text:
Endochondral ossification
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Endochondral ossification
Light micrograph of epiphyseal plate showing endochondral ossification: healthy chondrocytes (top) become degenerating ones (bottom), characteristically displaying a calcified extracellular matrix.
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Endochondral ossification[1][2] is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Unlike intramembranous ossification, which is the other process by which bone tissue is created, cartilage is present during endochondral ossification. Endochondral ossification is also an essential process during the rudimentary formation of long bones,[3] the growth of the length of long bones,[4] and the natural healing of bone fractures.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Growth of the cartilage model
2 Primary center of ossification
3 Secondary center of ossification
4 Appositional bone growth
5 Histology
6 Fracture healing
7 Additional images
8 See also
9 References
Growth of the cartilage model[edit]
The cartilage model will grow in length by continuous cell division of chondrocytes, which is accompanied by further secretion of extracellular matrix. This is called interstitial growth. The process of appositional growth occurs when the cartilage model also grows in thickness due to the addition of more extracellular matrix on the peripheral cartilage surface, which is accompanied by new chondroblasts that develop from the perichondrium.
Primary center of ossification[edit]
This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Endochondral ossification. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The first site of ossification occurs in the primary center of ossification, which is in the middle of diaphysis (shaft). Then:
Formation of periosteum
The perichondrium becomes the periosteum. The periosteum contains a layer of undifferentiated cells (osteoprogenitor cells) which later become osteoblasts.
Formation of bone collar
The osteoblasts secrete osteoid against the shaft of the cartilage model (Appositional Growth). This serves as support for the new bone.
Calcification of matrix
Chondrocytes in the primary center of ossification begin to grow (hypertrophy). They stop secreting collagen and other proteoglycans and begin secreting alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme essential for mineral deposition. Then calcification of the matrix occurs and osteoprogenitor cells that entered the cavity via the periosteal bud, use the calcified matrix as a scaffold and begin to secrete osteoid, which forms the bone trabecula. Osteoclasts, formed from macrophages, break down spongy bone to form the medullary (bone marrow) cavity.
Secondary center of ossification[edit]
About the time of birth in mammals, a secondary ossification center appears in each end (epiphysis) of long bones. Periosteal buds carry mesenchyme and blood vessels in and the process is similar to that occurring in a primary ossification center. The cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal plate, and it continues to form new cartilage, which is replaced by bone, a process that results in an increase in length of the bone. Growth continues until the individual is about 20 years old or until the cartilage in the plate is replaced by bone. The point of union of the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal line.
Appositional bone growth[edit]
The growth in diameter of bones around the diaphysis occurs by deposition of bone beneath the periosteum. Osteoclasts in the interior cavity continue to resorb bone until its ultimate thickness is achieved, at which point the rate of formation on the outside and degradation from the inside is constant.
Histology[edit]
Drawing of part of a longitudinal section of the developing femur of a rabbit. a. Flattened cartilage cells. b. Enlarged cartilage cells. c, d. Newly formed bone. e. Osteoblasts. f. Giant cells or osteoclasts. g, h. Shrunken cartilage cells. (From “Atlas of Histology,” Klein and Noble Smith.)
During endochondral ossification, five distinct zones can be seen at the light-microscope level.
Name
Definition
Zone of resting cartilage This zone contains normal, resting hyaline cartilage.
Zone of proliferation / cell columns In this zone, chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis, forming distinctive looking stacks.
Zone of maturation / hypertrophy In this zone, the chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy (become enlarged). Chondrocytes contain large amounts of glycogen and begin to secrete alkaline phosphatase.
Zone of calcification In this zone, chondrocytes are either dying or dead, leaving cavities that will later become invaded by bone-forming cells. Chondrocytes here die when they can no longer receive nutrients or eliminate wastes via diffusion. This is because the calcified matrix is much less hydrated than hyaline cartilage.
Zone of ossification Osteoprogenitor cells invade the area and differentiate into osteoblasts, which elaborate matrix that becomes calcified on the surface of calcified cartilage. This is followed by resorption of the calcified cartilage/calcified bone complex.
Fracture healing[edit]
During fracture healing, cartilage is often formed and is called callus. This cartilage ultimately develops into new bone tissue through the process of endochondral ossification.
Additional images[edit]
Masson Goldner trichrome stain of growth plate in a rabbit tibia.
Section of fetal bone of cat. ir. Irruption of the subperiosteal tissue. p. Fibrous layer of the periosteum. o. Layer of osteoblasts. im. Subperiosteal bony deposit. (From Quain’s “Anatomy,” E. A. Schäfer.)
See also[edit]
Intramembranous ossification
Ossification
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Etymology from Greek: ἔνδον/endon, "within", and χόνδρος/chondros, "cartilage"
Jump up ^ "Etymology of the English word endochondral". myEtymology. Retrieved December 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Netter, Frank H. (1987), Musculoskeletal system: anatomy, physiology, and metabolic disorders. Summit, New Jersey: Ciba-Geigy Corporation ISBN 0-914168-88-6, p. 130: One exception is the clavicle.
Jump up ^ Brighton, Carl T., Yoichi Sugioka, and Robert M. Hunt (1973), "Cytoplasmic structures of epiphyseal plate chondrocytes; quantitative evaluation using electron micrographs of rat costochondral junctions with specific reference to the fate of hypertrophic cells", Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 55-A: 771-784
Jump up ^ Brighton, Carl T. and Robert M. Hunt (1986): "Histochemical localization of calcium in the fracture callus with potassium pyroantimonate: possible role of chondrocyte mitochondrial calcium in callus calcification", Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 68-A (5): 703-715
[hide]
v
t
e
Bone and cartilage
Cartilage
perichondrium
fibrocartilage callus
metaphysis
Cells
chondroblast
chondrocyte
Types
hyaline
elastic
fibrous
Bone
Ossification
Primary bone
intramembranous
endochondral
Cells
osteoblast
osteoid
osteocyte
osteoclast
Types
cancellous
cortical
Regions
subchondral bone
epiphysis
epiphyseal plate/metaphysis
diaphysis
Condyle
Epicondyle
Structure
Osteon
Haversian canals
Volkmann's canals
connective tissue
endosteum
periosteum
Sharpey's fibres
enthesis
lacunae
canaliculi
trabeculae
medullary cavity
bone marrow
Shapes
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
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America's Got Talent (season 10)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
America's Got Talent
Season 10
Broadcast from
May 26 – September 16, 2015
Judges
Howie Mandel
Howard Stern
Mel B
Heidi Klum
Host(s)
Nick Cannon
Broadcaster
NBC
Winner
Paul Zerdin
Origin
London, England
Genre(s)
Ventriloquist
Runner-up
Drew Lynch
Chronology
◀
2015
▶
Oz Pearlman finished in third place
Season ten of the reality competition series America's Got Talent was the 10th anniversary of the reality series and premiered on May 26, 2015.[1] It concluded on September 16, 2015. Nick Cannon returned as host for his seventh season. Howie Mandel returned for his sixth season as judge while Howard Stern returned for his fourth and final season. Mel B and Heidi Klum both returned for their third season on the judging panel.[2]
On July 29, the show aired a special two-hour tenth anniversary retrospective episode. The series returned to Radio City Music Hall in New York for the live shows, which began Tuesday, August 11.[3]
Stern announced on his radio show, that this season would be his last season as a judge due to a busy work schedule.[4]
Dunkin' Donuts replaced Snapple as sponsor of the show after three seasons. Four guest judges were invited to judge during the judge's cuts; actor Neil Patrick Harris, singer Michael Bublé, actor Marlon Wayans and former judge Piers Morgan. This was the first season to have an all-male finale. Ventriloquist Paul Zerdin was voted the winner for the season on September 16, 2015. Comedian Drew Lynch was the runner-up, and magician Oz Pearlman came in at third place. This season is often called the season of the magician, as at least 4 magicians made it to the finals. Piff the Magic Dragon was named the most memorable act this season, or the fan favorite.
Contents
[hide]
1 Changes
2 Preliminary auditions
2.1 Golden Buzzer acts
3 Judge Cuts
3.1 Week 1
3.2 Week 2
3.3 Week 3
3.4 Week 4
4 Quarterfinals
4.1 Week 1 (August 11–12)
4.2 Week 2 (August 18–19)
4.3 Week 3 (August 25–26)
5 Semifinals
5.1 Week 1 (September 1–2)
5.2 Week 2 (September 8–9)
6 Top 10 (finals)
7 Finale
8 Top 36 acts
9 U.S. Nielsen ratings
9.1 Specials
10 References
11 External links
Changes[edit]
Among the changes for the season are more extreme acts, an enhanced Golden Buzzer, and new elements in the boot camp round. The live shows began on Tuesday, August 11 and the later rounds returned to Radio City Music Hall.[1]
Some auditions were held outdoors to showcase big danger acts. Acts both in the theater and outdoors were filmed in the Fairplex in Pomona, California.[1]
The Golden Buzzer was also enhanced this year with an act going straight through to the live shows should a judge hit the buzzer (the same format as that of Britain's Got Talent, rather than a free pass to boot camp in the previous season). Like the previous season, the Golden Buzzer could only be used once by each judge and by each guest judge.
The enhanced bootcamp round began July 14, 2015, to determine which acts would become a part of the Top 36 to perform for America's vote. Unlike previous seasons, the live shows will only feature 36 acts instead of the normal 48. The bootcamp round also lasted several weeks compared with just one week in previous seasons.[1] Celebrity guest judges were featured to assist the regular judges with their decision, including Neil Patrick Harris, Michael Bublé, Piers Morgan, and Marlon Wayans.[5][6]
A special two hour retrospective aired on July 29 this season to celebrate the ten years of AGT. The show featured some of the best acts of the series, the most heartwarming stories, the oddest personalities, and the biggest show-stopping moments from the last 10 years, as well as updates on what some of these acts are currently doing.[1]
Preliminary auditions[edit]
Producer auditions began on November 2, 2014 in Tampa, Florida. Other auditions sites include Nashville, Richmond (New York), Chicago, St. Louis, San Antonio, Albuquerque, San Francisco, Seattle, Boise, Los Angeles, Las Vegas. Online auditions were also accepted.[7] Auditions in front of the judges were held March 2–9 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center. They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles. A special "extreme" audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona, California.
Golden Buzzer acts[edit]
Each of the four judges had one chance to use the Golden Buzzer. Mandel was the first one whose use of the Golden Buzzer was aired, doing so on stuttering comedian Drew Lynch.[8] Contemporary dance duo Freckled Sky became the second Golden Act whose performance was aired, with Stern using the Golden Buzzer on them.[9] Brown was the third judge seen using the Golden Buzzer, this time on gospel singer Sharon Irving.[10] Klum was the last to utilize the Golden Buzzer, with 11-year-old opera singer Arielle Baril being its recipient.[11]
The guest judges each also had one chance to use the Golden Buzzer on any act during their participation without consultation from the regular panel. Like the Golden Acts selected by the regular judges, the Golden Acts chosen by the guest judges also went straight to the live rounds.[6] On the July 14 episode, Neil Patrick Harris used his golden buzzer on magician Piff the Magic Dragon.[12] On the July 21 episode, Michael Bublé used his golden buzzer on singing duo The CraigLewis Band, although he was initially hesitant to do so.[13] Marlon Wayans used his buzzer on ventriloquist comedian Paul Zerdin on the July 28 episode.[14] Japanese light-and-sound dance troupe Siro-A became the last Golden Buzzer act of the season when former judge Piers Morgan used the Golden Buzzer on them.[15]
Freckled Sky was eliminated in the quarterfinals after losing the Judges' Choice to the rock band 3 Shades of Blue. Arielle Baril, Sharon Irving and Siro-A were all eliminated in the semifinals.
Judge Cuts[edit]
The Judge Cuts began on Tuesday, July 14, 2015. This round replaces the "Vegas Week" or "Judgment Week" rounds that were used in previous seasons. As noted above one guest judge joined the judges' panel in each week. Each guest judge was given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows. Twenty acts were shown each week, and seven advanced, including one from the guest judge's golden buzzer. Guest judges were not given a red buzzer to use. Any act that received all four red buzzers was to be immediately eliminated from the competition.
Key
Buzzed Golden Buzzer
Advanced to the live shows
Did not advance to the live shows
Eliminated immediately
Advanced immediately
Judges' Wildcard
Week 1[edit]
Guest judge: Neil Patrick Harris
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Mandel
Brown
Harris
Klum
Stern
Freelusion Dance Company
1 Videomapping Dance Group Advanced
Paul Ponce
2 Extreme Juggler Eliminated
Silvia Silvia[note 1]
3 Extreme Crossbow Archer Advanced
Chapkis Dance Company
4 Dance Troupe Advanced
Samantha Hess
5 Professional Cuddler Eliminated immediately
Elin and Noah
6 Child Dance Duo Eliminated
Los Angeles Children's Orchestra
7 Children's Orchestra Eliminated
Alondra Santos[note 2]
8 Mariachi Singer Wild Card
Michael John
9 Magician Eliminated
Piff the Magic Dragon
10 Comic-Magician Advanced Immediately
Duo Ignite
11 Acrobatic Aerial Duo Eliminated
Myq Kaplan
12 Comedian Advanced
Nick and Eddie
13 Singing Duo Eliminated
Keith Klein
14 Singer Eliminated
3 Shades of Blue
15 Acoustic Rock Band Advanced
Marc & Kiri
16 Ballroom Dance Duo Eliminated
Vibez
17 Contortion Dancer Eliminated
X-Treme Tricking & Tumbling
18 Tumbling Group Eliminated
Grand Master Qi Feilong
19 Kung Fu Artist Eliminated Immediately
Samantha Johnson
20 Singer Advanced
Note
Jump up ^ Silvia Silvia subsequently dropped out of the competition, even after advancing to the next round. Silvia Silvia is appearing in a new show in Israel, with conflicting dates for AGT.
Jump up ^ Alondra was brought back as a replacement after extreme crossbow archer, Silvia Silvia, dropped out.
Week 2[edit]
Guest judge: Michael Bublé
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Mandel
Brown
Bublé
Klum
Stern
Aiden Sinclair
1 Magician Eliminated
Jenna Renae
2 Singer And Pianist Eliminated
Shirley Claire
3 Singer Eliminated
Daniella Mass
4 Opera Singer Advanced
Ira
5 Singing Puppet Advanced
Benjamin Yonnatan
6 Contemporary Dancer Advanced
Facinet Sylla
7 Dancer Eliminated
Nastasya Generalova
8 Acrobat Eliminated
Wes Barker
9 Escapologist Eliminated
Uzeyer Novruzov
10 Ladder Acrobat Advanced
Ryan Shaw
11 Singer Eliminated
The CraigLewis Band
12 Singing Duo Advanced immediately
Dr. Danger's Daredevil All Stars
13 Daredevil Stunts Group Eliminated
Center Stage
14 Dance Troupe Eliminated
DADitude![note 1]
15 Dance Group Wild Card
DM Nation
16 Dance Troupe Advanced
The Chippendoubles
17 Impersonators Eliminated Immediately
Chris Jones
18 Hypnotist Eliminated
Scott Heierman
19 Comedian Eliminated
Selected of God Choir
20 Gospel Choir Advanced
Note
Jump up ^ DADitude! was brought back as a replacement after extreme aerial act, Duo Volta presumably dropped out.
Week 3[edit]
Guest judge: Marlon Wayans
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Mandel
Brown
Wayans
Klum
Stern
Triple Threat
1 Vocal Group Advanced
Honor Roll Skate Crew
2 Dance Group Eliminated
Evoke Tap Movement
3 Dance Group Eliminated
The Squad
4 Dance Group Eliminated
Animation Crew
5 Dance Group Advanced
Oleksiy Mogylnyy
6 Acrobat Eliminated
Johnny Shelton
7 Singer And Guitarist Eliminated
Dana Daniels
8 Magician Eliminated
Paul Zerdin
9 Ventriloquist Advanced immediately
Oz Pearlman
10 Mentalist Advanced
Brittney Allen
11 Singer Eliminated
Paul Blair
12 Hula-Hoop Performer Eliminated immediately
Pretty Big Movement
13 Dance Group Eliminated
Stacey Kay
14 Singer And Band Eliminated
Mountain Faith Band
15 Bluegrass Band Advanced
Randy Roberts
16 Drag Act Eliminated
Vita Radionova
17 Contortionist Advanced
Cailyn Mathis
18 Dancer Eliminated
Haley Glass
19 Martial Artist Eliminated
Benton Blount
20 Singer And Guitarist Advanced
Week 4[edit]
Guest judge: Piers Morgan
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Mandel
Brown
Morgan
Klum
Stern
The Gentlemen
1 Hip-Hop Dance Duo Advanced
Technicianz
2 Dance Group Eliminated
Duwende
3 Singing Group Eliminated
Leroy Patterson
4 Danger Act Eliminated
Derek Hughes
5 Magician Advanced
Duo Vladimir
6 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated
Duo Volta[note 1]
7 Static Trapeze Duo Advanced
Jamie Costa
8 Comedian Eliminated immediately
Xavier Mortimer
9 Magician Eliminated immediately
Alicia Michilli
10 Singer Advanced
The Move
11 Dance Group Eliminated
Semeneya
12 Latin Dance Trio Eliminated
Aaron Smyth
13 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated
Siro-A
14 Video Projection Dance Group Advanced immediately
Kacey Jones
15 Country Singer Eliminated
Gary Vider
16 Comedian Advanced
Kayvon Zand
17 Singer Eliminated immediately
Vox
18 Opera Quartet Eliminated
Alex Boye
19 Singer Eliminated
Stevie Starr
20 Regurgitator Advanced
Note
Jump up ^ Duo Volta has presumably dropped out of the competition, even after advancing to the next round. According to the Duo Volta website they no longer perform as a duo.
Quarterfinals[edit]
The live quarterfinals began on August 11 and were broadcast live from Radio City Music Hall in New York City. Each week, twelve acts performed and seven advanced. One or more guest artists or acts performed during each results show.
The four judges were still able to press the red buzzers to show disapproval of an act. If any act received all four buzzes, their performance would be ended prematurely, but the act would not necessarily be eliminated immediately. The golden buzzer did not appear in the live rounds. This season marked the first time Mel B and Heidi used their buzzers in the live rounds. This season also marked the first time an act received four 's during a live round in America's Got Talent history. Triple Threat, Animation Crew, and DADitude! all received "X's" in the Quarterfinals. Season 10 also has the least amount of Quarter Finals in America's Got Talent history. Previous years have had 4 Quarter Finals while this season only had 3.
The Dunkin' Save, originally called the Snapple Save, was continued from the previous season. Each week during the quarterfinals, the acts with the 6th, 7th and 8th most votes were subject to a new vote during the live results shows to send one of them to the semifinals. Out of the remaining two acts, one was selected by the judges to move on to the next round. In the event of a tie, the act with the most votes from the previous night would move on.
Key
Buzzed
Advanced
Judges' Choice
Won Judges' Choice
Lost Judges' Choice
Dunkin' Save
Judges' Wildcard
Week 1 (August 11–12)[edit]
Guests: The Rockettes, Mat Franco, OMI
Act
Order
Performance description
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result
Mandel
Brown
Klum
Stern
Siro-A
1 Video-Mapping Dance Group performed a fast-paced routine including programmed judge cameos, to the Lenny Kravitz song "Are You Gonna Go My Way" Advanced
Alondra Santos
2 Mariachi Singer performed "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" by Selena Judges' Choice
Vita Radionova
3 Contortionist performed a routine consisting of contortions and acrobatic stunts to "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)" by Monophonics Eliminated
Triple Threat
4 Vocal Group performed "Say My Name" by Destiny's Child Eliminated
The Gentlemen
5 Hip-Hop Dance Duo performed a self-choreographed routine with backup dancers to "Time of Our Lives" by Pitbull Ft. Ne-Yo Eliminated
Piff the Magic Dragon
6 Comic Magician performed a routine in which his chihuahua, Mr. Piffles, was inside one of four numbered boxes; each box that judge Howie Mandel guessed did not contain Mr. Piffles was destroyed, and the dog was found in the remaining box Advanced
Benton Blount
7 Singer And Guitarist performed an acoustic version of "Say Something" by A Great Big World Advanced
Craig and Micheline
8 Acrobatic Dance Duo performed an acrobatic dance routine to "Tainted Love" by Marilyn Manson Eliminated
Drew Lynch
9 Comedian performed a stand-up routine about his stutter and his service dog Advanced
Showproject
10 Gymnastics Team performed a routine on parallel gym bars to "Chains" by Nick Jonas Eliminated
Paul Zerdin
11 Ventriloquist performed a routine in which he left his puppet, Sam, on the stage after an argument; Sam raised its head and began talking, but acted lifeless once Zerdin returned onstage Advanced
Samantha Johnson
12 Singer performed her rendition of "California Dreamin'" by The Mamas & The Papas Dunkin' Save
Week 2 (August 18–19)[edit]
Guests: Emily West, William Close
Act
Order
Performance description
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result
Mandel
Brown
Klum
Stern
DM Nation
1 Hip-Hop Dance Group performed an army-style routine in their signature black uniforms to "Run the World (Girls)" by Beyoncé Eliminated
Derek Hughes
2 Comedian Magician performed a trick with Mel B that involved how to cheat at playing cards by making cards appear and disappear in his pocket Advanced
3 Shades of Blue
3 Acoustic Rock Band performed a version of "Chains" by Nick Jonas 1 Judges' Choice
Animation Crew
4 Popping Dance Group performed a hip-hop-style routine with a video game themed background Eliminated
Arielle Baril
5 Opera Singer sang "Pie Jesu" by Andrew Lloyd Webber with a backup choir Advanced
Uzeyer Novruzov
6 Ladder Acrobat showed a series of small ladder tricks before climbing an 18-foot ladder and balancing on top of it Advanced
Ira
7 Singing Puppet sang "It's Not Unusual" by Tom Jones on a cruise ship set with backing puppets Dunkin' Save
Damone Rippy
8 Flyboarder performed a routine over the Hudson River that included a triple back flip to "Come Get It Bae" by Pharrell Williams (recorded live prior to broadcast) Eliminated
Myq Kaplan
9 Comedian performed a stand-up routine about kids and airports Eliminated
The CraigLewis Band
10 Singing Duo sang a rendition of "Try a Little Tenderness" by Otis Redding Advanced
Freckled Sky
11 Video Mapping Dance Duo performed with projections and water effects to the song "Can't Pretend" by Tom Odell Eliminated
Sharon Irving
12 Gospel Singer performed the Golden Globe-winning song "Glory" from the film Selma Advanced
^1 Klum's voting intention was not revealed.
Week 3 (August 25–26)[edit]
Guests: Le Rêve
Act
Order
Performance description
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result
Mandel
Brown
Klum
Stern
Chapkis Dance Family
1 Hip-Hop Dance Group performed a jungle-themed dance to a remix of "Run Boy Run" by Woodkid, "No Twerk" by Apashe, and "Animals" by Martin Garrix, with flips and movement Eliminated
Metal Mulisha Fitz Army1
2 Motocross Team rode off of a ramp, performing danger tricks in mid-air with the NYC skyline behind them Wild Card
DADitude!2
3 Dance Group danced an old-school back in time routine to "Living in New York City" by Robin Thicke Eliminated
Alicia Michilli
4 Singer sang a passionate rendition of "I Put a Spell on You" by Screamin' Jay Hawkins Advanced
Gary Vider
5 Comedian told jokes about his dating life and his materialistic roommate Dunkin' Save
Mountain Faith Band
6 Bluegrass Band played and sang "Shut Up and Dance" by Walk the Moon Advanced
Oz Pearlman
7 Mentalist performed a trick in which he asked the judges to guess how many gumballs were in a jar. In an Instagram video, he predicted that Mel B would be off by 2: the actual number was 327; her guess was 325. He then showed a receipt for the gumballs purchased with all the judges' numbers printed on top as the order number. Advanced
Selected of God
8 Gospel Choir performed their rendition of the song "Impossible" by Shontelle Eliminated
Stevie Starr
9 Regurgitator swallowed Heidi Klum's $500,000 ring and then swallowed a lock and key; regurgitated the ring now in the lock; initially could not get the key up but swallowed a Pool ball to force the key up and regurgitated both Advanced
Benjamin Yonattan
10 Contemporary Dancer performed an inspiring and energized routine with jumps and aerials to "One Life" by Boyce Avenue Eliminated
Daniella Mass
11 Opera Singer sang a cover of "Bring Him Home" from Les Miserables Judges' Choice
Freelusion Dance Company
12 Videomapping Dance Group performed a routine symbolizing a couple is separated by a volcano and reunited in heaven Advanced
^1 Though they were eliminated in the quarterfinals, Metal Mulisha Fitz Army were the judges' wildcard pick, and they came back for the first week of the semifinals.
^2 DADitude! is the first and only act as of America's Got Talent (season 12) to get 4 Xs during the live rounds. This is also the first time that Heidi has buzzed an act during the live shows.
Semifinals[edit]
The live semifinal round began on September 1 at Radio City Music Hall in NYC, with two weeks of competition. Because only 22 acts advanced to the semifinals, eleven acts perform each week, and five acts advance each week. Special guest acts or artists will perform each week during the live results shows.
The four judges will still be able to press the red buzzers to show disapproval of an act. If any act receives all four buzzes, their performance would be ended prematurely, but the act would not necessarily be eliminated immediately. Ira only act to receive an "X" in the semifinals.
The Dunkin' Save continued into the semifinals, with the three acts in danger of elimination being those voted in 4th, 5th, and 6th place.
Key
Buzzed
Advanced
Judges' Choice
Won Judges' vote
Lost Judges' Choice
Dunkin' Save
Week 1 (September 1–2)[edit]
Guests: The Illusionists, Taylor Williamson
Act
Order
Performance description
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result
Mandel
Brown
Klum
Stern
Ira
1 Singing Puppet Ira and his mother, performed a comic skit and then sang about Ira's mother and father's courtship to Barry Manilow's "Copacabana" Eliminated
Mountain Faith Band
2 Bluegrass Band performed a cover of The Weeknd's "Can't Feel My Face" Eliminated
Metal Mulisha Fitz Army
3 Motocross Team performed dangerous jumps and flips on their motorcycles with one shooting sparks from his tailpipes; another rider was set on fire before making a jump Eliminated
Samantha Johnson
4 Singer performed a cover of The Weeknd's "Earned It" Eliminated
Derek Hughes
5 Comedian magician performed a trick in which he told a story then ripped up a sheet of paper, dropped a piece, then restored the paper together and the piece he dropped was the missing piece Advanced
Drew Lynch
6 Comedian performed a routine about both his high-pitched voice and his stutter giving him problems when talking to people on the phone Advanced
The CraigLewis Band
7 Singing Duo sang Sam Cooke's "A Change is Gonna Come" 1 Judges' Choice
Oz Pearlman
8 Mentalist set out cups with various drinks and then, while blindfolded by Heidi, predicted which drinks Howard would choose and in what order; then predicted Mel's drink of choice and a treat that Howie was thinking of Advanced
Benton Blount
9 Singer And Guitarist performed a cover of Rachel Platten's "Fight Song" Dunkin' Save
Siro-A
10 Video Projection Dance Group performed a routine including colorful squares, duplicates of themselves, and various special effects, such as the dancers turning upside down, set to "Summer" by Calvin Harris Eliminated
Arielle Baril
11 Opera Singer performed "Nessun Dorma" Eliminated
^1 After Mandel's vote tied the Judges' Choice, The CraigLewis Band went through to the finals on account of gaining more votes than Samantha Johnson during the previous night's voting.
Week 2 (September 8–9)[edit]
Guests: Little Mix, AcroArmy
Act
Order
Performance description
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result
Mandel
Brown
Klum
Stern
3 Shades of Blue
1 Acoustic Rock Band sang "Sail" by AWOLNATION Eliminated
Gary Vider
2 Comedian performed a routine where he joked about working out in a 24-hour gym, wanting to be walked home in a dangerous neighborhood, pumping oxygen into a casino, Jewish people raising their hands, and staring at Mel in an elevator 1 Judges' Choice
Alondra Santos
3 Mariachi Singer performed "La Copa de la Vida" by Ricky Martin Eliminated
Freelusion Dance Company
4 Video Mapping Dance Group danced with realistic special effects, including a 3-D robot Eliminated
Alicia Michilli
5 Singer performed a cover on "Ain't No Sunshine" by Bill Withers Eliminated
Piff the Magic Dragon
6 Comic Magician performed a routine where he first mentioned that it was just going to be him and his case. Then, toasted some bread, then he asked Klum, Mel, and Stern to pick a random card. Then, one of the cards was printed on the toast, the other card was revealed was when he bit out of the toast, and the last one was revealed by Piff going into the TV that Mr. Piffles was in, got the last card and ran back to the stage Advanced
Daniella Mass
7 Opera Singer, performed an operatic version of "Crying" by Roy Orbison Eliminated
Uzeyer Novruzov
8 Ladder Acrobat performed a routine in which he span in a Cyr wheel, climbing up a free-standing ladder, and standing on the end caps. He then caught two rings thrown by his assistants and attempted to get a hoop under his foot while balancing. Unfortunately, he fell off the ladder while attempting the trick and injured himself. Dunkin' Save
Stevie Starr
9 Regurgitator swallowed smoke from two cups, liquid soap, and water to blow bubbles, then exhaled half of the smoke into a large bubble, and then swallowed and regurgitated a raw egg Advanced
Sharon Irving
10 Gospel Singer performed "Imagine" by John Lennon Eliminated
Paul Zerdin
11 Ventriloquist, used Mandel as a dummy (through a remote-controlled mask), then switched places with Mandel by pretending to be a judge while forcing a struggling Mandel to twerk and Irish dance on stage Advanced
^1 After Stern's vote tied the Judges' Choice, Gary Vider went through to the finals on account of gaining more votes than Freelusion during the previous night's voting.
Top 10 (finals)[edit]
The live finale took place at Radio City Music Hall in NYC on September 15 with the live results show taking place on September 16. The finale spanned only one week with the top 10 acts performing one more time before a winner was selected. The judges had the option to use their buzzer, though none of them did so. Five acts advanced into the top 5.
Act
Order
Performance description
Result
Oz Pearlman
1 He performed a trick in which he handed Mandel five envelopes so he could shuffle them. He then asked each of the judges to "swear" on their close friends not to cheat on Oz's act. He then had each judge sit on four separate covered chairs on stage. Each judge picked one of the five envelopes and opened the envelope to reveal four different-colored X's. Oz opened the fifth envelope to reveal a picture of his face. The chairs were uncloaked to reveal colors matching those of the envelopes. He then revealed on the back of his picture the information the judges provided in the beginning of the act and the corresponding chair colors. Advanced
Uzeyer Novruzov
2 Novruzov climbed up a free-standing ladder, hopping up a flight of stairs, and hanging off a ladder hanging from the ceiling to resemble a helicopter. Guest performer: Freelusion Top 10
Benton Blount
3 Blount sung an acoustic rendition of "Story of My Life" by One Direction. Guest performer: Rachel Platten Top 10
Gary Vider
4 Vider joked about North Korea setting everybody's dollar value to zero (and erasing his debt), not knowing about Caitlyn Jenner's transition, his respect of Ryan Gosling, having a restraining order against him, and being stingy because he's Jewish. Guest performer: Jeff Ross Top 10
Piff the Magic Dragon
5 The comic magician had Howie Mandel sign a 20-dollar bill, and then changing it to a voucher for one free magic trick. He then took Heidi's ring and gave it to Mr. Piffles. He then placed him in a cannon and launched him through a hoop. A robotic Mr. Piffles then walked on the stage. When it fell, Piff covered it with a cloth and then revealed the real Mr. Piffles. Inside a walnut released by Mr. Piffles was the original 20-dollar bill signed by Howie. Guest performer: Penn & Teller Top 10
Paul Zerdin
6 He performed with his puppet Sam's grandpa Albert. He joked about Albert's hearing aid not working, and Albert having issues with his suppository. He then sang a song to make the baby sleep. He then brought Sam out. He swapped voices with Sam. Paul then had a conversation with all three puppets at once. Guest performer: Terry Fator Advanced
The Craig Lewis Band
7 The R&B duo sang "Beggin'" by The Four Seasons. Sung "What Love Is" by Foreigner with Guest performers: Yolanda Adams and Harlem Gospel Choir Advanced
Derek Hughes
8 The magician introduced his act as the first three minutes of his Vegas show with a DJ and two backup dancers. Derek took three ropes of the same length. He bantered with Howie Mandel about being impressed with the ropes being the same size. He then had Stern cut a piece rope in half and then put the ropes back together. Guest performer: Mat Franco Top 10
Stevie Starr
9 Starr swallowed five push pins and a strong magnet. He then asked Heidi to pick a number to bring up, and she chose 4. He then brought up the four pins on the magnet and then the preceding one left over. He then swallowed flammable gas, and had Nick light a lighter, in which he created a big explosion by blowing the gas into a bubble and lighting the bubble with the lighter.Guest performer: Penn & Teller Advanced
Drew Lynch
10 The comedian joked about lacking conviction in his voice, spending too much time giving his phone number to his girlfriend, and his girlfriend's bust. Guest performer: Jeff Ross Advanced
Finale[edit]
Key
1st place (Winner)
2nd place (Runner-up)
3rd place
4th place
5th place
Act
Result
Paul Zerdin
Winner
Drew Lynch
Runner-up
Oz Pearlman
3rd place
Stevie Starr
4th place
The CraigLewis Band
5th place
Top 36 acts[edit]
Key
Winner Runner-up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist (lost judges' vote) Semifinalist (lost audience vote) Quarterfinalist (lost judges' vote) Quarterfinalist (lost audience vote) Golden buzzer (Auditions) Golden buzzer (Judge Cuts) Judges' wild card (quarterfinals) Judges' wild card (semifinals)
Name of act
Age(s)
Genre
Act
Hometown
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Result
Paul Zerdin 42 Comedy Ventriloquist London, England 1 2 Winner
Drew Lynch 23 Comedy Comedian Las Vegas, Nevada 1 1 Runner-Up
Oz Pearlman 32 Magic Mentalist New York, New York 3 1 Third Place
Stevie Starr 52 Magic Regurgitator Glasgow, Scotland 3 2 4th Place
The CraigLewis Band 30 & 33 Singing Singing Duo Atlanta, Georgia 2 1 5th Place
Piff the Magic Dragon 34 Magic Comedic Magician London, England 1 2 Finalist (won public vote)
Benton Blount 35 Singing Singer And Guitarist North Carolina 1 1 Finalist (won Dunkin' Save vote)
Derek Hughes 43 Magic Comedic Magician Los Angeles, California 2 1 Finalist (won public vote)
Gary Vider 31 Comedy Comedian New York, New York 3 2 Finalist (won judges' vote)
Uzeyer Novruzov 39 Acrobatics Ladder Acrobat Eysk, Russia 2 2 Finalist (won Dunkin' Save vote)
Freelusion Dance Company 27-29 Dance Videomapping Dance Group Hungary 3 2 Eliminated (lost judges' vote)
Samantha Johnson 26 Singing Singer New Bedford, Massachusetts 1 1 Eliminated (lost judges' vote)
3 Shades of Blue 19-20 Band Acoustic Rock Band Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2 2 Eliminated
Alicia Michilli 23 Singing Singer Detroit, Michigan 3 2 Eliminated
Alondra Santos 13 Singing Mariachi Singer El Monte, California 1 2 Eliminated
Arielle Baril 11 Singing Opera Singer Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania 2 1 Eliminated
Daniella Mass 22 Singing Opera Singer Barranquilla, Colombia 3 2 Eliminated
Ira 32 Singing Singing Puppet Los Angeles, California 2 1 Eliminated
Metal Mulisha Fitz Army 25-30 Stunt Motocross Team Omaha, Nebraska 3 1 Eliminated
Mountain Faith Band 19-51 Band Bluegrass Band Sylva, North Carolina 3 1 Eliminated
Sharon Irving 29 Singing Gospel Singer Chicago, Illinois 2 2 Eliminated
Siro-A 23-36 Dance Video Projection Dance Group Sendai, Japan 1 1 Eliminated
Benjamin Yonattan 14 Dance Contemporary Dancer Kalamazoo, Michigan 3 N/A Eliminated (lost judges' vote)
Freckled Sky 20 & 28 Dance Video Projection Dance Duo Chicago, Illinois 2 N/A Eliminated (lost judges' vote)
The Gentlemen 9 & 12 Dance Hip-Hop Dance Duo Fairfield, California 1 N/A Eliminated (lost judges' vote)
Animation Crew 25-33 Dance Popping Dance Group South Korea 2 N/A Eliminated
Chapkis Dance Family 14-35 Dance Hip-Hop Dance Group Suisun City, California 3 N/A Eliminated
Craig and Micheline 56 and 56 Dance Acrobatic Dance Duo South Africa 1 N/A Eliminated
DADitude! 42-55 Dance Dance Group Los Angeles, California 3 N/A Eliminated
Damone Rippy 16 Stunt Flyboarder Austin, Texas 2 N/A Eliminated
DM Nation 14-29 Dance Hip-Hop Dance Group Lévis, Canada 2 N/A Eliminated
Myq Kaplan 36 Comedy Comedian Brooklyn, New York 2 N/A Eliminated
Selected of God 21-52 Singing Gospel Choir Detroit, Michigan 3 N/A Eliminated
Showproject 21-33 Gymnastics Gymnastics Team Armenia, Czech Republic, Germany 1 N/A Eliminated
Triple Threat 21 Singing Vocal Group Benton, Arkansas 1 N/A Eliminated
Vita Radionova 33 Gymnastics Contortionist Ukraine 1 N/A Eliminated
Duo Volta 31 & 34 Acrobatics Trapeze Duo Seattle, Washington N/A N/A Withdrew
Silvia Silvia 60 Danger Crossbow Archer Unknown N/A N/A Withdrew
U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]
Show
Episode title
First air date
Rating
(18–49)
Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
Time slot
rank
Nightly
rank
Weekly
rank
1
Auditions Week 1 (Premiere) May 26, 2015 2.6 9 11.09[16] 1 1 1[17]
2
Auditions Week 2 June 2, 2015 2.4 9 10.84[18] 1 1 3[19]
3
Auditions Week 3 June 9, 2015 2.3 8 10.44[20] 2 2 4[21]
4
Auditions Week 4 June 16, 2015 2.3 8 10.18[22] 1 2 4[23]
5
Auditions Week 5 June 23, 2015 2.6 10 11.08[24] 1 1 1[25]
6
Auditions Week 6 June 30, 2015 2.5 9 10.74[26] 2 2 3[27]
7
Auditions Week 7 July 7, 2015 2.3 8 10.57[28] 1 1 1[29]
8
Judge Cuts Week 1 July 14, 2015 2.4 9 10.82[30] 1 2 2[31]
9
Judge Cuts Week 2 July 21, 2015 2.3 9 10.50[32] 1 1 1[33]
10
Judge Cuts Week 3 July 28, 2015 2.1 8 10.33[34] 1 1 3[35]
11
Judge Cuts Week 4 August 4, 2015 2.2 8 10.21[36] 1 1 3[37]
12
Quarterfinals Week 1 (Performances) August 11, 2015 2.5 9 11.43[38] 1 1 1[39]
13
Quarterfinals Week 1 (Results) August 12, 2015 1.6 6 8.83[40] 2 2 6[39]
14
Quarterfinals Week 2 (Performances) August 18, 2015 2.3 8 10.86[41] 1 1 1[42]
15
Quarterfinals Week 2 (Results) August 19, 2015 1.6 6 9.12[43] 2 2 7[42]
16
Quarterfinals Week 3 (Performances) August 25, 2015 2.2 8 10.34[44] 1 1 2[45]
17
Quarterfinals Week 3 (Results) August 26, 2015 1.6 6 8.46[46] 2 2 7[45]
18
Semifinals Week 1 (Performances) September 1, 2015 2.3 8 10.55[47] 1 1 2[48]
19
Semifinals Week 1 (Results) September 2, 2015 1.7 7 9.29[49] 2 2 6[48]
20
Semifinals Week 2 (Performances) September 8, 2015 2.1 7 10.53[50] 1 1 9[51]
21
Semifinals Week 2 (Results) September 9, 2015 1.8 7 9.46[52] 2 2 12[51]
22
Finals (Performances) September 15, 2015 2.4 9 11.33[53] 1 1 6[54]
23
Finale September 16, 2015 2.1 7 9.54[55] 1 1 9[54]
Specials[edit]
Show
Episode title
First air date
Rating
(18–49)
Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
Time slot
rank
Nightly
rank
Weekly
rank
S1
Best of Season 10 Auditions July 22, 2015 1.2 5 5.66[56] 3 4 12[33]
S2
10th Anniversary Special July 29, 2015 1.6 6 5.80[57] 2 2 8[35]
S3
World's Got Talent August 5, 2015 1.5 6 6.99[58] 2 2 9[37]
S4
Finale Performance Recap September 16, 2015 1.2 4 5.65[55] 3 4 19[54]
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Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (July 23, 2015). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Master Chef' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 30, 2015). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Last Comic Standing' and 'Extant' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 6, 2015). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Big Brother', 'MasterChef', 'America's Got Talent' & 'Last Comic Standing' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
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Trinitarian formula
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Pronunciation of the trinitarian formula in Latin: "In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti", "amen".
The "Shield of the Trinity" or "Scutum Fidei" diagram of traditional Western Christian symbolism.
The trinitarian formula is the phrase "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit" (original Greek εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος, eis to onoma tou Patros kai tou Huiou kai tou Hagiou Pneumatos, or in Latin in nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti), or words to that form and effect referring to the three persons of the Christian Trinity. It is often followed by an "Amen".
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical origin
2 Use in baptism
3 Other uses
4 Views of textual criticism
5 See also
6 References
Biblical origin[edit]
These words are quoted from a command of the risen Jesus in the Great Commission: "Go, therefore, and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit" (Matthew 28:19); a small minority of other translations read, "into the name".[1]
Use in baptism[edit]
According to the doctrines of Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Anglicanism, and most forms of Protestantism, a baptism is not valid if the Trinitarian formula is not used in the administration of that sacrament. Consequently, they may not recognize religious communities that baptize without this formula – e.g. Unitarians, Branhamists, Frankists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Oneness Pentecostals, all of whom deny the Trinity – as Christian religions. This is also the case with baptisms within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church). Although LDS members baptize with the same Trinitarian formula, they reject the Nicene Trinitarian conception and regard the three Persons of the Trinity as being distinct personages united not in substance, but in dominion and purpose.[2] Other faiths (Frankists, Oneness Pentecostals and Branhamists in particular) use the formula "In the name of Jesus Christ" (based on Acts 2:38) for baptism, and in turn re-baptize converts who were first baptized under the Trinitarian formula, sometimes claiming that such persons would not have been previously aware that "Jesus is the Lord".
Likewise, converts to Trinitarian denominations from Mormonism and other nontrinitarian denominations have to be baptized in the name of the (Nicene) Trinity.
Other uses[edit]
Together with baptism, the Trinitarian formula is used in other prayers, rites, liturgies, and sacraments. One of its most common uses apart from baptism is when Roman Catholics, Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Anglicans, Lutherans, Methodists, and others make the sign of the cross while reciting the formula.
Views of textual criticism[edit]
Some scholars of the Greek New Testament and of the historical Jesus, both liberal and conservative, regard the trinitarian formula as an early Christian elaboration. Biblical scholars from the controversial Jesus Seminar, a group of textual critics (including figures like Robert W. Funk, John Dominic Crossan, Marcus Borg, Bruce D. Chilton, and John S. Kloppenborg), have said that the whole of Matthew chapter 28 is the result of later editorial work on the Gospels and was never uttered by Jesus or his immediate disciples. Luke Timothy Johnson, a frequent critic of the methodologies of the Jesus Seminar, says in his book The Writings of the New Testament: An Interpretation that his research affirms a view of Matthew 28:19 as apocryphal.
While denying that Jesus spoke the formula, these scholars acknowledge that the verse does represent Trinitarian ideas in the early Christian church. Most Christians belong to denominations that recognize church history as at least partially inspired by the Holy Spirit, so they tend to see the formula as valid even if not spoken by Jesus himself. However, the formula does not necessarily endorse the specific Nicene Trinitarian doctrine adopted at the 4th-century Council of Nicea and elaborated upon by later councils, and does not necessarily show that 1st-century Christians believed in the mysterious unity, equality, or co-eternity of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.[citation needed]
Other scholars have challenged the work of the Jesus Seminar, arguing that those working on the project began with a conclusion and worked to justify it through their research and eisegesis.[3]
See also[edit]
Christianity portal
Sign of the cross
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "English Standard Version (ESV) Footnote on Matthew 28:19". Retrieved 9 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Godhead, http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Godhead
Jump up ^ They apply the Seminar's presuppositional test, "Beware of finding a Jesus entirely congenial to you", especially to the Jesus Seminar themselves, "who a priori have determined the nature of the 'historical Jesus' by adopting biased presuppositions, thereby producing a 'Jesus' wholly 'congenial' to themselves" (The Jesus Crisis: The Inroads of Historical Criticism Into Evangelical ..., by Robert L. Thomas, F. David Farnell); cf. A Look at the Jesus Seminar, by Brad Bromling, The Jesus Seminar and Radical Higher Criticism by Glenn Giles, etc.]
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