text:
Hydrogen fluoride
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Hydrogen fluoride
Names
Other names
Fluorane
Identifiers
CAS Number
7664-39-3 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:29228 Y
ChemSpider
14214 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.759
KEGG
C16487 Y
PubChem CID
16211014
RTECS number MW7875000
UNII
RGL5YE86CZ Y
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/FH/h1H Y
Key: KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
InChI=1/FH/h1H
Key: KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYAC
SMILES[show]
F
Properties
Chemical formula
HF
Molar mass 20.01 g·mol−1
Appearance colourless gas or colourless liquid (below 19.5°C)
Density 1.15 g/L, gas (25 °C)
0.99 g/mL, liquid (19.5 °C)
Melting point −83.6 °C (−118.5 °F; 189.6 K)
Boiling point 19.5 °C (67.1 °F; 292.6 K)
Solubility in water
miscible
Vapor pressure 783 mmHg (20 °C)[1]
Acidity (pKa) 3.17[2][3]
Refractive index (nD)
1.00001
Structure
Molecular shape
Linear
Dipole moment
1.86 D
Thermochemistry
Std molar
entropy (So298)
8.687 J/g K (gas)
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfHo298)
−13.66 kJ/g (gas)
−14.99 kJ/g (liquid)
Hazards
NFPA 704
0
4
1
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LC50 (median concentration)
1276 ppm (rat, 1 hr)
1774 ppm (monkey, 1 hr)
4327 ppm (guinea pig, 15 min)[4]
LCLo (lowest published)
313 ppm (rabbit, 7 hr)[4]
US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
PEL (Permissible)
TWA 3 ppm[1]
REL (Recommended)
TWA 3 ppm (2.5 mg/m3) C 6 ppm (5 mg/m3) [15-minute][1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
30 ppm[1]
Related compounds
Other anions
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen iodide
Hydrogen astatide
Other cations
Sodium fluoride
Potassium fluoride
Rubidium fluoride
Caesium fluoride
Related compounds
Water
Ammonia
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is Y N ?)
Infobox references
Hydrogen fluoride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula HF. This colorless gas or liquid is the principal industrial source of fluorine, often as an aqueous solution called hydrofluoric acid. It is an important feedstock in the preparation of many important compounds including pharmaceuticals and polymers (e.g. Teflon). HF is widely used in the petrochemical industry as a component of superacids. Hydrogen fluoride boils near room temperature, much higher than other hydrogen halides.
Hydrogen fluoride is a highly dangerous gas, forming corrosive and penetrating hydrofluoric acid upon contact with moisture. The gas can also cause blindness by rapid destruction of the corneas.
French chemist Edmond Frémy (1814–1894) is credited with discovering anhydrous hydrogen fluoride while trying to isolate fluorine. Although Carl Wilhelm Scheele prepared hydrofluoric acid in large quantities in 1771, this acid was known in the glass industry before then.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Comparison with other hydrogen halides
2 Acidity
3 Solvent
4 Production and uses
5 Health effects
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
Although a diatomic molecule, HF forms relatively strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Solid HF consists of zigzag chains of HF molecules. The HF molecules, with a short H–F bond of 95 pm, are linked to neighboring molecules by intermolecular H–F distances of 155 pm.[5] Liquid HF also consists of chains of HF molecules, but the chains are shorter, consisting on average of only five or six molecules.[6]
Comparison with other hydrogen halides[edit]
Hydrogen fluoride does not boil until 20 °C in contrast to the heavier hydrogen halides which boil between −85 °C (−120 °F) and −35 °C (−30 °F).[7][8][9] This hydrogen bonding between HF molecules gives rise to high viscosity in the liquid phase and lower than expected pressure in the gas phase.
Hydrogen fluoride is miscible with water (dissolves in any proportion), whereas the other hydrogen halides have large solubility gaps with water. Hydrogen fluoride and water also form several compounds in the solid state, most notably a 1:1 compound that does not melt until −40 °C (−40 °F), which is 44 °C (79 °F) above the melting point of pure HF.[10]
HF and H2O similarities
Boiling points of the hydrogen halides (blue) and hydrogen chalcogenides (red): HF and H2O break trends. Freezing point of HF/ H2O mixtures: arrows indicate compounds in the solid state.
Acidity[edit]
Unlike other hydrohalic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride is only a weak acid in dilute aqueous solution.[11] This is in part a result of the strength of the hydrogen-fluorine bond, but also of other factors such as the tendency of HF, H
2O, and F−
anions to form clusters.[note 1] At high concentrations, HF molecules undergo homoassociation to form polyatomic ions (such as bifluoride, HF−
2) and protons, thus greatly increasing the acidity.[13] This leads to protonation of very strong acids like hydrochloric, sulfuric, or nitric when using concentrated hydrofluoric acid solutions.[14] Although hydrofluoric acid is regarded as a weak acid, it is very corrosive, even attacking glass when hydrated.[13]
The acidity of hydrofluoric acid solutions varies with concentration owing to hydrogen-bond interactions of the fluoride ion. Dilute solutions are weakly acidic with an acid ionization constant Ka = 6.6×10−4 (or pKa = 3.18),[15] in contrast to corresponding solutions of the other hydrogen halides which are strong acids (pKa < 0). Concentrated solutions of hydrogen fluoride are much more strongly acidic than implied by this value, as shown by measurements of the Hammett acidity function H0[16](or "effective pH"). The H0 for 100% HF is estimated to be between −10.2 and −11, comparable to the value −12 for sulfuric acid.[17][18]
In thermodynamic terms, HF solutions are highly non-ideal, with the activity of HF increasing much more rapidly than its concentration. The weak acidity in dilute solution is sometimes attributed to the high H—F bond strength, which combines with the high dissolution enthalpy of HF to outweigh the more negative enthalpy of hydration of the fluoride ion.[19] However, Giguère and Turrell[20][21] have shown by infrared spectroscopy that the predominant solute species is the hydrogen-bonded ion pair [H3O+·F−], which suggests that the ionization can be described as a pair of successive equilibria:
H2O + HF ↽ − ⇀ {\displaystyle {\ce {<=>>}}} [H3O+·F−]
[H3O+·F−] ↽ − ⇀ {\displaystyle {\ce {<<=>}}} H3O+ + F−
The first equilibrium lies well to the right (K ≫ 1) and the second to the left (K ≪ 1), meaning that HF is extensively dissociated, but that the tight ion pairs reduce the thermodynamic activity coefficient of H3O+, so that the solution is effectively less acidic.[22]
In concentrated solution, the additional HF causes the ion pair to dissociate with formation of the hydrogen-bonded hydrogen difluoride ion.[20][22]
[H3O+⋅F−] + HF ⇌ H3O+ + HF−
2
The increase in free H3O+ due to this reaction accounts for the rapid increase in acidity, while fluoride ions are stabilized (and become less basic) by strong hydrogen bonding to HF to form HF−
2. This interaction between the acid and its own conjugate base is an example of homoassociation (homoconjugation). At the limit of 100% liquid HF, there is self-ionization[23][24]
3 HF ⇌ H2F+ + HF−
2
which forms an extremely acidic solution (H0 = −11).
The acidity of anhydrous HF can be increased even further by the addition of Lewis acids such as SbF5, which can reduce H0 to −21.[17][18]
Solvent[edit]
Dry hydrogen fluoride readily dissolves low-valent metal fluorides as well as several molecular fluorides. Many proteins and carbohydrates can be dissolved in dry HF and recovered from it. In contrast, most non-fluoride inorganic chemicals react with HF rather than dissolving.[25]
Production and uses[edit]
Hydrogen fluoride is produced by the action of sulfuric acid on pure grades of the mineral fluorite and also as a side-product of the extraction of the fertilizer precursor phosphoric acid from various minerals. See also hydrofluoric acid.
The anhydrous compound hydrogen fluoride is more commonly used than its aqueous solution, hydrofluoric acid. HF serves as a catalyst in alkylation processes in oil refineries. A component of high-octane petrol (gasoline) called "alkylate" is generated in alkylation units that combine C3 and C4 olefins and iso-butane to generate petrol (gasoline).[26]
HF is a reactive solvent in the electrochemical fluorination of organic compounds. In this approach, HF is oxidized in the presence of a hydrocarbon and the fluorine replaces C–H bonds with C–F bonds. Perfluorinated carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids are produced in this way.[27]
Hydrogen fluoride is an important catalyst used in the majority of the installed linear alkyl benzene production in the world. The process involves dehydrogenation of n-paraffins to olefins, and subsequent reaction with benzene using HF as catalyst.
Elemental fluorine, F2, is prepared by electrolysis of a solution of HF and potassium bifluoride. The potassium bifluoride is needed because anhydrous hydrogen fluoride does not conduct electricity. Several million kilograms of F2 are produced annually.[28]
Acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides react with hydrogen fluoride to give acyl fluorides.[29]
HF is often used in palynology to remove silicate minerals, for extraction of dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs and chitinozoans.
1,1-Difluoroethane is produced by the mercury-catalyzed addition of hydrogen fluoride to acetylene:[30]
HC≡CH + 2 HF → CH3CHF2
The intermediate in this process is vinyl fluoride or fluoroethylene, the monomeric precursor to polyvinyl fluoride.
Health effects[edit]
Main article: Hydrofluoric acid
HF burns, not evident until a day after
Upon contact with moisture, including tissue, hydrogen fluoride immediately converts to hydrofluoric acid, which is highly corrosive and toxic, and requires immediate medical attention upon exposure.[31] Breathing in hydrogen fluoride at high levels or in combination with skin contact can cause death from an irregular heartbeat or from fluid buildup in the lungs.[31]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ For more detailed explanation, see [12]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0334". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
Jump up ^ "pKa's of Inorganic and Oxo-Acids" (PDF). Harvard. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Bruckenstein, S.; Kolthoff, I.M., in Kolthoff, I.M.; Elving, P.J. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1, pt. 1; Wiley, NY, 1959, pp. 432-433.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hydrogen fluoride". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
Jump up ^ Johnson, M. W.; Sándor, E.; Arzi, E. (1975). "The Crystal Structure of Deuterium Fluoride". Acta Crystallographica. B31 (8): 1998–2003. doi:10.1107/S0567740875006711.
Jump up ^ Mclain, Sylvia E.; Benmore, CJ; Siewenie, JE; Urquidi, J; Turner, JF (2004). "On the Structure of Liquid Hydrogen Fluoride". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 43 (15): 1952–55. PMID 15065271. doi:10.1002/anie.200353289.
Jump up ^ Pauling, Linus A. (1960). The nature of the chemical bond and the structure of molecules and crystals: An introduction to modern structural chemistry. Cornell University Press. pp. 454–464. ISBN 978-0-8014-0333-0.
Jump up ^ Atkins, Peter; Jones, Loretta (2008). Chemical principles: The quest for insight. W. H. Freeman & Co. pp. 184–185. ISBN 978-1-4292-0965-6.
Jump up ^ Emsley, John (1981). "The hidden strength of hydrogen". New Scientist. 91 (1264): 291–292. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998, pp. 812–816.
Jump up ^ Wiberg, Wiberg & Holleman 2001, p. 425.
Jump up ^ Clark, Jim (2002). "The acidity of the hydrogen halides". Retrieved 4 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Chambers, C.; Holliday, A. K. (1975). Modern inorganic chemistry (An intermediate text) (PDF). The Butterworth Group. pp. 328–329.
Jump up ^ Hannan, Henry J. (2010). Course in chemistry for IIT-JEE 2011. Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited. pp. 15–22. ISBN 9780070703360.
Jump up ^ Ralph H. Petrucci; William S. Harwood; Jeffry D. Madura (2007). General chemistry: principles and modern applications. Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 691. ISBN 978-0-13-149330-8. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Hyman HH, Kilpatrick M, Katz JJ (1957). "The Hammett Acidity Function H0for Hydrofluoric Acid Solutions1". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 79 (14): 3668–3671. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja01571a016.
^ Jump up to: a b W.L. Jolly “Modern Inorganic Chemistry” (McGraw-Hill 1984), p. 203 ISBN 0-07-032768-8
^ Jump up to: a b F. A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.) John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1988. ISBN 0-471-84997-9 p. 109
Jump up ^ C.E. Housecroft and A.G. Sharpe "Inorganic Chemistry" (Pearson Prentice Hall, 2nd ed. 2005), p. 170.
^ Jump up to: a b Giguère, Paul A.; Turrell, Sylvia (1980). "The nature of hydrofluoric acid. A spectroscopic study of the proton-transfer complex H3O+...F−". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102 (17): 5473. doi:10.1021/ja00537a008.
Jump up ^ Radu Iftimie; Vibin Thomas; Sylvain Plessis; Patrick Marchand; Patrick Ayotte (2008). "Spectral Signatures and Molecular Origin of Acid Dissociation Intermediates". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (18): 5901–7. PMID 18386892. doi:10.1021/ja077846o.
^ Jump up to: a b F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry p. 104
Jump up ^ C.E. Housecroft and A.G. Sharpe Inorganic Chemistry p. 221
Jump up ^ F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson Advanced Inorganic Chemistry p. 111
Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998, pp. 816–819.
Jump up ^ Aigueperse J, Mollard P, Devilliers D, Chemla M, Faron R, Romano R, Cuer JP (2000). "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry". ISBN 3527306730. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_307. |chapter= ignored (help)
Jump up ^ G. Siegemund, W. Schwertfeger, A. Feiring, B. Smart, F. Behr, H. Vogel, B. McKusick "Fluorine Compounds, Organic" in "Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry" 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_349
Jump up ^ M. Jaccaud, R. Faron, D. Devilliers, R. Romano "Fluorine" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005 doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_293.
Jump up ^ Olah G, Kuhn S (1961). "Preparation of Acyl Fluorides with Anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride. The General Use of the Method of Colson and Fredenhagen". J. Org. Chem. 26: 237–238. doi:10.1021/jo01060a600.
Jump up ^ Siegemund, Günter; Schwertfeger, Werner; Feiring, Andrew; Smart, Bruce; Behr, Fred; Vogel, Herward; McKusick, Blaine (2010). "Fluorine Compounds, Organic". In Bohnet, Matthias; Bellussi, Giuseppe; Bus, James; et al. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_349.
^ Jump up to: a b Facts About Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hydrogen fluoride.
"ATSDR – MMG: Hydrogen Fluoride". Retrieved May 14, 2006
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Hydrogen compounds
H3AsO3
H3AsO4
HAt
HSO3F
HBF4
HBr
HBrO
HBrO2
HBrO3
HBrO4
HCl
HClO
HClO2
HClO3
HClO4
HCN
HCNO
H2CrO4/H2Cr2O7
H2CO3
H2CS3
HF
HFΟ
HI
HIO
HIO2
HIO3
HIO4
HMnO4
H2MoO4
HNC
NaHCO3
HNCO
HNO
HNO2
HNO3
H2N2O2
HNO5S
H3NSO3
H2O
H2O2
H2O3
H3PO2
H3PO3
H3PO4
H4P2O7
H5P3O10
H2PtCl6
H2S
H2S2
H2Se
H2SeO3
H2SeO4
H4SiO4
H2SiF6
HSCN
HNSC
H2SO3
H2SO4
H2SO5
H2S2O3
H2S2O6
H2S2O7
H2S2O8
CF3SO3H
H2Te
H2TeO3
H6TeO6
H4TiO4
H2Po
HCo(CO)4
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Carborundum
Cyanogen radical
Diatomic carbon
Fluoromethylidynium
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen (molecular)
Hydroxyl radical
Iron(II) oxide
Magnesium monohydride cation
Methylidyne radical
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen (molecular)
Nitrogen monohydride
Nitrogen sulfide
Oxygen (molecular)
Phosphorus monoxide
Phosphorus mononitride
Potassium chloride
Silicon carbide
Silicon mononitride
Silicon monoxide
Silicon monosulfide
Sodium chloride
Sodium iodide
Sulfur monohydride
Sulfur monoxide
Titanium oxide

Triatomic
Aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium isocyanide
Amino radical
Carbon dioxide
Carbonyl sulfide
CCP radical
Chloronium
Diazenylium
Dicarbon monoxide
Disilicon carbide
Ethynyl radical
Formyl radical
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
Hydrogen isocyanide (HNC)
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydroperoxyl
Iron cyanide
Isoformyl
Magnesium cyanide
Magnesium isocyanide
Methylene radical
N2H+
Nitrous oxide
Nitroxyl
Ozone
Phosphaethyne
Potassium cyanide
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Sodium cyanide
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Silicon naphthalocyanine
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Acetylene
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Formaldehyde
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HCCN
Hydrogen peroxide
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Isocyanic acid
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Ketenyl
Methylene amidogen
Methyl radical
Propynylidyne
Protonated carbon dioxide
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Silicon tricarbide
Thioformaldehyde
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Tricarbon sulfide
Thiocyanic acid
Five
atoms
Ammonium ion
Butadiynyl
Carbodiimide
Cyanamide
Cyanoacetylene
Cyanoformaldehyde
Cyanomethyl
Cyclopropenylidene
Formic acid
Isocyanoacetylene
Ketene
Methane
Methoxy radical
Methylenimine
Propadienylidene
Protonated formaldehyde
Protonated formaldehyde
Silane
Silicon-carbide cluster
Six
atoms
Acetonitrile
Cyanobutadiynyl radical
E-Cyanomethanimine
Cyclopropenone
Diacetylene
Ethylene
Formamide
HC4N
Ketenimine
Methanethiol
Methanol
Methyl isocyanide
Pentynylidyne
Propynal
Protonated cyanoacetylene
Seven
atoms
Acetaldehyde
Acrylonitrile
Vinyl cyanide
Cyanodiacetylene
Ethylene oxide
Hexatriynyl radical
Methylacetylene
Methylamine
Methyl isocyanate
Vinyl alcohol
Eight
atoms
Acetic acid
Aminoacetonitrile
Cyanoallene
Ethanimine
Glycolaldehyde
Heptatrienyl radical
Hexapentaenylidene
Methylcyanoacetylene
Methyl formate
Propenal
Nine
atoms
Acetamide
Cyanohexatriyne
Cyanotriacetylene
Dimethyl ether
Ethanol
Methyldiacetylene
Octatetraynyl radical
Propene
Propionitrile
Ten
atoms
or more
Acetone
Benzene
Buckminsterfullerene (C60 fullerene, buckyball)
C70 fullerene
Cyanodecapentayne
Cyanopentaacetylene
Cyanotetra-acetylene
Ethylene glycol
Ethyl formate
Methyl acetate
Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
Methyltriacetylene
Propanal
n-Propyl cyanide
Pyrimidine
Deuterated
molecules
Ammonia
Ammonium ion
Formaldehyde
Formyl radical
Heavy water
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen deuteride
Hydrogen isocyanide
Methylacetylene
N2D+
Trihydrogen cation
Unconfirmed
Anthracene
Dihydroxyacetone
Ethyl methyl ether
Glycine
Graphene
H2NCO+
Linear C5
Naphthalene cation
Phosphine
Pyrene
Silylidine
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Fluorine compounds
Binary compounds
AcF3
AgF
AgF2
Ag2F
AlF3
AmF3
AmF4
AsF3
AsF5
AuF3
BF3
B2F4
BaF2
BeF2
BiF3
BiF5
BrF3
BrF5
CF4
C2F6
CaF2
CdF2
CeF3
ClF3
ClF5
CoF2
CoF3
CrF2
CrF3
CrF4
CrF5
CrF6
CsF
CuF
DyF3
ErF3
EuF2
EuF3
DF
HF
FI
KF
LiF
NaF
RbF
TlF
FeF2
FeF3
HgF2
Hg2F2
KrF2
LaF3
LuF3
MgF2
MnF2
MoF4
MoF5
MoF6
NiF2
F2O
F2O4
PbF2
PbF4
PdF2
SnF2
SrF2
XeF2
ZnF2
ZrF2
GaF3
GdF3
HoF3
InF3
MnF3
F3N
NbF4
NbF5
NdF3
F3P
PrF3
PuF3
SbF3
ScF3
SmF3
TbF3
TiF3
TiF4
TlF3
TmF3
UF3
VF3
YF3
YbF3
GeF4
HfF4
F4N2
PuF4
SF4
SeF4
SiF4
SnF4
TeF4
ThF4
UF4
VF4
WF4
XeF4
ZrF4
IF5
PF5
SbF5
TaF5
UF5
VF5
WF5
OsF6
PtF6
ReF6
SF6
SeF6
TeF6
UF6
WF6
XeF6
IF7
ReF7
IrF3
IrF6
OsF4
OsF5
PmF3
PrF4
PuF6
ReF4
ReF5
RhF6
RuF3
RuF4
RuF5
RuF6
TcF5
TcF6
VF2
YbF2
Other
AgBF4
AgPF6
Cs2AlF5
K3AlF6
Na3AlF6
KAsF6
LiAsF6
NaAsF6
HBF4
KBF4
LiBF4
NaBF4
RbBF4
Ba(BF4)2
Ni(BF4)2
Pb(BF4)2
Sn(BF4)2
BaClF
BaSiF6
BaGeF6
BrOF3
BrO2F
CBrF3
CBr2F2
CBr3F
CClF3
CCl2F2
CCl3F
CFN
CF2O
CF3I
CHF3
CH2F2
CH3F
C2Cl3F3
C2H3F
C6H5F
C7H5F3
C15F33N
ClFO2
CrFO4
CrF2O2
CsBF4
NH4F
FNO
FNO2
FNO3
KHF2
NaHF2
ThOF2
NH5F2
(NH4)2SiF6
F2OS
F3OP
F3PS
HPF6
HSbF6
NH4PF6
KPF6
KSbF6
LiPF6
NaPF6
NaSbF6
Na2SiF6
Na2TiF6
Na2ZrF6
TlPF6
IOF3
K2NbF7
K2TaF7
IO3F
Chemical formulas
[show]
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Binary compounds of hydrogen
Alkali metal hydrides
LiH
NaH
KH
RbH
CsH

Lithium hydride, LiH
ionic metal hydride

Beryllium hydride
Left (gas phase): BeH2
covalent metal hydride
Right: (BeH2)n (solid phase)
polymeric metal hydride

Borane and diborane
Left: BH3 (special conditions), covalent metalloid hydride
Right: B2H6 (standard conditions), dimeric metalloid hydride

Methane, CH4
covalent nonmetal hydride

Ammonia, NH3
covalent nonmetal hydride

Water, H2O
covalent nonmetal hydride

Hydrogen fluoride, HF
covalent nonmetal hydride
Alkaline earth hydrides
Monohydrides
BeH
MgH
CaH
SrH
BaH
BeH2
MgH2
CaH2
SrH2
BaH2
Group 13 hydrides
Boranes
BH3
B2H6
B2H2
B2H4
Alanes
AlH3
Al2H6
Gallanes
GaH3
Ga2H6
Indiganes
InH3
In2H6
Thallanes
TlH3
Tl2H6
B2H2
B2H4
B4H10
B5H9
B5H11
B6H10
B6H12
B10H14
B18H22
Group 14 hydrides
Linear alkanes
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
more...
Linear alkenes
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
C8H16
C9H18
C10H20
more...
Linear alkynes
C2H2
C3H4
C4H6
C5H8
C6H10
C7H12
C8H14
C9H16
C10H18
more...
Silanes
SiH4
Si2H6
Si3H8
Si4H10
Si5H12
Si6H14
Si7H16
Si8H18
Si9H20
Si10H22
more...
Silenes
Si2H4
Silynes
Si2H2
Germanes
GeH4
Ge2H6
Ge3H8
Ge4H10
Ge5H12
Stannanes
SnH4
Sn2H6
Plumbanes
PbH4
CH
CH2
CH3
C2H
Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkenes
Annulenes
Many more
Pnictogen hydrides
Azanes
NH3
N2H4
N3H5
N4H6
N5H7
N6H8
N7H9
N8H10
N9H11
N10H12
more...
Azenes
N2H2
N3H3
N4H4
Phosphanes
PH3
P2H4
P3H5
P4H6
P5H7
P6H8
P7H9
P8H10
P9H11
P10H12
more...
Phosphenes
P2H2
P3H3
P4H4
Arsanes
AsH3
As2H4
Stibanes
SbH3
Bismuthanes
BiH3
HN3
NH
radical
Hydrogen chalcogenides
Polyoxidanes
H2O
H2O2
H2O3
H2O4
H2O5
H2O6
H2O7
H2O8
H2O9
H2O10
more...
Polysulfanes
H2S
H2S2
H2S3
H2S4
H2S5
H2S6
H2S7
H2S8
H2S9
H2S10
more...
Selanes
H2Se
H2Se2
Tellanes
H2Te
H2Te2
Polanes
PoH2
HO
HO2
HO3
H2O+–O–
H2S=S
(HS)2S+–S–
HS
HDO
D2O
T2O
Hydrogen halides
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
HAt
Transition metal hydrides
ScH2
YH2
YH3
TiH2
ZrH2
HfH2
VH
VH2
NbH
NbH2
TaH
CrH
CrH2
CrHx
NiH
PdHx (x < 1)
FeH
FeH2
FeH5
CuH
ZnH2
CdH2
HgH2
Lanthanide hydrides
LaH2
LaH3
CeH2
CeH3
PrH2
PrH3
NdH2
NdH3
SmH2
SmH3
EuH2
GdH2
GdH3
TbH2
TbH3
DyH2
DyH3
HoH2
HoH3
ErH2
ErH3
TmH2
TmH3
YbH2
YbH2.5
LuH2
LuH3
Actinide hydrides
AcH2
ThH2
Th4H15
PaH3
UH3
NpH2
NpH3
PuH2
PuH3
AmH2
AmH3
CmH2
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List of Indian Premier League awards
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The article lists all the awards of the Indian Premier League, a Twenty20 cricket competition based in India. The tournament honours players with several awards at the end of the every season. They are Orange Cap, Purple Cap, Maximum Sixes Award, Most Valuable Player and Emerging Player of the Year.
Contents
1 Orange Cap
2 Purple Cap
3 Maximum Sixes Award
4 Most Valuable Player
5 Player of the match (final)
6 Emerging player of the year
7 Fair Play Award
8 See also
9 References
Orange Cap[edit]
The Orange Cap is an annual cricket award presented to the leading run scorer in the Indian Premier League.[1][2] It was introduced on 25 April 2008, a week after the start of the inaugural season of the IPL. The batsman with most runs in the tournament during the course of the season would wear the Orange Cap while fielding, with the overall leading run-scorer at the conclusion of the tournament winning the actual Orange Cap award on the day of the season's final. Brendon McCullum became the first player to wear the Orange Cap,[2] and Shaun Marsh became the first winner of the award.
The then IPL chairman and commissioner Lalit Modi said of the initiative, "Cricket is often remembered and recorded as statistics and not by material distinctions. The DLF Indian Premier League will create a distinction for the best performing batsman, which will be cherished and valued by each player through this initiative. The purpose of this initiative is to be innovative, create another unique piece of history that sets the DLF Indian Premier League apart from the crowd, and to reward outstanding achievements by the players."[2]
Winners
Season
Player[1]
Mat
Runs
Ref
2008 Shaun Marsh (KXIP) 11 616 [3]
2009 Matthew Hayden (CSK) 12 572 [4]
2010 Sachin Tendulkar (MI) 15 618 [5]
2011 Chris Gayle (RCB) 12 608 [6]
2012 Chris Gayle (RCB) 15 733 [7]
2013 Michael Hussey (CSK) 16 733 [8]
2014 Robin Uthappa (KKR) 16 660 [9]
2015 David Warner (SRH) 14 562 [10]
2016 Virat Kohli (RCB) 16 973 [11]
2017 David Warner (SRH) 14 641 [12]
2018 Kane Williamson (SRH) 17 735 [13]
indicates the player captained his team for the season.
Purple Cap[edit]
The Purple Cap is an annual cricket award presented to the leading wicket-taker in the Indian Premier League.[14][15] After the introduction of Orange Cap on 25 April 2008, the Indian Premier League announced the introduction of the Purple Cap on 13 May 2008. The bowler with most wickets in the tournament during the course of the season would wear the Purple Cap while fielding, with the overall leading wicket-taker at the conclusion of the tournament winning the actual Purple Cap award on the day of the season's final. In case of a tie, the bowler with superior economy rate would hold the Purple Cap.[16]
The then IPL chairman and commissioner Lalit Modi said of the initiative, "We have seen over the course of the inaugural season of the League so far that bowlers have just as important a role to play in winning T20 matches as batsmen do.”[16]
Winners
Season
Player[14]
Mat
Wkts
Ref
2008 Sohail Tanvir (RR) 11 22 [17]
2009 R. P. Singh (DC) 16 23 [18]
2010 Pragyan Ojha (DC) 16 21 [19]
2011 Lasith Malinga (MI) 16 28 [20]
2012 Morne Morkel (DD) 16 25 [21]
2013 Dwayne Bravo (CSK) 18 32 [22]
2014 Mohit Sharma (CSK) 16 23 [23]
2015 Dwayne Bravo (CSK) 16 24 [24]
2016 Bhuvneshwar Kumar (SRH) 17 23 [25]
2017 Bhuvneshwar Kumar (SRH) 14 26 [26]
2018 Andrew Tye (KXIP) 14 24 [27]
Maximum Sixes Award[edit]
The Maximum Sixes Award is an annual cricket award presented to the batsman who hits the most sixes in the Indian Premier League.[28]
Winners
Season
Player
Mat
Sixes
Ref
2008 Sanath Jayasuriya (MI) 14 31 [29]
2009 Adam Gilchrist (DC) 16 29 [30]
2010 Robin Uthappa (RCB) 16 27 [31]
2011 Chris Gayle (RCB) 12 44 [32]
2012 Chris Gayle (RCB) 15 59 [33]
2013 Chris Gayle (RCB) 16 51 [34]
2014 Glenn Maxwell (KXIP) 16 36 [35]
2015 Chris Gayle (RCB) 14 38 [36]
2016 Virat Kohli (RCB) 16 38 [37]
2017 Glenn Maxwell (KXIP) 14 26 [38]
2018 Rishabh Pant (DD) 14 37 [39]
Most Valuable Player[edit]
The award was called the "man of the tournament" till the 2012 season. The IPL introduced the Most Valuable Player rating system in 2013, the leader of which would be named the "Most Valuable Player" at the end of the season.
Winners
Season
Player
Ref
2008 Shane Watson (RR) [40]
2009 Adam Gilchrist (DC) [41]
2010 Sachin Tendulkar (MI) [42]
2011 Chris Gayle (RCB) [43]
2012 Sunil Narine (KKR) [44]
2013 Shane Watson (RR) [45]
2014 Glenn Maxwell (KXIP) [46]
2015 Andre Russell (KKR) [47]
2016 Virat Kohli (RCB) [48]
2017 Ben Stokes (RPS) [49]
2018 Sunil Narine (KKR) [50]
Player of the match (final)[edit]
Winners
Season
Player of the match
Ref
2008 Yusuf Pathan (RR) [40]
2009 Anil Kumble (RCB) [41]
2010 Suresh Raina (CSK) [42]
2011 Murali Vijay (CSK) [43]
2012 Manvinder Bisla (KKR) [44]
2013 Kieron Pollard (MI) [45]
2014 Manish Pandey (KKR) [46]
2015 Rohit Sharma (MI) [47]
2016 Ben Cutting (SRH) [48]
2017 Krunal Pandya (MI) [49]
2018 Shane Watson (CSK) [50]
Emerging player of the year[edit]
The award was presented for the "best under-19 player" in 2008 and "best under-23 player" in 2009 and 2010, being called "Under-23 Success of the Tournament". In 2011 and 2012, the award was known as "Rising Star of the Year", while, in 2013, it was called "Best Young Player of the Season". Since 2014, the award has been called the "Emerging Player of the Year."
Winners
Season
Player
Ref
2008 Shreevats Goswami (RCB) [40]
2009 Rohit Sharma (DC) [41]
2010 Saurabh Tiwary (MI) [42]
2011 Iqbal Abdulla (KKR) [43]
2012 Mandeep Singh (KXIP) [44]
2013 Sanju Samson (RR) [45]
2014 Axar Patel (KXIP) [46]
2015 Shreyas Iyer (DD) [47]
2016 Mustafizur Rahman (SRH) [48]
2017 Basil Thampi (GL) [49]
2018 Rishabh Pant (DD) [50]
Fair Play Award[edit]
The Fair Play Award is given after each season to the team with the best record of fair play.[51] The winner is decided on the basis of the points the umpires give to the teams.[51] After each match, the two on-field umpires, and the third umpire, scores the performance of both the teams. A team can be awarded a total of ten points per match, out of which four points are given on the basis of how the team has adhered to the "spirit of the game" in the opinion of the umpires. The other three criteria are based on the respect towards to the opposition, the laws of cricket and the umpires. Each of these three criteria represents 2 points. If a team has got two points in the criterion, its performance is considered as "good", whereas getting one or zero points indicates that its performance is "average" or "bad" respectively.[51]
Winners
Season
Team
2008 Chennai Super Kings
2009 Kings XI Punjab
2010 Chennai Super Kings
2011 Chennai Super Kings
2012 Rajasthan Royals
2013 Chennai Super Kings
2014 Chennai Super Kings
2015 Chennai Super Kings
2016 Sunrisers Hyderabad
2017 Gujarat Lions
2018 Mumbai Indians
See also[edit]
List of Indian Premier League centuries
List of Indian Premier League records and statistics
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "IPL Stats".
^ Jump up to: a b c "IPL introduces 'Orange Cap' award". thatscricket.com. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2008". iplt20. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2009". iplt20. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2010". iplt20. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2011". iplt20. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2012". iplt20. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2013". iplt20. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2014". iplt20. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2015". iplt20. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most runs-2016". iplt20. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cricket Records | Indian Premier League, 2017 | Records | Most runs | ESPN Cricinfo". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Cricket Records | Indian Premier League, 2018 | Records | Most runs | ESPN Cricinfo". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
^ Jump up to: a b "IPL Stats".
Jump up ^ "Warner takes Orange cap, Bravo wins race for Purple cap".
^ Jump up to: a b "Purple Cap for bowlers". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2008". iplt20. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2009". iplt20. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2010". iplt20. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2011". iplt20. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2012". iplt20. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2013". iplt20. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2014". iplt20. Retrieved 1 Jun 2014.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2015". iplt20. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2016". iplt20. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2017". iplt20. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Most wickets-2018". iplt20. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "IPL Stats".
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2008". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2009". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2010". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2011". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2012". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2013". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2014". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 1 Jun 2014.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2015". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 19 Apr 2015.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2016". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2017". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "most 6's – 2018". IPLT20.com. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player of the series – 2008". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player of the series – 2009". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player of the series – 2010". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player of the series – 2011". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player of the series – 2012". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player of the series – 2013". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player of the series – 2014". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 1 Jun 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player of the series – 2015". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Final: Royal Challengers Bangalore v Sunrisers Hyderabad at Bengaluru, May 29, 2016 | Cricket Scorecard | ESPN Cricinfo". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "RPS vs MI, Final – IPL Live Score, Commentary | Cricket Scorecard | Cricbuzz". Cricbuzz. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "IPL 2018 Award Winners: Orange Cap, Purple Cap, Fairplay and other award winners". indianexpress.com. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "IPL Fair Play". IPL. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
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text:
Dancing devils of Corpus Christi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Diablos Danzantes de Venezuela
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
Country
Venezuela
Reference
00
Region
América Latina y el Caribe
Inscription history
Inscription
2012
25 meter tall monument to Dancing Devils of Yare, at Venezuela de Antier in Mérida, Venezuela. Constructed 1924-25.
Dancing Devils of Corpus Christi refers to a set of popular Venezuelan religious festivals held on Corpus Christi, celebrating the presence of Christ in the Eucharist.[1]. It generally refers to the practices of 11 brotherhoods in various regions, which that include more than 5,000 people,[2] among which the best-known is the Dancing Devils of Yare. These manifestations were recognized by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2012.
Contents
1 History
2 Brotherhoods
3 Yare
3.1 Procession and dress code
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The brotherhood groups originated in the mid seventeenth century[3] on the Aragua and Vargas[2] state farms. As early as 1749, Corpus Christi was celebrated and men, women and children dressed as devils to fulfill promises made to the Blessed Sacrament.[4]
Different origins have been attributed to the Dancing Devils of Corpus Christi. According to a story about the San Francisco de Yare brotherhood, 400 years ago, a priest without the means to hold the procession of Corpus Christi said: "If there is no money nor believers to carry the Blessed Sacrament in procession, then the devils come!"[5] After a storm, several devils presented themselves in front of the church.[6]
Regarding other stories about the Yare brotherhoods are, some references are in the novel Peonía by the writer Manuel Vicente Romero Garcia, describing in a clear and illustrative manner how the dancers were Cúa devils in the 1870s.[7]
Brotherhoods[edit]
There are 11 groups[8] recognized as guilds, societies or associations which constitute hierarchies to dance annually and make promises to worship the Blessed Sacrament.[9][10] All are independent organizations established in their respective communities. In contemporary times, groups have organized non-profit associations that access public and private funding to improve their organizational strategies and reach a wider audience.[3]
Dancing Devils of Yare
Dancing Devils of Ocumare de la Costa
Dancing Devils of Cata
Dancing Devils of Cuyagua
Dancing Devils of Turiamo
Dancing Devils of Chuao
Dancing Devils of Patanemo
Dancing Devils of San Rafael de Orituco
Dancing Devils of Tinaquillo
Dancing Devils of San Millán
Dancing Devils of Naiguatá
Trying to reach a degree of organizational strength, several fraternities held a series of "national meetings," each located in a different community. As a result, the National Association of Dancing Devils of Corpus Christi was created to bring together most of the existing fraternities.[3]
Yare[edit]
The Dancing Devils of Yare (Diablos Danzantes del Yare) is the name of a religious festival celebrated in San Francisco de Yare, in the state of Miranda, Venezuela, on the day of Corpus Christi. The Sociedades del Santísimo (Societies of the Holiest) are in charge of the celebration. Its origins are traced back to the 18th century, being the oldest brotherhood of the American continent.
Every Corpus Christi (nine Thursdays after Holy Thursday), a ritual dance is performed by the so-called "Dancing Devils," who wear colorful garments (commonly all red), layers of stripped fabric, masks of grotesque appearance and also accessories like crosses, scapulars, rosaries and other sorts of amulets.
The fraternity of the devils is divided in hierarchical order, represented by their masks.
There are other expressions in this particular festival named according to the location, such as the Devils of Naiguatá and the Devils of Chuao.
Procession and dress code[edit]
Dancing Devils of Yare original Masks
In this folkloric festival, devotion is given to the patron saint Saint Francis of Paola, to the Blessed Sacrament and to Jesus Christ. The celebration starts Wednesday with a wake where fulías (a native music style) are played, décimas (native form of poetry) are recited and rosaries and other prayers are recited until dawn. The next day the devoted, disguised as devils, perform dances around the main town square. They also parade through the streets, dressed in their red costumes and masks, dancing to the rhythm of corríos (octosyllabic musical poems).
Later on, the group moves towards the front of the church and when the mass has ended, the Eucharist is placed at the church's entrance and a sort of fight representation begins between the devils and the guardians. Finally, the devils surrender and kneel in front of the Eucharist to show submission, dancing to the rhythm of the bamba, a music style that is more reverential. The entire performance represents the victory of Good over Evil. The dancing devils wear red shirts, trousers and stockings, a mask depicting a devil, and canvas sandals. They carry a cross made out of blessed palm leaves, a rosary, and a medallion with the image of Christ (that can be substituted by another Christian religious image). They also carry in one hand a devil-shaped maraca, and in the other, a whip.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ UNESCO. "Diablos Danzantes de Venezuela" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2013-10-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Correo del Orinoco. "Los Diablos Danzantes están a punto de ser un patrimonio de la humanidad" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2013-10-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c CONVENTION FOR THE SAFEGUARDING OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE. NOMINATION FILE NO. 00639. UNESCO. 2012. p. 15. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
Jump up ^ "11 cofradías de Diablos Danzantes celebrarán declaración de la tradición como patrimonio mundial" (in Spanish). AVN. 2012-12-06. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
Jump up ^ "Diablos Danzantes recorrerán las calles de San Francisco de Yare" (in Spanish). Radio Mundial. 2011-06-22. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
Jump up ^ Historia de los Valles del Tuy. "Diablos Danzantes de Yare" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
Jump up ^ Manuel V. Monasterios G. (2012-04-03). "Origen de la festividad religiosa y tradicional celebrada cada año el jueves después de la octava de pentecostés" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2013-10-26.
Jump up ^ "Diablos Danzantes de Corpus Christi fueron honrados en Apure" (in Spanish). AVN. 2012-08-23. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
Jump up ^ Venezuela Tuya .com. "Los Diablos Danzantes de nuestra tierra" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2013-10-26.
Jump up ^ MINCI / AVN (2013-05-30). "Diablos danzantes de Corpus Christi, Patrimonio Cultural de Venezuela y del Mundo" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2013-10-26.
Translated from: Spanish language Wikipedia
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diablos danzantes de Yare.
NY Times feature on the Dancing Devils
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_devils_of_Corpus_Christi&oldid=844613346"
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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values: رقص الشياطين بسبب كروبس كريستي – Arabic

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