Breeland
Mircea Monroe as Tansy Truitt
Laura Bell Bundy as Shelby Sinclair
Armelia McQueen as Shula Whitaker
Lauren Bittner as Vivian Wilkes
Cole Sand as Harley Wilkes Jr.
Barry Watson as Davis Polk
JoBeth Williams as Candice Hart
John Marshall Jones as Wally Maynard
Amy Ferguson as Lily Anne Lonergan
Karla Mosley as Elodie Baxte
Maree Cheatham as Bettie Breeland
Ryan McPartlin as Carter Covington
Ross Philips as Tom Long
Mallory Moye as Wanda Lewis
Antoinette Robertson as Lynly Hayes
Matt Lowe as Meatball
Steven M. Porter as Frank Moth
Peter Mackenzie as Reverend Peter Mayfair
Christopher Curry as Earl Kinsella
John Eric Bentley as Sheriff Bill
Special Guest Star[edit]
Robert Buckley as Peter
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Hart of Dixie episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
45
1 "Who Says You Can't Go Home" Bethany Rooney Leila Gerstein October 7, 2013 (2013-10-07) 2J7651 1.03[3]
After working for three months in a busy emergency room at a New York City hospital, Zoe returns to Bluebell with her new author boyfriend Joel. Everyone hates her because she sent them an email saying she was leaving forever. Zoe has to get Brick to sign a reference for her to a doctor in New York. Zoe also misses everyone and she learns what went on during her absence. Annabeth is still with Lavon; Lavon's cousin, Lynly, is in town and is getting on everyone's nerves. Meanwhile, no one has seen or talked to George since he left for his tour. Brick and his fiancée, Shelby, broke up, and Lemon is sleeping with an unknown man. Lemon finds an upset and disheveled George living in a seedy motel room, having not left it for two months. He tells Lemon that Tansy has moved to nearby Filmore, where she now has her own beauty salon and lives with that town's lawyer, Scooter McGreevey. Zoe has to decide whether to leave or to stay in Bluebell for good.
46
2 "Friends in Low Places" Elodie Keene Sheila Lawrence October 14, 2013 (2013-10-14) 2J7652 1.06[4]
Trying to be hospitable to Joel, who is visiting Bluebell, Lavon and Annabeth invite him and Zoe over for a quiet dinner, but when Lemon meets Alabama's most eligible bachelor, Carter Covington, she invites herself along with Carter to the soiree. However, when some unexpected guests show up to the party, Lemon's ruse with being romantically involved with Wade to shield her secret tryst with Meatball risks being exposed. Meanwhile, George makes a bad decision involving bedding down Lynly, which could ultimately ruin his friendship with Lavon.
47
3 "Take This Job and Shove It" Jim Hayman Alex Taub October 21, 2013 (2013-10-21) 2J7653 1.05[5]
Trying to avoid a confrontation with Brick, Zoe begins discreetly seeing patients in Bluebell again. But her plan goes awry when George informs her she has a non-compete clause in her contract that prevents her from practicing for a year in the town. Lavon is thrilled at the chance to bring a minor league baseball team to Bluebell, but needs Brick's help to woo the team's owner. Elsewhere, Lemon finds herself in hot water with the Belles after she tries to overthrow the current leader Crickett. Meanwhile, George finds himself needing medical attention during a tutoring session with Lynly, forcing him to call Zoe for help.
48
4 "Help Me Make It Through the Night" Tim Matheson Jamie Gorenberg October 28, 2013 (2013-10-28) 2J7654 1.05[6]
After Lemon's fallout with the Belles, she is blacklisted from the Junior League Halloween Masquerade party, so she calls her overbearing Grandma Bettie for help and lands herself a date with another of Alabama's most eligible bachelors. Lavon has a big surprise for his first anniversary with Annabeth, but when she has a health scare, she turns to Zoe to help her out. Meanwhile, during the party, George has to do damage control with the town judges and Wade keeps finding himself in trouble with ineligible ladies.
49
5 "How Do You Like Me Now?" David Paymer Sarah Kucserka & Veronica West November 4, 2013 (2013-11-04) 2J7655 1.00[7]
Zoe is blissfully happy when she sees how well Joel is adjusting to Bluebell, until, she learns the townspeople might have a different opinion of him. Wanting to make things better, Zoe volunteers herself and Joel to chaperone the Go Girl Tween Adventure Camp, but when Joel refuses to go along, she is left to fix the town's perception on her own. After a rough start with Lynly, George is pleasantly surprised when he learns they work well together. Meanwhile, Lavon is desperate to be part of the Gazebos of Alabama calendar, but when a crucial flower mistake jeopardizes his plan, Lavon begs Lemon to help save the day.
50
6 "Family Tradition" Jim Hayman Dan Steele November 11, 2013 (2013-11-11) 2J7656 1.11[8]
Zoe and Joel are ready to find a more permanent place to live and find the perfect place is actually owned by a relative of Zoe's biological father's relatives, who is Vivian Wilkes. After tracking Vivian down, Zoe is unsure whether she is ready to face her extended family when she crashes a birthday party for Vivian's young son. Due to the success Lemon and Wade have had with the Rammer Jammer, Lemon receives an offer that she may not be able to refuse. Annabeth seems eager for Lavon to go out of town, causing him to wonder what she is up to. Meanwhile, George and Lynly's connection continues to grow, but George is still reluctant to make a move.
51
7 "I Run To You" Brandi Bradburn Sheila Lawrence November 18, 2013 (2013-11-18) 2J7657 1.03[9]
Zoe begins to grow leery of how much time Joel and Wade hang out, especially when it begins to interfere with Joel's writing. Ready to blame it all on Wade, Zoe does her best to entice Joel back into writing. Lavon is using the excuse of coaching his track team to avoid talking to Annabeth. Meanwhile, Lemon encourages Brick to start dating again. George and Lynly discuss whether they want to talk to Lavon about their feelings for each other.
52
8 "Miracles" David Paymer Leila Gerstein November 25, 2013 (2013-11-25) 2J7658 1.01[10]
Joel's grandma visits for Hanukkah. Zoe finds herself in the middle of family drama with Vivian Wilkes when she invites her uncle to Hanukkah celebration. Lemon, with the help of George and Lynly, does some recon work on Shelby. Tansy returns to Bluebell and convinces Wade to go to the dentist for his tooth ache, and to find a more suitable girlfriend than the girls he has been going after lately.
53
9 "Something to Talk About" Mary Lou Belli Alex Taub January 13, 2014 (2014-01-13) 2J7659 1.19[11]
George and Lavon enlist Tansy's help to try to figure out why Filmore is interested in merging towns. Zoe concocts a fake story involving an affair between Annabeth and Joel in hopes to distract the townspeople before they find out about the potential merger. Wade and Vivian go on a date but she has second thoughts after speaking to Zoe about Wade. Shelby asks Brick for help with her pregnancy. Lemon is away taking care of her grandmother. (This is the first episode of Jaime King's maternity leave.)
54
10 "Star of the Show" John Stephens Kendall Sand January 20, 2014 (2014-01-20) 2J7660 1.00[12]
Shelby asks Brick to help with her new singing cabaret. Feeling overwhelmed, he asks Zoe to direct, with ulterior motive of tanking the show, and getting Shelby to leave. Zoe plans to put on a production about biology, but when she realizes it is lousy, Shelby saves the day. Lavon thinks the town merger is inevitable, until the Belles (with help from Lemon via video chat) scheme to keep the governor's sister in town, who loves the cabaret. Lynly grows jealous of George's relationship with Tansy. Wade is excited about his growing relationship with Vivian, but is confused when she cancels their dates. She later reveals late night dates were too much for her as a single mom.
55
11 "One More Last Chance" Kevin Mock Jamie Gorenberg January 27, 2014 (2014-01-27) 2J7661 1.16[13]
Lavon and the town try to convince the Lt. Governor that Bluebell should be named a historic town. Zoe and Joel still cannot find a place to live and their dream apartment is owned by Vivian's aunt who hates New Yorkers. Vivian's son will not warm up to Wade. Zoe and Wade agree to talk each other up to the Wilkes family. When Wade loses little Harley's lizard, Zoe takes the fall, losing her chance at the apartment. Wade comes clean with Harley, who vows to break up Wade and Vivian. Lynly's jealousy for Tansy peaks and she and George break up. Shelby confesses her pregnancy to the Lt. Governor, who is the father of her baby, and leaves Bluebell to raise the child with him.
56
12 "Should've Been a Cowboy" Les Butler Sarah Kucserka & Veronica West February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03) 2J7662 1.21[14]
Joel follows around Wade for research for his book. George is afraid Lavon is mad at him for what happened with Lynly. Annabeth throws a bachelorette party for a Belle, which causes her to examine her own relationship with Lavon. Zoe bets Brick she can get the town to lose weight, so that she can become partner again. She loses the bet when Cricket throws a cake sale fundraiser. George decides to rekindle things with Tansy.
57
13 "Act Naturally" Patrick Norris Dan Steele February 10, 2014 (2014-02-10) 2J7663 1.03[15]
It is Zoe's birthday and she has to juggle two parties.
58
14 "Here You Come Again" Janice Cooke Sheila Lawrence March 21, 2014 (2014-03-21) 2J7664 1.03[16]
Lemon's return to Bluebell does not turn out as planned. Zoe's mother tries to come into Zoe's life and wants to help her get back her practice with a ruthless campaign against Brick. Magnolia has been expelled from high school and asks George for legal help.
59
15 "Ring of Fire" Kevin Mock Alex Taub March 28, 2014 (2014-03-28) 2J7665 0.94[17]
Zoe and Joel are sued by Tansy's three hillbilly brothers. They seek help from George and Annabeth. Lemon's two suitors are supposed to duel for her hand at Lavon's Renaissance Fair. Wade and Vivian have difficulties with their three-months-anniversary-celebration.
60
16 "Carrying Your Love with Me" Tim Matheson Leila Gerstein April 4, 2014 (2014-04-04) 2J7666 0.73[18]
Bluebell gets a sister city in France, so Lavon tries to learn French to impress their beautiful mayor. Meanwhile, Brick strives to win the town's Man of the Year title. Zoe and Joel become fed up with the remodeling problems they encounter. Lemon recruits George to assist her with a business venture.
61
17 "A Good Run of Bad Luck" Ricardo Mendez Matta Sarah Kucserka & Veronica West April 11, 2014 (2014-04-11) 2J7667 0.81[19]
Zoe thinks she is cursed because she broke the wedding between George and Lemon. George and Lemon cannot stop thinking about sex together. Wade meets Vivian's ex-husband.
62
18 "Back in the Saddle Again" Rebecca Asher Kendall Sand April 18, 2014 (2014-04-18) 2J7668 0.80[20]
Unwilling to put up with the town's assumption that she is still getting over Joel, Zoe reluctantly goes on a date. Lemon faces a decision when handsome journalist Peter returns to Bluebell and asks her out. Annabeth is going out with Mayor Gainey's nephew, which distracts Lavon from important business. Zoe and Lemon have to rely on each other for advice because Annabeth is unavailable. Brick has difficulties raising Magnolia. Wade realizes he may be more invested in the relationship than Vivian.
63
19 "A Better Man" David Paymer Jamie Gorenberg April 25, 2014 (2014-04-25) 2J7669 0.75[21]
The Owls and Belles dual for Tom's services jeopardizing his and Wanda's attempts to make a baby. Zoe is put in the middle of Wade and Vivian's relationship, leading a heart broken Wade to blame Zoe for the outcome. George welcomes a distraction to his feelings for Lemon.
64
20 "Together Again" Michael Schultz Sheila Lawrence & Dan Steele May 2, 2014 (2014-05-02) 2J7670 0.66[22]
George's faux pas in Fancie's' kitchen causes loss of business for Lemon. George and Zoe team up to try to bring a famous restaurant reviewer to the town, but for different venues. Lemon and Wade do the same, each vying for their own restaurant as well. Wanda questions trying to get pregnant and Lavon and Annabeth bury the hatchet.
65
21 "Stuck" Mary Lou Belli Alex Taub May 9, 2014 (2014-05-09) 2J7671 0.76[23]
Lemon's antagonistic grandmother continues to try to get Lemon married, engaging the help of Magnolia. Rose wants to be an intern and she asks Brick to show her around the doctor's office for the whole day, which he is happy to do so in order to avoid seeing his mother as well as Magnolia. Meanwhile, George and Lavon compete with Mayor Gainey over a new freeway exit sign with unexpected results. Davis plans to propose to Annabeth while marriage is suddenly in the works for many Bluebell residents. Elsewhere, Wade and Zoe work together to help a sober Earl get out of his abandoned survival pit.
66
22 "Second Chance" Bethany Rodney Leila Gerstein May 16, 2014 (2014-05-16) 2J7672 0.88[24]
In the third season finale, Bluebell is busy with preparations for two weddings that do not go on as planned. At Lily Anne and Meatball's wedding, Zoe decides to tell Wade that she is still in love with him. At Cricket and Stan's vow renewal, Zoe is asked to be one of the bridesmaids, but Cricket "comes out" about her true sexual orientation. Meanwhile, George and Lavon meet their TV icon, Don Todd, and end up thinking about their past loves. Zoe struggles with her feelings for Wade when he decides to move to Atlanta to open a new Rammer Jammer restaurant. Joel shows up in town to visit, and making Zoe even more confused about her feelings for both Joel and Wade. Annabeth turns down Davis's proposal, stating that she still has feelings for someone else – presumably Lavon. After the burning of Fancie's that led to George leaving the business, a distraught Lemon leaves for a singles cruise, right before both George and Lavon show up at the gate to proclaim their love. At the end, Wade decides to stay in Bluebell and Zoe swears to not give up on getting him back.
Casting[edit]
On July 26th, 2017, TVLINE reported that fan favourite Kaitlyn Black who plays Annabeth Nass, was promoted to a series regular for the third season. [25] Josh Cooke was cast as Zoe's new boyfriend, Joel. The casting was announced by The Hollywood Reporter on August 1st, 2013. [26] Season three also saw the introduction to Zoe's estranged family, the Wilkes. TVFanatic reported that Lauren Bittner was cast as Zoe's cousin, Vivian Wilkes, a new love interest for Wade. [27]
Jaime King became pregnant during production of the third season. Her character, Lemon Breeland was absent for three episodes of the season while King was on maternity leave. [28]
Reception[edit]
The season premiered to 1.03 million people with a 0.4 rating share for adults 18-49. [29]
DVD Release[edit]
Hart of Dixie: The Complete Third Season was released on DVD in the US on March 15th 2014. The 5 disc set includes all 22 episodes from the third season and various language and subtitle options. [30]
The Complete Third Season
Set details Special features
22 episodes
924 minutes (Region 1); TBA (Region 2); 893 minutes (Region 4)
5-disc set
1.78:1 aspect ratio
Languages:
English (Dolby Digital 5.1)
Subtitles:
English, (Region 4)
No special features
Release Dates
United States United Kingdom Australia
March 15, 2014[30] July 27, 2015[31] November 5, 2014[32]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 16, 2013). "CW 2013–14 Primetime Schedule: 'Hart of Dixie' and 'Beauty and the Beast' Pair Monday, 'Supernatural' to Tuesday, 'The Carrie Diaries' Friday + 'Nikita' TBD". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mittovich, Matt (June 24, 2013). "Fall TV Premiere Dates: The CW Once Again Opens Its Season in October". TV Line. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 8, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice', 'Mom', 'How I Met Your Mother', 'Bones', '2 Broke Girls' Adjusted Up; 'The Blacklist', 'Dancing With the Stars', 'Beauty and the Beast'& 'Castle' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 15, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'Sleepy Hollow'. 'How I Met Your Mother', '2 Broke Girls' & 'Mom' Adjusted Up; 'The Blacklist' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 22, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice', 'How I Met Your Mother', 'Bones', & 'Dancing With the Stars' Adjusted Up; 'Hart of Dixie', '2 Broke Girls', 'Beauty and the Beast', 'Mom' & 'Hostages' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 29, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice', 'How I Met Your Mother', 'Dancing With the Stars' & '2 Broke Girls' Adjusted Up; 'Hostages' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 5, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'Dancing With the Stars' and 'Castle' Adjusted Down; No Adjustment for 'Sleepy Hollow' or 'Mike & Molly'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 12, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'Sleepy Hollow,' 'Castle' & 'Mike & Molly' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 19, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice' Adjusted Up; 'Dancing With the Stars' & 'Castle' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 26, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice' & 'Mom' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 14, 2014). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'Intelligence', 'Mom' & 'The Bachelor' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (January 22, 2014). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'How I Met Your Mother' Adjusted Up, 'Beauty & the Beast' Adjusted Down & Final 'Sleepy Hollow' Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 28, 2014). "Monday Final TV Ratings: No Adjustment to 'How I Met Your Mother', 'The Following', or 'Beauty and the Beast'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 4, 2014). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'How I Met Your Mother', 'Almost Human', 'Mike & Molly', 'Mom' &'Beauty and the Beast' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 11, 2014). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'Almost Human' Adjusted Up + Final Olympics Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 24, 2014). "Friday Final Ratings: 'Shark Tank' & '20/20' Adjusted Up; 'Hart of Dixie' Adjusted Down + Final NCAA Basketball Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 31, 2014). "Friday Final Ratings: 'Last Man Standing', 'The Neighbors, 'Dateline' & '20/20' Adjusted Up; 'Hannibal' & 'Hart of Dixie' Adjusted Down & Final Basketball Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 7, 2014). "Friday Final Ratings: 'Shark Tank', 'Last Man Standing', 'Hawaii Five-0' & 'Grimm' Adjusted Up; 'Unforgettable', 'Dateline' & 'Hart of Dixie' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 14, 2014). "Friday Final Ratings: 'Shark Tank,' 'Last Man Standing', 'The Neighbors' & '20/20' Adjusted Up; 'Grimm', 'Hannibal' & 'Blue Bloods' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 21, 2014). "Friday Final Ratings: 'Last Man Standing' & 'Shark Tank' Adjusted Up; 'Hannibal' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 28, 2014). "Friday Final Ratings: 'Hawaii Five-0', 'Blue Bloods', 'Last Man Standing' & 'Shark Tank' Adjusuted Up; 'Grimm, 'Hannibal' & 'Dateline' Adjsuted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 5, 2014). "Friday Final Ratings: 'Shark Tank' Adjusted Up; 'Dateline', 'Grimm', 'Unforgettable' & Hannibal' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 12, 2014). "Friday Final Ratings: '20/20' Adjusted Up; 'Hannibal' & 'Whose Line Is It Anyway' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 19, 2014). "Friday Final Ratings: 'Shark Tank' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2013/07/26/hart-of-dixie-season-3-cast-kaitlyn-black-series-regular-annabeth/
Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/hart-dixie-josh-cooke-joins-597342
Jump up ^ https://www.tvfanatic.com/2013/09/lauren-bittner-cast-as-cousin-on-hart-of-dixie/
Jump up ^ http://www.enstarz.com/articles/30709/20131213/hart-of-dixie-season-3-spoilers-jaime-king-previews-lemon-breelands-return-photos-as-show-moves-to-friday-nights-video.htm
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 8, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice', 'Mom', 'How I Met Your Mother', 'Bones', '2 Broke Girls' Adjusted Up; 'The Blacklist', 'Dancing With the Stars', 'Beauty and the Beast'& 'Castle' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hart of Dixie DVD news: Box Art for Hart of Dixie - The Complete 2nd Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com". www.tvshowsondvd.com.
Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/Hart-Dixie-Season-3-DVD/dp/B00XY6WBZY
Jump up ^ https://www.jbhifi.com.au/movies-tv-shows/movies-tv-shows-on-sale/tv-drama/hart-of-dixie-season-3/630892/
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text:
List of clauses of the United States Constitution
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The United States Constitution and its amendments comprise hundreds of clauses which outline the functioning of the United States Federal Government, the political relationship between the states and the national government, and affect how the United States federal court system interprets the law. When a particular clause becomes an important or contentious issue of law, it is given a name for ease of reference.

Contents
[hide]
1 Clauses within the Articles
2 Clauses within the Amendments
2.1 First Amendment
2.2 Fourth Amendment
2.3 Fifth Amendment
2.4 Sixth Amendment
2.5 Eighth Amendment
2.6 Fourteenth Amendment
2.7 Recurring Clauses
3 References
4 Notes
Clauses within the Articles[edit]
Clause Name
Article
Section
Clause
1808 Clause[1] I 9 1
Admissions Clause IV 3 1
Advice and Consent Clause II 2 2
Appointments Clause II 2 2
Arisings Clause[1] III 2 1
Basket Clause I 8 18
Case or Controversy Clause III 2 1
Coefficient Clause Clause I 8 18
Comity Clause IV 2 1
Commerce Clause I 8 3
Compact Clause I 10 3
Contract Clause I 10 1
Copyright Clause I 8 8
Diversity (of Citizenship) Clause[1] III 2 1
Elastic Clause I 8 18
Emoluments Clause I 6 2
Emolument Clause I 9 8
Enclave Clause[1] I 8 17
Excepting Clause[1] II 2 2
Exceptions Clause III 2 2
Export Clause I 10 2
Extradition Clause IV 2 2
Faithful Execution Clause II 3
Faithfully Executed Clause II 3
Foreign Commerce Clause[1] I 8 3
Fugitive Slave Clause IV 2 3
Full Faith and Credit Clause IV 1
General Welfare Clause I 8 1
Guarantee Clause IV 4
Impeachment Clause[1] II 4
Impeachment Clause (Power to Impeach)[1] I 2 5
Impeachment Clause (Effect of)[1] I 3 7
Implied Powers Clause[1] I 8 18
Import/Export Clause I 10 2
Incompatibility Clause I 6 2
Indian Commerce Clause Clause I 8 3
Ineligibility Clause I 6 2
Interstate Commerce Clause I 8 3
Loyalty Clause VI 3
Migration or Importation Clause[1] I 9 1
Naturalization Clause I 8 4
Necessary and Proper Clause I 8 18
Orders, Resolutions, and Votes Clause I 7 3
Origination Clause I 7 1
Presentment Clause I 7 2-3
Privileges and Immunities Clause IV 2 1
Property Clause[1] IV 3 2
Qualifications Clause[1] I 2 1
Qualifications (of Senators) Clause[1] I 3 3
Qualifications Clause (for Presidency)[1] II 1 5
Reception Clause II 3 4
Republican Form Clause IV 4
Revenue Clause I 7 1
Sinecure Clause I 6 2
Speech or Debate Clause I 6 1
Spending Clause I 8 1
Supremacy Clause VI 2
Suspension Clause[1] I 9 2
Sweeping Clause I 8 18
Take Care Clause[1] II 3
Taxing and Spending Clause I 8 1
Territorial Clause[1] IV 3 2
Three-Fifths Clause I 2 3
Title of Nobility Clause I 9 8
Tonnage Clause[1] I 10 3
Treaty Clause II 2 2
Uniformity Clause I 8 1
Vesting Clause (Legislative) I 1
Vesting Clause (Executive) II 1
Vesting Clause (Judicial) III 1
War Clause I 8 11

Clauses within the Amendments[edit]
First Amendment[edit]
Establishment Clause
Free Exercise Clause
Free Speech Clause
Free Press Clause
Free Assembly Clause
Petition Clause
Fourth Amendment[edit]
Search and Seizure Clause
Fifth Amendment[edit]
Double Jeopardy Clause
Due Process Clause (along with the Fourteenth Amendment)
Self-Incrimination Clause
Sixth Amendment[edit]
Assistance of Counsel Clause
Compulsory Process Clause
Confrontation Clause
Impartial Jury Clause
Information Clause
Public Trial Clause
Speedy Trial Clause
Vicinage Clause
Eighth Amendment[edit]
Excessive Bail Clause
Fourteenth Amendment[edit]
Citizenship Clause
Privileges or Immunities Clause
Due Process Clause
Equal Protection Clause
Recurring Clauses[edit]
Enforcement clause
References[edit]
Garner, Devotion. Nyberg, Cheryl, ed. "Popular Names of Constitutional Provisions". Gallagher Law Library. University of Washington School of Law. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Citation needed. (See the notice atop this article for further information.)
[hide]
v
t
e
United States Constitution
Articles
Preamble
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Amendments
Ratified
Bill of Rights
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Others
11
12
Reconstruction Amendments
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Pending
Congressional Apportionment
Titles of Nobility
Corwin Amendment
Child Labor
Repealed
Eighteenth Amendment
Unsuccessful
Equal Rights
District of Columbia Voting Rights
Amendment proposals in Congress
Convention to propose amendments
State ratifying conventions
Formation
History
Articles of Confederation
Mount Vernon Conference
Annapolis Convention
Philadelphia Convention
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Committee of Detail
Signing
Independence Hall
Syng inkstand
The Federalist Papers
Anti-Federalist Papers
Massachusetts Compromise
Virginia Ratifying Convention
Hillsborough Convention
Rhode Island ratification
Drafting and ratification timeline
Clauses
Appointments
Appropriations
Assistance of Counsel
Bills of credit
Case or Controversy
Citizenship
Commerce
Compact
Compulsory Process
Confrontation
Congressional enforcement
Contract
Copyright and Patent
Double Jeopardy
Due Process
Equal Protection
Establishment
Exceptions
Excessive Bail
Ex post facto
Extradition
Free Exercise
Free Speech
Fugitive Slave
Full Faith and Credit
General Welfare
Guarantee
Impeachment
Import-Export
Ineligibility
Militia
Natural-born citizen
Necessary and Proper
New States
No Religious Test
Oath or Affirmation
Origination
Petition
Postal
Presentment
Privileges and Immunities
Privileges or Immunities
Recess appointment
Recommendation
Self-Incrimination
Speech or Debate
Speedy Trial
State of the Union
Supremacy
Suspension
Take Care
Takings
Taxing and Spending
Territorial
Title of Nobility
Treaty
Trial by Jury
Vesting
Vicinage
War Powers
List of clauses
Interpretation
Concurrent powers
Constitutional law
Criminal procedure
Criminal sentencing
Dormant Commerce Clause
Enumerated powers
Equal footing
Executive privilege
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
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Mohammad Hidayatullah
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Mohammad Hidayatullah
OBE
6th Vice President of India
In office
31 August 1979 – 30 August 1984
President
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Zail Singh
Preceded by
B. D. Jatti
Succeeded by
Ramaswamy Venkataraman
Acting President of India
In office
20 July 1969 – 24 August 1969
Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi
Preceded by
Varahagiri Venkata Giri (Acting)
Succeeded by
Varahagiri Venkata Giri
11th Chief Justice of India
In office
25 February 1968 – 16 December 1970
Appointed by
President Zakir Hussain
Preceded by
Kailas Nath Wanchoo
Succeeded by
Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah
Personal details
Born
(1905-12-17)17 December 1905
Lucknow, United Provinces, British India
(now in Uttar Pradesh, India)
Died
18 September 1992(1992-09-18) (aged 86)
Bombay, Maharashtra, India
(now Mumbai)
Political party
Independent
Spouse(s)
Pushpa Shah
Alma mater
Nagpur University
Trinity College, Cambridge
Lincoln's Inn
Profession
Lawyer, Academician
Mohammad Hidayatullah OBE pronunciation (help·info) (17 December 1905 – 18 September 1992) was the 11th Chief Justice of India serving from 25 February 1968 to 16 December 1970, and the sixth Vice President of India, serving from 31 August 1979 to 30 August 1984. He had also served as the Acting President of India from 20 July 1969 to 24 August 1969 and from 6 October 1982 to 31 October 1982.[1] He is regarded as an eminent jurist, scholar, educationist, author and linguist.[2][3] His brother, Mohammed Ikramullah, was a prominent Pakistani diplomat, whose wife, Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, was a niece of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, sometime Prime Minister of undivided Pakistan and herself a member of the first Pakistani Constituent assembly.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
2.1 Presidency
2.2 Career in Nagpur
2.3 Teaching and other associations
2.4 Scholar and linguist
3 Institutions
4 Books
5 Awards and honours
6 Legacy
7 Personal life
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Hidayatullah was born in 1905 in the well-known family of Khan Bahadur Hafiz Mohammed Wilayatullah, an upper-class family. His grand father Munshi Kudartullah was advocate in Varanasi.[4][5] His father was a poet of all-India repute who wrote poems in Urdu and probably it must have been from him that Justice Hidayatullah got his love for language and literature. Wilayatullah was Gold medallist of Aligarh Muslim University in 1897 besting famous mathematician Sir Ziauddin Ahmad, a favourite of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He served till 1928 in ICS and from 1929–33 as member of Central Legislative Assembly. Hidaytullah's elder brothers Mohammed Ikramullah (ICS, later Foreign Secretary, Pakistan) and Ahmedullah (ICS, retired as Chairman, Tariff Board) were scholars as well as sportsmen. He on the other hand excelled in Urdu poetry.[6][7]
After completing primary education at the Government High School of Raipur in 1922, Hidayatullah attended Morris College in Nagpur, where he was nominated as the Phillip's Scholar in 1926. When he graduated in 1926, he was awarded the Malak Gold Medal. Following the trend of Indians studying British law abroad, Hidayatullah attended Trinity College at the University of Cambridge from 1927 to 1930 and obtained B.A. and M.A. Degrees from there. Here he secured the 2nd order of merit and was awarded a Gold Medal for his performance in 1930. He was called to the Bar from Lincoln's Inn when he was just 25 years old. He was awarded LL.D. (Honoris Causa) from University of the Philippines and D. Litt. (Honoris Causa) from University of Bhopal (now Barkatullah University) and University of Kakatiya. While at Cambridge, Hidayatullah was elected and served as the President of the Indian Majlis in 1929. Also while here, he pursued English and Law Tripos from the renowned Lincoln's Inn. In addition he secured a place of Barrister-at-Law in 1930.[2][8]
Career[edit]
After graduation, Hidayatullah returned to India and enrolled as an advocate of the High Court of Central Provinces and Berar at Nagpur on 19 July 1930. He also taught Jurisprudence and Mahomedan Law in the University College of Law at Nagpur and was also the Extension Lecturer in English literature. On 12 December 1942, he was appointed GovernmentPleader in the High Court at Nagpur. On 2 August 1943, he became the Advocate General of Central Provinces and Berar (now Madhya Pradesh) and continued to hold the said post till he was appointed as an Additional Judge of that High Court in 1946. He had the distinction of being the youngest Advocate General of an Indian state, Madhya Pradesh[2][9]
On 24 June 1946, Hidayatullah was appointed as Additional Judge of that High Court of Central Provinces and Berar and on 13 September 1946 he was appointed as permanent judge of said High Court where he served until being elevated to Chief Justice of the Nagpur High Court in 1954 on 3 December 1954, being the youngest Chief Justice of a High Court. In November 1956, he was then appointed as the Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court.[9] On 1 December 1958, he was elevated as a justice to the Supreme Court of India. In his time he was the youngest judge of the Supreme Court of India. After serving as a judge for nearly 10 years, he was appointed as the Chief Justice of India on 28 February 1968 – becoming the first Muslim Chief Justice of India. He retired from this position on 16 December 1970.[4][5][9]
Presidency[edit]
During his term as the Chief Justice of India, the then-President of India, Zakir Husain died suddenly, in harness, on 3 May 1969. Then Vice-President of India Mr. V. V. Giri became the acting President. Later, Giri resigned from both offices as acting President and Vice-President to become a candidate in the 1969 Presidential Election. Hidayatullah then served as the President of India for a short period from 20 July to 24 August, as the Constitution of India states that, in the absence of President and Vice-President, the Chief Justice should act as President. The visit of President of the United States Richard Nixon to India made his Presidential term historic.
After his retirement, Hidayatullah was elected as the Vice-President of India by a consensus among different parties and occupied that high office with distinction from 1979 to August 1984. During his tenure as the Vice-President, he won the respect of all concerned for his impartiality and independence.
In 1982, when the then President Zail Singh went to the U.S. for medical treatment, Vice-President Hidayatullah officiated as President from 6 October 1982 to 31 October 1982. Thus, he officiated as acting President twice.
Having served at all of these positions made Hidayatullah unique among other members of Indian history. He became the only person to have served in all three offices of Chief Justice of India, President of India, and the Vice-President of India.[4][5]
During his long tenure in the Supreme Court he was a party to a number of landmark judgments including the judgment in Golaknath v. State of Punjab which took the view that the Parliament had no power to cut down the Fundamental Rights by constitutional amendment. His judgment in the case of Ranjit D. Udeshi[10] dealing with the law of obscenity, displayed a flair for literature which is not so common among our judges.
Career in Nagpur[edit]
Before being elevated as a judge to High Court, Hidayatullah was involved in local and state affairs. The following are some of the committee positions he held:
Member of the Nagpur Municipal Committee (1931–1933)
Member of the Nagpur University's Executive and Academic Councils (1934–1953)
Member of the Nagpur Improvement Trust (1943–1945)
Member of the Nagpur Bar Council (1943–1946)
Chief Commissioner of the Madhya Pradesh Bharat Scouts and Guides (1950–1953)
Many of these positions, as well as those of High Court Justice were held prior to Indian Independence, they were all considered service to Great Britain, thus Hidayatullah was conferred the honour as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire by King George VI in the 1946 King's Birthday Honours.[7]
Teaching and other associations[edit]
The entrance to the Justice Hidayatullah Moot Court Hall, named after Mohammad Hidayatullah, in the National Law School of India University in Bangalore
Having received an education at one of the premier legal institutions of the time, Hidayatullah was able to segue into an academic career not long after returning to India. In 1935, he took a teaching post at University College of Law, where he taught until 1943. Later he served as Dean of the Faculty of Law at Nagpur University from 1949 to 1953. In addition, he served as Faculty of Law at various other institutions throughout the 1950s: Sagar University, Court Vikram University, and the Aligarh Muslim University. He was Pro-Chancellor of the Delhi University from 1968 to 1970, Chancellor of the Jamia Millia Islamia from 1969 to 1985, Chancellor of the Delhi and Punjab Universities between 1979 and 1984 and Chancellor of the Hyderabad University from 1986 to 1990. He was the President of the Indian Law Institute from 1963 to 1970, President of the International Law Association (Indian Branch) from 1968 to 1970 and of the Indian Society of International Law in 1969-70.[2]
He was, at one time, a Member of the Executive Council of the World Assembly of Judges and of the Managing Committee of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law. He was a Member of the International Council of Former Scouts and Guides, Brussels, and Chief Scout of the Boy Scouts Association of India. Post-retirement, Hidayatullah renewed his interest in Boy Scouts and served as Chief Scout of the All India Boy Scouts Association from 1982 to 1992. He held the posts of the President of Bombay Natural History Society and of the Patron of Schizophrenic Research Foundation of India and Commonwealth Society of India. He was also a Member of the World Association for Orphans and Abandoned Children and a Settlor of the Jawaharlal Nehru Cambridge University Trust. He also represented India in International Conferences held in different countries and cities, such as, Washington, London, Geneva, Sydney, the Hague, Tokyo, Stockholm, Belgrade, Cairo and Bangkok.[2]
Scholar and linguist[edit]
Hidayatullah was a scholar in Hindi, English, Urdu, Persian and French. He had working knowledge of some other Indian languages including Sanskrit and Bengali.[11]
Institutions[edit]
Hidayatullah was the president of Indian Law Institute, International Law Association (Indian Branch), Indian Society of International Law from 1968 to 1970. He also presided the Indian Red Cross Society in 1982. He was closely associated with Hunger Project of USA, World Association of Orphans and Abandoned Children (Geneva), and Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues (1982–84).
The Hidayatullah National Law University at Naya Raipur is named after him.
Books[edit]
Democracy in India and the Judicial Process, 1966 by Asia Publishing House (1967).[12]
The South-West Africa Case, Published 1967 by Asia Publishing House (1966).
Judicial Methods Published for the Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies by National Publishing House (1970).
A Judge's Miscellany, N. M. Tripathi (1972).
USA and India: All India Reporter (1977).
A Judge's Miscellany (Second Series) N. M. Tripathi(1972).
The Fifth and Sixth Schedules to the Constitution of India, Ashok Pub. House
My own Boswell (Autobiography) Arnold-Heinemann (1980).
Editor, Mulla's Mohammedan Law
Constitutional law of India: Bar Council of India Trust (1984).
Right to property and the Indian Constitution: Calcutta University (1984).
Justice Hidayatullah on commercial laws: Deep & Deep (1982).
Awards and honours[edit]
Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), 1946 King's Birthday Honours[13]
Order of the Yugoslav Flag with Sash, 1970,
Medallion and Plaque of Merit Philconsa, Manila, 1970 and
Knight of Mark Twain, 1971;
Honoured with "Proud Past Alumni" in the list of 42 members, from "Allahabad University Alumni Association", NCR, Ghaziabad (Greater Noida) Chapter 2007-2008 registered under society act 1860 with registration no. 407/2000.[14][15][16]
Honorary Bencher of Lincoln's Inn, 1968;* President of Honour, Inns of Courts Society, India.
War Service Badge, 1948;
Key of the City of Manila, 1971;
Shiromani Award, 1986;
Architects of India Award, 1987;
Dashrathmal Singhvi Memorial Award of the Banaras HinduUniversity.[2]
Between 1970 and 1987, as many as 12 Indian Universities and the University of Philippines conferred upon him the honorary degreeof Doctorate of Law or Literature.[2]
Legacy[edit]
Hidayatullah National Law University
In his honor, the Hidayatullah National Law University was established in 2003, in his home town of Raipur, in the state of Chhattisgarh.[9] University also organises Justice Hidayatullah Memorial National Moot Court Competition (HNMCC) in his memory.[17]
Personal life[edit]
In 1948, Hidayatullah married Pushpa Shah who was Hindu by religion. Their son Arshad Hidayatullah is a Senior Counsel at the Supreme Court of India.[3]
See also[edit]
Chief Justice of India
President of India
Hidayatullah National Law University
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Former Vice Presidents of India". Secretariat of Vice President of India. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Desai, P. D., Justice. "Full Court Reference in Memory of The Late Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah". (1992) 4 SCC (Jour) 10. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Speech by Shri I. M. Chagla" (PDF). Bombay High Court. p. 7. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "M. Hidayatullah". www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c "EBC article on J. Hidayatullah". www.ebc-india.com. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
Jump up ^ http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/92v4a1.htm Full Court Reference in Memory of The Late Justice M. Hidayatullah by M.H. Kania, Chief Justice of India: (1992) 4 SCC (Jour) 1
^ Jump up to: a b "Hidayatullah, Shri M". Secretariat of Vice President of India. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mohammad Hidayatullah". Supreme Court of India. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Justice M. Hidayatullah". hnlu.ac.in. Hidayatullah National Law University. Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Ranjit D. Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1965 SC 881
Jump up ^ "SPEECH BY MR. S. G. PAGE, GOVERNMENT PLEADER, HIGH COURT, BOMBAY" (PDF). Bombay High Court. 28 September 1992. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.getcited.org/mbrx/PT/2/MBR/10156330 Books by M. Hidayatullah: getCITED
Jump up ^ The London Gazette, 13 June 1946
Jump up ^ "He is Proud Past Alumni Allahabad University". Allahabad university Alumni Association web page say
Jump up ^ " Internet Archive of Proud Past Alumni"
Jump up ^ "Internet Archive of Proud Past Alumni"
Jump up ^ "Justice Hidayatullah Memorial National Moot Court Competition (HNMCC)" (PDF). Lexcetera. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
External links[edit]
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1968–1970 Succeeded by
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Preceded by
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Acting President of India
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Preceded by
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