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Anaerobic respiration
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Anaerobic respiration is respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen. Although oxygen is not used as the final electron acceptor, the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain called physolmere; it is respiration without oxygen.[1]
In aerobic organisms undergoing respiration, electrons are shuttled to an electron transport chain, and the final electron acceptor is oxygen. Molecular oxygen is a highly oxidizing agent and, therefore, is an excellent electron acceptor. In anaerobes, other less-oxidizing substances such as sulfate (SO42−), nitrate (NO3−), sulphur (S), or fumarate are used. These terminal electron acceptors have smaller reduction potentials than O2, meaning that less energy is released per oxidized molecule. Therefore, generally speaking, anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration is used mainly by bacteria and archaea that live in environments devoid of oxygen. Many anaerobic organisms are obligate anaerobes meaning that they can respire only using anaerobic compounds and will die in the presence of oxygen.
Contents
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1 Anaerobic respiration as compared with fermentation
2 Ecological importance
3 Economic relevance
4 Examples of respiration
5 See also
6 References
Anaerobic respiration as compared with fermentation[edit]
There are two main microbial methane formation pathways, through carbonate reduction (respiration), and acetate fermentation.[2]
Cellular respiration (both aerobic and anaerobic) utilizes highly reduced chemical compounds such as NADH and FADH2 (for example produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle) to establish an electrochemical gradient (often a proton gradient) across a membrane, resulting in an electrical potential or ion concentration difference across the membrane. The reduced chemical compounds are oxidized by a series of respiratory integral membrane proteins with sequentially increasing reduction potentials with the final electron acceptor being oxygen (in aerobic respiration) or another chemical substance (in anaerobic respiration). A proton motive force or pmf drives protons down the gradient (across the membrane) through the proton channel of ATP synthase. The resulting current drives ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Fermentation, in contrast, does not utilize an electrochemical gradient. Fermentation instead only uses substrate-level phosphorylation to produce ATP. The electron acceptor NAD+ is regenerated from NADH formed in oxidative steps of the fermentation pathway by the reduction of oxidized compounds. These oxidized compounds are often formed during the fermentation pathway itself, but may also be external. For example, in homofermentative lactic acid bacteria, NADH formed during the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized back to NAD+ by the reduction of pyruvate to lactic acid at a later stage in the pathway. In yeast, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol to regenerate NAD+. The two processes thus generate ATP in very different ways, and the terms should not be treated as synonyms.
Ecological importance[edit]
Anaerobic respiration is a critical component of the global nitrogen, iron, sulfur, and carbon cycles through the reduction of the oxyanions of nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon to more-reduced compounds. The biogeochemical cycling of these compounds, which depends upon anaerobic respiration, significantly impacts the carbon cycle and global warming. Anaerobic respiration occurs in many environments, including freshwater and marine sediments, soil, subsurface aquifers, deep subsurface environments, and biofilms. Even environments, such as soil, that contain oxygen also have micro-environments that lack oxygen due to the slow diffusion characteristics of oxygen gas.
An example of the ecological importance of anaerobic respiration is the use of nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor, or dissimilatory denitrification, which is the main route by which fixed nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere as molecular nitrogen gas.[3] Another example is methanogenesis, a form of carbonate respiration, that is used to produce methane gas by anaerobic digestion. Biogenic methane is used as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. On the negative side, uncontrolled methanogenesis in landfill sites releases large volumes of methane into the atmosphere, where it acts as a powerful greenhouse gas.[4] Sulfate respiration produces hydrogen sulfide, which is responsible for the characteristic 'rotten egg' smell of coast wetlands and has the capacity to precipitate heavy metal ions from solution, leading to the deposition of sulfidic metal ores.[5]
Economic relevance[edit]
Dissimilatory denitrification is widely used in the removal of nitrate and nitrite from municipal wastewater. An excess of nitrate can lead to eutrophication of waterways into which treated water is released. Elevated nitrite levels in drinking water can lead to problems due to its toxicity. Denitrification converts both compounds into harmless nitrogen gas.[6]
Specific types of anaerobic respiration are also critical in bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to convert toxic chemicals into less-harmful molecules to clean up contaminated beaches, aquifers, lakes, and oceans. For example, toxic arsenate or selenate can be reduced to less toxic compounds by various anaerobic bacteria via anaerobic respiration. The reduction of chlorinated chemical pollutants, such as vinyl chloride and carbon tetrachloride, also occurs through anaerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration is useful in generating electricity in microbial fuel cells, which employ bacteria that respire solid electron acceptors (such as oxidized iron) to transfer electrons from reduced compounds to an electrode. This process can simultaneously degrade organic carbon waste and generate electricity.[7]
Examples of respiration[edit]
Type
Lifestyle
Electron acceptor
Products
Eo' [V]
Example organisms
aerobic respiration obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes O2 H2O + 0.82 eukaryotes and aerobic prokaryotes
iron reduction facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes Fe(III) Fe(II) + 0.75 Organisms within the order Desulfuromonadales (such as Geobacter, Geothermobacter, Geopsychrobacter, Pelobacter) and Shewanella species [8]
manganese facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes Mn(IV) Mn(II) Desulfuromonadales and Shewanella species [8]
cobalt reduction facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes Co(III) Co(II) Geobacter sulfurreducens
uranium reduction facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes U(VI) U(IV) Geobacter metallireducens[disputed – discuss], Shewanella oneidensis
nitrate reduction (denitrification) facultative anaerobes nitrate NO3− nitrite NO2− + 0.40 Paracoccus denitrificans, Escherichia coli
fumarate respiration facultative anaerobes fumarate succinate + 0.03 Escherichia coli
sulfate respiration obligate anaerobes sulfate SO42− sulfide HS− - 0.22 Many Deltaproteobacteria species in the orders Desulfobacterales, Desulfovibrionales, and Syntrophobacterales
methanogenesis (carbonate reduction) methanogens carbon dioxide CO2 methane CH4 - 0.25 Methanosarcina barkeri
sulfur respiration (sulfur reduction) facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes sulfur S0 sulfide HS− - 0.27 Desulfuromonadales
acetogenesis (carbonate reduction) obligate anaerobes carbon dioxide CO2 acetate - 0.30 Acetobacterium woodii
dehalorespiration facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes halogenated organic compounds R-X Halide ions and dehalogenated compound X− + R-H + 0.25–+ 0.60[9] Dehalococcoides and Dehalobacter species
See also[edit]
Hydrogenosomes and mitosomes
Standard electrode potential (data page)
Table of standard reduction potentials for half-reactions important in biochemistry
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Slonczewski, Joan L.; Foster, John W. (2011). Microbiology : An Evolving Science (2nd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. p. 166. ISBN 9780393934472.
Jump up ^ Sapart; et al. (2017). "The origin of methane in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf unraveled with triple isotope analysis". Biogeosciences. doi:10.5194/bg-14-2283-2017. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Simon, Jörg; Klotz, Martin G. (2013-02-01). "Diversity and evolution of bioenergetic systems involved in microbial nitrogen compound transformations". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. The evolutionary aspects of bioenergetic systems. 1827 (2): 114–135. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.07.005.
Jump up ^ Bogner, Jean; Pipatti, Riitta; Hashimoto, Seiji; Diaz, Cristobal; Mareckova, Katarina; Diaz, Luis; Kjeldsen, Peter; Monni, Suvi; Faaij, Andre (2008-02-01). "Mitigation of global greenhouse gas emissions from waste: conclusions and strategies from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. Working Group III (Mitigation)". Waste management & research: the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA. 26 (1): 11–32. doi:10.1177/0734242x07088433. ISSN 0734-242X. PMID 18338699.
Jump up ^ Pester, Michael; Knorr, Klaus-Holger; Friedrich, Michael W.; Wagner, Michael; Loy, Alexander (2012-01-01). "Sulfate-reducing microorganisms in wetlands - fameless actors in carbon cycling and climate change". Frontiers in Microbiology. 3: 72. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00072. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 3289269  . PMID 22403575.
Jump up ^ Nancharaiah, Y. V.; Venkata Mohan, S.; Lens, P. N. L. (2016-09-01). "Recent advances in nutrient removal and recovery in biological and bioelectrochemical systems". Bioresource Technology. 215: 173–185. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.129. ISSN 1873-2976. PMID 27053446.
Jump up ^ Xu, Bojun; Ge, Zheng; He, Zhen (2015-05-15). "Sediment microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment: challenges and opportunities". Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol. 1 (3): 279–284. doi:10.1039/c5ew00020c. ISSN 2053-1419.
^ Jump up to: a b Richter, Katrin; Schicklberger, Marcus; Gescher, Johannes (2012-02-01). "Dissimilatory reduction of extracellular electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 78 (4): 913–921. doi:10.1128/AEM.06803-11. ISSN 1098-5336. PMC 3273014  . PMID 22179232.
Jump up ^ Holliger, C.; Wohlfarth, G.; Diekert, G. (1998). "Reductive dechlorination in the energy metabolism of anaerobic bacteria". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 22 (5): 383. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00377.x.
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The Hateful Eight
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The Hateful Eight
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Quentin Tarantino
Produced by
Richard N. Gladstein
Shannon McIntosh
Stacey Sher
Written by
Quentin Tarantino
Starring
Samuel L. Jackson
Kurt Russell
Jennifer Jason Leigh
Walton Goggins
Demián Bichir
Tim Roth
Michael Madsen
Bruce Dern
James Parks
Channing Tatum
Narrated by
Quentin Tarantino
Music by
Ennio Morricone
Cinematography
Robert Richardson
Edited by
Fred Raskin
Production
companies
Double Feature Films
FilmColony
Distributed by
The Weinstein Company
Release date
December 7, 2015 (2015-12-07) (Cinerama Dome)
December 25, 2015 (2015-12-25) (United States)
Running time
187 minutes (Roadshow)[1]
168 minutes (General)[2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$44[3]–$54 million[4]
Box office
$155.8 million[3]
The Hateful Eight is a 2015 American revisionist Western[5] mystery film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. It stars Samuel L. Jackson, Kurt Russell, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Walton Goggins, Demián Bichir, Tim Roth, Michael Madsen, and Bruce Dern as eight strangers who seek refuge from a blizzard in a stagecoach stopover some time after the American Civil War.
Tarantino announced The Hateful Eight in November 2013, having conceived it as a novel and sequel to his previous film Django Unchained (2012). After the script leaked in January 2014, he cancelled the film, directed a live reading of the script at the United Artists Theater in Los Angeles, then announced that he had changed his mind. Filming began on December 8, 2014, near Telluride, Colorado. The original score composed by Ennio Morricone, the first for a Tarantino film, was Morricone's first complete Western score in 34 years, and his first score for a high-profile Hollywood production since Brian De Palma's Mission to Mars in 2000.
Distributed by The Weinstein Company in the United States, The Hateful Eight was released on December 25, 2015, in a roadshow release in 70 mm film. It had a wide digital release on December 30, 2015. It received positive reviews, with Leigh receiving considerable praise. For his work on the score, Morricone won the Golden Globe and his first Academy Award for Best Original Score. The film also earned two Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress (Leigh) and Best Cinematography (Robert Richardson).
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Casting
3.2 Filming
3.2.1 Guitar incident
3.3 Cinematography
3.4 Post-production
4 Music
5 Release
5.1 Piracy
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Police boycott
6.4 Race issues
6.5 Gender issues
6.6 Accolades
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Years after the Civil War, bounty hunter Major Marquis Warren is transporting three dead bounties to the town of Red Rock, Wyoming. He hitches a ride on a stagecoach driven by O.B. Jackson. Aboard is John Ruth, a bounty hunter known for bringing in outlaws alive to see them hang; handcuffed to him is fugitive Daisy Domergue, whom Ruth is escorting to Red Rock. Ruth is suspicious of anyone who might steal his claim to the bounty. Ruth and Warren bond over Warren's personal letter from Abraham Lincoln.
Former Lost-Causer militiaman Chris Mannix, who claims he is traveling to Red Rock as the town's new sheriff, persuades Ruth and Warren to let him on the stagecoach. Warren and Ruth form an alliance to protect each other's bounties. Mannix and Warren almost come to blows over their controversial war records.
The group seeks refuge from a blizzard at Minnie's Haberdashery, a stagecoach lodge. They are greeted by Bob, a Mexican, who says the owner, Minnie, is visiting her mother. The other lodgers are Oswaldo Mobray, a hangman; Joe Gage, a quiet cowboy traveling to visit his mother; and Sanford Smithers, a former Confederate general traveling to put his missing son to rest. Suspicious, Ruth disarms all but Warren. As the group eats, Mannix surmises that Warren's Lincoln letter is a forgery. Warren admits this, saying the letter buys him leeway with whites, outraging Ruth. Warren leaves a gun next to Smithers and provokes him into reaching for it by telling Smithers he tortured, raped, and killed Smithers' son. When Smithers pulls a gun, Warren shoots him as revenge for Smithers' execution of black soldiers at the Battle of Baton Rouge.
While everyone is distracted by the confrontation, someone seen only by Daisy poisons the brewing coffee. Ruth and O.B. drink it, causing them to vomit blood, killing O.B. The dying Ruth attacks Daisy, but she kills him with his own gun. Warren disarms Daisy, holds the men at gunpoint and leaves her cuffed to Ruth's corpse. Warren is joined by Mannix, whom Warren trusts because he nearly drank the poisoned coffee. Warren executes Bob, deducing that he is an impostor who killed the lodge owners, as Minnie hates Mexicans and would never leave one to care for the lodge. When Warren threatens to execute Daisy, Gage admits that he poisoned the coffee. A man hiding in the cellar shoots Warren in the genitals. Mobray draws a concealed gun and shoots Mannix, who returns fire, wounding Mobray and forcing Gage against the wall.
Hours earlier, Bob, Mobray, Gage, and a fourth man, Jody, arrive at Minnie's Haberdashery and kill everyone but Smithers. Jody, Daisy's brother, tells Smithers they plan to ambush Ruth to rescue Daisy; his gang will spare Smithers if he keeps quiet, as they deduce that an extra lodger makes the setup more believable. The bandits dispose of the bodies, hide the evidence, and conceal guns around the lodge. As Ruth's stagecoach arrives, Jody hides in the cellar.
In the present, Mannix and Warren, both seriously wounded, hold Daisy, Gage, and the dying Mobray at gunpoint. They force Jody out of the cellar by threatening to kill Daisy. Jody surrenders, then Warren executes him. Daisy claims fifteen of her brother's men are waiting in Red Rock to kill Mannix and ransack the town; if Mannix kills Warren and allows her to escape, the gang will spare him and let him claim the bounties of the deceased except her brother.
As Daisy and Mobray taunt Warren, Warren shoots Daisy in the foot and Mobray in the leg; Mobray soon dies from his wounds. Gage draws a hidden revolver but is shot dead by Mannix and Warren. Warren tries to shoot Daisy but is out of bullets. Mannix calls Daisy's bluff and rejects her offer, but faints from blood loss. Daisy hacks off Ruth's handcuffed arm and frees herself. As she reaches for a gun, Mannix regains consciousness, shoots, and wounds her. Warren persuades Mannix to hang her from the rafters in honor of Ruth. Afterward, as the two men lie dying, Mannix reads aloud Warren's forged Lincoln letter.
Cast[edit]
Samuel L. Jackson as Major Marquis Warren a.k.a. "The Bounty Hunter"
Kurt Russell as John Ruth a.k.a. "The Hangman"
Jennifer Jason Leigh as Daisy Domergue a.k.a. "The Prisoner"
Walton Goggins as Chris Mannix a.k.a."The Sheriff"
Demián Bichir as Bob (Marco the Mexican) a.k.a. "The Mexican"
Tim Roth as Oswaldo Mobray (English Pete Hicox) a.k.a. "The Little Man"
Michael Madsen as Joe Gage (Grouch Douglass) a.k.a. "The Cow Puncher"
Bruce Dern as General Sanford "Sandy" Smithers a.k.a. "The Confederate"
James Parks as O.B. Jackson
Channing Tatum as Jody Domingre, Daisy's brother
Dana Gourrier as Minnie Mink
Zoë Bell as Six-Horse Judy
Lee Horsley as Ed
Gene Jones as Sweet Dave
Production[edit]
In November 2013, writer-director Quentin Tarantino said he was working on a new film, another Western. He stated that it would not be a sequel to Django Unchained,[6] though he later admitted that his first attempt at the story was as a sequel in novel form titled Django in White Hell, but he quickly realized that Django's character did not fit the story.[7] On January 12, 2014, the film's title was announced as The Hateful Eight.[8] The film was inspired by the 1960s Western TV series Bonanza, The Virginian and The High Chaparral. Tarantino said:
Twice per season, those shows would have an episode where a bunch of outlaws would take the lead characters hostage. They would come to the Ponderosa and hold everybody hostage, or go to Judge Garth's place—Lee J. Cobb played him—in The Virginian and take hostages. There would be a guest star like David Carradine, Darren McGavin, Claude Akins, Robert Culp, Charles Bronson, or James Coburn. I don't like that storyline in a modern context, but I love it in a Western, where you would pass halfway through the show to find out if they were good or bad guys, and they all had a past that was revealed. I thought, 'What if I did a movie starring nothing but those characters? No heroes, no Michael Landons. Just a bunch of nefarious guys in a room, all telling backstories that may or may not be true. Trap those guys together in a room with a blizzard outside, give them guns, and see what happens.[9]
The Hateful Eight Live Reading at the Ace Hotel Los Angeles, as part of LACMA's Live Read series, on April 19, 2014
Production would most likely have begun in mid 2014, but after the script leaked online in January 2014, Tarantino considered publishing it as a novel instead.[10] He said he had given the script to a few trusted colleagues, including Bruce Dern, Tim Roth, and Michael Madsen.[11][12] This version of the script featured a different ending in which Warren and Mannix attempt to kill Gage in revenge by forcing him to drink the poisoned coffee, sparking a firefight in which every character is killed.[13] Tarantino described his vision for the character of Daisy Domergue as a "Susan Atkins of the Wild West".[14]
On April 19, 2014, Tarantino directed a live reading of the leaked script at the United Artists Theater in the Ace Hotel Los Angeles. The event was organized by the Film Independent at Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) as part of the Live Read series and introduced by Elvis Mitchell.[15] Tarantino explained that they would read the first draft of the script, and he added that he was writing two new drafts with a different ending. The actors who joined Tarantino included Samuel L. Jackson, Kurt Russell, Amber Tamblyn, James Parks, Walton Goggins, Zoë Bell, James Remar, Dana Gourrier, Dern, Roth and Madsen.[16]
Casting[edit]
On September 23, 2014, it was revealed that Viggo Mortensen was in discussion with Tarantino for a role in the film.[17] On October 9, 2014, Jennifer Jason Leigh was added to the cast to play Daisy Domergue.[18] On November 5, 2014, it was announced that Channing Tatum was eyeing a major role in the film.[19] Later the same day, The Weinstein Company confirmed the cast in a press release, which would include Samuel L. Jackson, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Kurt Russell, Tim Roth, Demián Bichir, Walton Goggins, Michael Madsen, and Bruce Dern. Tatum's casting was also confirmed.[20]
Later on January 23, 2015, TWC announced an ensemble cast of supporting members, including James Parks, Dana Gourrier, Zoë Bell, Gene Jones, Keith Jefferson, Lee Horsley, Craig Stark, and Belinda Owino.[21]
In the earlier public reading of the first script, the role of Daisy Domergue had been read by Amber Tamblyn, and the role of Bob, a Frenchman rather than a Mexican, was read by Denis Ménochet;[16] at the reading, the role of Jody was read by James Remar. Regarding the cast, Tarantino has said, "This is a movie where [bigger movie stars] wouldn't work. It needs to be an ensemble where nobody is more important than anybody else."[22]
Filming[edit]
On September 26, 2014, the state of Colorado had signed to fund the film's production with $5 million, and the complete film would be shot in Southwest Colorado.[23] A 900-acre ranch was issued to the production for the filming. There was a meeting on October 16, and the county's planning commission issued a permit for the construction of a temporary set.[23] Principal photography began on December 8, 2014, in Colorado on the Schmid Ranch near Telluride.[24][25][26][27] The film's special make-up effects were created by Greg Nicotero, known for his work on the AMC series The Walking Dead.[28]
Guitar incident[edit]
The guitar destroyed by Russell's character was not a prop but an antique 1870s Martin guitar loaned by the Martin Guitar Museum. According to sound producer Mark Ulano, the guitar was supposed to have been switched with a copy to be destroyed, but this was not communicated to Russell; everyone on the set was "pretty freaked out" at the guitar's destruction, and Leigh's reaction was genuine, though "Tarantino was in a corner of the room with a funny curl on his lips, because he got something out of it with the performance."[29] Museum director Dick Boak said that the museum was not told that the script included a scene that called for a guitar being smashed, and determined that it was irreparable. The insurance remunerated the purchase value of the guitar. As a result of the incident, the museum no longer loans guitars to film productions.[30]
Cinematography[edit]
Cinematographer Robert Richardson, who also worked with Tarantino on Kill Bill, Inglourious Basterds, and Django Unchained, filmed The Hateful Eight on 70 mm film, using Ultra Panavision 70 and Kodak Vision 3 film stocks: 5219, 5207, 5213 and 5203. It is the widest release in 70 mm film since Ron Howard's Far and Away in 1992.[31] The film uses Panavision anamorphic lenses with an aspect ratio of 2.76:1, a very widescreen image that was used on some films in the 1950s and 1960s.[32] The filmmakers also avoided any use of a digital intermediate; the 70mm release was color-timed photochemically by FotoKem, and the dailies were screened in 70mm.[33] The wide digital release and a handful of 35mm prints were struck from a digital intermediate, done by Yvan Lucas at Shed/Santa Monica.
Post-production[edit]
Tarantino edited two versions of the film, one for the roadshow version and the other for general release. The roadshow version runs for three hours and two minutes, including six minutes of extra footage plus an overture and intermission, and has alternate takes of some scenes. Tarantino created two versions as he felt some of the footage he shot for 70mm would not play well on smaller screens.[34] Classifications from the British Board of Film Classification confirm that the time difference between the Roadshow (187 minutes) and the DCP (167 minutes) releases is 20 minutes.[1][2]
Music[edit]
Main article: The Hateful Eight (soundtrack)
Tarantino announced at the 2015 Comic-Con that Ennio Morricone would compose the score for The Hateful Eight; it is the first Western scored by Morricone in 34 years, since Buddy Goes West, and Tarantino's first film to use an original score.[35][36] Tarantino had previously used Morricone's music in Kill Bill, Death Proof, Inglourious Basterds, and Django Unchained, and Morricone also wrote an original song, "Ancora Qui", for the latter.[37] Morricone had previously made statements that he would "never work" with Tarantino after Django Unchained, but ultimately changed his mind and agreed to score The Hateful Eight.[38] According to Variety, Morricone composed the score without even seeing the film.[39]
The soundtrack was announced on November 19, 2015, for a December 18 release from Decca Records. Ennio Morricone composed 50 minutes of original music for The Hateful Eight. In addition to Morricone's original score, the soundtrack includes dialogue excerpts from the film, "Apple Blossom" by The White Stripes from their De Stijl album, "Now You're All Alone" by David Hess from The Last House on the Left and "There Won't Be Many Coming Home" by Roy Orbison from The Fastest Guitar Alive.[40]
Tarantino confirmed that the film would use three unused tracks from Morricone's original soundtrack for the 1982 John Carpenter film The Thing—"Eternity", "Bestiality" and "Despair"—as Morricone was pressed for time while creating the score.[41] The final film also uses Morricone's "Regan's Theme" from the 1977 John Boorman film Exorcist II: The Heretic.
Morricone's score won several awards including a special award from New York Film Critics Circle. The score won a Golden Globe for Best Original Score.[42] It also took the 2015 Academy Award for Best Motion Picture Score, Morricone's first after several career nominations.
The acoustic song played by Leigh's character Domergue on a Martin guitar is the traditional Australian folk ballad "Jim Jones at Botany Bay", which dates from the early 19th-century and was first published by Charles McAlister in 1907.[43] The rendition in the film includes lines which were not in MacAlister's version.[44] The film's trailer used Welshly Arms' cover of "Hold On, I'm Coming", although this is not used in the film itself.[45]
The soundtrack was released under the Third Man Records label, which is operated by musician Jack White.
Release[edit]
The cast and director of The Hateful Eight at the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con to promote the film.
On September 3, 2014, The Weinstein Company (TWC) acquired the worldwide distribution rights to the film for a fall 2015 release.[46] TWC would sell the film worldwide, but Tarantino asked to personally approve the global distributors for the film.[47] In preparation for its release, Tarantino arranged for approximately 100[48] theaters worldwide to be retrofitted with anamorphic equipped 70 mm film projectors, in order to display the film as he intended.[32][49] The film was released on December 25, 2015, as a roadshow presentation in 70 mm film format theaters.[50] The film was initially scheduled to be released in digital theaters on January 8, 2016.
On December 14, The Hollywood Reporter announced that the film would see wide release on December 31, 2015, while still screening the 70 mm version.[51] The release date was moved to December 30, 2015, to meet demand.[52] On July 11, 2015, Tarantino and the cast of the film appeared at Comic-Con to promote the film.[35] In the UK, where the film was distributed by Entertainment Film Distributors, the sole 70mm print in the country opened at the Odeon Leicester Square on January 8 in a roadshow presentation, with the digital general release version opening the same day at other cinemas, except Cineworld, who refused to book the film after failing to reach an agreement to show the 70mm print.[53]
On March 15, 2016, The Hateful Eight was released in the United States on Digital HD, and on Blu-ray and DVD on March 29, 2016.[citation needed]
Piracy[edit]
On December 20, 2015, screener copies of The Hateful Eight and numerous other Oscar contenders, including Carol, The Revenant, Brooklyn, Creed, and Straight Outta Compton, were uploaded to many websites. The FBI linked the case to co-CEO Andrew Kosove of Alcon Entertainment. Kosove responded that he had "never seen this DVD", and that "it never touched his hands."[54]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The Hateful Eight grossed $54.1 million in the U.S. and Canada, and $101.6 million in other countries, for worldwide gross of $155.7 million against a budget of around $44 million.[3]
The film opened in the US with a limited release on December 25, 2015, and over the weekend grossed $4.9 million from 100 theaters ($46,107 per screen), finishing 10th at the box office.[55] It had its wide release on December 30, grossing $3.5 million on its first day.[56] The film went on to gross $15.7 million in its opening weekend, finishing third at the box office behind Star Wars: The Force Awakens ($90.2 million) and Daddy's Home ($29.2 million).[57]
Critical response[edit]
The film critics aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 74% based on 282 reviews and an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Hateful Eight offers another well-aimed round from Quentin Tarantino's signature blend of action, humor, and over-the-top violence—all while demonstrating an even stronger grip on his filmmaking craft."[58] On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[59] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[56]
James Berardinelli wrote that The Hateful Eight "is a high-wire thriller, full of masterfully executed twists, captivating dialogue, and a wildly entertaining narrative that gallops along at a pace to make three hours evaporate in an instant. Best film of the year? Yes."[60] Telegraph critic Robbie Collin wrote: "The Hateful Eight is a parlour-room epic, an entire nation in a single room, a film steeped in its own filminess but at the same time vital, riveting and real. Only Tarantino can do this, and he’s done it again."[61] Guardian critic Peter Bradshaw gave the film five out of five, and wrote that it was "intimate yet somehow weirdly colossal, once again releasing [Tarantino's] own kind of unwholesome crazy-funny-violent nitrous oxide into the cinema auditorium for us all to inhale ... "Thriller" is a generic label which has lost its force. But The Hateful Eight thrills."[62] A.V. Club critic Ignatiy Vishnevetsky gave the film a grade of A- and wrote that "with a script that could easily be a stage play, The Hateful Eight is about as close as this pastiche artist is likely to get to the classical tradition."[63]
In contrast, Owen Gleiberman of the BBC said, "I'm not alone in thinking that it's Tarantino's worst film – a sluggish, unimaginative dud, brimming with venom but not much cleverness."[64] Donald Clarke, writing in The Irish Times, wrote, "What a shame the piece is so lacking in character and narrative coherence. What a shame so much of it is so gosh-darn boring."[65] A. O. Scott in The New York Times said, "Some of the film's ugliness...seems dumb and ill-considered, as if Mr. Tarantino's intellectual ambition and his storytelling discipline had failed him at the same time."[66] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter praised the film's production design, idiosyncratic dialogue, and "lip-smackingly delicious" performances, but felt the film was overlong and that Morricone's score was put to too limited use.[67]
Police boycott[edit]
In October 2015, Tarantino attended a Black Lives Matter rally and publicly commented on police brutality in the United States, saying, "When I see murders, I do not stand by... I have to call a murder a murder, and I have to call the murderers the murderers." Tarantino's comments received national media attention and several police groups in the United States pledged to boycott The Hateful Eight and his other films. New York City Police Benevolent Association president Patrick J. Lynch said: "With nearly one million law enforcement officers in this country who have families and friends who support them, the impact that police have economically on a product or project is immense. The law enforcement boycott of cop-hater Quentin Tarantino's movie is one demonstration of that economic power."[68] Tarantino responded that he was not a "cop hater" and would not be intimidated by the calls for a boycott.[69][70]
Richard Johnson of the New York Post called The Hateful Eight a "box-office disaster, and the police officers who boycotted the movie are taking credit".[68] However, Forbes rebutted this claim in an article titled "No, Police Boycotts Against Quentin Tarantino didn't cause Hateful Eight to Flop", writing that the film, while not as commercially successful as some of Tarantino's other films, was not a "box-office disaster" and cast doubt on claims that a boycott had a strong effect on sales.[71]
Race issues[edit]
Tarantino told GQ that race issues were part of his creative process and were inescapable, saying: "I wasn’t trying to bend over backwards in any way, shape, or form to make it socially relevant. But once I finished the script, that’s when all the social relevancy started."[72] He told the Telegraph he wrote The Hateful Eight to reflect America's fraught racial history, with the splitting of the cabin into northern and southern sides and a speech about the perils of "frontier justice".[73] A.O. Scott of The New York Times observed that the film rejects the Western genre's tradition of ignoring America's racial history, but felt its handling of race issues was "dumb and ill-considered", and wrote: "Tarantino doesn’t make films that are 'about race' so much as he tries to burrow into the bowels of American racism with his camera and his pen. There is no way to do that and stay clean."[66]
Gender issues[edit]
Some critics expressed unease at the treatment of the Daisy Domergue character, who is the subject of repeated physical and verbal abuse and finally lynched in a sequence which, according to Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com, "lingers on Daisy's death with near-pornographic fascination".[74][75][76] A.O. Scott felt the film "mutates from an exploration of racial animus into an orgy of elaborately justified misogyny".[66] Laura Bogart regarded the treatment of Daisy as a "betrayal" of the positive female characters in previous Tarantino films such as Kill Bill.[77] Juliette Peers wrote that "compared to the stunning twists and inversions of norms that Tarantino's other works offer when presenting female characters, The Hateful Eight's sexual politics seem bleakly conservative. Daisy is feisty and highly intelligent, yet the plotline is arbitrarily stacked against her."[76]
Conversely, Courtney Bissonette of Bust praised Tarantino's history of female characters and wrote of Daisy's treatment: "This is equality, man, and it’s more feminist to think that a criminal is getting treated the same despite her gender. They don't treat her like a fairy princess because she is a woman, they treat her like a killer because she is a killer."[78] Sophie Besl of Bitch Flicks argued that Daisy received no special treatment as a woman, is never sexually objectified, and has agency over her own actions (including killing her captor). She defended the hanging scene as in the filmic tradition of villains "getting what's coming to [them]", and that equivalent scenes with male villains in previous Tarantino films raised no objections.[79] However, Matthew Stogdon felt that as Daisy's crimes are not explained, her status as a criminal deserving execution is not established, breaking the narrative rule of "show, don't tell".[80]
Walton Goggins described the lynching as symbolic of a positive step to erase racism: "I see it as very uplifting, as very hopeful, and as a big step in the right direction, as a celebration, as a changing of one heart and one mind."[81] However, Sasha Stone, writing for Awards Daily, felt it was implausible for Daisy to "represent, somehow, all of the evil of the South, all of the racism, all of the injustice. She's a tiny thing. There is no point in the film, or maybe one just barely, when Daisy inflicts any violence upon anyone – and by then it could be argued that she is only desperately trying to defend herself. She is handcuffed to Kurt Russell, needing his permission to speak and eat, and then punched brutally in the face whenever she says anything."[82]
Tarantino intended the violence against Daisy to be shocking and wanted the audience's allegiances to shift during the story. He said: "Violence is hanging over every one of those characters like a cloak of night. So I'm not going to go, 'OK, that's the case for seven of the characters, but because one is a woman, I have to treat her differently.' I'm not going to do that."[83] Producer Harvey Weinstein felt the allegations of sexism were "fishing for stupidity".[83]
Accolades[edit]
Main article: List of accolades received by The Hateful Eight
See also[edit]
Film portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The Hateful Eight [70MM VERSION]". British Board of Film Classification. December 14, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Hateful Eight [Multiplex version]". British Board of Film Classification. December 11, 2015. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Hateful Eight (2015)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Making of 'Hateful Eight': How Tarantino Braved Sub-Zero Weather and a Stolen Screener". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Aquila, Richard (February 25, 2016). "Westerns gallop back in Oscar race: Column". USA Today. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (November 27, 2013). "Quentin Tarantino says next film will be another western". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Staskiewicz, Keith (December 11, 2015). "Quentin Tarantino explains how Hateful Eight began as a Django novel". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Denham, Jess (13 January 2014). "Quentin Tarantino's next Western to be called The Hateful Eight". The Independent. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (November 10, 2014). "Quentin Tarantino on Retirement, Grand 70 MM Intl Plans For 'The Hateful Eight". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (January 21, 2014). "Quentin Tarantino Shelves 'The Hateful Eight' After Betrayal Results in Script Leak". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Quentin Tarantino sues Gawker over Hateful Eight script leak". CBC News. January 21, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gettell, Oliver (January 22, 2014). "Quentin Tarantino mothballs 'Hateful Eight' after script leak". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Hateful Eight Script Leak: 8 Spoilers From Quentin Tarantino's Western". WhatCulture.com. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Truitt, Brian (December 23, 2015). "Jennifer Jason Leigh gives life to devilish Daisy in 'Hateful Eight'". USA Today. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "World Premiere of a Staged Reading by Quentin Tarantino: The Hateful Eight". LACMA.org. April 19, 2014. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Anderton, Ethan (April 21, 2014). "Tarantino's 'Hateful Eight' Live-Read Reveals Script Still Developing". FirstShowing.net. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Garvey, Marianne; Niemietz, Brian; Coleman, Oli (September 23, 2014). "Viggo Mortensen and Quentin Tarantino talk business, and director gets closeup with Vanessa Ferlito". Daily News. New York City. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (October 9, 2014). "Quentin Tarantino Casts Jennifer Jason Leigh as Female Lead in 'Hateful Eight'". TheWrap.com. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (November 5, 2014). "Channing Tatum Eyes 'Hateful Eight' Role". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ramisetti, Kirthana (November 6, 2014). "'The Hateful Eight' cast announced: Samuel L. Jackson, Jennifer Jason Leigh and Channing Tatum among all-star cast in Quentin Tarantino's latest film". Daily News. New York City. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Filming Starts for Quentin Tarantino's The Hateful Eight". ComingSoon.net. January 23, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brown, Lane (August 23, 2015). "In Conversation: Quentin Tarantino". Vulture.com. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Kennedy, Lisa; Svaldi, Aldo (September 26, 2014). "Quentin Tarantino set to shoot 'Hateful Eight' in Colorado". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Huertas, George (November 11, 2014). "Quentin Tarantino To Follow Through With 'The Hateful Eight'". EmertainmentMonthly.com. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "On the Set for 12/8/14: James Bond Pic Spectre & Hateful Eight Start Shooting, Vin Diesel Wraps Last Witch Hunter". SSN Insider. December 8, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dyer, Kyle (December 10, 2014). "New Tarantino movie starts filming near Telluride". 9News. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (January 23, 2015). "Quentin Tarantino Starts Shooting 'Hateful Eight'". Variety. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tarantino Holes Up A Few Outlaws In 'The Hateful Eight'". NPR.org. December 24, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ ""The Hateful Eight" Hates on Six Strings: Film Includes Real Destruction of Antique Martin".
Jump up ^ "Martin Responds to 'Hateful Eight' Destruction of Antique Six String".
Jump up ^ Pucho, Kristy (September 2014). "Quentin Tarantino's Hateful Eight To Be Widest 70mm Release in 20 Years". CinemaBlend.com. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Fischer, Russ (June 8, 2015). "Quentin Tarantino Helps Get 70mm Projectors in 50 Theaters for 'The Hateful Eight'". /Film.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Desowitz, Bill (December 8, 2015). "How Quentin Tarantino Resurrected Ultra Panavision 70 for 'The Hateful Eight' Roadshow". Thompson on Hollywood (Indiewire.com). Retrieved October 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Tapley, Kristopher (October 13, 2015). "Quentin Tarantino Says He Cut Two Different Versions of 'The Hateful Eight'". Variety.
^ Jump up to: a b Lincoln, Ross A. (July 11, 2015). "Quentin Tarantino Delivers Mind-Blowing Look At 'Hateful Eight' – Comic Con". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Raymond (July 19, 2015). "Tarantino and Morricone settle the score in Prague". The Prague Post. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ filmmusicreporter (November 28, 2012). "'Django Unchained' Soundtrack Details". FilmMusicReporter.com. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lyman, Eric J. (March 15, 2013). "Italian Composer Ennio Morricone: I'll Never Work With Tarantino Again". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Tapley, Kristopher (28 February 2016). "Legendary Composer Ennio Morricone Wins Original Score Oscar for 'Hateful Eight'". Variety. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "'The Hateful Eight' Soundtrack Details". FilmMusicReporter.com. November 19, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Quentin Tarantino Reveals 'Hateful Eight' Score Features Unused Music By Ennio Morricone From John Carpenter's 'The Thing'". The Playlist (Indiewire.com). Retrieved December 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ennio Morricone, Ryuichi Nakamoto nominated for Golden Globes". factmag.com. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Charles MacAlister, Old Pioneering Days in the Sunny South (1907), "Jim Jones at Botany Bay" (1 text)
Jump up ^ Ron Edwards, The Big Book of Australian Folk Song
Jump up ^ "What’s The Song On The Hateful Eight Trailer?". Daystune. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Weinsteins Will Distribute Quentin Tarantino's 'Hateful Eight' Worldwide". Deadline.com. September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Roxborough, Scott (February 9, 2015). "Berlin: Quentin Tarantino Personally Approving Buyers of 'Hateful Eight'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kenigsberg, Ben (November 11, 2015). "Tarantino's 'The Hateful Eight' Resurrects Nearly Obsolete Technology". The New York Times. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Paula (June 9, 2015). "Quentin Tarantino to Retrofit Theaters to Accomodate 'Hateful Eight' in 70mm". Indiewire.com. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (June 12, 2015). "'Hateful Eight' To Hit Theaters Christmas Day in 70MM". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mia (December 14, 2015). "'Hateful Eight' Getting Nationwide Release on Dec. 31". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lincoln, Ross A. (December 29, 2015). "'Hateful Eight' Gets Early Digital Expansion: 1900+ Screens Starting Tonight". Deadline.com. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lee, Benjamin (January 5, 2016). "The Hateful Eight: not showing near you at three key UK cinema chains". The Guardian. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.theverge.com/2015/12/24/10663146/hollywood-s-christmas-is-being-ruined-by-unprecedented-leaks
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^ Jump up to: a b Lowe, Kinsey. "'Star Wars' Now 4th-Biggest Domestic Grosser on Way To $700M; 'Hateful Eight' Adds $3.5M in 1st Day of Expansion". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony; Busch, Anita (January 4, 2016). "'Force Awakens' Will Beat 'Avatar' Domestic Record Tuesday; New Year's Weekend $219.3M Ticket Sales 2nd Best All-Time". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
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Jump up ^ "The Hateful Eight review: 'only Tarantino can do this'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ Bradshaw, Peter (2015-12-16). "The Hateful Eight review: Agatha Christie with gags, guns and Samuel L Jackson". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky, Ignatiy (December 16, 2015). "Quentin Tarantino gets theatrical in the 70mm Western The Hateful Eight". AVClub.com. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Clarke, Donald (January 7, 2016). "The Hateful Eight review: The wheels come off the wagon". The Irish Times. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Scott, A.O. "Review: Quentin Tarantino’s ‘The Hateful Eight’ Blends Verbiage and Violence". Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "'The Hateful Eight': Film Review". Retrieved 2016-08-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, Richard (January 14, 2016). "Police: We’re why ‘The Hateful Eight’ is bombing at box office". New York Post.
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Jump up ^ Mendelson, Scott (January 18, 2016). "No, Police Boycotts Against Quentin Tarantino didn't cause 'Hateful Eight' to Flop". Forbes.
Jump up ^ Barksdale, Adam. "Quentin Tarantino on White Supremacy And Black Lives Matter". Huffington Post Australia. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
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Jump up ^ Seitz, Matt Zoller. "The Hateful Eight". RogerEbert.Com. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Nayman, Adam (2015). "You've Gotta Be...Kidding Me: Quentin Tarantino’s The Hateful Eight". Cinema Scope Online. Canada: Cinema Scope Magazine. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Peers, Juliette (January 24, 2016). "'Elaborately justified misogyny': The Hateful Eight and Daisy Domergue". The Conversation. The Conversation US. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
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Jump up ^ Stogdon, Matthew. "THE HATEFUL EIGHT No One To Trust, Everyone To Hate". The Red Right Hand Movie Reviews.
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^ Jump up to: a b Tapley, Kristopher. "Claims of 'Hateful Eight' Misogyny 'Fishing for Stupidity,' Harvey Weinstein Says". Variety. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
External links[edit]
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