text:
Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The following is a list of major events in the history of the United Kingdom's electricity supply industry.
Year
Event
1882 The Electric Lighting Act 1882 (repealed 1989) — allowed the setting up of supply systems by persons, companies or local authorities
1888 The Electric Lighting Act 1888 (repealed 1989) — amendment to 1882 Act making the setting up of a supply company easier.
1891 London Electric Supply Corporation (LESCo) opened Deptford Power Station, UK's first AC power system, designed by Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti.
1899 The Electric Lighting (Clauses) Act 1899 (repealed 1989)
1901 Newcastle upon Tyne Electric Supply Company (NESCo) opened Neptune Bank Power Station, the first in the UK to supply three-phase electric power.
1909 The Electric Lighting Act 1909 (repealed 1989). Regulated planning consent for building power stations.
1919 Williamson Report and Birchenough Report leads to the Electricity (Supply) Act 1919[1](repealed 1989). Established Electricity Commission[citation needed] and appointed Electricity Commissioners
1922 The Electricity (Supply) Act 1922 (repealed 1989)
1926 Weir Report leads to the Electricity (Supply) Act 1926 (repealed 1989) — created Central Electricity Board and the National Grid operating at 132 kV (50 Hz)
1933 The 132 kV National Grid started operating as interconnected set of regional grids.
1936 The Electricity Supply (Meters) Act 1936 (repealed 1989)
1938 The 132 kV National Grid became integrated.
1943 The Hydro-Electric Development (Scotland) Act 1943 (repealed 1989)
1947 The Electricity Act 1947 (repealed 1989). It merged 625 electricity companies to be vested in twelve area electricity boards and the generation and 132 kV National Grid were vested with the British Electricity Authority.
1954 The Electricity Reorganisation (Scotland) Act 1954 (repealed 1989)
1955 British Electricity Authority becomes the Central Electricity Authority. The Scottish area boards are merged into South of Scotland Electricity Board and the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board.
1957 The Electricity Act 1957 (repealed 1989). The Central Electricity Authority was dissolved and replaced by Central Electricity Generating Board and the Electricity Council.
1958 The new chairman of the Central Electricity Generating Board Christopher Hinton, Baron Hinton of Bankside begins the procurement of the new 2000 MW power stations and 400kV grid system
1961 The Electricity (Amendment) Act 1961 (repealed 1989)
1963 The Electricity and Gas Act 1963 (repealed 1989)
1965 Introduction of the first phase of the 400kV Supergrid from West Burton power stations, Nottinghamshire to Sundon in Bedfordshire
1968 The Gas and Electricity Act 1968 (repealed 1989)
1969 The first of the new 2000 MW Generating Units are officially opened by the Ministry of Power (United Kingdom) Roy Mason at West Burton power stations
1972 The Electricity Act 1972 (repealed 1989)
1978 Economy 7 introduced.
1979 The Electricity (Scotland) Act 1979 (repealed 1989)
1989 The Electricity Act 1989 provides for the privatisation of the electricity industry in Great Britain
1990 Beginning of the privatization of the Central Electricity Generating Board. The assets of the CEGB are broken up into three new companies: Powergen, National Power and National Grid Company. Later, the nuclear component within National Power was removed and vested in another state-owned company called Nuclear Electric.
1991 Scottish industry privatised
1992 Electricity supply in Northern Ireland privatised. Premier Power formed.
1993 Supply industry in Northern Ireland privatised.
1995 Major assets of Nuclear Electric and Scottish Nuclear were merged the UK's eight most advanced nuclear plants, forming a new private company, British Energy.
2000 The Utilities Act 2000 placed responsibility on generators to allow for connecting distributed energy sources to grid.[clarification needed]
2001 The Central Electricity Generating Board (Dissolution) Order 2001. CEGB formally wound up.
2007 From 1 November Northern Ireland generators must sell their electricity into the Single Electricity Market, an all-island market with the Republic of Ireland from which suppliers purchase electricity at a single market rate.
2009 After becoming the UK's largest electricity generation company, British Energy is bought by Électricité de France (EDF), a stated owned company.[2]
See also[edit]
Energy policy of the United Kingdom
Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom
Energy switching services in the UK
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Page 41 "Electricity Supply in the UK: A chronology"The Electricity Council, 1987, ISBN 0-85188-105-X
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/24/business/worldbusiness/24iht-edf.1.16429314.html
Duncan, Ben (1996). "Public Service Obligations in a Competitive Electricity Market" (Microsoft Word document).
Eyles, William E. "Electricity in Bath 1890 – 1974". South Western Electricity Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2007-03-12. — explains the 1882 Act
Hannah, Leslie (1979). Electricity Before Nationalisation, A Study in the Development of the Electricity Supply Industry in Britain to 1948. London & Basingstoke: Macmillan Publishers for the Electricity Council. ISBN 0-8018-2145-2.
"Electricity Act 1989". National Archives.
"UK Electricity Networks" (pdf). Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. 2001. — "Postnote" 163
[show]
v
t
e
Energy in the United Kingdom
[show]
Companies
Coal
Anglo American
Asia Energy
BHP
ENRC
Glencore
Rio Tinto
UK Coal
Oil and gas
Integrated
BP
Royal Dutch Shell
Exploration and
production
Afren
BHP
Cairn Energy
Centrica
Dana Petroleum
Desire Petroleum
Emerald Energy
EnQuest
Essar Energy
Hardy Oil and Gas
JKX Oil & Gas
Melrose Resources
Ophir Energy
Perenco
Premier Oil
Regal Petroleum
Rockhopper Exploration
SOCO International
Star Energy
Tullow Oil
Supply
Greenergy
Murco Petroleum
Support
Abbot Group
AMEC
Ensco
Expro
Hunting
Petrofac
Qserv
Score Group
Weir Group
WesternGeco1
Wood Group
Utilities
Generation and
supply
Integrated
Centrica
EDF Energy1
E.ON UK1
RWE npower1
Scottish Power1
SSE
Generation
Drax Group
Falck Renewables
Horizon Nuclear Power1
International Power
Vattenfall United Kingdom1
Vedanta Resources
Supply
The Co-operative Energy
Ecotricity
ESB International
Extra Energy
Firmus Energy
First Utility
Good Energy
Green Energy
LoCO2 Energy
Opus Energy
Ovo Energy
Phoenix Natural Gas
Telecom Plus
Distribution
Electricity
Electricity North West1
Northern Powergrid1
SP Energy Networks1
SSE Power Distribution
UK Power Networks1
Western Power Distribution1
Gas
Firmus Energy
National Grid
Northern Gas Networks
Phoenix Natural Gas
SGN
Wales & West Utilities1
Transmission
Electricity
National Grid2
Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission
SP Energy Networks1
Gas
National Grid
Other
Aggreko
APX Group
Aquamarine Power
Ecogen
EnServe
Geothermal Engineering
Hi-Gen Power
Mark Group
Wavegen
Companies with headquarters and/or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in italics 1Ultimate parent company is not UK-based 2Integrated in the United States, no generation or supply activities in the UK
[hide]
Energy sources
Coal
Coal Authority
Coal-fired power stations
Coal mines
Coal mining regions
Confederation of UK Coal Producers
Greenhouse gas emissions
History
Miners' strike
National Coal Board
Open-pit coal mining
Electricity
Association of Electricity Producers
BritNed
East–West Interconnector
Energy switching services
Economy 7
Economy 10
Electricity billing
Green electricity
Grid Trade Master Agreement
HVDC Cross-Channel
HVDC Moyle
HVDC Norway–UK
Isle of Man to England Interconnector
National Grid
Control
Reserve Service
New Electricity Trading Arrangements
Power stations
Timeline of the electricity supply industry
Nuclear
Advanced gas-cooled reactor
Franco–British Nuclear Forum
Magnox
National Nuclear Laboratory
Nuclear Decommissioning Authority
Nuclear Liabilities Fund
Nuclear power stations
Office for Nuclear Regulation
Sellafield
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
Oil and gas
BBL Pipeline
Dash for Gas
Forties pipeline system
Fuel protests
Gas infrastructure
Greenhouse gas emissions
Hydrocarbon oil duty
Oil and Gas Authority
National Transmission System
Natural gas fields
Natural gas-fired power stations
North Sea oil
Oil & Gas UK
Oil fields
Oil-fired power stations
Oil infrastructure
Oil refineries
Petroleum revenue tax
Renewables
Biofuels
Biodiesel
Biofuel power stations
National Non-Food Crops Centre
Renewable Fuels Agency
Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation
Geothermal
Geothermal power stations
Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectric power stations
Severn Barrage
Wave farms
Solar power
Wind power
List of offshore wind farms
List of onshore wind farms
North Sea Offshore Grid
Wind power in Scotland
[show]
Government and regulation
Organisations
Carbon Trust
Cenex
Committee on Climate Change
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy
Department of Energy and Climate Change
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Energy Saving Trust
Environment Agency
Office of Gas and Electricity Markets
Legislation and
initiatives
Carbon Emission Reduction Target
Climate Change Act 2008
Climate Change Agreement
Climate Change Levy
Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006
CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme
Display Energy Certificate
Energy Act 2013
Energy Performance Certificate
Fossil Fuel Levy
Low Carbon Building Programme
National Industrial Symbiosis Programme
Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation
Planning Act 2008
Renewable Heat Incentive
Renewables Obligation
United Kingdom Climate Change Programme
[show]
Non-governmental organisations
Charities and
pressure groups
Ashden Award
BioRegional
Campaign against Climate Change
Centre for Alternative Technology
National Energy Action
Stop Climate Chaos
Tyndall Centre
Industry bodies
Combined Heat and Power Association
Energy Institute
Energy Networks Association
Energy Retail Association
Green Power Forum
RenewableUK
Utilities Intermediaries Association
Research
Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology
Energy Technologies Institute
Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research
NaREC
Oil Depletion Analysis Centre
Sunbury Research Centre
UK Energy Research Centre
[show]
Energy conservation
Association for the Conservation of Energy
British Energy Efficiency Federation
Close the Door campaign
Code for Sustainable Homes
Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme
EcoHomes
Energy efficiency in British housing
Energy Saving Trust
Energy Saving Trust Recommended
Greenhouse gas emissions
HTB
National Home Energy Rating
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_UK_electricity_supply_industry&oldid=800983625"
Categories:
Electric power in the United Kingdom
British history timelines
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2011
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 16 September 2017, at 23:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Electrical_power_industry
mw-redirect
Electrical power industry

value: th

value: tr

value: td

values: Electric Lighting Act 1882 (page does not exist)

values: Electric Lighting Act 1888 (page does not exist)

values: Electric Lighting (Clauses) Act 1899 (page does not exist)

values: Electric Lighting Act 1909 (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Electricity_(Supply)_Act_1919
mw-redirect
Electricity (Supply) Act 1919

values:
/wiki/Electricity_Commission_(UK)
mw-redirect
Electricity Commission (UK)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Electricity (Supply) Act 1922 (page does not exist)

values: Electricity (Supply) Act 1926 (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/National_Grid_(UK)
mw-redirect
National Grid (UK)

values: Electricity Supply (Meters) Act 1936 (page does not exist)

values: Hydro-Electric Development (Scotland) Act 1943 (page does not exist)

values: Electricity Reorganisation (Scotland) Act 1954 (page does not exist)

values: Christopher Hinton, Baron Hinton of Bankside

values: Electricity (Amendment) Act 1961 (page does not exist)

values: Electricity and Gas Act 1963 (page does not exist)

values: Gas and Electricity Act 1968 (page does not exist)

values: Electricity Act 1972 (page does not exist)

values: Electricity (Scotland) Act 1979 (page does not exist)

values: Privatization of the Central Electricity Generating Board

values:
/wiki/National_Grid_Company
mw-redirect
National Grid Company

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Single_Electricity_Market
mw-redirect
Single Electricity Market

values: Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom

values: International Standard Book Number (identifier)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.parliament.uk/post/pn163.pdf

values: Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology

values: Template talk:Energy in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Energy companies of the United Kingdom

values: Category:Coal companies of the United Kingdom

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

values:
/wiki/Asia_Energy
mw-redirect
Asia Energy

values: Category:Oil and gas companies of the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Murco_Petroleum_Ltd
mw-redirect
Murco Petroleum Ltd

values: Category:Power companies of the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/International_Power
mw-redirect
International Power

values:
/wiki/Green_Energy_(UK)_Plc
mw-redirect
Green Energy (UK) Plc

values:
/wiki/Geothermal_Engineering_Ltd.
mw-redirect
Geothermal Engineering Ltd.

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Category:Coal-fired power stations in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Coal mines in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Coal mining regions in the United Kingdom

values: Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom

values: Open-pit coal mining in the United Kingdom

values: Electricity sector in the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/HVDC_Norway%E2%80%93UK
mw-redirect
HVDC Norway–UK

values:
/wiki/Control_of_the_National_Grid
mw-redirect
Control of the National Grid

values: Category:Power stations in the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Advanced_gas-cooled_reactor
mw-redirect
Advanced gas-cooled reactor

values: Category:Nuclear power stations in the United Kingdom

values: Oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Dash_for_Gas_(Template)
mw-redirect
Dash for Gas (Template)

values: Category:Natural gas infrastructure in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Natural gas fields in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Natural gas-fired power stations in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Oil fields of the United Kingdom

values: Category:Oil-fired power stations in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Petroleum infrastructure in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Oil refineries in the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Petroleum_revenue_tax
mw-redirect
Petroleum revenue tax

values:
/wiki/Biofuel_in_the_United_Kingdom
mw-redirect
Biofuel in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Biofuel power stations in the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/National_Non-Food_Crops_Centre
mw-redirect
National Non-Food Crops Centre

values: Category:Geothermal power stations in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Hydroelectric power stations in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Wave farms in the United Kingdom

values: List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom

values: List of onshore wind farms in the United Kingdom

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

values: Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006

values: National Industrial Symbiosis Programme (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Renewables_Obligation
mw-redirect
Renewables Obligation

values:
/wiki/Ashden_Award
mw-redirect
Ashden Award

values: Energy Networks Association (United Kingdom)

values: Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology

values: Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research

values: Energy conservation in the United Kingdom

values: Association for the Conservation of Energy

values: Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme

values:
/wiki/HTB_(physics)
mw-redirect
HTB (physics)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Electric power in the United Kingdom

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2011

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Timeline_of_the_UK_electricity_supply_industry rootpage-Timeline_of_the_UK_electricity_supply_industry skin-vector action-view


text:
Desertification
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Decertification.
Global desertification vulnerability map
Lake Chad in a 2001 satellite image, with the actual lake in blue. The lake has shrunk by 94% since the 1960s.[1]
Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry area of land becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife.[2] It is caused by a variety of factors, such as through climate change (particularly the current global warming) and through the overexploitation of soil through human activity.[3] When deserts appear automatically over the natural course of a planet's life cycle, then it can be called a natural phenomenon; however, when deserts emerge due to the rampant and unchecked depletion of nutrients in soil that are essential for it to remain arable, then a virtual "soil death" can be spoken of,[4] which traces its cause back to human overexploitation. Desertification is a significant global ecological and environmental problem.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
2 History
3 Areas affected
4 Vegetation patterning
5 Causes
6 Poverty
7 Countermeasures and prevention
7.1 Managed grazing
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Definitions[edit]
Considerable controversy exists over the proper definition of the term "desertification" for which Helmut Geist (2005) has identified more than 100 formal definitions. The most widely accepted[2] of these is that of the Princeton University Dictionary which defines it as "the process of fertile land transforming into desert typically as a result of deforestation, drought or improper/inappropriate agriculture".[6]
Desertification has been neatly defined in the text of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as "land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities."[7]
Another major contribution to the controversy comes from the sub-grouping of types of desertification. Spanning from the very vague yet shortsighted view as the "man-made-desert" to the more broad yet less focused type as the "Non-pattern-Desert"[8]
The earliest known discussion of the topic arose soon after the French colonization of West Africa, when the Comité d'Etudes commissioned a study on desséchement progressif to explore the prehistoric expansion of the Sahara Desert.[9]
History[edit]
The world's most noted deserts have been formed by natural processes interacting over long intervals of time. During most of these times, deserts have grown and shrunk independent of human activities. Paleodeserts are large sand seas now inactive because they are stabilized by vegetation, some extending beyond the present margins of core deserts, such as the Sahara, the largest hot desert.[10]
Desertification has played a significant role in human history, contributing to the collapse of several large empires, such as Carthage, Greece, and the Roman Empire, as well as causing displacement of local populations.[5][11][12][13][14] Historical evidence shows that the serious and extensive land deterioration occurring several centuries ago in arid regions had three epicenters: the Mediterranean, the Mesopotamian Valley, and the Loess Plateau of China, where population was dense.[11][15]
Areas affected[edit]
Sun, Moon, and large telescopes above the desert[16]
Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth’s land area[17][18] and are home to more than 2 billion people.[18] It has been estimated that some 10–20% of drylands are already degraded, the total area affected by desertification being between 6 and 12 million square kilometres, that about 1–6% of the inhabitants of drylands live in desertified areas, and that a billion people are under threat from further desertification.[19][20]
As of 1998, the then-current degree of southward expansion of the Sahara was not well known, due to a lack of recent, measurable expansion of the desert into the Sahel at the time.[21]
The impact of global warming and human activities are presented in the Sahel. In this area, the level of desertification is very high compared to other areas in the world. All areas situated in the eastern part of Africa (i.e. in the Sahel region) are characterized by a dry climate, hot temperatures, and low rainfall (300–750 mm rainfall per year). So, droughts are the rule in the Sahel region.[22] Some studies have shown that Africa has lost approximately 650,000 km² of its productive agricultural land over the past 50 years. The propagation of desertification in this area is considerable.[23]
Some statistics have shown that since 1900 the Sahara has expanded by 250 km to the south over a stretch of land from west to east 6,000 km long.[24][25][26] The survey, done by the research institute for development, had demonstrated that this means dryness is spreading fast in the Sahelian countries. 70% of the arid area has deteriorated and water resources have disappeared, leading to soil degradation. The loss of topsoil means that plants cannot take root firmly and can be uprooted by torrential water or strong winds.[23][27]
The United Nations Convention (UNC) says that about six million Sahelian citizens would have to give up the desertified zones of sub-Saharan Africa for North Africa and Europe between 1997 and 2020.[23][27]
Another major area that is being impacted by desertification is the Gobi Desert. Currently, the Gobi desert is the fastest moving desert on Earth; according to some researchers, the Gobi Desert swallows up over 1,300 square miles (3,370 km²) of land annually. This has destroyed many villages in its path. Currently, photos show that the Gobi Desert has expanded to the point the entire nation of Croatia could fit inside its area.[28] This is causing a major problem for the people of China. They will soon have to deal with the desert as it creeps closer. Although the Gobi Desert itself is still a distance away from Beijing, reports from field studies state there are large sand dunes forming only 70 km (43.5 mi) outside the city.[29]
Vegetation patterning[edit]
As the desertification takes place, the landscape may progress through different stages and continuously transform in appearance. On gradually sloped terrain, desertification can create increasingly larger empty spaces over a large strip of land, a phenomenon known as "Brousse tigrée". A mathematical model of this phenomenon proposed by C. Klausmeier attributes this patterning to dynamics in plant-water interaction.[30] One outcome of this observation suggests an optimal planting strategy for agriculture in arid environments.[31]
Causes[edit]
Preventing Man-made Overgrazing
Goats inside of a pen in Norte Chico, Chile. Overgrazing of drylands by poorly managed traditional herding is one of the primary causes of desertification.
Wildebeest in Masai Mara during the Great Migration. Overgrazing is not caused by nomadic grazers in huge populations of travel herds,[32][33] nor by holistic planned grazing.[34]
The immediate cause is the loss of most vegetation. This is driven by a number of factors, alone or in combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing and deforestation for fuel or construction materials. Vegetation plays a major role in determining the biological composition of the soil. Studies have shown that, in many environments, the rate of erosion and runoff decreases exponentially with increased vegetation cover.[35] Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away with the wind or are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers that bake in the sun and become an unproductive hardpan. Controversially, Allan Savory has claimed that the controlled movement of herds of livestock, mimicking herds of grazing wildlife, can reverse desertification.[36][37][38][39][40]
A shepherd guiding his sheep through the high desert outside Marrakech, Morocco
Poverty[edit]
At least 90% of the inhabitants of drylands live in developing countries, where they also suffer from poor economic and social conditions.[19] This situation is exacerbated by land degradation because of the reduction in productivity, the precariousness of living conditions and the difficulty of access to resources and opportunities.[41]
A downward spiral is created in many underdeveloped countries by overgrazing, land exhaustion and overdrafting of groundwater in many of the marginally productive world regions due to overpopulation pressures to exploit marginal drylands for farming. Decision-makers are understandably averse to invest in arid zones with low potential. This absence of investment contributes to the marginalisation of these zones. When unfavourable agro-climatic conditions are combined with an absence of infrastructure and access to markets, as well as poorly adapted production techniques and an underfed and undereducated population, most such zones are excluded from development.[42]
Desertification often causes rural lands to become unable to support the same sized populations that previously lived there. This results in mass migrations out of rural areas and into urban areas, particularly in Africa. These migrations into the cities often cause large numbers of unemployed people, who end up living in slums.[43][44]
Agriculture is a main source of income for many desert communities. The increase in desertification in theses regions has degraded the land enough where people can no longer productively farm and make a profit. This has negatively impacted the economy and increased poverty rates.[45]
Countermeasures and prevention[edit]
Anti-sand shields in north Sahara, Tunisia
Jojoba plantations, such as those shown, have played a role in combating edge effects of desertification in the Thar Desert, India.[46]
Techniques and countermeasures exist for mitigating or reversing the effects of desertification, and some possess varying levels of difficulty. For some, there are numerous barriers to their implementation. Yet for others, the solution simply requires the exercise of human reason.
One less difficult solution that has been proposed,[47] however controversial it may be, is to bring about a cap on the population growth, and in fact to turn this into a population decay, so that each year there will gradually exist fewer and fewer humans who require the land to be depleted even further in order to grow their food.
One proposed barrier is that the costs of adopting sustainable agricultural practices sometimes exceed the benefits for individual farmers, even while they are socially and environmentally beneficial.[48] Another issue is a lack of political will, and lack of funding to support land reclamation and anti-desertification programs.[49]
Desertification is recognized as a major threat to biodiversity. Some countries have developed Biodiversity Action Plans to counter its effects, particularly in relation to the protection of endangered flora and fauna.[50][51]
Reforestation gets at one of the root causes of desertification and is not just a treatment of the symptoms. Environmental organizations[52] work in places where deforestation and desertification are contributing to extreme poverty. There they focus primarily on educating the local population about the dangers of deforestation and sometimes employ them to grow seedlings, which they transfer to severely deforested areas during the rainy season.[53] The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations launched the FAO Drylands Restoration Initiative in 2012 to draw together knowledge and experience on dryland restoration.[54] In 2015, FAO published global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands, in collaboration with the Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs and the Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency.[55]
Currently, one of the major methods that has been finding success in this battle with desertification.[according to whom?] This is known as the Green Wall of China. This wall is a much larger scaled version of what American farmers did in the 1930s to stop the great Midwest dust bowl. This plan was proposed in the late 1970s, and has become a major ecological engineering project that is not predicted to end until the year 2055. According to Chinese reports, there have been nearly 66,000,000,000 trees planted in China's great green wall.[56] Due to the success that China has been finding in stopping the spread of desertification, plans are currently be made in Africa to start a "wall" along the borders of the Sahara desert as well.[citation needed]
Techniques focus on two aspects: provisioning of water, and fixation and hyper-fertilizing soil.
Fixating the soil is often done through the use of shelter belts, woodlots and windbreaks. Windbreaks are made from trees and bushes and are used to reduce soil erosion and evapotranspiration. They were widely encouraged by development agencies from the middle of the 1980s in the Sahel area of Africa.
Some soils (for example, clay), due to lack of water can become consolidated rather than porous (as in the case of sandy soils). Some techniques as zaï or tillage are then used to still allow the planting of crops.[57]
Another technique that is useful is contour trenching. This involves the digging of 150 m long, 1 m deep trenches in the soil. The trenches are made parallel to the height lines of the landscape, preventing the water from flowing within the trenches and causing erosion. Stone walls are placed around the trenches to prevent the trenches from closing up again. The method was invented by Peter Westerveld.[58]
Enriching of the soil and restoration of its fertility is often done by plants. Of these, leguminous plants which extract nitrogen from the air and fix it in the soil, and food crops/trees as grains, barley, beans and dates are the most important. Sand fences can also be used to control drifting of soil and sand erosion.[59]
Some research centra (such as Bel-Air Research Center IRD/ISRA/UCAD) are also experimenting with the inoculation of tree species with mycorrhiza in arid zones. The mycorrhiza are basically fungi attaching themselves to the roots of the plants. They hereby create a symbiotic relation with the trees, increasing the surface area of the tree's roots greatly (allowing the tree to gather much more nutrients from the soil).[60]
As there are many different types of deserts, there are also different types of desert reclamation methodologies. An example for this is the salt-flats in the Rub' al Khali desert in Saudi-Arabia. These salt-flats are one of the most promising desert areas for seawater agriculture and could be revitalized without the use of freshwater or much energy.[61]
Farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) is another technique that has produced successful results for desert reclamation. Since 1980, this method to reforest degraded landscape has been applied with some success in Niger. This simple and low-cost method has enabled farmers to regenerate some 30,000 square kilometers in Niger. The process involves enabling native sprouting tree growth through selective pruning of shrub shoots. The residue from pruned trees can be used to provide mulching for fields thus increasing soil water retention and reducing evaporation. Additionally, properly spaced and pruned trees can increase crop yields. The Humbo Assisted Regeneration Project which uses FMNR techniques in Ethiopia has received money from The World Bank’s BioCarbon Fund, which supports projects that sequester or conserve carbon in forests or agricultural ecosystems.[62]
It is argued that managed grazing methods are able to restore grasslands.[63]
Managed grazing[edit]
Restoring grasslands store CO2 from the air into plant material. Grazing livestock, usually not left to wander, would eat the grass and would minimize any grass growth while grass left alone would eventually grow to cover its own growing buds, preventing them from photosynthesizing and killing the plant.[64] A method proposed to restore grasslands uses fences with many small paddocks and moving herds from one paddock to another after a day or two in order to mimic natural grazers and allowing the grass to grow optimally.[64][65][66] It is estimated that increasing the carbon content of the soils in the world’s 3.5 billion hectares of agricultural grassland would offset nearly 12 years of CO2 emissions.[64] Allan Savory, as part of holistic management, claims that while large herds are often blamed for desertification, prehistoric lands used to support large or larger herds and areas where herds were removed in the United States are still desertifying.[63]
See also[edit]
Wind erosion outside Leuchars
Aridification
Deforestation
Soil retrogression and degradation
Water crisis
Mitigation:
Desert greening
Ecological engineering
Oasification
Environment portal
Ecology portal
Earth sciences portal
Biology portal
Global warming portal
Sustainable development portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mayell, Hillary (April 26, 2001). "Shrinking African Lake Offers Lesson on Finite Resources". National Geographic News. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Geist (2005), p. 2
Jump up ^ "Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification". Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Desert Will Win". FIGU-Landesgruppe Canada. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Geist (2005), p. 4
Jump up ^ "define:desertification – Google Search". Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Part I". Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Helmut J. Geist, and Eric F. Lambin. "Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertifcation." BioScience 54.9 (2004): 817 . Web.
Jump up ^ Mortimore, Michael (1989). Adapting to drought: farmers, famines, and desertification in west Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-521-32312-3.
Jump up ^ United States Geological Survey, "Desertification", 1997
^ Jump up to: a b LOWDERMILK, W C. "CONQUEST OF THE LAND THROUGH SEVEN THOUSAND YEARS" (PDF). Soil Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Whitford, Walter G. (2002). Ecology of desert systems. Academic Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-12-747261-4.
Jump up ^ Bogumil Terminski (2011), Towards Recognition and Protection of Forced Environmental Migrants in the Public International Law: Refugee or IDPs Umbrella, Policy Studies Organization (PSO), Washington.
Jump up ^ Geist, Helmut. "The causes and progression of desertification". Antony Rowe Ltd. Ashgate publishing limited. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Dregne, H.E. "Desertification of Arid Lands". Columbia University. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sun, Moon and Telescopes above the Desert". ESO Picture of the Week. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Bauer (2007), p. 78
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson et al (2006), p. 1
^ Jump up to: a b "UNCCD – Error 404 – Page Not Found" (PDF). Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ World Bank (2009). Gender in agriculture sourcebook. World Bank Publications. p. 454. ISBN 978-0-8213-7587-7.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Riebeek, Holli (2007-01-03). "Defining Desertification : Feature Articles". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c "La progression du désert du Sahara augmente chaque année ?". Savezvousque.fr. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
Jump up ^ Hecke, Geoffrey Van (2012). Humanum 3, le secret d'Épidaure: suivi de Amazone City. Mon Petit Éditeur. p. 192. ISBN 978-2-7483-9214-2. D'après Monique Mainguet, depuis 1900, le Sahara a progressé vers le sud de 250 kilomètres et ce sur un front qui en fait plus de 6000 km.
Jump up ^ Christian Bouquet (December 2017). "Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes". Géoconfluences. Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.
Jump up ^ Mainguet, Monique (2003). Les pays secs: environnement et développement. Ellipses.
^ Jump up to: a b "United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification: Issues and Challenges". E-International Relations. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/10/24/world/asia/living-in-chinas-expanding-deserts.html?_r=0
Jump up ^ http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/371c/project/2009/Welker_Desertification.pdf
Jump up ^ Klausmeier, Christopher (1999). "Regular and irregular patterns in semiarid vegetation". Science. 284 (5421): 1826–1828. doi:10.1126/science.284.5421.1826.
Jump up ^ (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "Grid of straw squares turns Chinese sand to soil – Environment – DW.COM – 23.06.2011". Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Laduke, Winona (1999). All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life (PDF). Cambridge, MA: South End Press. p. 146. ISBN 0896085996. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Duval, Clay. "Bison Conservation: Saving an Ecologically and Culturally Keystone Species" (PDF). Duke University. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Holistic Land Management: Key to Global Stability" by Terry Waghorn. Forbes. 20 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Geeson, Nichola et al. (2002). Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses. John Wiley & Sons. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-470-84448-9. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Savory, Allan. "Allan Savory: How to green the world's deserts and reverse climate change".
Jump up ^ Savory, Allan. "Holistic resource management: a conceptual framework for ecologically sound economic modelling" (PDF). Ecological Economics. Elsevier Science Publishers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Butterfield, Jody (2006). Holistic Management Handbook: Healthy Land, Healthy Profits, Second Edition. Island Press. ISBN 1559638850.
Jump up ^ Savory, Allan. "Response to request for information on the "science" and "methodology" underpinning Holistic Management and holistic planned grazing" (PDF). Savory Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Drury, Steve. "Large-animal extinction in Australia linked to human hunters". Earth-Pages. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Dobie, Ph. 2001. “Poverty and the drylands”, in Global Drylands Imperative, Challenge paper, Undp, Nairobi (Kenya) 16 p.
Jump up ^ Cornet A., 2002. Desertification and its relationship to the environment and development: a problem that affects us all. In: Ministère des Affaires étrangères/adpf, Johannesburg. World Summit on Sustainable Development. 2002. What is at stake? The contribution of scientists to the debate: 91–125.. Archived 2009-08-09 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Pasternak, Dov & Schlissel, Arnold (2001). Combating desertification with plants. Springer. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-306-46632-8. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Briassoulis, Helen (2005). Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification. Ashgate Publishing. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-7546-4243-5.
Jump up ^ Stringer, Lindsay C.; Dyer, Jen C.; Reed, Mark S.; Dougill, Andrew J.; Twyman, Chasca; Mkwambisi, David. "Adaptations to climate change, drought and desertification: local insights to enhance policy in southern Africa". Environmental Science & Policy. 12 (7): 748–765. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.002.
Jump up ^ Pasternak, D.; Schlissel, Arnold. Combating Desertification with Plants. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 38. ISBN 9781461513278.
Jump up ^ "The Future Of Mankind – A Billy Meier Wiki – Overpopulation Crusade". www.futureofmankind.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
Jump up ^ Drost, Daniel; Long, Gilbert; Wilson, David; Miller, Bruce; Campbell, William (1 December 1996). "Barriers to Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices". Journal of Extension.
Jump up ^ Briassoulis, Helen (2005). Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification. Ashgate Publishing. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-7546-4243-5.
Jump up ^ Techniques for Desert Reclamation by Andrew S. Goudie
Jump up ^ Desert reclamation projects Archived 2009-01-03 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ For example, Eden Reforestation Projects website, on Vimeo, on Eden Reforestation Projects on YouTube.
Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/".
Jump up ^ "Drylands Restoration Initiative". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. June 2015. ISBN 978-92-5-108912-5.
Jump up ^ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/china-great-green-wall-gobi-tengger-desertification/
Jump up ^ "Our Good Earth – National Geographic Magazine". Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Home – Justdiggit". Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ List of plants to halt desertification; some of which may be soil-fixating Archived 2011-02-01 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Département Biologie Végétale – Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD-ISRA-UCAD". Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Rethinking landscapes, Nicol-André Berdellé July 2011 H2O magazine
Jump up ^ "Sprouting Trees From the Underground Forest — A Simple Way to Fight Desertification and Climate Change – Water Matters – State of the Planet". Blogs.ei.columbia.edu. 2011-10-18. Retrieved 2012-08-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "How cows could repair the world". nationalgeographic.com. March 6, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "How fences could save the planet". newstatesman.com. January 13, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Restoring soil carbon can reverse global warming, desertification and biodiversity". mongabay.com. February 21, 2008. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Abend, Lisa (January 25, 2010). "How eating grass-fed beef could help fight climate change". time.com. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
Bibliography[edit]
Arnalds, Ólafur; Archer, Steve (2000). Rangeland Desertification. Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-6071-1.
Barbault R., Cornet A., Jouzel J., Mégie G., Sachs I., Weber J. (2002). Johannesburg. World Summit on Sustainable Development. 2002. What is at stake? The contribution of scientists to the debate. Ministère des Affaires étrangères/adpf.
Bauer, Steffan (2007). "Desertification". In Thai, Khi V. et al. Handbook of globalization and the environment. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-57444-553-4. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Batterbury, S.P.J. & A.Warren (2001) Desertification. in N. Smelser & P. Baltes (eds.) International Encyclopædia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier Press. pp. 3526–3529
Geist, Helmut (2005). The causes and progression of desertification. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-4323-4.
Hartman, Ingrid (2008). "Desertification". In Philander, S. George. Encyclopedia of global warming and climate change, Volume 1. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-5878-3. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Hinman, C. Wiley & Hinman, Jack W. (1992). The plight and promise of arid land agriculture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-06612-9. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Holtz, Uwe (2007). Implementing the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification from a parliamentary point of view – Critical assessment and challenges ahead. Online at [2]
Holtz, Uwe (2013). Role of parliamentarians in the implementation process of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. A guide to Parliamentary Action, ed. Secretariat of the UNCCD, Bonn ISBN 978-92-95043-69-5. Online at [3]
Johnson, Pierre Marc et al., eds. (2006). Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-4359-3. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Lucke, Bernhard (2007): Demise of the Decapolis. Past and Present Desertification in the Context of Soil Development, Land Use, and Climate. Online at [4]
Mensah, Joseph (2006). "Desertification". In Leonard, Thomas M. Encyclopedia of the developing world, Volume 1. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-97662-6.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Desertification Synthesis Report
Moseley, W.G. and E. Jerme 2010. “Desertification.” In: Warf, B. (ed). Encyclopedia of Geography. Sage Publications. Volume 2, pp. 715–719.
Oliver, John E., ed. (2005). "Desertification". Encyclopedia of world climatology. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-3264-6.
Parrillo, Vincent N., ed. (2008). "Desertification". Encyclopedia of social problems, Volume 2. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-4165-5.
Reynolds, James F., and D. Mark Stafford Smith (ed.) (2002) Global Desertification – Do Humans Cause Deserts? Dahlem Workshop Report 88, Berlin: Dahlem University Press
Stelt, Sjors van der (2012) Rise and Fall of Periodic Patterns for a Generalized Klausmeier-Gray-Scott Model, PhD Thesis University of Amsterdam
UNCCD (1994) United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
The End of Eden a 90-minute documentary by South African filmmaker Rick Lomba in 1984 on African desertification
Attribution
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/".
External links[edit]
Beyerlin, Ulrich. Desertification, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
Bell, Trudy; Phillips, Tony (December 6, 2002). "City-swallowing Sand Dunes". NASA. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-28.
Desert Research Institute in Nevada, United States
Environmental Issues – Desertification in Africa, The Environmental Blog
Eden Foundation article on desertification
FAO Information Portal – Properties and Management of Drylands
UNEP (2006): Global Deserts Outlook
UNEP Programme on Success Stories in Land Degradation/ Desertification Control
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification – Secretariat
Procedural history and related documents on the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Dersertification, Particularly in Africa in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
A guide for desert and dryland restoration by David A. Bainbridge
French Scientific Committee on Desertification (CSFD)
Olive Trees May Be The Answer To Desertification
The End of Eden on Youtube
News
Fighting Desertification Through Conservation Report on a project to stop the advance of the Sahara in Algeria – IPS, 27 February 2007
[hide]
v
t
e
Deforestation and desertification
Deforestation
Assarting
Deforestation
Deforestation and climate change
Deforestation by region
Deforestation during the Roman period
Illegal logging
Mountaintop removal
Slash-and-burn
Slash-and-char
Desertification
Aridification
Desertification
Moisture recycling
Soil retrogression and degradation
Water scarcity
Mitigation
Afforestation
Arid Lands Information Network
Biochar
Conservation grazing
Desert greening
Ecoforestry
Ecological engineering
Farmer-managed regeneration
Flexible Mechanisms
Great Green Wall (Africa)
Managed intensive rotational grazing
Oasification
Reforestation
Three-North Shelter Forest (China)
Related articles
Allan Savory
Biodiversity
Economic impact analysis
Environmental philosophy
Extinction
Intact forest landscape
International Year of Forests
Land surface effects on climate
Land use, land-use change and forestry
Natural landscape
Neolithic
Richard St. Barbe Baker
Satoyama
Terraforming
Terra preta
Wilderness
World Forestry Congress
Authority control
NDL: 00576839
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&oldid=835946827"
Categories:
Desertification
Environmental soil science
Human overpopulation
Paleoclimatology
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
Webarchive template wayback links
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2018
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018
CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kreyòl ayisyen
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
53 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 April 2018, at 18:47.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: class style

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Environmental_problems
mw-redirect
Environmental problems

values:
/wiki/French_colonization
mw-redirect
French colonization

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Land_exhaustion
mw-redirect
Land exhaustion

values: Edit section: Countermeasures and prevention

values:
/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan
mw-redirect
Biodiversity Action Plan

values: The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2018)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Green_Wall_of_China
mw-redirect
Green Wall of China

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera
mw-redirect
Phoenix dactylifera

values:
/wiki/Holistic_management
mw-redirect
Holistic management

values:
/wiki/Water_crisis
mw-redirect
Water crisis

values: The Earth seen from Apollo 17 with transparent background.png

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values:
nofollow
http://edenprojects.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://vimeo.com/edenprojects

values: Copyright status of work by the U.S. government

values:
/wiki/United_States_Government
mw-redirect
United States Government

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5036e.pdf

values:
nofollow
http://nagafoundation.org/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter

values:
nofollow
http://www.dri.edu/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.unccd.int/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.desertrestore.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.csf-desertification.eu

values: Template talk:Deforestation and desertification

values:
/wiki/Mountaintop_removal
mw-redirect
Mountaintop removal

values:
/wiki/File:Manantenina_bushfire.jpg
image
Illegal slash and burn in Madagascar

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government

values: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2018

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Desertification
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Апустыньванне – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Опустиняване – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ερημοποίηση – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: بیابانی شدن – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Անապատացում – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: मरुस्थलीकरण – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: מדבור – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Шөлдену, шөлге айналу – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: മരുഭൂമീകരണം – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਮਾਰੂਥਲੀਕਰਨ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Опустынивание – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values: කාන්තාරීකරණය – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: பாலைவனமாதல் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: ఎడారీకరణ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Опустелювання – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Desertification rootpage-Desertification skin-vector action-view