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Visual Basic .NET
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Visual Basic .NET
Paradigm
Structured, imperative, object-oriented, declarative, generic, reflective and event-driven
Designed by
Microsoft
Developer
Microsoft
First appeared
2001; 16 years ago (2001)
Stable release
2017 (15.0) / 7 March 2017; 8 months ago (2017-03-07)
Typing discipline
Static, both strong and weak,[1] both safe and unsafe,[1] nominative
Platform
.NET Framework, Mono
OS
Chiefly Windows
Also on Android, BSD, iOS, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris and Unix
Filename extensions
.vb
Website
docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/visual-basic/
Major implementations
Microsoft Visual Studio, Microsoft Visual Studio Express, SharpDevelop, MonoDevelop, .NET Framework SDK and Mono
Dialects
Microsoft Visual Basic
Influenced
Small Basic
Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET) is a multi-paradigm, object-oriented programming language, implemented on the .NET Framework. Microsoft launched VB.NET in 2002 as the successor to its original Visual Basic language. Although the ".NET" portion of the name was dropped in 2005, this article uses "Visual Basic [.NET]" to refer to all Visual Basic languages releases since 2002, in order to distinguish between them and the classic Visual Basic. Along with Visual C#, it is one of the two main languages targeting the .NET framework.
Microsoft's integrated development environment (IDE) for developing in Visual Basic .NET language is Visual Studio. Most of Visual Studio editions are commercial; the only exceptions are Visual Studio Express and Visual Studio Community, which are freeware. In addition, .NET Framework SDK includes a freeware command-line compiler called vbc.exe. Mono also includes a command-line VB.NET compiler.
Contents
[hide]
1 Syntax
1.1 Simple example
1.2 Complex example
1.3 Comparison with the classic Visual Basic
1.3.1 Comparative examples
1.4 Comparison with C#
2 Examples
2.1 Hello World!
2.1.1 Windows Form Application
2.1.2 Console Application
2.2 Speaking
2.2.1 Windows Form Application
2.2.2 Console Application
3 Version history
3.1 2002 (VB 7.0)
3.2 2003 (VB 7.1)
3.3 2005 (VB 8.0)
3.4 2008 (VB 9.0)
3.5 2010 (VB 10.0)
3.6 2012 (VB 11.0)
3.7 2015 (VB 14.0)
3.8 2017 (VB 15.0)
4 Cross-platform and open-source development
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Syntax[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2014)
VB.NET uses statements to specify actions. The most common statement is an expression statement, consisting of an expression to be evaluated, on a single line. As part of that evaluation, functions or subroutines may be called and variables may be assigned new values. To modify the normal sequential execution of statements, VB.NET provides several control-flow statements identified by reserved keywords. Structured programming is supported by several constructs including two conditional execution constructs (If … Then … Else … End If and Select Case ... Case ... End Select ) and three iterative execution (loop) constructs (Do … Loop, For … To, and For Each) . The For … To statement has separate initialisation and testing sections, both of which must be present. (See examples below.) The For Each statement steps through each value in a list.
In addition, in Visual Basic .NET:
There is no unified way of defining blocks of statements. Instead, certain keywords, such as "If … Then" or "Sub" are interpreted as starters of sub-blocks of code and have matching termination keywords such as "End If" or "End Sub".
Statements are terminated either with a colon (":") or with the end of line. Multiple line statements in Visual Basic .NET are enabled with " _" at the end of each such line. The need for the underscore continuation character was largely removed in version 10 and later versions.[2]
The equals sign ("=") is used in both assigning values to variables and in comparison.
Round brackets (parentheses) are used with arrays, both to declare them and to get a value at a given index in one of them. Visual Basic .NET uses round brackets to define the parameters of subroutines or functions.
A single quotation mark ('), placed at the beginning of a line or after any number of space or tab characters at the beginning of a line, or after other code on a line, indicates that the (remainder of the) line is a comment.
Simple example[edit]
The following is a very simple VB.NET program, a version of the classic "Hello world" example created as a console application:
Module Module1 Sub Main() ' The classic "Hello World" demonstration program Console.WriteLine("Hello World!") End Sub End Module
It prints "Hello world!" on a command-line window. Each line serves a specific purpose, as follows:
Module Module1
This is a module definition. Modules are a division of code, which can contain any kind of object, like constants or variables, functions or methods, or classes, but can't be instantiated as objects like classes and cannot inherit from other modules. Modules serve as containers of code that can be referenced from other parts of a program.[3]
It is common practice for a module and the code file, which contains it, to have the same name; however, this is not required, as a single code file may contain more than one module and/or class definition.
Sub Main()
It defines a subroutine called "Main". "Main" is the entry point, where the program begins execution.[4]
Console.WriteLine("Hello world!")
This line performs the actual task of writing the output. Console is a system object, representing a command-line interface (also known as "console") and granting programmatic access to the operating system's standard streams. The program calls the Console method WriteLine, which causes the string passed to it to be displayed on the console.
Instead of Console.WriteLine, one could use MsgBox, which prints the message in a dialog box instead of a command-line window.[5]
Complex example[edit]
This piece of code outputs Floyd's Triangle to the console:
Imports System.Console Module Program Sub Main() Dim rows As Integer ' Input validation. Do Until Integer.TryParse(ReadLine("Enter a value for how many rows to be displayed: "), rows) AndAlso rows >= 1 WriteLine("Allowed range is 1 and {0}", Integer.MaxValue) Loop ' Output of Floyd's Triangle Dim current = 1 For row = 1 To rows For column = 1 To row Write("{0,-2} ", current) current += 1 Next WriteLine() Next End Sub ''' <summary> ''' Shadows Console.ReadLine with a version which takes a prompt string. ''' </summary> Function ReadLine(Optional prompt As String = Nothing) As String If prompt IsNot Nothing Then Write(prompt) End If Return Console.ReadLine() End Function End Module
Comparison with the classic Visual Basic[edit]
Main article: Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET
Whether Visual Basic .NET should be considered as just another version of Visual Basic or a completely different language is a topic of debate. There are new additions to support new features, such as structured exception handling and short-circuited expressions. Also, two important data-type changes occurred with the move to VB.NET: compared to Visual Basic 6, the Integer data type has been doubled in length from 16 bits to 32 bits, and the Long data type has been doubled in length from 32 bits to 64 bits. This is true for all versions of VB.NET. A 16-bit integer in all versions of VB.NET is now known as a Short. Similarly, the Windows Forms editor is very similar in style and function to the Visual Basic form editor.
The things that have changed significantly are the semantics—from those of an object-based programming language running on a deterministic, reference-counted engine based on COM to a fully object-oriented language backed by the .NET Framework, which consists of a combination of the Common Language Runtime (a virtual machine using generational garbage collection and a just-in-time compilation engine) and a far larger class library. The increased breadth of the latter is also a problem that VB developers have to deal with when coming to the language, although this is somewhat addressed by the My feature in Visual Studio 2005.
The changes have altered many underlying assumptions about the "right" thing to do with respect to performance and maintainability. Some functions and libraries no longer exist; others are available, but not as efficient as the "native" .NET alternatives. Even if they compile, most converted Visual Basic 6 applications will require some level of refactoring to take full advantage of the new language. Documentation is available to cover changes in the syntax, debugging applications, deployment and terminology.[6]
Comparative examples[edit]
The following simple examples compare VB and VB.NET syntax. They assume that the developer has created a form, placed a button on it and has associated the subroutines demonstrated in each example with the click event handler of the mentioned button. Each example creates a "Hello, World" message box after the button on the form is clicked.
Visual Basic 6:
Private Sub Command1_Click() MsgBox "Hello, World" End Sub
VB.NET (MsgBox or MessageBox class can be used):
Private Sub Button1_Click(sender As object, e As EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click Msgbox("Hello, World") End Sub
Both Visual Basic 6 and Visual Basic .NET automatically generate the Sub and End Sub statements when the corresponding button is double-clicked in design view. Visual Basic .NET will also generate the necessary Class and End Class statements. The developer need only add the statement to display the "Hello, World" message box.
All procedure calls must be made with parentheses in VB.NET, whereas in Visual Basic 6 there were different conventions for functions (parentheses required) and subs (no parentheses allowed, unless called using the keyword Call).
The names Command1 and Button1 are not obligatory. However, these are default names for a command button in Visual Basic 6 and VB.NET respectively.
In VB.NET, the Handles keyword is used to make the sub Button1_Click a handler for the Click event of the object Button1. In Visual Basic 6, event handler subs must have a specific name consisting of the object's name ("Command1"), an underscore ("_"), and the event's name ("Click", hence "Command1_Click").
There is a function called MessageBox.Show in the Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace which can be used (instead of MsgBox) similarly to the corresponding function in Visual Basic 6. There is a controversy[7] about which function to use as a best practice (not only restricted to showing message boxes but also regarding other features of the Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace). Some programmers prefer to do things "the .NET way", since the Framework classes have more features and are less language-specific. Others argue that using language-specific features makes code more readable (for example, using int (C#) or Integer (VB.NET) instead of System.Int32).
In Visual Basic 2008, the inclusion of ByVal sender as Object, ByVal e as EventArgs has become optional.
The following example demonstrates a difference between Visual Basic 6 and VB.NET. Both examples close the active window.
Visual Basic 6:
Sub cmdClose_Click() Unload Me End Sub
VB.NET:
Sub btnClose_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles btnClose.Click Close() End Sub
The 'cmd' prefix is replaced by the 'btn' prefix, conforming to the new convention previously mentioned.[which?]
Visual Basic 6 did not provide common operator shortcuts. The following are equivalent:
Visual Basic 6:
Sub Timer1_Timer() 'Reduces Form Height by one pixel per tick Me.Height = Me.Height - 1 End Sub
VB.NET:
Sub Timer1_Tick(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Timer1.Tick Me.Height -= 1 End Sub
Comparison with C#[edit]
Main article: Comparison of C Sharp and Visual Basic .NET
C# and Visual Basic .NET are Microsoft's first languages made to program on the .NET Framework (later adding F# and more and others have also added languages). Though C# and VB.NET are syntactically different, that is where the differences mostly end. Microsoft developed both of these languages to be part of the same .NET Framework development platform. They are both developed, managed, and supported by the same language development team at Microsoft.[8] They compile to the same intermediate language (IL), which runs against the same .NET Framework runtime libraries.[9] Although there are some differences in the programming constructs, their differences are primarily syntactic and, assuming one avoids the Visual Basic "Compatibility" libraries provided by Microsoft to aid conversion from Visual Basic 6, almost every command in VB has an equivalent command in C# and vice versa. Lastly, both languages reference the same Base Classes of the .NET Framework to extend their functionality. As a result, with few exceptions, a program written in either language can be run through a simple syntax converter to translate to the other. There are many open source and commercially available products for this task.
Examples[edit]
Hello World![edit]
Windows Form Application[edit]
Public Class Form1 Private Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click MsgBox("Hello world", MsgBoxStyle.Information, "Hello world!") ' Show a message that says "Hello world!". End Sub End Class
Hello world! window
Console Application[edit]
Module Module1 Sub Main() Console.WriteLine("Hello world!") ' Write in the console "Hello world!" and start a new line. Console.ReadKey() ' The user must press any key before the application ends. End Sub End Module
Speaking[edit]
Windows Form Application[edit]
Public Class Form1 Private Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click Dim Voice = CreateObject("Sapi.Spvoice") Dim Text As String = TextBox1.Text Voice.Speak(Text) End Sub End Class
Console Application[edit]
Module Module1 Private Voice = CreateObject("Sapi.Spvoice") Private Text As String Sub Main() Console.Write("Enter the text to speak: ") ' Say "Enter the text to speak: " Text = Console.ReadLine() ' The user must enter the text to speak. Voice.Speak(Text) ' Speak the text the user has entered. End Sub End Module
Version history[edit]
Succeeding the classic Visual Basic version 6.0, the first version of Visual Basic .NET debuted in 2002. As of 2014[update], seven versions of Visual Basic .NET are released.
2002 (VB 7.0)[edit]
The first version, Visual Basic .NET, relies on .NET Framework 1.0. The most important feature is managed code, which contrasts with the classic Visual Basic.
2003 (VB 7.1)[edit]
Visual Basic .NET 2003 was released with .NET Framework 1.1. New features included support for the .NET Compact Framework and a better VB upgrade wizard. Improvements were also made to the performance and reliability of .NET IDE (particularly the background compiler) and runtime. In addition, Visual Basic .NET 2003 was available in the Visual Studio.NET Academic Edition, distributed to a certain number of scholars[weasel words] from each country without cost.
2005 (VB 8.0)[edit]
After Visual Basic .NET 2003, Microsoft dropped ".NET" from the name of the product, calling the next version Visual Basic 2005.
For this release, Microsoft added many features intended to reinforce Visual Basic .NET's focus as a rapid application development platform and further differentiate it from C#., including:
Edit and Continue feature[further explanation needed]
Design-time expression evaluation[further explanation needed]
A pseudo-namespace called "My", which provides:[10][11]
Easy access to certain areas of the .NET Framework that otherwise require significant code to access like using
My.Form2.Text = " MainForm "
rather than
System.WindowsApplication1.Forms.Form2.text = " MainForm "
Dynamically generated classes (e.g. My.Forms)
Improved VB-to-VB.NET converter[12]
A "using" keyword, simplifying the use of objects that require the Dispose pattern to free resources
Just My Code feature, which hides (steps over) boilerplate code written by the Visual Studio .NET IDE and system library code during debugging
Data Source binding, easing database client/server development
To bridge the gaps between itself and other .NET languages, this version added:
Generics[13]
Partial classes, a method of defining some parts of a class in one file and then adding more definitions later; particularly useful for integrating user code with auto-generated code
Operator overloading and nullable types[14]
Support for unsigned integer data types commonly used in other languages
Visual Basic 2005 introduced the IsNot operator that makes 'If X IsNot Y' equivalent to 'If Not X Is Y'. It gained notoriety[15] when it was found to be the subject of a Microsoft patent application.[16][17]
2008 (VB 9.0)[edit]
Visual Basic 9.0 was released along with .NET Framework 3.5 on 19 November 2007.
For this release, Microsoft added many features, including:
A true conditional operator, "If(condition as boolean, truepart, falsepart)", to replace the "IIf" function.
Anonymous types
Support for LINQ
Lambda expressions
XML Literals
Type Inference
Extension methods
2010 (VB 10.0)[edit]
In April 2010, Microsoft released Visual Basic 2010. Microsoft had planned to use Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR) for that release[18] but shifted to a co-evolution strategy between Visual Basic and sister language C# to bring both languages into closer parity with one another. Visual Basic's innate ability to interact dynamically with CLR and COM objects has been enhanced to work with dynamic languages built on the DLR such as IronPython and IronRuby.[19] The Visual Basic compiler was improved to infer line continuation in a set of common contexts, in many cases removing the need for the "_" line continuation character. Also, existing support of inline Functions was complemented with support for inline Subs as well as multi-line versions of both Sub and Function lambdas.[20]
2012 (VB 11.0)[edit]
Visual Basic 2012 was released along .NET Framework 4.5. Major features introduced in this version include:[further explanation needed]
Asynchronous programming with "async" and "await" statements
Iterators
Call hierarchy
Caller information
"Global" keyword in "namespace" statements
2015 (VB 14.0)[edit]
Visual Basic 2015 (code named VB "14.0") has been released with Visual Studio 2015. Language features include a new "?." operator to perform inline null checks, and a new string interpolation feature is included to format strings inline.[21]
2017 (VB 15.0)[edit]
Visual Basic 2017 (code named VB "15.0") has been released with Visual Studio 2017. Extends support for new Visual Basic 15 language features, and introduces new refactorings that allow you to organize source code with one action.[22]
Cross-platform and open-source development[edit]
The creation of open-source tools for VB.NET development has been slow compared to C#, although the Mono development platform provides an implementation of VB.NET-specific libraries and a VB.NET 8.0 compatible compiler written in VB.NET,[23] as well as standard framework libraries such as Windows Forms GUI library.
SharpDevelop and MonoDevelop are open-source alternative IDEs.
See also[edit]
Microsoft Visual Studio Express
List of .NET libraries and frameworks
Comparison of C# and Visual Basic .NET
Visual Basic for Applications
Microsoft Small Basic
Comparison of programming languages
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Option Explicit and Option Strict in Visual Basic .NET and in Visual Basic". Support. Microsoft. 19 March 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "New Features in Visual Basic 10".
Jump up ^ "Module Statement". MSDN – Developer Center. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Main Procedure in Visual Basic". MSDN – Developer Center. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Visual Basic Version of Hello, World". MSDN – Developer Center. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 Migration Resource Center". MSDN. Microsoft. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
Jump up ^ https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa903378(v=vs.71).aspx
Jump up ^ Krill, Paul (2009-02-27). "Microsoft converging programming languages | Developer World". InfoWorld. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Intermediate Language". Dotnet-guide.com. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
Jump up ^ Mackenzie, Duncan (2006). "Navigate The .NET Framework And Your Projects With The My Namespace". MSDN Magazine Visual Studio 2005 Guided Tour 2006. Microsoft.
Jump up ^ Whitney, Tyler (November 2005). "My.Internals: Examining the Visual Basic My Feature". MSDN. Microsoft.
Jump up ^ What's New with the Visual Basic Upgrade Wizard in Visual Basic 2005
Jump up ^ Defining and Using Generics in Visual Basic 2005
Jump up ^ Operator Overloading in Visual Basic 2005
Jump up ^ Sherriff, Lucy (22 February 2005). "Real Software slams MS IsNot patent application". The Register. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Taft, Darryl K. (21 February 2005). "Real Software Slams Microsofts Patent Effort". eWeek. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Vick, Paul A. Jr.; Barsan, Costica Corneliu; Silver, Amanda K. (14 May 2003). "United States Patent Application: 20040230959". Patent Application Full Text and Image Database. US Patent & Trademark Office. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "What the heck is "VBx"?". 1 May 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2009. With the new DLR, we have support for IronPython, IronRuby, Javascript, and the new dynamic VBx compile
Jump up ^ "What is New in Visual Basic 2010". Microsoft. 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2009. Visual Basic binds to objects from dynamic languages such as IronPython and IronRuby
Jump up ^ "What's New in Visual Basic 2010". Microsoft. 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
Jump up ^ http://blogs.msdn.com/b/vbteam/archive/2014/12/09/new-language-features-in-visual-basic-14.aspx
Jump up ^ https://www.visualstudio.com/en-us/news/releasenotes/vs2017-relnotes
Jump up ^ Mono Project: VisualBasic.NET support
Further reading[edit]
"Visual Basic Language Specification 8.0". Microsoft Corporation. 15 November 2005. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
"Visual Basic Language Specification 9.0". Microsoft Corporation. 19 December 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
"Visual Basic Language Specification 11.0". Microsoft Corporation. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Visual Basic .NET
Wikiversity has learning resources about VB.NET
Official website
The Visual Basic Team Blog
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Eunice (Bible)
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Depiction of Eunice and Timothy by Henry Lejeune.
According to the New Testament, Eunice was the mother of Timothy. Born into the Jewish faith, she and her mother Lois accepted Christianity.
She is mentioned only in 2 Timothy 1:5, where the author writes to Timothy, "I am reminded of your sincere faith, a faith that dwelt first in your grandmother Lois and your mother Eunice and now, I am sure, dwells in you as well."(ESV) Many commentators have also connected Eunice to 2 Tim. 3:15, where Timothy is reminded "how from childhood you have been acquainted with the sacred writings".(ESV) Albert Barnes, for example, says, "The mother of Timothy was a pious Hebrewess, and regarded it as one of the duties of her religion to train her son in the careful knowledge of the word of God."[1]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Barnes, Albert. "The Second Epistle of Paul To Timothy - Chapter 3 - Verse 15". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
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← First Epistle to Timothy (chapter 6)
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text:
Income taxes in Canada
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Income taxes in Canada constitute the majority of the annual revenues of the Government of Canada, and of the governments of the Provinces of Canada. In the fiscal year ending 31 March 2015, the federal government collected nearly three and a half times more revenue from personal income taxes than it did from corporate income taxes.[1]
Tax collection agreements enable different governments to levy taxes through a single administration and collection agency. The federal government collects personal income taxes on behalf of all provinces and territories except Quebec and collects corporate income taxes on behalf of all provinces and territories except Alberta and Quebec. Canada's federal income tax system is administered by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA).
Canadian federal income taxes, both personal and corporate are levied under the provisions of the Income Tax Act.[2] Provincial and territorial income taxes are levied under various provincial statutes.
The Canadian income tax system is a self-assessment regime. Taxpayers assess their tax liability by filing a return with the CRA by the required filing deadline. CRA will then assess the return based on the return filed and on information it has obtained from employers and financial companies, correcting it for obvious errors. A taxpayer who disagrees with CRA's assessment of a particular return may appeal the assessment. The appeal process starts when a taxpayer formally objects to the CRA assessment. The objection must explain, in writing, the reasons for the appeal along with all the related facts. The objection is then reviewed by the appeals branch of CRA. An appealed assessment may either be confirmed, vacated or varied by the CRA. If the assessment is confirmed or varied, the taxpayer may appeal the decision to the Tax Court of Canada and then to the Federal Court of Appeal.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Constitutional authority
3 Personal income taxes
3.1 Basic calculation
3.2 Provincial and territorial personal income taxes
3.2.1 Quebec
3.3 Personal federal marginal tax rates
3.4 Income not taxed
4 Corporate income taxes
4.1 Corporation types
4.2 Provincial/territorial corporate income taxes
5 Integration of corporate and personal income taxes
6 International comparison (personal income tax)
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Unlike the United Kingdom and the United States, Canada avoided charging an income tax prior to the First World War. The lack of income tax was seen as a key component in Canada's efforts to attract immigrants as Canada offered a lower tax regime compared to almost every other country. Prior to the war, Canadian federal governments relied on tariffs and customs income under the auspices of the National Policy for most of their revenue, while the provincial governments sustained themselves primarily through their management of natural resources (the Prairie provinces being paid subsidies by the federal government as Ottawa retained control of their natural resources for the time being). The federal Liberal Party considered the probable need to introduce an income tax should their negotiation of a free trade agreement with the United States in the early 20th century succeed, but the Conservatives defeated the Liberals in 1911 over their support of free trade. The Conservatives (Tories) opposed income tax as they wanted to attract immigrants primarily from the United Kingdom and the United States, and they wanted to give immigrants some incentive to come to Canada.
Canadian finance minister Sir Thomas White's new temporary "income war tax act" Bill went into Committee of the Whole on July 25, 1917 but faced resistance.[3] Wartime expenses forced the Tories to re-consider their options and in 1918, the wartime government under Sir Robert Borden, imposed a "temporary" income tax to cover expenses. Despite the new tax the Canadian government ran up considerable debts during the war and were unable to forgo income tax revenue after the war ended. With the election of the Liberal government of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, much of the National Policy was dismantled and income tax has remained in place ever since.
Constitutional authority[edit]
The constitutional authority for the federal income tax is found in section 91 paragraph 3 of the Constitution Act, 1867, which assigns to the federal Parliament power over "The raising of Money by any Mode or System of Taxation".
The constitutional authority for the various provincial income taxes is found in section 92 paragraph 2 of the Constitution Act, 1867, which assigns to the legislature of each province the power of "Direct Taxation within the Province in order to the raising of a Revenue for Provincial Purposes". The courts have held that "an income tax is the most typical form of direct taxation".[4]
Personal income taxes[edit]
Canada levies personal income tax on the worldwide income of individual residents in Canada and on certain types of Canadian-source income earned by non-resident individuals. The Income Tax Act, Part I, subparagraph 2(1), states: "An income tax shall be paid, as required by this Act, on the taxable income for each taxation year of every person resident in Canada at any time in the year."
After the calendar year, Canadian residents file a T1 Tax and Benefit Return[5] for individuals. It is due April 30, or June 15 for self-employed individuals and their spouses, or common-law partners. It is important to note, however, that any balance owing is due on or before April 30. Outstanding balances remitted after April 30 may be subject to interest charges, regardless of whether the taxpayer's filing due date is April 30 or June 15.
The amount of income tax that an individual must pay is based on the amount of their taxable income (income earned less allowed expenses) for the tax year. Personal income tax may be collected through various means:
deduction at source - where income tax is deducted directly from an individual's pay and sent to the CRA.
installment payments - where an individual must pay his or her estimated taxes during the year instead of waiting to settle up at the end of the year.
payment on filing - payments made with the income tax return
arrears payments - payments made after the return is filed
Employers may also deduct Canada Pension Plan/Quebec Pension Plan (CPP/QPP) contributions, Employment Insurance (EI) and Provincial Parental Insurance (PPIP) premiums from their employees' gross pay. Employers then send these deductions to the taxing authority.
Individuals who have overpaid taxes or had excess tax deducted at source will receive a refund from the CRA upon filing their annual tax return.
Generally, personal income tax returns for a particular year must be filed with CRA on or before April 30 of the following year.
Basic calculation[edit]
An individual taxpayer must report his or her total income for the year. Certain deductions are allowed in determining "net income", such as deductions for contributions to Registered Retirement Savings Plans, union and professional dues, child care expenses, and business investment losses. Net income is used for determining several income-tested social benefits provided by the federal and provincial/territorial governments. Further deductions are allowed in determining "taxable income", such as capital losses, half of capital gains included in income, and a special deduction for residents of northern Canada. Deductions permit certain amounts to be excluded from taxation altogether.
"Tax payable before credits" is determined using five tax brackets and tax rates. Non-refundable tax credits are then deducted from tax payable before credits for various items such as a basic personal amount, dependents, Canada/Quebec Pension Plan contributions, Employment Insurance premiums, disabilities, tuition and education and medical expenses. These credits are calculated by multiplying the credit amount (e.g., the basic personal amount of $11,038 in 2013) by the lowest tax rate. This mechanism is designed to provide equal benefit to taxpayers regardless of the rate at which they pay tax.
A non-refundable tax credit for charitable donations is calculated at the lowest tax rate for the first $200 in a year, and at the highest tax rate for the portion in excess of $200. Donations can result in a reduction in taxes of between 40–60% of the donation depending on the province of the taxpayer and type of property donated. This tax credit is designed to encourage more generous charitable giving.
Certain other tax credits are provided to recognize tax already paid so that the income is not taxed twice:
the dividend tax credit provides recognition of tax paid at the corporate level on income distributed from a Canadian corporation to individual shareholders; and
the foreign tax credit recognizes tax paid to a foreign government on income earned in a foreign country.
Provincial and territorial personal income taxes[edit]
Provinces and territories that have entered into tax collection agreements with the federal government for collection of personal income taxes ("agreeing provinces", i.e., all provinces and territories except Quebec) must use the federal definition of "taxable income" as the basis for their taxation. This means that they are not allowed to provide or ignore federal deductions in calculating the income on which provincial tax is based.
Provincial and territorial governments provide both non-refundable tax credits and refundable tax credits to taxpayers for certain expenses. They may also apply surtaxes and offer low-income tax reductions.
Canada Revenue Agency collects personal income taxes for agreeing provinces/territories and remits the revenues to the respective governments. The provincial/territorial tax forms are distributed with the federal tax forms, and the taxpayer need make only one payment—to CRA—for both types of tax. Similarly, if a taxpayer is to receive a refund, he or she receives one cheque or bank transfer for the combined federal and provincial/territorial tax refund. Information on provincial rates can be found on the Canada Revenue Agency's website.[6] Individuals in Canada generally pay income taxes on employment and investment income to the province in which they reside on December 31 of the tax year. This ensures that taxpayers who live in one province and work in another, or who move from one province to another in most cases only have to file a tax return for one province. Individuals with business income have to pay tax on the business income to the province in which it was earned. If it was earned in more than one province, it is allocated based on a formula in the Income Tax Regulations. In addition to the income tax levied as a percentage of taxable income, two provinces, Prince Edward Island and Ontario, levy surtaxes as a percentage of tax over a certain threshold.
2017 Provincial Personal Income Tax Rates
Province/Territory Bracket (Rate and Income) Surtax (% of tax)
Alberta $0 – $126,625 $126,625 – $151,950 $151,950 – $202,600 $202,600 – $303,900 over $303,900
10% 12% 13% 14% 15%
British
Columbia
$0 – $38,898 $38,898 – $77,797 $77,797 – $89,320 $89,320 – $108,460 over $108,460
5.06% 7.7% 10.5% 12.29% 14.7%
Manitoba $0 – $31,465 $31,465 – $68,005 over $68,005
10.8% 12.75% 17.4%
New Brunswick $0 – $41,059 $41,059 – $82,119 $82,119 – $133,507 $133,507 – $152,100 over $152,100
9.68% 14.82% 16.52% 17.84% 20.3%
Newfoundland
and Labrador
$0 – $35,851 $35,851 – $71,701 $71,701 – $128,010 $128,010 – $179,214 over $179,214
8.7% 14.5% 15.8% 17.3% 18.3%
Northwest
Territories
$0 – $41,585 $41,585 – $83,172 $83,172 – 135,219 over $135,219
5.9% 8.6% 12.2% 14.05%
Nova Scotia $0 – $29,590 $29,590 – $59,180 $59,180 – $93,000 $93,000 – $150,000 over $150,000
8.79% 14.95% 16.67% 17.5% 21%
Nunavut $0 – $43,780 $43,780 – $87,560 $87,560 – $142,353 over $142,353
4% 7% 9% 11.5%
Ontario $0 – $42,201 $42,201 – $84,404 $84,404 – $150,000 $150,000 – $220,000 over $220,000 $4484 - $5739 Over $5739
5.05% 9.15% 11.16% 12.16% 13.16% 36% 56%
Prince Edward
Island
$0 – $31,984 $31,984 – $63,969 over $63,969 over $12,500
9.8% 13.8% 16.7% 10%
Quebec $0 – $42,705 $42,705 – $85,405 $85,405 – $103,915 over $103,915
15% 20% 24% 25.75%
Saskatchewan $0 – $45,225 $45,225 – $129,214 over $129,214
11% 13% 15%
Yukon $0 – $45,916 $45,916 – $91,831 $91,831 – $142,353 $142,353 – $500,000 over $500,000
6.4% 9% 10.9% 12.8% 15%
Quebec[edit]
Quebec administers its own personal income tax system, and therefore is free to determine its own definition of taxable income. To maintain simplicity for taxpayers, however, Quebec parallels many aspects of and uses many definitions found in the federal tax system.
Quebec chooses to receive part of its health and social transfers in tax points instead of cash. To compensate for this, federal personal income taxes on income earned in Quebec are reduced by 16.5% of federal tax. This is referred to as the Quebec Abatement. [7]
Personal federal marginal tax rates[edit]
The following historical federal marginal tax rates of the Government of Canada come from the website of the Canada Revenue Agency. They do not include applicable provincial income taxes. Data on marginal tax rates from 1998 to 2016 are publicly available.[8] Data on basic personal amounts (personal exemption taxed at 0%) can be found on a year by year basis is also available.[9] Their values are contained on line 300 of either the document "Schedule 1 - Federal Tax", or "General Income Tax and Benefit Guide", of each year by year General Income Tax and Benefit Package listed. The personal exemption is listed as it always applies. Additional deductions may be applied depending on eligibility, see.[10] The most common additional deductions are Canada Pension Plan (CPP), Employment Insurance (EI) and employment credit. Exempt amounts are calculated, multiplied by the lowest tax rate and the result is tax credits that reduce the total amount of tax owed.
Year
Personal Amount
Canadian federal marginal tax rates of taxable income
2017
$11,635 $0 – $45,916 $45,916 - $91,831 $91,831 - $142,353 $142,353 - $202,800 over $202,800
0% 15% 20.5% 26% 29% 33%
2016
$11,474 $0 – $45,282 $45,282 - $90,563 $90,563 - $140,388 $140,388 - $200,000 over $200,000
0% 15% 20.5% 26% 29% 33%
2015
$11,327 $0 – $44,701 $44,701 - $89,401 $89,401 - $138,586 over $138,586
0% 15% 22% 26% 29%
2014
$11,138 $0 – $43,953 $43,954 - $87,907 $87,908 - $136,270 over $136,270
0% 15% 22% 26% 29%
2013
$11,038 $0 – $43,561 $43,562 - $87,123 $87,124 - $135,054 over $135,055
0% 15% 22% 26% 29%
2012
$10,822 $0 – $42,706 $42,707 - $85,413 $85,414 - $132,405 over $132,406
0% 15% 22% 26% 29%
2011
$10,527 $0 – $41,544 $41,544 - $83,088 $83,088 - $128,800 over $128,800
0% 15% 22% 26% 29%
2010
$10,382 $0 – $40,970 $40,971 - $81,941 $81,942 - $127,021 over $127,021
0% 15% 22% 26% 29%
2009
$10,320 $0 – $40,726 $40,727 - $81,452 $81,453 - $126,264 over $126,264
0% 15% 22% 26% 29%
2008
$9,600 $0 – $37,885 $37,886 - $75,769 $75,770 - $123,184 over $123,184
0% 15% 22% 26% 29%
2007
$9,600 $0 – $37,178 $37,178 - $74,357 $74,357 - $120,887 over $120,887
0% 15% 22% 26% 29%
2006
$8,839 $0 – $36,378 $36,378 - $72,756 $72,756 - $118,285 over $118,285
0% 15.25% 22% 26% 29%
2005
$8,648 $0 – $35,595 $35,595 - $71,190 $71,190 - $115,739 over $115,739
0% 15% 22% 26% 29%
2004
$8,012 $0 – $35,000 $35,000 - $70,000 $70,000 - $113,804 over $113,804
0% 16% 22% 26% 29%
2003
$7,756 $0 – $32,183 $32,183 - $64,368 $64,368 - $104,648 over $104,648
0% 16% 22% 26% 29%
2002
$7,634 $0 – $31,677 $31,677 - $63,354 $63,354 - $103,000 over $103,000
0% 16% 22% 26% 29%
2001
$7,412 $0 – $30,754 $30,754 - $61,509 $61,509 - $100,000 over $100,000
0% 16% 22% 26% 29%
2000
$7,231 $0 – $30,004 $30,004 - $60,009 over $60,009
0% 17% 25% 29%
1999
$6,794 $0 – $29,590 $29,590 - $59,180 over $59,180
0% 17% 26% 29%
1998
$6,456 $0 – $29,590 $29,590 - $59,180 over $59,180
0% 17% 26% 29%
Income not taxed[edit]
The following types of income are not taxed in Canada (this list is not exhaustive):
gifts and inheritances;
death benefits paid from a life insurance policy;
lottery winnings;
winnings from betting or gambling for simple recreation or enjoyment;
strike pay;
income earned within a Tax-Free Savings Account;
compensation paid by a province or territory to a victim of a criminal act or a motor vehicle accident*;
certain civil and military service pensions;
income from certain international organizations of which Canada is a member, such as the United Nations and its agencies;
war disability pensions;
RCMP pensions or compensation paid in respect of injury, disability, or death*;
income of First Nations, if situated on a reserve;
capital gain on the sale of a taxpayer’s principal residence;
provincial child tax credits or benefits and Québec family allowances;
Working income tax benefit;
the Goods and Services Tax or Harmonized Sales Tax credit (GST/HST credit), Quebec Sales Tax credit or Saskatchewan Sales Tax Credit; and
the Canada Child Tax Benefit.
Note that, the method by which these forms of income are not taxed can vary significantly, which may have tax and other implications; some forms of income are not declared, while others are declared and then immediately deducted in full. Some of the tax exemptions are based on statutory enactments, others (like the non-taxability of lottery winnings) are based on the non-statutory common law concept of "income". In certain cases, the deduction may require off-setting income, while in other cases, the deduction may be used without corresponding income. Income which is declared and then deducted, for example, may create room for future Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) deductions. But then the RRSP contribution room may be reduced with a pension adjustment if you are part of another plan, reducing the ability to use RRSP contributions as a deduction.
Deductions which are not directly linked to non-taxable income exist, which reduce overall taxable income. A key example is RRSP contributions, which is a form of tax-deferred savings account (income tax is paid only at withdrawal, and no interim tax is payable on account earnings).
*Quebec changed its rules in 2004 and, legally, this may be taxed or may not – Courts have yet to rule.
Corporate income taxes[edit]
Corporate taxes include taxes on corporate income in Canada and other taxes and levies paid by corporations to the various levels of government in Canada. These include capital and insurance premium taxes; payroll levies (e.g., employment insurance, Canada Pension Plan, Quebec Pension Plan and Workers' Compensation); property taxes; and indirect taxes, such as goods and services tax (GST), and sales and excise taxes, levied on business inputs.
Corporations are subject to tax in Canada on their worldwide income if they are resident in Canada for Canadian tax purposes. Corporations not resident in Canada are subject to Canadian tax on certain types of Canadian source income (Section 115 of the Canadian Income Tax Act).
Effective January 1, 2012, the net federal corporate income tax rate in Canada was 15%, or 11% for corporations able to claim the small business deduction; in addition, corporations are subject to provincial income tax that may range from zero to 16%, depending on the province and the size of the business.[11]
Corporation types[edit]
The taxes payable by a Canadian resident corporation depend on the type of corporation that it is:
A Canadian-controlled private corporation, which is defined as a corporation that is:
resident in Canada and either incorporated in Canada or resident in Canada from June 18, 1971, to the end of the taxation year;
not controlled directly or indirectly by one or more non-resident persons;
not controlled directly or indirectly by one or more public corporations (other than a prescribed venture capital corporation, as defined in Regulation 6700);
not controlled by a Canadian resident corporation that lists its shares on a prescribed stock exchange outside of Canada;
not controlled directly or indirectly by any combination of persons described in the three preceding conditions; if all of its shares that are owned by a non-resident person, by a public corporation (other than a prescribed venture capital corporation), or by a corporation with a class of shares listed on a prescribed stock exchange, were owned by one person, that person would not own sufficient shares to control the corporation; and
no class of its shares of capital stock is listed on a prescribed stock exchange.
A private corporation, which is defined as a corporation that is:
resident in Canada;
not a public corporation;
not controlled by one or more public corporations (other than a prescribed venture capital corporation, as defined in Regulation 6700);
not controlled by one or more prescribed federal Crown corporations (as defined in Regulation 7100); and
not controlled by any combination of corporations described in the two preceding conditions.
A public corporation, defined as a corporation that is resident in Canada and meets either of the following requirements at the end of the taxation year:
it has a class of shares listed on a prescribed Canadian stock exchange; or
it has elected, or the Minister of National Revenue has designated it, to be a public corporation and the corporation has complied with prescribed conditions under Regulation 4800(1) on the number of its shareholders, the dispersing of the ownership of its shares, the public trading of its shares, and the size of the corporation.
If a public corporation has complied with certain prescribed conditions under Regulation 4800(2), it can elect, or the Minister of National Revenue can designate it, not to be a public corporation. Other types of Canadian resident corporations include Canadian subsidiaries of public corporations (which do not qualify as public corporations), general insurers and Crown corporations.
Provincial/territorial corporate income taxes[edit]
Corporate income taxes are collected by the CRA for all provinces and territories except Quebec and Alberta. Provinces and territories subject to a tax collection agreement must use the federal definition of "taxable income", i.e., they are not allowed to provide deductions in calculating taxable income. These provinces and territories may provide tax credits to companies, often in order to provide incentives for certain activities such as mining exploration, film production, and job creation.
Quebec and Alberta collect their own corporate income taxes, and therefore may develop their own definitions of taxable income. In practice, these provinces rarely deviate from the federal tax base in order to maintain simplicity for taxpayers.
Ontario negotiated a tax collection agreement with the federal government under which its corporate income taxes would be collected on its behalf by the CRA starting in 2009.
Integration of corporate and personal income taxes[edit]
In Canada, corporate income is subject to corporate income tax and, on distribution as dividends to individuals, personal income tax. To avoid this "double taxation" of the same income, the personal income tax system, through the gross-up and dividend tax credit (DTC) mechanisms, provides recognition for corporate taxes, based notional federal-provincial corporate tax rates, to taxable individuals resident in Canada who receive dividends from Canadian corporations.
A dividend from a small business ("Canadian-controlled private corporation") is grossed-up by 17 per cent, meaning that the shareholder includes 117 per cent of the dividend amount in income, to reflect the pre-tax income of the small business out of which it has paid the dividend. This income is taxed at the shareholder's personal income tax rate, but a part of the tax is offset by a 10.5217% dividend tax credit (for 2017)[12] to reflect the federal tax paid at the corporate level. There are also provincial dividend tax credits at different rates in different provinces.
For dividends from other Canadian corporations, i.e., "eligible dividends", the gross-up is 38% and the dividend tax credit is 15.0198% (for 2017),[12] reflecting the higher corporate income tax rate paid by larger corporations. Provincial and territorial governments also provide dividend tax credits to reflect provincial/territorial corporate income tax.
International comparison (personal income tax)[edit]
Comparison of total taxes paid by a household earning the country's average wage (as of 2005), including personal income tax, employee and employer social security contributions, payroll taxes and cash benefits. It does NOT include local income tax levied by states and cities. (source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development).
Country
Single
no children
Married
2 children
Country
Single
no children
Married
2 children
Australia
28.3%
16.0%
Korea
17.3%
15.2%
Austria
47.4%
35.5%
Luxembourg
35.3%
12.2%
Belgium
55.4%
40.3%
Mexico
18.2%
18.2%
Canada
31.6%
21.5%
Netherlands
38.6%
29.1%
Czech Republic
43.8%
27.1%
New Zealand
20.5%
14.5%
Denmark
41.4%
29.6%
Norway
37.3%
29.6%
Finland
44.6%
38.4%
Poland
43.6%
42.1%
France
50.1%
41.7%
Portugal
36.2%
26.6%
Germany
51.8%
35.7%
Slovakia
38.3%
23.2%
Greece
38.8%
39.2%
Spain
39.0%
33.4%
Hungary
50.5%
39.9%
Sweden
47.9%
42.4%
Iceland
29.0%
11.0%
Switzerland
29.5%
18.6%
Ireland
25.7%
8.1%
Turkey
42.7%
42.7%
Isle of Man
10%
10%
United Kingdom
33.5%
27.1%
Italy
45.4%
35.2%
United States
29.1%
11.9%
Japan
27.7%
24.9%
Source: OECD, 2005 data [1]
See also[edit]
Canada portal
Book: Canada
Taxation in Canada
Canadian federal budget
Foreign Accrual Property Income
Harmonized Sales Tax
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fiscal Reference Tables September 2015
Jump up ^ Income Tax Act
Jump up ^ Duhaime, Lloyd (2017). "Canadian Legal History: 1917, Birth of Income Tax 1917, Birth of Income Tax". Lloyd Duhaime, Barrister, Solicitor, Attorney and Lawyer (and Notary Public!). Retrieved July 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Forbes v. A.-G. Man. [1937] A.C. 260,268
Jump up ^ "T1 Tax and Benefit Return" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Canada Revenue Agency
Jump up ^ Finance Canada Quebec Abatement
Jump up ^ "Previous-years' income tax rates in Canada". Canada Revenue Agency.
Jump up ^ "Tax packages". Canada Revenue Agency.
Jump up ^ "Latest TD1 Form".
Jump up ^ "Corporate Tax Rates," Canada Revenue Agency, 15 March 2013, accessed 14 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Canada Revenue Agency
External links[edit]
Income Tax Act
The Canadian Tax Foundation
The Department of Finance, Canada - responsible for Canadian tax policy
Canada Revenue Agency - collects income other certain other taxes for the federal, provincial and territorial governments (except Quebec)
CRA tax rates by year - Federal and provincial income tax rates (except Quebec)
Revenu Quebec Income tax rates
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Income_taxes_in_Canada&oldid=842797413"
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List of Latin American cities by population
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a list of the fifty largest cities in Latin America by population residing within city limits as of 2015, the most recent year for which official population census results, estimates or short-term projections are available for most of these cities. These figures do not reflect the population of the urban agglomeration or metropolitan area which typically do not coincide with the administrative boundaries of the city. These figures refer to mid-2015 populations with the exception of Mexican cities, whose figures derive from the 2015 Intercensal Survey conducted by INEGI with a reference date of 15 March 2015.[1]
City
Image
Country
Population
Year
1 São Paulo Brazil 11,967,825[2] 2015
2 Mexico City Mexico 8,918,653[a][3][4] 2015[b]
3 Lima Peru 8,894,412[c][5] 2015
4 Bogotá Colombia 7,862,277[d][7] 2015
5 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 6,476,631[2] 2015
6 Santiago Chile 5,507,282[e][8] 2015
7 Caracas Venezuela 3,289,886[f][9] 2015
8 Buenos Aires Argentina 3,054,267[10] 2015
9 Salvador Brazil 2,921,087[2] 2015
10 Brasília Brazil 2,914,830[2] 2015
11 Fortaleza Brazil 2,591,188[2] 2015
12 Guayaquil Ecuador 2,589,229[11] 2015
13 Quito Ecuador 2,551,721[11] 2015
14 Belo Horizonte Brazil 2,502,557[2] 2015
15 Medellín Colombia 2,434,647[d][7] 2015
16 Cali Colombia 2,333,203[d][7] 2015
17 Havana Cuba 2,117,625[12] 2015
18 Manaus Brazil 2,057,711[2] 2015
19 Curitiba Brazil 1,879,355[2] 2015
20 Ecatepec de Morelos Mexico 1,677,678[g][3][4] 2015[b]
21 Maracaibo Venezuela 1,653,211[9] 2015
22 Recife Brazil 1,617,183[2] 2015
23 Santa Cruz de la Sierra Bolivia 1,614,224[13] 2015
24 Porto Alegre Brazil 1,476,867[2] 2015
25 Guadalajara Mexico 1,460,148[g][3][4] 2015[b]
26 Belém Brazil 1,439,561[2] 2015
27 Puebla Mexico 1,437,939[h][14] 2015[b]
28 Goiânia Brazil 1,430,697[2] 2015
29 Córdoba Argentina 1,414,201[15] 2015
30 Juárez Mexico 1,382,753[h][14] 2015[b]
31 Montevideo Uruguay 1,379,560[i][16] 2015
32 León Mexico 1,349,224[h][14] 2015[b]
33 Guarulhos Brazil 1,324,781[2] 2015
34 Tijuana Mexico 1,298,475[h][14] 2015[b]
35 Barranquilla Colombia 1,214,253[d][7] 2015
36 Tegucigalpa Honduras 1,190,230[17] 2015
37 Zapopan Mexico 1,179,681[h][14] 2015[b]
38 Campinas Brazil 1,164,098[2] 2015
39 Barquisimeto Venezuela 1,116,182[9] 2015
40 Monterrey Mexico 1,109,171[g][3][4] 2015[b]
41 São Luís Brazil 1,073,893[2] 2015
42 Managua Nicaragua 1,048,134[18] 2015
43 Nezahualcóyotl Mexico 1,039,867[g][3][4] 2015[b]
44 São Gonçalo Brazil 1,038,081[2] 2015
45 Maceió Brazil 1,013,773[2] 2015
46 Callao Peru 1,010,315[j][5] 2015
47 Santo Domingo Dominican Republic 1,007,997[19] 2015
48 Guatemala City Guatemala 994,078[20] 2015
49 Port-au-Prince Haiti 987,310[21] 2015
50 Rosario Argentina 985,624[22] 2015
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Population estimate is that of the federal entity known since 2016 as Ciudad de México and previously as the Distrito Federal.[1]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Population estimate has a reference date of March 15, 2015.[1]
Jump up ^ Population projection is that of Lima Province and not the Lima Metropolitan Area.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Population projections for Colombian cities are that of the cabecera municipal (municipal seat).[6]
Jump up ^ Population projection is that of Santiago Province.
Jump up ^ Population projection is that of the Metropolitan District of Caracas, which comprises the municipalities of Libertador, Chacao, Baruta, Sucre and El Hatillo.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Population estimate is that of the entire municipio.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Population estimate is that of the cabecera municipal (municipal seat).
Jump up ^ Population projection is that of Montevideo Department.
Jump up ^ Population projection is that of the Constitutional Province of Callao.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Encuesta Intercensal 2015: Presentación de resultados" (PDF). INEGI. p. 5. Retrieved 2016-11-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "ESTIMATIVAS DA POPULAÇÃO RESIDENTE NOS MUNICÍPIOS BRASILEIROS COM DATA DE REFERÊNCIA EM 1º DE JULHO DE 2015" (PDF). IBGE. 2016-02-11. Retrieved 2016-04-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Encuesta Intercensal 2015: Tabulados - descarga". INEGI. Retrieved 2016-11-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Brinkhoff, Thomas. "Mexico: Administrative Division". City Population. Retrieved 2016-11-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cuadro Nº 11. Perú: Población total al 30 de junio, por grupos quinquenales de edad, según departamento y provincia, 2015". Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población total y edades quinquenales, según Departamento, Provincia y Distrito, 2005-2015. INEI. November 2010. Retrieved 2016-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Conceptos básicos" (PDF). DANE. 2011-05-12. Retrieved 2015-06-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "ESTIMACIONES DE POBLACIÓN 1985 - 2005 Y PROYECCIONES DE POBLACIÓN 2005 - 2020 TOTAL MUNICIPAL POR ÁREA". DANE. 2011-05-12. Retrieved 2016-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Comunas: Actualización Población 2002-2012 y Proyecciones 2013-2020". Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. Retrieved 2016-04-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Proyección de la población al 30 de junio con base al censo 2011, según entidad federal y municipios, 2000-2050". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 2016-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Población estimada al 1 de julio de cada año calendario por sexo, según comuna. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Años 2010-2025". INDEC. Retrieved 2016-04-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "Proyección de la Población Ecuatoriana, por años calenario, según cantones 2010-2020". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. Retrieved 2016-04-23.
Jump up ^ "3. Población Proyectada al 30 de junio, por edades simples y años simples. AMBOS SEXOS. Período 2015 - 2050" (PDF). Proyecciones de la Población de Cuba 2015 - 2050. Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
Jump up ^ "CUADRO Nº 3. BOLIVIA: PROYECCIONES DE POBLACIÓN, SEGÚN DEPARTAMENTO Y MUNICIPIO, 2012-2020". PROYECCIONES DE POBLACIÓN E INDICADORES DEMOGRÁFICOS, POR AÑOS CALENDARIO, 2012-2020. INE. 2014. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Mexico: Main cities". GeoHive. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
Jump up ^ "Población estimada al 1 de julio de cada año calendario por sexo, según departamento. Provincia de Córdoba. Años 2010-2025". INDEC. Retrieved 2016-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Poblaciones Estimadas y Proyectadas por Sexo y Edad según Departamentos: Período 1996-2025.". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 2016-04-23.
Jump up ^ "El INE te cuenta: principales resultados del censo a nivel departamental y municipios". Instituto Nacional de Estadística Honduras. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
Jump up ^ "7. POBLACION TOTAL ESTIMADA POR MUNICIPIO 2011-2015". BOLETIN ANUAL DE INDICADORES ESTADISTICOS DE TRANSPORTE 2011. (PDF) (Report). Ministerio de Transporte e Infraestructura. May 2012. p. 69. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
Jump up ^ "Distrito Nacional". Población total estimadas y proyectadas por año calendario y sexo, según región y provincia 2000 2030 (Report). Oficina Nacional de Estadística. 2014. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
Jump up ^ Guatemala: Estimaciones de la Población total por municipio. Período 2008-2020. (al 30 de junio) (PDF) (Report). Instituto Nacional de Estadistica Guatemala. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
Jump up ^ POPULATION TOTALE, DE 18 ANS ET PLUS MENAGES ET DENSITES ESTIMES EN 2015 (PDF) (Report). Institut Haïtien de Statistique et d’Informatique (IHSI). March 2015. p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 6, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Indicadores demográficos". Municipalidad de Rosario. Retrieved 2016-04-23.
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