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Quotation mark
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“ ” " "
‘ ’ ' '
English quotation marks
“ ”
« »
「 」
Citation marks
Guillemets
CJK brackets
Punctuation
apostrophe ’ '
brackets [ ] ( ) { } ⟨ ⟩
colon :
comma , ، 、
dash ‒ – — ―
ellipsis … ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ
exclamation mark !
full stop, period .
guillemets ‹ › « »
hyphen ‐
hyphen-minus -
question mark ?
quotation marks ‘ ’ “ ” ' ' " "
semicolon ;
slash, stroke, solidus / ⧸ ⁄
Word dividers
interpunct ·
space
General typography
ampersand &
asterisk *
at sign @
backslash \
basis point ‱
bullet •
caret ^
dagger † ‡
degree °
ditto mark ”
equals sign =
inverted exclamation mark ¡
inverted question mark ¿
komejirushi, kome, reference mark ※
multiplication sign ×
number sign, pound, hash #
numero sign №
obelus ÷
ordinal indicator º ª
percent, per mil % ‰
plus and minus + −
pilcrow ¶
prime ′ ″ ‴
section sign §
tilde ~
underscore, understrike _
vertical bar, pipe, broken bar | ‖ ¦
Intellectual property
copyright ©
sound-recording copyright ℗
registered trademark ®
service mark ℠
trademark ™
Currency
currency sign ¤
currency symbols

؋ ₳  ฿ ₿  ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢  $ ₫ ₯ ֏  ₠ €  ƒ ₣  ₲  ₴  ₭  ₺ ₾  ₼ ℳ ₥  ₦  ₧ ₱ ₰ £  元 圆 圓 ﷼ ៛ ₽ ₹ ₨  ₪  ৳ ₸ ₮  ₩  ¥ 円
Uncommon typography
asterism ⁂
fleuron, hedera ❧
index, fist ☞
interrobang ‽
irony punctuation ⸮
lozenge ◊
tie ⁀
Related
Diacritics
Logic symbols
Whitespace characters
In other scripts
Chinese
Hebrew
Japanese
Korean
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Quotation marks, also called quotes, quote marks, quotemarks, speech marks, inverted commas or talking marks,[1][2] are punctuation marks used in pairs in various writing systems to set off direct speech, a quotation, or a phrase. The pair consists of an opening quotation mark and a closing quotation mark, which may or may not be the same character.[3]
Quotation marks have a variety of forms in different languages and in different media.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 In English
3 Summary table
4 Specific language features
4.1 Dutch
4.2 German
4.3 Finnish and Swedish
4.4 French
4.5 Greek
4.6 Hungarian
4.7 Polish
4.8 Portuguese
4.9 Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian
4.10 Spanish
4.11 Chinese, Japanese and Korean quotation marks
5 Quotation dash
6 Electronic documents
6.1 Typewriters and early computers
6.2 Keyboard layouts
6.3 Curved quotes within and across applications
6.4 Usenet and email
6.5 Unicode code point table
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The double quotation mark is older than the single. It derives from a marginal notation used in fifteenth-century manuscript annotations to indicate a passage of particular importance (not necessarily a quotation); the notation was placed in the outside margin of the page and was repeated alongside each line of the passage. By the middle sixteenth century, printers (notably in Basel, Switzerland) had developed a typographic form of this notation, resembling the modern double quotation mark pointing to the right.[4] During the seventeenth century this treatment became specific to quoted material, and it grew common, especially in Britain, to print quotation marks (now in the modern opening and closing forms) at the beginning and end of the quotation as well as in the margin; the French usage (see under Specific language features below) is a remnant of this. In most other languages, including English, the marginal marks dropped out of use in the last years of the eighteenth century. The usage of a pair of marks, closing and opening, at the level of lower case letters was generalized.[4]
Guillemets by the Imprimerie nationale in Bulletin de l’Agence générale des colonies, № 302, May 1934, showing the usage of a pair of marks, closing and opening, at the level of lower case letters.
By the nineteenth century, the design and usage began to be specific within each region. In Western Europe the usage became to use the quotation marks in pairs but "pointing" outside. In Britain those marks were elevated to the same height of the top of capital letters (“…”). In France, by the end of the nineteenth century those marks were modified to a more angular shape («…»). Some authors[5] claim that the reason for this was a practical one, in order to get a character that was clearly distinguishable from the apostrophes, the commas and the parenthesis (also, in other scripts, the angular quotation marks are distinguishable from other punctuation characters—the Greek breathing marks, the Armenian emphasis and apostrophe, the Arabic comma, decimal separator, thousands separator, etc.).
Clash between the apostrophe and curved quotation marks in a phrase meaning “the crimes of the ‘good Samaritans’ ”.
Clearly distinguishable apostrophe and angular quotation marks.
Other authors[5] claim that the reason for this was an aesthetic one. The elevated quotation marks created an extra white space before and after the word that was considered aesthetically unpleasing, while the in-line quotation marks helped to maintain the typographical color, since the quotation marks had the same height and were aligned with the lower case letters.[4] Nevertheless, while other languages do not insert a space between the quotation marks and the word(s), the French usage does insert them, even if it is a narrow space.
Blank space (in yellow) provoked by elevated quotation marks; some type designers consider this excessive.
The curved quotation marks (“…”) usage was exported to some non-Latin scripts, notably where there was some English influence (for instance, in Indian scripts). The angular quotation marks («…») usage was exported to some non-Latin scripts, like Greek, Cyrillic, Arabic and Ethiopic. The Far East angle brackets quotation marks (《…》) are also a development of the in-line angular quotation marks.
In Central Europe, however, the practice was to use the quotation marks in pairs but "pointing" inside. The German tradition preferred the curved quotation marks, the first one at the level of the commas, the second one at the level of the apostrophes („…“). Alternatively, these marks still "pointed" inside but could be angular and in-line with lower case letters (»…«). Some neighboring regions adopted the German tradition but some others adopted the second (closing) mark as "pointing" to the right („…”).
In Sweden (and Finland), both marks "pointed" to the right but both were at the top level (”…”), neither at the bottom.
In Eastern Europe there was a hesitation between the French tradition («…») and the German tradition („…“). The French tradition prevailed in North-Eastern Europe (Russia, Ukraine and Belarus), whereas the German tradition (or its modified version with the closing mark pointing to the right) has become dominant in South-Eastern Europe (the Balkan countries).
The single quotation mark emerged around 1800 as a means of indicating a secondary level of quotation. One could expect that the logic would be the corresponding single mark everywhere but it was not the case. British English tends to reverse the usage—single quotation marks (‘…’) are primary, and double quotation marks (“…”) are secondary—this distinction, however, dating back to around the 1960s.[6] In some languages using the angular quotation marks, the usage of single ones (‹…›) became obsolete, being replaced by double curved ones (“…”); the single ones still survive, for instance, in Switzerland. In Eastern Europe, where there was a hesitation between the French and German tradition, the curved quotation marks („…“) are used as a secondary level when the angular marks («…») are used as a primary level.
In English[edit]
Main article: Quotation marks in English
In English writing, quotation marks are placed in pairs around a word or phrase to indicate:
Quotation or direct speech: Carol said "Go ahead" when I asked her if the launcher was ready.
Mention in another work of a title of a short or subsidiary work, like a chapter or episode: "Encounter at Farpoint" was the pilot episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation.
Scare quotes, used to mean "so-called" or to express irony: The "fresh" apples were full of worms.
In American English, double quotes are used normally (the "primary" style). If quote marks are used inside another pair of quote marks, then single quotes are used as the "secondary" style. For example: "Didn't she say 'I like red best' when I asked her wine preferences?" he asked his guests.
If another set of quotes is nested, double quotes are used again, and they continue to alternate as necessary (though this is rarely done). British English tends to have the opposite convention – single quotes are primary, and double quotes are secondary; however, this distinction dates back only to around the 1960s.[6] Earlier British usage was often identical to American. Different varieties of English have different rules regarding whether neighboring punctuation should be written inside or outside the quotation marks.
A typewriter.
A type case.
Regarding the aspect, there are two types of quotation marks:
'…' and "…" are known as neutral, vertical, straight, typewriter, "dumb", or "ASCII" quotation marks. The left and right marks are identical. These are found on typical English typewriters and computer keyboards, although they are sometimes automatically converted to the other type by software.
‘…’ and “…” are known as typographic, curly, curved, book, or "smart" quotation marks. The beginning marks are commas raised to the top of the line and rotated 180°. The ending marks are commas raised to the top of the line. Curved quotation marks are used mainly in manuscript, printing and typesetting. Type cases (of any language) always have the correct quotation marks metal types for the respective language and never the vertical quotation marks metal types.
Because most of the computer keyboards lack keys to directly enter typographic quotation marks, much typed writing has vertical quotation marks. The "smart quotes" feature in some computer software can convert vertical quotation marks to curly ones, although sometimes imperfectly.
The closing single quotation mark is identical or similar in form (depending on the font) to the apostrophe and similar to the prime symbol. The double quotation mark is identical to the ditto mark and similar to—and often used to represent—the double prime symbol. However, all of these three characters have quite different purposes.
Summary table[edit]
Other languages have similar conventions to English, but use different symbols or different placement.
Language
Standard
Alternative
Spacing
Names, notes & references
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Afrikaans
“…” ‘…’ „…” ‚…’ [a] Aanhalingstekens
Albanian
„…“ ‘…’ Thonjëza
Amharic
«…» ‹…› [7][8][9] “…” ‘…’ [9] ትምህርተ ጥቅስ (timihirite t’ik’isi)
Arabic
 «…»   ”…“  optional علامات تنصيص (ʻalāmāt tanṣīṣ, quotation marks)
The direction of text is right-to-left.
Armenian
«…» չակերտներ (chakertner, quotation marks)
Azerbaijani
«…» ‹…› “…” ‘…’ 0–1 pt Dırnaq işarəsi (fingernail mark)
Basque
«…» ‹…› “…” ‘…’ Komatxoak
Belarusian
«…» “…” [10] Двукоссе (Dvukosse, double commas)
Лапкі (Lapky, little paws)
Bosnian
”…” or „…” ’…’ „…“ »…« navodnici, znaci navoda, polunavodnici, Cyrillic script: Наводници, знаци навода, полунаводници, »…« only in printed media
Bulgarian
„…“ ’…’ or
‘…’[b]
[11][c] «…»[b] ’…’ or
‘…’[b]
[11][c] Кавички (Kavichki)
„…“ is often incorrectly replaced by "…" or “…”
’…’ and ‘…’ are often incorrectly written as '…', ‘…’ or ‛…’
Catalan
«…» “…” [c][d] “…” ‘…’ [c] none «…» Cometes franceses (French quotation marks)
“…” Cometes angleses (English quotation marks)
‘…’ Cometes simples (Simple quotation marks)
Chinese, simplified
“…” ‘…’ [12] 『…』
or
﹃
︰
﹄[e] 「…」
or
﹁
︰
﹂[e] [12] Fullwidth form “…” 双引号 (pinyin: shuāngyǐnhào, double quotation mark)
‘…’ 单引号 (pinyin: dānyǐnhào, single quotation mark)
Chinese, traditional
「…」
or
﹁
︰
﹂[e] 『…』
or
﹃
︰
﹄[e] [13][14][f] Fullwidth form 「」︰單引號 (Mandarin: dān yǐn hào, Jyutping: daan1 jan5 hou6, lit: "Single quotation mark")
『』︰雙引號 (Mandarin: shuāng yǐn hào, Jyutping: soeng1 jan5 hou6, lit: "Double quotation mark")

Note: No punctuation mark should be used when writing from right to left.[citation needed]
Croatian
„…” ‘…’ [15][c] »…« „…” and »…« Navodnici
‘…’ Polunavodnici
»…« are used only in printed media
Czech
„…“ ‚…‘ »…« ›…‹ Uvozovky (introduce)
Danish
»…« or „…“ ›…‹ or ‚…‘ [16] ”…”[17] ’…’[17] [16] Citationstegn (citation marks)
Anførselstegn (quotes)
Gåseøjne (goose eyes)
Dutch
„…” ‚…’ [18] ‘…’ “…” Aanhalingstekens (citation marks)
‘…’ are "scare quotes" (zogenaamdfunctie)[18]
English, UK
‘…’ “…” [19][g] “…” ‘…’ 1–2 pt Quotation marks, double quotes, quotes, inverted commas, speech marks
Usage of single or double as primary may vary across English varieties.
English, US; English, Canada
“…” ‘…’ [g]
Esperanto
“…” ‘…’ [h] « … »
or „…“
‹…›
or ‚…‘
Citiloj
There is no standard for quotation marks, and Zamenhof recommended that the writer should use his native language's quotation marks. However, it has become common practice to use the quotation marks of American English.
Estonian
„…“ «…» Jutumärgid (speech marks)
Filipino
“…” ‘…’ [20][g] [20] Panipi
Finnish
”…” ’…’ [21] »…» ’…’ [21] Lainausmerkit (citation marks)
French
« … » « … » or
“…”[i]
[c] “ … ” ‘ … ’ [c] ¼ em Guillemets
French, Swiss[j]
«…» ‹…›
Galician
«…» “…” [22] “…” ‘…’ [22] Comiñas[23] or Aspas[24]
Georgian
„…“ “…” none ბრჭყალები (brč’q’alebi, claws)
German
„…“ ‚…‘ »…« ›…‹ Anführungszeichen (quotation marks)
Gänsefüßchen (little goose feet)
Hochkommas, Hochkommata (high commas)
German, Swiss[j]
«…» ‹…› „…” ‚…’
Greek
«…» “…” [25][26] Εισαγωγικά (introductory marks).
Hebrew
“…” ‘…’ [27] [27] מֵירְכָאוֹת (merkha'ot)
Notes:
Not to be confused with גֵּרְשַׁיִם gershayim.
Hindi
“…” ‘…’ [28] उद्धरण चिह्न (uddharan chihn)
Hungarian
„…” »…« [c] "…" Macskaköröm (cat claws – incorrectly used)
„…” Idézőjel (quotation mark)
»…« Belső idézőjel, lúdláb (inner quotation mark, goose feet)
’…’ Félidézőjel (half quotation mark, tertiary quotation mark)
The three levels of Hungarian quotation: „…»…’…’…«…”[29]
Icelandic
„…“ ‚…‘ Gæsalappir (goose feet)
Indonesian
“…” ‘…’ Tanda kutip, tanda petik
Interlingua
“…” ‘…’ [h] Virgulettas
Irish
“…” ‘…’ 1–2 pt Liamóg (William)
Italian
«…» “…” [30] “…” ‘…’ [30] Virgolette
Italian, Swiss[j]
«…» ‹…›
Japanese
「…」
or
﹁
︰
﹂ 『…』
or
﹃
︰
﹄ [f] 「」: 鉤括弧 (kagi kakko, hook bracket)
『』: 二重鉤括弧 (nijū kagi kakko, double hook bracket)
Kazakh
«…» “…” Тырнақша, Tyrnaqs'a[31]
Khmer
«…» [32] “…” សញ្ញាសម្រង់ (sanhnhea samrong)
Korean, North Korea
《…》 〈…〉 〈〉: 홑화살괄호 (hot'hwasalgwalho, arrow bracket)
《》: 겹화살괄호 (gyeop'hwasalgwalho, double arrow bracket)
Korean, South Korea
“…”
[33] ‘…’
[34]
﹃
⋮
﹄[e]
﹁
⋮
﹂[e] “”: 쌍따옴표 (ssang-ttaompyo, double quotation mark)
‘’: 따옴표 (ttaompyo, quotation mark)
「」: 낫표 (natpyo, scythe symbol)
『』: 겹낫표 (gyeomnatpyo, double scythe symbol)
Lao
“…” ວົງຢືມ (vong yum)
Latvian
„…“ Pēdiņas
Lithuanian
„…“ Kabutės
Lojban
lu … li'u lu "…" li'u Lojban uses the words lu and li'u, rather than punctuation, to surround quotes of grammatically correct Lojban.[35] Double quotes (unnamed in Lojban, but lubu suggested, following same pattern as alphabet) can also be used for aesthetic purposes. Non-Lojban text may be quoted using zoi.[36]
Macedonian
„…“ ’…‘ [37] [37] „…“ Наводници (Navodnitsi, double quote)
’…‘ Полунаводници (Polunavodnitsi, single quote)
Maltese
“…” ‘…’ Virgoletti
Mongolian,
Cyrillic script
«…»
Mongolian,
Mongolian script
《᠁》 〈᠁〉 [k][38]
New Tai Lue
《…》 〈…〉 [39]
Norwegian
«…» ‘…’ [40] „…“ or
„…”
„…“　or
„…”
[l]
Anførselstegn(quotation marks)
Gåseauge, gåseøyne (goose eyes)
Hermeteikn, hermetegn
Sitatteikn, sitattegn
Dobbeltfnutt
Occitan
«…» “…” “…” ‘…’ Vergueta
Pashto
 «…»  [41]
Persian
«…» گیومه (giyume)
Polish
„…” «…» or
»…«
[b] «…» or
»…«
[m] Cudzysłów (someone else's word)
Portuguese, Brazil
“…” ‘…’ [c] Aspas;[42] (quotation marks)
Aspas duplas (double quotation marks),
Aspas simples (single quotation marks);
“…” Aspas curvas or aspas inglesas or aspas altas[43] ou levantadas[44] ou elevadas[45] (curved quotation marks),
«…» Aspas angulares[44] or aspas latinas or vírgulas dobradas[46] (angular quotation marks);
Portuguese, Portugal
«…» “…” [47][c] “…” ‘…’ [47]
Romanian
„…” «…» [48][c] none Ghilimele (quotes)
Romansh[j]
«…» ‹…›
Russian
«…» „…“ [c] „…” none Кавычки (kavychki)
«…» Ёлочки (yolochki, little fir trees)
„…“ Лапки (lapki, little paws)
Yolochki are used in print media, while lapki are used in handwriting.[citation needed]
Serbian
„…“ ’…’ Наводници, знаци навода, navodnici, znaci navoda
Scottish Gaelic
‘…’ “…” “…” ‘…’ Cromagan turrach
Slovak
„…“ ‚…‘ »…« ›…‹ Úvodzovky (introduce)
Slovene
„…“ ‚…‘ »…« ›…‹ Navednice
Sorbian
„…“ ‚…‘
Spanish
«…» “…” [49][c] “…” ‘…’ [c][d] Comillas
«…» Comillas latinas, comillas angulares
“…” Comillas inglesas dobles
‘…’ Comillas inglesas simples
Swedish
”…” ’…’ [50] »…» or
»…«
’…’ [50] Citationstecken, anföringstecken
Citattecken (modernised term)
Dubbelfnutt (ASCII double quote)
Kaninöron (bunny ears)
Tai Le
《…》 〈…〉 [51]
Tibetan
《…》 〈…〉 [52]
Tigrinya
«…» ‹…› [9][8] “…” ‘…’ [9]
Thai
“…” ‘…’ อัญประกาศ (anyaprakat, differentiating mark)
Turkish
«…» ‹…› “…” ‘…’ 0–1 pt Tırnak işareti (fingernail mark)
Ukrainian
«…» „…“ „…“ ‚…‘ none Лапки (lapky, little paws)
Uyghur
 «…»  [53]
The direction of text is right-to-left.
Uzbek
«…» „…“ [54] „…“ ‚…‘ Qoʻshtirnoq (nails)
Vietnamese
“…” [55] Dấu ngoặc kép (paired parentheses)
Dấu nháy kép (paired blinking marks)
Welsh
‘…’ “…” “…” ‘…’ 1–2 pt Dyfynodau
Specific language features[edit]
Dutch[edit]
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The standard form in the preceding table is taught in schools and used in handwriting. Most large newspapers have kept these „low-high” quotation marks, but otherwise the alternative form with single or double “English-style” quotes is now often the only form seen in printed matter. Neutral quotation marks (" and ') are used widely, especially in texts typed on computers and on websites.[56]
Although not generally common in Dutch any more, double angle quotation marks are still sometimes used in Belgium. Examples include the Flemish HUMO magazine and the Metro newspaper in Brussels.[57]
German[edit]
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This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (September 2013) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the German article.
Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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The symbol used as the left quote in English is sometimes used as the right quote in Germany and Austria (depending on the font), and a quote in a position never found in English usage, called the “low 9 quote,”[citation needed] is used for the left instead:
Samples
Unicode (decimal)
HTML
Description
Wrong Symbols
‚A‘ U+201A (8218), U+2018 (8216) ‚ ‘ German single quotes (left and right) , – comma (U + 002C) left
' – Apostrophe (U + 0027) right
„A“ U+201E (8222), U+201C (8220) „ “ German double quotes (left and right) " – neutral (vertical) double quotes (U + 0022)
Some fonts, e.g. Verdana, were not designed with the flexibility to use the English left quote as the German right quote. Such fonts are therefore typographically incompatible with this German usage.
Double quotes are standard for denoting speech in German.
Andreas fragte mich: „Hast du den Artikel ‚EU-Erweiterung‘ gelesen?“ (Andreas asked me: 'Have you read the "EU-Expansion" article?')
This style of quoting is also used in Bulgarian, Czech, Estonian, Georgian, Icelandic, Lithuanian, Latvian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovene and in Ukrainian. In Bulgarian, Icelandic, Lithuanian, Russian and Ukrainian, single quotation marks are not used.[clarification needed] This German double-quote style is also used in the Netherlands, but is falling out of fashion nowadays[when?] with the 'English-style' quotation marks being preferred. However, it still can be found on older shop signs and in most large newspapers.
Sometimes, especially in novels, the angle quotation mark sets are used in Germany and Austria (albeit in reversed order from French): »A ›B‹?«
Andreas fragte mich: »Hast du den Artikel ›EU-Erweiterung‹ gelesen?«
Andreas asked me: ‘Have you read the “EU Expansion” article?’
In Switzerland, however, the French-style angle quotation mark sets are also used for German printed text: «A ‹B›?»
Andreas fragte mich: «Hast du den Artikel ‹EU-Erweiterung› gelesen?»
Andreas asked me: ‘Have you read the “EU Expansion” article?’
Finnish and Swedish[edit]
In Finnish and Swedish, right quotes called citation marks, ”...”, are used to mark both the beginning and the end of a quote. Double right-pointing angular quotes, »…», can also be used.
Alternatively, an en-dash followed by a (non-breaking) space can be used to denote the beginning of quoted speech, in which case the end of the quotation is not specifically denoted (see section Quotation dash below). A line-break should not be allowed between the en-dash and the first word of the quotation.
Samples
Unicode (decimal)
HTML
Description
’A’ U+2019 (8217) ’ Secondary level quotation
”A” U+201D (8221) ” Primary level quotation
»A» U+00BB (187) » Alternative primary level quotation
– A U+2013 (8211) – Alternative denotation at the beginning of quoted speech
French[edit]
French language uses angle quotation marks (guillemets, or duck-foot quotes), adding a quarter-em space (officially[citation needed]) (U+2005 Four-Per-Em Space (HTML  )) within the quotes. However, many people now use the non-breaking space, because the difference between a non-breaking space and a four-per-em is virtually imperceptible (but also because the Unicode quarter-em space is breakable), and the quarter-em is virtually always omitted in non-Unicode fonts. Even more commonly, many people just put a normal (breaking) space between the quotation marks because the non-breaking space cannot be accessed easily accessible from the keyboard; furthermore, many are simply not aware of this typographical refinement. Using the wrong type of space often results in a quotation mark appearing alone at the beginning of a line, since the quotation mark is treated as an independent word.
« Voulez-vous un sandwich, Henri ? »
“Would you like a sandwich, Henri?”
Sometimes, for instance on several French news sites such as Libération, Les Échos or Le Figaro, no space is used around the quotation marks. This parallels normal usage in other languages, e.g. Catalan, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, or in German, French and Italian as written in Switzerland:
«Dies ist ein Zitat.» (Swiss Standard German)
«To jest cytat.»
«Это цитата».
“This is a quote.”
Samples
Unicode (decimal)
HTML
Description
« A » U+00AB (171), U+00BB (187) « » French double angle quotes (left and right), most usual (approximative) form used today on the web, with normal (half-em) non-breaking spaces.
« A » French double angle quotes (left and right), more exact form used by typographers, with narrow (quarter-em) non-breaking spaces.
«A» non-French double angle quotes (left and right) without space (not recommended)
‹ A › U+2039 (8249), U+203A (8250) ‹ › French single angle quotes (left and right), alternate form for embedded quotations, used on the web with normal non-breaking spaces.
‹ A › French single angle quotes (left and right), alternate form for embedded quotations, preferably used by typographers with narrow non-breaking spaces.
Guillemets by the Imprimerie nationale in Bulletin de l’Agence générale des colonies, № 302, Mai 1934, showing the comma-shaped symbols sitting on the baseline.
Initially, the French guillemet characters were not angle shaped but also used the comma (6/9) shape. They were different from English quotes because they were standing (like today's guillemets) on the baseline (like lowercase letters), and not above it (like apostrophes and English quotation marks) or hanging down from it (like commas). At the beginning of the nineteenth century, this shape evolved to look like (( small parentheses )). The angle shape appeared later to increase the distinction and avoid confusions with apostrophes, commas and parentheses in handwritten manuscripts submitted to publishers. Unicode currently does not provide alternate codes for these 6/9 guillemets on the baseline, which are still considered as form variants implemented in older French typography (such as the Didot font design). Also there was not necessarily any distinction of shape between the opening and closing guillemets, with both types pointing to the right (like today's French closing guillemets).
They must be used with non-breaking spaces (preferably narrow, if available, i.e. U+202F NNBSP which is missing in most computer fonts but that renderers should be able to render using the same glyph as the breaking “French” thin space U+2009, handling the non-breaking property internally in the text renderer / layout engine, because line-breaking properties are never defined in fonts themselves; such renderers should also be able to infer a half-width space from the glyph assigned to the normal half-em non-breaking space, if the thin space itself is not mapped).
In many printed books, when quotations are spanning multiple lines of text (including multiple paragraphs), an additional closing quotation sign is traditionally used at the beginning of each line continuing a quotation; any right-pointing guillemet at the beginning of a line does not close the current quotation; this convention has been consistently used since the beginning of the 19th century by most book printers (and is still in use today). Note that such insertion of continuation quotation marks will also occur if there's a word hyphenation break. There is still no support for automatic insertion of these continuation guillemets in HTML or CSS and in many word-processors, so these have to be inserted by manual typesetting:
« C’est une belle journée pour les Montréalais, soutient
» le ministre. Ces investissements stimuleront la crois-
» sance économique. »
Unlike English, French does not set off unquoted material within a quotation mark by using a second set of quotes. Compare:
« C’est une belle journée pour les Montréalais, soutient le ministre. Ces investissements stimuleront la croissance économique. »
“This is a great day for Montrealers”, the minister upholds. “These investments will stimulate economic growth.”
For clarity, some newspapers put the quoted material in italics:
« C’est une belle journée pour les Montréalais, soutient le ministre. Ces investissements stimuleront la croissance économique. »
The French Imprimerie nationale (cf. Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale, presses de l'Imprimerie nationale, Paris, 2002), though, does not use different quotation marks for nesting:
« Son « explication » n’est qu’un mensonge », s’indigna le député.
“His ‘explanation’ is just a lie”, the deputy protested.
In this case, when there should be two adjacent opening or closing marks, only one is written:
Il répondit : « Ce n’est qu’un « gadget ! ».
He answered: “It's only a ‘gizmo’.”
The use of English quotation marks is increasing in French and usually follows English rules, for instance when the keyboard or the software context doesn't allow the utilisation of guillemets. The French news site L'Humanité uses straight quotation marks along with angle ones.
English quotes are also used sometimes for nested quotations:
« Son “explication” n’est qu’un mensonge », s’indigna le député.
“His ‘explanation’ is just a lie”, the deputy protested.
But the most frequent convention used in printed books for nested quotations is to style them in italics (single quotation marks are much more rarely used, and multiple levels of quotations using the same marks is often considered confusing for readers):
« Son explication n’est qu’un mensonge », s’indigna le député.
Il répondit : « Ce n’est qu’un gadget ! ».
Further, running speech does not use quotation marks beyond the first sentence, as changes in speaker are indicated by a dash, as opposed to the English use of closing and re-opening the quotation. (For other languages employing dashes, see section Quotation dash below.) The dashes may be used entirely without quotation marks as well. In general, quotation marks are extended to encompass as much speech as possible, including not just non-spoken text such as “he said” (as previously noted), but also as long as the conversion extends. The quotation marks end at the last spoken text, however, not extending to the end of paragraphs when the final part is not spoken.
« Je ne vous parle pas, monsieur, dit-il.
— Mais je vous parle, moi ! » s’écria le jeune homme exaspéré de ce mélange d’insolence et de bonnes manières, de convenance et de dédain. (Dumas, Les trois mousquetaires)
“I am not speaking to you, sir”, he said.
“But I am speaking to you!” cried the young man, exasperated by this combination of insolence and good manners, of protocol and disdain.
Greek[edit]
Greek uses angled quotation marks (εισαγωγικά – isagogiká):
«Μιλάει σοβαρά;» ρώτησε την Μαρία.
«Ναι, σίγουρα», αποκρίθηκε.
and the quotation dash (παύλα – pávla):
― Μιλάει σοβαρά; ρώτησε την Μαρία.
― Ναι, σίγουρα, αποκρίθηκε.
which translate to:
“Is he serious?” he asked Maria.
“Yes, certainly,” she replied.
A closing quotation mark (») is added to the beginning of each new quoted paragraph.
« Η Βικιπαίδεια ή Wikipedia είναι ένα συλλογικό εγκυκλοπαιδικό
» εγχείρημα που έχει συσταθεί στο Διαδίκτυο, παγκόσμιο, πολύγλωσσο,
» που λειτουργεί με την αρχή του wiki. »
When quotations are nested, double and then single quotation marks are used:
«...“...‘...’...”...»).
Samples
Unicode (decimal)
HTML
Description
«Α» U+00AB (0171), U+00BB (0187) « » Greek first level double quotes (εισαγωγικά)
― Α U+2015 (8213) ― Greek direct quotation em-dash
Hungarian[edit]
Samples
Unicode (decimal)
HTML
Description
„A” U+201E (8222), U+201D (8221) „ ” Hungarian first level double quotes (left and right)
»A« U+00BB (0171), U+00AB (0187) » « Hungarian second level double quotes (left and right)
’A’ U+2019 (8217) ’ Hungarian unpaired quotes signifying "meaning"
According to current recommendation by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences the main Hungarian quotation marks are comma-shaped double quotation marks set on the base-line at the beginning of the quote and at apostrophe-height at the end of it for first level, inversed »French quotes« without space (the German tradition) for the second level, so the following nested quotation pattern emerges:
„Quote »inside« quote”
… and with third level:
„Quote »inside ’inside of inside’ inside« quote”
In Hungarian linguistic tradition the meaning of a word is signified by uniform (unpaired) apostrophe-shaped quotation marks:
die Biene ’méh’
A quotation dash is also used, and is predominant in belletristic literature.
– Merre jártál? – kérdezte a köpcös.
Polish[edit]
Samples
Unicode (decimal)
HTML
Description
‚A’ U+201A (8218), U+2019 (8217) ‚ ’ Polish single quotes (left and right)
„A” U+201E (8222), U+201D (8221) „ ” Polish double quotes (left and right)
― A U+2015 (8213) ― Polish direct quotation em-dash
– A U+2013 (8211) – Polish direct quotation en-dash
According to current PN-83/P-55366 standard from 1983 (but not dictionaries, see below), Typesetting rules for composing Polish text (Zasady składania tekstów w języku polskim) one can use either „ordinary Polish quotes” or «French quotes» (without space) for first level, and ‚single Polish quotes’ or «French quotes» for second level, which gives three styles of nested quotes:
„Quote ‚inside’ quote”
„Quote «inside» quote”
«Quote ‚inside’ quote»
There is no space on the internal side of quote marks, with the exception of ¼ firet (~ ¼ em) space between two quotation marks when there are no other characters between them (e.g. ,„ and ’”).
The above rules have not changed since at least the previous BN-76/7440-02 standard from 1976 and are probably much older.
However, the part of the rules that concerns the use of guillemets conflicts with the Polish punctuation standard as given by dictionaries, including the Wielki Słownik Ortograficzny PWN recommended by the Polish Language Council. The PWN rules state:
In specific uses, guillemets also appear. Guillemet marks pointing inwards are used for highlights and in case a quotation occurs inside a quotation. Guillemet marks pointing outwards are used for definitions (mainly in scientific publications and dictionaries), as well as for enclosing spoken lines and indirect speech, especially in poetic texts.[58]
In Polish books and publications, this style for use of guillemets (also known as »German quotes«) is used almost exclusively. In addition to being standard for second level quotes, guillemet quotes are sometimes used as first level quotes in headings and titles but almost never in ordinary text in paragraphs.
Another style of quoting is to use an em-dash to open a quote; this is used almost exclusively to quote dialogues, and is virtually the only convention used in works of fiction.
Mag skłonił się. Biały kot śpiący obok paleniska ocknął się nagle i spojrzał na niego badawczo.
— Jak się nazywa ta wieś, panie? — zapytał przybysz. Kowal wzruszył ramionami.
— Głupi Osioł.
— Głupi…?
— Osioł — powtórzył kowal takim tonem, jakby wyzywał gościa, żeby spróbował sobie z niego zażartować. Mag zamyślił się.
— Ta nazwa ma pewnie swoją historię — stwierdził w końcu. — W innych okolicznościach chętnie bym jej wysłuchał. Ale chciałbym porozmawiać z tobą, kowalu, o twoim synu.
The wizard bowed. A white cat that had been sleeping by the furnace woke up and watched him carefully.
“What is the name of this place, sir?” said the wizard.
The blacksmith shrugged.
“Dumb Ass,” he said. [original English version is "Bad Ass", but that's not a common phrase in Polish]
“Dumb—?”
“Ass,” repeated the blacksmith, his tone defying anyone to make something of it.
The wizard considered this.
“A name with a story behind it,” he said at last, “which were circumstances otherwise I would be pleased to hear. But I would like to speak to you, smith, about your son.”
(Terry Pratchett, Equal Rites)
An en-dash is sometimes used in place of the em-dash, especially so in newspaper texts.
Portuguese[edit]
Neither the Portuguese Language regulator nor the Brazilian prescribe what is the shape for quotation marks, they only prescribe when and how they should be used.
In Portugal, the angular quotation marks[42][47] (ex. «quote») are traditionally used. They are the Latin tradition quotation marks, used normally by typographers. It is that also the chosen representation for displaying quotation marks in reference sources,[46][59][60] and it is also the chosen representation from some sites dedicated to the Portuguese Language.[61]
The Código de Redação[62] for Portuguese-language documents published in the European Union prescribes three levels of quotation marks representation («…“…‘…’…”…»):
E estava escrito «Alguém perguntou “Quem foi que gritou ‘Meu Deus!’?”.» na folha de papel.
And it was written “Someone asked ‘Who shouted ‘My God’!’?”. in the sheet of paper.
in black: main sentence which contains the citations;
in green: 1st level citation;
in red: 2nd level citation;
in blue: 3rd level citation;
However, the usage of English-style (ex. “quote” and ‘quote’) marks is growing in Portugal.[43][better source needed] That is probably due to the omnipresence of the English language and to the corresponding inability of some machines (mobile phones, cash registers, specific printers, calculators, etc.) to display the angular quotation marks.
In Brazil, however, the usage of angular quotation marks is little known, being used almost solely the curved quotation marks (“quote” and ‘quote’). This can be verified, for instance, in the difference between a Portuguese keyboard (which possesses a specific key for « and for ») and a Brazilian keyboard.
The Portuguese-speaking African countries tend to follow Portugal’s conventions, not the Brazilian ones.
Other usages of quotation marks (“quote„ for double, ‹quote› for single) are obsolete.
Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian[edit]
show
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (July 2016) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the Russian article.
Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary (using German): Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Exact name of German article]]; see its history for attribution.
You should also add the template {{Translated|ru|Прямая речь}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
In Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian, angled quotation marks are used without spaces. In case of quoted material inside a quotation, rules[63] and most noted style manuals prescribe the use of different kinds of quotation marks. However, some of them[64] allow to use the same quotation marks for quoted material inside a quotation, and if inner and outer quotation marks fall together, then one of them should be omitted.
Right:
Пушкин писал Дельвигу: «Жду „Цыганов“ и тотчас тисну».
(Pushkin wrote to Delvig: “Waiting for ‘Gypsies’, and publish at once.")
Permissible, when it is technically impossible to use different quotation marks:
«Цыганы» мои не продаются вовсе», — сетовал Пушкин.
(“My ‘Gypsies’ are not selling at all”, Pushkin complained.)
It is common to use quotation dashes for dialogue, as well as within quotations for the reporting clause. For more details, see the Russian Wikipedia article on this topic.
— Кто там?
— Это я, почтальон Печкин, — последовал ответ. — Принёс заметку про вашего мальчика.
"Who's there?"
"It's me, postman Pechkin," was the reply. "I've brought news about your boy."
Spanish[edit]
Spanish uses angled quotation marks (comillas latinas or angulares) as well, but always without the spaces.
«Esto es un ejemplo de cómo se suele hacer una cita literal en español».
“This is an example of how a literal quotation is usually written in Spanish.”
And, when quotations are nested in more levels than inner and outer quotation, the system is:[65]
«Antonio me dijo: “Vaya ‘cacharro’ que se ha comprado Julián”».
“Antonio told me, ‘What a piece of “junk” Julián has purchased for himself’.”
As in French, the use of English quotation marks is increasing in Spanish, and the El País style guide, which is widely followed in Spain, recommends them. Hispanic Americans often use them, owing to influence from the United States.
Chinese, Japanese and Korean quotation marks[edit]
Corner brackets are well-suited for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean languages which are written in both vertical and horizontal orientations. China, South Korea, and Japan all use corner brackets when writing vertically. However, usages differ when writing horizontally:
In Japan, corner brackets are used.
In South Korea and Mainland China, corner brackets are prevalent, although English-style quotes are also used.
In North Korea, angle quotes are used.
In Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau, where Traditional Chinese is used, corner brackets are prevalent, although English-style quotes are also used.
In the Chinese language, double angle brackets are used around titles of books, documents, musical pieces, cinema films, TV programmes, newspapers, magazines, laws, etc. When nested, single angle brackets are used inside double angle brackets. With some exceptions, this usage overlaps italics in English:
「你看過《三國演義》嗎？」他問我。
"Have you read Romance of the Three Kingdoms?", he asks me.
White corner brackets are used to mark quote-within-quote segments.[clarification needed (In all the above locations and circumstances? If so, should this sentence be added before the last one in this section's 1st paragraph?)]
Samples
Unicode (decimal)
Description
Usage
「文字」 U+300C (12300), U+300D (12301) Corner brackets
Chinese: 單引號 (zh) (dān yǐn hào)
Japanese: 鉤括弧 (ja) (kagikakko)
Korean: 낫표 (natpyo) Japanese,
Korean,
Traditional Chinese
﹁
文
字
﹂ U+FE41 (65089), U+FE42 (65090)[n] For vertical writing:
Japanese,
Korean,
Traditional Chinese,
Simplified Chinese
『文字』 U+300E (12302), U+300F (12303) White corner brackets
Chinese: 雙引號 (shuāng yǐn hào),
Japanese: 二重鉤括弧 (ja) (nijū kagikakko)
Korean: 겹낫표 (gyeopnatpyo) Japanese,
Korean (book titles),
Traditional Chinese
﹃
文
字
﹄ U+FE43 (65091), U+FE44 (65092)[n] For vertical writing:
Japanese,
Korean,
Traditional Chinese,
Simplified Chinese
“한” U+201C (8220), U+201D (8221) Double quotation mark
Korean: 큰따옴표 (keunttaompyo),
Chinese: 雙引號 (shuāng yǐn hào) Korean (South Korea),
Traditional Chinese (acceptable but less common, happened in Hong Kong mainly as a result of influence from mainland China),
Simplified Chinese
‘한’ U+2018 (8216), U+2019 (8217) Single quotation mark
Korean: 작은따옴표 (jageunttaompyo),
Chinese: 單引號 (dān yǐn hào) Korean (South Korea),
Chinese (for quote-within-quote segments)
《한》 U+300A (12298), U+300B (12299) Double angle quotes
Korean: 겹화살괄호 (gyeop'hwasalgwaro)
Chinese: 書名號 (shū míng hào) Korean (book titles),
Chinese (used for titles of books, documents, musical pieces, cinema films, TV programmes, newspapers, magazines, laws, etc. )
〈한〉 U+3008 (12296), U+3009 (12297) Angle quotes
Korean: 홑화살괄호 (hot'hwasalgwaro)
Chinese: 書名號 (shū míng hào) Korean (book sub-titles),
Chinese (used for titles of books, documents, musical pieces, cinema films, TV programmes, newspapers, magazines, laws, etc. )
Quotation dash[edit]
See also: Dash § Horizontal bar
Another typographical style is to omit quotation marks for lines of dialogue, replacing them with an initial dash:
―Oh saints above! Miss Douce said, sighed above her jumping rose. I wished I hadn't laughed so much. I feel all wet
―Oh Miss Douce! Miss Kennedy protested. You horrid thing![66]
This style is particularly common in Bulgarian, French, Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, and Vietnamese.[55] James Joyce always insisted on this style, although his publishers did not always respect his preference. Alan Paton used this style in Cry, the Beloved Country (and no quotation marks at all in some of his later work). Charles Frazier used this style for his novel Cold Mountain as well. Details for individual languages are given above.
The dash is often combined with ordinary quotation marks. For example, in French, a guillemet may be used to initiate running speech, with each change in speaker indicated by a dash, and a closing guillemet to mark the end of the quotation.
Dashes are also used in many modern English novels, especially those written in non-standard dialects. Some examples include:
James Joyce's prose
William Gaddis' prose
Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh
M/F by Anthony Burgess
The Book of Dave by Will Self, which alternates between standard English chapters, with standard quotation marks, and dialect chapters, with quotation dashes
A Scanner Darkly by Philip K. Dick (not written in dialect)
The Ægypt Sequence by John Crowley, in which events occurring in the Renaissance are indicated by quotation dashes, and events in the present by ordinary quotation marks
The Van by Roddy Doyle
You Shall Know Our Velocity by Dave Eggers, in which spoken dialogues are written with the typical English quotation marks, but dialogues imagined by the main character (which feature prominently) are written with quotation dashes
In Italian, Catalan, Portuguese, Spanish, Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Bulgarian, Georgian, Romanian, Lithuanian and Hungarian the reporting clause in the middle of a quotation is separated with two additional dashes (also note that the initial quotation dash is followed by a single whitespace character as well as the fact that the additional quotation dashes for the middle main clause after the initial quotation dash are all with a single whitespace character on both of their sides):
― Ай, ай, ай! ― вскрикнул Левин. ― Я ведь, кажется, уже лет девять не говел. Я и не подумал.
― Хорош! ― смеясь, сказал Степан Аркадевич, ― а меня же называешь нигилистом! Однако ведь это нельзя. Тебе надо говеть.
“Oh dear!” exclaimed Levin. “I think it is nine years since I went to communion! I haven’t thought about it.”
“You are a good one!” remarked Oblonsky, laughing. “And you call me a Nihilist! But it won’t do, you know; you must confess and receive the sacrament.”
from Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina (Louise and Aylmer Maude translation)
– Nem hagyják magukat, mozgásban maradnak – mondta Ron. – Ahogy mi is.
“Well, they keep on the move, don’t they?” said Ron. “Like us.”
From Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows and its Hungarian translation by Tóth Tamás Boldizsár.
In Finnish, on the other hand, a second dash is added when the quote continues after a reporting clause:[67]
— Et sinä ole paljon minkään näköinen, sanoi Korkala melkein surullisesti, — mutta ei auta.
“You don't seem to be anything special,” said Korkala almost sadly, “but there's no help to it.”
— Frakki, älähti Huikari. — Missä on frakki?
— Räätälissä, sanoi Joonas rauhallisesti.
“Tailcoat”, yelped Huikari. “Where is the tailcoat?”
“At the tailor's”, said Joonas calmly.
The Unicode standard introduced a separate character U+2015 ― HORIZONTAL BAR to be used as a quotation dash. In general it is the same length as an em-dash, and so this is often used instead. The main difference between them is that at least some software will insert a line break after an em dash, but not after a quotation dash. Both are displayed in the following table.
Samples
Unicode (decimal)
HTML
Description
― A U+2015 (8213) ― Quotation dash, also known as horizontal bar
— A U+2014 (8212) — Em-dash, an alternative to the quotation dash
Electronic documents[edit]
Different typefaces, character encodings and computer languages use various encodings and glyphs for quotation marks.
Typewriters and early computers[edit]
"Ambidextrous" quotation marks were introduced on typewriters to reduce the number of keys on the keyboard, and were inherited by computer keyboards and character sets. Some computer systems designed in the past had character sets with proper opening and closing quotes. However, the ASCII character set, which has been used on a wide variety of computers since the 1960s, only contains a straight single quote (U+0027 ' apostrophe) and double quote (U+0022 " quotation mark).
Many systems, such as the personal computers of the 1980s and early 1990s, actually drew these quotes like curved closing quotes on-screen and in printouts, so text would appear like this (approximately):
”Good morning, Dave,” said HAL.
’Good morning, Dave,’ said HAL.
These same systems often drew the grave accent (`, U+0060) as an open quote glyph (actually a high-reversed-9 glyph, to preserve some usability as a grave). This gives a proper appearance at the cost of semantic correctness. Nothing similar was available for the double quote, so many people resorted to using two single quotes for double quotes, which would look like the following:
‛‛Good morning, Dave,'' said HAL.
‛Good morning, Dave,’ said HAL.
The typesetting application TeX uses this convention for input files. The following is an example of TeX input which yields proper curly quotation marks.
``Good morning, Dave,'' said HAL.
`Good morning, Dave,' said HAL.
The Unicode slanted/curved quotes described below are shown here for comparison:
“Good morning, Dave,” said HAL.
‘Good morning, Dave,’ said HAL.
Keyboard layouts[edit]
Typographical quotation marks are almost absent on keyboards.
In typewriter keyboards, the curved quotation marks were not implemented. Instead, to save space, the straight quotation marks were invented as a compromise. Even in countries that did not use curved quotation marks, angular quotation marks were not implemented either.
Computer keyboards followed the steps of typewriter keyboards. Most computer keyboards do not have specific keys for curved quotation marks or angled quotation marks. This may also have to do with computer character sets:
IBM character sets generally do not have the curved quotation marks characters, therefore, keys for the correct quotation marks are absent in most of IBM computer keyboards.[68]
Microsoft followed the steps IBM. Curved quotation marks were implemented later in Windows character sets, but most of Microsoft computer keyboards[69] do not have a dedicated key for the correct quotation marks characters. They are accessible, though, through a series of keystrokes, involving the Alt Gr key.
Macintosh character sets have always had the correct quotation marks. Nevertheless, these are mostly accessible through a series of keystrokes, involving the ⌥ Opt key.
In languages that use the curved “…” quotation marks, they are available in:[o]
none
In languages that use the angular «…» quotation marks, they are available in:[o]
Macintosh Arabic keyboard;[70]
Armenian keyboard;[70][68][71]
Canadian keyboard;[70][68][72]
Greek keyboard;[70][68][73]
Khmer keyboard;[70]
Latvian ergonomic keyboard;[70][68][74]
Pashto keyboard;[70][75]
Persian keyboard;[70][68][76]
Portuguese keyboard;[70][68][77]
Syriac keyboard;[70][78]
Uyghur keyboard[70][79]
In languages that use the corner bracket 「…」 quotation marks, they are available in:[o]
Japanese keyboard[70][68]
In languages that use the angle bracket 《…》[p]
Mongolian keyboard;[70][80]
New Tai Lue keyboard[70]
In languages that use the curved „…“ quotation marks, they are available in:[o]
Bulgarian keyboard;[70][81]
Georgian keyboard;[70][68][82]
Macedonian keyboard[70][83]
In languages that use the curved „…” quotation marks, they are available in:[o]
Romanian Standard SR 13392:2004 keyboard[70][84]
In languages that use the curved ”…” quotation marks, they are available in:[o]
none
Curved quotes within and across applications[edit]
Historically support for curved quotes was a problem in information technology, primarily because the widely used ASCII character set did not include a representation for them. To use non ASCII characters in e-mail and on Usenet the sending mail application needs to set a MIME type specifying the encoding. In most cases (the exceptions being if UTF-7 is used or if the 8BITMIME extension is present), this also requires the use of a content-transfer encoding.
The term smart quotes (“…”) is from the name in several word processors of a function aimed this problem: automatically converting straight quotes typed by the user into curved quotes, the feature attempts to be "smart" enough to determine whether the punctuation marked opening or closing. Since curved quotes are the typographically correct ones, word processors have traditionally offered curved quotes to users (at minimum as available characters). Before Unicode was widely accepted and supported, this meant representing the curved quotes in whatever 8-bit encoding the software and underlying operating system was using. The character sets for Windows and Macintosh used two different pairs of values for curved quotes, while ISO 8859-1 (historically the default character set for the Unixes and older Linux systems) has no curved quotes, making cross-platform and -application compatibility difficult.
Performance by these "smart quotes" features was far from perfect overall (variance potential by e.g. subject matter, formatting/style convention, user typing habits). As many word processors (including Microsoft Word and OpenOffice.org) have the function enabled by default, users may not have realized that the ASCII-compatible straight quotes they were typing on their keyboards ended up as something different (conversely users could incorrectly assume its functioning in other applications, e.g. composing emails).
Further, "smart quotes" features wrongly process apostrophes as single quotes, given their common keyboard stroke. Both its purpose and its form (no diversity at all!) contradict this treatment. Initial apostrophes (such as in 'tis, 'em, 'til, and '89) are converted into opening single quotation marks—essentially upside-down apostrophes.[q] British styles,[r] in which single quotes are the standard primary, are most affected by inability to parse these two punctuation marks separately.
Unicode support has since become the norm for operating systems. Thus, in at least some cases, transferring content containing curved quotes (or any other non-ASCII characters) from a word processor to another application or platform has been less troublesome, provided all steps in the process (including the clipboard if applicable) are Unicode-aware. But there are still applications which still use the older character sets, or output data using them, and thus problems still occur.
There are other considerations for including curved quotes in the widely used markup languages HTML, XML, and SGML. If the encoding of the document supports direct representation of the characters, they can be used, but doing so can cause difficulties if the document needs to be edited by someone who is using an editor that cannot support the encoding. For example, many simple text editors only handle a few encodings or assume that the encoding of any file opened is a platform default, so the quote characters may appear as "garbage." HTML includes a set of entities for curved quotes: ‘ (left single), ’ (right single), ‚ (low 9 single), “ (left double), ” (right double), and „ (low 9 double). XML does not define these by default, but specifications based on it can do so, and XHTML does. In addition, while the HTML 4, XHTML and XML specifications allow specifying numeric character references in either hexadecimal or decimal, SGML and older versions of HTML (and many old implementations) only support decimal references. Thus, to represent curly quotes in XML and SGML, it is safest to use the decimal numeric character references. That is, to represent the double curly quotes use “ and ”, and to represent single curly quotes use ‘ and ’. Both numeric and named references function correctly in almost every modern browser. While using numeric references can make a page more compatible with outdated browsers, using named references are safer for systems that handle multiple character encodings (i.e. RSS aggregators and search results).
Usenet and email[edit]
The style of quoting known as Usenet quoting uses the greater-than sign (>) prepended to a line of text to mark it as a quote. This convention was later standardized in RFC 3676, and is now used by email clients when automatically including quoted text from previous messages (in plain text mode).
Unicode code point table[edit]
In Unicode, 30 characters are marked Quotation Mark=Yes by character property.[85] They all have general category "Punctuation", and a subcategory Open, Close, Initial, Final or Other (Ps, Pe, Pi, Pf, Po).
Quotation marks in Unicode (Character property "Quotation_Mark"=Yes)
Glyph
Code
Unicode name
HTML
Comments
" U+0022 quotation mark " Typewriter ("programmer's") quote, ambidextrous. Also known as "double quote".
' U+0027 apostrophe ' Typewriter ("programmer's") straight single quote, ambidextrous
« U+00AB left-pointing double angle quotation mark « Double angle quote (chevron, guillemet, duck-foot quote), left
» U+00BB right-pointing double angle quotation mark » Double angle quote, right
‘ U+2018 left single quotation mark ‘ Single curved quote, left. Also known as inverted comma or turned comma[a]
’ U+2019 right single quotation mark ’ Single curved quote, right[b]
‚ U+201A single low-9 quotation mark ‚ Low single curved quote, left
‛ U+201B single high-reversed-9 quotation mark ‛ also called single reversed comma, quotation mark
“ U+201C left double quotation mark “ Double curved quote, or "curly quote", left
” U+201D right double quotation mark ” Double curved quote, right
„ U+201E double low-9 quotation mark „ Low double curved quote, left
‟ U+201F double high-reversed-9 quotation mark ‟ also called double reversed comma, quotation mark
‹ U+2039 single left-pointing angle quotation mark ‹ Single angle quote, left
› U+203A single right-pointing angle quotation mark › Single angle quote, right
⹂ U+2E42 double low-reversed-9 quotation mark ⹂ also called double low reversed comma, quotation mark
Quotation marks in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK)
「 U+300C left corner bracket 「 CJK
」 U+300D right corner bracket 」 CJK
『 U+300E left white corner bracket 『 CJK
』 U+300F right white corner bracket 』 CJK
〝 U+301D reversed double prime quotation mark 〝 CJK
〞 U+301E double prime quotation mark 〞 CJK
〟 U+301F low double prime quotation mark 〟 CJK
Alternate encodings
﹁ U+FE41 presentation form for vertical left corner bracket ﹁ CJK Compatibility, preferred use: U+300C
﹂ U+FE42 presentation form for vertical right corner bracket ﹂ CJK Compatibility, preferred use: U+300D
﹃ U+FE43 presentation form for vertical left white corner bracket ﹃ CJK Compatibility, preferred use: U+300E
﹄ U+FE44 presentation form for vertical right white corner bracket ﹄ CJK Compatibility, preferred use: U+300F
＂ U+FF02 fullwidth quotation mark ＂ Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms, corresponds with U+0022
＇ U+FF07 fullwidth apostrophe ＇ Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms, corresponds with U+0027
｢ U+FF62 halfwidth left corner bracket ｢ Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms, corresponds with U+300C
｣ U+FF63 halfwidth right corner bracket ｣ Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms, corresponds with U+300D
Notes[edit]
a = Also sometimes used by 18th- and 19th-century printers for the small "c" for Scottish names, e.g. M‘Culloch.[86] For a printed example see the Green Bag reference or the Dictionary of Australasian Biography, page 290 (Wikisource).
b The same U+2019 code point and glyph is used for typographic (curly) apostrophes. Both U+0027 and U+2019 are ambiguous about distinguishing punctuation from apostrophes.
Jump up ^ Traditional
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rare
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Quotation dash preferred for dialogue
^ Jump up to: a b A closing quotation mark is added to the beginning of each new paragraph.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f This is only used when text is written vertically.
^ Jump up to: a b These forms are rotated for use in horizontal text; they were originally written ﹁…﹂ and ﹃…﹄ in vertical text
^ Jump up to: a b c Within a quotation, the opening quotation mark is repeated at the beginning of each new paragraph.
^ Jump up to: a b Usage may vary, depending on the native language of the author and publisher.
Jump up ^ First version according to the French Imprimerie nationale. English quotes are more common on the second level, though.
^ Jump up to: a b c d In Switzerland the same style is used for all languages.
Jump up ^ Direction of text is vertical.
Jump up ^ Handwriting and older texts
Jump up ^ May substitute for either the opening or closing mark
^ Jump up to: a b These codes for vertical-writing characters are for presentation forms in the Unicode CJK compatibility forms section. Typical documents use normative character codes which are shown for the horizontal writing in this table, and applications are usually responsible to render correct forms depending on the writing direction used.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f 1st or 2nd level access, i.e., specific key or using the ⇧ Shift key; not 3rd or 4th level access, i.e., using Alt Gr key or ⌥ Opt key, in conjunction or not with the ⇧ Shift key.
Jump up ^ These should be rotaded 90 degrees in vertical text.
Jump up ^ An example of this error appears in the advertisements for the television show 'Til Death.
Jump up ^ UK English, Scots Gaelic and Welsh as described in the article.
References[edit]
This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.
Jump up ^ Lunsford, Susan; 100 skill-building lessons using 10 favorite books : a teacher's treasury of irresistible lessons & activities that help children meet learning goals in reading, writing, math & more; p. 10 ISBN 0439205794
Jump up ^ Hayes, Andrea; Language Toolkit for New Zealand 2, Volume 2, p. 17 ISBN 1107624703
Jump up ^ "Quotation mark". Daube.ch. 1997-11-06. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c "orthotypographie guilles". CUY.
^ Jump up to: a b Gabor, Peter. "Guillemets anglais ou guillemets français - Un choix graphique, aussi". design et typo.
^ Jump up to: a b Walker, Sue (2014). Typography & Language in Everyday Life: Prescriptions and Practices. Routledge. p. 117.
Jump up ^ Appleyard, David, 2012. Colloquial Amharic. Routledge ISBN 0415671817
^ Jump up to: a b "Download International Style Guides - Microsoft - Language Portal". www.microsoft.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Ethiopic Layout Requirements". w3c.github.io.
Jump up ^ Нацыянальны цэнтр прававой інфармацыі Рэспублікі Беларусь (2010). Правілы беларускай арфаграфіі і пунктуацыі (in Belarusian). Minsk: Нацыянальны цэнтр прававой інфармацыі Рэспублікі Беларусь.
^ Jump up to: a b Institute for the Bulgarian Language (2002). Principles and Rules of Spelling Orthography and Punctuation in the Bulgarian Language (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
^ Jump up to: a b [1] Archived September 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "《重訂標點符號手冊》修訂版（網路試用版）". Edu.tw. Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
Jump up ^ "語文學習基礎知識". Resources.hkedcity.net. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
Jump up ^ Hrvatski pravopis: inačica za javnu raspravu, Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje, 2013, 43–44.
^ Jump up to: a b "Retskrivningsregler: § 58. Anførselstegn" [Rules of orthography: § 58. Quotation marks]. dsn.dk (in Danish). Dansk Sprognævn. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Typografi" (PDF). Danmarks Medie- og Journalisthøjskole. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Burrough-Boenisch, Joy (2004). Righting English That's Gone Dutch. Voorburg: Kemper Conseil. pp. 41–46.
Jump up ^ "Punctuation in direct speech". Oxford Dictionaries: Language Matters. Oxford University Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Commission on the Filipino Language (2009). Gabay sa Ortograpiyang Filipino (in Filipino). Manila: Commission on the Filipino Language. ISBN 978-971-8705-97-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Regulated by the standard SFS 4175:2006, “Typing of numbers, marks and signs." Released by the National standards organization of Finland.
^ Jump up to: a b González Rei, Begoña (2004). Ortografía da lingua galega. Galinova Editorial. ISBN 978-8497370417.
Jump up ^ "Dicionario da Real Academia Galega". academia.gal.
Jump up ^ Sanmartín Rei, Goretti et all (2006). "Criterios para o uso da lingua" (PDF). A Coruña: Universidade da Coruña; Servizo de Publicacións; Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. p. 51.
Jump up ^ Δημήτρης Ν. Μαρωνίτης, «Το Εγκόλπιο της Ορθής Γραφής» (1998)
Jump up ^ "Υπηρεσία Εκδόσεων — Διοργανικό εγχειρίδιο σύνταξης κειμένων — 10.1.7. Εισαγωγικά". European Union. 2012-04-30. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
^ Jump up to: a b " הפיסוק ". האקדמיה ללשון העברית . Retrieved 2016-04-07.
Jump up ^ "Punctuation Marks in Hindi - विराम-चिन्ह, Examples - Hindi@Edurite.com". hindi.edurite.com.
Jump up ^ Hungarian Wikipedia article about quotation marks[better source needed]
^ Jump up to: a b "discorso diretto". treccani.it.
Jump up ^ "О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику" [On the change of the alphabet of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic to the Latin script] (in Russian). President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. October 26, 2017. Archived from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Infered from keyboard layout and fonts.
Jump up ^ https://www.korean.go.kr/front/page/pageView.do?page_id=P000199&mn_id=30
Jump up ^ https://www.korean.go.kr/front/page/pageView.do?page_id=P000200&mn_id=30
Jump up ^ "Putting It All Together: Notes on the Structure of Lojban Texts". The Lojban Reference Grammar. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
Jump up ^ "quoting text in another language - La Lojban". mw.lojban.org. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
^ Jump up to: a b pp. 141-143, Правопис на македонскиот литературен јазик, Б. Видеоски etal., Просветно Дело-Скопје (2007)
Jump up ^ Infered from keyboard layout and fonts, however Mongolian Baiti font shows wrong direction.
Jump up ^ Infered from keyboard layout and fonts.
Jump up ^ "Anførselstegn (sitattegn): Slik bruker du anførselstegn i norsk", Korrekturavdelingen, Retrieved on 30 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Infered from keyboard layout.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.prof2000.pt/users/primavera/d33_aspas.htm Aspas
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.prof2000.pt/users/primavera/d34_aspas_altas.htm As aspas altas
^ Jump up to: a b https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/a-curvatura-das-aspas/33791 A curvatura das aspas
Jump up ^ https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/as-aspas-em-linha--e-as-aspas-elevadas-/30497 As aspas em linha («») e as aspas elevadas (“”)
^ Jump up to: a b https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua-portuguesa/aspas Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa com Acordo Ortográfico. Porto Editora, Porto, 2003–2016
^ Jump up to: a b c Bergström, Magnus, & Neves Reis 2004. Prontuário Ortográfico e Guia da Língua Portuguesa. Editorial Notícias, Lisboa.
Jump up ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan“, Îndreptar ortografic, ortoepic și de punctuație, ediția a V-a, Univers Enciclopedic, București, 1995
Jump up ^ "Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas — Real Academia Española".
^ Jump up to: a b "Veckans språkråd". Spraknamnden.se. Archived from the original on 2016-10-23. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
Jump up ^ Infered from keyboard layout and fonts.
Jump up ^ Infered from fonts.
Jump up ^ Infered from keyboard layout.
Jump up ^ Davlatovna, Sapayeva Feruza. "Oʻzbek tili orfografiyasi va punktuatsiyasi". Ajiniyoz nomidagi Nukus davlat pedagogika instituti — Filologiya fakulteti.
^ Jump up to: a b Trung tâm Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn Quốc gia, ed. (2002). "Các dấu câu trong tiếng Việt" [Punctuation marks in Vietnamese]. Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt [Vietnamese grammar] (in Vietnamese). Social Sciences Publishing House. pp. 287–292.
Jump up ^ "hoge aanhalingstekens / lage aanhalingstekens | Genootschap Onze Taal". Onzetaal.nl. 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Zasady pisowni i interpunkcji". Wielki Słownik Ortograficzny (online edition). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea. Academia das Ciências, Lisboa, 2001
Jump up ^ Cunha, Celso & Lindley Cintra. Gramática do Português Contemporâneo. Edições João Sá da Cunha, Lisboa, 2013
Jump up ^ Ciberdúvidas/ISCTE-IUL. "O uso das aspas "..." e «...» - Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa". ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt.
Jump up ^ OP/B.3/CRI, Serviço das Publicações -. "Serviço das Publicações — Código de Redação Interinstitucional — 10.4.10. Aspas". publications.europa.eu.
Jump up ^ Лев Чешко, ed. (1956), "§ 200", Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации, Москва: Государственное учебно-педагогическое издательство Министерства Просвещения РСФСР
Jump up ^ Мильчин, А.Э.; Чельцова, Л.К. (2003), Справочник издателя и автора. Редакционно-издательское оформление издания. (2-е изд., испр. и доп. ed.), Москва: Олма-Пресс, ISBN 5-224-04565-7
Jump up ^ This system follows the rules laid down in section 5.10 of the orthography guide Ortografía de la lengua española Archived 2009-01-26 at the Wayback Machine. published by the Real Academia Española (RAE).
Jump up ^ Joyce, James (1922). Ulysses. London: The Bodley Head. p. 335 lines 7–11.
Jump up ^ Itkonen, Terho (1997). Kieliopas. Helsinki: Kirjayhtymä. p. 22. ISBN 951-26-4299-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "IBM Globalization – Keyboard layouts". www-01.ibm.com. 17 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Windows Keyboard Layouts". msdn.microsoft.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Keyboard Layout Index". www.unicode.org.
Jump up ^ "Armenian Eastern Keyboard Layout". www.microsoft.com.
Jump up ^ "Canadian French Keyboard Layout". www.microsoft.com.
Jump up ^ "Greek (319) Keyboard Layout". www.microsoft.com.
Jump up ^ "Latvian Keyboard Layout". www.microsoft.com.
Jump up ^ "Pashto (Afghanistan) Keyboard Layout". www.microsoft.com.
Jump up ^ "Persian Keyboard Layout". www.microsoft.com.
Jump up ^ "Portuguese Keyboard Layout". www.microsoft.com.
Jump up ^ "Syriac Keyboard Layout". www.microsoft.com.
Jump up ^ "Uyghur Keyboard Layout". www.microsoft.com.
Jump up ^ "Mongolian (Mongolian Script) Keyboard Layout". www.microsoft.com.
Jump up ^ "Bulgarian (Phonetic) Keyboard Layout". www.microsoft.com.
Jump up ^ "Georgian Keyboard Layout". www.microsoft.com.
Jump up ^ "Macedonian (FYROM) - Standard Keyboard Layout". www.microsoft.com.
Jump up ^ "Romanian (Standard) Keyboard Layout". www.microsoft.com.
Jump up ^ "Unicode 10.0 UCD: PropList.txt". 2017-03-10. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
Jump up ^ "M'Culloch and the Turned Comma" (PDF). The Green Bag Inc. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quotation marks.
Curling Quotes in HTML, SGML, and XML
French Quotes Typography (Œuvrez les guillemets!) (in French)
Quotation marks in the Unicode Common Locale Data Repository
ASCII and Unicode quotation marks—detailed discussion of the ASCII `backquote' problem
The Gallery of "Misused" Quotation Marks
Commonly confused characters
Smart Quotes
How to type smart quotes on Unix
How To Remove Quotation Marks Delete Quote Marks.
Quotation Marks
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