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Replicas of the Statue of Liberty
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Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) have been created worldwide.
Contents
[hide]
1 France
1.1 Paris
1.1.1 Musée d'Orsay
1.1.2 Île aux Cygnes
1.1.3 Musée des Arts et Métiers
1.1.4 Flame of Liberty
1.2 Barentin
1.3 Bordeaux
1.4 Colmar
1.5 Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer
1.6 Other French cities
2 Other European countries
2.1 Austria
2.2 Denmark
2.3 Germany
2.4 Ireland
2.5 Kosovo
2.6 Norway
2.7 Spain
2.8 Ukraine
2.9 United Kingdom
3 North America
3.1 Canada
3.2 Mexico
3.3 United States
4 South America
4.1 Argentina
4.2 Brazil
4.3 Ecuador
4.4 Peru
5 Asia
5.1 India
5.2 Malaysia
5.3 Singapore
5.4 China
5.4.1 Guangzhou
5.4.2 Beijing
5.4.3 Shenzhen
5.5 Israel
5.6 Japan
5.7 Pakistan
5.8 Philippines
5.9 Thailand
5.10 Taiwan
5.11 Vietnam
6 Australia
7 References
8 External links
France[edit]
Paris[edit]
Musée d'Orsay[edit]
The Exposition Universelle model in its previous location in the Jardin du Luxembourg, Paris
On the occasion of the Exposition Universelle of 1900, Bartholdi crafted a smaller version of the Statue of Liberty, which he subsequently gave to the Musée du Luxembourg. In 1905, the statue was placed outside the museum in the Jardin du Luxembourg, where it stood for over a century, until 2014. It currently stands at the entrance to the Musée d'Orsay; a newly constructed bronze replica stands in its place in the Jardin du Luxembourg.[1]
Île aux Cygnes[edit]
Statue of Liberty on the Île aux Cygnes, River Seine in Paris. Given to the city in 1889, it faces southwest, downriver along the Seine.
This statue was given in 1889 to France by U.S. citizens[2] living in Paris to celebrate the French Revolution three years after the main statue in New York was inaugurated. In 1937, the statue was turned from looking east to looking west straight to the direction of the New York's statue.
The statue is near the Grenelle Bridge on the Île aux Cygnes, a man-made island in the Seine (48°51′0″N 2°16′47″E / 48.85000°N 2.27972°E / 48.85000; 2.27972). It is 11.50 metres (37 feet 9 inches) high and weighs 14 tons.[3] Inaugurated on July 4, 1889, it looks southwest, downriver along the Seine. Its tablet bears two dates: "IV JUILLET 1776" (July 4, 1776: the United States Declaration of Independence) like the New York statue, and "XIV JUILLET 1789" (July 14, 1789: the storming of the Bastille) associated with an equal sign. This statue is shown in the film National Treasure: Book of Secrets as a historic location.
Musée des Arts et Métiers[edit]
The original plaster, the first maquette (286 cm) finished in 1878 by Auguste Bartholdi, that was used to make the statue in New York is in the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris.[4][5] This original plaster was bequeathed by the artist's widow in 1907,[6] together with part of the artist's estate.
On the square outside the Musée des Arts et Métiers's entrance is a bronze made from this plaster (same size), number 1 from an original edition of 12, made by the museum and cast by Susse Fondeur Paris.
Flame of Liberty[edit]
A life-size copy of the torch, Flame of Liberty, can be seen above the entrance to the Pont de l'Alma tunnel near the Champs-Élysées in Paris. It was given to the city as a return gift in honor of the centennial celebration of the statue's dedication. Since it is above the Pont de l'Alma car tunnel in which Princess Diana died, the torch became an unofficial memorial to the princess.[7]
Barentin[edit]
There is a replica in the northwest of France, in the small town of Barentin near Rouen. It was made for a French movie, Le Cerveau ("The Brain"), directed by Gérard Oury and featuring actors Jean-Paul Belmondo and Bourvil.[8]
Bordeaux[edit]
Another replica is the Bordeaux Statue of Liberty. This 2.5 m (8.2 ft) statue is in the city of Bordeaux. The first Bordeaux statue was seized and melted down by the Nazis in World War II. The statue was replaced in 2000 and a plaque was added to commemorate the victims of the September 11 terrorist attacks. On the night of March 25, 2003, unknown vandals poured red paint and gasoline on the replica and set it on fire. The vandals also cracked the pedestal of the plaque. The mayor of Bordeaux, former prime minister Alain Juppé, condemned the attack.
Colmar[edit]
Replica of the Statue of Liberty in Colmar
A 12 m (39 ft 4 in) replica of the Statue of Liberty in Colmar, the city of Bartholdi's birth, was dedicated on July 4, 2004, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of his death. It stands at the north entrance of the city.[9] The Bartholdi Museum in Colmar contains numerous models of various sizes made by Bartholdi during the process of designing the statue.[10]
Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer[edit]
Frédéric Bartholdi donated a copy of the Statue of Liberty to the town square of Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer.
Other French cities[edit]
Other Liberty Enlightening the World statues are displayed in Poitiers and Lunel. The Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon owns a terracotta version.
Near Chaumont, Haute Marne, is a miniature replica in the flag plaza of the former Chaumont Air Base. This was the home of the US 48th Tactical Fighter Wing, now based at Lakenheath, England, with its own statue at the flag plaza. The 48th TFW is the only USAF wing with a name: "The Statue of Liberty Wing".
Another example is of a Liberty Enlightening the World replica in Châteauneuf-la-Forêt, near the city of Limoges in the area of Haute-Vienne, Limousin. There is another "original" Bartholdi replica at Roybon (near Grenoble)
Other European countries[edit]
Austria[edit]
In Minimundus, a miniature park located at the Wörthersee in Carinthia, Austria, is another replica of the Statue of Liberty.[11]
In Graz, standing between the Opera House and the NextLiberty Theater, stands a steel structure built out of steel beams, that depict the original size of the statue of liberty, before the plates of the final form were being put into place. Instead of torch of flame, this depiction is holding a sword in extended left arm and a sphere in the right arm representing the world.
Denmark[edit]
A small replica in lego is situated in Legoland in Billund.
Germany[edit]
A 35 m (115 ft) copy is in the German Heidepark Soltau theme park, located on a lake with cruising Mississippi steamboats. It weighs 28 metric tons (31 short tons), is made of plastic foam on a steel frame with polyester cladding, and was designed by the Dutch artist Gerla Spee.[12]
Ireland[edit]
A green painted replica of the Statue of Liberty can be found near Mulnamina More, County Donegal, Ireland.[13]
Kosovo[edit]
A replica stands atop the Hotel Victory in Pristina, Kosovo.[14]
Norway[edit]
A smaller replica is in the Norwegian village of Visnes, where the copper used in the original statue was mined.[15] A replica is also on the facade of a pub in Bleik, county of Nordland[16][17]
Spain[edit]
Replica of the Statue of Liberty in Cadaqués, Spain
In 1897 a 123 cm (4 ft 0 in) replica in iron and bronze was erected in Cenicero, Spain, to honor local fighters during the First Carlist War. In 1936 it was removed during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco. It was restored in 1976.
The Rossend Arús public library in Barcelona has in its entrance a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) replica from 1894. She welcomes visitors to the library, which is devoted to the labour movement, anarchism, and freemasonry.
Cadaqués, a small village that was residence of Salvador Dalí, has an unusual version, with both hands up. It is on top of a small tourism information office.
Ukraine[edit]
There is a unique "sitting" Statue of Liberty in the Ukrainian city of Lviv. It is a sculpture on a dome of the house (15, Freedom Avenue) built by architect Yuriy Zakharevych and decorated by sculptor Leandro Marconi in 1874–91.
United Kingdom[edit]
Replica of the Statue of Liberty in Leicester, England
A 17-foot, 9,200 kg (9.2 tons) replica stood atop the Liberty Shoe factory in Leicester, England, until 2002 when the building was demolished. The statue was put into storage while the building was replaced. The statue, which dates back to the 1920s, was initially going to be put back on the replacement building, but was too heavy, so in December 2008 following restoration, it was placed on a pedestal near Liberty Park Halls of Residence on a traffic island close to where it originally stood.[18][19]
A 10-foot-high (3.0 m) replica is in the stairwell of a bowling alley building in Warrington, England. It used to be above the entrance of a restaurant nearby.
There is also a small replica located at RAF Lakenheath, England, at the base flag plaza, made from leftover copper from the original.[20]
North America[edit]
Canada[edit]
In Coquitlam, British Columbia a small replica stands on Delestre Avenue just east of North Road.[21]
Mexico[edit]
In Campeche, Mexico, there is a small replica in the small town of Palizada.
In Durango, Mexico, a small replica is in Parque Guadiana. This park also has other small reproductions such as the Eiffel Tower and Taj Mahal.
United States[edit]
See also: Strengthen the Arm of Liberty
See also: Replicas of the Statue of Liberty by the Boy Scouts of America
From 1902 to 2002, visitors to midtown Manhattan were occasionally disoriented by what seemed to be an impossibly nearby view of the statue. They were seeing a 30-foot-high (9.1 m) replica located at 43 West 64th Street atop the Liberty Warehouse.[22][23] In February 2002, the statue was removed by the building's owners to allow the building to be expanded.[24] It was donated to the Brooklyn Museum of Art, which installed it in its sculpture garden in October 2005 with plans to restore it on site in spring of 2006.[25][26]
A bronze sculpture of the Statue of Liberty is on display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.[27]
Duluth, Minnesota, has a small copy on the south corner of the Duluth Entertainment Convention Center property, in the center of a clearing surrounded by pine trees where it may be passed unnoticed. It was presented to the city by some of Bartholdi's descendants residing in Duluth.[28][29]
The Boy Scouts of America celebrated their fortieth anniversary in 1950 with the theme of "Strengthen the Arm of Liberty".[30] Between 1949 and 1952, approximately two hundred 100-inch (2.5 m) replicas of the statue, made of stamped copper, were purchased by Boy Scout troops and donated in 39 states in the U.S. and several of its possessions and territories. The project was the brainchild of Kansas City businessman J.P. Whitaker, who was then Scout Commissioner of the Kansas City Area Council. The copper statues were manufactured by Friedley-Voshardt Co. (Chicago, Illinois) and purchased through the Kansas City Boy Scout office by those wanting one. The statues are approximately 8 1⁄2 feet (2.6 m) tall without the base, are constructed of sheet copper, weigh 290 pounds (130 kg), and originally cost $350 plus freight. The mass-produced statues are not great art nor meticulously accurate (a conservator notes that "her face isn't as mature as the real Liberty. It's rounder and more like a little girl's"), but they are cherished, particularly since 9/11. Many have been lost or destroyed, but preservationists have been able to account for about a hundred of them, and BSA Troop 101 of Cheyenne, Wyoming, has collected photographs of over 100 of them.[31][32] They are commonly installed at city halls, libraries, and schools. One of these statues was sent to the Philippines. After some years at the mouth of the Pasig River, Manila, it was kept in a store room at the Scout Reservation, Makiling, Laguna, for about two decades. It is now stored at the national office of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines, Manila.
A replica of the original statue was unveiled on October 12, 2011, at 667 Madison Avenue in Manhattan. Its owner, billionaire Leonard N. Stern, purchased it after reading about it in the local news. The replica is one of only 12 cast from the original mold created by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi using digital surface scanning and lost-wax casting methods, and is the only one currently on public display. The statue itself is 9 feet tall and 15 feet including the pedestal on which it stands.[33]
New York-New York Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas, complete with Statue of Liberty in the foreground.
There is a half-size replica at the New York-New York Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada.[34][35][36][37] In April 2011, the U.S. Postal Service announced that three billion postage stamps mistakenly based on a photograph of this replica were produced and would be sold to the public.[38] In November 2013, the statue's sculptor, Robert Davidson, filed a copyright infringement suit against the U.S. government.[39]
The city of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, erected a replacement bronze reproduction standing 9 ft (2.7 m) tall in McKennan Park atop the original pedestal of a long-vanished wooden replica.[40]
Liberty Enlightening the World replica in Birmingham, Alabama
A 36-foot-tall (11 m) bronze replica, accurately based on Bartholdi's Liberty Enlightening the World, stands in Vestavia Hills, a suburb of Birmingham, Alabama. It was cast in 1956 at the Société Antoine Durenne foundry in Somerville, Haut Marne, France, for placement in 1958 atop the Liberty National Life Insurance Company building in downtown Birmingham.[22] It was relocated and placed on a 60-foot-tall (18 m) granite pedestal adjacent to Interstate 459 in 1989.[41][42][43]
Two 30-foot (9.1 m) copper replicas by sculptor Leo Lentelli stand atop the Liberty National Bank Building[22] in Buffalo, New York, nearly 108 m (354 ft) above street level.[44][45]
A 25-foot-tall (7.6 m) replica sits on the ruins of the late Marysville Bridge (erected on a platform (pier)) in the Dauphin Narrows of Susquehanna River north of Harrisburg. The replica was built by a local activist Gene Stilp on July 2, 1986; it was made of Venetian blinds and stood 18 feet (5.5 m) tall. Six years later, after it was destroyed in a windstorm, it was rebuilt by Stilp and other local citizens, of wood, metal, glass and fiberglass, to a height of 25 feet (7.6 m).[46][47][48]
A Lego replica of the Statue of Liberty consisting of 2882 bricks and standing 0.9 m (3.0 ft) is a popular sculpture among Lego enthusiasts. The statue went out of production, but due to popular demand was returned to sale.[49]
A 1/12 replica of the Statue of Liberty made essentially out of junk stands at the intersection of US 280 and US 341 in McRae, Georgia. The head is made out of a stump from a nearby swamp, the arm holding the torch is made from styrofoam and the hand holding the book is actually an electric lineman's glove. The town's Lion's Club erected the replica in 1986 during the statue's centennial.[50]
An 11-foot (3.4 m) miniature Statue of Liberty (holding a Bible instead of a tablet) currently stands atop a 15-foot (4.6 m) pedestal outside the Liberty Recycling plant in San Marcos, California. The company was named after the statue, which has been moved throughout northern San Diego County for over 80 years, originating at the Liberty Hotel in Leucadia, in the 1920s.[51]
A 25-foot (7.6 m) replica of the statue, lofting a Christian cross, holding the Ten Commandments, and named the Statue of Liberation through Christ, was erected by a predominantly African American church in Memphis, Tennessee, on July 4, 2006.[52]
A small replica stands on the grounds of the Cherokee Capitol Building in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, a gift from the local Boy Scouts in 1950.[53]
Fargo, North Dakota, also has a replica of the Statue of Liberty on the corner of Main Avenue and 2nd Street at the entrance of the Main Avenue bridge.[54]
There is a replica on the shoreline of Lake Chaubunagungamaug in Webster, Massachusetts.[55]
A 1/6-scale replica (~50 feet including pedestal) stands in a parking lot of a strip mall in Milwaukie, Oregon, off McLoughlin Blvd at 4255 SE Roethe Rd.[56]
A 6-foot (1.8 m) replica stands in West Seattle, Washington, at Alki Beach Park.[57]
South America[edit]
Argentina[edit]
In Buenos Aires there is a small iron replica in Barrancas de Belgrano Square, cast by Bartholdi from the same mould as those cast in Paris; although it is much smaller. It was inaugurated on October 3, 1886, 25 days before the one in New York. Another replica was bought by the government and placed in a school, Colegio Nacional Sarmiento, about the same date.[58]. There is another replica in Plaza Libertad (Liberty Square) in the city of San Juan. This one arrived at the city in 1909 due to a confusion since it had to be shipped to San Juan, Puerto Rico instead. There are also two cheaper non-metallic replicas; one is 6 m tall, located in the "New York" Casino in San Luis and the other crowns a commercial gallery, "Galería de Fabricantes", in Munro, a city in the northeast suburbs of Buenos Aires.[59]
Replica: a copy or reproduction of a work of art produced by the maker of the original or under his or her supervision. Saying that, the New York is a big replica of the argentinian one.
Brazil[edit]
A replica of the Statue of Liberty in Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
New York City Center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
In Bangu, Rio de Janeiro exists a nickel replica made by Bartholdi in 1899. Bartholdi was commissioned by José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco to make a replica in order to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the Republic of Brazil. Until 1940, the statue was Paranhos family property. In 1940 the statue was passed to Guanabara State. In January 20, 1964 Carlos Lacerda, governor of Guanabara State, placed the statue in Miami Square, Bangu.[60] 22°51′24″S 43°29′33″W / 22.856681°S 43.492577°W / -22.856681; -43.492577
A small-scale cast metal replica can be found in Maceió, the capital of Alagoas State, in northeast Brazil. The replica is in front of a building constructed in 1869 as the seat of the Conselho Provincial (Provincial Council), and which today is the Museu da Imagem e do Som de Alagoas (Museum of Image and Sound of Alagoas). This replica is possibly a casting produced by the Fundição Val d'Osne[61] in France, as in the Praça Lavenere Machado (formerly Praça Dois Leões) on the opposite side of the museum, there are four somewhat larger-than-life size cast metal statues of wild animals, at least one of which is embossed with the name of the foundry. These castings and the replica all appear to be made of similar material and to be of similar age. It is also probable that they are near contemporaries of the actual Statue of Liberty. 9°40′22″S 35°43′20″W / 9.6728563°S 35.7223114°W / -9.6728563; -35.7223114
A large modern replica stands in front of the New York City Center, a shopping center constructed in 1999 in Barra da Tijuca in the State of Rio de Janeiro. 22°59′57″S 43°21′38″W / 22.9992837°S 43.360481°W / -22.9992837; -43.360481
The Havan department store chain has replicas in many of their stores. The largest one of these, 57 meters tall,[62] is allegedly in the Barra Velha branc, in the state of Santa Catarina.26°38′09″S 48°41′55″W / 26.635870°S 48.698708°W / -26.635870; -48.698708 There is another large replica the parking area of a Havan Department Store on the outskirts of Curitiba, in the State of Paraná, opened in 2000. 25°27′50″S 49°15′08″W / 25.4639912°S 49.2521676°W / -25.4639912; -49.2521676
Also, there is a small replica of the statue in Belém, in front of a Belém Importados store, near the city's port.
Ecuador[edit]
In Guayaquil, a little replica gives the name of "New York" to a neighborhood in the Valle Alto area.
Peru[edit]
In Lima the New York Casino in the Jesús María District has a small replica in the main entrance. The casino is a tribute to the state of New York and the USA.
Asia[edit]
India[edit]
A small replica can be found in Vardhaman Fantasy, an amusement park in Mira Road, Mumbai along with other six wonders of the world.
Malaysia[edit]
A large replica can be found in Genting Highlands in the state of Pahang.
Singapore[edit]
A small replica can be found in Haw Par Villa, a theme park.
China[edit]
Guangzhou[edit]
Set on top of the memorial tomb of "72 Martyrs of Huanghuagang" (see Huanghuagang Uprising). The current one was re-built in 1981.
Beijing[edit]
During the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989, Chinese student demonstrators in Beijing built a 10 m (33 ft) image called the Goddess of Democracy, which sculptor Tsao Tsing-yuan said was intentionally "dissimilar" to the Statue of Liberty to avoid being "too openly pro-American." (See article for a list of replicas of that statue.)
Shenzhen[edit]
A replica can be found in Window of the World Park.
Israel[edit]
Statue of Liberty replica in the village of Arraba, Israel
A 15 foot high replica of the Statue of Liberty is at the western entrance of the village of Arraba in Israel, near a local restaurant.
At a highway intersection in Jerusalem called "New York Square," there is an abstract skeletal replica of the statue.
Japan[edit]
Statue of Liberty Park near Shimoda, Aomori
Statue of Liberty replica at Odaiba, overlooking the Rainbow Bridge in Tokyo Bay
The French Statue of Liberty from the Île aux Cygnes came to Odaiba, Tokyo, from April 1998 to May 1999 in commemoration of "The French year in Japan".[3] Because of its popularity, in 2000 a replica of the French Statue of Liberty was erected at the same place. Also in Japan, a small Statue of Liberty is in the Amerika-mura (American Village) shopping district in Osaka, Japan. Another replica is in Oirase[63] near the town of Shimoda south of Misawa in Aomori Prefecture, where the United States has an 8,000-person U.S. Air Force base. A replica of the Statue of Liberty in Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, was damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[64]
Pakistan[edit]
There are replicas of the Statue of Liberty in Bahria Town, Lahore, and also in Bahria Town Phase 8, Islamabad.
Philippines[edit]
Camp John Hay, a former US military station in Baguio City, has a small replica of the statue near the amphitheater.
Thailand[edit]
The Mini Siam and Mini Europe model village, in Pattaya, has a miniature Statue of Liberty amongst others.
Taiwan[edit]
There are at least two Statue of Liberty replicas (greater than 30 feet in height) in Taiwan. These two statues are in the cities of Keelung and Taipei.[65]
Vietnam[edit]
From 1887 to 1945, Hanoi was home to another copy of the statue. Measuring 2.85 m (9 ft 4 in) tall, it was erected by the French colonial government after being sent from France for an exhibition. It was known to locals unaware of its history as Tượng Bà đầm xòe (Statue of the madame saux). When the French lost control of French Indochina during World War II, the statue was toppled on August 1, 1945, after being deemed a vestige of the colonial government along with other statues erected by the French.[66]
Australia[edit]
A 30-foot replica can also be seen at the Westfield Marion shopping complex in Adelaide, South Australia.
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Jump up ^ "Home-Built Statue of Liberty Replica". RoadSide America. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lady Liberty lowered in San Marcos". North County Times.
Jump up ^ "Home". thestatueofliberationthroughchrist.org.
Jump up ^ "Statue of Liberty Replica". Leisure and Sport Review. 2006. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Statue of Liberty replica, Fargo, N.D". Digital Horizons. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Belluck, Pam (November 20, 2004). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Milwaukee, OR Statue of Liberty Replica". Roadside America.
Jump up ^ McNichols, Joshua. "Seattle's Tiny Statue of Liberty". kuow.org. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Un paseo por la Estatua de la Libertad (y sus hermanas gemelas)". Perfil. May 31, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "La Estatua de la Libertad, Argentina". taringa.net. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vieira, Alessandra (November 2011). "Historia de que estatua da liberdade". Blogspot.com. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Quando o ferro virou arte". Revista de História. December 4, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Guilherme (October 2012). "Conheça as 5 Maiores Estátuas do Brasil". blogspot.com.br. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Osumi, Magdalena (September 26, 2013). "Floats make Oirase fest a treat". Japan Times. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ MacLeod, Calum (March 16, 2011). "Public order still rules amid devastation in Japan". USA Today. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sandy H. 何聖欣 (August 30, 2007). "Sandy's Neipu Notebook: Statues of Liberty". Blogspot.com. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hà Nội từng có tượng Thần Tự Do trên nóc Tháp Rùa?" [Has Hanoi ever had the Statue of Liberty on the roof of the Turtle Tower?]. Vietnam Net (in Vietnamese). August 1, 2005. Archived from the original on July 8, 2006.
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Oedipus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Oedipus explains the riddle of the Sphinx, by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, c. 1805
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Oedipus (US: /ˈidɪpəs/ or /ˈɛdɪpəs/ or UK: /ˈiːdɪpəs/; Ancient Greek: Οἰδίπους Oidípous meaning "swollen foot") was a mythical Greek king of Thebes. A tragic hero in Greek mythology, Oedipus accidentally fulfilled a prophecy that he would end up killing his father and marrying his mother, thereby bringing disaster to his city and family.
The story of Oedipus is the subject of Sophocles' tragedy Oedipus Rex, which was followed by Oedipus at Colonus and then Antigone. Together, these plays make up Sophocles' three Theban plays. Oedipus represents two enduring themes of Greek myth and drama: the flawed nature of humanity and an individual's role in the course of destiny in a harsh universe.
In the most well-known version of the myth, Oedipus was born to King Laius and Queen Jocasta. Laius wished to thwart a prophecy, so he left Oedipus to die on a mountainside. However, the baby was found by shepherds and raised by King Polybus and Queen Merope as their own. Oedipus learned from the oracle at Delphi of the prophecy that he would end up killing his father and marrying his mother but, unaware of his true parentage, believed he was fated to murder Polybus and marry Merope, so left for Thebes. On his way he met an older man and quarrelled, and Oedipus killed the stranger. Continuing on to Thebes, he found that the king of the city (Laius) had been recently killed, and that the city was at the mercy of the Sphinx. Oedipus answered the monster's riddle correctly, defeating it and winning the throne of the dead king – and the hand in marriage of the king's widow, and (unbeknownst to him) his mother Jocasta.
Years later, to end a plague on Thebes, Oedipus searched to find who had killed Laius, and discovered that he himself was responsible. Jocasta, upon realizing that she had married both her own son, and her husband's murderer, hanged herself. Oedipus then seized two pins from her dress and blinded himself with them.
The legend of Oedipus has been retold in many versions, and was used by Sigmund Freud to name and give mythic precedent to the Oedipus complex.
Contents
[hide]
1 Basics of the myth
2 5th century BC
2.1 Pindar's Second Olympian Ode
2.2 Aeschylus' Oedipus trilogy
2.3 Sophocles' Oedipus Rex
2.4 Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus
2.5 Sophocles' Antigone
2.6 Euripides' Phoenissae, Chrysippus and Oedipus
2.7 Other playwrights
3 Later additions
3.1 Later addition to Aeschylus' Seven against Thebes
4 Oedipus in post-Classical literature
5 Oedipus or Oedipais?
6 The Oedipus complex
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
Basics of the myth[edit]
Variations on the legend of Oedipus are mentioned in fragments by several ancient Greek poets including Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, Aeschylus and Euripides. However, the most popular version of the legend comes from the set of Theban plays by Sophocles: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, and Antigone.
Oedipus was the son of Laius and Jocasta, king and queen of Thebes. Having been childless for some time, Laius consulted the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi. The Oracle prophesied that any son born to Laius would kill him. In an attempt to prevent this prophecy's fulfillment, when Jocasta indeed bore a son, Laius had his ankles pierced and tethered together so that he could not crawl; Jocasta then gave the boy to a servant to abandon ("expose") on the nearby mountain. However, rather than leave the child to die of exposure, as Laius intended, the servant passed the baby on to a shepherd from Corinth and who then gave the child to another shepherd.
The infant Oedipus eventually came to the house of Polybus, king of Corinth and his queen, Merope, who adopted him, as they were without children of their own. Little Oedipus/Oidipous was named after the swelling from the injuries to his feet and ankles ("swollen foot"). The word "oedema" (British English) or "edema" (American English) is from this same Greek word for swelling: οἴδημα, or oedēma.
After many years, Oedipus was told by a drunk that he was a "bastard", meaning at that time that he was not their biological son. Oedipus confronted his parents with the news, but they denied this. Oedipus went to the same oracle in Delphi that his birth parents had consulted. The oracle informed him he was destined to murder his father and marry his mother. In an attempt to avoid such a fate, he decided to not return home to Corinth, but to travel to Thebes, as it was near Delphi.
On the way, Oedipus came to Davlia, where three roads crossed each other. There he encountered a chariot driven by his birth-father, King Laius. They fought over who had the right to go first and Oedipus killed Laius when the charioteer tried to run him over. The only witness of the king's death was a slave who fled from a caravan of slaves also traveling on the road at the time.
Continuing his journey to Thebes, Oedipus encountered a Sphinx, who would stop all travelers to Thebes and ask them a riddle. If the travelers were unable to answer her correctly, they would be killed and eaten; if they were successful, they would be free to continue on their journey. The riddle was: "What walks on four feet in the morning, two in the afternoon and three at night?". Oedipus answered: "Man: as an infant, he crawls on all fours; as an adult, he walks on two legs and; in old age, he uses a 'walking' stick". Oedipus was the first to answer the riddle correctly and, having heard Oedipus' answer, the Sphinx allowed him to carry on forward.
Queen Jocasta's brother, Creon, had announced that any man who could rid the city of the Sphinx would be made king of Thebes, and given the recently widowed Queen Jocasta's hand in marriage. This marriage of Oedipus to Jocasta fulfilled the rest of the prophecy. Oedipus and Jocasta had four children: two sons, Eteocles and Polynices (see Seven Against Thebes), and two daughters, Antigone and Ismene.
Many years after the marriage of Oedipus and Jocasta, a plague of infertility struck the city of Thebes, affecting crops, livestock and the people. Oedipus asserted that he would end the pestilence. He sent his uncle, Creon, to the Oracle at Delphi, seeking guidance. When Creon returned, Oedipus learned that the murderer of the former King Laius must be brought to justice, and Oedipus himself cursed the killer of his wife's late husband, saying that he would be exiled. Creon also suggested that they try to find the blind prophet, Tiresias who was widely respected. Oedipus sent for Tiresias, who warned him not to seek Laius' killer. In a heated exchange, Tiresias was provoked into exposing Oedipus himself as the killer, and the fact that Oedipus was living in shame because he did not know who his true parents were. Oedipus angrily blamed Creon for the false accusations, and the two argued. Jocasta entered and tried to calm Oedipus by telling him the story of her first-born son and his supposed death. Oedipus became nervous as he realized that he may have murdered Laius and so brought about the plague. Suddenly, a messenger arrived from Corinth with the news that King Polybus had died. Oedipus was relieved for the prophecy could no longer be fulfilled if Polybus, whom he considered his birth father, was now dead.
Still, he knew that his mother was still alive and refused to attend the funeral at Corinth. To ease the tension, the messenger then said that Oedipus was, in fact, adopted. Jocasta, finally realizing that he was her son, begged him to stop his search for Laius' murderer. Oedipus misunderstood her motivation, thinking that she was ashamed of him because he might have been born of low birth. Jocasta in great distress went into the palace where she hanged herself. Oedipus sought verification of the messenger's story from the very same herdsman who was supposed to have left Oedipus to die as a baby. From the herdsman, Oedipus learned that the infant raised as the adopted son of Polybus and Merope was the son of Laius and Jocasta. Thus, Oedipus finally realized that the man he had killed so many years before, at the place where the three roads met, was his own father, King Laius, and that he had married his mother, Jocasta.
Events after the revelation depend on the source. In Sophocles' plays, Oedipus went in search of Jocasta and found she had killed herself. Using the pin from a brooch he took off Jocasta's gown, Oedipus blinded himself and was then exiled. His daughter Antigone acted as his guide as he wandered through the country, finally dying at Colonus where they had been welcomed by King Theseus of Athens. However, in Euripides' plays on the subject, Jocasta did not kill herself upon learning of Oedipus' birth, and Oedipus was blinded by a servant of Laius. The blinding of Oedipus does not appear in sources earlier than Aeschylus. Some older sources of the myth, including Homer, state that Oedipus continued to rule Thebes after the revelations and after Jocasta's death.[1]
Oedipus' two sons, Eteocles and Polynices, arranged to share the kingdom, each taking an alternating one-year reign. However, Eteocles refused to cede his throne after his year as king. Polynices brought in an army to oust Eteocles from his position and a battle ensued. At the end of the battle the brothers killed each other after which Jocasta's brother, Creon, took the throne. He decided that Polynices was a "traitor," and should not be given burial rites. Defying this edict, Antigone attempted to bury her brother. In Sophocles' Antigone, Creon had her buried in a rock cavern for defying him, whereupon she hanged herself. However, in Euripides' lost version of the story, it appears that Antigone survives.
5th century BC[edit]
Lekythos
Oedipus slaying the sphinx
Material
Pottery, gold
Created
420BC-400BC
Period/culture
Attic
Place
Polis-tis-Chrysokhou, tomb, Cyprus
Present location
Room 72, British Museum
Identification
1887,0801.46
Most writing on Oedipus comes from the 5th century BC, though the stories deal mostly with Oedipus' downfall. Various details appear on how Oedipus rose to power.
King Laius of Thebes hears of a prophecy that his infant son will one day kill him.[2] He pierces Oedipus' feet and leaves him out to die, but a herdsman finds him and carries him away.[3] Years later, Oedipus, not knowing he was adopted, leaves home in fear of the same prophecy that he will kill his father and marry his mother.[4] Laius journeys out to seek a solution to the Sphinx's mysterious riddle.[5] As prophesied, Oedipus and Laius cross paths, but they do not recognize each other. A fight ensues, and Oedipus kills Laius and most of his guards.[6] Oedipus goes on to defeat the Sphinx by solving a riddle to become king.[7] He marries the widow queen Jocasta, unaware that she is his mother. A plague falls on the people of Thebes. Upon discovering the truth, Oedipus blinds himself, and Jocasta hangs herself.[8] After Oedipus is no longer king, Oedipus' brother-sons kill each other.
Some differences with older stories emerge. The curse of the Oedipus' sons is expanded backward to include Oedipus and his father, Laius. Oedipus now steps down from the throne instead of dying in battle. Additionally, rather than his children being by a second wife, Oedipus' children are now by Jocasta.
Pindar's Second Olympian Ode[edit]
In the Second Olympians Ode Pindar wrote: Laius' tragic son, crossing his father's path, killed him and fulfilled the oracle spoken of old at Pytho. And sharp-eyed Erinys saw and slew his warlike children at each other's hands. Yet Thersandros survived fallen Polyneikes and won honor in youthful contests and the brunt of war, a scion of aid to the house of Adrastos..[9]
Aeschylus' Oedipus trilogy[edit]
In 467 BC the Athenian playwright, Aeschylus, is known to have presented an entire trilogy based upon the Oedipus myth, winning the first prize at the City Dionysia. The First play was Laius, the second was Oedipus, and the third was Seven against Thebes. Only the third play survives, in which Oedipus' sons Eteocles and Polynices kill each other warring over the throne. Much like his Oresteia, this trilogy would have detailed the tribulations of a House over three successive generations. The satyr play that followed the trilogy was called The Sphinx.
Sophocles' Oedipus Rex[edit]
As Sophocles' Oedipus Rex begins, the people of Thebes are begging the king for help, begging him to discover the cause of the plague. Oedipus stands before them and swears to find the root of their suffering and to end it. Just then, Creon returns to Thebes from a visit to the oracle. Apollo has made it known that Thebes is harboring a terrible abomination and that the plague will only be lifted when the true murderer of old King Laius is discovered and punished for his crime. Oedipus swears to do this, not realizing of course that he himself is the abomination that he has sworn to exorcise. The stark truth emerges slowly over the course of the play, as Oedipus clashes with the blind seer Tiresias, who senses the truth. Oedipus remains in strict denial, though, becoming convinced that Tiresias is somehow plotting with Creon to usurp the throne.
Realization begins to slowly dawn in Scene II of the play when Jocasta mentions out of hand that Laius was slain at a place where three roads meet. This stirs something in Oedipus' memory and he suddenly remembers the men that he fought and killed one day long ago at a place where three roads met. He realizes, horrified, that he might be the man he's seeking. One household servant survived the attack and now lives out his old age in a frontier district of Thebes. Oedipus sends immediately for the man to either confirm or deny his guilt. At the very worst, though, he expects to find himself to be the unsuspecting murderer of a man unknown to him. The truth has not yet been made clear.
The moment of epiphany comes late in the play. At the beginning of Scene III, Oedipus is still waiting for the servant to be brought into the city, when a messenger arrives from Corinth to declare that King Polybus of Corinth is dead. Oedipus, when he hears this news, feels much relieved, because he believed that Polybus was the father whom the oracle had destined him to murder, and he momentarily believes himself to have escaped fate. He tells this all to the present company, including the messenger, but the messenger knows that it is not true. He is the man who found Oedipus as a baby in the pass of Cithaeron and gave him to King Polybus to raise. He reveals, furthermore that the servant who is being brought to the city as they speak is the very same man who took Oedipus up into the mountains as a baby. Jocasta realizes now all that has happened. She begs Oedipus not to pursue the matter further. He refuses, and she withdraws into the palace as the servant is arriving. The old man arrives, and it is clear at once that he knows everything. At the behest of Oedipus, he tells it all.
Overwhelmed with the knowledge of all his crimes, Oedipus rushes into the palace where he finds his mother-wife, dead by her own hand. Ripping a brooch from her dress, Oedipus blinds himself with it. Bleeding from the eyes, he begs his uncle and brother-in-law Creon, who has just arrived on the scene, to exile him forever from Thebes. Creon agrees to this request. Oedipus begs to hold his two daughters Antigone and Ismene with his hands one more time to have their eyes fill of tears and Creon out of pity sends the girls in to see Oedipus one more time.
Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus[edit]
Oedipus at Colonus
In Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus, Oedipus becomes a wanderer, pursued by Creon and his men. He finally finds refuge at the holy wilderness right outside Athens, where it is said that Theseus took care of Oedipus and his daughter, Antigone. Creon eventually catches up to Oedipus. He asks Oedipus to come back from Colonus to bless his son, Eteocles. Angry that his son did not love him enough to take care of him, he curses both Eteocles and his brother, condemning them both to kill each other in battle. Oedipus dies a peaceful death; his grave is said to be sacred to the gods.
Sophocles' Antigone[edit]
In Sophocles' Antigone, when Oedipus stepped down as king of Thebes, he gave the kingdom to his two sons, Eteocles and Polynices, both of whom agreed to alternate the throne every year. However, they showed no concern for their father, who cursed them for their negligence. After the first year, Eteocles refused to step down and Polynices attacked Thebes with his supporters (as portrayed in the Seven Against Thebes by Aeschylus and the Phoenician Women by Euripides). The two brothers killed each other in battle. King Creon, who ascended to the throne of Thebes, decreed that Polynices was not to be buried. Antigone, Polynices' sister, defied the order, but was caught. Creon decreed that she was to be put into a stone box in the ground, this in spite of her betrothal to his son Haemon. Antigone's sister, Ismene, then declared she had aided Antigone and wanted the same fate, but Creon eventually declined executing her. The gods, through the blind prophet Tiresias, expressed their disapproval of Creon's decision, which convinced him to rescind his order, and he went to bury Polynices himself. However, Antigone had already hanged herself in her tomb, rather than suffering the slow death of being buried alive. When Creon arrived at the tomb where she had been interred, his son Haemon attacked him upon seeing the body of his deceased fiancée, but failing to kill Creon he killed himself. When Creon's wife, Eurydice, was informed of the death of Haemon, she too took her own life.
Euripides' Phoenissae, Chrysippus and Oedipus[edit]
In the beginning of Euripides' Phoenissae, Jocasta recalls the story of Oedipus. Generally, the play weaves together the plots of the Seven Against Thebes and Antigone. The play differs from the other tales in two major respects. First, it describes in detail why Laius and Oedipus had a feud: Laius ordered Oedipus out of the road so his chariot could pass, but proud Oedipus refused to move. Second, in the play Jocasta has not killed herself at the discovery of her incest – otherwise she could not play the prologue, for fathomable reasons – nor has Oedipus fled into exile, but they have stayed in Thebes only to delay their doom until the fatal duel of their sons/brothers/nephews Eteocles and Polynices: Jocasta commits suicide over the two men's dead bodies, and Antigone follows Oedipus into exile.
In Chrysippus, Euripides develops backstory on the curse: Laius' sin was to have kidnapped Chrysippus, Pelops' son, in order to violate him, and this caused the gods' revenge on all his family. Laius was the tutor of Chrysippus, and raping his student was a severe violation of his position as both guest and tutor in the house of the royal family hosting him at the time. Extant vases show a fury hovering over the lecherous Laius as he abducts the rape victim.[10] Furies avenged violations of good order in households, as can be seen most clearly in such texts as The Libation Bearers by Aeschylus.
Euripides wrote also an Oedipus, of which only a few fragments survive.[11] The first line of the prologue recalled Laius' hubristic action of conceiving a son against Apollo's command. At some point in the action of the play, a character engaged in a lengthy and detailed description of the Sphinx and her riddle – preserved in five fragments from Oxyrhynchus, P.Oxy. 2459 (published by Eric Gardner Turner in 1962).[12] The tragedy featured also many moral maxims on the theme of marriage, preserved in the Anthologion of Stobaeus. The most striking lines, however, state that in this play Oedipus was blinded by Laius' attendants, and that this happened before his identity as Laius' son had been discovered, therefore marking important differences with the Sophoclean treatment of the myth, which is now regarded as the 'standard' version. Many attempts have been made to reconstruct the plot of the play, but none of them is more than hypothetical, because of the scanty remains that survive from its text and of the total absence of ancient descriptions or résumés – though it has been suggested that a part of Hyginus' narration of the Oedipus myth might in fact derive from Euripides' play. Some echoes of the Euripidean Oedipus have been traced also in a scene of Seneca's Oedipus (see below), in which Oedipus himself describes to Jocasta his adventure with the Sphinx.[13]
Other playwrights[edit]
At least three other 5th century BC authors who were younger than Sophocles wrote plays about Oedipus. These include Achaeus of Eretria, Nichomachus and the elder Xenocles.[14]
Later additions[edit]
The Bibliotheca, a Roman-era mythological handbook, includes a riddle for the Sphinx, borrowing the poetry of Hesiod:
What is that which has one voice and yet becomes four-footed and two-footed and three-footed?[15]
Later addition to Aeschylus' Seven against Thebes[edit]
Due to the popularity of Sophocles's Antigone (c. 442 BC), the ending (lines 1005–78) of Seven against Thebes was added some fifty years after Aeschylus' death.[16] Whereas the play (and the trilogy of which it is the last play) was meant to end with somber mourning for the dead brothers, the spurious ending features a herald announcing the prohibition against burying Polyneices, and Antigone's declaration that she will defy that edict.
Oedipus in post-Classical literature[edit]
Oedipus was a figure who was also used in the Latin literature of ancient Rome. Julius Caesar wrote a play on Oedipus, but it has not survived into modern times.[17] Ovid included Oedipus in Metamorphoses, but only as the person who defeated the Sphinx. He makes no mention of Oedipus' troubled experiences with his father and mother. Seneca the Younger wrote his own play on the story of Oedipus in the first century AD. It differs in significant ways from the work of Sophocles.
Seneca's play on the myth was intended to be recited at private gatherings and not actually performed. It has however been successfully staged since the Renaissance. It was adapted by John Dryden in his very successful heroic drama Oedipus, licensed in 1678. The 1718 Oedipus was also the first play written by Voltaire. A version of Oedipus by Frank McGuinness was performed at the National Theatre in late 2008, starring Ralph Fiennes and Claire Higgins.
In 1960, Immanuel Velikovsky (1895–1979) published a book called Oedipus and Akhnaton which made a comparison between the stories of the legendary Greek figure, Oedipus, and the historic Egyptian King of Thebes, Akhnaton. The book is presented as a thesis that combines with Velikovsky's series Ages in Chaos, concluding through his revision of Egyptian history that the Greeks who wrote the tragedy of Oedipus may have penned it in likeness of the life and story of Akhnaton, because in the revision Akhnaton would have lived much closer to the time when the legend first surfaced in Greece, providing an historical basis for the story. Each of the major characters in the Greek story are identified with the people involved in Akhnaton's family and court, and some interesting parallels are drawn.
In the late 1960s Ola Rotimi published a novel and play, The Gods Are Not To Blame, which retell the Oedipus myth happening in the Yoruba kingdom.[18]
Oedipus or Oedipais?[edit]
It has been suggested by Robert Graves and others that in the earliest Ur-myth of the hero, he was called Oedipais: "child of the swollen sea."[19] He was so named because of the method by which his birth parents tried to abandon him—by placing him in a chest and tossing it into the ocean. The mythic topos of forsaking a child to the sea or a river is well attested, found (e.g.) in the myths of Perseus, Telephus, Dionysus, Romulus and Remus and Moses.[20] Over the centuries, however, Oedipais seems to have been corrupted into the familiar Oedipus: "swollen foot." And it was this new name that might have inspired the addition of a bizarre element to the story of Oedipus' abandonment on Mt. Cithaeron. Exposure on a mountain was in fact a common method of child abandonment in Ancient Greece. It can thus be argued that the ankle-binding was grafted onto the Oedipus myth to update its relevance.
The Oedipus complex[edit]
Main article: Oedipus complex
See also: Electra complex
Sigmund Freud used the name "the Oedipus complex" to explain the origin of certain neuroses in childhood. It is defined as a male child's unconscious desire for the exclusive love of his mother. This desire includes jealousy towards the father and the unconscious wish for that parent's death, as well as the unconscious desire for sexual intercourse with the mother. Oedipus himself, as portrayed in the myth, did not suffer from this neurosis – at least, not towards Jocasta, whom he only met as an adult (if anything, such feelings would have been directed at Merope – but there is no hint of that). Freud reasoned that the ancient Greek audience, which heard the story told or saw the plays based on it, did know that Oedipus was actually killing his father and marrying his mother; the story being continually told and played therefore reflected a preoccupation with the theme.[21]
The term oedipism is used in medicine for serious self-inflicted eye injury, an extremely rare form of severe self-harm.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oedipus.
Greek mythology portal
Antigone
Epigoni
Genetic attraction
Myrrha (the Greek myth of incestual love between father and daughter)
Oedipus at Colonus
Oedipus Complex
Oedipus Rex
Oedipus (Euripides)
Lille Stesichorus
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Wilson, Christopher. "Oedipus: The message in the myth", The Open University
Jump up ^ Euripides, Phoenissae
Jump up ^ Sophocles, Oedipus Rex 1220–1226; Euripides, Phoenissae
Jump up ^ Sophocles, Oedipus Rex 1026–1030; Euripides, Phoenissae
Jump up ^ Sophocles, Oedipus Rex 132–137
Jump up ^ Pindar, Second Olympian Ode; Sophocles, Oedipus Rex 473–488; Euripides, Phoenissae
Jump up ^ Sophocles, Oedipus Rex 136, 1578; Euripides, Phoenissae
Jump up ^ Sophocles, Oedipus Rex 1316
Jump up ^ Pindar, Second Olympian Ode
Jump up ^ The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athenas by Eva Keuls (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993) p. 292.
Jump up ^ R. Kannicht, Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (TrGF) vol. 5.1, Göttingen 2004; see also F. Jouan – H. Van Looy, "Euripide. tome 8.2 – Fragments", Paris 2000
Jump up ^ Reviewed by Hugh Lloyd-Jones in "Gnomon" 35 (1963), pp. 446–447
Jump up ^ Joachim Dingel, in "Museum Helveticum" 27 (1970), 90–96
Jump up ^ Burian, P. (2009). "Inconclusive Conclusion: the Ending(s) of Oedipus Tyrannus". In Goldhill, S.; Hall, E. Sophocles and the Greek Tragic Tradition. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-521-88785-4.
Jump up ^ Bibliotheca III.5.7
Jump up ^ See (e.g.) Brown 1976, 206–19.
Jump up ^ E.F. Watling's Introduction to Seneca: Four Tragedies and Octavia
Jump up ^ Rotimi O., The Gods are Not to Blame, Three Crown Books, Nigeria 1974
Jump up ^ See (e.g.) Lowry 1995, 879; Carloni/Nobili 2004, 147 n.1.
Jump up ^ This version of the Oedipus myth is in fact attested in some scholia (at lines 13 and 26) to Euripides' Phoenician Women.
Jump up ^ Bruno Bettelheim (1983). Freud and Man's Soul. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-52481-0.
References[edit]
Brown, A.L. "The End of the Seven against Thebes" The Classical Quarterly 26.2 (1976) 206-19.
Carloni, Glauco and Nobili, Daniela. La Mamma Cattiva: fenomenologia, antropologia e clinica del figlicidio (Rimini, 2004).
Dallas, Ian, Oedipus and Dionysus, Freiburg Press, Granada 1991. ISBN 1-874216-02-9.
Graves, Robert, The Greek Myths
Lowell, Edmunds, Oedipus. (Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World), London/New York: Routledge, 2006. ISBN 978-0-415-32935-4.
Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Oe'dipus"
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Oidipus – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edip
Edip – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edip
Edip – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edyp
Edyp – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedip
Oedip – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus
Oedipus – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edipi
Edipi – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edipu
Edipu – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values: ඊඩිපස් – Sinhala

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oidipus
Oidipus – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edip
Edip – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oidipus
Oidipus – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oidipus
Oidipus – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edipo
Edipo – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: อีดิปัส – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus
Oedipus – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: اڈیپس – Urdu

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus
Oedipus – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus
Oedipus – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values: עדיפוס – Yiddish

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