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The Jester (hacktivist)
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The Jester
th3j35t3r
Nationality
American
Occupation
Grey hat hacktivist
Known for
Hacking anti-American, jihadist, and homophobic websites
Website
jesterscourt.cc
The Jester (also known by the leetspeak handle th3j35t3r[1]) is an unidentified computer vigilante[2] who describes himself as a grey hat[3] hacktivist.[4] He claims to be responsible for attacks[4] on WikiLeaks,[5] 4chan,[6] Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad,[5] and Islamist websites.[7] He claims to be acting out of American patriotism.[8] The Jester uses a denial-of-service (DoS) tool known as "XerXeS", that he claims to have developed.[5] One of The Jester's habits is to tweet "TANGO DOWN" on Twitter whenever he purports to have successfully taken down a website.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Identity and communication
1.2 Military service
1.3 XerXeS and other tools
1.4 Hacking history
2 SANS report: "The Jester: A Lesson in Asymmetric Warfare"
3 QR code attack
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Identity and communication[edit]
The Jester first appeared on Twitter, where he announced his attack on the Taliban website alemarah.info on January 1, 2010. On June 26, 2010, he established his WordPress blog "Jester's Court".[9] The Jester also communicates via his I2P IRC channel #jester and cautions these are the only three authentic methods of communication from him: "As per usual, because of the large amount of imposters trying to pass themselves off as me I will only speak in THREE places, here via this blog, my twitter and the i2p IRC network outlined above where my nick (th3j35t3r) is registered to myself. If you see a ‘jester’ anywhere else it’s not me."[10]
Military service[edit]
The Jester had stated that he was a former soldier and had served in Afghanistan and elsewhere.[5][7] A former defense operative claimed that The Jester was a former military contractor involved in US Special Operations Command projects.[8] On April 10, 2012, The Jester gave a live chat interview to a class of Computer Science students at the University of Southern Maine where he confirmed his military service and stated he served four "operational tours".[11]
XerXeS and other tools[edit]
The Jester claims to have originally developed his DoS script as a means to test and harden servers.[12] After learning from an article that Jihadists were using the Internet to recruit and coordinate terror cells, The Jester resolved to disrupt online communications between Jihadists.[13] He weaponized his script and created a front-end known as "XerXeS"[14] in order to solve the script's usability problems.[12]
Hacking history[edit]
On January 1, 2010, The Jester began a campaign against Jihadist websites. His first target was alemarah.info, which was the Taliban's website at the time.[15][16][17]
On November 28, 2010, The Jester posted several tweets claiming to be responsible for the downtime WikiLeaks was experiencing.[6] He justified his alleged attacks by claiming that WikiLeaks was "attempting to endanger the lives of our [US] troops, 'other assets' & foreign relations."[5] In retaliation to The Jester's reported efforts, hacktivists including a group named Anonymous in support of WikiLeaks were reported as temporarily disrupting the website of MasterCard as well as attacking websites of Amazon and PayPal.[18]
On November 29, 2010, someone claiming to be The Jester stated that he had been raided by the U.S. and attempted to solicit money for legal fees. The Jester purported that the person was an impostor, though writers at InfoSecIsland believe the hoax was created by The Jester himself.[19][20]
On December 28, 2010, a DoS attack targeted 4chan.org. On that same day, The Jester tweeted "4chan.org — that looks like a TANGO DOWN (not) maybe you guys pissed off the wrong person trying to (wrongly) ID me?"[6] This tweet is believed to be a reference to claims by 4chan users that The Jester was a man from Montana.[6][21]
On February 21, 2011, The Jester began a DoS attack on several sites belonging to the Westboro Baptist Church for celebrating the death of homosexual U.S. service men.[22]
In March 2011, The Jester employed a different style of attack by using an XSS vulnerability to make it appear as if fabricated articles were inserted online Libyan newspapers The Malta Independent Online and the Tripoli Post. On March 28, 2011, he tweeted links to the forged articles. The articles were not visible in search, or to viewers of those websites, and viewable only via the inserted links. These tweets drew the attention of Anthony M. Freed, who examined the articles and discovered they were anomalies not contained in the newspapers' respective archives.[23] Further inspection by Freed revealed The Jester left a watermark of his signature Harlequin avatar on the articles he created, which can only be seen by tilting the computer monitor back at an angle. The fabricated articles reported degradation in troop morale among fighters loyal to Muammar Gaddafi and incidents of his soldiers abandoning their posts. Freed concluded The Jester's objective was a "psyops campaign aimed at breaking the spirit of the troops loyal to Libyan strongman Muammar Gaddafi."[23] The Jester confirmed this in a subsequent interview later the same year.[24]
In June 2011 The Jester vowed to find and expose members of LulzSec.[25] He attempted to obtain and publish personally identifiable information of key members within group, whom he described as "childish".[26] On June 24, 2011, he claimed to have revealed the identity of LulzSec leader Sabu as Xavier Kaotico, an information technology consultant possibly from New York City.[27] In July of the same year he falsely accused Hugo Carvalho, a Portuguese IT professional, of also being Sabu, leaving The Jester's outing claims to be considered suspect.[28] However, in a post on his blog in November 2011, The Jester retracted his prior identifications for "Sabu", issued an apology and correctly identified "Sabu" as Hector Xavier Monsegur, 28, of New York.[29] Sabu's identity was confirmed on March 6, 2012, when Monsegur was arrested by the FBI and it was revealed that he had been acting as an FBI informant in the interim.[30][31]
In October 2011, at the Hackers Halted USA conference, The Jester gave a surprise live presentation and fielded questions through an online chat with presenter Jeff Bardin.[24] His identity was authenticated via his Twitter account. Jester answered questions about XerXeS and other tools in development, and discussed his motivations for attacking militant jihadi recruiting websites. On August 26, 2012, Bardin hosted a similar presentation at Utica College for the college's Cybersecurity Master's program.[32]
Late November 2011, th3j35t3r claimed to take down multiple jihadist sites permanently, with his newest tool known as 'Saladin'.[33][34][35] Saladin is claimed to be similar to other 'Apache Killer' tools used by hackers. Critics have claimed Saladin does not exist, and that he is relying on domain expiration.[36]
On May 14, 2012 The Jester's Twitter account (@th3j35t3r) appeared to have been deleted, along with all posts on his WordPress blog.[37] However, the Twitter account and WordPress blog were merely temporarily deactivated and were subsequently restored May 16, 2012.[38]
On July 2, 2013, the Jester took responsibility for a series of DoS cyberattacks against the Ecuadorean stock exchange and the country's tourism website, and promised to attack any other governments considering granting asylum to NSA leaker Edward Snowden. In a June blog post, he wrote that Snowden "is not a goddam hero, here to save Americans from 'the government' because of privacy infringements and breaches of the 4th amendment, he is a traitor and has jeopardized all our lives." In tweets, the Jester also alluded to a plan to seize control of the fire alarms at the Ecuadorean embassy in London, which would force WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange to set foot on UK soil and face potential extradition to Sweden to face sexual assault charges.[39]
On October 21, 2016, the Jester took responsibility for defacing the official website of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[40] The "hack" was in retaliation for a series of DDOS attacks earlier in the week that targeted major DNS provider Dyn.[41]
SANS report: "The Jester: A Lesson in Asymmetric Warfare"[edit]
In December 2011, T. J. O'Connor, a research analyst in the Information Technology and Operations Center (ITOC),[42] produced a comprehensive report for the SANS Institute detailing the history of The Jester's hacking campaigns titled "The Jester Dynamic: A Lesson in Asymmetric Unmanaged Cyber Warfare".[43] The paper examines the history, motives and impact of two years worth of The Jester's hacking, and provides a detailed analysis of the timeline of his attacks, a speculative analysis of the tools he may use, and review of his use of social media and public relations through his blog.[43]
QR code attack[edit]
On March 5, 2012, The Jester changed his Twitter account @th3j35t3r avatar from his signature Jester icon to a QR code without comment or explanation.[44] Scanning a QR code redirects a browser to a website.[45] Scanning The Jester's icon led to a URL where he had an image of his signature Jester icon and an embedded, hidden code that allegedly exploited a vulnerability that affects Safari, Chrome and Android browsers.[44] "When anyone scanned the original QR code using an iPhone or Android device, their device would silently make a TCP shell connection back to my remote server," The Jester wrote. "Like a phone call, if you like."[44][46]
Apparently, once connected to the Jester's server, the network diagnostic tool Netcat checked the connecting mobile device to see if it had Twitter software installed.[44] Twitter account information was then harvested and checked against a list that The Jester allegedly maintains of known Twitter accounts associated with the hacking groups Anonymous, LulzSec or AntiSec, with Wikileaks, Al Qaeda and Islamic Jihadi recruiting sites.[44] Twitter accounts that did not hit a match to the list were ignored. Possibly, when a Twitter account registered a hit on the list, the account permissions were transferred to The Jester, he elevated his permissions to allow him to exploit the entire mobile device. It is possible that in this manner The Jester was able to obtain access to SMS text messages, voicemail, call logs, and email on the phone.[46][47]
The Jester's QR code ran quietly for five days before a Twitter user going by the moniker @RootDial noticed the embedded code and mentioned it.[44] In those five days, The Jester wrote "Over 1,200 curious netizens scanned the QR code . . . Of those, over 500 devices reverse-shelled back to the listening server. Of those, a significant number were on the '[hit]-list' and as such treated as valid targets."[44][48]
On March 12, The Jester posted an encrypted file containing the data harvested from his QR code.[46] In a private communication, SecurityNewsDaily asked The Jester why he'd encrypted the information rather than post it in regular, plain text. "I encrypt my [data] dumps as a matter of course because I am not the same as my detractors who drop personal info all the time," he replied. "The right people have the plain text dump. It would be highly irresponsible of me to be dropping anything in the open."[46]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Keizer, Gregg (2010-11-30). "WikiLeaks moves to Amazon servers after DOS attacks". Computerworld New Zealand. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
Jump up ^ "Hacktivist Tactics Raise Ethical Questions". Infosecisland.com. 2010-01-27. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
Jump up ^ th3j35t3r (2010-07-03). "[Interview] The Jester". ethicalhack3r (Interview). Interview with ethicalhack3r. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
^ Jump up to: a b th3j35t3r. "About Jester". Retrieved 2010-12-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Anthony M., Freed (November 29, 2010). "The Jester Hits WikiLeaks Site With XerXeS DoS Attack". Infosec Island.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Nelson, Steven (2010-12-28). "Patriotic ‘hackitivist for good’ may be behind takedown of 4chan.org". The Daily Caller. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenbach, Marcel; Stark, Holger (2010-12-07). "Julian Assange Becomes US's Public Enemy No. 1". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Vance, Ashlee (2010-12-03). "WikiLeaks Struggles to Stay Online After Attacks". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
Jump up ^ th3j35t3r. "Maybe I might setup a blog here??". Retrieved 2012-06-07.
Jump up ^ th3j35t3r. "IRC Channel". Retrieved 2012-06-07.
Jump up ^ "Transcript: Patriot Hacker th3j35t3r Addresses USM Students". Infosec Island. 2011-04-11. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Freed, Anthony M. (2010-02-10). "Jester Unveils XerXeS Automated DoS Attack". Infosec Island. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
Jump up ^ Freed, Anthony M. (2010-02-04). "More Talks with Anti-Jihadi Hacker The Jester". Infosec Island. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
Jump up ^ Bailey, Laurelai (2010-07-08). "XerXeS source code". SecLists.Org Security Mailing List. Retrieved 2011-07-08.
Jump up ^ th3j35t3r (2010-06-30). "Hacker macht Jagd auf Online-Dschihadisten". Die Welt (Interview). Interview with Florian Flade. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
Jump up ^ th3j35t3r (2010-06-30). "Unredacted Original Interview with Newspaper ‘Die Welt’". th3j35t3r.wordpress.com (Interview). Interview with Florian Flade. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
Jump up ^ "Afghan Taliban deny meeting U.N. envoy". Reuters. 2010-01-30. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
Jump up ^ David Leigh, Luke Harding WikiLeaks cyber attacks: a tango with the Jester The Guardian, 2 February 2011
Jump up ^ "Did WikiLeaks Hacker The Jester Pull Police Raid Hoax?". Infosecisland.com. 2010-12-02. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Bob (2010-12-07). "Red Tape - WikiLeaks hacker a villain or a hero?". Redtape.msnbc.msn.com. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
Jump up ^ Prefect (2010-12-10). "Anonymous Turns Operation Payback Toward "The Jester"". Praetorian Prefect. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
Jump up ^ (2011-03-24) "Hacktivist Maintains Attack on Westboro Baptist Church" Retrieved 28 March 2011
^ Jump up to: a b Freed, Anthony (2011-03-30). "Patriot Hacker The Jester's Libyan Psyops Campaign". Infosec Island. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hacktivist "The Jester" Draws Crowd at Hacker Halted". Infosec Island. 2011-10-31. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
Jump up ^ Poeter, Damon (24 June 2011). "Will LulzSec's Hit on Arizona Cops be its Last Hurrah?". PC Magazine. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Halliday, Josh (24 June 2011). "LulzSec: the members and the enemies". The Guardian. London. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Chapman, Stephen (24 June 2011). "LulzSec's leader, Sabu, revealed?". ZDNet. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Quest to Unmask the Ringleader of Anonymous - Technology". The Atlantic Wire. 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
Jump up ^ Wagenseil, Paul (8 March 2012). "Despite Being Anonymous, Hacktivist Sabu Wasn't Hard to Find". Security News Daily. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "5 'Anonymous' hackers busted after one becomes FBI informant". Newsday. AP. March 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Goldman, David (March 6, 2012). "Anonymous in disarray after major crackdown snares leaders". CNN.
Jump up ^ "th3j35t3r: BIG shout-out to Mr H.Cooper". Twitter. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
Jump up ^ ʇuıɐs ʞɔopuooq™ (November 27, 2011). "jihadunspun.com - TANGO DOWN - PERMANENTLY (yes forever)". Twitter.
Jump up ^ ʇuıɐs ʞɔopuooq™ (November 27, 2011). "muslimdefenseforce.islamicink.com - TANGO DOWN - PERMANENTLY". Twitter.
Jump up ^ ʇuıɐs ʞɔopuooq™ (November 27, 2011). "falojaa.net - TANGO DOWN - PERMANENTLY". Twitter.
Jump up ^ "th3j35t3r’s Saladin Tool Exposed". Twitter. Retrieved 2013-07-02.
Jump up ^ ""Patriotic hacktivist" The Jester unmasked—or maybe it's a big troll". Ars Technica. May 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ th3j35t3r. "Not totally sure what just happened, but damn it's getting out of hand now". Retrieved 2012-05-28.
Jump up ^ Snowden and Assange Targeted by Mysterious Hacker "The Jester", Mother Jones, 2 July 2013
Jump up ^ "In Soviet Russia, we get out-propagandered by a guy in a jingly hat". Jesterscourt.cc. October 23, 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pagliery, Jose (October 24, 2016). "American vigilante hacker sends Russia a warning". CNN Money. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science - Home". Eecs.usma.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
^ Jump up to: a b O'Connor, T. J. (December 30, 2011). "The Jester Dynamic: A Lesson in Asymmetric Unmanaged Cyber Warfare" (PDF). SANS Institute.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Wagenseil, Paul (March 13, 2012). "Anti-Anonymous hacker threatens to expose them". MSNBC.
Jump up ^ "What Is A QR Code And Why Do You Need One?". Search Engine Land. October 15, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wagenseil, Paul (March 12, 2012). "Pro-American Hacker's Attack Threatens to Expose Anonymous". Security News Daily.
Jump up ^ Ullrich, Johannes (March 11, 2012). "An Analysis of Jester's QR Code Attack. (Guest Diary)". ISC Diary.
Jump up ^ Curiosity pwned the cat th3j35t3r.wordpress.com
External links[edit]
Computer security portal
Jester's Court – The Jester's blog
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text:
Love's Theme
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Love's Theme"
Side-A label of the U.S. vinyl release
Single by The Love Unlimited Orchestra
from the album Rhapsody in White
B-side
"Sweet Moments"
Released
November 1973
Format
7"
Recorded
1973
Genre
Philly soul
disco[1]
Length
4:08
Label
20th Century/Pye International
Songwriter(s)
Barry White
Producer(s)
Barry White
The Love Unlimited Orchestra singles chronology
"Love's Theme"
(1973) "Rhapsody in White"
(1974)
"Love's Theme"
(1973) "Rhapsody in White"
(1974)
Audio sample
file
help
"Love's Theme" is an instrumental piece recorded by Barry White's Love Unlimited Orchestra and released in 1973 as a single. It is one of the few instrumental and purely orchestral singles to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States, which it did in early 1974. Billboard ranked it as the No. 3 song for 1974.[2] The piece was included on two albums: 1973's Under the Influence of... Love Unlimited (by the vocal group Love Unlimited) and 1974's Rhapsody in White by Love Unlimited Orchestra.
The recording, with a large string orchestra, wah-wah guitar, and big rhythm, is considered by author Peter Shapiro to be an influence to the disco sound, which would explode in popularity the following year. The song was also popular on the Adult Contemporary chart in the U.S., where the song spent two weeks at #1. It was also used by ABC Sports for many years as the opening theme music for its golf coverage. New York television station WPIX used it as the closing music for its then-Action News franchise during the mid-1970s.[3][4] In Canada, the single saw similar success, reaching #1 on the RPM 100 National Singles Chart on March 2, 1974.[5]
In addition, "Love's Theme" was also recorded in a vocal version by Love Unlimited (on their 1974 album In Heat). Enoch Light recorded an electro-disco instrumental version of the song on his 1977 album, Disco Disque. The song is also part of Meco's instrumental medley "Hooked On Instrumentals Part I" (from the 1985 album Hooked On Instrumentals). In May 1993, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark released the single "Dream of Me (Based on Love's Theme)" (from their album Liberator, released the same year) which used a sample of this Barry White composition. This single reached #24 on the UK Singles Chart, and Barry White was given a writing credit.
This song was covered by American smooth jazz trumpeter Rick Braun and Contemporary Jazz Artist Paul Hardcastle on his CD The Collection from 2009.[citation needed]
The Hong Kong-based Cathay Pacific Airways used the song for their TV advertisements. It was also featured briefly in Mean Girls, Despicable Me 2 and The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water.
The morning music video show Sounds Unlimited used the song as its opening and closing theme.
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart positions
1.1 Weekly charts
1.2 Certifications
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Chart positions[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[6]
9
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[7]
7
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[8]
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[9]
7
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[10]
10
US Billboard Hot 100[11]
1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[12]
1
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[13]
10
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Physical
United States (RIAA)[14]
Gold 500,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1974 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1974 (U.S.)
List of RPM number-one singles of 1974 (Canada)
References[edit]
The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 6th Edition, 1996
Jump up ^ The Best of Barry White's Love Unlimited Orchestra - Love Unlimited Orchestra | Songs, Reviews, Credits at AllMusic
Jump up ^ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1974
Jump up ^ "Wiki for Barry White – Love's Theme". Last.fm. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Action News close with the Harpers, followed by Editorial Feedback, 7/10/75 on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (doc). Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Love Unlimited Orchestra – Love's Theme" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CAN Charts > The Love Unlimited Orchestra". RPM. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Love Unlimited Orchestra – Love's Theme" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Love Unlimited Orchestra: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Love Unlimited Orchestra Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Love Unlimited Orchestra Chart History (Adult Contemporary)" Billboard. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Love Unlimited Orchestra Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)" Billboard. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Love Unlimited – Love's Theme". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Rhapsody in White at AllMusic
Under the Influence of Love Unlimited at AllMusic
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text:
Indian Standard Time
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
IST in relation with the bordering nations
Indian Standard Time (IST) is the time observed throughout India and Sri Lanka, with a time offset of UTC+05:30. India does not observe daylight saving time (DSTu) or other seasonal adjustments. In military and aviation time IST is designated E* ("Echo-Star").[1]
Indian Standard Time is calculated on the basis of 82.30' E longitude, in Kakinada, (16°35′N 82°09′E / 16.58°N 82.15°E / 16.58; 82.15) which is nearly on the corresponding longitude reference line.[2]
In the tz database, it is represented by Asia/Kolkata.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Criticism and proposals
3 Time signals
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Main article: Time in India
After independence in 1947, the Indian government established IST as the official time for the whole country, although Kolkata and Mumbai retained their own local time (known as Calcutta Time and Bombay Time) until 1948 and 1955, respectively.[3] The Central observatory was moved from Chennai to a location at Shankargarh Fort Allahabad district, so that it would be as close to UTC +5:30 as possible.
Daylight Saving Time (DST) was used briefly during the China–Indian War of 1962 and the Indo–Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971.[4]
Criticism and proposals[edit]
The country's east–west distance of more than 2,933 kilometres (1,822 mi) covers over 29 degrees of longitude, resulting in the sun rising and setting almost two hours earlier on India's eastern border than in the Rann of Kutch in the far west. Inhabitants of the northeastern states have to advance their clocks with the early sunrise and avoid the extra consumption of energy after daylight hours.[5]
In the late 1980s, a team of researchers proposed separating the country into two or three time zones to conserve energy. The binary system that they suggested involved a return to British–era time zones; the recommendations were not adopted.[5][6]
In 2001, the government established a four–member committee under the Ministry of Science and Technology to examine the need for multiple time zones and daylight saving.[5] The findings of the committee, which were presented to Parliament in 2004 by the Minister for Science and Technology, Kapil Sibal, did not recommend changes to the unified system, stating that "the prime meridian was chosen with reference to a central station, and that the expanse of the Indian State was not large."[7]
Though the government has consistently refused to split the country into multiple time zones, provisions in labour laws such as the Plantations Labour Act, 1951 allow the Central and State governments to define and set the local time for a particular industrial area.[8] In Assam, tea gardens follow a separate time zone, known as the Chaibagaan or Bagan time ('Tea Garden Time'), which is one hour ahead of IST.[9] Still Indian Standard Time remains the only officially used time.
The filmmaker Jahnu Barua has been campaigning for a separate time zone (daylight saving time) for the past 25 years. In 2010, he suggested creating a separate time zone for the Development of Northeastern Region.[10]
In 2014, Chief Minister of Assam Tarun Gogoi started campaigning for another time zone for Assam and other northeastern states of India.[11] However, the proposal would need to be cleared by the Central Government of India.
In June 2017, Department of Science and Technology (DST) indicated that they are once again studying feasibility of two time-zones for India. A proposal for both creating an additional Eastern India Timezone (EIT @ UTC+6:00) shifting default IST to UTC +5:00 and Day-light saving (IDT for IST and EID for EIT) starting on 14 April (Ambedkar Jayanti) and ending on 2 October (Gandhi Jayanti) was submitted to DST for consideration.[12]
Time signals[edit]
Official time signals are generated by the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory at the National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi, for both commercial and official use. The signals are based on atomic clocks and are synchronised with the worldwide system of clocks that support the Coordinated Universal Time.
Features of the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory include:
High frequency broadcast service operating at 10 MHz under call sign ATA to synchronise the user clock within a millisecond;
Indian National Satellite System satellite-based standard time and frequency broadcast service, which offers IST correct to ±10 microsecond and frequency calibration of up to ±10−10; and
Time and frequency calibrations made with the help of pico- and nanoseconds time interval frequency counters and phase recorders.
IST is taken as the standard time as it passes through almost the centre of India. To communicate the exact time to the people, the exact time is broadcast over the national All India Radio and Doordarshan television network. Telephone companies have dedicated phone numbers connected to mirror time servers that also relay the precise time. Another increasingly popular means of obtaining the time is through Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers.[13]
See also[edit]
Equation of time
International Atomic Time
Terrestrial Time
Time zone (lists)
Zoneinfo
Time in India
Bombay Time
Calcutta Time
Madras Time
Port Blair mean time
Railway time of India
Sri Lanka Standard Time
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Military and Civilian Time Designations". Greenwich Mean Time. Retrieved 2006-12-02.
Jump up ^ "Two-timing India". Hindustan Times. 4 September 2007. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Odds and Ends". Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
Jump up ^ "India Time Zones". Greenwich Mean Time. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sen, Ayanjit (2001-08-21). "India investigates different time zones". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
Jump up ^ S. Muthiah (2012-09-24). "A matter of time". The Hindu. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Standard Time for Different Regions". Department of Science and Technology. 22 July 2004. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
Jump up ^ "A matter of time". National Resource Centre for Women. Archived from the original on 19 March 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Rahul Karmakar (24 September 2012). "Change clock to bagantime". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
Jump up ^ http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-02/india/45797966_1_jahnu-barua-tarun-gogoi-separate-time-zone
Jump up ^ http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-could-get-second-time-zone-with-assam-one-hour-ahead-466326?curl=1388743528
Jump up ^ "Government assessing feasibility of different time zones in India". The Economic Times. 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Satellites for Navigation". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
External links[edit]
National Physical Laboratory
Evaluating two timezones and Daylight Saving Time for India, by Viral Shah & Vikram Aggarwal.
[hide]
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Time in Asia
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Standard_Time&oldid=803441637"
Categories:
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This page was last edited on 2 October 2017, at 15:21.
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text:
President's rule
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Direct rule in India" redirects here. For direct rule over India, see British Raj.
In India, President's rule refers to suspension of state government and imposition of direct Central Government rule in a state. Under Article 356 of the Constitution of India, in the event that a state government is unable to function according to constitutional provisions, the Central government can take direct control of the state machinery. Subsequently, executive authority is exercised through the centrally appointed governor, who has the authority to appoint other administrators to assist them. The administrators are usually nonpartisan retired civil servants.
When a state government is functioning correctly, it is run by an elected Council of Ministers responsible to the state's legislative assembly (Vidhan Sabha). The council is led by the Chief Minister, who is the de facto chief executive of the state; the Governor is only a de jure constitutional head. However, during President's rule, the Council of Ministers is dissolved, vacating the office of Chief Minister. Furthermore, the Vidhan Sabha is either prorogued or dissolved, necessitating a new election.
Similarly, in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, failure of governmental function results in Governor's rule, imposed by invoking Section 92 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir. The state's governor issues the proclamation, after obtaining the consent of the President of India. If it is not possible to revoke Governor's rule within six months of imposition, the President's Rule under Article 356 of the Indian Constitution is imposed. There is little practical difference between the two provisions.
Following its landmark judgment in the 1994 Bommai case, the Supreme Court of India has restricted arbitrary impositions of President's rule.
Chhattisgarh and Telangana are the only states where President's rule has yet to be imposed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Imposition
2 Criticism
3 List of instances
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Imposition[edit]
In practice, president's rule has been imposed under different circumstances:
State Legislature is unable to elect a leader as Chief Minister
Breakdown of a coalition
Loss of majority in the assembly
Elections postponed for unavoidable reasons
If approved by both houses, President's Rule can continue for 6 months. It can be extended for a maximum of 3 years with the approval of the Parliament done every 6 months. If the Lok Sabha is dissolved during this time, the rule is valid for 30 days from the first sitting of the Lok Sabha provided that this continuance has already been approved by Rajya Sabha. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 introduced a new provision to put a restraint on the power of the Parliament to extend President's rule in a state. According to this provision, President's rule can only be extended over a year every 6 months under following conditions:
There is already a National emergency throughout India, or in the whole or any part of the state.
The commission of election certifies that elections cannot be conducted in the concerned state.
President's rule can be revoked at any time by the President and does not need the Parliament's approval.
Until the mid-1990s, President's rule was often imposed in states through abusing the authority of Governors who were in collusion with the central government. The Supreme Court of India in March 1994 instituted a rule by which such abuse has been drastically reduced.
Criticism[edit]
Article 356 gave wide powers to the central government to assert its authority over a state if civil unrest occurs, and the state government does not have the means to end it. Though the purpose of this article is to give more powers to central government to preserve the unity and integrity of the nation, it has often been misused[1] by the ruling parties at the center, who used it as a pretext to dissolve state governments ruled by political opponents.[2] Thus, it is seen by many as a threat to the federal state system. Since the adoption of Indian constitution in 1950, the central government has used this article several times[3] to dissolve elected state governments by imposing President's rule.
The article was used for the first time in Uttar Pradesh 1954. It was also used in the state of Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) and during the Vimochana Samaram to dismiss the democratically elected Communist state government of Kerala on 31 July 1959. In the 1970s and 1980s, it was common for the central government to dismiss state governments led by opposition parties.[4] The Indira Gandhi regime and post-emergency Janata Party were noted for this practice. Indira Gandhi's government between 1966 and 1977 is known to have imposed President's rule 39 times in different states. Similarly, the Janata Party which came to power after the emergency issued President's rule in 9 states which were ruled by Congress.
The practice was limited only after the Supreme Court established strict guidelines for imposing the President's Rule in its ruling on the S. R. Bommai v. Union of India case in 1994. This landmark judgement has helped curtail the widespread misuse of Article 356. The judgement established strict guidelines for imposing President's rule. Subsequent pronouncements by the Supreme Court in Jharkhand and other states have further limited the scope for misuse of Article 356. Only since the early 2000s has the number of cases of imposition of President's rule has been drastically reduced.
Article 356 has always been the focal point of a wider debate of the federal structure of government in Indian polity.[5] The Sarkaria Commission Report on Centre-State Relations 1983 has recommended that Article 356 must be used "very sparingly, in extreme cases, as a measure of last resort, when all the other alternatives fail to prevent or rectify a breakdown of constitutional machinery in the state".[6] Dr. Ambedkar also said that it would be like a "dead letter" (i.e. would be used rarely).
List of instances[edit]
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State
Date of imposition
Date of revocation
Duration
Notes
Andhra Pradesh [1] 18 January 1973 10 December 1973 7002326000000000000♠326 days Break down of Law & Order due to Jai Andhra Agitation, in P. V. Narasimha Rao's tenure.
Andhra Pradesh [2] 28 February 2014 8 June 2014 7002100000000000000♠100 days Political impasse following the resignation of Chief Minister Kiran Kumar Reddy and several other congress party legislators from the Government as well as the Party, in protest against Indian Parliament passing Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill to bifurcate united Andhra Pradesh and create a separate Telangana State.[7] President's rule revoked from Telangana areas on 2 June 2014 and bifurcated Andhra Pradesh areas on 8 June 2014.[8] President rule reimposed unlawfully by the President after the two months time limit without taking approval of the Parliament under Article 356.[9][10]
Andhra State [1] 15 November 1954 29 March 1955 7002134000000000000♠134 days Loss of Majority.
Arunachal Pradesh [1] 3 November 1979 18 January 1980 7001760000000000000♠76 days Loss of Majority following defections in a fluid political environment during Janata party rule at the Centre.
Arunachal Pradesh [2] 25 January 2016 19 February 2016 26 days 21 Congress MLAs joined hands with 11 of the BJP and two Independents, making the current government a minority government.[11] Supreme Court declared the imposition of president rule as ultra vires and reinstated the dismissed congress led government in the state. In a landmark judgement, it found fault with the unconstitutional role played by the Governor by interfering in the activities of legislatures and speaker of the Vidhan Shaba[12]
Assam [1] 12 December 1979 5 December 1980 7002359000000000000♠359 days 'Assam Agitation' against illegal foreign national staying in Assam started to take roots under the leadership of the All Assam Students’Union (AASU). The violence fuelled by United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) resulted in break down of law and order.
Assam [2] 30 June 1981 13 January 1982 7002197000000000000♠197 days Congress (I) government led by Anwara Taimur representing immigrant minorities collapsed following intensification of 'Assam Agitation' against illegal foreign national staying in Assam.
Assam [3] 19 March 1982 27 February 1983 7002345000000000000♠345 days Congress (I) government led by Kesab Gogoi representing ethnic Asom people collapsed following continued violence in Assam.
Assam [4] 28 November 1990 30 June 1991 7002214000000000000♠214 days Govt. dismissed in spite of AGP CM Prafulla Mahanta enjoying majority support in Assembly. The dismissal was triggered apparently by the threat to internal security due to banned organisation ULFA's activities. During President's rule, Operation Bajrang was launched to flush out ULFA militants.
Bihar [1] 29 June 1968 26 February 1969 7002242000000000000♠242 days Loss of Majority following defections in a fluid political environment.
Bihar [2] 4 July 1969 16 February 1970 7002227000000000000♠227 days Loss of Majority following defections in a fluid political environment due to split in ruling Congress party
Bihar [3] 9 January 1972 19 March 1972 7001700000000000000♠70 days Loss of Majority following defections in a fluid political environment.
Bihar [4] 30 April 1977 24 June 1977 7001550000000000000♠55 days Government dismissed in spite of Jagannath Mishra enjoying majority support in Assembly
Bihar [5] 17 February 1980 8 June 1980 7002112000000000000♠112 days Government dismissed in spite of Ram Sundar Das enjoying majority support in Assembly
Bihar [6] 28 March 1995 5 April 1995 7000800000000000000♠8 days President’s rule imposed for a brief period of one week to facilitate passage of vote on account (to permit day-to-day government expenses in Bihar) by Parliament while awaiting the results of Assembly elections held during the Chief Ministership of Laloo Prasad.
Bihar [7] 12 February 1999 9 March 1999 7001250000000000000♠25 days Breakdown of law and order, killings of 11 Dalits at Narayanpur. The Vajpayee Government, revoked President’s rule within 26 days since the coalition did not have a majority in the Rajya Sabha.
Bihar [8] 7 March 2005 24 November 2005 7002262000000000000♠262 days Indecisive outcome of elections. In a landmark judgement, Supreme Court ruled that the imposition of the president rule without giving the chance to the elected legislatures to form new government is unconstitutional and mala fide act by the President.[13]
Delhi [1] 14 February 2014 11 February 2015 7002362000000000000♠362 days Arvind Kejriwal resigned as Chief Minister after failing to table the Jan Lokpal Bill in the Delhi Assembly.
Goa [1] 2 December 1966 5 April 1967 7002124000000000000♠124 days The Union Territory of Goa's Assembly was dissolved to conduct an opinion poll to determine whether Goa should be merged with Maharashtra.
Goa [2] 27 April 1979 16 January 1980 7002264000000000000♠264 days Loss of majority following split in the ruling MGP Party
Goa [3] 14 December 1990 25 January 1991 7001420000000000000♠42 days C.M. resigned consequent upon his disqualification by High Court - No other Government found viable
Goa [4] 9 February 1999 9 June 1999 7002120000000000000♠120 days Loss of majority and no alternate claimant to form next government
Goa [5] 4 March 2005 7 June 2005 7001950000000000000♠95 days Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM Pratap Sinh Rane
Gujarat [1] 12 May 1971 17 March 1972 7002310000000000000♠310 days Loss of Majority following vertical split in Congress during 1969 presidential election
Gujarat [2] 9 February 1974 18 June 1975 7002494000000000000♠1 year, 129 days Chimanbhai Patel led Congress government resigned due to Navnirman Movement Anti-Corruption protests. The protesters forced MLA's resignations, forcing dissolution of assembly.
Gujarat [3] 12 March 1976 24 December 1976 7002287000000000000♠287 days "Non-Passage" of budget leading to collapse of government
Gujarat [4] 17 February 1980 8 June 1980 7002112000000000000♠112 days Government dismissed in spite of Babubhai J Patel enjoying majority support in the Assembly
Gujarat [5] 19 September 1996 23 October 1996 7001340000000000000♠34 days Government dismissed following a controversial confidence vote. The Assembly was placed in suspended animation, which led to subsequent installation of Vaghela government, supported by Congress
Haryana [1] 2 November 1967 22 May 1968 7002202000000000000♠202 days Government dismissed in spite of having a tenuous majority.
Haryana [2] 30 April 1977 21 June 1977 7001520000000000000♠52 days Government dismissed in spite of B D Gupta enjoying majority support in Assembly
Haryana [3] 6 April 1991 23 July 1991 7002108000000000000♠108 days Rebellion in the ruling party
Himachal Pradesh [1] 30 April 1977 22 June 1977 7001530000000000000♠53 days Government dismissed in spite of Thakur Ram Lal enjoying majority support in Assembly
Himachal Pradesh [2] 15 December 1992 3 December 1993 7002353000000000000♠353 days Government dismissed in the aftermath of the destruction of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan in Uttar Pradesh.
Jammu and Kashmir [1] 26 March 1977 9 July 1977 7002105000000000000♠105 days Sheikh Abdullah led National Conference government bowed out after being reduced to a minority following withdrawal of support by the Congress Party
Jammu and Kashmir [2] 6 March 1986 7 November 1986 7002246000000000000♠246 days Loss of majority
Jammu and Kashmir [3] 19 January 1990 9 October 1996 7003245500000000000♠6 years, 264 days Insurgency and break down of law and order.
Jammu and Kashmir [4] 18 October 2002 2 November 2002 7001150000000000000♠15 days Indecisive outcome of elections.
Jammu and Kashmir [5] 11 July 2008 5 January 2009 7002178000000000000♠178 days Loss of majority following collapse of coalition. CM Gulam Nabi Azad's decision to transfer land for Amarnath pilgrimage led to PDP pulling out of coalation Govt.
Jammu and Kashmir [6] 9 January 2015 1 March 2015 7001510000000000000♠51 days Failure of Government formation after fractured verdict in Assembly elections. BJP & PDP reached an understanding to form an alliance to form Government in J&K.[14]
Jammu and Kashmir [7] 8 January 2016 4 April 2016 7001870000000000000♠87 days Death of Chief minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed
Jharkhand [1] 19 January 2009 29 December 2009 7002344000000000000♠344 days Loss of Majority
Jharkhand [2] 1 June 2010 11 September 2010 7002102000000000000♠102 days Loss of Majority
Jharkhand [3] 18 January 2013 12 July 2013 7002175000000000000♠175 days Loss of Majority. BJP's ruling coalition partner JMM withdrew its support to the government pushing it into a minority. Chief Minister Arjun Munda resigned and sought dissolution of the state Assembly.[15]
Karnataka [1] 19 March 1971 20 March 1972 7002367000000000000♠1 year, 1 day Loss of Majority
Karnataka [2] 31 December 1977 28 February 1978 7001590000000000000♠59 days Government dismissed in spite of Congress CM Devraj Urs enjoying majority support in Assembly
Karnataka [3] 21 April 1989 30 November 1989 7002223000000000000♠223 days Loss of majority of CM S. R. Bommai, followed by dissolution of Assembly. On an appeal by S. R. Bommai, in a landmark judgement delivered in 1994, the Indian Supreme Court laid out the procedure to be followed before dissolving an elected assembly. The historic ruling in this case reduced the scope for misuse of Article 356 by future central governments and governors.
Karnataka [4] 10 October 1990 17 October 1990 7000700000000000000♠7 days Government of Veerendra Patil dismissed by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and state was placed under President's rule with the assembly placed in suspended animation until next chief Minister was elected
Karnataka [5] 9 October 2007 11 November 2007 7001330000000000000♠33 days Loss of majority
Karnataka [6] 20 November 2007 27 May 2008 7002189000000000000♠189 days Loss of majority
Kerala [1] 31 July 1959 22 February 1960 7002206000000000000♠206 days Government dismissed in spite of Communist CM EMS Namboodiripad enjoying majority support in Assembly
Kerala [2] 10 September 1964 6 March 1967 7002907000000000000♠2 years, 177 days Loss of majority followed by indecisive outcome of elections
Kerala [3] 1 August 1970 4 October 1970 7001640000000000000♠64 days Loss of majority
Kerala [4] 1 December 1979 25 January 1980 7001550000000000000♠55 days Loss of majority
Madhya Pradesh [1] 29 April 1977 25 June 1977 7001570000000000000♠57 days Government dismissed in spite of Shyama Charan Shukla enjoying majority support in Assembly
Madhya Pradesh [2] 18 February 1980 8 June 1980 7002111000000000000♠111 days Government dismissed in spite of Sundar Lal Patwa enjoying majority support in Assembly
Madhya Pradesh [3] 15 December 1992 7 December 1993 7002357000000000000♠357 days Govt. dismissed in the aftermath of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan destruction in Uttar Pradesh.
Maharashtra [1] 17 February 1980 8 June 1980 7002112000000000000♠112 days Govt. dismissed in spite of Sharad Pawar enjoying majority support in the Assembly
Maharashtra [2] 28 September 2014 31 October 2014 7001330000000000000♠33 days Govt. dismissed since Congress Separated from its allies NCP and Others.
Manipur [1] 12 January 1967 19 March 1967 7001660000000000000♠66 days First Elections to Manipur Union Territory Assembly held.
Manipur [2] 25 October 1967 18 February 1968 7002116000000000000♠116 days Short lived ministry collapsed following resignation of speaker, resulting in neither ruling nor opposition congress having a clear majority in the assembly. Assembly kept in suspended animation.
Manipur [3] 17 October 1969 22 March 1972 7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days Violent secessionist insurgency and statehood demands resulted in breakdown of law and order
Manipur [4] 28 March 1973 3 March 1974 7002340000000000000♠340 days President's rule was imposed even though the opposition had a "tenuous" majority and could have formed a government
Manipur [5] 16 May 1977 28 June 1977 7001430000000000000♠43 days Collapse of Government following defections
Manipur [6] 14 November 1979 13 January 1980 7001600000000000000♠60 days Discontent within Janata Party Government and corruption charges led to dismissal of government and dissolution of Assembly.
Manipur [7] 28 February 1981 18 June 1981 7002110000000000000♠110 days Incumbent Government fell following defections. Governor did not permit an alternate government to be formed by People's Democratic Front on the basis of his assessment regarding stability of the proposed ministry.
Manipur [8] 7 January 1992 7 April 1992 7001910000000000000♠91 days Incumbent coalition Government fell following defections. President's rule imposed keeping assembly in suspension.
Manipur [9] 31 December 1993 13 December 1994 7002347000000000000♠347 days 1000 persons died in Naga-Kuki clashes and continued violence
Manipur [10] 2 June 2001 6 March 2002 7002277000000000000♠277 days Loss of majority
Meghalaya [1] 11 October 1991 5 February 1992 7002117000000000000♠117 days The Centre imposed President's rule in Meghalaya in the wake of a political crisis after the then Speaker PR Kyndiah suspended five MLAs, mostly independents, on grounds of defection.[16]
Meghalaya [2] 18 March 2009 12 May 2009 7001550000000000000♠55 days Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM Donkupar Roy
Mizoram [1] 11 May 1977 1 June 1978 7002386000000000000♠1 year, 21 days Mizo Union Ministry led by Chief Minister Chhunga resigned in May 1977, ostensibly to facilitate the progress of peace talks. see Lost Opportunities: 50 Years of Insurgency in the North-east and India's Response, By S. P. Sinha, Page 95
Mizoram [2] 10 November 1978 8 May 1979 7002179000000000000♠179 days Chief Minister Sailo's refusal to grant undue favours caused dissension in his party which led to the fall of his government and imposition of President's rule. see Lost Opportunities: 50 Years of Insurgency in the North-east and India's Response, By S. P. Sinha, Page 96-97
Mizoram [3] 7 September 1988 24 January 1989 7002139000000000000♠139 days Defections reduced the Government to minority
Nagaland [1] 20 March 1975 25 November 1977 7002981000000000000♠2 years, 250 days Defections and counter defections led to imposition of President's rule
Nagaland [2] 7 August 1988 25 January 1989 7002171000000000000♠171 days The state was under a brief spell of central rule again after the Hokishe Sema-led Congress government was reduced to a minority. The decision was challenged in the Supreme Court in held to be invalid in 1994.
Nagaland [3] 2 April 1992 22 February 1993 7002326000000000000♠326 days Fluid party position and deteriorating law and order situation
Nagaland [4] 3 January 2008 12 March 2008 7001690000000000000♠69 days Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM Neiphiu Rio
Orissa [1] 25 February 1961 23 June 1961 7002118000000000000♠118 days Harekrishna Mahtab led Congress-Gantantra Parishad Minority Government resigned on 21 February 1961 due to differences in the Congress Party. President’s Rule was imposed on 25 February 1961.
Orissa [2] 11 January 1971 3 April 1971 7001820000000000000♠82 days Break-up of coalition
Orissa [3] 3 March 1973 6 March 1974 7002368000000000000♠1 year, 3 days Facing imminent collapse of government, incumbent chief minister recommended dissolution of assembly and fresh elections.
Orissa [4] 16 December 1976 29 December 1976 7001130000000000000♠13 days Chief Minister Nandini Satpathy was forced out and assembly placed under suspended animation. A new Congress government was sworn in after revocation of President's rule.
Orissa [5] 30 April 1977 26 June 1977 7001570000000000000♠57 days Government dismissed in spite of Binayak Acharya enjoying majority support in Assembly
Orissa [6] 17 February 1980 9 June 1980 7002113000000000000♠113 days Government dismissed in spite of Nilamani Routray enjoying majority support in Assembly
Patiala and East Punjab States Union [1] 5 March 1953 8 March 1954 7002368000000000000♠1 year, 3 days President's rule was invoked in the erstwhile PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union ) State when the Akali Dal government, led by Gian Singh Rarewala, was dismissed
Pondicherry [1] 18 September 1968 17 March 1969 7002180000000000000♠180 days Assembly was dissolved and President's rule imposed as opposition parties had a chance to form a government after the fall of the Congress government.
Pondicherry [2] 3 January 1974 6 March 1974 7001620000000000000♠62 days Assembly dissolved after fall of DMK government following decision of two ministers to join newly formed ADMK.
Pondicherry [3] 28 March 1974 2 July 1977 7003119200000000000♠3 years, 96 days Fall of coalition government of ADMK, Congress(O)following division of votes by Congress(R) and DMK. The Assembly was dissolved.
Pondicherry [4] 12 November 1978 16 January 1980 7002430000000000000♠1 year, 65 days Fall of government due to political instability
Pondicherry [5] 24 June 1983 16 March 1985 7002631000000000000♠1 year, 265 days Government dismissed following withdrawal of Congress(I) from coalition government. In spite of incumbent chief minister asking for an opportunity to prove his majority on the floor of the house, the assembly was dissolved.
Pondicherry [6] 4 March 1991 3 July 1991 7002121000000000000♠121 days DMK Government dismissed in spite of having a majority in the Assembly
Punjab [1] 20 June 1951 17 April 1952 7002302000000000000♠302 days Pandit Nehru kept the Punjab Assembly in suspension for nine months and 28 days to help the state Congress government get its act together.
Punjab [2] 5 July 1966 1 November 1966 7002119000000000000♠119 days State administration was taken over, ostensibly to facilitate bifurcation of Punjab state into two, Punjab and Haryana
Punjab [3] 23 August 1968 17 February 1969 7002178000000000000♠178 days Break-up of coalition
Punjab [4] 14 June 1971 17 March 1972 7002277000000000000♠277 days Following poor performance in March, 1971 Lok Sabha Elections, incumbent Chief Minister advised dissolving state assembly and holding fresh elections to state legislature.
Punjab [5] 30 April 1977 20 June 1977 7001510000000000000♠51 days Government dismissed in spite of Giani Zail Singh enjoying majority support in Assembly
Punjab [6] 17 February 1980 6 June 1980 7002110000000000000♠110 days Government dismissed in spite of Parkash Singh Badal enjoying majority support in Assembly
Punjab [7] 10 October 1983 29 September 1985 7002720000000000000♠1 year, 354 days Insurgency and breakdown of law and order
Punjab [8] 11 June 1987 25 February 1992 7003172000000000000♠4 years, 259 days Insurgency and breakdown of law and order
Rajasthan [1] 13 March 1967 26 April 1967 7001440000000000000♠44 days Indecisive outcome of elections
Rajasthan [2] 29 April 1977 22 June 1977 7001540000000000000♠54 days Government dismissed in spite of Hari Dev Joshi enjoying majority support in Assembly
Rajasthan [3] 16 February 1980 6 June 1980 7002111000000000000♠111 days Government dismissed in spite of Bhairon Singh Shekhawat enjoying majority support in Assembly
Rajasthan [4] 15 December 1992 4 December 1993 7002354000000000000♠354 days Government dismissed in spite of Bhairon Singh Shekhawat enjoying majority support in Assembly
Sikkim [1] 18 August 1978 18 October 1979 7002426000000000000♠1 year, 61 days Loss of majority following split in Kazi Lhendup Dorji led Janata Party government. The central government imposed president's rule and followed up with electoral reforms before ordering fresh elections.
Sikkim [2] 25 May 1984 8 March 1985 7002287000000000000♠287 days Congress Government formed following induced collapse of Nar Bahadur Bandari Sikkim Janata Parishad Government was dismissed as it did not enjoy a majority in the Assembly.
Tamil Nadu [1] 31 January 1976 30 June 1977 7002516000000000000♠1 year, 150 days Government dismissed in spite of Karunanidhi enjoying majority support in Assembly
Tamil Nadu [2] 17 February 1980 6 June 1980 7002110000000000000♠110 days Government dismissed in spite of M G Ramachandran enjoying majority support in Assembly
Tamil Nadu [3] 30 January 1988 27 January 1989 7002363000000000000♠363 days Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM Janaki Ramachandran
Tamil Nadu [4] 30 January 1991 24 June 1991 7002145000000000000♠145 days Government headed by M. Karunanidhi dismissed by Prime Minister Chandrashekhar on charges of supporting anti-national activities, in spite of the then Governor Barnala's report and enjoying majority support in the Assembly.[17]
Travancore-Cochin [1] 23 March 1956 5 April 1957 7002378000000000000♠1 year, 13 days Loss of majority following split in Congress Party
Tripura [1] 1 November 1971 20 March 1972 7002140000000000000♠140 days In the backdrop of refugee influx due to Bangladesh Liberation War, split in the Congress and Communist agitation for Tripura to become a full-fledged state, President's rule was imposed. On 1 January 1972 Tripura became a State and assembly elections held subsequently.
Tripura [2] 5 November 1977 5 January 1978 7001610000000000000♠61 days Collapse of short lived government in a fluid political environment
Tripura [3] 11 March 1993 10 April 1993 7001300000000000000♠30 days Elections postponed from 15 February 1993 to 3 April 1993 on account of deteriorating law and order situation. Caretaker CM resigns.
Uttar Pradesh [1] 25 February 1968 26 February 1969 7002367000000000000♠1 year, 1 day Loss of majority following withdrawal of support by Congress (R) led by Indira Gandhi.
Uttar Pradesh [2] 1 October 1970 18 October 1970 7001170000000000000♠17 days Charan Singh Ministry supported by Congress collapsed following split in Congress party.
Uttar Pradesh [3] 13 June 1973 8 November 1973 7002148000000000000♠148 days Chief Minister resigned as a result of the 1973 Provincial Armed Constabulary revolt.
Uttar Pradesh [4] 30 November 1975 21 January 1976 7001520000000000000♠52 days Congress Government of H N Bahuguna tendered resignation due to infighting within the party.
Uttar Pradesh [5] 30 April 1977 23 June 1977 7001540000000000000♠54 days Government dismissed in spite of N D Tiwari enjoying majority support in Assembly
Uttar Pradesh [6] 17 February 1980 9 June 1980 7002113000000000000♠113 days Government dismissed in spite of Banarasi Das enjoying majority support in Assembly
Uttar Pradesh [7] 6 December 1992 4 December 1993 7002363000000000000♠363 days Government dismissed in the aftermath of the destruction of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan
Uttar Pradesh [8] 18 October 1995 21 March 1997 7002520000000000000♠1 year, 154 days Loss of Majority following collapse of coalition followed by indecisive outcome of fresh elections
Uttar Pradesh [9] 8 March 2002 3 May 2002 7001560000000000000♠56 days Indecisive outcome of elections.
Uttarakhand [1] 27 March 2016 21 April 2016 7001250000000000000♠25 days Collapse of CM Harish Rawat's ministry following a split in the state unit of Congress party. In the hearing of related case, Uttarakhand High Court declared the President's rule imposition by the President unconstitutional and restored the Harish Rawat's led government in the state.[18]
Uttarakhand [2] 22 April 2016 11 May 2016 7001190000000000000♠19 days Supreme Court of India held the stay on Uttarakhand High Court's verdict thus reinstating the President's rule in the state.
Vindhya Pradesh [1] 8 April 1949 13 March 1952 7003107000000000000♠2 years, 340 days President's rule was imposed in the erstwhile Vindya Pradesh State when Chief Minister resigned. President's rule was revoked following independent India's first general elections.
West Bengal [1] 1 July 1962 8 July 1962 7000700000000000000♠7 days Interim Period between death of incumbent Chief Minister and election of new leader.
West Bengal [2] 20 February 1968 25 February 1969 7002371000000000000♠1 year, 5 days State placed under President's rule following collapse of two successive short lived coalition governments.
West Bengal [3] 19 March 1970 2 April 1971 7002379000000000000♠1 year, 14 days Collapse of United Front Coalition between Bangla Congress and CPI(M)
West Bengal [4] 28 June 1971 19 March 1972 7002265000000000000♠265 days Collapse of United Front Coalition between Bangla Congress and CPI(M)
See also[edit]
Article 370
Direct rule
Federal intervention (A similar procedure used in Argentina)
Federalism in India
Part Eighteen of the Constitution of India
Sarkaria Commission
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Perceptions' on 'misuse of article 356".
Jump up ^ "Limitations of Article 356". The Hindu.
Jump up ^ Ahmadi J., S.R. Bommai v. Union of India, (1994) 3 SCC 1, 296–297, ¶ 434 cited in http://www.ejcl.org/81/art81-4.html
Jump up ^ "Sarkaria Commission Report - CHAPTER VI : Emergency Provisions" (PDF). Retrieved 28 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "National Commission to Review the Working of the Article 356 of the constitution". 2001. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sarkaria Commission Report - CHAPTER VI: Emergency Provisions" (PDF). Retrieved 28 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "President's Rule imposed in Andhra Pradesh under Article 356 of Constitution". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Andhra Pradesh mired in President rule imbroglio". Retrieved 21 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Re-proclamation of President rule in Andhra Pradesh" (PDF). 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Andhra Pradesh mired in President rule imbroglio". The Times Of India. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "It's against Constitution: Politicians react to Prez rule in Arunachal". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "After Arunachal Pradesh debacle, PM Modi must abolish post of governor". Retrieved 15 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rameshwar Prasad And Ors vs Union Of India And Anr on 24 January, 2006". Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Kumar, Vinay (9 January 2015). "Governor's rule in J&K". Retrieved 5 April 2018 – via www.thehindu.com.
Jump up ^ PTI (18 January 2013). "Jharkhand put under President's rule again". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Meghalaya clamped under President's Rule". www.merinews.com. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Congress had no role in dismissing DMK govt in 1991". The Hindu. 14 April 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lessons from Uttarakhand and Arunachal: What court orders on Central rule say". Retrieved 15 July 2016.
External links[edit]
Article 355 and 356 text from wikisource
Discusses the instances where presidents rule has been invoked
[1]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%27s_rule&oldid=842012536"
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