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The Stanley Hotel
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"Stanley Hotel" redirects here. For the hotel in Nairobi, Kenya, see Stanley Hotel, Nairobi.
The Stanley Hotel
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
Location
333 Wonderview Avenue, Estes Park, Colorado
Coordinates
40°23′0″N 105°31′6″W / 40.38333°N 105.51833°W / 40.38333; -105.51833Coordinates: 40°23′0″N 105°31′6″W / 40.38333°N 105.51833°W / 40.38333; -105.51833
Architect
Freelan Oscar Stanley, T. Robert Weiger, Henry Rogers
Architectural style
Colonial Revival
NRHP reference #
85001256[1]
Added to NRHP
May 26, 1977 (Expanded June 20, 1985 & April 16, 1998)
The Stanley Hotel is a 142-room Colonial Revival hotel in Estes Park, Colorado. Approximately five miles from the entrance to Rocky Mountain National Park, the Stanley offers panoramic views of Lake Estes, the Rockies and especially Long's Peak. It was built by Freelan Oscar Stanley of Stanley Steamer fame and opened on July 4, 1909, catering to the American upper class at the turn of the century.[2] The hotel and its surrounding structures are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[1]
The Stanley Hotel hosted the horror novelist Stephen King, serving as inspiration for the Overlook Hotel in his 1977 bestseller The Shining and its 1980 film adaption of the same name, as well as the location for the 1997 miniseries. Today, it includes a restaurant, spa, and bed-and-breakfast and provides guided tours which feature the history and alleged paranormal activity of the site.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Architecture
2.1 Main Building
2.2 Concert Hall
2.3 The Lodge
2.4 The Hedge Maze
3 The Shining, by Stephen King
4 Film location and arts venue
5 Haunted reputation
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Freelan Oscar Stanley (1849-1940) and his twin brother Francis Edgar (1849-1918) were born in Kingfield, Maine. In 1876, he married Flora Jane Record Tileston. Although he began his career as a teacher, in 1881 he contracted tuberculosis and resolved to adopt a more active career. From 1885 to 1904, he was co-owner with his brother at the Stanley Dry Plate Company and, from before 1900 until 1917, they operated the Stanley Motor Carriage Company earning them minor places in the early history of both photography and the automobile. F. O. Stanley was also a maker of concert-quality violins and a pioneer of reinforced concrete construction. From 1890, he and his brother were residents of the upper-class Hunnewell Hill neighborhood in Newton, Massachusetts, where they founded the Hunnewell Social Club.
In 1903, Freelan Oscar Stanley was stricken with a life-threatening resurgence of tuberculosis.[3] The most highly recommended treatment of the day was fresh, dry air with lots of sunlight and a hearty diet. Therefore, like many "lungers" of his day, Stanley resolved to take the curative air of Rocky Mountain Colorado. He and Flora arrived in Denver in March and, in June, decided to spend the rest of the summer in the mountains, in Estes Park. Over the course of the season, Stanley's health improved dramatically.[2] Impressed by the beauty of the valley and grateful for his recovery, he decided to return every year. He lived to the ripe age of 91, dying of a heart attack in Newton, Massachusetts, one year after his wife, in 1940.
By 1907, Stanley had all but recovered and he returned to Newton for the winter rather than Denver. However, not content with the rustic accommodations, lazy pastimes and relaxed social scene of their new summer home, Stanley resolved to turn Estes Park into a resort town. In 1907, construction began on the Hotel Stanley, a 48-room grand hotel that catered to the class of wealthy urbanites who composed the Stanleys' social circle in Newton.[3]
Windham Thomas Wyndham-Quin, Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl
The land was acquired officially in 1908 through the representatives of the 4th Earl of Dunraven, an Anglo-Irish peer. Lord Dunraven first came to the area in 1872 while on a hunting trip with guide Texas Jack Omohundro. By stretching the provisions of the Homestead Act and pre-emption rights, Dunraven claimed 15,000 acres (61 km2) of the Estes Valley in an unsuccessful attempt to create a private hunting preserve, making him one of the largest foreign holders of American lands. Unpopular with the local ranchers and farmers, Dunraven left the area in 1884 relegating the ranch to the management of his employee, Theodore Whyte.[2][3] Dunraven's presence in Colorado had become so well known in the United States that his situation was parodied in Charles King's novel Dunraven Ranch (1892) as well as James A. Michener's Centennial (1974). His reputation was such that, when Stanley suggested "The Dunraven" as a name for his new hotel, 180 people signed a buckskin petition requesting that he name it for himself instead.
The structure was completed in 1909 and featured a hydraulic elevator, dual electric and gas lighting, running water, a telephone in every guest room and a fleet of specially-designed Stanley "Model Z" Mountain Wagons to bring guests from the train depot twenty miles away; all of this at a time when Estes Park was little more than a locale for hunters and naturalists. The hotel was not equipped with heat until 1983 and closed for the winter every year. The presence of the hotel and Stanley's own involvement greatly contributed to the growth of Estes Park (incorporated in 1917) and the creation of the Rocky Mountain National Park (established in 1915). Originally, Stanley chose an ocher color for the hotel's exterior with white accents and trim.
Stanley operated the hotel almost as a pastime remarking once that he spent more money than he made each summer. In 1926, he sold the Stanley to a private company incorporated for the sole purpose of running it. The venture failed and, in 1929, Stanley purchased his property out of foreclosure selling it again, in 1930, to fellow auto and hotel magnate Roe Emery. During Emery's tenure as owner, the structures were painted white inside and out and most of the original electro-gas fixtures were replaced.
Architecture[edit]
The Stanley Hotel National Register District contains eleven contributing buildings including the main hotel, a concert hall, carriage house and The Lodge, a smaller bed-and-breakfast originally called Stanley Manor. The buildings were designed by F.O. Stanley with the professional assistance of Denver architect T. Robert Wieger and contractor Frank Kirchoff. The site was chosen for its vantage overlooking the Estes valley and Long's Peak within the National Park. The main building is a steel-frame structure with wood cladding resting upon a granite masonry foundation. Wood for flooring, clapboarding and finishing was brought by wagon from Kirchoff's Denver Lumberyard and the Bluff City Lumber Company of Pine Bluff, Arkansas. The Griffith sawmill near Bierstadt Lake and Stanley's own Hidden Valley lumber operation, located in the future national park, supplied framing material. The building of the hotel brought about the construction of a hydroelectric power plant which brought electricity to Estes Park for the first time in 1909. Drinking water was supplied by the Black Canyon Creek which was dammed in 1906.
The style of the campus is Colonial Revival, a mode of design that recalls the 18th-Century American colonial interpretations of works by the Georgian British architects Robert Adam, James Gibbs and their contemporaries and successors. Although rare in the western United States, F.O. Stanley chose the Colonial Revival for its fashionable popularity in New England where he had already designed his own home and a social club in the style. The hotel's clientele would presumably, like the Stanleys, have identified the style with New England respectability and sophistication in contrast to the rusticity of the surrounding town. At one time, Stanley planned to build another, more economical hotel in Estes Park as well as a headquarters and residence for the superintendent of the Rocky Mountain National Park that would harmonize with his grand hotel. The Stanley displays all the chief hallmarks of Georgian architecture from the staunch symmetry of the south elevation to the fan-windows, scroll brackets and "swan's neck" pediments that articulate the exterior.
Main Building[edit]
The floor plan of the main hotel building was laid out to accommodate the various activities popular with the American upper class at the turn of the twentieth century and the spaces are decorated accordingly. The music room, for instance, with its cream-colored walls (originally green and white), large windows and fine, classical plaster-work was designed for letter-writing and journaling during the day and chamber music at night - cultured pursuits perceived as feminine. On the other hand, the smoking lounge (today the Piñon Room) and adjoining billiard room, with their dark stained-wood elements and granite fireplace were designated for use by male guests.
The layout was also determined by air circulation. The window at the top of the grand stair provides a pleasant breeze across the lobby, French doors in the state rooms open onto shaded verandas and the two curving staircases connecting the guest corridors prevent stagnant air in the upper floors. Although the hotel was finally updated with central heating in 1983, guests still depend on Rocky Mountain breezes for cooling in the summer. Also completed in 1983, the hotel's service tunnel connects the basement level to the staff entrance. It is cut directly through the granite on which the hotel sits.
Concert Hall[edit]
The concert hall, east of the hotel, was built by Stanley in 1909 with the assistance of Henry "Lord Cornwallis" Rogers, the same architect who designed his summer cottage. According to popular legend, it was built as a gift for Flora Stanley who was an avid pianist despite her failing eyesight. The interior is decorated in the same manner as the smaller music room and somewhat resembles that of the Boston Symphony Hall (McKim, Mead & White, 1900) with which the Stanleys may have been familiar. The stage features a trap door, used for theatrical entrances and exits. The lower level once housed a bowling alley. This feature has long since disappeared but it possibly resembled the one at the Stanley's Hunnewell Club in Newton, pictures of which have been preserved by the Newton Free Library. The hall underwent extensive repair and renovation in the 2000s.
The Lodge[edit]
Once called Stanley Manor, this smaller hotel between the main structure and the concert hall is a 2:3 scaled-down version of the main hotel. Unlike its model, the manor was fully heated from completion in 1910 which may indicate that Stanley planned to use it as a winter resort when the main building was closed for the season. However, unlike many other Colorado mountain towns now famous for their winter sports, Estes Park never attracted off-season visitors in Stanley's day and the manor remained empty for much of the year. Today it is called The Lodge and serves as a bed-and-breakfast off-limits to the public.
The Hedge Maze[edit]
In 2015, the open area in front of the hotel, originally a driveway for Stanley Steamers and a promenade for guests to enjoy mountain views, was replaced with a hedge maze. This non-historic feature was added to evoke the hotel's connection to The Shining. The design was the result of a competition, chosen from amongst 300 entrants from across the globe. The winning submission was designed by New York architect Mairim Dallaryan Standing.[4] It is interesting to note that although a hedge maze features prominently in Stanley Kubrick's version of The Shining, no such feature can be found in Stephen King's novel. The lawn of the Overlook Hotel, as King imagined it, was adorned with topiary animals and it was set that way for the shooting of the miniseries in 1996. Historically, neither feature existed at the Stanley. In 2016, John Cullen, owner of the Stanley Hotel, announced a competition for a sculpture to be the centerpiece of the terrace in front of the hotel. Sculptors Sutton Betti and Daniel Glanz won the competition with a sculpture of F.O. Stanley holding one of his violins. The sculpture was installed and dedicated on September 29, 2016.
The Shining, by Stephen King[edit]
Cover of The Shining, first edition, 1977
In 1974, horror writer Stephen King spent one night at the Stanley Hotel which provided the inspiration for the fictional Overlook Hotel in his novel The Shining. King and his wife Tabitha had been living in Boulder, Colorado and were driving through Estes Park when they happened upon the Stanley. They decided to book a room and, upon checking in, discovered that they were the only overnight guests. "[The hotel staff] were just getting ready to close for the season, and we found ourselves the only guests in the place — with all those long, empty corridors"[5][6] He and his wife were served dinner in an empty dining room accompanied by canned orchestral music. "Except for our table all the chairs were up on the tables. So the music is echoing down the hall, and, I mean, it was like God had put me there to hear that and see those things."[7] The Kings were shown to Room 217. That night, a dream struck King with inspiration for his next book. "I dreamed of my three-year-old son running through the corridors, looking back over his shoulder, eyes wide, screaming. He was being chased by a fire-hose. I woke up with a tremendous jerk, sweating all over, within an inch of falling out of bed. I got up, lit a cigarette, sat in a chair looking out the window at the Rockies, and by the time the cigarette was done, I had the bones of [The Shining]firmly set in my mind."[8] According to King in later interviews, the Stanley served as his model for the Overlook Hotel, the ominous setting of the novel. The hotel in King's book is an evil entity haunted by its many victims. Room 217 of the Overlook Hotel features prominently in the novel, having been the room at the Stanley where King spent the night.
In 1980, The Shining became the basis for a film adaptation directed by Stanley Kubrick. Kubrick's vision for the movie differed from King's significantly in many ways, including the portrayal of the Overlook Hotel. The exteriors of Kubrick's Overlook were supplied by the Timberline Lodge on the slopes of Mt. Hood in Oregon. Inspiration for the interior sets (erected at Elstree Studios in England) came from the 1927 Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park.
Film location and arts venue[edit]
In 1997 The Shining TV series was produced, with The Stanley Hotel as the primary shooting location.
The Hotel has also been used as a filming location for other movies and TV shows; most notably, as the fictional "Hotel Danbury" of Aspen, CO, in the 1994 film Dumb and Dumber,[9]
From 2013 to 2015, the hotel property hosted the Stanley Film Festival, an independent horror film festival operated by the Denver Film Society, held in early May. The festival featured screenings, panels, student competitions, audience awards and receptions.[10] The Stanley Film Festival was put on hiatus in 2016, and canceled for 2017.[11]
The historic Stanley Concert Hall serves as venue for various musical groups such as country-punk band Murder By Death which has performed a Shining-themed series of concerts in the space two years in a row.
Haunted reputation[edit]
Despite a peaceful early history, in the years following the publication of The Shining, The Stanley Hotel has gained a reputation among paranormal investigators for frequent activity.[12][13][14] The hotel offers guided "Ghost Tours" to guests and visitors which feature spaces reputed to be exceptionally active.[15][16] The hotel has also served as a location for numerous paranormal investigation shows such as Ghost Hunters[17][18] and Ghost Adventures.[19]
Gallery[edit]
South elevation
Lobby looking east
An antique Chickering piano
Music room
Stanley Hotel at night
February 2011
June 2008
See also[edit]
Freelan Oscar Stanley
The Shining (novel)
The Shining (film)
The Shining (miniseries)
Colonial Revival Architecture
Estes Park, CO
National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b National Park Service (2008-04-15). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rocky Mountain Legends". LegendsOfAmerica.com. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rocky Mountain National Park - Culture". US-Parks.com. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
Jump up ^ Turkewitz, Julie (3 September 2015). "Hotel That Inspired ‘The Shining’ Builds on Its Eerie Appeal". New York Times. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Stephen King Companion" Beahm, George Andrews McMeel press 1989
Jump up ^ "Stephen King Country" Beahm, George Running Press 1999
Jump up ^ Vvdailypress.com Archived October 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Stephen King: America's Best Loved Boogeyman" Beahm, George Andrews McMeel Press 1998
Jump up ^ "Stanley Hotel Ghost Story". Allstays.com. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
Jump up ^ McHargue, Brad. "Inaugural Stanley Film Festival to Showcase Independent Horror Cinema May 2–5 at the Stanley Hotel". Mile High Cinema. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Walker, Chris (15 November 2016). "Stanley Hotel Cancels 2017 Horror Film Fest; Film Center Director Resigns". Westword. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Haunted Hotel History". www.stanleyhotel.com.
Jump up ^ "Stanley Ghost Stories Shine with Authenticity". www.stanleyhotel.com.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Sky (14 April 2016). "Stanley Hotel guest captures creepy figure in lobby". Fox News.
Jump up ^ "Hotel Tours | Estes Park Colorado Tours | The Stanley Hotel". www.stanleyhotel.com.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: Haunted Stanley Hotel Suspends Ghost Hunts".
Jump up ^ "The Stanley Hotel: Season 2, Episode 22". Syfy.
Jump up ^ "Best of the Stanley Hotel: Season 3, Episode 5". Syfy.
Jump up ^ "Stanley Hotel - Ghost Adventures - TravelChannel.com". Travel Channel.
External links[edit]
Official Website
Rocky Mountain National Park - Culture
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Chair Model
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Chair Model"
The Office episode
Episode no.
Season 4
Episode 14
Directed by
Jeffrey Blitz
Written by
B. J. Novak
Production code
414
Original air date
April 17, 2008
Running time
22 minutes
Guest appearance(s)
Brooke Dillman as Margaret
Bobby Ray Shafer as Bob Vance
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Dinner Party" Next →
"Night Out"
The Office (U.S. season 4)
List of The Office (U.S. TV series) episodes
"Chair Model" is the fourteenth episode of the fourth season of the American comedy television series The Office, and the show's sixty-seventh episode overall. Written by B. J. Novak, and directed by Jeffrey Blitz, the episode first aired in the United States on April 17, 2008 on NBC. The episode guest-stars Brooke Dillman and Robert R. Shafer as Bob Vance.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) finds himself lonely and wanting a relationship after breaking up with Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin). While looking through an office-supplies catalog, he falls in love with a chair model. Meanwhile, Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) and Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) fight to reclaim lost parking spaces, and Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) tells Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) that he is going to propose.
The final scene was originally going to be a parody of "Candle in the Wind" by Elton John, but John refused permission. The scene was then re-written to feature a parody of the song "American Pie" by Don McLean. "Chair Model" received mostly positive reviews from critics, although some fans were alienated due to the dark nature of the storyline. The episode received 5.8 Nielsen rating and was watched by 9.86 million viewers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Cultural references
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
While browsing an office-chair catalog, Michael Scott (Steve Carell), who has broken up with Jan Levinson, becomes enamored of one of the female chair models. As a result, he decides to resume dating with the help of the office employees, even going so far as threatening to fire them if they do not help. No one in the office wants to set up any of their friends with Michael, but when Michael learns that the chair model had died in a car crash some time ago, Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) takes pity and sets him up on a blind date with her landlady (Brooke Dillman). The date does not go well, beginning with Michael pretending he is not who she was supposed to be meeting. After Michael admits his own blind date was a failure, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) convinces him that he needs closure on this person he loved who is gone. The two end up in a cemetery at the grave of the chair model, where Michael "grieves". They are both singing "American Pie" by Don McLean and dancing on her grave.
With Michael busy, Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) and Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) work to reclaim parking spaces that they have lost due to construction in a neighboring office. They arrange a meeting with the bosses of the office park, and are given the parking spots back. The spaces are retrieved, Kevin feels happy to have won one, as his fiancée Stacy broke off their engagement and it's been a hard time for him.
While flirting, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) reveals he is ready to propose to Pam, even going as far as telling her that he is not going to do it at work ("because that would be rather lame") and when he does it, it will "kick her ass". Pam is not sure if he's joking. Alone with the camera, Jim reveals that he was not joking and shows an engagement ring that he bought "the week after [they] started dating." After work, while walking back to his car, he stops and gets down on one knee. When Pam stops and looks he says he has a question to ask her. After a second or so of hesitation, he asks her if she will wait while he ties his shoes. She laughs and they continue walking hand in hand. At the end of the episode, Michael and Dwight are seen singing "American Pie" and dancing in the same cemetery at night, presumably having never left.
Production[edit]
"Chair Model" was the third episode of the series directed by Jeffrey Blitz. Blitz had previously directed "The Convict" and "The Negotiation".[1][2] The episode was written by B. J. Novak, who plays temporary worker turned corporate manager Ryan Howard.[3][4] Novak was originally going to name the episode "Michael Dating", but the title could have potentially been a spoiler because fans with DVRs would have seen it before "Dinner Party" aired and deduced that Michael and Jan's relationship had completely fallen apart. For a while, "Parking" was going to be the title, but even that was decided against because that refers to the subplot, and also because it was generic and boring even by the show's no-frills-titles standard. Eventually, someone suggested "Chair Model", which was eventually kept as the name.[4] Originally, Novak wrote Jim putting Dwight through a "phony management training", but NBC pointed out that it felt like the writers had done it before even though they had not. As a group, the writers tried to think of a new idea for the plot; they considered having Pam move in with Jim, but they thought that first the two should be engaged.[5]
There was an auditioning process for both the chair model and the young blond woman that Michael sees in the coffee shop. According to Novak, the chair model was supposed to be "pretty" and "perhaps even prettier than your average model", but more of just an "average single girl", because the episode is more about Michael wanting to start dating again than the model herself.[4] In the scene with the "Five Families", one of the actors, Paul Faust was the only first-time actor. Faust is the cousin of writer Paul Lieberstein, and had been on a tour of the set and talked to many of the writers. He made a good impression and so the character of "Cool Guy Paul" was based on him. The day before they were scheduled to shoot, the show still had not cast anyone for the role, so they called Paul in New York City and had him read the lines into a camera and e-mail to them. In less than an hour, Faust had landed the part and was flown out to Los Angeles.[4]
Although Novak wrote the majority of the episode, Jennifer Celotta and Paul Lieberstein were actually the ones that came up with the graveyard scene in the end. The original song for Michael to sing was going to be a parody of "Candle in the Wind" by Elton John. Elton John however, refused to give The Office permission to use the song, because 30 Rock had requested permission for a parody of "Candle in the Wind" that offended Elton John, and he did not want to have his song parodied again. So then, the writers wrote parodies of "Legs" by ZZ Top and "Ruby Tuesday" by The Rolling Stones, but eventually "American Pie" by Don McLean cleared, so the writers went with that.[5]
Cultural references[edit]
Michael calls Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez) an "Oscar Mayer Weiner Lover", a reference to both the sausage of the same name, as well as Oscar's homosexuality. Andy and Kevin hold a meeting with the head of the "Five Families" of the office building, a reference to the "Five Families" from The Godfather trilogy. Michael later tries to call a "hot and juicy redhead" named Wendy, but it turns out it was the number for Wendy's, the fast-food restaurant.[6]
Reception[edit]
"Chair Model" first aired on NBC on April 17, 2008.[7] The episode received 5.8/9 percent share in the households demographic in the Nielsen ratings. This means that 5.8 percent of all households watched the episode, and nine percent had their televisions tuned to the channel at any point. The episode was watched by 9.86 million viewers total, as well as 6.49 million viewers in the 18–49 demographic.[8]
"Chair Model" was generally well received by critics, although some fans were alienated by the darkness of the episode. Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club gave the episode a moderately positive review and awarded it a "B+".[9] He noted that the episode "fell on the wrong side of the funny/creepy divide for a lot of Office fans", but that he enjoyed the entry, calling the grave scene "unexpectedly sweet".[9] He also enjoyed the maturation of Andy, describing him as "coming into his own [and becoming] something more than just a foil for Dwight".[9] M. Giant of Television Without Pity awarded the episode an "A".[6] BuddyTV senior writer Oscar Dahl wrote that "The Office is sharp as ever" and Jim saying he was going to propose was "a big time moment in the Jim/Pam story".[10] Dahl also praised the parking lot storyline, saying "what started as merely a joke (Kevin was dumped), became a feel-good moment."[10]
IGN's Travis Fickett said that Michael falling in love with the chair model was "a hysterical turn and highlights just how deluded Michael – and Dwight – can be".[11] Fickett was critical of the "parking" storyline, saying that it was "a bit over the top and runs a bit thin", but he did think that the scene at the end with Kevin was "a sweet and genuine moment".[11] Aubry D'Arminio of Entertainment Weekly stated that, in relation to the previous episode "Dinner Party", "Last night's show took another approach. Don't get me wrong. It was a blinder—but a totally different animal, so to speak."[12] D'Arminio went on to praise the dual plots of the episode.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant (writers); Jeffrey Blitz (director) (November 30, 2006). "The Convict". The Office. Season 3. Episode 5. NBC.
Jump up ^ Michael Schur (writer); Jeffrey Blitz (director) (April 5, 2007). "The Negotiation". The Office. Season 3. Episode 19. NBC.
Jump up ^ "B.J. Novak as Ryan Howard/Writer/Supervising Producer Producer". NBC. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Novak, B.J. (April 23, 2008). "B.J. Novak Answers "Chair Model" Questions". OfficeTally. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Pashman, Dan (May 12, 2008). "The Office's BJ Novak: Uncut". NPR. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Giant, M. "Chair Model". Television Without Pity. NBCUniversal. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Office – Seasons – Season Four". NBC. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (November 18, 2007). "The Office Ratings 2007–2008". TV by the Numbers. Zap2it. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rabin, Nathan (April 17, 2008). "'Chair Model' | The Office | TV Club | TV". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Dahl, Oscar (April 17, 2007). "The Office: Dead Chair Models and a Surprise Twist". BuddyTV. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Fickett, Travis (March 18, 2007). "The Office: "The Chairmodel" Review". IGN. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Arminio, Aubry (April 18, 2007). "The Office Recap: Michael's Love Seat? Review". Entertainment Weekly. Time, Inc. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
External links[edit]
"Chair Model" at NBC.com
"Chair Model" on IMDb
"Chair Model" at TV.com
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Strange Fruit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Strange Fruit (disambiguation).
"Strange Fruit"
Single by Billie Holiday
B-side
"Fine and Mellow"
Released
1939
Format
78 rpm
Recorded
April 20, 1939[1]
Genre
Blues, Jazz
Label
Commodore
Songwriter(s)
Abel Meeropol
Billie Holiday singles chronology
"I'm Gonna Lock My Heart"
(1938) "Strange Fruit"
(1939) "God Bless the Child"
(1942)
Audio sample
file
help
"Strange Fruit" is a song performed most famously by Billie Holiday, who first sang and recorded it in 1939. Written by teacher Abel Meeropol as a poem and published in 1937, it protested American racism, particularly the lynching of African Americans. Such lynchings had reached a peak in the South at the turn of the century, but continued there and in other regions of the United States.[2][3] According to the Tuskegee Institute, 1,953 Americans were murdered by lynching, about three quarters of them black.[4] The lyrics are an extended metaphor linking a tree’s fruit with lynching victims.[5] Meeropol set it to music and, with his wife and the singer Laura Duncan, performed it as a protest song in New York City venues in the late 1930s, including Madison Square Garden.
The song continues to be covered by numerous artists, including Nina Simone, UB40, Jeff Buckley, Siouxsie and the Banshees and Dee Dee Bridgewater and has inspired novels, other poems, and other creative works. In 1978, Holiday's version of the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[6] It was also included in the list of Songs of the Century, by the Recording Industry of America and the National Endowment for the Arts. Lyricist E. Y. Harburg referred to the song as a "historical document".[4] It was also dubbed, "a declaration of war ... the beginning of the civil rights movement" by record producer Ahmet Ertegun.[4]
Contents
1 Poem and song
2 Billie Holiday's performances and recordings
3 Influence
4 Other versions
5 Honors
6 In popular culture
6.1 Politics
6.2 Literature
6.3 Cuisine
7 Bibliography
8 References
9 External links
Poem and song[edit]
Meeropol cited this photograph of the lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith, August 7, 1930, as inspiring his poem.[7]
"Strange Fruit" was originated as a poem written by American writer, teacher and songwriter Abel Meeropol, under his pseudonym Lewis Allan, as a protest against lynchings.[8][9][10] In the poem, Meeropol expressed his horror at lynchings, inspired by Lawrence Beitler's photograph of the 1930 lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith in Marion, Indiana.[9] He published the poem under the title "Bitter Fruit" in 1937 in The New York Teacher, a union magazine.[11] Though Meeropol had asked others (notably Earl Robinson) to set his poems to music, he set "Strange Fruit" to music himself. His protest song gained a certain success in and around New York. Meeropol, his wife, and black vocalist Laura Duncan performed it at Madison Square Garden.[12]
The lyrics are under copyright but have been republished in full in an academic journal, with permission.[13]
Billie Holiday's performances and recordings[edit]
Barney Josephson, the founder of Café Society in Greenwich Village, New York's first integrated nightclub, heard the song and introduced it to Billie Holiday. Other reports say that Robert Gordon, who was directing Billie Holiday's show at Cafe Society, heard the song at Madison Square Garden and introduced it to her.[11] Holiday first performed the song at Café Society in 1939. She said that singing it made her fearful of retaliation but, because its imagery reminded her of her father, she continued to sing the piece, making it a regular part of her live performances.[14] Because of the power of the song, Josephson drew up some rules: Holiday would close with it; the waiters would stop all service in advance; the room would be in darkness except for a spotlight on Holiday's face; and there would be no encore.[11] During the musical introduction, Holiday stood with her eyes closed, as if she were evoking a prayer.
Holiday approached her recording label, Columbia, about the song, but the company feared reaction by record retailers in the South, as well as negative reaction from affiliates of its co-owned radio network, CBS.[15] When Holiday's producer John Hammond also refused to record it, she turned to her friend Milt Gabler, whose Commodore label produced alternative jazz. Holiday sang "Strange Fruit" for him a cappella, and moved him to tears. Columbia gave Holiday a one-session release from her contract so she could record it; Frankie Newton's eight-piece Cafe Society Band was used for the session. Because Gabler worried the song was too short, he asked pianist Sonny White to improvise an introduction. On the recording, Holiday starts singing after 70 seconds.[11] Gabler worked out a special arrangement with Vocalion Records to record and distribute the song.[16]
Holiday recorded two major sessions of the song at Commodore, one in 1939 and one in 1944. The song was highly regarded; the 1939 recording eventually sold a million copies,[9] in time becoming Holiday's biggest-selling recording.
In her autobiography, Lady Sings the Blues, Holiday suggested that she, together with Meeropol, her accompanist Sonny White, and arranger Danny Mendelsohn, set the poem to music. The writers David Margolick and Hilton Als dismissed that claim in their work Strange Fruit: The Biography of a Song, writing that hers was "an account that may set a record for most misinformation per column inch". When challenged, Holiday—whose autobiography had been ghostwritten by William Dufty—claimed, "I ain't never read that book."[17]
Billie Holiday was so well known for her rendition of "Strange Fruit" that "she crafted a relationship to the song that would make them inseparable".[18]
Influence[edit]
In October 1939, Samuel Grafton of the New York Post described "Strange Fruit": "If the anger of the exploited ever mounts high enough in the South, it now has its Marseillaise."[19]
Other versions[edit]
Notable cover versions of this song include Nina Simone,[20] René Marie,[20] Jeff Buckley.[20] Siouxsie and the Banshees,[21] Dee Dee Bridgewater,[21] and UB40.[21] Nina Simone dramatized "Strange Fruit" in the context of the Civil Rights movement with a plain and unsentimental voice.[20] Journalist Lara Pellegrinelli wrote that Jeff Buckley while singing it "seems to meditate on the meaning of humanity the way Walt Whitman did, considering all of its glorious and horrifying possibilities".[20] Rene Marie's rendition was coupled with Confederate anthem "Dixie", making for an "uncomfortable juxtaposition", according to Pellegrinelli.[20] Siouxsie and the Banshees's version was selected by the Mojo magazine staff to be included on the compilation Music Is Love: 15 Tracks That Changed The World .[22]
Honors[edit]
1999: Time magazine named Strange Fruit as "Best Song of the Century" in its issue dated December 31, 1999.[23][24]
2002: The Library of Congress honored the song as one of 50 recordings chosen that year to add to the National Recording Registry.[25]
2010: The New Statesman listed it as one of the "Top 20 Political Songs".[26]
2011: The Atlanta Journal-Constitution listed the song as Number One on "100 Songs of the South".[27]
In popular culture[edit]
This section gives self-sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Politics[edit]
British singer Rebecca Ferguson publicly declined an invitation from president-elect Donald Trump to sing at his inauguration, saying that she would perform only if she could sing Billie Holiday's "Strange Fruit".[28]
Literature[edit]
Lillian Smith's novel Strange Fruit (1944) was said to have been inspired by Holiday's version of the song.[29]
Alan Moore, Stephen Bissette and John Totleben's comic book Swamp Thing #42 (1985) features a story titled "Strange Fruit" for a horror story about southern racism.
Mark Waid and artist J. G. Jones produced a comic book dealing with themes of racism and civil rights, entitled Strange Fruit for Boom! Studios.[30]
Patrick Phillips titled his non-fiction book Blood at the Root: A Racial Cleansing in America (2016) after a phrase in the lyrics.[31]
Cuisine[edit]
The Cambridge, Massachusetts restaurant The Friendly Toast included a drink called Strange Fruit, after Smith's novel, on a menu of cocktails named after banned books. In 2015 this generated controversy, as a patron took the name as a reference to the song and found it inappropriate. The drink was later removed from the menu.[32][33]
Bibliography[edit]
Clarke, Donald (1995). Billie Holiday: Wishing on the Moon. München: Piper. ISBN 3-492-03756-9.
Davis, Angela (1999). Blues Legacies and Black Feminism. Vintage Books. ISBN 0-679-77126-3.
Holiday, Billie; Dufty, William (1992). Lady Sings the Blues. Edition Nautilus. ISBN 3-89401-110-6. Autobiography.
Margolick, David; Als, Hilton (2000). Strange Fruit: Billie Holiday, Café Society and an Early Cry for Civil Rights (Hardcover ed.). Running Press. ISBN 0-7624-0677-1.
Margolick, David; Als, Hilton (2001). Strange Fruit: The Biography of a Song (Paperback ed.). Ecco. ISBN 0-06-095956-8.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Billie Holiday recording sessions". Billieholidaysongs.com. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Lynching Statistics for 1882-1968". Chesnuttarchive.org. January 29, 1999. Archived from the original on January 19, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "War and Social Upheaval: the American Civil Rights Movement - lynching". Histclo.com. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Strange Fruit (1939) --Billie Holiday (written by Abel Meeropol)". Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings.
Jump up ^ "Strange Fruit by Billie Holiday (lyrics)".
Jump up ^ "Hall of Fame". Retrieved June 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Strange Fruit: Anniversary Of A Lynching". NPR. August 6, 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Margolick, David (2000). Strange Fruit: Billie Holiday, Café Society, and an Early Cry for Civil Rights. Philadelphia: Running Press. pp. 25–27.
^ Jump up to: a b c Moore, Edwin (September 18, 2010). "Strange Fruit is still a song for today | Index Strange Fruit is still a song for today". The Guardian. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Blair, Elizabeth (Host) (September 5, 2012). "The Strange Story Of The Man Behind 'Strange Fruit'". Morning Edition. NPR.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lynskey, Dorian (2011). "33 Revolutions Per Minute". London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 0-571-24134-4.
Jump up ^ Margolick, Strange Fruit, pp. 36–37.
Jump up ^ Meeropol, Abel (12 July 2006). "Strange fruit". International Journal of Epidemiology. 35 (4): 902–902. doi:10.1093/ije/dyl173. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Margolick, Strange Fruit, pp. 40–46.
Jump up ^ Margolick, Strange Fruit, pp. 61–62.
Jump up ^ Billy Crystal, 700 Sundays, pp. 46–47.
Jump up ^ Margolick, Strange Fruit, pp. 31–32.
Jump up ^ Perry, Samuel (2012). ""Strange Fruit," Ekphrasis, and the Lynching Scene". Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 43:5: 449–474.
Jump up ^ Lynskey, Dorian (February 15, 2011). "Strange Fruit: the first great protest song". The Guardian.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Pellegrinelli, Lara (22 June 2009). "Evolution Of A Song: 'Strange Fruit'". npr.org. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Margolick, David (2000). "Strange Fruit, Billie Holiday, Café Society, and an Early Cry for Civil Rights". NYTimes. ISBN 0-7624-0677-1. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Music Is Love! (15 Tracks That Changed The World) CD". Mojo (magazine). June 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2017. Siouxsie and the Banshes's rendition from their 1987 Through the Looking Glass album was selected to feature on this compilation
Jump up ^ Billy Crystal, 700 Sundays, p. 47.
Jump up ^ McNally, Owen (March 30, 2000). "'Song of the century' chilling: Graphic lyrics of 'the first unmuted cry against racism' are making a comeback". Ottawa Citizen.
Jump up ^ "National Recording Registry 2002". loc.gov. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Smith, Ian K (March 25, 2010). "Top 20 Political Songs: Strange Fruit". New Statesman. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "100 Songs of the South | accessAtlanta.com". Alt.coxnewsweb.com. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Jamieson, Amber (2 January 2017). "Rebecca Ferguson says she will play Trump inauguration if she can sing Strange Fruit". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Bass, Erin Z. (December 12, 2012). "The Strange Life of Strange Fruit". Deep South Magazine.
Jump up ^ Towers, Andrea (June 30, 2015). "Mark Waid and J.G. Jones preview powerful historically based comic, Strange Fruit". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Carol (2016-09-28). "American Apartheid: A Georgia County Drove Out All Its Black Citizens in 1912". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Friendly Toast pulls a drink called 'Strange Fruit' off its menu".
Jump up ^ "Restaurant Learns the Hard Way Why You Never Name a Cocktail 'Strange Fruit'".
External links[edit]
"Strange Fruit", Independent Lens, PBS
Strange Fruit, Newsreel documentary
"Strange Fruit", Shmoop, analysis of lyrics, historical and literary allusions - student & teaching guide
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
"Strange Fruit" at MusicBrainz (information and list of recordings)
BBC Radio 4 - Soul Music, Series 17, Strange Fruit
"Strange Fruit: A protest song with enduring relevance"
"Strange Fruit". Radio Diaries (Podcast). PRX. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
show
v
t
e
Billie Holiday
Discography
Awards and nominations
Albums
Billie Holiday Sings/Solitude
An Evening with Billie Holiday
Billie Holiday
Billie Holiday at JATP
Stay with Me
Music for Torching
Velvet Mood
Lady Sings the Blues
Body and Soul
Songs for Distingué Lovers
Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday at Newport
All or Nothing at All
Lady in Satin
Last Recording
The Essential Billie Holiday: Carnegie Hall Concert Recorded Live
Lady in Autumn: The Best of the Verve Years
Lady Day: The Complete Billie Holiday on Columbia 1933–1944
Remixed and Reimagined
Songs
"Ain't Nobody's Business"
"As Time Goes By"
"Billie's Blues"
"Blue Moon"
"Body and Soul"
"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?"
"Don't Explain"
"Easy Living"
"Embraceable You"
"Everything Happens for the Best"
"Everything Happens to Me"
"Fine and Mellow"
"Gloomy Sunday"
"God Bless the Child"
"Good Morning Heartache"
"I Cover the Waterfront"
"I Loves You, Porgy"
"I Thought About You"
"I'll Be Seeing You"
"I'll Get By"
"I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm"
"Just One of Those Things"
"Lady Sings the Blues"
"Left Alone"
"Love for Sale"
"Lover Man (Oh, Where Can You Be?)"
"Me, Myself, and I"
"Miss Brown to You"
"My Man"
"Moonlight in Vermont"
"Night and Day"
"No More"
"Now or Never"
"Our Love Is Different"
"P.S. I Love You"
"Pennies from Heaven"
"Please Don't Do It Here"
"Preacher Boy"
"Sophisticated Lady"
"Stormy Blues"
"Strange Fruit"
"Summertime"
"These Foolish Things (Remind Me of You)"
"Too Marvelous for Words"
"Trav'lin' Light"
"What a Little Moonlight Can Do"
"What Is This Thing Called Love?"
"Who Needs You (Baby)"
"Why Was I Born?"
"Willow Weep for Me"
"You Go to My Head"
Related topics
"Angel of Harlem"
Lady Sings the Blues (book)
Lady Sings the Blues (film)
Lady Sings the Blues (soundtrack)
Book
Category
show
v
t
e
Lynching in the United States
show
Victims
Before 1900
? McIntosh (1835)
Francis McIntosh (1836)
Elijah Parish Lovejoy (1837)
Joseph and Hyrum Smith (1844)
Josefa Segovia (1851)
Pancho Daniel (1858)
Joshua Boyd (1863)
Henry Plummer (1864)
Bill Sketoe (1864)
Clubfoot George (1864)
Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer (1868)
Wyatt Outlaw (1870)
Alexander Boyd (1870)
Jim Williams (1871)
David Jones (1872)
Jo Reed (1875)
Michael Green (1878)
Joseph Standing (1879)
John J. Hoover (1880)
Big Nose George Parrott (1881)
Charles Thurber (1882)
John Wesley Heath (1884)
Eliza Woods (1886)
Amos Miller (1888)
Joseph Vermillion (1889)
George Meadows (1889)
Ella Watson (1889)
Ellen Watson (1889)
Brown Washington (1890)
Jim Taylor (1891)
Dick Lundy (1891)
Joe Coe (1891)
Robert Lewis (1892)
Ephraim Grizzard (1892)
Samuel J. Bush (1893)
John Peterson (1893)
Alfred Blount (1893)
Henry Smith (1893)
Stephen Williams (1894)
Amos Hicks (1894)
Jacob Henson (1896)
John Anderson (1898)
Sam Hose (1899)
1900–1940
Fred Rochelle (1901)
Walker Davis (1903)
David Wyatt (1903)
Marie Thompson (1904)
Bunk Richardson (1906)
Ed Johnson (1906)
Slab Pitts (1906)
William Burns (1907)
Jim Miller (1909)
James Hodges (1909)
Matthew Chase (1909)
"Mose" Creole (1909)
"Pie" Hill (1909)
Grant Richardson (1910)
King Johnson (1911)
Name unknown (TX) (1911)
Will Porter (1911)
Zachariah Walker (1911)
Mary Jackson (1912)
Rob Edwards (1912)
George Saunders (1912)
Robert Perry (1913)
? Anderson (1913)
Charles Fisher (1914)
John Evans (1914)
Leo Frank (1915)
Name unknown (MS) (1915)
Jesse Washington (1916)
Anthony Crawford (1916)
Jeff Brown (1916)
Frank Little (1917)
Charles Jones (1917)
Ell Persons (1917)
Robert Prager (1918)
Mary Turner and her unborn baby (1918)
Hazel "Hayes" Turner (1918)
Jim McIlherron (1918)
Olli Kinkkonen (1918)
Wallace Baynes (1919)
Will Brown (1919)
Wesley Everest (1919)
Willie Baird (1920)
Roy Belton (1920)
Dick Rowland (attempted) (1921)
Joe Pullen (1923)
Jack Trice (1923)
Samuel Smith (1924)
Raymond Bird (1926)
J. C. Collins (1928)
George Hughes (1930)
James Cameron (1930)
Raymond Gunn (1931)
Matthew Williams (1931)
George Armwood (1933)
Cordie Cheek (1933)
Claude Neal (1934)
Austin Callaway (1940)
After 1940
Felix Hall (1941)
Johannes Kunze (1943)
Robert "Bobbie" Hall (1943)
Willie James Howard (1944)
Recy Taylor (1944)
John Cecil Jones (1946)
Willie Earle (1947)
Lamar Smith (1955)
George W. Lee (1955)
Emmett Till (1955)
Judge Edward Aaron (1957)
Willie Edwards (1957)
Mack Charles Parker (1959)
Louis Allen (1964)
Lemuel Penn (1964)
Frank Morris (1964)
James Reeb (1965)
Jimmie Lee Jackson (1965)
Vernon Dahmer (1966)
Wharlest Jackson (1967)
Carol Jenkins (1968)
Henry Marrow (1970)
Arthur McDuffie (1979)
Michael Donald (1981)
Mulugeta Seraw (1988)
Yusef Hawkins (1989)
James Byrd, Jr. (1998)
David Ritcheson (2006)
Brandon McClelland (2008)
James Craig Anderson (2011)
show
Multiple victims
Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre (1858)
Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX (1862)
New York City draft riots (1863)
Detroit race riot (1863)
? Lachenais and four others (1863)
Fort Pillow, TN, massacre (1864)
Plummer Gang (1864)
Memphis massacre (1866)
Gallatin County, KY, race riot (1866)
New Orleans massacre of 1866
Reno Brothers Gang (1868)
Steve Long and two half-brothers (1868)
Pulaski, TN, riot (1868)
Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman (1868)
Opelousas, LA, massacre (1868)
Bear River City riot (1868)
Chinese massacre of 1871
Meridian, MS race riot (1871)
Colfax, LA, massacre (1873)
Election riot of 1874 (AL)
Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya (1874)
Benjamin and Mollie French (1876)
Hamburg, SC, massacre (1876)
Thibodeax, LA, massacre (1878)
New Orleans 1891 lynchings (1891)
Ruggles Brothers (CA) (1892)
Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (1892)
Phoenix, SC, election riot (1898)
Wilmington, NC, insurrection (1898)
Julia and Frazier Baker (1898)
Pana, IL, riot (1899)
Atlanta race riot (1906)
Kemper County, MS (1906)
Walker family (1908)
Springfield race riot of 1908
Slocum, TX, massacre (1910)
Laura and L.D. Nelson (1911)
Harris County, GA, lynchings (1912)
Forsyth County, GA (1912)
East St. Louis, IL, riots (1917)
Elaine, AR, race riot (1917)
Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA (1918)
Longview, TX, race riot (1919)
Omaha race riot of 1919
Knoxville riot of 1919
Red Summer (1919)
Duluth, MN, lynchings (1920)
Ocoee, FL, massacre (1920)
Tulsa race riot (1921)
Perry, FL, race riot (1922)
Rosewood, FL, massacre (1923)
Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith (1930)
Tate County, MS (1932)
Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes (1933)
Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels (1937)
Beaumont, TX, Race Riot (1943)
O'Day Short, wife, and two children (1945)
Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings (1946)
Harry and Harriette Moore (1952)
Anniston, AL (1961)
Freedom Summer Murders (James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner) (1964)
Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore (1964)
General
Lynching
Lynching in the United States
List of lynching victims in the United States
Indiana White Caps
Jim Crow laws
Ku Klux Klan
Nadir of American race relations
Red Shirts
Anti-lynching
movement
American anti-lynching activists
Anti-lynching movement
American Crusade Against Lynching
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
"Flag Salute"
N.A.A.C.P.
Paul Robeson
"Strange Fruit"
Ida B. Wells
Lynching defenders or deniers
David Horowitz
John Trotwood Moore
Benjamin Tillman
Memory
America's Black Holocaust Museum
Civil Rights Memorial
The Legacy Museum
The National Memorial for Peace and Justice
National Museum of African American History and Culture
Southern Poverty Law Center
Related articles
James Allen (collector)
Battle of Liberty Place
The Birth of a Nation
Mississippi Burning
Mississippi Cold Case
The Ox-Bow Incident
Silent Parade
Summer in Mississippi
Sundown town
They Won't Forget
The United States of Lyncherdom (Twain)
Vendetta (1999 film)
Categories
Lynching in the United States
Lynching deaths in the United States
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strange_Fruit&oldid=853147939"
Categories:
1939 songs
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