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iPad (1st generation)
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Not to be confused with iPad Mini (1st generation).
iPad
Black iPad
Developer
Apple Inc.
Manufacturer
Foxconn
Product family
iPad
Type
Tablet computer
Generation
1st
Release date
April 3, 2010 (2010-04-03)[show]
United States
May 28, 2010 (2010-05-28)[show]
Spain
Italy
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Germany
Australia
Japan
Canada
France
July 23, 2010 (2010-07-23)[show]
Austria
Belgium
Hong Kong
Ireland
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Singapore
September 17, 2010 (2010-09-17)[show]
China
Discontinued
March 2, 2011 (2011-03-02)
Operating system
Original: iOS 3.2
Current: iOS 5.1.1, released May 7, 2012
System-on-chip used
Apple A4[1]
CPU
1 GHz ARM Cortex-A8[1][2]
Memory
256 MB DDR RAM[3]
Storage
16, 32 or 64 GB flash memory[1]
Display
1024 × 768 px 132 PPI 4:3 aspect ratio
9.7 in (250 mm) diagonal
XGA, LED-backlit IPS LCD[1]
Graphics
PowerVR SGX535[4]
Sound
Bluetooth, speaker, microphone, headset jack[1]
Input
Multi-touch screen, proximity and ambient light sensors, 3-axis accelerometer, digital compass[1]
Connectivity
Wi-Fi
802.11 a/b/g/n
Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR
GSM models also include
UMTS / HSDPA
850, 1,900, 2,100 MHz
GSM / EDGE
850, 900, 1,800, 1,900 MHz)
[1]
Power
Built-in rechargeable Li-Po battery
3.75 V 24.8 W·h (6,613 mA·h,[5] 10hr life[1]
Online services
iTunes Store, App Store, iCloud, iBookstore
Dimensions
9.56 in (243 mm) (h)
7.47 in (190 mm) (w)
0.50 in (13 mm) (d)[1]
Weight
Wi-Fi: 1.5 lb (680 g)
Wi-Fi + 3G: 1.6 lb (730 g)[1]
Predecessor
Newton
Successor
iPad 2
Related articles
iPhone, iPod Touch (Comparison)
Website
www.apple.com/ipad/
This article is part of a series on the
iPad
1st
2
3rd
4th
Air
Air 2
2017
Mini
1st
2
3
4
Pro
1st
2nd
List of iPad models
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The first-generation iPad (/ˈaɪpæd/ EYE-pad) is a tablet computer designed and marketed by Apple Inc. as the first in the iPad line. The device features an Apple A4 processor, a 9.7" touchscreen display, and, on certain variants, the capability of accessing cellular networks. Using the iOS operating system, the iPad can play music, send and receive email and browse the web. Other functions, which include the ability to play games and access references, GPS navigation software and social network services can be enabled by downloading apps.
The device was announced and unveiled on January 27, 2010 at a media conference. On April 3, 2010, the Wi-Fi variant of the device was released in the United States, followed by the release of the Wi-Fi + Cellular variant on April 30. On May 28, it was released in Australia, Canada, France, Japan, Italy, Germany, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
The device received primarily positive reviews from various technology blogs and publications. Reviewers praised the device for its wide range of capabilities and labelled it as a competitor to laptops and netbooks. Some aspects were criticized, including the closed nature of the operating system and the lack of support for the Adobe Flash multimedia format. During the first 80 days, three million iPads were sold. By the launch of the iPad 2, Apple sold more than 15 million iPads.
On March 2, 2011, Apple announced the iPad 2 and the discontinuation of production of the original iPad.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Features
2.1 Software
2.2 Hardware
2.3 Accessories
3 Reception
3.1 Critical reception
3.2 Commercial reception
3.3 Criticism
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Apple co-founder Steve Jobs stated in a 1983 speech[7] that his company’s
“Strategy is really simple. What we want to do at Apple, is we want to put an incredibly great computer in a book that you can carry around with you and learn how to use in 20 minutes ... And we really want to do it with a radio link in it so you don’t have to hook up to anything and you’re in communication with all of these larger databases and other computers.”[7]
Apple’s first tablet computer was the Newton MessagePad 100,[8][9] introduced in 1993, which led to the creation of the ARM6 processor core with Acorn Computers. Apple also developed a prototype PowerBook Duo-based tablet, the PenLite, but decided not to sell it in order to avoid hurting MessagePad sales.[10] Apple released several more Newton-based PDAs; the final one, the MessagePad 2100, was discontinued in 1998.
Apple reentered the mobile-computing market in 2007 with the iPhone. Smaller than the (not yet announced) iPad and featuring a camera and mobile phone, it pioneered the multitouch finger-sensitive touchscreen interface of Apple’s iOS mobile operating system.
By late 2009, the iPad's release had been rumored for several years. Such speculation mostly talked about “Apple’s tablet”; specific names included iTablet and iSlate.[11] The actual name is reportedly an homage to the Star Trek PADD, a fictional device very similar in appearance to the iPad.[12] The iPad was announced on January 27, 2010, by Jobs at an Apple press conference at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco.[13][14]
Jobs later said that Apple began developing the iPad before the iPhone,[15][16] but temporarily shelved the effort upon realizing that its ideas would work just as well in a mobile phone.[17] The iPad’s internal codename was K48, which was revealed in the court case surrounding leaking of iPad information before launch.[18]
Apple began taking pre-orders for the iPad from US customers on March 12, 2010.[19] The only major change to the device between its announcement and being available to pre-order was the change of the behavior of the side switch from sound muting to that of a screen rotation lock.[20] The Wi-Fi version of the iPad went on sale in the United States on April 3, 2010.[19][21] The Wi-Fi + 3G version was released on April 30.[19][22][22] 3G service for the iPad in the United States is provided by AT&T and was initially sold with two prepaid contract-free data plan options: one for unlimited data and the other for 250 MB per month at half the price.[23][24] On June 2, 2010, AT&T announced that, effective June 7, the unlimited plan would be replaced for new customers with a 2 GB plan at slightly lower cost; existing customers would have the option to keep the unlimited plan.[25] The plans are activated on the iPad itself and can be cancelled at any time.[26]
The iPad was initially only available for purchase on Apple’s online store and its retail locations; it has since become available through retailers including Amazon, Walmart, and network operators. The iPad was launched in countries including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom on May 28.[27][28] Online pre-orders in those countries began on May 10.[22] Apple released the iPad in Hong Kong, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand and Singapore on July 23, 2010.[29][30][31] Israel briefly prohibited importation of the iPad because of concerns that its Wi-Fi might interfere with other devices.[32] On September 17, 2010, the iPad was officially launched in China.[33]
Features[edit]
Software[edit]
The iPad originally shipped with iPhone OS 3.2. On September 1, 2010, it was announced the iPad would get iOS 4.2 by November 2010;[34] to fulfill this, Apple released iOS 4.2.1 to the public on November 22.[35] It comes with several applications, including Safari, Mail, Photos, Video, iPod, iTunes, App Store, Maps, Notes, Calendar, and Contacts.[36] Several are improved versions of applications developed for the iPhone or Mac.
The iPad syncs with iTunes on a Mac or Windows PC.[13] Apple ported its iWork suite from the Mac to the iPad, and sells pared-down versions of Pages, Numbers, and Keynote apps in the App Store.[37] Although the iPad is not designed to replace a mobile phone, a user can use a wired headset or the built-in speaker and microphone to place phone calls over Wi-Fi or 3G using a VoIP application.[38]
On October 12, 2011, iOS 5 was released to various iOS devices, including the first-generation iPad, and was downloadable through iTunes.[39] The update was reported to contain hundreds of new features and tweaks, including Twitter integration, Notification Center and iMessage, which is a feature that allows users to send messages or multimedia files to other users on iOS or OS X, the operating system for Apple computers.[40] iCloud, an iOS app and Apple-provided internet storage service which allows users to sync and backup their user data and settings to/from other devices, was also made available through this update.[41] On June 11, 2012 it was announced that iOS 6 would not be released for the first-generation iPad, making iOS 5.1.1 the final operating system officially available for the device.[42][43]
Hardware[edit]
The iPad showing its charging port and audio output grilles.
The first-generation iPad features an Apple A4 SoC,[2] which comprises a 1 GHz processor, 256 MB of RAM and a PowerVR SGX535 GPU.[1][3] There are four physical switches on the iPad, including a home button near the display that returns the user to the main menu, and three plastic physical switches on the sides: wake/sleep and volume up/down, plus a software-controlled switch whose function has changed with software updates. Originally the switch locked the screen to its current orientation, but iOS 4.2 changed it to a mute switch, moving the rotation lock function to an onscreen menu.[44] In the iOS 4.3 update, a setting was added to allow the user to specify whether the side switch was used for rotation lock or mute.[1] Unlike its successors, the first-generation iPad has no cameras.[45]
The iPad's touchscreen display is a 1,024 by 768 pixel, 7.75 × 5.82 in (197 × 148 mm) liquid crystal display (diagonal 9.7 in (246.4 mm)), with fingerprint- and scratch-resistant glass. As a result of the device's screen dimensions and resolution, the screen has a pixel density of 132 ppi.[1] The display responds to other sensors: an ambient light sensor to adjust screen brightness and a 3-axis accelerometer to sense the iPad's orientation and switch between portrait and landscape modes. Unlike the iPhone and iPod Touch's built-in applications, which work in three orientations (portrait, landscape-left and landscape-right), the iPad's built-in applications support screen rotation in all four orientations, including upside-down. Consequently, the device has no intrinsic "native" orientation; only the relative position of the home button changes.[46]
The iPad was equipped with 16 GB, 32 GB, or 64 GB of solid-state (flash) memory for program and data storage. Furthermore, the device was available with three connectivity options: Wi-Fi only or Wi-Fi and Cellular.[1] Unlike its successors, the Wi-Fi + Cellular variant of the first-generation iPad could only support carriers that utilized GSM/UMTS standards and was not compatible with CDMA networks; however, like its successors, assisted GPS services are supported.[1] Bluetooth was also available on all models.
The weight of the first-generation iPad varied, dependent upon the connectivity options chosen. The Wi-Fi only variant weighs 1.5 lb (680 g) whereas the variant with Wi-Fi + Cellular weighs 1.6 lb (730 g).[1] Its dimensions, however, are identical across the entire range of variants, measuring 9.56×7.47×0.50 in (243×190×13 mm).[1]
Accessories[edit]
Main article: iPad accessories
The original iPad in its black case
Apple offers several iPad accessories,[47] most of which are adapters for the proprietary 30-pin dock connector, the iPad's only port besides the headphone jack.[1] A dock holds the iPad upright at an angle, and has a dock connector and audio line-out port. Each generation of iPad requires a corresponding dock. A dock that included a physical keyboard was only supported for the original iPad,[48] but all generations are compatible with Bluetooth keyboards that also work with Macs and PCs. The iPad can be charged with a 10 W standalone power adapter, which is also compatible with iPods and iPhones.[49]
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
Media reaction to the announcement of the device and the device itself was mixed. The media noted that thousands of people queued on the first day of sale in a number of countries with many of those who waited claiming that "it was worth it."[50][51]
Walt Mossberg (of The Wall Street Journal) wrote, "It's about the software, stupid", meaning hardware features and build are less important to the iPad's success than software and user interface, his first impressions of which were largely positive. Mossberg also called the price "modest" for a device of its capabilities, and praised the ten-hour battery life.[52] Others, including PC Advisor and the Sydney Morning Herald, wrote that the iPad would also compete with proliferating netbooks, most of which use Microsoft Windows.[53][54] The base model's price of $499 (equivalent to $560 in 2017) was lower than pre-release estimates by Wall Street analysts, and Apple's competitors, all of whom were expecting a much higher entry price point.[55][56][57]
The media also praised the quantity of applications, as well as the bookstore and other media applications.[58][59] In contrast, some sources, including the BBC, criticized the iPad for being a closed system and mentioned that the iPad faces competition from Android-based tablets.[50] However, at the time of the first-generation iPad's launch, Yahoo News noted that the Android tablet OS, known as "Honeycomb", was not open source and has fewer apps available for it than for the iPad,;[60] although later Google released the source code for Honeycomb.[61] The Independent criticized the iPad for not being as readable in bright light as paper but praised it for being able to store large quantities of books.[58] After its UK release, The Daily Telegraph said the iPad's lack of Adobe Flash support was "annoying".[62]
The iPad was selected by Time magazine as one of the 50 Best Inventions of the Year 2010,[63] while Popular Science chose it as the top gadget[64] behind the overall "Best of What's New 2010" winner Groasis Waterboxx.[65]
Commercial reception[edit]
300,000 iPads were sold on their first day of availability.[66] By May 3, 2010, Apple had sold a million iPads;[67] this was just half the time it took Apple to sell the same number of original iPhones.[68] After passing the one million mark, they continued selling rapidly, reaching 3 million sales after 80 days.[69] During the financial conference call on October 18, 2010, Steve Jobs announced that Apple had sold more iPads than Macs for the fiscal quarter.[70] In total, Apple sold more than 15 million first-generation iPads prior to the launch of the iPad 2[71] – more than all other tablet PCs combined since the iPad's release,[72] and reaching 75% of tablet PC sales at the end of 2010.[73]
Criticism[edit]
CNET criticized the iPad for its apparent lack of wireless sync, which other portable devices such as Microsoft's Zune have had for a number of years.[74]
Walt Mossberg called it a "pretty close" laptop killer.[75] David Pogue of The New York Times wrote a "dual" review, one part for technology-minded people, and the other part for non-technology-minded people. In the former section, he notes that a laptop offers more features for a cheaper price than the iPad. In his review for the latter audience, however, he claims that if his readers like the concept of the device and can understand what its intended uses are, then they will enjoy using the device.[76] PC Magazine's Tim Gideon wrote, "you have yourself a winner" that "will undoubtedly be a driving force in shaping the emerging tablet landscape."[77] Michael Arrington of TechCrunch said, "the iPad beats even my most optimistic expectations. This is a new category of device. But it also will replace laptops for many people."[78] PC World criticized the iPad's file sharing and printing abilities,[79] and ArsTechnica critically noted that sharing files with a computer is "one of our least favorite parts of the iPad experience."[80]
See also[edit]
Apple Inc. portal
iPad accessories
E-book reader
Comparison of tablet computers
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
iPad – official site
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text:
Romeo and Juliet (Dire Straits song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Romeo and Juliet"
Single by Dire Straits
from the album Making Movies
B-side
"Solid Rock"
Released
9 January 1981
Format
7", 12" vinyl
Recorded
20 June – 25 August 1980
Genre
Rock
Length
6:01
Label
Vertigo Records
Songwriter(s)
Mark Knopfler
Producer(s)
Mark Knopfler, Jimmy Iovine
Dire Straits singles chronology
"Lady Writer"
(1979) "Romeo and Juliet"
(1981) "Skateaway"
(1981)
"Lady Writer"
(1979) "Romeo and Juliet"
(1980) "Skateaway"
(1981)
Making Movies track listing
"Tunnel of Love"
(1) "Romeo and Juliet"
(2) "Skateaway"
(3)
"Romeo and Juliet" is a song by the British rock band Dire Straits, written by frontman Mark Knopfler.[1] It first appeared on the 1980 album Making Movies and was released as a single in 1981.[2] Reviewer Dan Bolles has called the song a "classic".[3] The song subsequently appeared on the Dire Straits live albums Alchemy and On the Night, and later on Knopfler's live duet album with Emmylou Harris, Real Live Roadrunning (though Harris does not perform on the track). The track was also featured on the greatest hits albums Money for Nothing, Sultans of Swing: The Very Best of Dire Straits, and The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations.
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition and lyrical interpretation
2 Covers
3 Certifications
4 Personnel
5 References
Composition and lyrical interpretation[edit]
The lyrics of the song describe the experience of the two lovers of the title, hinting at a situation that saw the "Juliet" figure abandon her "Romeo" after finding fame and moving on from the rough neighborhood where they first encountered each other. In addition to the reference to William Shakespeare's play of the same title, the song makes playful allusion to other works involving young love, including the songs "Somewhere" – from West Side Story, which is itself based on the Shakespeare play – and "My Boyfriend's Back". The original recording of the song has been featured in several motion pictures, including Hot Fuzz, Empire Records, and Can't Hardly Wait.
The song opens on an arpeggiated resonator guitar part played by Knopfler, who also sings the lead vocal. The introductory arpeggios and melody are played on a National Style "O" guitar, the same guitar featured on the album artwork for Brothers in Arms and Sultans of Swing: The Very Best of Dire Straits.[4] In the Sky Arts documentary Guitar Stories: Mark Knopfler, "Knopfler picks up the National and demonstrates how he hit on the famous arpeggio lines in "Romeo and Juliet", from the Making Movies album, while experimenting with an open G tuning."[5] The instrumentation remains simple during the verses and moves to a full-on rock arrangement in the chorus sections.
The song itself, written by Knopfler, was inspired by his failed romance with Holly Vincent, lead singer of the short-lived band Holly and The Italians. The song speaks of a Romeo who is still very much in love with his Juliet, but she now treats him like "just another one of [her] deals". Knopfler has both stated and implied that he believes Vincent was using him to boost her career. The song's line "Now you just say, oh Romeo, yeah, you know I used to have a scene with him," refers to an interview with Vincent, where she says "What happened was that I had a scene with Mark Knopfler and it got to the point where he couldn't handle it and we split up."
Covers[edit]
The song has become a classic love song with a wide range of artists covering the track. Indigo Girls covered the track in a solo rendition by Amy Ray on the duo's album Rites of Passage.
The song was also covered by Australian musician Lisa Mitchell for Australian radio station Triple J for the Like a Version segment on their breakfast show in 2009. It was also included on the 2009 Like a Version Volume 5 compilation CD and DVD.
It was covered by The Killers in 2007. It was recorded live at Abbey Road Studios for the Channel 4 show Live from Abbey Road and featured as a B-side on "For Reasons Unknown" and on their compilation album Sawdust.
Matt Nathanson covered the song on his Live at the Point album
"Romeo and Juliet" excerpt
From the album Sawdust by The Killers.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Edwin McCain covered the track on The Austin Sessions.
Michael Stanley covered on the song on his 2012 album The Hang. The song was also covered by the British singer-songwriter Passenger in 2014 for the Sounds of the 80's covers album released in conjunction with the BBC Radio 2 programme of the same name.
American singer/songer Ben Bedford often sings an acoustic version of the song in his performances.
British folk singer-songwriter Steve Knightley covered the track on his 2007 album Cruel River.[6]
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Italy (FIMI)[7]
Gold
Personnel[edit]
Mark Knopfler – National Style O resonator guitar, lead guitar, lead vocals, rhythm guitar
John Illsley – bass guitar
Pick Withers – drums, percussion
Additional personnel
Roy Bittan – piano, hammond organ
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Discogs Ref 474873
Jump up ^ Khurana, Suanshu (17 May 2009). "Love-struck Romeo". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Bolles, Dan (17 April 2013). "The Phineas Gage Project, Three Phorm Live". Seven Days. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Style "O" - National Guitars". NationalGuitars.com. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Guitar Stories: Mark Knopfler on the Six Guitars That Shaped His Career". Open Culture. Open Culture, LLC. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Devlin, Grem. "Living Tradition CD review of STEVE KNIGHTLEY - Cruel River". www.livingtradition.co.uk. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Dire Straits – Romeo & Juliet" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
[show]
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Pick Withers
Alan Clark
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Guy Fletcher
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"On Every Street"
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"You and Your Friend"
Tours
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Related articles
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The Notting Hillbillies
Chris White
Book:Dire Straits
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[show]
v
t
e
William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
Characters
Romeo
Juliet
Mercutio
Tybalt
Benvolio
Friar Laurence
Nurse
Paris
Rosaline
Queen Mab
Atomy
Sources
The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet
Pyramus and Thisbe
Palace of Pleasure
Troilus and Criseyde
Ballets
Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev)
Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan)
Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery)
Radio and Juliet (2005)
Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins)
Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor)
Operas
Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda)
Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli)
Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai)
I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830, Bellini)
Gloria (1874, Cilea)
Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod)
A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius)
Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister)
Musicals
The Belle of Mayfair (1906)
West Side Story (1957)
Once on This Island (1990)
Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001)
Giulietta e Romeo (2007)
Classical
Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800)
Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz)
Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky)
On screen
1900
1908
1916 Metro Pictures
1916 Fox
1936
1953
1954
1955
1968
1978 (TV)
1992 (TV)
1996
2006
2007
2013
Film
adaptations
English
Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953)
Romanoff and Juliet (1961)
West Side Story (1961)
Gonks Go Beat (1965)
Lonesome Cowboys (1968)
The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet (1969)
Romie-0 and Julie-8 (TV; 1979)
The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (1982)
Valley Girl (1983)
Bullies (1986)
China Girl (1987)
Romeo.Juliet (1990)
Tromeo and Juliet (1996)
Love Is All There Is (1996)
Rose by Any Other Name... (1997)
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns (1999)
Romeo Must Die (2000)
Brooklyn Babylon (2001)
Pizza My Heart (TV; 2005)
West Bank Story (2005)
Life and Lyrics (2006)
Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss (2006)
Rome & Jewel (2006)
David & Fatima (2008)
The Cross Road (2008)
Vicious Circle (2008)
Gnomeo & Juliet (2011)
Private Romeo (2011)
Warm Bodies (2013)
Make Your Move (2013)
Romeo & Juliet (2013)
Gnomeo & Juliet: Sherlock Gnomes (2018)
Foreign
Ambikapathy (Tamil 1937)
Romeo and Juliet (Spanish 1940)
Les amants de Vérone (French 1949)
Romeo, Juliet and Darkness (Czech 1960)
Los Tarantos (Spanish 1963)
Fury of Johnny Kid (Italian 1967)
Ma che musica maestro (Italian 1971)
Maro Charitra (Telugu 1978)
Mônica e Cebolinha: No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta (Portuguese 1979)
Ek Duuje Ke Liye (Hindi 1981)
The Sea Prince and the Fire Child (Japanese 1981)
Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (Hindi 1988)
Saudagar (Hindi 1991)
The Phantom Lover (Mandarin 1995)
30:e november (Swedish/Spanish 1995)
Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (Telugu 1996)
Chicken Rice War (Cantonese/English 2000)
Kalisundam Raa (Telugu 2000)
Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein (Hindi 2002)
Bollywood Queen (English/Hindi 2002)
Amar te duele (Spanish 2002)
Ondagona Baa (Kannada 2003)
Mamay (Ukrainian 2003)
The District! (Hungarian 2004)
O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta (Portuguese 2005)
In Fair Palestine: A Story of Romeo and Juliet (2006)
The Bubble (Hebrew/Arabic 2006)
Maro Charitra (Telugu 2010)
Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (Hindi 2013)
Issaq (Hindi 2013)
Priyatama (Marathi 2014)
Arshinagar (Bengali 2015)
TV series
Sons and Daughters (1982)
Family and Friends (1990)
Villa Quintana (1995)
Yo amo a Paquita Gallego (1998)
Skin (2003)
A Touch Away (2006)
Dangerous (2007)
Romeo × Juliet (2007)
Romeo y Julieta (2007)
Saints & Sinners (2007)
Harina de otro costal (2010)
Villa Quintana (2013)
Westside (2013 pilot)
Star-Crossed (2014)
Still Star-Crossed (2017)
Plays
Romanoff and Juliet (1956)
Romeo and Juliet (2013)
Songs
Lan và Điệp (1930s)
"Montagues and Capulets" (1935)
"Fever" (1956)
Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet (1968)
"(Don't Fear) The Reaper" (1976)
"Angelo" (1978)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1978)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1981)
"Cherish" (1989)
"Amor Prohibido" (1994)
"Kissing You" (1996)
"Exit Music" (1997)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1998)
"Starcrossed" (2004)
"Peut-être toi" (2006)
"Mademoiselle Juliette" (2007)
"Love Story" (2008)
"Love Me Again" (2013)
Albums
Romeo and Juliet (1968)
Romeo + Juliet (1996)
Romeo & Julia (2006)
Tragic Lovers (2008)
Literature
Les Chouans
The Wandering Jew (1844)
The Stolen Dormouse (1941)
The Faraway Lurs (1963)
Romiette and Julio (2001)
New Moon (2006)
Warm Bodies (2010)
Art
Romeo and Juliet: the Tomb Scene (1790)
Romeo and Juliet (1978)
Phrases
"Star-crossed"
"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet"
Story within
a story
Nicholas Nickleby
1912 film
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1980 play
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2002 film
The Picture of Dorian Gray
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1918 film
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1976 TV special
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Harlequinade
W Juliet
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Panic Button
Bare: A Pop Opera
""Into the Light"
Bolji život
The Sky Is Everywhere
Pay as You Exit
The White Mercedes
She Died a Lady
"Moonshine River"
Rendez-vous
Fame
"I Am Unicorn"
The Frog Prince
Molly
Smart Girls Get What They Want
Tumbleweeds
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The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke
Prince Charming
Km. 0
Phileine Says Sorry
Hamateur Night
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Into the Gauntlet
Wandering Son
K-On!
Foreign
stories
Adam Khan and Durkhanai
Tum Teav
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Hani and Sheh Mureed
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film
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film
Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie
Ishaqzaade
Other
Such Tweet Sorrow
Romeo and Juliet effect
After Juliet
"Upper West Side Story" (2012)
Millennium Dome Show
Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn
Boys Don't Cry
My Wedding and Other Secrets
Donkey in Lahore
Upside Down
Letters to Juliet
Book:Romeo and Juliet
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World War II cryptography
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cryptography was used extensively during World War II, with a plethora of code and cipher systems fielded by the nations involved. In addition, the theoretical and practical aspects of cryptanalysis, or codebreaking, was much advanced.
Probably the most important codebreaking event of the war was the successful decryption by the Allies of the German "Enigma" Cipher. The first complete break into Enigma was accomplished by Poland around 1932; the techniques and insights used were passed to the French and British Allies just before the outbreak of the war in 1939. They were substantially improved by British efforts at the Bletchley Park research station during the war. Decryption of the Enigma Cipher allowed the Allies to read important parts of German radio traffic on important networks and was an invaluable source of military intelligence throughout the war. Intelligence from this source (and other high level sources, including the Fish ciphers) was eventually called Ultra.[1][2][3]
A similar break into the most secure Japanese diplomatic cipher, designated Purple by the US Army Signals Intelligence Service, started before the US entered the war. Product from this source was called Magic.
Contents
[hide]
1 Australia
2 Finland
3 France
4 Germany
5 Italy
6 Japan
7 Poland
8 Soviet Union
9 Sweden
10 United Kingdom
11 United States
12 See also
13 References
Australia[edit]
Central Bureau
FRUMEL: Fleet Radio Unit, Melbourne
Secret Intelligence Australia
Finland[edit]
Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency
France[edit]
PC Bruno
Hans-Thilo Schmidt
Germany[edit]
Enigma (machine)
Fish (cryptography) British codename for high level German teleprinter ciphers.
Lorenz cipher one of the Fish ciphers
Short Weather Cipher
Geheimfernschreiber
B-Dienst
Reservehandverfahren
OKW/CHI
Gisbert Hasenjaeger
Italy[edit]
Hagelin machine
Enigma machine
Japan[edit]
Japanese army and diplomatic codes
Japanese naval codes
PURPLE
JN-25
Poland[edit]
Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
Biuro Szyfrów (Cipher Bureau)
Marian Rejewski
Jerzy Różycki
Henryk Zygalski
bomba
Lacida Machine
Soviet Union[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018)
Sweden[edit]
Arne Beurling
United Kingdom[edit]
Bletchley Park
Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
Far East Combined Bureau (FECB)
Wireless Experimental Centre (WEC)
Bombe
Colossus computer
Typex
Ultra
Alan Turing
W. T. Tutte
John Tiltman
Max Newman
Tommy Flowers
I. J. Good
John Herivel
Leo Marks
Poem code
United States[edit]
Magic (cryptography)
Signals Intelligence Service US Army, see also Arlington Hall
OP-20-G US Navy Signals Intelligence group
Elizebeth Smith Friedman
William Friedman
Frank Rowlett
Abraham Sinkov
Joseph Rochefort, leader of the effort to crack Japanese ciphers
Joseph Mauborgne
Agnes Meyer Driscoll
SIGABA cipher machine
Navajo Codetalkers
SIGSALY
M-209 cipher machine
Station HYPO cryptanalysis group
Station CAST cryptanalysis group
Station NEGAT
See also[edit]
Cryptography
History of cryptography
World War I cryptography
Ultra (cryptography)
Magic (cryptography)
Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
Bombe
Enigma (machine)
SIGABA
TypeX
Lorenz cipher
Geheimfernschreiber
Codetalkers
PURPLE
SIGSALY
JN-25
Bletchley Park
Biuro Szyfrów
PC Bruno
SIS US Army, later moved to Arlington Hall
OP-20-G US Navy
Marian Rejewski
Jerzy Różycki
Henryk Zygalski
Alan Turing
W. T. Tutte
John Tiltman
Max Newman
Tommy Flowers
I. J. Good
William Friedman
Frank Rowlett
Abraham Sinkov
Joseph Rochefort
Agnes Meyer Driscoll
Hans-Thilo Schmidt
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Budiansky, Stephen (2000). Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780684859323.
Jump up ^ Hinsley, F. H.; Stripp, Alan (2001). Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192801326.
Jump up ^ Haufler, Hervie (2014). Codebreakers' Victory: How the Allied Cryptographers Won World War II. Open Road Media. ISBN 9781497622562.
show
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World War II
Asia and the Pacific
China
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(leaders)
Australia
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Poland
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Soviet Union
United Kingdom
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(leaders)
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Finland
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Armed neutrality
Resistance
Albania
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Timeline
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1939
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Line-item veto in the United States
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In United States government, the line-item veto, or partial veto, is the power of an executive authority to nullify or cancel specific provisions of a bill, usually a budget appropriations bill, without vetoing the entire legislative package. The line-item vetoes are usually subject to the possibility of legislative override as are traditional vetoes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Governors
1.1 Wisconsin
2 Confederate States
3 Line-Item Veto Act of 1996
4 Subsequent developments
4.1 Line Item Veto Re-Enactment Activity of 2009
4.2 Debate
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Governors[edit]
Forty-four states—with Indiana, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Rhode Island, and Vermont as the only states that do not grant such powers—give their governors some form of line-item veto power.[1] The Mayor of Washington, D.C. also has this power.[2][3]
Wisconsin[edit]
The Governor of Wisconsin is empowered with a sweeping line-item veto. Wisconsin governors have the power to strike out words, numbers, and even entire sentences from appropriations bills.[4]
According to scholars, Wisconsin has used four types of extraordinary partial vetoes.[5] The first, the "digit veto", was first used by Governor Patrick Lucey in 1973. In appropriation for $25 million, he vetoed the digit 2, resulting in an appropriation of $5 million.[5] Just two years later, Lucey introduced the "editing veto". In this instance, the word "not" was removed in the phrase "not less than 50 percent", thus resulting in the opposite effect than desired by the legislature.[6] In 1983, an even more extreme version, the "pick-a-letter" or "Vanna White veto" was introduced. Governor Anthony Earl edited a 121-word, five-sentence paragraph down to a one-sentence, 22-word paragraph to change an appeals process from the courts to the Public Service Commission. The final version, the "reduction veto", was introduced in 1993 by Governor Tommy Thompson. This resulted in a legislatively-appropriated amount being reduced arbitrarily by the governor.[5] This unprecedented usage has resulted in eight lawsuits and numerous amendment proposals. In the first lawsuit, State ex. rel. Wisconsin Telephone Co. v. Henry, the Wisconsin Supreme Court granted absolute partial veto power to the Governor as long as a workable, complete law remained, stating the governor had "the right to pass independently on every separable piece of legislation in an appropriation bill."[7]
In his first two terms as governor, Thompson used 1,500 line-item vetoes to cancel a total of $150 million in spending; none of these vetoes were overridden.[4] The only judicial limitation was Risser v. Klauser, which prohibited the "reduction veto", stating that "the constitution prohibits a writein veto of monetary figures which are not appropriation amounts."[8] In 2009, a constitutional amendment was passed abolishing the "Vanna White veto".[5] Yet, in 2011, Governor Scott Walker controversially crossed out 116 words in a pension-related section of the budget bill.[9]
Confederate States[edit]
Article 1, Section 7 of the Confederate States Constitution, adopted just before the start of the American Civil War, would have granted the President of the Confederate States the ability to "approve any appropriation and disapprove any other appropriation in the same bill," with such disapprovals returned to the Houses of Congress for reconsideration and potentially for override.[10]
Line-Item Veto Act of 1996[edit]
Main article: Line Item Veto Act of 1996
Presidents of the United States have repeatedly asked the Congress to give them a line-item veto power.[11] According to Louis Fisher in The Politics of Shared Power, Ronald Reagan said to Congress in his 1986 State of the Union address, "Tonight I ask you to give me what forty-three governors have: Give me a line-item veto this year. Give me the authority to veto waste, and I'll take the responsibility, I'll make the cuts, I'll take the heat." Bill Clinton echoed the request in his State of the Union address in 1995.[12] Congress attempted to grant this power to the president by the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 to control "pork barrel spending", but in 1998 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the act to be unconstitutional in a 6-3 decision in Clinton v. City of New York. The court found that exercise of the line-item veto is tantamount to a unilateral amendment or repeal by the executive of only parts of statutes authorizing federal spending, and therefore violated the Presentment Clause of the United States Constitution. As a result, it appears that a federal line-item veto will only be possible through amendment of the US Constitution. Prior to that ruling, President Clinton applied the line-item veto to the federal budget 82 times.[13][14]
Subsequent developments[edit]
Though the Supreme Court struck down the Line-Item Veto Act in 1998, President George W. Bush asked the Congress to enact legislation that would return the line-item veto power to the Executive Authority. First announcing his intent to seek such legislation in his January 31, 2006 State of the Union address, President Bush sent a legislative proposal, the Legislative Line-Item Veto Act of 2006, to the Congress on March 6, 2006, urging its prompt passage. Senators Bill Frist (R-TN) and John McCain (R-AZ), and Republican Whip Senator Mitch McConnell (KY) jointly introduced this proposal. Representative Paul Ryan (R-WI) introduced his own version, the Legislative Line Item Veto Act of 2006, in March of that year.[15]
On that same day, Joshua Bolten, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, gave a press conference on the President’s line-item veto proposal. Bolten explained that the proposed Act would give the President the ability to single out "wasteful" spending and to put such spending on hold. While the spending line-item is on hold, the President can send legislation to Congress to withdraw the particular line-item. The proposal would then be considered in both houses within ten days on an up or down basis, and could be passed by a simple majority. Additionally, such proposals could not be filibustered.
When asked how this proposed legislation was different from the 1996 Line-Item Veto Act that the United States Supreme Court had declared illegal, Bolten said that whereas the former act granted unilateral authority to the Executive to disallow specific spending line items, the new proposal would seek Congressional approval of such line-item vetoes. Thus, for the President to successfully withdraw previously enacted spending, a simple majority of Congress is required to agree to specific legislation to that effect.
Though the current line-item veto proposal is much weaker than the 1996 version, it has nevertheless failed to find strong support in the Congress. Senator Robert C. Byrd of West Virginia, called it "an offensive slap at Congress", asserting that the legislation would enable the President to intimidate individual members of any Congress by targeting the projects of his political opponents. He also complained that the line-item veto as proposed would take away the Congress’s constitutional "power of the purse" and give it to the executive branch.
On June 8, 2006, Viet D. Dinh, Professor of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, and Nathan Sales, John M. Olin Fellow at Georgetown University Law Center, testified by written statement before the House Committee on the Budget on the constitutional issues in connection with the proposed legislation. Dinh and Sales argued that the Legislative Line Item Veto Act of 2006 satisfies the Constitution's Bicameralism and Presentment Clause, and therefore avoids the constitutional issues raised in the 1996 Act struck down by the Supreme Court. They also stated that the proposed Act is consistent with the basic principle that grants the Congress broad discretion to establish procedures to govern its internal operations.
H.R. 4890, the Legislative Line-Item Veto Act, was approved by the House Budget Committee on June 14, 2006 by a vote of 24-9. It was approved in the full House on June 22. A similar version was included in the "Stop Over Spending Act of 2006",[16] authored by Senator Judd Gregg, in the Senate and approved by the Senate Budget Committee, but the full Senate failed to approve it, thereby preventing the Legislative Line-Item Veto Act from becoming law.
Line Item Veto Re-Enactment Activity of 2009[edit]
Senators Russ Feingold (D-WI) and John McCain introduced legislation of a limited version of the line-item veto. This bill would give the president the power to withdraw earmarks in new bills by sending the bill back to Congress minus the line-item vetoed earmark. Congress would then vote on the line-item vetoed bill with a majority vote under fast track rules to make any deadlines the bill had.[17][18][19]
Debate[edit]
Some scholars, such as Louis Fisher, believe the line-item veto would give presidents too much power over government spending compared with the power of the Congress.[20][21] Some argue[who?] that it could even give the President de facto legislative authority in altering the law which could violate the principles, and perhaps even the letter, of the Constitution.
Supporters of the line-item veto argue that the provision would make the President more accountable for federal spending. Also, the line-item veto can be used to prevent the enactment of controversial rider amendments that powerful legislators have sometimes inserted into important bills, or at least it can be used to ensure that someone elected at the national level is accountable for the enactment of such amendments. Without the line-item veto, Presidents have often felt compelled to sign controversial riders into law even if they did not support them. Bob Barr's former 2008 Libertarian Party running mate Wayne Root has also endorsed the line-item veto to go with his libertarian political views on spending while also suggesting the lifting of the Congressional ban on presidents impounding bills.
See also[edit]
Veto (state by state chart)
Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417 (1998)
Raines v. Byrd, 521 U.S. 811 (1997)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Gubernatorial Veto Authority with Respect to Major Budget Bill(s)". National Conference of State Legislatures.
Jump up ^ District of Columbia Home Rule Act (Pub.L. 93–198, 87 Stat. 777, enacted December 24, 1973)
Jump up ^ Smith, Gregory. http://www.politifact.com/. Providence Journal http://www.politifact.com/rhode-island/statements/2013/oct/06/lincoln-chafee/ri-gov-lincoln-chafee-says-governors-46-states-hav/. Retrieved 26 February 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help); External link in |website= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Apple, R.W., Jr. "Line-Item Veto Would Begin Voyage Into a Vast Unknown", New York Times, March 27, 1995.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Radatz, Clark G. (January 2004). The Partial Veto in Wisconsin (PDF). Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sabato, Larry J. (2007). A More Perfect Constitution. New York: Walker & Company. pp. 284–285. ISBN 978-0-8027-1621-7.
Jump up ^ State ex. rel. Wisconsin Telephone Co. v. Henry , 218 Wis. 302, 314-315 (Wis. 1935).
Jump up ^ Risser v. Klauser , 207 Wis. 2d 176, 191 (Wis. 1997).
Jump up ^ Rothschild, Matthew (July 6, 2011). "Gov. Walker Uses "Vanna White Veto" to Rob New Public Sector Workers". The Progressive. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of the Confederate States; March 11, 1861". Avalon Project.
Jump up ^ Madison, Lucy (10 August 2012). "15 years after its brief existence, line-item veto eludes presidents". Political Hotsheet. CBS News. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union". Transcript. The American Presidency Project. 1995-01-24. Retrieved 2013-10-04.
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court Strikes Down Line-Item Veto". CNN. June 25, 1998. Archived from the original on October 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "History of Line Item Veto Notices". National Archives and Records Administration.
Jump up ^ H.R.4890; Legislative Line-Item Veto Act of 2006; Rep. Ryan, Paul [WI-1] (introduced 3/7/2006)
Jump up ^ S.3521 Stop Over Spending Act of 2006
Jump up ^ "Feingold, McCain, Ryan Introduce Line-item Veto to Curb Wasteful Spending". YouTube. Video of reintroduction of Line Item Veto Bill March 4, 2009
Jump up ^ "Feingold, McCain, Ryan Introduce Line-item Veto to Curb Wasteful Spending". United States Senate. March 4, 2009. Archived from the original on January 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Briefing by White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs". The White House. February 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Michael G. Locklar, Is the 1996 Line Item Veto Constitutional?, 34 Hous. L. Rev. 1161 (1997); Louis Fisher, State Techniques to Blunt the Governor's Item-Veto Power (1996) (CRS Report No. 96-996 GOV) (listing the tactics used in states "to counteract, blunt, or neutralize the governor's item-veto power"); Legislative Line-Item Veto Proposals: Hearing Before the Senate Comm. on the Budget, 103rd Cong. 60 (1994) (statement of Louis Fisher); Richard Briffault, The Item Veto in State Courts, 66 Temple L. Rev. 1171, 1181 (1993) (describing how legislative control over the definition of "item" has eroded the power of governors who have the line item veto); Louis Fisher & Neal Devins, How Successfully Can the States' Item Veto be Transferred to the President?, 75 Geo. L. J. 159 (1986).
Jump up ^ Curry, James A.; Riley, Richard B.; Battistoni, Richard M.: Constitutional Government", Kendall Hunt, 2009, pg. 146
External links[edit]
Bush calls for line-item veto - THE WASHINGTON TIMES - March 7, 2006
Summary and text of Bush's proposal
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