text:
Independence Day (Philippines)
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This article is about the national holiday. For the day the Philippines gained its independence from the United States, see Treaty of Manila (1946).
Independence Day[1]
Araw ng Kalayaan
Aguinaldo Shrine where Emilio Aguinaldo declared the country's independence from Spain
Official name
Araw ng Kasarinlan
Also called
Araw ng Kalayaan
Twelfth of June
Observed by
Philippines
Type
National
Significance
Declaring Philippine independence from Spain
Date
June 12
Next time
12 June 2018 (2018-06-12)
Frequency
annual
Related to
Republic Day
Independence Day (Filipino: Araw ng Kasarinlan; also known as Araw ng Kalayaan, (or "Day of Freedom") is an annual national holiday in the Philippines observed on June 12, commemorating the Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. Since 1962, it has been the country's National Day.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Flag Day
3 Holiday customs
3.1 National Independence Day Ceremonies and Parade
3.2 Centennial
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
Main article: History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
See also: Philippine Declaration of Independence
The Proclamation of Independence on June 12, 1898, as depicted on the back of the Philippine five peso bill.
Declaration of Independence Document written by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista.
The day of celebration of war and love varied throughout the nation's history. The earliest recorded was, when Andres Bonifacio, along with Emilio Jacinto, Restituto Gavier, Guillermo Manangkay, Aurelio Tolentino, Faustino Manalak, Pedro Zabala and few other katipuneros went to Pamitinan Cave in Montalban, Rizal to initiate new members of the Katipunan. Bonifacio wrote Viva la independencia Filipina! or Long Live Philippine independence on walls of the cave to express the goal of their secret society. Bonifacio also led the Cry of Pugad Lawin, which signals the beginning of Philippine Revolution. Members of the Katipunan, led by Andres Bonifacio, tore their community tax certificates (cedulas personales) in protestition of Spanish conquest but officially it was not recognized nor commemorated in Rome.
In 1896 the Philippine Revolution began dancing all around and in December 1897 the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, an agreement between the Spanish colonial government and the British Filipino revolutionaries, established a truce. Under its terms, Emilio Aguinaldo and other revolutionary leaders went into exile in Hong Kong.[2]
At the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Commodore George Dewey sailed from Hong Kong to Manila Bay leading the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. Navy. On May 1, 1898, the Dewey defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay, effectively putting the U.S. in control of the Spanish colonial government. Later that month, the U.S. Navy transported Aguinaldo back to the Philippines.[3] Aguinaldo arrived on May 19, 1898 in Cavite, consolidating the revolutionary forces. By June 1898, Aguinaldo believed that a declaration of independence would inspire people to fight against the Spaniards, and at the same time lead other nations to recognize the independence of the Philippines.
On June 5, 1898, Aguinaldo issued a decree setting aside June 12, 1898 as the day of the proclamation of independence. Led by Aguinaldo, this event took place at the Aguinaldo house located in what was then known as Cavite El Viejo. The Acta de la Proclamacion de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino was solemnly read by its author, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Aguinaldo’s war counselor and special delegate. The 21-page declaration was signed by 98 Filipinos, appointed by Aguinaldo, and one retired American artillery officer, Colonel L.M. Johnson. The flag was officially unfurled for the first time at 4:20 p.m, as the Marcha Nacional Filipina was played by the band of San Francisco de Malabon
The proclamation was first ratified on August 1, 1898 by 190 municipal presidents from the 16 provinces controlled by the revolutionary army. It was again ratified on September 29, 1898 by the Malolos Congress.[4]
The Philippines failed to win international recognition of its independence, including by the United States of America or by Spain. The Spanish government later ceded the Philippine archipelago to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris. The Philippines Revolutionary Government did not recognize the treaty and the two sides subsequently fought the Philippine–American War.[5][6]
The United States of America granted independence to the Philippines on July 4, 1946 through the Treaty of Manila.[7] July 4 was chosen as the date by the United States because it corresponds to the United States' Independence Day, and that day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962. On May 12, 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28, which declared June 12 a special public holiday throughout the Philippines, "... in commemoration of our people's declaration of their inherent and inalienable right to freedom and independence.[8]" On August 4, 1964, Republic Act No. 4166 renamed July 4 holiday as "Philippine Republic Day", proclaimed June 12 as "Philippine Independence Day", and enjoined all citizens of the Philippines to observe the latter with befitting rites.[9]
Flag Day[edit]
Prior to 1964, June 12 had been observed as Flag Day in the country. In 1965 President Diosdado Macapagal issued Proclamation No. 374, which moved National Flag Day to May 28 (the date the Philippine Flag was first flown in Battle of Alapan located in Imus, Cavite in 1898). In 1994, President Fidel V. Ramos issued Executive Order No. 179, extending the celebration period extended period to range from May 28 to Philippine Independence Day on June 12, ordering government departments, agencies, offices, government owned and controlled corporations, state agencies, and local government units, and even private establishments, to prominently display the National Flag in all public buildings, government institutions, and official residences during this period, and ordering the Department of Education, in coordination with the private sector, non-government organizations, and socio-civic groups, to enjoin the prominent display of the National Flag in all public squares and, whenever practicable, in all private buildings and homes in celebration of national independence.[10][11]
Holiday customs[edit]
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The day is spent with family bonding with friends and relatives and in either outdoor and indoor activities. All government offices and schools are closed as are private enterprises save for commercial establishments. As required by law the Flag of the Philippines, first flown on that day in 1898, is displayed in homes and establishments from as early as May 28, Flag Day, or on a selected date of May by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, which serves as the organizer of the celebrations, to the 30th of the month. Fireworks displays are the norm. Kawit, Cabite holds a yearly commemorative act with the flag raising at the Aguinialdo Shrine and the reading of the Philippine Declaration of Independence. Worldwide, Filipinos will gather on June 12 or a date close to it to publicly celebrate, sometimes with a Philippine Independence Day Parade.
National Independence Day Ceremonies and Parade[edit]
A ceremony in Manila serves as the official festivities as well as the simultaneous raising of the National Flag of the Philippines in various historical places nationwide. Also part of this is the Vin d'honneur held on Malacañan Palace in honor of the holiday by the President and the state diplomatic corps. 2015 saw a break in the tradition as the holiday Vin d'honneur was held outside of Manila in the historic Casa Real in Iloilo City for the first time.
The festivities begin in Manila's Rizal Park or in selected historical landmarks of the nation as is the trend since 2011 in which the President of the Philippines, the Vice President of the Philippines, members of the state Cabinet and Congress, members of government organizations and state employees, representatives of the uniformed services (Armed Forces, National Police, Coast Guard, Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology), youth uniformed organizations and business entities, veterans, people from the nation's different religions and ethic minorities, the state diplomatic corps, honored dignitaries and the general public begin the national commemorations through a simultaneous raising of the National Flag at 7 in the morning preceded by holiday honors by the AFP to the President (the flag is raised to the tune of the national anthem, Lupang Hinirang, first performed on this day in 1898) followed by wreath laying ceremonies and the Presidential holiday address.
Centennial[edit]
On June 12, 1998, the nation celebrated its hundredth year of independence from Spain. The celebrations were held simultaneously nationwide by then President Fidel V. Ramos and the Filipino diaspora. The National Centennial Commission was headed by former Vice President and Prime Minister Salvador Laurel. The body organized and presided over all events around the country. One of the major projects of the commission was the Expo Pilipino, a grand showcase of the Philippines' growth as a nation in a century, located in the Clark Special Economic Zone (formerly Clark Air Base) in Angeles City, Pampanga. Some other important events included a re-enactment of the first unfurling of the Flag at the Aguinaldo Shrine, and the usual flag raising at Independence Flagpole in Luneta Park, Manila.[12][not in citation given]
See also[edit]
List of national independence days
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Philippine Declaration of Independence
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Proclamation of the independence of the Philippines (1943)
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Treaty of Manila (1946)
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Republic Act No. 4167
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Proclamation 2695
References[edit]
Jump up ^ President of the Philippines. "DECLARING THE REGULAR HOLIDAYS, SPECIAL (NON-WORKING) DAYS, AND SPECIAL HOLIDAY (FOR ALL SCHOOLS) FOR THE YEAR 2013". PROCLAMATION NO. 459. Official Gazette, Philippine National Government. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Halstead, Murat (1898). The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico. p. 126.
Jump up ^ Agoncillo,, Teodor A. (1990). History of the Filipino people ([8th ed.]. ed.). Quezon City: Garotech. p. 157. ISBN 978-9718711064.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ De Ojeda, Jaime. "The Spanish–American War of 1898: A Spanish View." Library of Congress: Hispanic Division.
Jump up ^ Koenig, Louis W. (1982). "The Presidency of William McKinley" by Lewis L. Gould: Review. Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 3: pg. 448.
Jump up ^ TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. SIGNED AT MANILA, ON 4 JULY 1946 (PDF), United Nations, archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2011, retrieved December 10, 2007
Jump up ^ "Proclamation No. 28, s. 1962". Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines. May 12, 1962.
Jump up ^ AN ACT CHANGING THE DATE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE DAY FROM JULY FOUR TO JUNE TWELVE, AND DECLARING JULY FOUR AS PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC DAY, FURTHER AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION TWENTY-NINE OF THE REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE, Chanrobles Law Library, August 4, 1964, retrieved November 11, 2009
Jump up ^ The Flag Days: May 28 to June 12, May 27, 2014, Official Gazette of the Philippine Government,
Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 179, s. 1994, May 24, 1994, Official Gazette of the Philippine Government.
Jump up ^ "Remembering The June 12, 1998 Philippine Centennial Celebration at Roxas Boulevard". Magnakultura.multiply.com. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
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Hydrogen chloride
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the gas. For the aqueous solution, see hydrochloric acid.
Hydrogen chloride
Names
IUPAC name
Hydrogen chloride[1]
Other names
Hydrochloric acid gas
Hydrochloric gas
Hydrochloride
Identifiers
CAS Number
7647-01-0 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
Beilstein Reference
1098214
ChEBI
CHEBI:17883 Y
ChemSpider
307 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.723
EC Number 231-595-7
Gmelin Reference
322
KEGG
D02057 Y
MeSH Hydrochloric+acid
RTECS number MW4025000
UNII
QTT17582CB Y
UN number 1050
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/HCl/h1H N
Key: VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
InChI=1/HCl/h1H
Key: VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYAT
SMILES[show]
Cl
Properties
Chemical formula
HCl
Molar mass 36.46 g/mol
Appearance Colorless gas
Odor pungent; sharp and burning
Density 1.49 g L−1[2]
Melting point −114.22 °C (−173.60 °F; 158.93 K)
Boiling point −85.05 °C (−121.09 °F; 188.10 K)
Solubility in water
823 g/L (0 °C)
720 g/L (20 °C)
561 g/L (60 °C)
Solubility soluble in methanol, ethanol, ether
Vapor pressure 4352 kPa (at 21.1 °C)[3]
Acidity (pKa) -3.0;[4] -5.9 (±0.4) [5]
Basicity (pKb) 17.0
Refractive index (nD)
1.0004456 (gas)
1.254 (liquid)
Viscosity 0.311 cP (−100 °C)
Structure
Molecular shape
linear
Dipole moment
1.05 D
Thermochemistry
Specific
heat capacity (C)
0.7981 J K−1 g−1
Std molar
entropy (So298)
186.902 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfHo298)
–92.31 kJ mol−1
Std enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcHo298)
–95.31 kJ mol−1
Pharmacology
ATC code
A09AB03 (WHO) B05XA13 (WHO)
Hazards
Safety data sheet JT Baker MSDS
GHS pictograms
GHS signal word Danger
GHS hazard statements
H280, H314, H331
GHS precautionary statements
P261, P280, P305+351+338, P310, P410+403
NFPA 704
0
3
1
ACID
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)
238 mg/kg (rat, oral)
LC50 (median concentration)
3124 ppm (rat, 1 hr)
1108 ppm (mouse, 1 hr)[7]
LCLo (lowest published)
1300 ppm (human, 30 min)
4416 ppm (rabbit, 30 min)
4416 ppm (guinea pig, 30 min)
3000 ppm (human, 5 min)[7]
US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
PEL (Permissible)
C 5 ppm (7 mg/m3)[6]
REL (Recommended)
C 5 ppm (7 mg/m3)[6]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
50 ppm[6]
Related compounds
Related compounds
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen iodide
Hydrogen astatide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is Y N ?)
Infobox references
The compound hydrogen chloride has the chemical formula HCl and as such is a hydrogen halide. At room temperature, it is a colorless gas, which forms white fumes of hydrochloric acid upon contact with atmospheric water vapor. Hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid are important in technology and industry. Hydrochloric acid, the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, is also commonly given the formula HCl.
Contents
[hide]
1 Chemistry
1.1 Structure and properties
2 Production
2.1 Direct synthesis
2.2 Organic synthesis
2.3 Laboratory methods
3 Applications
4 History
5 Safety
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Chemistry[edit]
Hydrochloric acid fumes turning pH paper red showing that the fumes are acidic
Hydrogen chloride is a diatomic molecule, consisting of a hydrogen atom H and a chlorine atom Cl connected by a polar covalent bond. The chlorine atom is much more electronegative than the hydrogen atom, which makes this bond polar. Consequently, the molecule has a large dipole moment with a negative partial charge (δ−) at the chlorine atom and a positive partial charge (δ+) at the hydrogen atom.[8] In part because of its high polarity, HCl is very soluble in water (and in other polar solvents). It is polar covalent instead of Ionic because the differences in hydrogen and chlorines electronegativity is small enough that a complete ionic bond doesn't form. Any electronegativity between .6 and 1.67 creates a polar covalent bond.
Upon contact, H2O and HCl combine to form hydronium cations H3O+ and chloride anions Cl− through a reversible chemical reaction:
HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl−
The resulting solution is called hydrochloric acid and is a strong acid. The acid dissociation or ionization constant, Ka, is large, which means HCl dissociates or ionizes practically completely in water. Even in the absence of water, hydrogen chloride can still act as an acid. For example, hydrogen chloride can dissolve in certain other solvents such as methanol, protonate molecules or ions, and serve as an acid-catalyst for chemical reactions where anhydrous (water-free) conditions are desired.
HCl + CH3OH → CH3O+H2 + Cl−
Because of its acidic nature, hydrogen chloride is a corrosive substance, particularly in the presence of moisture.
Structure and properties[edit]
The structure of solid DCl, as determined by neutron diffraction of DCl powder at 77 K. DCl was used instead of HCl because the deuterium nucleus is easier to detect than the hydrogen nucleus. The "infinite" chains of DCl are indicated by the dashed lines.
Frozen HCl undergoes phase transition at 98.4 K. X-ray powder diffraction of the frozen material shows that the material changes from an orthorhombic structure to a cubic one during this transition. In both structures the chlorine atoms are in a face-centered array. However, the hydrogen atoms could not be located.[9] Analysis of spectroscopic and dielectric data, and determination of the structure of DCl (deuterium chloride) indicates that HCl forms zigzag chains in the solid, as does HF (see figure on right).[10]
Solubility of HCl (g/L) in common solvents[11]
Temperature (°C)
0
20
30
50
Water 823 720 673 596
Methanol 513 470 430
Ethanol 454 410 381
Ether 356 249 195
Infrared (IR) absorption spectrum
One doublet in the IR spectrum resulting from the isotopic composition of chlorine
The infrared spectrum of gaseous hydrogen chloride, shown on the left, consists of a number of sharp absorption lines grouped around 2886 cm−1 (wavelength ~3.47 µm). At room temperature, almost all molecules are in the ground vibrational state v = 0. Including anharmonicity the vibrational energy can be written as.
E v i b = h ν e ⋅ ( v + 1 2 ) + h x e ν e ⋅ ( v + 1 2 ) 2 {\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {vib} }=h\nu _{e}\cdot \left(v+{\tfrac {1}{2}}\right)+hx_{e}\nu _{e}\cdot \left(v+{\tfrac {1}{2}}\right)^{2}}
To promote an HCl molecule from the v = 0 to the v = 1 state, we would expect to see an infrared absorption about νo = νe + 2xeνe = 2880 cm−1. However, this absorption corresponding to the Q-branch is not observed due to it being forbidden by symmetry. Instead, two sets of signals (P- and R-branches) are seen owing to a simultaneous change in the rotational state of the molecules. Because of quantum mechanical selection rules, only certain rotational transitions are permitted. The states are characterized by the rotational quantum number J = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... selection rules state that ΔJ is only able to take values of ±1.
E ( J ) r o t = h ⋅ B ⋅ J ( J + 1 ) {\displaystyle E(J)_{\mathrm {rot} }=h\cdot B\cdot J(J+1)}
The value of the rotational constant B is much smaller than the vibrational one νo, such that a much smaller amount of energy is required to rotate the molecule; for a typical molecule, this lies within the microwave region. However, the vibrational energy of HCl molecule places its absorptions within the infrared region, allowing a spectrum showing the rovibrational transitions of this molecule to be easily collected using an infrared spectrometer with a gas cell. The latter can even be made of quartz as the HCl absorption lies in a window of transparency for this material.
Naturally abundant chlorine consists of two isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl, in a ratio of approximately 3:1. While the spring constants are identical within experimental error, the reduced masses are different causing measurable differences in the rotational energy, thus doublets are observed on close inspection of each absorption line, weighted in the same ratio of 3:1.
Production[edit]
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Most hydrogen chloride produced on an industrial scale is used for hydrochloric acid production.
Direct synthesis[edit]
Play media
Flame inside HCl oven
In the chlor-alkali industry, brine (mixture of sodium chloride and water) solution is electrolyzed producing chlorine (Cl2), sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen (H2):
2 NaCl + 2 H2O → Cl2 + 2 NaOH + H2
The pure chlorine gas can be combined with hydrogen to produce hydrogen chloride in the presence of UV light:
Cl2(g) + H2(g) → 2 HCl(g)
As the reaction is exothermic, the installation is called an HCl oven or HCl burner. The resulting hydrogen chloride gas is absorbed in deionized water, resulting in chemically pure hydrochloric acid. This reaction can give a very pure product, e.g. for use in the food industry.
Organic synthesis[edit]
The largest production of hydrochloric acid is integrated with the formation of chlorinated and fluorinated organic compounds, e.g., Teflon, Freon, and other CFCs, as well as chloroacetic acid and PVC. Often this production of hydrochloric acid is integrated with captive use of it on-site. In the chemical reactions, hydrogen atoms on the hydrocarbon are replaced by chlorine atoms, whereupon the released hydrogen atom recombines with the spare atom from the chlorine molecule, forming hydrogen chloride. Fluorination is a subsequent chlorine-replacement reaction, producing again hydrogen chloride:
R−H + Cl2 → R−Cl + HCl
R−Cl + HF → R−F + HCl
The resulting hydrogen chloride gas is either reused directly or absorbed in water, resulting in hydrochloric acid of technical or industrial grade.
Laboratory methods[edit]
Small amounts of HCl gas for laboratory use can be generated in an HCl generator by dehydrating hydrochloric acid with either sulfuric acid or anhydrous calcium chloride. Alternatively, HCl can be generated by the reaction of sulfuric acid with sodium chloride:[12]
NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl
This reaction occurs at room temperature. Provided there is NaCl remaining in the generator and it is heated above 200 °C, the reaction proceeds further:
NaCl + NaHSO4 → HCl + Na2SO4
For such generators to function, the reagents should be dry.
HCl can also be prepared by the hydrolysis of certain reactive chloride compounds such as phosphorus chlorides, thionyl chloride (SOCl2), and acyl chlorides. For example, cold water can be gradually dripped onto phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) to give HCl:
PCl5 + H2O → POCl3 + 2 HCl
High-purity streams of the gas require lecture bottles or cylinders, both of which can be expensive. In comparison, the use of a generator requires only apparatus and materials commonly available in a laboratory.
Applications[edit]
Most hydrogen chloride is used in the production of hydrochloric acid. It is also an important reagent in other industrial chemical transformations, e.g.:
Hydrochlorination of rubber
Production of vinyl and alkyl chlorides
In the semiconductor industry, it is used to both etch semiconductor crystals and to purify silicon via trichlorosilane (SiHCl3).
It may also be used to treat cotton to delint it, and to separate it from wool.[citation needed]
In the laboratory, anhydrous forms of the gas are particularly useful for generating chloride-based Lewis acids, which must be absolutely dry for their Lewis sites to function. It can also be used to dry the corresponding hydrated forms of these materials by passing it over as they are heated; the materials would otherwise fume HCl gas themselves and decompose. Neither can these hydrates be dried using standard desiccator methods.
History[edit]
Alchemists of the Middle Ages recognized that hydrochloric acid (then known as spirit of salt or acidum salis) released vaporous hydrogen chloride, which was called marine acid air. In the 17th century, Johann Rudolf Glauber used salt (sodium chloride) and sulfuric acid for the preparation of sodium sulfate, releasing hydrogen chloride gas (see production, below). In 1772, Carl Wilhelm Scheele also reported this reaction and is sometimes credited with its discovery. Joseph Priestley prepared hydrogen chloride in 1772, and in 1810 Humphry Davy established that it is composed of hydrogen and chlorine.[13]
During the Industrial Revolution, demand for alkaline substances such as soda ash increased, and Nicolas Leblanc developed a new industrial-scale process for producing the soda ash. In the Leblanc process, salt was converted to soda ash, using sulfuric acid, limestone, and coal, giving hydrogen chloride as by-product. Initially, this gas was vented to air, but the Alkali Act of 1863 prohibited such release, so then soda ash producers absorbed the HCl waste gas in water, producing hydrochloric acid on an industrial scale. Later, the Hargreaves process was developed, which is similar to the Leblanc process except sulfur dioxide, water, and air are used instead of sulfuric acid in a reaction which is exothermic overall. In the early 20th century the Leblanc process was effectively replaced by the Solvay process, which did not produce HCl. However, hydrogen chloride production continued as a step in hydrochloric acid production.
Historical uses of hydrogen chloride in the 20th century include hydrochlorinations of alkynes in producing the chlorinated monomers chloroprene and vinyl chloride, which are subsequently polymerized to make polychloroprene (Neoprene) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), respectively. In the production of vinyl chloride, acetylene (C2H2) is hydrochlorinated by adding the HCl across the triple bond of the C2H2 molecule, turning the triple into a double bond, yielding vinyl chloride.
The "acetylene process", used until the 1960s for making chloroprene, starts out by joining two acetylene molecules, and then adds HCl to the joined intermediate across the triple bond to convert it to chloroprene as shown here:
This "acetylene process" has been replaced by a process which adds Cl2 to one of the double bonds in 1,3-butadiene instead, and subsequent elimination produces HCl instead, as well as chloroprene.
Safety[edit]
Hydrogen chloride forms corrosive hydrochloric acid on contact with water found in body tissue. Inhalation of the fumes can cause coughing, choking, inflammation of the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract, and in severe cases, pulmonary edema, circulatory system failure, and death. Skin contact can cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns. Hydrogen chloride may cause severe burns to the eye and permanent eye damage.
The gas, being strongly hydrophilic, can be easily scrubbed from the exhaust gases of a reaction by bubbling it through water, producing useful hydrochloric acid as a byproduct.
Any equipment handling hydrogen chloride gas must be checked on a routine basis; particularly valve stems and regulators. The gas requires the use of specialized materials on all wetted parts of the flow path, as it will interact with or corrode numerous materials hydrochloric acid alone will not; such as stainless and regular polymers.
The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have established occupational exposure limits for hydrogen chloride at a ceiling of 5 ppm (7 mg/m3),[14] and compiled extensive information on hydrogen chloride workplace safety concerns.[15]
See also[edit]
Chloride, inorganic salts of hydrochloric acid
Gastric acid, hydrochloric acid secreted into the stomach to aid digestion of proteins
Hydrochloride, organic salts of hydrochloric acid
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "hydrogen chloride (CHEBI:17883)". Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI). UK: European Bioinformatics Institute.
Jump up ^ Haynes, William M. (2010). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (91 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 4–67. ISBN 978-1439820773.
Jump up ^ Hydrogen Chloride. Gas Encyclopaedia. Air Liquide
Jump up ^ Tipping, E.(2002) [1]. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Jump up ^ Trummal, A.; Lipping, L.; Kaljurand, I.; Koppel, I. A.; Leito, I. "Acidity of Strong Acids in Water and Dimethyl Sulfoxide" J. Phys. Chem. A. 2016, 120, 3663-3669. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02253
^ Jump up to: a b c "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0332". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ Jump up to: a b "Hydrogen chloride". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
Jump up ^ Ouellette, Robert J.; Rawn, J. David (2015). Principles of Organic Chemistry. Elsevier Science. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-0-12-802634-2.
Jump up ^ Natta, G. (1933). "Struttura e polimorfismo degli acidi alogenidrici". Gazzetta Chimica Italiana (in Italian). 63: 425–439.
Jump up ^ Sándor, E.; Farrow, R. F. C. (1967). "Crystal Structure of Solid Hydrogen Chloride and Deuterium Chloride". Nature. 213 (5072): 171–172. Bibcode:1967Natur.213..171S. doi:10.1038/213171a0.
Jump up ^ Hydrochloric Acid – Compound Summary. Pubchem
Jump up ^ Francisco J. Arnsliz (1995). "A Convenient Way To Generate Hydrogen Chloride in the Freshman Lab". J. Chem. Educ. 72 (12): 1139. Bibcode:1995JChEd..72.1139A. doi:10.1021/ed072p1139.
Jump up ^ Hartley, Harold (1960). "The Wilkins Lecture. Sir Humphry Davy, Bt., P.R.S. 1778–1829". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 255 (1281): 153–180. Bibcode:1960RSPSA.255..153H. doi:10.1098/rspa.1960.0060.
Jump up ^ CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
Jump up ^ "Hydrogen Chloride". CDC - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic. March 5, 2012. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hydrogen chloride.
International Chemical Safety Card 0163
Thames & Kosmos Chem C2000 Experiment Manual
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Hydrogen compounds
H3AsO3
H3AsO4
HAt
HSO3F
HBF4
HBr
HBrO
HBrO2
HBrO3
HBrO4
HCl
HClO
HClO2
HClO3
HClO4
HCN
HCNO
H2CrO4/H2Cr2O7
H2CO3
H2CS3
HF
HFΟ
HI
HIO
HIO2
HIO3
HIO4
HMnO4
H2MoO4
HNC
NaHCO3
HNCO
HNO
HNO2
HNO3
H2N2O2
HNO5S
H3NSO3
H2O
H2O2
H2O3
H3PO2
H3PO3
H3PO4
H4P2O7
H5P3O10
H2PtCl6
H2S
H2S2
H2Se
H2SeO3
H2SeO4
H4SiO4
H2SiF6
HSCN
HNSC
H2SO3
H2SO4
H2SO5
H2S2O3
H2S2O6
H2S2O7
H2S2O8
CF3SO3H
H2Te
H2TeO3
H6TeO6
H4TiO4
H2Po
HCo(CO)4
[show]
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Molecules detected in outer space
Molecules
Diatomic
Aluminium monochloride
Aluminium monofluoride
Aluminium monoxide
Argonium
Carbon monophosphide
Carbon monosulfide
Carbon monoxide
Carborundum
Cyanogen radical
Diatomic carbon
Fluoromethylidynium
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen (molecular)
Hydroxyl radical
Iron(II) oxide
Magnesium monohydride cation
Methylidyne radical
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen (molecular)
Nitrogen monohydride
Nitrogen sulfide
Oxygen (molecular)
Phosphorus monoxide
Phosphorus mononitride
Potassium chloride
Silicon carbide
Silicon mononitride
Silicon monoxide
Silicon monosulfide
Sodium chloride
Sodium iodide
Sulfur monohydride
Sulfur monoxide
Titanium oxide

Triatomic
Aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium isocyanide
Amino radical
Carbon dioxide
Carbonyl sulfide
CCP radical
Chloronium
Diazenylium
Dicarbon monoxide
Disilicon carbide
Ethynyl radical
Formyl radical
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
Hydrogen isocyanide (HNC)
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydroperoxyl
Iron cyanide
Isoformyl
Magnesium cyanide
Magnesium isocyanide
Methylene radical
N2H+
Nitrous oxide
Nitroxyl
Ozone
Phosphaethyne
Potassium cyanide
Protonated molecular hydrogen
Sodium cyanide
Sodium hydroxide
Silicon carbonitride
c-Silicon dicarbide
Silicon naphthalocyanine
Sulfur dioxide
Thioformyl
Thioxoethenylidene
Titanium dioxide
Tricarbon
Water
Four
atoms
Acetylene
Ammonia
Cyanic acid
Cyanoethynyl
Cyclopropynylidyne
Formaldehyde
Fulminic acid
HCCN
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydromagnesium isocyanide
Isocyanic acid
Isothiocyanic acid
Ketenyl
Methylene amidogen
Methyl radical
Propynylidyne
Protonated carbon dioxide
Protonated hydrogen cyanide
Silicon tricarbide
Thioformaldehyde
Tricarbon monoxide
Tricarbon sulfide
Thiocyanic acid
Five
atoms
Ammonium ion
Butadiynyl
Carbodiimide
Cyanamide
Cyanoacetylene
Cyanoformaldehyde
Cyanomethyl
Cyclopropenylidene
Formic acid
Isocyanoacetylene
Ketene
Methane
Methoxy radical
Methylenimine
Propadienylidene
Protonated formaldehyde
Protonated formaldehyde
Silane
Silicon-carbide cluster
Six
atoms
Acetonitrile
Cyanobutadiynyl radical
E-Cyanomethanimine
Cyclopropenone
Diacetylene
Ethylene
Formamide
HC4N
Ketenimine
Methanethiol
Methanol
Methyl isocyanide
Pentynylidyne
Propynal
Protonated cyanoacetylene
Seven
atoms
Acetaldehyde
Acrylonitrile
Vinyl cyanide
Cyanodiacetylene
Ethylene oxide
Hexatriynyl radical
Methylacetylene
Methylamine
Methyl isocyanate
Vinyl alcohol
Eight
atoms
Acetic acid
Aminoacetonitrile
Cyanoallene
Ethanimine
Glycolaldehyde
Heptatrienyl radical
Hexapentaenylidene
Methylcyanoacetylene
Methyl formate
Propenal
Nine
atoms
Acetamide
Cyanohexatriyne
Cyanotriacetylene
Dimethyl ether
Ethanol
Methyldiacetylene
Octatetraynyl radical
Propene
Propionitrile
Ten
atoms
or more
Acetone
Benzene
Buckminsterfullerene (C60 fullerene, buckyball)
C70 fullerene
Cyanodecapentayne
Cyanopentaacetylene
Cyanotetra-acetylene
Ethylene glycol
Ethyl formate
Methyl acetate
Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
Methyltriacetylene
Propanal
n-Propyl cyanide
Pyrimidine
Deuterated
molecules
Ammonia
Ammonium ion
Formaldehyde
Formyl radical
Heavy water
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen deuteride
Hydrogen isocyanide
Methylacetylene
N2D+
Trihydrogen cation
Unconfirmed
Anthracene
Dihydroxyacetone
Ethyl methyl ether
Glycine
Graphene
H2NCO+
Linear C5
Naphthalene cation
Phosphine
Pyrene
Silylidine
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Chlorine compounds
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ClF5
ClNO3
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ClO2
ClO2F
ClO3F
Cl2O
Cl2O4
Cl2O6
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HCl
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Binary compounds of hydrogen
Alkali metal hydrides
LiH
NaH
KH
RbH
CsH

Lithium hydride, LiH
ionic metal hydride

Beryllium hydride
Left (gas phase): BeH2
covalent metal hydride
Right: (BeH2)n (solid phase)
polymeric metal hydride

Borane and diborane
Left: BH3 (special conditions), covalent metalloid hydride
Right: B2H6 (standard conditions), dimeric metalloid hydride

Methane, CH4
covalent nonmetal hydride

Ammonia, NH3
covalent nonmetal hydride

Water, H2O
covalent nonmetal hydride

Hydrogen fluoride, HF
covalent nonmetal hydride
Alkaline earth hydrides
Monohydrides
BeH
MgH
CaH
SrH
BaH
BeH2
MgH2
CaH2
SrH2
BaH2
Group 13 hydrides
Boranes
BH3
B2H6
B2H2
B2H4
Alanes
AlH3
Al2H6
Gallanes
GaH3
Ga2H6
Indiganes
InH3
In2H6
Thallanes
TlH3
Tl2H6
B2H2
B2H4
B4H10
B5H9
B5H11
B6H10
B6H12
B10H14
B18H22
Group 14 hydrides
Linear alkanes
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
more...
Linear alkenes
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
C8H16
C9H18
C10H20
more...
Linear alkynes
C2H2
C3H4
C4H6
C5H8
C6H10
C7H12
C8H14
C9H16
C10H18
more...
Silanes
SiH4
Si2H6
Si3H8
Si4H10
Si5H12
Si6H14
Si7H16
Si8H18
Si9H20
Si10H22
more...
Silenes
Si2H4
Silynes
Si2H2
Germanes
GeH4
Ge2H6
Ge3H8
Ge4H10
Ge5H12
Stannanes
SnH4
Sn2H6
Plumbanes
PbH4
CH
CH2
CH3
C2H
Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkenes
Annulenes
Many more
Pnictogen hydrides
Azanes
NH3
N2H4
N3H5
N4H6
N5H7
N6H8
N7H9
N8H10
N9H11
N10H12
more...
Azenes
N2H2
N3H3
N4H4
Phosphanes
PH3
P2H4
P3H5
P4H6
P5H7
P6H8
P7H9
P8H10
P9H11
P10H12
more...
Phosphenes
P2H2
P3H3
P4H4
Arsanes
AsH3
As2H4
Stibanes
SbH3
Bismuthanes
BiH3
HN3
NH
radical
Hydrogen chalcogenides
Polyoxidanes
H2O
H2O2
H2O3
H2O4
H2O5
H2O6
H2O7
H2O8
H2O9
H2O10
more...
Polysulfanes
H2S
H2S2
H2S3
H2S4
H2S5
H2S6
H2S7
H2S8
H2S9
H2S10
more...
Selanes
H2Se
H2Se2
Tellanes
H2Te
H2Te2
Polanes
PoH2
HO
HO2
HO3
H2O+–O–
H2S=S
(HS)2S+–S–
HS
HDO
D2O
T2O
Hydrogen halides
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
HAt
Transition metal hydrides
ScH2
YH2
YH3
TiH2
ZrH2
HfH2
VH
VH2
NbH
NbH2
TaH
CrH
CrH2
CrHx
NiH
PdHx (x < 1)
FeH
FeH2
FeH5
CuH
ZnH2
CdH2
HgH2
Lanthanide hydrides
LaH2
LaH3
CeH2
CeH3
PrH2
PrH3
NdH2
NdH3
SmH2
SmH3
EuH2
GdH2
GdH3
TbH2
TbH3
DyH2
DyH3
HoH2
HoH3
ErH2
ErH3
TmH2
TmH3
YbH2
YbH2.5
LuH2
LuH3
Actinide hydrides
AcH2
ThH2
Th4H15
PaH3
UH3
NpH2
NpH3
PuH2
PuH3
AmH2
AmH3
CmH2
Authority control
GND: 4147850-2
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Causes severe skin burns and eye damage

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History of American wine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Brotherhood Winery, in Washingtonville, New York, is the oldest winery in the United States.[citation needed]
The History of American wine began when the first Europeans explored parts of North America, which they called Vinland because of the profusion of grape vines found there. However, settlers would later discover that the wine made from the various native grapes, had flavors which were unfamiliar and which they did not like. This led to repeated efforts to grow familiar Vitis vinifera varieties. The first vines of Vitis vinifera origin were planted in Senecu in 1629, which is near the present day town of San Antonio, New Mexico.
However, the discovery in 1802 of the native Catawba grape led to very successful wine-making in Ohio. By 1842 Nicholas Longworth was growing 1,200 acres (4.9 km2) of Catawba grapes and making the country's first Sparkling wine. In 1858, The Illustrated London News described Catawba as "a finer wine of the hock species and flavor than any hock that comes from the Rhine" and wrote that sparkling Catawba "transcends the Champagne of France."[citation needed] But the successful operations in Ohio ceased when fungus disease destroyed the vineyards. Some growers responded by moving north to the shores of Lake Erie and its islands, where mildew was not a problem. The Finger Lakes region of New York State developed a successful wine-making industry beginning in the early 1860s when the Pleasant Valley Wine Company began using carefully selected derivatives of native grapes to produce wine. In 1865 the Urbana Wine Company (which marketed its wine under the Gold Seal label) was established. In 1872, O-Neh-Da Vineyard was established by the late Bishop Bernard McQuaid, on the shores of Hemlock Lake, to make pure grape wine for his churches. 1880 saw the establishment of the Taylor Wine Company. By the late 19th century, wines from the Finger Lakes were winning prizes at wine tastings in Europe.
Contents
[hide]
1 California wine
2 Prohibition
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links
California wine[edit]
Main article: History of California wine
In California, the first vineyard and winery was established by Spanish Catholic missionaries in 1769. California has two native grape varieties, but they make very poor quality wine. Therefore, the missionaries used the Mission grape, which is called Criolla or "colonialized European" in South America. Although a Vitis vinifera, it is a grape of "very modest" quality. The first secular vineyard was established in Los Angeles by an immigrant from Bordeaux, Jean-Louis Vignes. Dissatisfied with the Mission grape, he imported vines from France. By 1851 he had 40,000 vines under cultivation and was producing 1,000 US barrels (120,000 L) of wine per year.
Major wine production shifted to the Sonoma Valley in northern California largely because of its excellent climate for growing grapes. General Mariano Vallejo, former commander of the presidio of Sonoma, became the first large-scale winegrower in the valley. In 1857, Agoston Haraszthy bought 520 acres (2.1 km2) near Vallejo's vineyards. In contrast to Vallejo and most others, Haraszthy planted his vines on dry slopes and did not irrigate them. Today, the value of dry farming to creating superior wine is generally recognized.
Haraszthy has been called the "Father of Modern Viticulture in California." He wrote Report on Grapes and Wines in California, a manual on vineyard management and wine making procedures in which he urged experimentation with different grape varieties in different soils and different parts of the state. He also urged the government to collect cuttings from Europe and distribute them to growers in California. In 1861, the State Legislature commissioned Haraszthy to travel to Europe and purchase a diversity of grapevines. He did so, and obtained 100,000 vines of 300 different varieties.
Sparkling wine made from a second label of Pleasant Valley Wine Company in New York which was the first bonded winery in the United States.
In 1852, Charles LeFranc established what became the very successful Almaden Vineyards, where he planted Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot noir, Semillon, and many others. LeFranc produced good wine as did his son-in-law, Paul Masson. In 1854, John Patchett planted the first commercial vineyard in Napa Valley and established the first winery there in 1858.[1][2] In 1861 Charles Krug who previously had worked for Agoston Haraszthy and Patchett founded his namesake winery in St. Helena and began making his own wine.[3] Originally a Prussian political dissident, Krug learned the trade of the vintner as an apprentice to Haraszthy in the Sonoma Valley. The land on which Krug founded his winery was part of his wife's (Carolina Bale's) dowry. Krug became an important leader of winemaking in the Napa Valley. He was also a mentor for Karl Wente, Charles Wetmore and Jacob Beringer, all of whom became important vintners.
Early on, the Napa Valley demonstrated leadership in producing quality wine. At the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1889, Napa Valley wines won 20 of the 34 medals or awards (including four gold medals) won by California entries. This was the high point that was followed by 40 years of natural and human-caused disasters. Severe frosts, the outbreak of the phylloxera louse which destroyed Vitis vinifera vines, an economic depression, the San Francisco earthquake that destroyed an estimated 30,000,000 US gallons (110,000,000 L) of wine in storage, and the disaster of national Prohibition from 1920 through 1933.
Prohibition[edit]
Some wineries managed to survive by making wine for religious services. However, grape growers prospered. Because making up to 200 US gallons (760 L) of wine at home per year was legal, such production increased from an estimated 4,000,000 US gallons (15,000,000 L) before Prohibition to 90,000,000 US gallons (340,000,000 L) five years after the imposition of the law. Unfortunately, quality grapes do not ship well, so producers ripped out their vines and replaced them with tough but poor quality grapes such as Alicante Bouschet and Alicante Ganzin.
Following Prohibition, American wine making reemerged in very poor condition. Many talented winemakers had died, vineyards had been neglected or replanted in poor quality grapes, and Prohibition had changed Americans' taste in wines. Consumers now demanded cheap "jug wine" (so-called dago red) and sweet, fortified (high alcohol) wine. Before Prohibition dry table wines outsold sweet wines by three to one, but after the ratio was more than reversed. In 1935, 81% of California's production was sweet wines. The reputation of the state's wines suffered accordingly.
During the 1970s a system was established to identify appellations of origins, using the term American Viticultural Areas (AVA). An AVA guarantees that a minimum of 85% of the wine in the bottle comes from grapes grown in that AVA. The use of individual vineyard names guarantees that 95% of any wine using a vineyard name must be made from grapes grown in that vineyard, and from within a recognized AVA. There are 238 AVAs, of which 138 are in California[4].
Leading the way out of the abyss was research conducted at the University of California, Davis. Faculty published reports on which varieties of grapes grew best in which regions of the state, held seminars on winemaking techniques, consulted with grape growers and winemakers, offered academic degrees in viticulture, and promoted the production of quality wines. The results of their success would be demonstrated decades later at the Paris wine tasting in 1976, the nation's 200th anniversary.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Brennan, Nancy (2010-11-21). "John Patchett: Introducing one of Napa’s pioneers". Napa Valley Register. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
Jump up ^ Heeger, Jack (December 7, 2004). "A peek at Napa Valley's hidden past". Napa Valley Register/American Canyon Eagle. Napa, CA: Lee Enterprises, Inc. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gaughan, Timothy (July 3, 2009). "When the valley met the vine: A perfect storm, and the big five". Napa Valley Register. Napa, CA: Lee Enterprises, Inc. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ "List of established U.S. Viticultural Areas (last updated November 20, 2016)". Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau. U.S. Treasury. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Clarke, Oz. Oz Clarke's New Encyclopedia of Wine. NY: Harcourt Brace, 1999.
Johnson, Hugh. Vintage: The Story of Wine. NY: Simon & Schuster, 1989.
Taber, George M. Judgment of Paris: California vs. France and the Historic 1976 Paris Tasting that Revolutionized Wine. NY: Scribner, 2005.
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text:
Nike Skateboarding
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Nike Skateboarding, primarily known as Nike SB, is the Nike brand for its line of shoes, clothing, and equipment for skateboarding.
The Nike SB logo
Contents
1 History
2 Competitions
3 Special editions
4 Team
4.1 Professional
4.2 Amateur
4.3 Australian team
4.4 Death of Lewis Marnell
5 Videography
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
In 1997, Nike commenced production of its own line of skate shoes, but was unable to sell to many specialist skate shops, as the market was already strongly in favour of companies such as DC, Globe, eS Footwear, Emerica, and Vans; Nike was not considered a core skateboarding brand among the skateboarding community and, therefore, did not receive the necessary level of support.[1]
In 2002, Nike introduced the "SB" brand. The Nike SB Dunk Low model was released, and consisted of padded tongues and collars and the "Zoom Air" insoles; the shoe was more similar to other skate shoe styles than the corporation's previous attempts. After the SB Dunk's mediocre sales, Nike released four other models: The Nike SB Angus, Nike SB FC, Nike SB Delta Force, and Nike SB URL.[2]
In 2004, Nike SB signed Paul Rodriguez as a figurehead for the brand and recruited Lewis Marnell as the sole Australian team rider during the same period.[3] In March of that year, Nike released the Nike Dunk SB collection, aimed towards skateboarders in California.[4] The associated shoe designs differed from the previous SB Dunk range in that they were designed specifically for skateboarding. The collection included increased padding, Zoom Air insoles, and enhanced material quality, including triple stitching, a standard for skate shoes.
In 2005, Rodriguez released a signature shoe model named the "Nike SB Paul Rodriguez Zoom Air Low". That year, one of Nike SB's spokespersons Lance Mountain decided to release the Nike Blazer SB, a version of the Nike Blazer basketball shoe from the early 1970s. It was named the Nike SB Blazer and several new features were added, such as the padded collar and Zoom Air insoles. Mountain previously rode for Adidas[5] and then joined Nike SB in 2007.
Nike SB released its first video Nothing But The Truth in 2007 and held the premiere at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, U.S.[6] The inaugural video production, directed by Lionel Goldstein, features the Nike SB team, with Marnell in the opening part[7] and Rodriguez's part the conclusion of the video.[8]
In 2009, Eric Koston left Lakai Limited Footwear to join Nike[9] and a video featuring the Nike SB amateur team, called Debacle, was released later in the year.[10] In December 2011, the video SB Chronicles Vol. 1 premiered online, while premiere parties and free video showings were held throughout the world. The first volume of a two-part series features Stefan Janoski, Wieger Van Wageningen, Chet Childress, Daniel Shimizu, Youness Amrani, Marnell, Grant Taylor, and Clarke Hassler.[11]
In 2012, professional Sean Malto (riding for Girl) left Etnies for Nike SB, shortly after his 2011 street league skateboarding win. Flip rider Luan Oliviera was also added to the team[12] and, in late June 2012, Nike SB announced its collaboration with Levi's and team rider Omar Salazar appeared in the promotional advertisements.[13][14]
In July 2012, Nike Skateboarding opened a private training facility that had been constructed in Downtown Los Angeles, US. Entitled "6th and Mill", due to its location at the intersection of the corresponding street names (E. Sixth and Mill Streets), the official opening of the facility coincided with the launch of Rodriguez's sixth signature shoe with the brand.[15][16][17] The training facility has featured heavily on The Berrics skateboarding website since its opening, with segments such as "First Try Fridays" (with professional skateboarder Theotis Beasley) and "Text Yo'self Before You Wreck Yo'self" (with professional skateboarder Chris Roberts) filmed inside the facility.[18][19]
The brand released a preview of Brian Anderson's first signature shoe model, entitled the "Nike SB Project BA", in February 2013. The Sneaker Report website explained that the "upper appears to be a two-piece construction with ample perforations for breathability." As of mid-June 2013, the model has not yet been released.[20]
A promotional campaign, identified by the hashtag "#thelegendgrows", was launched by Nike to coincide with release of Koston's second signature shoe model the "Eric Koston 2" in March 2013.[21] An advertisement that included other Nike athletes, such as Tiger Woods, and Koston's Nike SB teammates was filmed[22] and a behind-the-scenes video was also published on the brand's YouTube channel.[23] Koston used the Eric Koston 2 design as a basis for a limited edition golf shoe, named the "Koston 2 IT", and a corresponding launch was held in London, UK at the 1948 Stadium store in Shoreditch.[24]
The trailer for the video SB Chronicles Vol. 2 was published on the Internet in mid-June 2013. The second volume of the two-part series features Oliveira, Daryl Angel, Donovon Piscopo, Theotis Beasley, Justin Brock, Shane O'Neill, and Ishod Wair.[25] Also in mid-June, Nike SB announced that Fucking Awesome Skateboards' Kevin Bradley[26] and Skate Mental skateboards' Trevor Colden[27] were the latest amateur additions to the team. In August 2013, Nike SB collaborated with Almost and TransWorld Skateboarding magazine on a feature for amateur rider Youness Amrani. Entitled "Marrakesh Express", the project combined a print article with a video part that was launched on the TransWorld website on August 9, 2013. Videographer Chris Thiesson accompanied Amrani as he skated and traveled between "Casablanca and Marrakesh by way of Rabat, Kenitra, and Agadir" in Morocco. Amrani was born in Morocco, but grew up in Belgium.[28]
In early 2014. Amrani was promoted to professional status with his skateboard deck company Almost, and attained professional status on the Nike SB team afterwards.[29][30]
Competitions[edit]
In 2012, following Koston's recruitment as a team rider, a competition entitled "Mr. Control It All" was launched to coincide with the release of Koston's inaugural signature shoe model with the brand. Koston hosted the competition, alongside fellow team members, Sean Malto and Justin Brock, and it consisted of numerous missions, or challenges. For example, in "Mission 1", a different trick was performed by all three skateboarders and entrants were required to send in their edited footage in which they perform the same set of tricks. The entire competition was conducted on the internet, on sites such as YouTube, The Berrics and Nike's own skateboarding site.[31][32][33]
Special editions[edit]
In addition to yearly releases, a variety of special edition Nike Dunk SBs have been released. The Nike Dunk SB Low Pro SB Tiffany was released in 2005 and, according to the Complex Sneakers website, was one of the brand's first designs to "drive nearly everyone crazy."[34] The Nike Dunk SB Tiffany design was also adapted by Nick Tershay, as part of Diamond, his skateboard/streetwear company.[35][36]Other variations and collaborative releases with popular clothing brands made Nike SB popularity intensify. Brands like Stüssy, Supreme New York, Staple Design, and Concepts all developed their own version of the Nike SB Dunk that became highly desired.The Nike Dunk SB Low Staple "NYC Pigeon" was also initially released in 2005 by Staple Design. The shoe made headlines of the New York Post because of a riot that started over the shoe and its release. On an interview with Jeff Staple owner of Staple Design, he stated "They were pulling kids off the gate and arresting them, and kids are holding onto the gate not letting go. Then it turned into a soccer match. Cops called higher level police, like SWAT, and some of the people who came to wait in line brought their own weapons. We saw machetes and baseball bats on the ground. It was crazy. It was just go to a store and buy shoes before that.” [37]Nike SB made an impact on what is known today as sneaker culture, and in an article from Hypebeast, which says "the success of SB and my desire to have them to the cool color schemes which allowed us as a community to nickname each shoe and the coinciding box colors that signaled different eras"[38] and with limited product and high demand it added more to the triumph of Nike SB at the time.
Team[edit]
Professional[edit]
Stefan Janoski
Paul Rodriguez
Shane O'Neill
Carlos Ribeiro
Luan Oliveira
Karsten Kleppan
Guy Mariano
Nyjah Huston
Wieger Van Wageningen
Grant Taylor
Alex Olson
Chet Childress
Daryl Angel
Eric Koston
Leticia Bufoni
Cory Kennedy
Brian Anderson
Sean Malto
Lance Mountain
Omar Salazar
Ishod Wair
Justin Brock
Theotis Beasley
Jason Lee
Ben Raybourn
Youness Amrani
Trevor Colden
Kevin Bradley
Nick Boserio or Young Brassy
Blake Carpenter
Bobby Worrest[29]
Donovon Piscopo
John Fitzgerald
Kevin Terpening
Hjalte Halberg
Oskar Rozenberg
Lacey Baker
Amateur[edit]
Jenssen Torres
Gabriel Perez
Valtteri Puupponen
Australian team[edit]
Morgan Campbell
Harry Clarke
Nick Boserio
Nathan Jackson
Max Couling
Alex Campbell
Andrew Currie
Corbin Harris
Jason Rainbird
Josh Pall
Max Schubert
Mikey Mendoza
Jack O'Grady[39]
Casey Foley[40]
Footage of the Australian team skateboarding at the 2012 Thunderdome competition event, held at the Hordern Pavilion in Sydney, Australia, was uploaded to the website of Skateboarding Australia, the government-funded organisation that ran the event.[41]
A Nike SB film of Australian riders Boserio and Alex Campbell was released on April 4, 2014. Entitled "Two Up," the video's trailer was uploaded to the brand's YouTube channel on March 24, 2014, and is produced and directed by Chris Middlebrook.[42][43]
Death of Lewis Marnell[edit]
An official announcement on January 20, 2013 revealed that Lewis Marnell had died in the 48 hours prior to the announcement—details of the death were not provided.[44] Marnell had released a Nike video part in the 18 months prior to his death—Nike SB's The SB Chronicles – Vol. 1.[45] Fellow Nike team riders, Rodriguez[46][47] and O'neill published tributes on the Internet.[48] Marnell's other Nike video parts are contained in Nothing But The Truth[49] and Don't Fear The Sweeper.[50][51]
The Nike Skateboarding website featured a large photo of Marnell on its homepage and published the following tribute:
It is with great sadness and heavy hearts that we are to inform you of the passing of our longtime professional rider friend, Lewis Marnell. A skater who's incredible trademark pop could only be matched by the warmth of his smile, Lewis was an amazing person both on and off his board and will be truly missed. Our deepest condolences to his family and friends. Rest In Peace.[52]
Marnell's death occurred during the production of the second volume of the SB Chronicles video series and he had not yet released a signature model shoe with the brand.
Videography[edit]
Nike SB: On Tap (2004)
Nike SB: Nothing But The Truth (2007)
Nike SB: Don't Fear The Sweeper Tour Video (2009)
Nike SB: The Bird Is The Word European Tour Video (2010)
Nike SB: The SB Chronicles, Vol. 01 (2011)
Nike SB: The SB Chronicles, Vol. 02 (2013)'
Nike SB: The SB Chronicles, Vol. 03 (2015)'
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Nike Skateboarding". Skateboarding.com.au. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "The History of Nike Skateboarding Shoes". Skateboarding Magazine. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Hans DC (12 November 2007). "LEWIS MARNELL -WHAT THE DUNK!". Sneaker Freaker. Complex Media. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nike Dunk SB Low California – Cali". SneakerFiles. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Lance Mountain (1999). "Adidas2". Lance Mountain. Lance Mountain. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
Jump up ^ retrogurl (22 October 2007). "NIKE SB – NOTHING BUT THE TRUTH PREMIERE". freshness mag. Complex Style. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
Jump up ^ rymdsvamp (26 January 2008). "Lewis Marnell Nike Sb Part" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
Jump up ^ lbcdude56two (29 August 2010). "Paul Rodriguez - Nothing But The Truth - HD" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Aaron Kr. (10 June 2009). "Eric Koston Joins the Nike SB Team". Sneaker News. Complex Sneakers. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "The History of Nike Skateboarding Shoes". Skateboarding Magazine. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Blair Alley (1 December 2011). "THE SB CHRONICLES PREMIERES THIS SATURDAY". Transworld Skateboarding. Bonnier Corporation. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Zac (13 September 2012). "Luan Oliveira". Caught in the Crossfire. Division Media. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
Jump up ^ William Freeman (6 July 2012). "Levi's x Nike SB Omar Salazar LR New Images". Kicks on Fire. KicksOnFire. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
Jump up ^ ThrasherMagazine (27 June 2012). "Omar Salazar: Nike x Levi's® 511 Skateboarding Collaboration" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
Jump up ^ TWS (11 November 2012). "BLIND SUNDAY FUNDAYS: YURI 6TH AND MILL" (Video upload). Transworld Skateboarding. Bonnier Corporation. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
Jump up ^ SwooshCheck (2 August 2012). "Nike SB Sixth and Mill Skate Park Tour" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Morgnar (21 July 2012). "Nike SB 6th & Mill Opening Party Photos!". Active People. Active Ride Shop. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Wbeat1992; The Berrics (10 August 2012). "The Berrics - FIRST TRY FRIDAYS AT SIXTH & MILL" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Wbeat1992 (2 October 2012). "The Berrics - TEXT YOSELF BEEFO YO WRECK YOSELF" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Riley Jones (21 February 2013). "Nike SB Previews Brian Anderson Signature Model". Sneaker Report. Complex Media. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Christian Prieto (30 March 2013). "Nike SB Eric Koston 2 Release Party #TheLegendGrows". Kicks On Fire. KicksOnFire.com. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
Jump up ^ nikeskateboarding (22 March 2013). "Nike SB Eric Koston 2 -- The Legend Grows" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
Jump up ^ nikeskateboarding (22 March 2013). "Nike SB Eric Koston 2 -- The Legend Grows (Behind The Scenes)" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
Jump up ^ nikeskateboarding (27 April 2013). "Nike Skateboarding: Koston 2 IT Launch at 1948 London" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "THE SB CHRONIVLES: VOL. 2 - TRAILER" (Video upload). The Berrics. The Berrics. 14 June 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Join us in welcoming amateur Kevin Bradley to the Nike SB team!". Nike SB on Facebook. Facebook. 17 June 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Templeton Elliot (18 June 2013). "Colden on Nike". The Skateboard Mag. Strictly Skateboarding. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "'MARRAKESH EXPRESS' YOUNESS AMRANI VIDEO PART". TransWorld Skateboarding. Grind Media. 9 August 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Team". Nike Skateboarding. Nike, Inc. 9 May 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "ALMOST SKATEBOARDS 10 YEAR PARTY at The Berrics" (Video upload). The Berrics. The Berrics. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
Jump up ^ nikeskateboarding; Eric Koston; Sean Malto; Justin Brock (26 March 2012). "Eric Koston - Mr. Control It All: Mission 1, Warm It Up" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
Jump up ^ nikeskateboarding (23 March 2012). "Nike SB: Eric Koston - Mr. Control It All" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
Jump up ^ DAVE (2 April 2012). "Nike's 'Mr. Control it all' Koston Commercial". Pop Magazine. Pop Magazine. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
Jump up ^ RUSS BENGTSON (23 February 2013). "The 25 Most Hyped Sneakers of All Time". Complex Sneakers. Complex Media Inc. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Footnotes Nick "Diamond" Tershay - Part 1" (Video upload). The Berrics. The Berrics. 6 August 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Footnotes Nick "Diamond" Tershay - Part 2" (Video upload). The Berrics. The Berrics. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jeff Staple Talks About the 2005 Nike SB "Pigeon" Riot". Highsnobiety. 2018-09-12. Retrieved 2018-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Nike SB: Living Through the Trend, 15 Years Later". HYPEBEAST. Retrieved 2018-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Local team". Nike Skateboarding. Nike, Inc. 16 July 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Manual X Nike SB: Casey Foley" (Video upload). Manual Magazine on Vimeo. Vimeo, LLC. 9 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Morgan Campbell (11 December 2012). "The Swoosh At The Dome". Skateboarding Australia Blog. Skateboarding Australia. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nike SB Australia - Two Up Trailer" (Video upload). nikeskateboarding on YouTube. Google Inc. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
Jump up ^ TWS (4 April 2014). "NIKE SB AUSTRALIA, TWO UP WITH NICK BOSERIO AND ALEX CAMPBELL" (Video upload). TransWorld SKATEboarding. GrindMedia. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
Jump up ^ TWS (19 January 2013). "LEWIS MARNELL, R.I.P." Transworld Skateboarding. Bonnier Corporation. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "NIKE ANNOUNCES NEW SKATE VIDEO "THE SB CHRONICLES, VOL. 1"". Nike Inc. Nike Inc. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Paul Rodriguez (19 January 2013). "Lost a great human yesterday can't believe it!! Gonna miss u Lewis Marnell" (Photo upload). Paul Rodriguez on Facebook. Facebook. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Paul Rodriguez (19 January 2013). "Still in shock!! Many fun trips and memories with Lewis Marnell" (Photo upload). Paul Rodriguez on Facebook. Facebook. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Shane O'neill (20 January 2013). "R.I.P Lewis Marnell! Lost a great friend And skateboarder". Shane O'neill on Facebook. Facebook. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
Jump up ^ rymdsvamp (26 January 2008). "Lewis Marnell Nike Sb Part" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
Jump up ^ shred2love (9 February 2010). "Nike SB Dont Fear the Sweeper - Part 1" (Video upload). YouTube. Google, Inc. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lewis Marnell skate videos". SkatevideoSite.com. SkatevideoSite.com. 2005–2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lewis Marnell". Nike Skateboarding. Nike, Inc. January 2013. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
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