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National symbols of Canada
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National symbols of Canada are the symbols that are used in Canada and abroad to represent the country and its people. Prominently, the use of the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates back to the early 18th century, and is depicted on its current and previous flags, the penny, and on the coat of arms (or royal arms).
The Crown symbolizes the Canadian monarchy,[1] and appears on the coat of arms (used by parliamentarians and government ministries), the flag of the Governor General,[1] the coats of arms of many provinces and territories; the badges of several federal departments, the Canadian Forces, Royal Military College of Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), many regiments, and other police forces; on buildings, as well as some highway signs and licence plates. Also, the Queen's image appears in Canadian government buildings, military installations and schools; and on Canadian stamps, $20 bank notes, and all coins.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of symbols
2 National bird
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
List of symbols[edit]
Canada does not have a floral emblem,[2] and none of the tartan, maple leaf, or Great Seal emblems are official symbols.[3]
Symbol
Image
Declared
National flag[4] February 15, 1965
Royal standard[1] Royal Crest on a blue field adopted September 1961
Viceregal standard
Adopted 1980
Royal cypher[1] 1952
Royal arms[4][5] November 21, 1921 (current version 1994)
Great Seal[3] November 14, 1955 (current version)[6]
National anthem[4]
"O Canada"
"O Canada" July 1, 1980 (song dates to 1880)
Royal anthem[1]
"God Save the Queen"
"God Save the Queen" 1867 (song dates to 1744)
Motto[4]
A Mari Usque Ad Mare
(From sea to sea) November 21, 1921
National colours[4]
Red
#B90600
White
#FFFFFF
November 21, 1921 by order of King George V
National tree[4]
Maple 1996
Additional national symbol[3]
Maple leaf c. 1860
National animals[4]
Beaver 1975

Canadian horse 2002
National sport[4][7]
Lacrosse (summer) May 12, 1994

Ice hockey (winter) May 12, 1994
National tartan[4]
Maple Leaf Tartan March 9, 2011
National bird[edit]
In 2015, the Royal Canadian Geographical Society launched a National Bird Project in order to declare a national bird in time for Canada's sesquicentennial in 2017.[8] In November 2016 they selected the Grey jay (formerly known as the Canada jay) and are currently lobbying the government to make it an official national symbol before the end of 2017.
See also[edit]
Canada portal
List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols
List of Canadian flags
Canadian royal symbols
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Crown in Canada". Department of Canadian Heritage. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Floral Emblems of Canada – A Bouquet". Canadian Heritage. 21 March 2009. Retrieved 2013-04-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Other symbols of Canada". The Department of Canadian Heritage. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Official symbols of Canada". The Department of Canadian Heritage. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
Jump up ^ "The arms of Canada". Department of Canadian Heritage. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
Jump up ^ http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/great-seal-of-canada/
Jump up ^ "National Sports of Canada Act, CHAPTER N-16.7". Code of Canada. Government of Canada. 12 May 1994.
Jump up ^ "The National Bird Project - Canadian Geographic". Canadian Geographic. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
Further reading[edit]
Department of Canadian Heritage (2002). Symbols of Canada. Ottawa, ON: Queen's Printer for Canada. ISBN 0-660-18615-2.
Ross, David; Hook, Richard (1988). The Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1873–1987. London: Osprey. ISBN 0-85045-834-X.
Hutchins, Donna; Hutchins, Nigel (2006). The Maple Leaf Forever: A Celebration of Canadian Symbols. Erin: The Boston Mills Press. ISBN 978-1-55046-474-0.
External links[edit]
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List of one-hit wonders in the United States
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A one-hit wonder is a Top 40 phenomenon; the combination of artist and song that scores huge in the music industry with one single, but is unable to repeat the achievement. The term can refer to the artist, the song, or both together.
Contents
[hide]
1 Criteria
2 Songs by decade
3 One-hit wonders from other media
4 Multiple one-hit wonders
4.1 Members of two one-hit acts
4.2 Members of three or more one-hit acts
5 Solo career one-hit wonders
6 Re-recordings of songs by one-hit wonders
7 See also
8 References
9 Notes
10 External links
Criteria[edit]
Music journalist Wayne Jancik, whose book, The Billboard Book of One-Hit Wonders, defines a one-hit wonder rather conservatively, as "an act that has won a position on Billboard's national, pop, Top 40 just once." He therefore includes influential performers such as Janis Joplin and Jimi Hendrix solely on the basis of their Top 40 performance on the Billboard Hot 100 (the criteria thus ignores competing charts such as those published by Mediabase and the now defunct Cash Box and Radio & Records). In his definition of an "act", Jancik distinguishes between a solo performer and any group he or she may have performed in; thus Roger Daltrey is distinguished from The Who, Joplin is distinguished from Big Brother and the Holding Company and Ted Nugent is distinguished from The Amboy Dukes. He restricts his reporting time to the period from the start of the "rock-and-roll era" (defined by the author as 1 January 1955) to 31 December 1992. The latter date was picked to allow a five-year "lag time" before publication for a listed one-hit wonder to produce a second hit; this unfortunately does not allow for a longer hiatus between hits for a particular performer. For example, Lenny Kravitz is listed for "It Ain't Over 'Til It's Over" (No. 2, August 1991);[1] the book therefore misses subsequent hits, such as "Fly Away" (which hit number 12 on the Hot 100) and "Dig In" (which hit number 31 on the Hot 100).
Jancik's The Billboard Book of One-Hit Wonders, because of the publisher's limitation on size, only includes the top twenty One-Hit Wonders, or roughly half of the one-hit wonders that made the Top 40 from 1955 through 1992. The author has published a website "One-Hit Wonders," The Book, which now includes all the one-hit wonders profiles he had originally written for the book.
Fred Bronson, a journalist and former writer for Billboard magazine, in his book Billboard's Hottest Hot 100 Hits, uses the criterion that if an artist has another song hitting the Billboard Hot 100, is ineligible to be considered a one-hit wonder.[2]
Songs by decade[edit]
Each decade of one-hit wonders has a corresponding entry:
List of 1950s one-hit wonders in the United States
List of 1960s one-hit wonders in the United States
List of 1970s one-hit wonders in the United States
List of 1980s one-hit wonders in the United States
List of 1990s one-hit wonders in the United States
List of 2000s one-hit wonders in the United States
List of 2010s one-hit wonders in the United States
One-hit wonders from other media[edit]
Actor Steve Martin scored one Top 40 hit with the song "King Tut", which peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1978.
Comedian/radio personality Rick Dees scored one Top 40 hit with the song "Disco Duck", which peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1976.
The list of Billboard one-hit wonders also features artists better known for talents other than pop vocals:
Alan Arkin (actor), with The Tarriers, "The Banana Boat Song" (No. 4, February 1957[3])
Jim Backus (actor), as "Jim Backus & Friend", "Delicious" (No. 40, July 1958[4])
Edd Byrnes (actor), "Kookie, Kookie (Lend Me Your Comb)" (No. 4, May 1959[5])
Keith Carradine (actor), "I'm Easy" (No. 17, August 1976[6])
Bill Cosby (comedian), "Little Ole Man (Uptight, Everything's Alright)" (No. 4, August 4, 1967)[7]
Les Crane (talk show host), "Desiderata" (No. 8, 1971)
Rick Dees (radio disc jockey) as Rick Dees and His Cast of Idiots, "Disco Duck" (No. 1, October 1976[8])
Everett Dirksen (U.S. Senator), "Gallant Men" (No. 29, December 1966[9])
Mike Douglas (talk show host), "The Men in My Little Girl's Life" (No. 6, February 1966[10])
Lorne Greene (actor), "Ringo" (No. 1, November 1964[11])
Jasmine Guy (actress), "Just Want to Hold You" (No. 34, August 1991[12])
Richard Harris (actor), "MacArthur Park" (No. 2, June 1968[13])
Paris Hilton (heiress and reality television star), "Stars Are Blind" (No. 18, July 2006[14])
Don Johnson (actor), "Heartbeat" (No. 5, September 1986[15])
Anna Kendrick (actress), "Cups" (No. 6, 2013)
Cheryl Ladd (actress), "Think It Over" (No. 34, September 1978[16])
Vicki Lawrence (actor), "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia" (No. 1, April 1973[17])
Jerry Lewis (comedian), "Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody" (No. 10, December 1956[18])
Moms Mabley (comedian), "Abraham, Martin and John" (No. 35, July 1969)
George Maharis (actor), "Teach Me Tonight" (No. 25, June 1962[19])
Wink Martindale (game show host), "Deck of Cards" (No. 7, November 1959[20])
Steve Martin (comedian), "King Tut" (No. 17, August 1978[21])
Rick Moranis and Dave Thomas (actors/comedians) as Bob and Doug MacKenzie, "Take Off" (No. 16, March 1982[22])
Anthony Perkins (actor), as Tony Perkins, "Moonlight Swim" (No. 24, October 1957[23])
John Schneider (actor), "It's Now or Never" (No. 14, August 1981[24])
Gordon Sinclair (radio commentator), "The Americans (A Canadian's Opinion)", No. 24 (1973[25])
David Soul (actor), "Don't Give Up on Us" (No. 1, April 1977[26])
Patrick Swayze (actor), "She's Like the Wind" (No. 3, February 1988[27])
Tracy Ullman (actress), "They Don't Know" (No. 8, February 1984)
Bruce Willis (actor), "Respect Yourself" (No. 5, 1987)
Chuck Woolery (game show host), as a member of The Avant-Garde, "Naturally Stoned" (No. 40, 1968)
Muppeteer Jim Henson hit the Billboard Top 40 twice: as Ernie with "Rubber Duckie" (No. 16, September 1970),[28] and Kermit the Frog with "The Rainbow Connection" (No. 25, November 1979)[16]
Multiple one-hit wonders[edit]
Singer Tony Burrows recorded songs with five different one-hit wonder groups.
A number of artists have also been multiple one-hit wonders, having a hit both with a group and solo or as a member of two (or more) different groups.
Members of two one-hit acts[edit]
Dan Baird: "Keep Your Hands to Yourself" (No. 2, December 1986) with The Georgia Satellites and "I Love You Period" (No. 26, December 1992), solo
Ron Dante: "Leader of the Laundromat" (No. 19, January 1965) with The Detergents and "Tracy" (No. 9, October 1969) with The Cuff Links; Dante was also lead singer of The Archies, a group that despite having numerous top-40 hits is still occasionally considered a one-hit wonder since only one Archies hit, "Sugar, Sugar" (No. 1, September 1969), survived in recurrent rotation.
Everlast: "Jump Around" (No. 3, October 1992) with House of Pain and "What It's Like" (No. 13, May 1999), solo
Janis Joplin: "Piece of My Heart" (No. 12, November 1968) with Big Brother & the Holding Company and "Me and Bobby McGee" (No. 1, March 1971), solo
Jay Ferguson and Mark Andes, both members of Spirit with 1969's I Got a Line on You #25 and Jo Jo Gunne with 1972's Run Run Run #27. Jay Ferguson would have two solo hits in the late 1970s while Mark Andes would go on to join bands such as Firefall and Heart.
Kiki Dee: "I've Got the Music in Me" (No. 12, 1974) as frontwoman for the Kiki Dee Band and "Don't Go Breaking My Heart" (No. 1, 1976) as a duet partner with Elton John
Limahl: "Too Shy" (No. 5, July 1983) with Kajagoogoo and "NeverEnding Story" (No. 17, May 1985), solo
Benny Mardones: "Into The Night" (No. 12, 1980) and "Into the Night" (No. 20, 1989)
Iain Matthews: "Woodstock" (No. 23, March 1971) with Matthews Southern Comfort and "Shake It" (No. 13, February 1979), solo, as "Ian Matthews"
Ted Nugent: "Journey to the Center of the Mind" (No. 16, August 1968) with The Amboy Dukes[29] and "Cat Scratch Fever" (No. 30, October 1977)[23] These songs were not the end of his chart career, however, as he would score two additional chart hits with Damn Yankees ("High Enough", No. 3, 1991 and "Where You Goin' Now", No. 20, 1992).
Sylvia Robinson: "Love Is Strange" (No. 11, March 1957) with Mickey & Sylvia and "Pillow Talk" (No. 3, June 1973), solo as "Sylvia"
Paul Rodgers: "All Right Now" with Free (No. 4, 1970) and "Radioactive" with The Firm (No. 28, 1985). Rodgers also had several hits with Bad Company.
Joe South: "Games People Play" (No. 12, 1969) as a solo artist, and "Walk a Mile in My Shoes" (No. 12, 1970) with The Believers. South also had several hits as a songwriter.
Bruce Sudano: "Tighter, Tighter" (No. 7, 1970) with Alive N Kickin' and "Heaven Knows" with Brooklyn Dreams and Donna Summer. Although Brooklyn Dreams had several collaborations with Summer, who was Sudano's girlfriend at the time, "Heaven Knows" was the only one in which Brooklyn Dreams was credited as the artist.
Jaron Lowenstein: "Crazy for This Girl" (No. 15, March 2001) with Evan & Jaron and "Pray for You" (No. 34, July 2010), solo as "Jaron and the Long Road to Love"
Alex Band: "Wherever You Will Go" (No. 5, March 2002) with The Calling and "Why Don't You & I" (No. 8, October 2003), as a collaboration with Santana.
Lauren Bennett: Featured on "Party Rock Anthem" (No. 1, 2011) along with LMFAO and GoonRock, and featured on "Wild Wild Love" (No. 30, 2014) as part of girl group G.R.L along with Pitbull.
Members of three or more one-hit acts[edit]
Joey Levine charted under three different names: "Run Run Run" as The Third Rail, "Quick Joey Small" as the Kasenetz-Katz Singing Orchestral Circus, and "Life Is a Rock (But the Radio Rolled Me)" as Reunion. All three were session "groups" in name only. Levine also recorded with The Ohio Express and had multiple hits under that brand.
J. D. Souther charted exactly once as part of at least three acts: "You're Only Lonely" as a solo artist (No. 7, November 1979), "Fallin' in Love" with Souther–Hillman–Furay Band (No. 27, 1974) and "Her Town Too" as a duet with James Taylor (No. 11, 1981).
Richie Furay charted exactly ones as part of three acts: "Fallin' in Love" with Souther–Hillman–Furay Band, "I Still Have Dreams" as a solo artist (No. 39, December 1979) and "For What It's Worth" with Buffalo Springfield (No. 7, 1967).
Rupert Holmes, in addition to three top-40 hits under his own name, was also a member of three one-hit wonder studio groups: The Cuff Links, The Street People ("Jennifer Tomkins," No. 36 in March 1970) and The Buoys ("Timothy," No. 17, July 1971).
British singer Tony Burrows may be the most prolific "one-hit wonder" — he sang lead vocals on five singular hits for five groups in the United States:
"United We Stand", The Brotherhood of Man, No. 13 (January 1970) (note that a different group also known as the Brotherhood of Man later charted with "Save Your Kisses for Me" in 1976, but that group had no personnel in common with the group led by Burrows)
"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)", Edison Lighthouse, No. 5 (April 1970)
"My Baby Loves Lovin'", White Plains, No. 13 (July 1970)
"Gimme Dat Ding", The Pipkins, No. 9 (July 1970)
"Beach Baby", The First Class, No. 4 (October 1974)
Solo career one-hit wonders[edit]
Singer Roger Daltrey of music group The Who became a one-hit wonder with his solo hit "Without Your Love", which peaked at No. 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1980.
Singer Nick Lachey of music group 98 Degrees became a one-hit wonder with his solo hit "What's Left of Me", which peaked at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2006.
A number of members of successful bands became one-hit wonders when they went solo:
Ashley Parker Angel of O-Town: "Let U Go" (No. 12, May 2006)[30]
Roger Daltrey of The Who: "Without Your Love", from the film McVicar, in which he also starred (No. 20, November 1980)[31]
El Debarge of Debarge: "Who's Johnny" (No. 3, July 1986)[32]
Rick Derringer of The McCoys: "Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo" (No. 23, January 1974)[9]
Dennis DeYoung of Styx: "Desert Moon" (No. 10, November 1984)[33]
Karen Fairchild of Little Big Town: "Home Alone Tonight" (No.38, February 2016)[34]
Donald Fagen of Steely Dan: "I.G.Y. (What a Beautiful World)" (No. 26, October 1982)[35]
Agnetha Fältskog of ABBA: "Can't Shake Loose" (No. 29, November 1983)[35]
Ace Frehley of Kiss: "New York Groove" (No. 13, February 1979)[36]
Susanna Hoffs of The Bangles: "My Side of the Bed" (No. 30, February 1991)[12]
Terry Jacks of The Poppy Family: "Seasons in the Sun" (No. 1, March 1974)[37]
Jordan Knight of New Kids on the Block: "Give It to You" (No. 10, May 1999)[38]
Nick Lachey of 98 Degrees: "What's Left of Me" (No. 6, May 2006)[39])
Anni-Frid Lyngstad of ABBA, as Frida: "I Know There's Something Going On" (No. 13, March 1983)[40]
Joey McIntyre of New Kids on the Block: "Stay the Same" (No. 10, April 1999)[41]
Michael Nesmith of The Monkees, with The First National Band: "Joanne" (No. 21, August 1970)[23]
Ric Ocasek of The Cars: "Emotion in Motion" (No. 15, October 1986)[42]
Benjamin Orr of The Cars: "Stay the Night" (No. 24, November 1986)[23]
Claudette Ortiz of City High: "Two Wrongs" (No. 28, August 2002)[43]
"Little Jimmy Osmond" of The Osmonds: "Long Haired Lover from Liverpool" (No. 38, June 1972)[23]
John Phillips of The Mamas & the Papas: "Mississippi" (No. 32, May 1970)[44]
John Sebastian of The Lovin' Spoonful: "Welcome Back" (No. 1, May 1976)[45]
Tommy Shaw of Styx (and later of Damn Yankees): "Girls with Guns" (No. 33, September 1984)[25]
Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park, as Fort Minor: "Where'd You Go" (No. 4, July 2006)
David A. Stewart of Eurythmics: "Lily Was Here" (No. 11, July 1991)[46]
Paul Stookey of Peter, Paul and Mary: "The Wedding Song (There Is Love)" (No. 24, July 1971)[47]
Andy Taylor of Duran Duran: "Take It Easy" (No. 24, May 1986)[47]
John Taylor of Duran Duran: "I Do What I Do (Theme for 9½ Weeks)" (No. 22, July 1986)
Steven Tyler of Aerosmith: "(It) Feels So Good" (No.36, May 2011)[48]
Jack White of White Stripes: "Don't Hurt Yourself" (No.28, May 2016) [49]
Jane Wiedlin of The Go-Go's: "Rush Hour" (No. 9, July 1988)[50]
Brian Wilson of The Beach Boys: "Caroline, No" (No. 32, March 1966)[51]
Re-recordings of songs by one-hit wonders[edit]
Some songs have been solitary hits for different acts, in some cases almost simultaneously on the charts, due to an artist or label trying to "cash in" on the popularity of a particular song.[52] In other cases, a song may be rerecorded as a cover much later, providing a second artist with the same solo hit.
"Nuttin' for Christmas" — Ricky Zahnd and the Blue Jeaners (No. 21, December 1955); Barry Gordon (No. 6, December 1955); Joe Ward (No. 20, December 1955)
"Moonglow and Theme from Picnic" — George Cates (No. 4, June 1956); Morris Stoloff (No. 2, June 1956)
"Stranded in the Jungle" — The Jay Hawks (No. 18, July 1956); The Cadets (No. 15, August 1956)
"Raunchy" — Bill Justis (No. 2, December 1957); Ernie Freeman (No. 4, December 1957)
"Alley-Oop" — Dante and the Evergreens (No. 15, July 1960); Hollywood Argyles (No. 1, July 1960)
"Cast Your Fate to the Wind" — Vince Guaraldi (No. 22, February 1963); Sounds Orchestral (No. 10, May 1965)
"Stand by Me" — Spyder Turner (No. 12, February 1967); Mickey Gilley (No. 22, May 1980); the original artist, Ben E. King, hit the Top 10 with it twice—first in its original release in 1961, and then with a 1986 re-release.)
"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" — Steam (No. 1, December 1969[53]); The Nylons (released as "Kiss Him Goodbye") (No. 12, June 1987[54])
"One Tin Soldier" — The Original Caste (No. 34, 1970); Coven (No. 26, 1971)
"I Can't Stand the Rain" — Ann Peebles (No. 38, 1973); Eruption (No. 18, 1978)
"Funkytown" — Lipps, Inc. (No. 1, May 1980); Pseudo Echo (No. 6, June 1987)
See also[edit]
One-hit wonder
Lists of one-hit wonders
References[edit]
Jancik, Wayne (1998). The Billboard Book of One-Hit Wonders. New York: Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7622-9
Whitburn, Joel (2000). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits. New York: Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7690-3
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Jancik, p487
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Jancik, p28
Jump up ^ Jancik, p498
Jump up ^ Jancik, p76
Jump up ^ Jancik, p363
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/282069/bill+cosby/chart
Jump up ^ Jancik, p426
^ Jump up to: a b Jancik, p500
Jump up ^ Jancik, p197
Jump up ^ Jancik, p177
^ Jump up to: a b Jancik, p502
Jump up ^ Jancik, p237
Jump up ^ Billboard Hot 100 - Artist Chart History - Paris Hilton
Jump up ^ Jancik, p443
^ Jump up to: a b Jancik, p503
Jump up ^ Jancik, p323
Jump up ^ Jancik, p27
Jump up ^ Jancik, p504
Jump up ^ Jancik, p85
Jump up ^ Jancik, p378
Jump up ^ Jancik, p411
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jancik, p505
Jump up ^ Jancik, p409
^ Jump up to: a b Jancik, p507
Jump up ^ Jancik, p367
Jump up ^ Jancik, p457
Jump up ^ Jancik, p288
Jump up ^ Jancik, p243
Jump up ^ "Ashley Parker Angel Album & Song Chart History", Billboard.com
Jump up ^ Jancik, p403
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/301529/el+debarge/chart
Jump up ^ Jancik, p429
Jump up ^ "Blake Shelton – Chart History: The Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Jancik, p501
Jump up ^ Jancik, p382
Jump up ^ Jancik, p332
Jump up ^ Whitburn, p357
Jump up ^ Billboard - Artist Chart History - Nick Lachey
Jump up ^ Jancik, p419
Jump up ^ Whitburn, p417
Jump up ^ Jancik, p445
Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc (2002-08-31). Billboard - Google Books. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Jancik, p32
Jump up ^ Jancik, p358
Jump up ^ Jancik, p486
^ Jump up to: a b Jancik, p508
Jump up ^ "Steven Tyler – Chart History: The Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Beyoncé – Chart History: The Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jancik, p460
Jump up ^ Jancik, p509
Jump up ^ Jancik, p12
Jump up ^ Jancik, p268
Jump up ^ Jancik, p452
External links[edit]
VH1's One-hit Wonder TV special
Timmy Thomas-Why Can't We Live Together
411 Music Ten Deep 8.20.10: Top Ten One-Hit Wonder Songs
"One-Hit Wonders," The Book
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_one-hit_wonders_in_the_United_States&oldid=797318807"
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Gung Ho! (1943 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Gung Ho!
Realart reissue film poster
Directed by
Ray Enright
Produced by
Walter Wanger
Written by
Lt. W. S. LeFrançois USMCR (based on his Saturday Evening Post story "We Mopped Up Makin Island")
Screenplay by
Lucien Hubbard
Joseph Hoffman
Starring
Randolph Scott
Narrated by
Chet Huntley
Music by
Frank Skinner
Cinematography
Milton R. Krasner
Edited by
Milton Carruth
Production
company
Walter Wanger Productions
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
December 20, 1943 (1943-12-20) (United States)
Running time
88 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$866,898[1]
Box office
$2,176,489[1]
Gung Ho! (full title: Gung Ho!: The Story of Carlson's Makin Island Raiders) is a 1943 American war film directed by Ray Enright and starring Randolph Scott. The story is based on the real-life World War II Makin Island raid led by Lieutenant Colonel Evans Carlson's 2nd Marine Raider Battalion.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Themes
5 Reception
5.1 Box Office
5.2 Re-issue
6 Influences on popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
The film begins with a tough Greek lieutenant (J. Carrol Naish) announcing that the United States Marine Corps is seeking volunteers for a hazardous mission and special unit. Sgt. "Transport" Anderof (Sam Levene) meets the commander of the unit, Lt. Col. Thorwald (Randolph Scott), who he has served with while stationed in China. Thorwald explains that he left the Corps to serve with the Chinese guerrillas fighting the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War to learn their methods and has decided to form a unit using the qualities of Gung Ho or "work together".
Among the volunteers for the unit are a hillbilly (Rod Cameron), who responds to a gunnery sergeant's (Walter Sande) question whether he can kill someone with the fact that he already has. Alan Curtis is an ordained minister keeping his vocation a secret. Robert Mitchum is "Pig Iron"; a boxer from a background of poverty and hard work. Harold Landon is a young and small street kid who is initially rejected by Naish but wins him over, as both worked as dishwashers on ships bound to the United States from Piraeus, Greece. Noah Beery Jr. and David Bruce are rivals for a United States Navy nurse (Grace McDonald). Volunteers with brief screen time include a Filipino wishing to avenge his sister (who was left behind in Manilla and may have been raped or killed by the Japanese) who teaches the Raiders knife fighting, an embittered marine who had a brother killed at Pearl Harbor, a veteran of the Spanish Civil War who sees the war as a continuation of the fight against fascism, and a Marine who honestly admits, "I just don't like Japs".
The film moves rapidly in a documentary style, with stock footage of training narrated by Chet Huntley. Those who make it through the training are sent to Hawaii for further jungle warfare training, where they witness the damage of the attack on Pearl Harbor. In Hawaii they hear a radio bulletin of the announcement of the Battle of Guadalcanal. The Marines are ordered to board two submarines, the USS Nautilus and the USS Argonaut, destined for a commando raid on a Japanese-held island.
After a claustrophobic voyage, the Raiders invade the island from rubber boats. The Marine landing is met by fire from snipers hiding in palm trees. The Marines dispose of them, attack the Japanese headquarters, wipe out the garrison, destroy installations with explosives, then board the submarines for their return home.
Cast[edit]
Randolph Scott as Col. Thorwald
Alan Curtis as Pvt. John Harbison
Noah Beery Jr. as Cpl. Kurt Richter
J. Carrol Naish as Lt. C.J. Cristoforos
Sam Levene as Plt Sgt. Victor 'Transport' Magakian
David Bruce as Larry O'Ryan
Richard Lane as Capt. Dunphy
Walter Sande as Gunner McBride
Louis Jean Heydt as Lt. Roland Browning
Robert Mitchum as Pvt. 'Pig-Iron' Matthews
Rod Cameron as Pvt. Rube Tedrow
Grace McDonald as Kathleen Corrigan
Milburn Stone as Cmdr. Blake
Peter Coe as Pvt. Kozzarowski
Harold Landon as Pvt. Frankie Montana
Production[edit]
When producer Walter Wanger acquired the rights to the Makin Island raid and Lt. W.S LeFrançois' story, the United States Navy film liaison Lt. Albert J Bolton insisted that neither Carlson nor his executive officer James Roosevelt be singled out.[2] The screenplay depicted a fictional Lt. Col. Thorwald with no executive officer. The screenplay did include a character played by J. Carrol Naish, a Raider lieutenant of Greek extraction based on Marine Raider Lt. John Apergis[3] as well as Gunnery Sergeant Victor "Transport" Maghakian who served in the raid and survived the war. Though many incidents in the film did not occur in the real Makin Island raid, Carlson wrote of his being pleased with the film to Wanger.[4]
Like many other films about the United States Marine Corps, the movie was filmed at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego and Camp Pendleton with Marine extras and technical advisors including Carlson, Maghakian and Lt. Wilfred Sylvio LeFrancois with all three men being awarded the Navy Cross[5] on the actual raid. The Japanese were played by Chinese and Filipino extras.[6]
Themes[edit]
The fast-moving film is a template for many war films and other adventure or western films where a group of professional killers and misfits in polite society are handpicked by an inspiring leader, trained to perfection, then use their initiative and skills in marksmanship, combat and knife fighting on an enemy who greatly outnumber them.
Thorwald/Carlson lectures throughout the film that the Japanese have no initiative and cannot think for themselves or deviate from a plan; thus unexpected action pays off. This is demonstrated in several scenes where a Marine defeats his opponent in unarmed combat by spitting tobacco in his eyes, a small but fast runner strips down to his trousers and quickly zig-zagc through enemy fire to hurl hand grenades at a machine-gun nest, Marines destroy a Japanese pillbox and its occupants by squashing both with a road construction steamroller, and a speechless Robert Mitchum who has been shot in the throat and is unable to give warning, kills a Japanese infiltrator attempting to kill the battalion surgeon (Milburn Stone) by throwing his knife in the Japanese soldier's back. The climax of the film has the Raiders painting a giant American flag on the roof of a building, then luring the counterattacking Japanese to the area where their own air force bombs and strafes them.
In contrast to the Japanese and the rest of the American military, Thorwald orders that his officers wear no rank insignia and have no special privileges. He tells his Raiders, "I will eat what you eat and sleep where you sleep" and participate in the same training. Thorwald's Marines participate in "Gung Ho Sessions" where they discuss the unit's plans and each man participates without regard to rank.
Reception[edit]
Bosley Crowther in a January 1944 review for The New York Times praised the film, its performances and settings but said "the stabbings and stickings go on ad nauseum. [sic] Gung Ho! is for folks with strong stomachs and a taste for the submachine gun".[7]
Box Office[edit]
The movie was a big hit and earned profits of $577,460.[1]
It recorded admissions in France of 748,212 when released there in 1945.[8]
Re-issue[edit]
The film was re-released in the early 1950s by Realart Pictures who gave Robert Mitchum second billing on the posters.
The film has often been shown to recruits and Marines of the United States Marine Corps.
Influences on popular culture[edit]
In the early 1960s Louis Marx and Company came out with a "Gung Ho Commando Outfit" for children.[9]
See also[edit]
Public domain film
List of American films of 1943
List of films in the public domain in the United States
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Matthew Bernstein, Walter Wanger: Hollywood Independent, University of Minnesota Press, 2000, p. 442
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Matthew, Walter Wanger: Hollywood Independent, University of Minnesota Press, 2000, p. 191
Jump up ^ p. 42 Moens, John. Marine Raider in the Pacific- An Interview with John Apergis Military History Aug 98, Vol. 15 Issue 3,
Jump up ^ Bernstein, p.192
Jump up ^ http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=7627
Jump up ^ 'Gung Ho!': The Story of Carlson's Makin Island Raiders (1943) - Trivia
Jump up ^ https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F07EFDD153DE13BBC4E51DFB766838F659EDE
Jump up ^ Box office information for France in 1945 at Box Office Story
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
External links[edit]
Gung Ho! on YouTube
Gung Ho! at the American Film Institute Catalog
Gung Ho! on IMDb
Gung Ho! is available for free download at the Internet Archive
Bugs Bunny-War Bonds, trailer of Gung Ho, 1943, retrieved 2017-09-21
Gung Ho! at the TCM Movie Database
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Tracked by the Police (1927)
Jaws of Steel (1927)
The Girl from Chicago (1927)
Land of the Silver Fox (1928)
The Little Wildcat (1928)
Domestic Troubles (1928)
Stolen Kisses (1929)
Skin Deep (1929)
Song of the West (1930)
Golden Dawn (1930)
Dancing Sweeties (1930)
Scarlet Pages (1930)
Play Girl (1932)
The Tenderfoot (1932)
Blondie Johnson (1933)
Tomorrow at Seven (1933)
The Silk Express (1933)
Havana Widows (1933)
I've Got Your Number (1934)
Twenty Million Sweethearts (1934)
The Circus Clown (1934)
Dames (1934)
The St. Louis Kid (1934)
While the Patient Slept (1935)
Traveling Saleslady (1935)
Alibi Ike (1935)
We're in the Money (1935)
Miss Pacific Fleet (1935)
Snowed Under (1935)
Earthworm Tractors (1936)
China Clipper (1936)
Sing Me a Love Song (1937)
Ready, Willing, and Able (1937)
Slim (1937)
The Singing Marine (1937)
Back in Circulation (1937)
Swing Your Lady (1938)
Gold Diggers in Paris (1938)
Hard to Get (1938)
Going Places (1938)
The Angels Wash Their Faces (1939)
On Your Toes (1939)
Brother Rat and a Baby (1940)
Teddy, the Rough Rider (1940)
An Angel from Texas (1940)
River's End (1940)
The Wagons Roll at Night (1941)
Thieves Fall Out (1941)
Bad Men of Missouri (1941)
Law of the Tropics (1941)
Wild Bill Hickok Rides (1942)
The Spoilers (1942)
Men of Texas (1942)
Sin Town (1942)
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Gung Ho! (1943)
China Sky (1945)
Man Alive (1945)
One Way to Love (1946)
Trail Street (1947)
Albuquerque (1948)
Coroner Creek (1948)
Return of the Bad Men (1948)
South of St. Louis (1949)
Montana (1950)
Kansas Raiders (1950)
Flaming Feather (1952)
The Man from Cairo (1953)
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The Sheik (1921)
The Cocoanuts (1929)
The Lady Lies (1929)
Applause (1929)
Roadhouse Nights (1930)
Tarnished Lady (1931)
Washington Merry-Go-Round (1932)
Gabriel Over the White House (1933)
The Bitter Tea of General Yen (1933)
Going Hollywood (1933)
Another Language (1933)
Queen Christina (1933)
The President Vanishes (1934)
Private Worlds (1935)
Smart Girl (1935)
Every Night at Eight (1935)
Shanghai (1935)
Mary Burns, Fugitive (1935)
The Moon's Our Home (1936)
Her Master's Voice (1936)
The Case Against Mrs. Ames (1936)
Fatal Lady (1936)
Palm Springs (1936)
The Trail of the Lonesome Pine (1936)
Big Brown Eyes (1936)
Spendthrift (1936)
You Only Live Once (1937)
Vogues of 1938 (1937)
History Is Made At Night (1937)
Stand-In (1937)
52nd Street (1937)
Trade Winds (1938)
Blockade (1938)
Algiers (1938)
I Met My Love Again (1938)
Stagecoach (1939)
Winter Carnival (1939)
Eternally Yours (1939)
Foreign Correspondent (1940)
The Long Voyage Home (1940)
Slightly Honorable (1940)
The House Across the Bay (1940)
Sundown (1941)
Eagle Squadron (1942)
Arabian Nights (1942)
We've Never Been Licked (1943)
Gung Ho! (1943)
Ladies Courageous (1944)
Scarlet Street (1945)
Salome, Where She Danced (1945)
Night in Paradise (1946)
Canyon Passage (1946)
Smash-Up, the Story of a Woman (1947)
The Lost Moment (1947)
Tap Roots (1948)
Joan of Arc (1948)
Secret Beyond the Door (1948)
The Reckless Moment (1949)
Reign of Terror (1949)
Tulsa (1949)
Aladdin and His Lamp (1952)
Lady in the Iron Mask (1952)
Battle Zone (1952)
Fort Vengeance (1953)
Kansas Pacific (1953)
Riot in Cell Block 11 (1954)
The Adventures of Hajji Baba (1954)
Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956)
Navy Wife (1956)
I Want to Live! (1958)
Cleopatra (1963)
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Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds
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Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds
Front page of the original 1841 edition
Author
Charles Mackay
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Subject
Crowd psychology, economic bubbles, history
Publisher
Richard Bentley, London
Publication date
1841
Media type
Print
Pope Urban II advocating the First Crusade, one of Mackay's subjects
Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds is an early study of crowd psychology by Scottish journalist Charles Mackay, first published in 1841.[1] The book chronicles its subjects in three parts: "National Delusions", "Peculiar Follies", and "Philosophical Delusions". MacKay was an accomplished teller of stories, though he wrote in a journalistic and somewhat sensational style.
The subjects of Mackay's debunking include alchemy, crusades, duels, economic bubbles, fortune-telling, haunted houses, the Drummer of Tedworth, the influence of politics and religion on the shapes of beards and hair, magnetisers (influence of imagination in curing disease), murder through poisoning, prophecies, popular admiration of great thieves, popular follies of great cities, and relics. Present-day writers on economics, such as Michael Lewis and Andrew Tobias, laud the three chapters on economic bubbles.[2] Scientist and astronomer Carl Sagan mentioned the book in his own discussion about pseudoscience, popular delusions, and hoaxes.[3]
In later editions, Mackay added a footnote referencing the Railway Mania of the 1840s as another "popular delusion" which was at least as important as the South Sea Bubble. Mathematician Andrew Odlyzko has pointed out, in a published lecture, that Mackay himself played a role in this economic bubble; as leader writer in the Glasgow Argus, Mackay wrote on 2 October 1845: "There is no reason whatever to fear a crash".[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Volume I
1.1 Economic bubbles
1.2 Alchemists
1.3 Other chapters
2 Volume II
2.1 Crusades
2.2 Witch mania
2.3 Other chapters
3 Influence and modern responses
4 Quotations
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Volume I[edit]
Economic bubbles[edit]
See also: Mississippi Company, South Sea Company, and Tulip mania
Among the bubbles or financial manias described by Mackay are the South Sea Company bubble of 1711–1720, the Mississippi Company bubble of 1719–1720, and the Dutch tulip mania of the early seventeenth century. According to Mackay, during this bubble, speculators from all walks of life bought and sold tulip bulbs and even futures contracts on them. Allegedly, some tulip bulb varieties briefly became the most expensive objects in the world during 1637.[6] Mackay's accounts are enlivened by colorful, comedic anecdotes, such as the Parisian hunchback who supposedly profited by renting out his hump as a writing desk during the height of the mania surrounding the Mississippi Company.
Two modern researchers, Peter Garber and Anne Goldgar, independently conclude that Mackay greatly exaggerated the scale and effects of the Tulip bubble,[7] and Mike Dash, in his modern popular history of the alleged bubble, notes that he believes the importance and extent of the tulip mania were overstated.[8]
Alchemists[edit]
See also: Alchemy
The section on alchemysts focuses primarily on efforts to turn base metals into gold. Mackay notes that many of these practitioners were themselves deluded, convinced that these feats could be performed if they discovered the correct old recipe or stumbled upon the right combination of ingredients. Although alchemists gained money from their sponsors, mainly noblemen, he notes that the belief in alchemy by sponsors could be hazardous to its practitioners, as it wasn't rare for an unscrupulous noble to imprison a supposed alchemist until he could produce gold.
A satirical "Bubble card"
An Alchemist
"Witch Hunter", Matthew Hopkins
The Cock Lane "ghost"
Other chapters[edit]
See also: Nostradamus, Fortune-telling, and Mesmerism
"Modern Prophecies"
"Fortune-Telling"
"The Magnetisers"
"Influence of Politics and Religion on the Hair and Beard"
Volume II[edit]
Crusades[edit]
See also: Crusades
Mackay describes the history of the Crusades as a kind of mania of the Middle Ages, precipitated by the pilgrimages of Europeans to the Holy lands. Mackay is generally unsympathetic to the Crusaders, whom he compares unfavourably to the superior civilisation of Asia: "Europe expended millions of her treasures, and the blood of two millions of her children; and a handful of quarrelsome knights retained possession of Palestine for about one hundred years!"
Witch mania[edit]
See also: Witch trials in the early modern period
Witch trials in 16th- and 17th-century Western Europe are the primary focus of the "Witch Mania" section of the book, which asserts that this was a time when ill fortune was likely to be attributed to supernatural causes. Mackay notes that many of these cases were initiated as a way of settling scores among neighbors or associates, and that extremely low standards of evidence were applied to most of these trials. Mackay claims that "thousands upon thousands" of people were executed as witches over two and a half centuries, with the largest numbers killed in Germany and Spain.
Other chapters[edit]
"The Slow Poisoners"
"Haunted Houses"
"Popular Follies of Great Cities"
"Popular Admiration of Great Thieves"
"Duels and Ordeals"
"Relics"
Influence and modern responses[edit]
The book remains in print, and writers continue to discuss its influence, particularly the section on financial bubbles. (See Goldsmith and Lewis, below.)
Financier Bernard Baruch credited the lessons he learned from Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds with his decision to sell all of his stock ahead of the financial crash of 1929.[9]
The book was the initial inspiration for Richard Condie's National Film Board of Canada animated short John Law and the Mississippi Bubble (1978).[10]
Forbes magazine compared Mackay's descriptions of financial bubbles to the Chinese stock bubble of 2007, claiming that the "emotional feedback loop" that drove the Chinese market was very similar to what Mackay described.[11]
Neil Gaiman borrows from the title in an issue of his popular comic series The Sandman, in a story featuring a writer whose novel is titled "...And the Madness of Crowds".[12]
Author and executive coach Marshall Goldsmith discussed the book in depth in BusinessWeek, drawing extensive parallels between the financial bubbles Mackay wrote about and financial bubbles today.[13] Other writers also frequently point to the book to explain recent financial bubbles.[14][15][16]
Financial writer Michael Lewis includes the financial mania chapters in his book The Real Price of Everything: Rediscovering the Six Classics of Economics as one of the six great works of economics, along with writings by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo, Thorstein Veblen, and John Maynard Keynes.[2]
Author and journalist Will Self writes a column for New Statesman, "Madness of Crowds", which Self says takes its title from Mackay's book.[17]
James Surowiecki, in The Wisdom of Crowds (2004), takes a different view of crowd behavior, saying that under certain circumstances, crowds or groups may have better information and make better decisions than even the best informed individual.[18]
Quotations[edit]
"Men, it has been well said, think in herds; it will be seen that they go mad in herds, while they only recover their senses slowly, and one by one."
"Of all the offspring of Time, Error is the most ancient, and is so old and familiar an acquaintance, that Truth, when discovered, comes upon most of us like an intruder, and meets the intruder's welcome."
"How flattering to the pride of man to think that the stars on their courses watch over him, and typify, by their movements and aspects, the joys or the sorrows that await him! He, in less proportion to the universe than the all-but invisible insects that feed in myriads on a summer's leaf are to this great globe itself, fondly imagines that eternal worlds were chiefly created to prognosticate his fate."
"We go out of our course to make ourselves uncomfortable; the cup of life is not bitter enough to our palate, and we distill superfluous poison to put into it, or conjure up hideous things to frighten ourselves at, which would never exist if we did not make them."
"We find that whole communities suddenly fix their minds upon one object, and go mad in its pursuit; that millions of people become simultaneously impressed with one delusion, and run after it, till their attention is caught by some new folly more captivating than the first."
"The obnoxious hat was often snatched from his head and thrown into the gutter by some practical joker, and then raised, covered with mud, upon the end of a stick, for the admiration of the spectators, who held their sides with laughter, and exclaimed, in the pauses of their mirth, “Oh, what a shocking bad hat!” “What a shocking bad hat!”
See also[edit]
Crowd psychology
Economic bubble
Groupthink
Irrational exuberance
Moral panic
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Mackay, Charles (1841). Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. I (1 ed.). London: Richard Bentley. Retrieved 29 April 2015. Mackay, Charles (1841). Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. II (1 ed.). London: Richard Bentley. Retrieved 29 April 2015. Mackay, Charles (1841). Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. III (1 ed.). London: Richard Bentley. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewis, Michael (2008). The Real Price of Everything.
Jump up ^ Sagan, Carl (1995). The Demon-Haunted World.
Jump up ^ MacKay, Charles (1 December 2008). Extraordinary Popular Delusions, the Money Mania: The Mississippi Scheme, the South-sea Bubble, & the Tulipomania. Cosimo, Inc. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-60520-547-2. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Odyyzko, Andrew (2012). Charles Mackay’s own extraordinary popular delusions and the Railway Mania (PDF). p. 2.
Jump up ^ "Tulips". library.wur.nl.
Jump up ^ Garber, Peter M. (2001). Famous First Bubbles.
Jump up ^ Dash, Mike (2001). Tulipomania: The Story of the World's Most Coveted Flower & the Extraordinary Passions It Aroused.
Jump up ^ Baruch, Bernard (1957). My Own Story. New York: Henry Holt. pp. 242–245.
Jump up ^ Ohayon, Albert. "John Law and the Mississippi Bubble: The Madness of Crowds". NFB.ca Blog. National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "China Bubble Mania". Forbes. 2007-05-30. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
Jump up ^ Gaiman, Neil (1991). The Sandman Vol. 3: Dream Country.
Jump up ^ "The Madness of Crowds, Past and Present". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
Jump up ^ "The books cashing in on the crash". The Independent. London. 2009-11-20. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
Jump up ^ Streitfeld, David; and Healy, Jack (2009-04-29). "Phoenix Leads the Way Down in Home Prices". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
Jump up ^ Delasantellis, Julian (2007-03-16). "The subprime dominoes in motion". Asia Times. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
Jump up ^ "To be honest, it's totally random". New Statesman. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
Jump up ^ Surowiecki, James (2004). The Wisdom of Crowds.
Bibliography
Dash, Mike (1999). Tulipomania: The Story of the World's Most Coveted Flower and the Extraordinary Passions It Aroused. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-609-60439-7. OCLC 41967050.
Garber, Peter M. (2000). Famous First Bubbles: The Fundamentals of Early Manias. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-57153-1. OCLC 43552719.
Goldgar, Anne (2007). Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-30125-9. OCLC 76897793.
MacKay, Charles (1980). Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds (with a foreword by Andrew Tobias, 1841). New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-517-54123-4. OCLC 5750576.
Phillips, Tim (2009). Charles Mackay's Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds: A Modern-day Interpretation of a Finance Classic. Oxford: Infinite Ideas. ISBN 978-1-905-94091-2.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds.
The book is in the public domain and is available online from a number of sources:
Mackay, Charles. Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds (Audio Book read by LibriVox volunteers ed.). Librivox.
Works by Charles Mackay at Project Gutenberg'
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values: Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds – Dutch

values: Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds – Norwegian

values: Memorando de Extraordinários Engodos Populares e a Loucura das Multidões – Portuguese

values: Наиболее распространённые заблуждения и безумства толпы – Russian

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