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Recapitulation theory
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For the Christian doctrine, see Recapitulation theory of atonement.
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The theory of recapitulation, also called the biogenetic law or embryological parallelism—often expressed using Ernst Haeckel's phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"—is a historical hypothesis that the development of the embryo of an animal, from fertilization to gestation or hatching (ontogeny), goes through stages resembling or representing successive stages in the evolution of the animal's remote ancestors (phylogeny). It was formulated in the 1820s by Étienne Serres based on the work of Johann Friedrich Meckel, after whom it is also known as Meckel-Serres law. Since embryos also evolve in different ways, the shortcomings of the theory had been recognized by the early 20th century, and it had been relegated to "biological mythology"[1] by the mid-20th century.[2][3]
Analogies to recapitulation theory have been formulated in other fields including cognitive development[4][5] and art criticism.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Embryology
1.1 Meckel, Serres, Geoffroy
1.2 Haeckel
1.3 Contemporary criticism
1.4 Modern status
2 Applications to other areas
2.1 Cognitive development
2.2 Art criticism
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 Sources
7 Further reading
8 External links
Embryology[edit]
Meckel, Serres, Geoffroy[edit]
The idea of recapitulation was first formulated in biology from the 1790s onwards by the German natural philosophers Johann Friedrich Meckel, Étienne Serres, and Carl Friedrich Kielmeyer,[7] after which, Marcel Danesi states, it soon gained the status of a supposed biogenetic law.[8]
The embryological theory was formalised by Serres in 1824–26, based on Meckel's work, in what became known as the "Meckel-Serres Law". This attempted to link comparative embryology with a "pattern of unification" in the organic world. It was supported by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, and became a prominent part of his ideas. It suggested that past transformations of life could have been through environmental causes working on the embryo, rather than on the adult as in Lamarckism. These naturalistic ideas led to disagreements with Georges Cuvier. The theory was widely supported in the Edinburgh and London schools of higher anatomy around 1830, notably by Robert Edmond Grant, but was opposed by Karl Ernst von Baer's ideas of divergence, and attacked by Richard Owen in the 1830s.[9]
George Romanes's 1892 copy of Ernst Haeckel's controversial embryo drawings[a][10]
Haeckel[edit]
Further information: Embryo drawing
Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919) attempted to synthesize the ideas of Lamarckism and Goethe's Naturphilosophie with Charles Darwin's concepts. While often seen as rejecting Darwin's theory of branching evolution for a more linear Lamarckian view of progressive evolution, this is not accurate: Haeckel used the Lamarckian picture to describe the ontogenetic and phylogenetic history of individual species, but agreed with Darwin about the branching of all species from one, or a few, original ancestors.[11] Since early in the twentieth century, Haeckel's "biogenetic law" has been refuted on many fronts.[3]
Haeckel formulated his theory as "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny". The notion later became simply known as the recapitulation theory. Ontogeny is the growth (size change) and development (structure change) of an individual organism; phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species. Haeckel claimed that the development of advanced species passes through stages represented by adult organisms of more primitive species.[3] Otherwise put, each successive stage in the development of an individual represents one of the adult forms that appeared in its evolutionary history.
For example, Haeckel proposed that the pharyngeal grooves between the pharyngeal arches in the neck of the human embryo not only roughly resembled gill slits of fish, but directly represented an adult "fishlike" developmental stage, signifying a fishlike ancestor. Embryonic pharyngeal slits, which form in many animals when the thin branchial plates separating pharyngeal pouches and pharyngeal grooves perforate, open the pharynx to the outside. Pharyngeal arches appear in all tetrapod embryos: in mammals, the first pharyngeal arch develops into the lower jaw (Meckel's cartilage), the malleus and the stapes. But these embryonic pharyngeal arches, grooves, pouches, and slits in human embryos can not at any stage carry out the same function as the gills of an adult fish.
Haeckel produced several embryo drawings that often overemphasized similarities between embryos of related species. The misinformation was propagated through many biology textbooks, and popular knowledge, even today. Modern biology rejects the literal and universal form of Haeckel's theory, such as its possible application to behavioural ontogeny, i.e. the psychomotor development of young animals and human children.[12]
Contemporary criticism[edit]
Drawing by Wilhelm His of chick brain compared to folded rubber tube, 1874. Ag (Anlage) = Optic lobes, matching bulges in rubber tube.
Haeckel's theory and drawings were criticised by his contemporary, the anatomist Wilhelm His Sr. (1831–1904), who had developed a rival "causal-mechanical theory" of human embryonic development.[13][14] His specifically criticised Haeckel's methodology. His argued that the shapes of embryos were caused most immediately by mechanical pressures resulting from local differences in growth. These differences were, in turn, caused by "heredity". His compared the shapes of embryonic structures to those of rubber tubes that could be slit and bent, illustrating these comparisons with accurate drawings. In Stephen Jay Gould's view, His's attack on Haeckel's recapitulation theory was far more fundamental than that of any empirical critic, as it effectively stated that Haeckel's "biogenetic law" was irrelevant.[15][16]
Embryology theories of Ernst Haeckel and Karl Ernst von Baer compared
Darwin's view was that embryos resembled each other, since they shared a common ancestor, which presumably had a similar embryo, but that development did not necessarily recapitulate phylogeny: in his view, there was no reason to suppose that an embryo at any stage resembled an adult of any ancestor. Darwin supposed further that embryos were subject to less intense selection pressure than adults, and had therefore changed less.[17]
Modern status[edit]
Modern evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) follows von Baer, rather than Darwin, in pointing to active evolution of embryonic development as a significant means of changing the morphology of adult bodies. Two of the key principles of evo-devo, namely that changes in the timing (heterochrony) and positioning within the body (heterotopy) of aspects of embryonic development would change the shape of a descendant's body compared to an ancestor's, were however first formulated by Haeckel in the 1870s. These elements of his thinking about development have thus survived, whereas his theory of recapitulation has not.[18]
The Haeckelian form of recapitulation theory is considered defunct.[19] However, embryos do undergo a period where their morphology is strongly shaped by their phylogenetic position, rather than selective pressures.[20]
"Embryos do reflect the course of evolution, but that course is far more intricate and quirky than Haeckel claimed. Different parts of the same embryo can even evolve in different directions. As a result, the Biogenetic Law was abandoned, and its fall freed scientists to appreciate the full range of embryonic changes that evolution can produce—an appreciation that has yielded spectacular results in recent years as scientists have discovered some of the specific genes that control development."[21]
Applications to other areas[edit]
The idea that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny has been applied to some other areas.
Cognitive development[edit]
Research in the late 20th century confirmed that "both biological evolution and the stages in the child's cognitive development follow much the same progression of evolutionary stages as that suggested in the archaeological record".[4]
English philosopher Herbert Spencer was one of the most energetic promoters of evolutionary ideas to explain many phenomena. He compactly expressed the basis for a cultural recapitulation theory of education in the following claim, published in 1861, five years before Haeckel first published on the subject:[22] G. Stanley Hall used Haeckel's theories as the basis for his theories of child development. Though it has influence later in childhood development theories, Hall's conception is considered racist because of its linking of "savages," with children, with nature.[23]
If there be an order in which the human race has mastered its various kinds of knowledge, there will arise in every child an aptitude to acquire these kinds of knowledge in the same order.... Education is a repetition of civilization in little.[24]
—  Herbert Spencer
Developmental psychologist Jean Piaget favored a weaker version of the formula, according to which ontogeny parallels phylogeny because the two are subject to similar external constraints.[25]
The Austrian pioneer in psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, also favored Haeckel's doctrine. He was trained as a biologist under the influence of recapitulation theory at the time of its domination, and retained a Lamarckian outlook with justification from the recapitulation theory.[26] He also distinguished between physical and mental recapitulation, in which the differences would become an essential argument for his theory of neuroses.[26]
Art criticism[edit]
The musicologist Richard Taruskin in 2005 applied the term "ontogeny becomes phylogeny" to the process of creating and recasting art history, often to assert a perspective or argument. For example, the peculiar development of the works by modernist composer Arnold Schoenberg (here an "ontogeny") is generalized in many histories into a "phylogeny" – a historical development ("evolution") of Western music toward atonal styles of which Schoenberg is a representative. Such historiographies of the "collapse of traditional tonality" are faulted by art historians as asserting a rhetorical rather than historical point about tonality's "collapse".[27]
Taruskin also developed a variation of the motto into the pun "ontogeny recapitulates ontology" to refute the concept of "absolute music" advancing the socio-artistic theories of the musicologist Carl Dahlhaus. Ontology is the investigation of what exactly something is, and Taruskin asserts that an art object becomes that which society and succeeding generations made of it. For example, composer Johann Sebastian Bach's St. John Passion, composed in the 1720s, was appropriated by the Nazi regime in the 1930s for propaganda. Taruskin claims the historical development of the Passion (its ontogeny) as a work with an anti-Semitic message does, in fact, inform the work's identity (its ontology), even though that was an unlikely concern of the composer. Music or even an abstract visual artwork can not be truly autonomous ("absolute") because it is defined by its historical and social reception.[27]
See also[edit]
Glottogony
Stage theory
Psychomotor patterning
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ George Romanes's 1892 version of the figure is often attributed incorrectly to Haeckel.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ehrlich, Paul; Richard Holm; Dennis Parnell (1963) The Process of Evolution. New York: McGraw–Hill, pg. 66: "Its shortcomings have been almost universally pointed out by modern authors, but the idea still has a prominent place in biological mythology. The resemblance of early vertebrate embryos is readily explained without resort to mysterious forces compelling each individual to reclimb its phylogenetic tree."
Jump up ^ Blechschmidt, Erich (1977) The Beginnings of Human Life. Springer-Verlag, pg. 32: "The so-called basic law of biogenetics is wrong. No buts or ifs can mitigate this fact. It is not even a tiny bit correct or correct in a different form, making it valid in a certain percentage. It is totally wrong."
^ Jump up to: a b c Scott F Gilbert (2006). "Ernst Haeckel and the Biogenetic Law". Developmental Biology, 8th edition. Sinauer Associates. Retrieved 2008-05-03. Eventually, the Biogenetic Law had become scientifically untenable.
^ Jump up to: a b Foster, Mary LeCron (1994). "Symbolism: the foundation of culture". In Tim Ingold. Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology. pp. p.387. |access-date= requires |url= (help) quotation:
While ontogeny does not generally recapitulate phylogeny in any direct sense (Gould 1977), both biological evolution and the stages in the child’s cognitive development follow much the same progression of evolutionary stages as that suggested in the archaeological record (Borchert and Zihlman 1990, Bates 1979, Wynn 1979) ... Thus, one child, having been shown the moon, applied the word ‘moon’ to a variety of objects with similar shapes as well as to the moon itself (Bowerman 1980). This spatial globality of reference is consistent with the archaeological appearance of graphic abstraction before graphic realism.
Jump up ^ David G. Payne, Michael J. Wenger (1998) Cognitive Psychology p.352 quotation:
Faulty logic and problematic proposals relating the development of an individual to the development of the species turn up even today. The hypothesis that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny has been applied and extended in a number of areas, including cognition and mental activities.
Jump up ^ Medicus (1992) p.2 quotation:
...many biologists accept the rule with respect to behavioral ontogeny in animal species.
Jump up ^ Mayr 1994
Jump up ^ (Danesi 1993, p. 65)
Jump up ^ Desmond 1989, pp. 52–53, 86–88, 337–340
Jump up ^ Richardson and Keuck (2002) "Haeckel’s ABC of evolution and development," p. 516
Jump up ^ Richards, Robert J. 2008. The Tragic Sense of Life: Ernst Haeckel and the Struggle Over Evolutionary Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 136–142
Jump up ^ Gerhard Medicus (1992). "The Inapplicability of the Biogenetic Rule to Behavioral Development" (PDF). Human Development. 35 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1159/000277108. ISSN 0018-716X. Retrieved 2008-04-30. The present interdisciplinary article offers cogent reasons why the biogenetic rule has no relevance for behavioral ontogeny. ... In contrast to anatomical ontogeny, in the case of behavioral ontogeny there are no empirical indications of 'behavioral interphenes, that developed phylogenetically from (primordial) behavioral metaphenes. ... These facts lead to the conclusion that attempts to establish a psychological theory on the basis of the biogenetic rule will not be fruitful.
Jump up ^ "Making visible embryos: Forgery charges". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 2016-10-27. Rütimeyer’s ex-colleague, Wilhelm His, who had developed a rival, physiological embryology, which looked, not to the evolutionary past, but to bending and folding forces in the present. He now repeated and amplified the charges, and lay enemies used them to discredit the most prominent Darwinist. But Haeckel argued that his figures were schematics, not intended to be exact. They stayed in his books and were widely copied, but still attract controversy today.
Jump up ^ "Wilhelm His, Sr". Embryo Project Encyclopedia. 2007. Retrieved 2016-10-27. In 1874 His published his Über die Bildung des Lachsembryos, an interpretation of vertebrate embryonic development. After this publication His arrived at another interpretation of the development of embryos: the concrescence theory, which claimed that at the beginning of development only the simple form of the head lies in the embryonic disk and that the axial portions of the body emerge only later.
Jump up ^ Gould, Stephen (1977). Ontogeny and phylogeny. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 189–193. ISBN 0-674-63941-3.
Jump up ^ Ray RS, Dymecki SM (December 2009). "Rautenlippe Redux -- toward a unified view of the precerebellar rhombic lip". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 21 (6): 741–7. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.10.003. PMC 3729404  . PMID 19883998.
Jump up ^ Barnes, M. Elizabeth. "The Origin of Species: "Chapter Thirteen: Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings: Morphology: Embryology: Rudimentary Organs" (1859), by Charles R. Darwin". The Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Hall, B. K. (2003). "Evo-Devo: evolutionary developmental mechanisms". International Journal of Developmental Biology. 47 (7–8): 491–495. PMID 14756324.
Jump up ^ Lovtrup, S (1978). "On von Baerian and Haeckelian Recapitulation" (PDF). Systematic Zoology. 27 (3): 348–352. doi:10.2307/2412887.
Jump up ^ Kalinka, A. T.; Tomancak, P. (2012). "The evolution of early animal embryos: Conservation or divergence?". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 27: 385–393. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2012.03.007.
Jump up ^ Early Evolution and Development: Ernst Haeckel, Evolution 101, University of California Museum of Paleontology, archived from the original on 2012-12-22, retrieved 2013-02-20
Jump up ^ Kieran Egan, The Educated Mind: How Cognitive Tools Shape Our Understanding., p.27 (University of Chicago Press, 1997, Chicago. ISBN 0-226-19036-6)
Jump up ^ "Past, present, and future conceptions of adolescence," Educational Theory, 1996: see 459-462.
Jump up ^ Herbert Spencer (1861). Education. p. 5.
Jump up ^ Gould 1977, pp. 144
^ Jump up to: a b Gould 1977, pp. 156–158
^ Jump up to: a b Taruskin, Richard (2005). The Oxford History of Western Music. 4. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 358–361. ISBN 978-0-195-38630-1.
Sources[edit]
Danesi, Marcel (1993). Vico, metaphor, and the origin of language. p. 65.
Gould, Stephen Jay (1977). Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Cambridge Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-63941-3.
Desmond, Adrian J. (1989). The politics of evolution: morphology, medicine, and reform in radical London. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-14374-0.
Mayr, Ernst (1994). "Recapitulation Reinterpreted: The Somatic Program". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 69 (2): 223–232. doi:10.1086/418541. JSTOR 3037718.
Further reading[edit]
Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University. "Evolution and Development I: Size and shape".
Haeckel, Ernst (1899). "Riddle of the Universe at the Close of the Nineteenth Century".
Richardson, M.; et al. (1997). "There is no highly conserved stage in the vertebrates: implications for current theories of evolution and development". Anatomy and Embryology. 196 (2): 91–106. doi:10.1007/s004290050082. PMID 9278154.
Borchert. Catherine M. and Zihlman, Adrienne L. (1990) The ontogeny and phylogeny of symbolizing, in Foster and Botscharow (eds) The Life of Symbols
Bates, E., with L. Benigni, I. Bretherton, L. Camaioni, & V. Volterra. (1979). The emergence of symbols: Cognition and communication in infancy. New York: Academic Press
Wynn, Thomas (1979) The Intelligence of Later Acheulean Hominids, in Man (journal), New Series, Vol. 14, No. 3 (Sep., 1979), pp. 371–391
External links[edit]
Look up ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Of Parts and Wholes: Self-similarity and Synecdoche in Science, Culture and Literature
Biology portal
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I Am Number Four (film)
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I Am Number Four
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
D. J. Caruso
Produced by
Michael Bay
Screenplay by
Alfred Gough
Miles Millar
Marti Noxon
Based on
I Am Number Four
by Pittacus Lore
Starring
Alex Pettyfer
Timothy Olyphant
Teresa Palmer
Dianna Agron
Callan McAuliffe
Kevin Durand
Music by
Trevor Rabin
Cinematography
Guillermo Navarro
Edited by
Vince Filippone
Jim Page
Production
company
DreamWorks Pictures[1]
Reliance Entertainment[2]
Bay Films[2]
Distributed by
Walt Disney Studios
Motion Pictures
Release date
February 18, 2011 (2011-02-18)
Running time
109 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$50 million[4]
Box office
$150 million[5]
I Am Number Four is a 2011 American teen science fiction action thriller film directed by D. J. Caruso and starring Alex Pettyfer, Timothy Olyphant, Teresa Palmer, Dianna Agron, and Callan McAuliffe. The screenplay, by Alfred Gough, Miles Millar, and Marti Noxon, is based on the novel of the same name, one of the Lorien Legacies young adult science fiction novels.
Produced by Michael Bay, I Am Number Four was the first film production from DreamWorks Pictures to be released by Touchstone Pictures, as part of the studio's 2009 distribution deal with Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.[1] The Hollywood Reporter estimated the budget to be between $50 million and $60 million. The film was released in both conventional and IMAX theatres on February 18, 2011, received generally negative reviews, and grossed $150 million.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Post-production
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Box Office
6 Soundtrack
7 Sequel
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
John Smith is an alien from the planet Lorien. He was sent to Earth as a child with eight others to escape the invading Mogadorians, who destroyed Lorien. Here, John is protected by a Guardian, Henri, and has developed powers, including enhanced strength, speed and agility, as well as seven other powers he will develop later in life, known as legacies. He is protected by a Loric charm which protects him from all Mogadorian harm as long as he is hurt out of order. He can only be hurt after the first three loriens are killed in order.
The Mogadorians, led by the Commander, learn about the nine children and come to Earth to find them. The Lorien can only be killed in sequence; Number One through Number Nine. Three of them are already dead, with John being Number Four. Knowing this, he and Henri move from a beachside bungalow in Florida to an old farm in Paradise, Ohio, where John befriends conspiracy theorist Sam Goode and a dog which he names after Bernie Kosar. He also falls for an amateur photographer, Sarah Hart. Her ex-boyfriend, football player Mark James is a bully who torments both John and Sam.
During the Halloween Festival, Mark and his friends chase Sarah and John into the woods, where they try to beat John up. However, he uses his powers to fend them off and rescue Sarah. Sam witnesses this, which forces John to reveal his true origins. The next day, Mark's father, the local sheriff, interrogates Henri on John's whereabouts when his son and his friends were attacked.
Henri tells John that too many people are suspicious of them so they have to leave. John refuses because of Sarah. Meanwhile, the Mogadorians continue searching for John, while being trailed by another Garde, Number Six, who is also trying to locate Number Four. Number Six's guardian was killed, and she realizes that the remaining six of the Garde will have to team up and fight against the Mogadorians. She knows Number Three is dead and that Number Four is being hunted.
The Mogadorians eventually locate John and manipulate two conspiracy theorists into capturing Henri. When John and Sam go to rescue him, they are attacked but manage to fend the Mogadorians off. However, Henri dies after John and Sam escape with some Lorien artefacts, including a blue rock that acts as a tracking device for other Garde. Sam's father, a conspiracy theorist who disappeared while hunting aliens in Mexico, had another of the rocks. While Sam searches for it, John tries to say goodbye to Sarah at a party, only to discover that the Mogadorians have framed him and Henri for the murders of the conspiracy theorists. Mark sees John and calls his father, who corners John and Sarah. John saves Sarah from a fall, revealing his powers in the process, and they escape to their high school.
Meanwhile, The Commander arrives in Paradise, in a convoy of trucks. He is confronted by Mark and his father, and after injuring the sheriff, he forces Mark to show him where John is hiding. Mark takes him to the school, which he knows is Sarah's hideout.
There, John, Sarah, and Sam are attacked by the Mogadorians, who brought two Piken to hunt the trio. They are saved by Number Six and Bernie, who is actually a shapeshifting Chimera sent by John's biological parents to protect him. John and Number Six, who can turn invisible and can block energy attacks, continue to fight the Mogadorians. They eventually defeat them all, including the Commander.
The following day, John and Number Six unite their blue rocks and discover the location of the other four surviving Garde. John decides to let Sam come with them in hopes of finding Sam's father. They set off to find the others so they can all protect Earth from the Mogadorians, leaving Sarah and a repentant Mark, who lies to his father about John's whereabouts, telling him to head west since he told his father he was heading east, and returns a magic box left to John by his Dad that Henri hid that was in police evidence. John thanks Mark and promises Sarah that he will come back to Paradise to find her. While they share their goodbye kiss a hurt and slightly agitated Mark is shown, before shakes his head before waving and putting a fake smile. The video ends with John, Sam, Bernie and Number 6 driving out towards the sunset smiling and vowing to protect their new home, Earth.
Cast[edit]
Alex Pettyfer as John Smith / Number Four
Timothy Olyphant as Henri
Teresa Palmer as Number Six
Dianna Agron as Sarah Hart
Callan McAuliffe as Sam Goode
Kevin Durand as Mogadorian Commander
Jake Abel as Mark James
Jeff Hochendoner as Sheriff James
Patrick Sebes as Kevin
Greg Townley as Number Three
Reuben Langdon as Number Three's Guardian
Emily Wickersham as Nicole
Brian Howe as Frank
Andy Owen as Bret
Charles Carroll as Sam's stepfather
Garrett M. Brown as Mr. Simms
Cooper Thornton as Mr. Hart
Judith Hoag as Mrs. Hart
Beau Mirchoff as Drew
Tucker Albrizzi (uncredited) as Tuck
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The film was produced by DreamWorks and Reliance Entertainment.[7] Film producer and director Michael Bay brought the manuscript of the young adult novel I Am Number Four to Stacey Snider and Steven Spielberg at DreamWorks. A bidding war developed for the film rights between DreamWorks and J.J. Abrams, with DreamWorks winning the rights in June 2009, with the intention of having Bay produce and possibly direct the project.[8][9] The rights were purchased with the hope of attracting teenage fans of The Twilight Saga films,[10] and the potential of establishing a film franchise, with at least six more installments planned by the book's publisher.[11]
Al Gough and Miles Millar, the creators of the television series Smallville, were hired to write the screenplay in August 2009.[12] Marti Noxon, writer and producer for the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, also contributed to the screenplay. D. J. Caruso was brought on to direct in early 2010, after Bay opted to focus on directing the third film of the Transformers series. Caruso had been selected by Spielberg to direct Disturbia and Eagle Eye for DreamWorks, and had success with both films.[13] Caruso had less than a year to prepare, shoot and edit the film, due to a worldwide release date set for Presidents Day weekend.[11]
Chris Bender, J.C. Spink, and David Valdes executive produced the film.[14] Steven Spielberg contributed to the film's characters, but did not take a credit on the film.[13] It was the first DreamWorks film to be released by Disney's Touchstone Pictures label, as part of the 30-picture distribution deal between DreamWorks and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.[15] The film was also the first release for DreamWorks after the studio's financial restructuring in 2008.[13]
Casting[edit]
In March 2010, Alex Pettyfer was in talks to play the title character in the film, Number Four.[16] It was later confirmed that the 21-year-old British actor would play the lead.[17] Sharlto Copley was going to star as Henri, Number Four's guardian and mentor, but had to drop out due to press obligations with his film The A-Team. Copley was replaced by Timothy Olyphant.[18] Kevin Durand plays the villain of the film, Commander, the Mogadorian who leads the hunt for the Loriens on Earth.[19]
DreamWorks went through multiple rounds of tests to find the right actress for the female romantic lead. Dianna Agron, a star in the Fox television series Glee, won the role. She plays Sarah Hart, a girl who used to date a high school football player, but falls for Number Four and keeps his secret.[20] Jake Abel plays the football player, Mark James, an antagonist in the film.[21] Teresa Palmer plays the other Loric, Number Six, and 16-year-old Australian actor Callan McAuliffe plays Sam Goode, Number Four's best friend.[22]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography began on May 17, 2010, using 20 locations all within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.[23][24] DreamWorks selected the area primarily due to tax incentives from the Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit.[14] The film studio also had a positive experience shooting She's Out of My League in Pittsburgh in 2008. The production was scheduled to last 12 to 13 weeks.[25]
Cinematographer Guillermo Navarro shot the film on 35 mm, using a format known as Super 1:85.[26] Beaver, the former Conley Inn in Homewood, and nearby Buttermilk Falls were used as locations in the film; interior and exterior scenes were shot near a boat launch in Monaca.[27] A spring fair scene was filmed in Deer Lakes Park in West Deer; Port Vue, North Park, New Kensington and Hyde Park were also used as locations.[14][24][28] The setting of the film's fictional town of Paradise, Ohio is Vandergrift, Pennsylvania, where filming took place from June to July 2010.[29] Producers chose Vandergrift as the "hero town" of the film because of its unique look and curved streets, laid out by Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of New York City's Central Park.[24]
Franklin Regional High School in Murrysville was chosen over 50 other schools in the area, due to its proximity to nearby woods, a part of the film's plot, and its surrounding hills. The school was also selected for its one floor layout, wide hallways, and its football stadium in front.[14][30] Teachers and recent graduates appear in the film, and a set that replicates the school was built in a studio in Monroeville for filming explosion scenes.[31] In the last few weeks of production, scenes were filmed at the 200-year-old St. John's Lutheran Stone Church in Lancaster Township.[32] Additional filming took place in the Florida Keys in the beginning of the film in Big Pine Key, Florida as well as the spanning of the drive over the bridge showcases the keys 7 mile bridge.[33]
Post-production[edit]
I Am Number Four was edited by Jim Page, with Industrial Light & Magic developing the visual effects for the alien Pikens.[34] The film was scored by former Yes guitarist Trevor Rabin.[35]
Release[edit]
A teaser trailer for the film was issued in late September 2010,[36] and a full-length trailer premiered on December 8.[37] Advertisements ran in Seventeen and Teen Vogue magazines, Disney released a promotional iPhone app in January 2011.[9] Disney also developed a lot of Internet content to target a teen audience with their marketing campaign.[11] A cast tour, in association with American retailer Hot Topic, and cast media appearances were scheduled to lead up to the release of the film.[9]
I Am Number Four premiered at the Village Theatre in Los Angeles on February 9, 2011. The film was released in theaters on February 18, 2011, and was also released in the IMAX format.[6][37]
Home media[edit]
The film was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download on May 24, 2011.[38][39] The release was produced in three different packages: a three-disc Blu-ray, DVD, and "Digital Copy" combo pack, a single-disc Blu-ray, and a single-disc DVD.[40][41] The "Digital Copy" included with the 3-disc version is a stand-alone disc that allows users to play the film from any location via iTunes or Windows Media Player. All releases include bloopers and the "Becoming Number 6" featurette, while the single-disc Blu-ray and three-disc Blu-ray, DVD, and "Digital Copy" combo pack versions additionally include six deleted scenes with an introduction from the director.[40][42] In its first three weeks of release, 316,081 Blu-ray units were sold in the US, bringing in $7,693,808. As of October 2, 2011, the standard DVD of 'I am Number Four' has sold 767,692 copies in the United States, generating $12,571,326, and thus bringing the total gross to $166,247,931.[43]
Reception[edit]
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 33% approval rating and an average rating of 4.8/10 based on 158 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "It's positioned as the start of a franchise, but I Am Number Four's familiar plot and unconvincing performances add up to one noisy, derivative, and ultimately forgettable sci-fi thriller."[44] Metacritic gives the film an average score of 36 out of 100 based on reviews from 30 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[45] Empire Magazine gave the film three out of a possible five stars and said, "If you can make it through the bland schmaltz of the first half you'll be rewarded with a spectacular blast of sustained action and the promise of even better to come. This could be the start of something great."[46]
Box Office[edit]
I Am Number Four grossed $55,100,437 at the North American box office and $90,778,000 overseas, for a worldwide total of $149,878,437.[5] It topped the worldwide box office on its second weekend (February 25–27, 2011) with $28,086,805.[47][48]
The film opened at number two in the United States and Canada with a gross of $19,449,893. In its second weekend, it dropped 43.4%, earning $11,016,126.[5] The only other market where it has grossed over $10 million is China. It began in third place with $3.4 million, but had an increase of 91% in its second week, topping the box office with $6.4 million. In its third week, it decreased by 21% to $5.0 million. As of March 27, 2011, it has grossed $17,328,244.[49]
Soundtrack[edit]
"Radioactive" - Kings of Leon
"Tighten Up" - The Black Keys
"Rolling in the Deep" - Adele
"Somebody's Watching Me" - Rockwell
"Shelter" - The xx
"Soldier On" - The Temper Trap
"Invented" - Jimmy Eat World
"Curfew" - Beck
"As She's Walking Away" - Zac Brown Band (ft. Alan Jackson)
"Letters from the Sky" - Civil Twilight
Source:[50]
Sequel[edit]
In 2011, screenwriter Noxon told Collider.com that plans for an imminent sequel were shelved due to the disappointing performance of the first installment at the box office.[51][52]
In 2013, director Caruso was asked if there are any possibilities that The Power of Six will get a movie adaption, he replied: "There's been some talk in the past couple of months about trying to do something because there is this audience appetite out there [...]. Most of the people on Twitter that contact me from all over the world ask, "Where's the next movie?" I think DreamWorks is getting those too so it'll be interesting. I don't know if I'd be involved, but I know they're talking about it."[53]
In a 2015 interview, James Frey, the co-author of the series, said that he hoped more movies would be made.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Cyborg 009
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b McClintock, Pamela (February 17, 2011). "'I Am Number Four' Likely to Rank No. 1 at Box Office This Weekend". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "I Am Number Four". American Film Institute. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "I AM NUMBER FOUR (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. February 2, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fritz, Ben; Kaufman, Amy (February 17, 2011). "Movie Projector: 'I Am Number Four' to be No. 1 at holiday weekend box office [Updated]". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "I Am Number Four (2011)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Schooley, Tim (April 7, 2010). "DreamWorks production of "I Am Number Four" to shoot in Pittsburgh". Pittsburgh Business Times. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Michael Cieply; Brooks Barnes (April 10, 2012). "A Slimmer DreamWorks Gets a New Financing Deal". The New York Times. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jay A. Fernandez (June 26, 2009). "Michael Four' deal". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 2009-06-27. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sellers, John A. (January 6, 2011). "Movie Alert: 'I Am Number Four'". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Is 'I Am No. 4' the Next 'Twilight'?". Retrieved 2010-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c Alter, Ethan (January 26, 2011). "The alien next door: D.J. Caruso makes sci-fi debut with 'I Am Number Four'". Film Journal International. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Simon (August 27, 2009). "'Smallville' duo to write Bay's 'Number Four'". Digital Spy. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cieply, Michael; Barnes, Brooke (October 31, 2010). "Spielberg and DreamWorks Energize the Magic Machine Anew". The New York Times. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bailey, Laurie (June 24, 2010). "An alien ticket to Paradise: Movie crew invades Franklin Regional". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Variety: Disney signs deal with DreamWorks Company will handle distribution for films, Variety, February 9, 2009
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave; McClintock, Pamela (March 31, 2010). "Alex Pettyfer circles DreamWorks' 'Number Four'". Variety. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Alex Pettyfer Says I Am Number Four". EmpireOnline.com. April 1, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Bartyze, Monika (May 12, 2010). "Sharlto Copley Ditches 'I Am Number Four' Over Lack of Alien Costume?". Cinematical.com. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (May 7, 2010). ""Lost" Baddie Kevin Durand Books Two Sci-Fi Movies". ABC News. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "'Glee' star Dianna Agron to join sci-fi movie 'I Am Number Four'". Heat Vision Blog. April 29, 2010. Archived from the original on May 3, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "MTV Movie Awards Red Carpet Interviews with Jake Abel (I AM NUMBER FOUR) and Nicola Peltz (THE LAST AIRBENDER)". Collider.com. June 7, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Callan McAuliffe cast in U.S. action flick". UPI.com. May 21, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The East at a glance". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. May 20, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Yerace, Tom (April 6, 2010). "Vandergrift's architecture lures big-budget film". Valley News Dispatch. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Vancheri, Barabara (April 23, 2010). "DreamWorks film, "I Am Number Four," begins shooting here next month". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Weintraub, Steve (December 8, 2010). "D.J. Caruso Interview I Am Number Four Plus Edit Bay Visit Recap". Collider.com. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ Tady, Scott (May 27, 2010). "Movie magic almost as exciting as catfish". Beaver County Times. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Barkousky, Len (June 2, 2010). "Allegheny County Council OKs movie filming in two parks". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Skena, Rossilynne (June 3, 2010). "Vandergrift locations part of week's 'Number Four' film shoot". Valley News Dispatch. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "'I Am Number Four' Movie To Shoot In Murrysville". WTAE-TV. May 5, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Rittmeyer, Brian C. (February 6, 2011). "'I Am Number Four' offers many Western Pennsylvania locations". Valley News Dispatch. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Keener, Craig (July 22, 2010). "Stone Church site of sci-fi film". Butler Eagle.
Jump up ^ Fay, Francis X., Jr. (October 1, 2010). "NHSAA Wall of Honor Hollywood director was All-State tennis player". The Hour. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2010. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Failes, Ian (February 21, 2011). "Lumen-escent: the VFX of I Am Number Four". fxguide.com. Creating killer machines – the Pikens. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Edit Bay Visit: I Am Number Four with D.J. Caruso". movieweb.com. December 7, 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ Staskiewicz, Keith (September 29, 2010). "'I Am Number Four' trailer: Glowing hands and flipping cars". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "DJ Caruso Talks I Am Number Four". Empire. December 8, 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ McCutcheon, David (8 April 2011). "I Am Number Four on DVD, BD". IGN. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "I Am Number Four Aims for Number One on DVD and Blu-ray This May". Movies.com. 7 April 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "New Release: I Am Number Four DVD and Blu-ray pre-order". Disc Dish. 1 April 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
Jump up ^ Gallagher, Brian (12 April 2011). "I Am Number Four Blu-ray and DVD Hit on May 24th". MovieWeb. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Moore, Jason (11 April 2011). "I Am Number Four Hits DVD and Blu-ray Combo Pack In May". SciFi Mafia. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
Jump up ^ I am Number Four - DVD Sales
Jump up ^ "I Am Number Four (2011)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "I Am Number Four reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "I Am Number Four Review". Empire Magazine. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Overseas Total Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-04-20.
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Jump up ^ "Marti Noxon - I Am Number Four Sequel 'Shelved'". contactmusic.com. 16 February 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "10 Recently Cancelled Sequels : Not Coming Soon!". contactmusic.com. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Philbrick, Jamie (18 August 2013). "IAR EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: DIRECTOR D.J. CARUSO TALKS 'STANDING UP,' 'PREACHER,' 'INVERTIGO' AND A POSSIBLE 'I AM NUMBER FOUR' SEQUEL". iamrogue.com. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to I Am Number Four (film).
I Am Number Four on IMDb
I Am Number Four at Box Office Mojo
I Am Number Four at Rotten Tomatoes
I Am Number Four at Metacritic
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The Salton Sea (2002)
Taking Lives (2004)
Two for the Money (2005)
Disturbia (2007)
Eagle Eye (2008)
I Am Number Four (2011)
Inside (2011)
Standing Up (2013)
The Disappointments Room (2016)
xXx: Return of Xander Cage (2017)
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Mambo No. 5
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Mambo No. 5"
Song by Pérez Prado
Released
1950
Genre
Mambo, jive dance
Length
3:42
Songwriter(s)
Dámaso Pérez Prado
"Mambo No. 5" is a mambo and jazz dance song originally recorded and composed by Cuban musician Dámaso Pérez Prado in 1949.[1]
The song's popularity was renewed by German artist Lou Bega's sampling and vocal version of the original, released under the same name on Bega's 1999 debut album A Little Bit of Mambo.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lou Bega version
1.1 Music video
1.2 Track listings
2 Other cover versions
3 Parodies
4 Legacy
4.1 Charts
4.1.1 Peak positions
4.1.2 Year-end charts
4.1.3 All-time charts
4.1.4 Certifications
4.2 Release history
5 References
Lou Bega version[edit]
"Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit of...)"
Single by Lou Bega
from the album A Little Bit of Mambo
Released
April 19, 1999
Format
CD, maxi and 7" 45 rpm single
Recorded
1998
Genre
Latin pop[2]
Length
5:14 (extended version)
3:39 (radio edit)
Label
RCA
Songwriter(s)
Lou Bega, Dámaso Pérez Prado, Zippy Davids
Producer(s)
Goar B, Frank Lio, Donald Fact, Peter Meisel
Lou Bega singles chronology
"Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit of...)"
(1999) "I Got a Girl"
(1999)
"Mambo No. 5"
(1999) "I Got a Girl"
(1999)
Lou Bega's cover was a hit in the United Kingdom[3] and in Australia, where it reached number-one in 1999. It stayed at number-one in Australia for eight weeks, ultimately becoming the best-selling single of 1999.[4] It also topped almost every chart in continental Europe, including Bega's home country, Germany, and set a record by staying at number-one in France for 20 weeks (longer than any stay at the top spot ever on the US or UK charts).[citation needed] The song reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US on November 2, 1999, giving Bega his only Top 40 hit in the US.[5]
With its worldwide success, the song became the subject of a seven-year copyright trial between Prado's estate, Peermusic, and Lou Bega's producers. Bega had only used riffs (which by German law cannot be registered for copyright) from Prado's original and written the entire lyrics, so Bega's producers went to court in order to gain access to all the song's proceedings from Peermusic representing Prado's estate. However, after seven years the Federal Court of Justice of Germany ruled in favor of Peermusic and Prado's estate in 2008, based upon the fact that Bega's producers had sought a royalty agreement with Peermusic prior to releasing the song. Because of Bega's significant contributions to his version, the court's final ruling declared it a new song co-written by Prado and Bega.[citation needed]
Music video[edit]
The music video, directed by Jorn Heitmann, features Lou Bega singing and dancing with flappers, possibly a homage to the music of the 1920s and 1930s. The video includes clips of old-style movies and newsreels showing trumpets, big bands and the like. The Disney version of the music video features Lou Bega performing against a white background with a live band, and the women's names are replaced with names of classic Disney characters. Footage of Mickey Mouse Works cartoons and clips of Lou Bega performing against a checkered background is intercut throughout the video.
Track listings[edit]
CD single
"Mambo No. 5" (Radio Edit) – 3:39
"Mambo No. 5" (Extended Mix) – 5:14
"Mambo No. 5" (Enhanced CD-ROM Video) - 3:42
Maxi single
"Mambo No. 5" (Radio Edit) – 3:39
"Mambo No. 5" (Extended Mix) – 5:14
"Mambo" (Havanna Club Mix) – 5:48
"Mambo" (The Trumpet) – 6:01
7" 45 rpm single
"Mambo No. 5" (Radio Edit) - 3:39
"Beauty on the TV Screen" - 4:03[6]
Other cover versions[edit]
CKBE-FM David Tyler 1999.
A Bob the Builder version of the song, with the female names replaced with types of construction supplies and building tasks (timber, saw, waterproofing, tiling) reached number one in the UK, number two in Australia and number four in Ireland in 2001.[7]
A ninety-second cover version was created for the Korean rhythm dance game Pump It Up.
A cover of the original Perez Prado version appeared in Guinness's famous 1998 "Swimblack" advertisement.
Max Raabe backed by the Palast Orchester included a vintage arrangement version of the song on their 2001 Superhits album.[8]
Filipino jazz singer Richard Poon covered the song on the Filipino compilation album 90's Music Comes Alive in 2012.
Cover versions, with slightly different lyrics in each version, have been heard in Party City commercials.
Dutch children's TV character Ome Henk, took a parody of the song to #9 titled "Mambo Nr 6". The lyrics referred to a medicine prescribed to him, which causes hallucinations of the girls he mentions in the song. A parody of commercials for the fictional product is also heard.
Parodies[edit]
WHTZ DJ David Brody released a parody entitled "Bimbo No. 5"[9] featured on the 2000 four-disc set album, Z100 Morning Zoo Yard Sale: 15 Years Of Crap!,[10] referring to the Monica Lewinsky scandal, wherein DJ JR Nelson imitates the voice of Bill Clinton. The song is commonly mis-attributed to "Weird Al" Yankovic,[11] Paul Shanklin, and The Woody Show. He also released a parody version named "Matzah No. 5" which aired on radio stations throughout the country. Performed by "Louie Bagel", the parody takes on various Jewish stereotypes. Also released was "Combo No. 5"; the parody takes on ordering combo dinners from a Chinese take-away.
ApologetiX released "Micah No. 5", with lyrics concerning the Christmas story.
Mashup artist Neil Cicierega's album Mouth Moods contains the track named 'Revolution #5', which consists of the song edited and distorted in style of The Beatles' Revolution 9,
Following the release of the visual novel, Doki Doki Literature Club, remixes had been created on YouTube, which mostly involves changing all the girls' names to "Monica", in reference to one of the main characters, Monika.
Legacy[edit]
The original recording by Pérez Prado was inducted into the Latin Grammy Hall of Fame in 2001.[12]
"Mambo No. 5" was ranked sixth in a 2007 poll conducted by Rolling Stone to identify the 20 most annoying songs.[13]
This song was initially selected as the theme song of the 2000 Democratic National Convention, but this plan was scrapped due to the possibility of people associating the song with the Monica Lewinsky scandal with the chorus, "A little bit of Monica...".[14]
In the Philippines, the song has gained popularity when Tinidora (played by Jose Manalo) of Kalyeserye, a live soap opera within the Juan For All, All For Juan segment of noontime variety show Eat Bulaga!, dances to its tune with a ladder.
In the Philippine sports, the song was used as the theme for Studio 23's coverage of the UAAP basketball games during the 2000 season.
The song was used as the theme music for Channel 4's coverage of international cricket from 1999 until 2005.
On NBC's TV series The Office, this was a ringtone of the character Michael Scott. It was parodied by Michael in season 2 episode, The Dundies.[15][16][17]
Charts[edit]
Peak positions[edit]
Chart (1999)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[18] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[19] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[20] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[21] 1
Brazilian Singles Chart (ABPD)[22] 1
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[23] 1
Canada Dance 30 (RPM)[24] 1
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[25] 1
Denmark (Tracklisten)[26] 1
Europe (European Hot 100)[27] 1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[28] 1
France (SNEP)[29] 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[30] 1
Ireland (IRMA)[7] 1
Italy (FIMI)[31] 1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[32] 1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[33] 1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[34] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[35] 1
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[36] 1
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[37] 1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[38] 1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[39] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[40] 1
U.S. Billboard Adult Top 40[5] 2
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[5] 3
U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary[5] 26
U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales[5] 26
U.S. Billboard Latin Tropical Airplay[5] 37
U.S. Billboard Rhythmic Top 40[5] 1
U.S. Billboard Top 40 Mainstream[5] 1
U.S. Billboard Top 40 Tracks[5] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1999)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[41] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[42] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[43] 2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[44] 4
Canadian RPM Top Singles Chart[45] 7
France (SNEP)[46] 1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[47] 4
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[48] 1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[49] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[50] 4
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[51] 42
All-time charts[edit]
Chart
Position
France (SNEP)[52]
11
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[53]
4× Platinum 280,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[54]
2× Platinum 100,000*
France (SNEP)[55]
Diamond 1,532,000[56]
Germany (BVMI)[57]
3× Platinum 1,500,000^
Mexico (AMPROFON)[58]
Gold 75,000[59]
Netherlands (NVPI)[60]
Platinum 75,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[61]
3× Platinum 30,000*
Sweden (GLF)[62]
3× Platinum 90,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[63]
2× Platinum 100,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[64]
Platinum 1,000,000[65]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Release date
Germany 19 April 1999 (1999-04-19)
Worldwide 17 August 1999 (1999-08-17)
Re-recorded 1 January 2009 (2009-01-01)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "ESTILO MUSICAL Mambo" (in Spanish). American Sabor. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Of '99: 'Mambo No. 5' Singer Lou Bega Endured Doubts, Rejections". MTV. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 637. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1999". Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Retrieved 2009-06-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Lou Bega awards on Allmusic". Allmusic. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lou Bega - Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit Of...) (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mambo no. 5 in Irish Chart". IRMA. Retrieved 2009-08-05. Only results when searching "Mambo no. 5"
Jump up ^ "Max Raabe und Palast Orchester - News, Bilder, Konzerte und Videos 2013 - Neuigkeiten". Palast-orchester.de. 2014-03-03. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
Jump up ^ "Bill Clinton Bimbo Number 5 - YouTube". YouTube. 2008-01-22. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
Jump up ^ "Z100 Morning Zoo Yard Sale: 15 Years Of Crap! by Various Artists - BlueBeat.com: Play Free Music". BlueBeat Music. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
Jump up ^ "Ask Al - "Weird Al" Yankovic - Q&As". Ask Al. 2007-06-06. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
Jump up ^ "Latin GRAMMY Hall Of Fame". Latin Grammy Award. Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences. 2001. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Staff (July 2, 2007). "The 20 Most Annoying Songs". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The politics of music - It's showtime at the convention". Archives.cnn.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
Jump up ^ Blankenship, Mark (January 25, 2007). "Office Songs in the Unhip Keys of Life and Karaoke". The New York Times. Retrieved April 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Daniels, Greg (Writer). 2006. "The Dundies" [Commentary track], The Office Season Two (US/NBC Version) [DVD], Los Angeles, CA: Universal.
Jump up ^ "Michael Scott Joins The Lady Gaga Bandwagon On 'The Office'". MTV News.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Lou Bega – Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit Of...)". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Lou Bega – Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit Of...)" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Lou Bega – Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit Of...)" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Lou Bega – Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit Of...)" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Adult Contemporary - Volume 69, No. 23, September 27, 1999". RPM. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dance/Urban - Volume 69, No. 25, October 11, 1999". RPM. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles - Volume 69, No. 22, September 20, 1999". RPM. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Danyel Smith, ed. (1999). Billboard 31 July 1999. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Danyel Smith, ed. (1999). Billboard 14 august 1999. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lou Bega: Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit Of...)" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Lou Bega – Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit Of...)" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Lou Bega – Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit Of...)". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "The best-selling singles of 1999 in Italy". HitParadeItalia (it). Retrieved 11 July 2013.
3. Mambo no. 5 (A little bit of…) - Lou Bega [#1, 1999/00]
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Lou Bega" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Lou Bega – Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit Of...)" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Lou Bega – Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit Of...)". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Lou Bega – Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit Of...)". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ Danyel Smith, ed. (1999). Billboard 17 July 1999. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Lou Bega – Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit Of...)". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Lou Bega – Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit Of...)". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "1999 Australian Singles Chart". aria. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
Jump up ^ "1999 Austrian Singles Chart". Austriancharts. Archived from the original on 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
Jump up ^ "1999 Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart". Ultratop. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
Jump up ^ "1996 Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart". Ultratop. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles - Volume 70, No. 8, December 13, 1999". RPM. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
Jump up ^ "1999 French Singles Chart". SNEP. Archived from the original on 2012-07-29. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Single top 100 over 1999" (PDF) (in Dutch). Top40. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "1999 New Zealand Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "1999 Swiss Singles Chart". Hitparade. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Yearly Best Selling Singles" (PDF). British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 – 1999". Archived from the original on 2009-07-09. Retrieved 2010-08-28.
Jump up ^ "Les Meilleures Ventes Tout Temps de 45 T. / Singles" (in French). InfoDisc. Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1999 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "Austrian single certifications – Bega, Lou – Mambo Nr.5" (in German). IFPI Austria. Enter Bega, Lou in the field Interpret. Enter Mambo Nr.5 in the field Titel. Select single in the field Format. Click Suchen
Jump up ^ "French single certifications – Lou Bega – Mambo No. 5" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique.
Jump up ^ "Les Singles Diamant :" (in French). Infodisc.fr. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Lou Bega; 'Mambo Nr. 5 (A Little Bit Of ...)')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
Jump up ^ "Certificaciones – Lou Bega" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas.
Jump up ^ "Certificaciones del 2000 :" (in Spanish). AMPROFON. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutch single certifications – Lou Bega – Mambo No. 5" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Lou Bega – Mambo No. 5". Recorded Music NZ.
Jump up ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1999" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden.
Jump up ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Lou Bega; 'Mambo No. 5')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Lou Bega – Mambo No. 5". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Mambo No. 5 in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ Myers, Justin (20 December 2014). "Strictly million-sellers only! Lou Bega finally mamboes his way to a million sales in the UK!". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
Preceded by
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)" by Eiffel 65 French SNEP number-one single
(Lou Bega version)
August 28, 1999 – January 8, 2000 (20 weeks) Succeeded by
"Move Your Body" by Eiffel 65
Preceded by
"Mi Chico Latino" by Geri Halliwell UK Singles Chart number-one single
(Lou Bega version)
August 28, 1999 – September 11, 1999 Succeeded by
"We're Going to Ibiza" by Vengaboys
Preceded by
"Too Close" by Blue UK Singles Chart number-one single
(Bob the Builder version)
September 8, 2001 – September 15, 2001 Succeeded by
"Hey Baby" by DJ Otzi
Preceded by
"When You Say Nothing at All" by Ronan Keating New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart number-one single
(first run) (Lou Bega version)
September 11, 1999 – September 25, 1999 Succeeded by
"Can You Hear Us" by Neil Finn
Preceded by
"Last Kiss" by Pearl Jam Australian ARIA Singles Chart number-one single
September 18, 1999 – November 13, 1999 Succeeded by
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)" by Eiffel 65
Preceded by
"Bring It All Back" by S Club 7 New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart number-one single
(second run) (Lou Bega version)
October 16, 1999 – October 23, 1999 Succeeded by
"Heartbreaker" by Mariah Carey
Preceded by
"Heartbreaker" by Mariah Carey RIANZ New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart number-one single
(third run) (Lou Bega version)
November 6, 1999 Succeeded by
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)" by Eiffel 65
[hide]
v
t
e
Lou Bega
Studio albums
A Little Bit of Mambo
Ladies and Gentlemen
Lounatic
Free Again
Compilation albums
King of Mambo
Mambo Mambo – The Best of Lou Bega
Singles
"Mambo No. 5"
"I Got a Girl"
"Tricky, Tricky"
"Mambo Mambo"
"Gentleman"
"Just a Gigolo"
"Bachata"
"You Wanna Be Americano"
"Conchita"
"Boyfriend"
"Sweet Like Cola"
Related articles
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mambo_No._5&oldid=834119333"
Categories:
Mambo
Pérez Prado songs
Lou Bega songs
Songs written by Pérez Prado
Latin Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
1949 songs
1999 singles
2001 singles
RCA Records singles
Number-one singles in Australia
Number-one singles in Austria
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Number-one dance singles in Canada
Number-one singles in Denmark
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
Number-one singles in Finland
SNEP Top Singles number-one singles
Number-one singles in Germany
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Number-one singles in Italy
Dutch Top 40 number-one singles
Single Top 100 number-one singles
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Number-one singles in Norway
Number-one singles in Scotland
Number-one singles in Spain
Number-one singles in Sweden
Number-one singles in Switzerland
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Ultratop 50 Singles (Wallonia) number-one singles
Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) number-one singles
RCA Victor singles
Hidden categories:
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Singlechart usages for Australia
Singlechart usages for Austria
Singlechart usages for Flanders
Singlechart usages for Wallonia
Singlechart usages for Finland
Singlechart usages for France
Singlechart usages for Germany2
Singlechart usages for Dutch40
Singlechart usages for Dutch100
Singlechart usages for New Zealand
Singlechart usages for Norway
Singlechart usages for Scotland
Singlechart usages for Sweden
Singlechart usages for Swiss
Singlechart usages for UK
Singlechart called without artist
Singlechart called without song
Certification Table Entry usages for Australia
Certification Table Entry usages for Austria
Certification Table Entry usages for France
Certification Table Entry usages for Germany
Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico
Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands
Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand
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