text:
List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Map of the United States with names and borders of states
The order in which the original 13 states ratified the 1787 Constitution, then the order in which the others were admitted to the union
A state of the United States of America is one of the 50 constituent entities that shares its sovereignty with the federal government. Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside, due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government.[1] Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names.
States are the primary subdivisions of the United States and possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, such as regulating intrastate commerce, running elections, creating local governments, and ratifying constitutional amendments. Each state has its own constitution grounded in republican principles, and government consisting of executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[2]
All states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state is represented by two Senators, while Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census.[3] Additionally, each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College, the body that elects the President of the United States, equal to the total of Representatives and Senators in Congress from that state.[4]
Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states.[5]
The following table is a list of all 50 states and their respective dates of statehood. The first 13 became states in July 1776 upon agreeing to the United States Declaration of Independence, and each joined the first Union of states between 1777 and 1781, upon ratifying the Articles of Confederation, its first constitution.[6] (A separate table is included below showing AoC ratification dates.) These states are presented in the order in which each ratified the 1787 Constitution, thus joining the present federal Union of states. The date of admission listed for each subsequent state is the official date set by Act of Congress.[a]
Contents
[hide]
1 List of U.S. states
2 Articles of Confederation ratification dates
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
List of U.S. states[edit]
State
Date
(Admitted or Ratified)
Formed from
1 Delaware 000000001787-12-07-0000December 7, 1787[8]
(Ratified) Crown Colony of Delaware[b]
2 Pennsylvania 000000001787-12-12-0000December 12, 1787[10]
(Ratified) Crown Colony of Pennsylvania
3 New Jersey 000000001787-12-18-0000December 18, 1787[11]
(Ratified) Crown Colony of New Jersey
4 Georgia 000000001788-01-02-0000January 2, 1788[8]
(Ratified) Crown Colony of Georgia
5 Connecticut 000000001788-01-09-0000January 9, 1788[12]
(Ratified) Crown Colony of Connecticut
6 Massachusetts 000000001788-02-06-0000February 6, 1788[8]
(Ratified) Crown Colony of Massachusetts Bay
7 Maryland 000000001788-04-28-0000April 28, 1788[8]
(Ratified) Crown Colony of Maryland
8 South Carolina 000000001788-05-23-0000May 23, 1788[8]
(Ratified) Crown Colony of South Carolina
9 New Hampshire 000000001788-06-21-0000June 21, 1788[8]
(Ratified) Crown Colony of New Hampshire
10 Virginia 000000001788-06-25-0000June 25, 1788[8]
(Ratified) Crown Colony of Virginia
11 New York 000000001788-07-26-0000July 26, 1788[13]
(Ratified) Crown Colony of New York
12 North Carolina 000000001789-11-21-0000November 21, 1789[14]
(Ratified) Crown Colony of North Carolina
13 Rhode Island 000000001790-05-29-0000May 29, 1790[8]
(Ratified) Crown Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
14 Vermont 000000001791-03-04-0000March 4, 1791[15]
(Admitted) Vermont !Vermont Republic[c]
15 Kentucky 000000001792-06-01-0000June 1, 1792[16]
(Admitted) Virginia (District of Kentucky: Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties[d])
16 Tennessee 000000001796-06-01-0000June 1, 1796[18]
(Admitted) Southwest Territory
17 Ohio 000000001803-03-01-0000March 1, 1803[19][e]
(Admitted) Northwest Territory (part)
18 Louisiana 000000001812-04-30-0000April 30, 1812[21]
(Admitted) Orleans !Territory of Orleans
19 Indiana 000000001816-12-11-0000December 11, 1816
(Admitted) Indiana Territory
20 Mississippi 000000001817-12-10-0000December 10, 1817[22]
(Admitted) Mississippi Territory
21 Illinois 000000001818-12-03-0000December 3, 1818[23]
(Admitted) Illinois Territory (part)
22 Alabama 000000001819-12-14-0000December 14, 1819[24]
(Admitted) Alabama Territory
23 Maine 000000001820-03-15-0000March 15, 1820[25]
(Admitted) Massachusetts (District of Maine[f])
24 Missouri 000000001821-08-10-0000August 10, 1821[26]
(Admitted) Missouri Territory (part)
25 Arkansas 000000001836-06-15-0000June 15, 1836[27]
(Admitted) Arkansas Territory
26 Michigan 000000001837-01-26-0000January 26, 1837[28]
(Admitted) Michigan Territory
27 Florida 000000001845-03-03-0000March 3, 1845
(Admitted) Florida Territory
28 Texas 000000001845-12-29-0000December 29, 1845
(Admitted) Texas !Republic of Texas
29 Iowa 000000001846-12-28-0000December 28, 1846
(Admitted) Iowa Territory (part)
30 Wisconsin 000000001848-05-29-0000May 29, 1848[29]
(Admitted) Wisconsin Territory (part)
31 California 000000001850-09-09-0000September 9, 1850[30]
(Admitted) Unorganized !unorganized territory (part)
32 Minnesota 000000001858-05-11-0000May 11, 1858[31]
(Admitted) Minnesota Territory (part)
33 Oregon 000000001859-02-14-0000February 14, 1859
(Admitted) Oregon Territory (part)
34 Kansas 000000001861-01-29-0000January 29, 1861[32]
(Admitted) Kansas Territory (part)
35 West Virginia 000000001863-06-20-0000June 20, 1863[33]
(Admitted) Virginia (Trans-Allegheny region counties[g])
36 Nevada 000000001864-10-31-0000October 31, 1864
(Admitted) Nevada Territory
37 Nebraska 000000001867-03-01-0000March 1, 1867
(Admitted) Nebraska Territory
38 Colorado 000000001876-08-01-0000August 1, 1876[36]
(Admitted) Colorado Territory
39[h] North Dakota 000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]
(Admitted) Dakota Territory (part)
40 South Dakota 000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]
(Admitted) Dakota Territory (part)
41 Montana 000000001889-11-08-0000November 8, 1889[39]
(Admitted) Montana Territory
42 Washington 000000001889-11-11-0000November 11, 1889[40]
(Admitted) Washington Territory
43 Idaho 000000001890-07-03-0000July 3, 1890
(Admitted) Idaho Territory
44 Wyoming 000000001890-07-10-0000July 10, 1890
(Admitted) Wyoming Territory
45 Utah 000000001896-01-04-0000January 4, 1896[41]
(Admitted) Utah Territory
46 Oklahoma 000000001907-11-16-0000November 16, 1907[42]
(Admitted) Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory
47 New Mexico 000000001912-01-06-0000January 6, 1912
(Admitted) New Mexico Territory
48 Arizona 000000001912-02-14-0000February 14, 1912
(Admitted) Arizona Territory
49 Alaska 000000001959-01-03-0000January 3, 1959
(Admitted) Alaska !Territory of Alaska
50 Hawaii 000000001959-08-21-0000August 21, 1959
(Admitted) Hawaii !Territory of Hawaii
Articles of Confederation ratification dates[edit]
The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles of Confederation for ratification by the individual states on November 15, 1777. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. On March 4, 1789, the general government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the present Constitution.[43]
State
Date
13 !1 Virginia 000000001777-12-16-0000December 16, 1777
12 !2 South Carolina 000000001778-02-05-0000February 5, 1778
08 !3 New York 000000001778-02-06-0000February 6, 1778
11 !4 Rhode Island 000000001778-02-09-0000February 9, 1778
01 !5 Connecticut 000000001778-02-12-0000February 12, 1778
03 !6 Georgia 000000001778-02-26-0000February 26, 1778
06 !7 New Hampshire 000000001778-03-04-0000March 4, 1778
10 !8 Pennsylvania 000000001778-03-05-0000March 5, 1778
05 !9 Massachusetts 000000001778-03-10-0000March 10, 1778
09 !10 North Carolina 000000001778-04-05-0000April 5, 1778
07 !11 New Jersey 000000001778-11-19-0000November 19, 1778
02 !12 Delaware 000000001779-02-01-0000February 1, 1779
04 !13 Maryland 000000001781-02-02-0000February 2, 1781
See also[edit]
North America portal
United States portal
Enabling Act of 1802, authorizing residents of the eastern portion of the Northwest Territory to form the state of Ohio
Missouri Compromise, 1820 federal statute enabling the admission of Missouri (a slave state) and Maine (a free state) into the Union
Toledo War, 1835–36 boundary dispute between Ohio and the adjoining Michigan Territory, which delayed Michigan's admission to the Union
Texas annexation, the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States as a state in the Union
Legal status of Texas
Compromise of 1850, a package of congressional acts, one of which provided for the admission of California to the Union
Bleeding Kansas, a series of violent conflicts in Kansas Territory involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions in the years preceding Kansas statehood, 1854–61
Enabling Act of 1889, authorizing residents of Dakota, Montana, and Washington territories to form state governments (Dakota to be divided into two states) and to gain admission to the Union
Enabling Act of 1906 authorizing residents of Oklahoma, Indian, New Mexico, and Arizona territories to form state governments (Indian and Oklahoma territories to be combined into one state) and to gain admission to the Union
Alaska Statehood Act, admitting Alaska as a state in the Union as of January 3, 1959
Legal status of Alaska
Hawaii Admission Act, admitting Hawaii as a state in the Union as of August 21, 1959
Legal status of Hawaii
List of states and territories of the United States
Federalism in the United States
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ This list does not account for the secession of 11 states (Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas) during the Civil War to form the Confederate States of America, nor for the subsequent restoration of those states to the Union, or each state's "readmission to representation in Congress" after the war, as the federal government does not give legal recognition to their having left the Union. Also, the Constitution is silent on the question of whether states have the power to secede from the Union, but the Supreme Court held that a state cannot unilaterally do so in Texas v. White (1869).[7]
Jump up ^ Also known as the "Three Lower Counties Upon Delaware." Delaware became a state on June 15, 1776, when the Delaware Assembly formally adopted a resolution declaring an end to Delaware's status as a colony of Great Britain and establishing the three counties as an independent state under the authority of "the Government of the Counties of New Castle, Kent and Sussex Upon Delaware."[9]
Jump up ^ Between 1749 and 1764 the provincial governor of New Hampshire, Benning Wentworth, issued approximately 135 grants for unoccupied land claimed by New Hampshire west of the Connecticut River (in what is today southern Vermont), territory that was also claimed by New York. The resulting "New Hampshire Grants" dispute led to the rise of the Green Mountain Boys, and the later establishment of the Vermont Republic. New Hampshire's claim upon the land was extinguished in 1764 by royal order of George III, and in 1790 the State of New York ceded its land claim to Vermont for 30,000 Dollars.
Jump up ^ The Virginia General Assembly adopted legislation on December 18, 1789 separating its "District of Kentucky" from the rest of the State and approving its statehood.[17]
Jump up ^ The exact date upon which Ohio became a state is unclear. On April 30, 1802 the 7th Congress had passed an act "authorizing the inhabitants of Ohio to form a Constitution and state government, and admission of Ohio into the Union." (Sess. 1, ch. 40, 2 Stat. 173) On February 19, 1803 the same Congress passed an act "providing for the execution of the laws of the United States in the State of Ohio." (Sess. 2, ch. 7, 2 Stat. 201) Neither act, however, set a formal date of statehood. An official statehood date for Ohio was not set until 1953, when the 83rd Congress passed a Joint resolution "for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union", (Pub.L. 83–204, 67 Stat. 407, enacted August 7, 1953) which designated March 1, 1803, as that date.[20]
Jump up ^ The Massachusetts General Court passed enabling legislation on June 19, 1819 separating the "District of Maine" from the rest of the State (an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19, 1819 by 17,001 to 7,132); then, on February 25, 1820, passed a follow-up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine's imminent statehood.[17]
Jump up ^ On May 13, 1862, the General Assembly of the Restored Government of Virginia passed an act granting permission for creation of West Virginia.[34] Later, by its ruling in Virginia v. West Virginia (1871), the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents necessary to become a separate state.[35]
Jump up ^ When President Benjamin Harrison signed the statehood proclamations for North and South Dakota he shuffled the papers on his desk and covered up all but the signature line of the documents. No one knows which state he signed into existence first. North Dakota's proclamation was published first in the Statutes at Large, as it is first in alphabetical order.[37]
^ Jump up to: a b Brought into existence within moments of each other on the same day, North and South Dakota are the nation's only twin-born states.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Erler, Edward. "Essays on Amendment XIV: Citizenship". The Heritage Foundation.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions About the Minnesota Legislature". Minnesota State Legislature.
Jump up ^ Kristin D. Burnett. "Congressional Apportionment (2010 Census Briefs C2010BR-08)" (PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration.
Jump up ^ Elhauge, Einer R. "Essays on Article II: Presidential Electors". The Heritage Foundation.
Jump up ^ "Doctrine of the Equality of States". Justia.com.
Jump up ^ Jensen, Merrill (1959). The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. xi, 184. ISBN 978-0-299-00204-6.
Jump up ^ "Texas v. White 74 U.S. 700 (1868)". Justia.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Vile, John R. (2005). The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding (Volume 1: A-M). ABC-CLIO. p. 658. ISBN 1-85109-669-8.
Jump up ^ "Delaware Government". Delaware.gov. Government Information Center, Delaware Department of State.
Jump up ^ "Overview of Pennsylvania History - 1776-1861: Independence to the Civil War". PA.gov. Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.
Jump up ^ "1787 Convention Minutes". NJ.gov. New Jersey Department of State.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: January 9". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: July 26". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: November 21". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "The 14th State". Vermont History Explorer. Vermont Historical Society.
Jump up ^ "Constitution Square Historic Site". Danville/Boyle County Convention and Visitors Bureau.
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Name and Status History of the several States and U.S. Territories". TheGreenPapers.com.
Jump up ^ "State History Timeline". TN.gov. Tennessee Department of State. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Blue, Frederick J. (Autumn 2002). "The Date of Ohio Statehood". Ohio Academy of History Newsletter. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Clearing up the Confusion surrounding Ohio's Admission to Statehood
Jump up ^ "About Louisiana: quick facts". louisiana.gov. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Welcome from the Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission". Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: December 3". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Alabama History Timeline: 1800-1860". alabama.gov. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: March 15". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: August 10". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: June 15". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: January 26". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: May 29". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "California Admission Day September 9, 1850". CA.gov. California Department of Parks and Recreation.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: May 11". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: January 29". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: June 20". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "A State of Convenience: The Creation of West Virginia, Chapter Twelve, Reorganized Government of Virginia Approves Separation". Wvculture.org. West Virginia Division of Culture and History.
Jump up ^ "Virginia v. West Virginia 78 U.S. 39 (1870)". Justia.com.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: August 1". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ MacPherson, James; Burbach, Kevin (November 2, 2014). "At 125 years of Dakotas statehood, rivalry remains". Bismarck Tribune.
^ Jump up to: a b "Today in History: November 2". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ Wishart, David J. (ed.). "Montana". Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: November 11". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ Thatcher, Linda Thatcher (2016). "Struggle For Statehood Chronology". historytogo.utah.gov. State of Utah.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: November 16". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ Rodgers, Paul (2011). United States Constitutional Law: An Introduction. McFarland. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7864-6017-5.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutstatehoodat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
"U.S. States Videos". History.com.
"Dates of statehood". 50states.com.
[show]
v
t
e
United States state-related lists
List of states and territories of the United States
Demographics
Educational attainment
Irreligion
Largest cities by population
Most popular given names
Most populous counties
Population
Density
Growth rate
Birth and death rates
Historical
African American
Amish
Hispanic and Latino
Spanish-speaking
Economy
Billionaires
Budgets
Companies
Federal tax revenue
Federal taxation and spending
Gross domestic product
Growth rate
Per capita
Income
Household
Per capita
Inequality
Minimum wages
Poverty rates
Sales taxes
Sovereign wealth funds
State income taxes
Flat rate
None
Unemployment rates
Union affiliation
Vehicles per capita
Environment
Carbon dioxide emissions
Parks
Renewable energy
Superfund sites
Wilderness areas
Geography
Area
Coastline
Elevation
Forest
Geographic centers
Government
Attorneys general
Capitals
Historical
Capitol buildings
Comparison
Counties
Alphabetical
Current State Legislators
Governors
Lieutenant governors
Legislatures
Libraries and archives
Official languages
Poets laureate
State auditors
State secretaries of state
State superintendents of education
State supreme courts
State treasurers
Health
Human Development Index
Fertility rates
Hospitals
Life expectancy
Obesity rates
History
Date of statehood
Name etymologies
Historical societies and museums
National Historic Landmarks
National Register of Historic Places
State partitions
Historic regions
Law
Abortion
Age of consent
Alcohol
Dry communities
Alford plea
Cell phone use while driving
Constitutions
Firearms
Homicide
Law enforcement agencies
Legality of cannabis
Peace Index
Prisons
Incarceration rate
Same-sex unions
Former constitutional bans
Marriage law
Seat belt laws
Self-representation
Smoking bans
Statutory codes
Miscellaneous
Abbreviations
Demonyms
Fictional states
Flags
Insignia
Symbols
Tallest buildings
Time zones
Category
Commons
Portals
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union&oldid=801909709"
Categories:
Lists of states of the United States
United States geography-related lists
United States history-related lists
United States history timelines
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from August 2015
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Български
Čeština
Ελληνικά
Español
Français
Ilokano
Italiano
ქართული
Latina
Magyar
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
ไทย
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 September 2017, at 18:18.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Citizenship_in_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Citizenship in the United States

values:
/wiki/State_government_(United_States)
mw-redirect
State government (United States)

values: United States congressional apportionment

values: Article Four of the United States Constitution

values: United States Declaration of Independence

values: Article Seven of the United States Constitution

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Crown_Colony
mw-redirect
Crown Colony

values:
/wiki/Colony_of_Connecticut
mw-redirect
Colony of Connecticut

values: Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

values:
/wiki/Arizona_Territory
mw-redirect
Arizona Territory

values:
sortable wikitable jquery-tablesorter
align:left

values: Edit section: Articles of Confederation ratification dates

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Slave_and_free_states
mw-redirect
Slave and free states

values: List of states and territories of the United States

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-2-173

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-2-201

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-83-204

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-67-407

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
/wiki/Minnesota_State_Legislature
mw-redirect
Minnesota State Legislature

values:
nofollow
http://ms200.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23856

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.history.com/topics/us-states

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.50states.com/statehood.htm

values: List of U.S. states by educational attainment

values: List of U.S. states' largest cities by population

values: List of most popular given names by state in the United States

values: List of the most populous counties by U.S. state

values: List of U.S. states and territories by population

values: List of U.S. states by population density

values: List of U.S. states by population growth rate

values: List of U.S. states and territories by birth and death rates

values: List of U.S. states by historical population

values: List of U.S. states by African-American population

values: List of U.S. states by Hispanic and Latino population

values: List of U.S. states by the number of billionaires

values: List of companies of the United States by state

values: List of U.S. states by economic growth rate

values: List of U.S. states by sovereign wealth funds

values: List of U.S. states by unemployment rate

values: List of U.S. states by vehicles per capita

values: List of U.S. states by carbon dioxide emissions

values: List of U.S. states by electricity production from renewable sources

values: List of U.S. state and tribal wilderness areas

values: List of U.S. states and territories by area

values: Forest cover by state in the United States

values: List of state capitols in the United States

values: List of current United States lieutenant governors

values: List of United States state legislatures

values: List of U.S. state libraries and archives

values: Secretary of state (U.S. state government)

values: List of U.S. states by American Human Development Index

values: List of U.S. states and territories by fertility rate

values: List of state name etymologies of the United States

values: List of U.S. state historical societies and museums

values: List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state

values: United States National Register of Historic Places listings

values:
/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Alcohol laws of the United States

values: List of U.S. states by Alford plea usage

values: Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States

values:
/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_constitutions
mw-redirect
List of U.S. state constitutions

values: Gun violence in the United States by state

values: List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies

values: List of U.S. states by incarceration rate

values: List of U.S. state laws on same-sex unions

values: List of U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions by type

values: Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state

values: List of U.S. state constitutional provisions allowing self-representation in state courts

values: List of smoking bans in the United States

values:
/wiki/List_of_demonyms_for_U.S._states
mw-redirect
List of demonyms for U.S. states

values: Flags of the U.S. states and territories

values: List of U.S. state, district, and territorial insignia

values: commons:Category:States of the United States

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Lists of states of the United States

values: Category:United States geography-related lists

values: Category:United States history-related lists

values: Category:United States history timelines

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Списък на щатите по присъединяването им към САЩ – Bulgarian

values: Seznam států USA podle vstupu do Unie – Czech

values: Κατάλογος πολιτειών των ΗΠΑ ανά ημερομηνία προαγωγής σε πολιτεία – Greek

values: Anexo:Estados de Estados Unidos por orden de ingreso en la Unión – Spanish

values: États des États-Unis par ordre d'entrée dans l'Union – French

values: Listaan dagiti estado iti Estados Unidos babaen ti petsa a pinag-estado – Iloko

values: Stati per data di entrata negli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian

values: აშშ-ის შტატებად გახდომის სია თარიღების მიხედვით – Georgian

values: Index Civitatum Foederatarum per annos accessionis in rempublicam – Latin

values: Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok tagállamainak listája a felvétel dátuma szerint – Hungarian

values: അമേരിക്കൻ ഐക്യനാടുകളിലെ സംസ്ഥാനങ്ങളുടെ പട്ടിക (സംസ്ഥാനങ്ങൾ യൂണിയനിൽ ചേർന്ന സമയക്രമത്തിൽ) – Malayalam

values: Lijst van staten van de VS naar datum van toetreding – Dutch

values: アメリカ合衆国の州 (成立順) – Japanese

values: Listă a statelor componente ale Statelor Unite ale Americii ordonate după data intrării în Uniune – Romanian

values: Список штатов США по дате присоединения – Russian

values: List of U.S. states by date of statehood – Simple English

values: Zoznam štátov USA podľa dátumu vstupu – Slovak

values: รายชื่อรัฐในสหรัฐอเมริกาเรียงตามลำดับการก่อตั้ง – Thai

values: Список штатів США за датою приєднання – Ukrainian

values: فہرست امریکی ریاستیں بلحاظ تاریخ ریاستی درجہ – Urdu

values: Danh sách tiểu bang Hoa Kỳ theo ngày trở thành tiểu bang – Vietnamese

values: 美國州份依加入聯邦順序排列列表 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_U_S_states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union rootpage-List_of_U_S_states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union skin-vector action-view


text:
Japanese rock garden
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ryōan-ji (late 15th century) in Kyoto, Japan, a famous example of a zen garden
A mountain, waterfall, and gravel "river" at Daisen-in (1509–1513)
The Japanese rock garden (枯山水, karesansui) or "dry landscape" garden, often called a zen garden, creates a miniature stylized landscape through carefully composed arrangements of rocks, water features, moss, pruned trees and bushes, and uses gravel or sand that is raked to represent ripples in water.[1] A zen garden is usually relatively small, surrounded by a wall, and is usually meant to be seen while seated from a single viewpoint outside the garden, such as the porch of the hojo, the residence of the chief monk of the temple or monastery. Classical zen gardens were created at temples of Zen Buddhism in Kyoto during the Muromachi period. They were intended to imitate the intimate essence of nature, not its actual appearance, and to serve as an aid to meditation about the true meaning of life.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early Japanese rock gardens
1.2 Zen Buddhism and the Muromachi period (1336–1573)
1.3 Later rock gardens
2 Selection and arrangement of rocks
3 Sand and gravel
4 Symbolism
5 Landscape painting and the Zen garden critique
6 List of shrines and temples with rock gardens
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
9.1 Note
10 External links
History[edit]
Early Japanese rock gardens[edit]
Rock gardens existed in Japan at least since the Heian period (794–1185). These early gardens were described in the first manual of Japanese gardens, Sakuteiki (Records of Garden Keeping), written at the end of the 11th century by Tachibana no Toshitsuna (1028–1094). They were largely copied from the Chinese gardens of the Song Dynasty (960–1279), where groups of rocks symbolized Mount Penglai, the legendary mountain-island home of the Eight Immortals in Chinese mythology, known in Japanese as Horai.[3] The Sakuteiki described exactly how rocks should be placed. In one passage, he wrote: "In a place where there is neither a lake or a stream, one can put in place what is called a kare-sansui, or dry landscape". This kind of garden featured either rocks placed upright like mountains, or laid out in a miniature landscape of hills and ravines, with few plants. He described several other styles of rock garden, which usually included a stream or pond, including the great river style, the mountain river style, and the marsh style. The ocean style featured rocks that appeared to have been eroded by waves, surrounded by a bank of white sand, like a beach.[4]
White sand and gravel had long been a feature of Japanese gardens. In the Shinto religion, it was used to symbolize purity, and was used around shrines, temples, and palaces. In zen gardens, it represents water, or, like the white space in Japanese paintings, emptiness and distance. They are places of meditation.
Zen Buddhism and the Muromachi period (1336–1573)[edit]
The Muromachi Period in Japan, which took place at roughly the same time as the Renaissance in Europe, was characterized by political rivalries which frequently led to wars, but also by an extraordinary flourishing of Japanese culture. It saw the beginning of Noh theater, the Japanese tea ceremony, the shoin style of Japanese architecture, and the zen garden.[5]
Zen Buddhism was introduced into Japan at the end of the 12th century, and quickly achieved a wide following, particularly among the Samurai class and war lords, who admired its doctrine of self-discipline. The gardens of the early zen temples in Japan resembled Chinese gardens of the time, with lakes and islands. But in Kyoto in the 14th and 15th century, a new kind of garden appeared at the important zen temples. These zen gardens were designed to stimulate meditation. "Nature, if you made it expressive by reducing it to its abstract forms, could transmit the most profound thoughts by its simple presence", Michel Baridon wrote. "The compositions of stone, already common in China, became in Japan, veritable petrified landscapes, which seemed suspended in time, as in a certain moments of Noh theater, which dates to the same period." [6]
The first garden to begin the transition to the new style is considered by many experts to be Saihō-ji, "The Temple of the Perfumes of the West," popularly known as Koke-dera, the Moss Garden, in the western part of Kyoto. The Buddhist monk and zen master Musō Kokushi transformed a Buddhist temple into a zen monastery in 1334, and built the gardens. The lower garden of Saihō-ji is in the traditional Heian Period style; a pond with several rock compositions representing islands. The upper garden is a dry rock garden which features three rock "islands." The first, called Kameshima, the island of the turtle, resembles a turtle swimming in a "lake" of moss. The second, Zazen-seki, is a flat "meditation rock," which is believed to radiate calm and silence; and the third is the kare-taki, a dry "waterfall" composed of a stairway of flat granite rocks. The moss which now surrounds the rocks and represents water, was not part of the original garden plan; it grew several centuries later when the garden was left untended, but now is the most famous feature of the garden.[7]
Muso Kokushi built another temple garden at Tenryū-ji, the "Temple of the Celestial Dragon". This garden appears to have been strongly influenced by Chinese landscape painting of the Song Dynasty which feature mountains rising in the mist, and a suggestion of great depth and height. The garden at Tenryū-ji has a real pond with water and a dry waterfall of rocks looking like a Chinese landscape. Saihō-ji and Tenryū-ji show the transition from the Heian style garden toward a more abstract and stylized view of nature.[7]
The gardens of Ginkaku-ji, also known as the Silver Pavilion, are also attributed to Muso Kokushi. This temple garden included a traditional pond garden, but it had a new feature for a Japanese garden; an area of raked white gravel with a perfectly shaped mountain of white gravel, resembling Mount Fuji, in the center. The scene was called ginshanada, literally "sand of silver and open sea". This garden feature became known as kogetsudai, or small mountain facing the moon," and similar small Mount Fujis made of sand or earth covered with grass appeared in Japanese gardens for centuries afterwards.[8]
The most famous of all zen gardens in Kyoto is Ryōan-ji, built in the late 15th century where for the first time the zen garden became purely abstract. The garden is a rectangle of 340 square meters.[9] Placed within it are fifteen stones of different sizes, carefully composed in five groups; one group of five stones, two groups of three, and two groups of two stones. The stones are surrounded by white gravel, which is carefully raked each day by the monks. The only vegetation in the garden is some moss around the stones. The garden is meant to be viewed from a seated position on the veranda of the hōjō, the residence of the abbot of the monastery.[10]
The garden at Daisen-in (1509–1513) took a more literary approach than Ryōan-ji. There a "river" of white gravel represents a metaphorical journey through life; beginning with a dry waterfall in the mountains, passing through rapids and rocks, and ending in a tranquil sea of white gravel, with two gravel mountains.
The invention of the zen garden was closely connected with developments in Japanese ink landscape paintings. Japanese painters such as Sesshū Tōyō (1420–1506) and Soami (died 1525) greatly simplified their views of nature, showing only the most essential aspects of nature, leaving great areas of white around the black and gray drawings. Soami is said to have been personally involved in the design of two of the most famous zen gardens in Kyoto, Ryōan-ji and Daisen-in, though his involvement has never been documented with certainty.
Michel Baridon wrote, "The famous zen gardens of the Muromachi Period showed that Japan had carried the art of gardens to the highest degree of intellectual refinement that it was possible to attain." [11]
Saihō-ji The Moss Garden, an early zen garden from the mid-14th century. The moss arrived much later, when the garden was not tended.
The garden of Ginkaku-ji features a replica of Mount Fuji made of gravel, in a gravel sea. it was the model for similar miniature mountains in Japanese gardens for centuries.
Part of the garden at Ryōan-ji (late 15th century), the most abstract of all Japanese zen gardens
Classic triad rock composition at Ryōan-ji.
In the garden of Daisen-in, a river of gravel takes visitors on a metaphorical journey through life
The white gravel "ocean" of the garden of Daisen-ji, to which the gravel river flows.
The Garden of the Blissful Mountain at Zuiho-in, a sub-temple of Daitoku-ji.
In Zuiho-in garden – some of the rocks are said to form a cross. The garden was built by the daimyo Ōtomo Sōrin, who was a convert to Christianity.
Later rock gardens[edit]
During the Edo period, the large promenade garden became the dominant style of Japanese garden, but zen gardens continued to exist at zen temples. A few small new rock gardens were built, usually as part of a garden where a real stream or pond was not practical.
In 1880, the buildings of Tōfuku-ji temple in Kyoto, one of the oldest temples in the city, were destroyed by a fire. In 1940, the temple commissioned the landscape historian and architect Shigemori Mirei to recreate the gardens. He created four different gardens, one for each face of the main temple building. He made one garden with five artificial hills covered with grass, symbolizing the five great ancient temples of Kyoto; a modern rock garden, with vertical rocks, symbolizing Mount Horai; a large "sea" of white gravel raked in a checkboard pattern; and an intimate garden with swirling sand patterns.[12]
In the last century, zen gardens have appeared in many countries outside Japan.
The garden of Tōfuku-ji (1940). The five hills symbolize the five great zen temples of Kyoto.
The modern zen garden at Tōfuku-ji (1940).
A zen garden in a checkboard pattern, at Tōfuku-ji (1940).
A courtyard zen garden at Tōfuku-ji (1940).
Part of the modern zen garden at Tōfuku-ji (1940). The "islands" of the immortals.
Part of the modern zen garden at Tōfuku-ji (1940).
Shitennō-ji Honbō garden
A small garden in the Japanese Tea Garden of Golden Gate Park, in San Francisco
Sand and stone garden located in the Portland Japanese Gardens.
An'yō-in Garden of Taisan-ji in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
Rosan-ji garden
Adachi Museum of Art
Taizō-in, Myōshin-ji, in Kyoto
Kōmyōzen-ji
Jissō-in, in Kyoto (Iwakura)
Japanese Garden at Hamilton Gardens, Waikato, New Zealand
Japanese Rock Garden (Phase 1), Chandigarh (India)
Japanese Rock Garden (Phase 2), Chandigarh (India)
Selection and arrangement of rocks[edit]
The selection and placement of rocks is the most important part of making a Japanese rock garden. In the first known manual of Japanese gardening, the Sakuteiki, ' "Creating a garden" is expressed as "setting stones", ishi wo tateru koto; literally, the "act of setting stones upright." It laid out very specific rules for choice and the placement of stones, and warned that if the rules were not followed the owner of the garden would suffer misfortune.[13] In Japanese gardening, rocks are classified as either tall vertical, low vertical, arching, reclining, or flat.[14]
For creating "mountains", usually igneous volcanic rocks, rugged mountain rocks with sharp edges, are used. Smooth, rounded sedimentary rocks are used for the borders of gravel "rivers" or "seashores." [14] In Chinese gardens of the Song dynasty, individual rocks which looked like animals or had other unusual features were often the star attraction of the garden. In Japanese gardens, individual rocks rarely play the starring role; the emphasis is upon the harmony of the composition.[14] For arranging rocks, there are many rules in the Sakuteiki. For example:
Make sure that all the stones, right down to the front of the arrangement, are placed with their best sides showing. If a stone has an ugly-looking top you should place it so as to give prominence to its side. Even if this means it has to lean at a considerable angle, no one will notice. There should always be more horizontal than vertical stones. If there are "running away" stones there must be "chasing" stones. If there are "leaning" stones, there must be "supporting" stones.
Rocks are rarely if ever placed in straight lines or in symmetrical patterns. The most common arrangement is one or more groups of three rocks. One common triad arrangement has a tall vertical rock flanked by two smaller rocks, representing Buddha and his two attendants. Other basic combinations are a tall vertical rock with a reclining rock; a short vertical rock and a flat rock; and a triad of a tall vertical rock, a reclining rock and a flat rock. Other important principles are to choose rocks which vary in color, shape and size, to avoid rocks with bright colors which might distract the viewer, and make certain that the grains of rocks run in the same direction.
At the end of the Edo period, a new principle was invented; the use of suteishi, "discarded" or "nameless" rocks, placed in seemingly random places to add spontaneity to the garden.[14] Other important principles of rock arrangement include balancing the number of vertical and horizontal rocks.
Sand and gravel[edit]
Gravel is usually used in zen gardens, rather than sand, because it is less disturbed by rain and wind. The act of raking the gravel into a pattern recalling waves or rippling water, known as samon (砂紋)[15] or hōkime (箒目), has an aesthetic function. Zen priests practice this raking also to help their concentration. Achieving perfection of lines is not easy. Rakes are according to the patterns of ridges as desired and limited to some of the stone objects situated within the gravel area.[clarification needed] Nonetheless often the patterns are not static. Developing variations in patterns is a creative and inspiring challenge.
Stone arrangements and other miniature elements are used to represent mountains and natural water elements and scenes, islands, rivers and waterfalls. Stone and shaped shrubs (karikomi, hako-zukuri topiary) are used interchangeably. In most gardens moss is used as a ground cover to create "land" covered by forest.
Shirakawa, which is a black-speckled granite from Kyoto, Japan, was prized for its ability to hold raked grooves and was previously used in Oregon's Japanese Garden. The source of Shirakawa is now a protected waterway, making it illegal to harvest Shirakawa. Oregon's Japanese Garden has subsequently been forced to look for alternative sources of gravel with similar properties, and has experimented with granite chips from Canadian quarries.[16]
Symbolism[edit]
In the Japanese rock garden, rocks sometimes symbolize mountains (particularly Horai, the legendary home of the Eight Immortals in Buddhist mythology); or they can be boats or a living creature (usually a turtle, or a carp). In a group, they might be a waterfall or a crane in flight.
In the earliest rock gardens of the Heian period, the rocks in a garden sometimes had a political message. As the Sakutei-ki wrote:
Sometimes, when mountains are weak, they are without fail destroyed by water. It is, in other words, as if subjects had attacked their emperor. A mountain is weak if it does not have stones for support. An emperor is weak if he does not have counselors. That is why it is said that it is because of stones that a mountain is sure, and thanks to his subjects that an emperor is secure. It is for this reason that, when you construct a landscape, you must at all cost place rocks around the mountain. [17]
Some classical zen gardens, like Daisen-in, have symbolism that can be easily read; it is a metaphorical journey on the river of life. Others, like Ryōan-ji, resist easy interpretation. Many different theories have been put forward about what the garden is supposed to represent, from islands in a stream to swimming baby tigers to the peaks of mountains rising above the clouds to theories about secrets of geometry or of the rules of equilibrium of odd numbers. Garden historian Gunter Nitschke wrote: "The garden at Ryōan-ji does not symbolize anything, or more precisely, to avoid any misunderstanding, the garden of Ryōan-ji does not symbolize, nor does it have the value of reproducing a natural beauty that one can find in the real or mythical world. I consider it to be an abstract composition of "natural" objects in space, a composition whose function is to incite meditation.".[18]
A recent suggestion, by Gert van Tonder of Kyoto University and Michael Lyons of Ritsumeikan University, is that the rocks of Ryōan-ji form the subliminal image of a tree. The researchers claim the subconscious mind is sensitive to a subtle association between the rocks. They suggest this may be responsible for the calming effect of the garden.[19]
Landscape painting and the Zen garden critique[edit]
Chinese landscape painting was one of the many Chinese arts that came to Japan with Zen Buddhism in the fourteenth century. That the Buddhism of Zen influenced garden design was first suggested not in Japan, but in the West by a Hawaiian garden journalist Loraine Kuck in the 1930s and disputed as such by a scholar of Japanese garden history, Wybe Kuitert in 1988.[20] This was well before scholars jumped on the bandwagon in the 1990s to deconstruct the promotion and reception of Zen.[21] The critique comes down to the fact that Buddhist priests were not trying to express Zen in gardens. A review of the quotes of Buddhist priests that are taken to "prove" Zen for the garden are actually phrases copied from Chinese treatises on landscape painting. Secondary writers on the Japanese garden like Keane and Nitschke, who were associating with Kuitert when he was working on his research at the Kyoto University joined the Zen garden critique, like Kendall H. Brown, who took a similar distance from the Zen garden. In Japan the critique was taken over by Yamada Shouji who took a critical stance to the understanding of all Japanese culture, including gardens, under the nominator of Zen.[22] Christian Tagsold summarized the discussion by placing perceptions of the Japanese garden in the context of an interdisciplinary comparison of cultures of Japan and the West.[23]
Zen priests quote from Chinese treatises on landscape painting indicating that the Japanese rock garden, and its karesansui garden scenery was and still is inspired by or based on first Chinese and later also Japanese landscape painting.[24] Landscape painting and landscape gardening were closely related and practiced by intellectuals, the literati inspired by Chinese culture. A primary design principle was the creation of a landscape based on, or at least greatly influenced by, the three-dimensional monochrome ink (sumi) landscape painting, sumi-e or suiboku-ga. In Japan the garden has the same status as a work of art. Though each garden is different in its composition, they mostly use rock groupings and shrubs to represent a classic scene of mountains, valleys and waterfalls taken from Chinese landscape painting. In some cases it might be as abstract as just a few islands in a sea. Any Japanese garden may also incorporates existing scenery outside its confinement, e.g. the hills behind, as "borrowed scenery" (using a technique called Shakkei).
List of shrines and temples with rock gardens[edit]
In Kyoto:
Daitokuji
Daisen-in
Jishoji
Jisso-in
Myoshinji
Rozanji
Ryoanji
Tofukuji
Outside Kyoto:
An'yō-in (Kobe)
Bingo-Ankokuji (Fukuyama)
Harima Ankokuji (Kato, Hyogo)
Jōmyō-ji (Kamakura)
Kinbyōzan Zuisenji (Kamakura)
Komyozenji (Fukuoka)
Shitennoji (Osaka)
See also[edit]
Garden spa
Higashiyama Bunka in Muromachi period
Japanese garden
Wabi-sabi
Rock garden
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ono Kenkichi and Walter Edwards: "Bilingual (English and Japanese) Dictionary of Japanese Garden Terms (Karesansui. p. 20) from Kansai Main Pageocess, Nara 2001 The Karesansui definition was extracted with permission from The on-line "living" guide to realize a Zen garden by P.M. Patings.
Jump up ^ Gunter Nitschke, Le Jardin japonais, p. 65.
Jump up ^ Michel Baridon, Les Jardins- Paysagistes, Jardinieres, Poetes, pp. 485–87.
Jump up ^ Michel Baridon, Les Jardins, p. 488
Jump up ^ Nitschke, le jardin japonais, p. 67.
Jump up ^ Baridon, Les Jardins p. 472.
^ Jump up to: a b Nitschke, le jardin japonais, pp. 68–73.
Jump up ^ Nitschke, Le jardin japonais, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Nitschke, Le Jardin Japonais. Young and Young put the size at twenty-five meters by ten meters.
Jump up ^ Nitschke, Le Jardin Japonais, p. 90.
Jump up ^ Michel Baridon, Les Jardins, p. 474. Translation of this excerpt from French by D.R. Siefkin.
Jump up ^ Nitschke, Le jardin Japonais, pp. 217–18
Jump up ^ Michel Baridon, Les Jardins, pp. 485–90.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Young and Young, The Art of the Japanese Garden. p. 22.
Jump up ^ JAANUS, "samon　砂紋"
Jump up ^ Funderburg, Lise. "Set in Stone". Garden Design. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Baridon, Les Jardins, p. 492.
Jump up ^ Nitschke, Le jardin Japonais," p. 92. Translation of this citation from French by D.R. Siefkin.
Jump up ^ van Tonder, Gert; Lyons, Michael J. (September 2005). "Visual Perception in Japanese Rock Garden Design" (PDF). Axiomathes. Springer. 15 (3): 353–71 (19). doi:10.1007/s10516-004-5448-8. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
Jump up ^ Wybe Kuitert, Themes, Scenes, and Taste in the History of Japanese Garden Art, pp. 150–60, Japonica Neerlandica Volume 3, Gieben Publishers, Amsterdam ISBN 90-5063-021-9 http://edepot.wur.nl/206169
Jump up ^ Review Elizabeth ten Grotenhuis, Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Summer, 2003), pp. 429–32 https://www.jstor.org/stable/25064424
Jump up ^ Yamada Shoji, (Earl Hartman transl.) Shots in the Dark, Japan, Zen, and the West, The University of Chicago Press, 2009
Jump up ^ Christian Tagsold, Spaces in Translation: Japanese Gardens and the West, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017
Jump up ^ Kuitert, Wybe (March 2013). "Composition of Scenery in Japanese Pre-Modern Gardens and the Three Distances of Guo Xi". Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes. Taylor and Francis. 33 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1080/02666286.2012.753189.
Bibliography[edit]
Wybe Kuitert (1988). Themes, Scenes, and Taste in the History of Japanese Garden Art. Gieben Amsterdam. ISBN 90-5063-021-9.
Wybe Kuitert (2002). Themes in the History of Japanese Garden Art. Hawaii University Press. ISBN 0-8248-2312-5.
David Young; Michiko Young (July 2005). The Art of the Japanese Garden. Tuttle Pub. ISBN 978-0-8048-3598-5.
Günter Nitschke (2007). Le jardin japonais: Angle droit et forme naturelle. ISBN 978-3-8228-3034-5.
Baridon, Michel (1998). Les Jardins- Paysagistes, Jardiniers, Poetes. , Éditions Robert Lafont, Paris, (ISBN 2-221-06707-X)
Miyeko Murase (1996). L Art Du Japon. LGF/Le Livre de Poche. ISBN 978-2-253-13054-3.
Danielle Elisseeff (2010-09-23). Jardins japonais. ISBN 978-2-35988-029-8.
Virginie Klecka (2011-04-15). Jardins Japonais. ISBN 978-2-8153-0052-0.
Christian Tagsold (2017). Spaces in Translation: Japanese Gardens and the West. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4674-2.
Note[edit]
*The Sakuteiki is a garden book with notes on garden making that dates back to the late seventeenth century. Its oldest title is Senzai Hishõ, "Secret Extracts on Gardens", and was written nearly 1000 years ago, making it the oldest work on Japanese gardening. It is assumed that this was written in the 11th century by a noble man named Tachibana no Tichitsuna. In this text lies the first mention of the karesansui in literature. Only recently we saw an English modern translation of this gardening classic.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zen gardens, Japanese garden and Gardens in Japan.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Japanese rock garden.
Photo Gallery of Japanese Zen Gardens
Virtual tour of the Zen Gardens in and around Kyoto
Geometrical concepts of Japanese rock garden
"Stanford University article on the history and meaning of some Japanese gardens" (PDF). (180 KB)
Tsubo-en – A virtual tour of the karesansui garden in The Netherlands
Study into the karesansui gardens of the Edo era – karesansui gardens of Traditional Samurai Residences
Neuroscience unlocks secrets of Zen garden (Requires subscription)
Neuroscience unlocks secrets of Zen garden (Mirror)
Criticisms of the term "Zen Garden" - in Japanese Garden Journal
[show]
v
t
e
Horticulture and gardening
Gardening
History
Design
computer-aided
Garden tool
Green wall
Arboretum
Allotment
Butterfly
Community
Forest
French intensive
Guerrilla
Garden
Historic conservation
Landscape
Native
Parterre
Raised bed
Square foot
Sustainable
Xeriscaping
Types of gardens
Back
Biblical
Botanical
Butterfly
Byzantine
Cactus
Cantonese
Chinese
Color
Container
Cottage
Dutch
English
Fernery
Floating
Flower
French
formal
landscape
Renaissance
Front
Greek
Greenhouse
Hanging
Hügelkultur
Islamic
Italian
Japanese
Kitchen
Knot
Korean
Market
Mary
Monastic
Mughal
Orangery
Orchard
Persian
Bagh
Charbagh
Paradise
Philosophical
Pleasure
Roman
Spanish
Rain
Rose
Roof
Sacred
Scottish
Sculpture
Sensory
Shade
Therapeutic
Trial
Tropical
Victory
Vineyard
Walled
Water
Wildlife
Winter
Zen
Zoological
Horticulture
Agriculture
stock-free
sustainable
urban
Arboriculture
Botany
Companion planting
Crop
most valuable
Flora
Floriculture
Fruticulture
Genetically modified tree
Hydroculture
Indigenous
Intercropping
Landscape architecture
Oenology
Olericulture
Plant
breeding
propagation
drought tolerance
hardiness
Pomology
Postharvest physiology
Tropical
Urban
agriculture
horticulture
forestry
reforestation
Viticulture
Organic
Biodynamic agriculture
List of organic gardening and farming topics
Vegan organic gardening
Plant protection
Fungicide
Herbicide
Index of pesticide articles
List of fungicides
Pesticide
Plant disease forecasting
Pruning
Weed control
Agriculture and agronomy portal
Gardening portal
Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Buddhist temples in Japan
[show]
Japanese Buddhist architecture
Architectonic elements
hidden roof
hisashi
irimoya
kaerumata: see nakazonae
kairō
karahafu
karesansui
kentozuka: see nakazonae
komainu
katōmado
mokoshi
moya
nakazonae
Niō or Kongōrikishi
sandō
shichidō garan
shōrō
sōrin
tokyō
tōrō
onigawara
Mon (gates)
karamon
nijūmon
niōmon
rōmon
sanmon
sōmon
torii
Buildings
Chinjusha
chōzuya/temizuya
-dō
main hall (kon-dō, hon-dō, butsuden)
kuri
kyōzō or kyō-dō
shoin
Japanese pagodas
gorintō
hōkyōintō
hōtō
kasatōba
sotōba
muhōtō
tahōtō
Styles
Daibutsuyō
Wayō
Setchūyō
Shoin-zukuri
Shin-Wayō
Zenshūyō
Ōbaku Zen architecture
Others
A-un
ken
[show]
Schools and objects of worship
Major schools
Jōdo
Nichiren
Shingon
Tendai
Zen schools
Sōtō
Ōbaku
Rinzai
Nanto rokushū
Jōjitsu
Hossō
Kusha
Kegon
Ritsu
Sanron
Objects of worship
Amida Nyōrai
Benzaiten
Dainichi Nyorai
Jizō
Kannon
Marishi-ten
Shaka Nyorai
Shitennō (Four Kings)
Twelve Heavenly Generals (Jūni Shinshō)
Yakushi Nyorai
[show]
Other elements
Implements
kei (ritual gong)
mokugyō
Others
bussokuseki
butsudan
Glossary of Japanese Buddhism
Japanese Buddhist pantheon
jingū-ji
miyadera
saisenbako
[show]
v
t
e
Elements of Japanese architecture
Styles
Buddhist
Buke
Daibutsuyō
Gassho
Giyōfū
Hachiman
Hirairi
Hiyoshi (Hie)
Imperial Crown style (Teikanyōshiki)
Irimoya
Ishi-no-ma
Kasuga
Kibitsu
Nagare
Ōbaku Zen
Setchūyō
Shinden
Shinmei
Shinto
Shoin
Sukiya
Sumiyoshi
Taisha
Wayō
Zenshūyō

Model of Himeji Castle
Types of building
Butsuden
Castle
Chashitsu
Dō
Haiden
Heiden
Hokora
Hōkyōintō
Kura
Kyōzō
Machiya
Main Hall
Minka
Setsumatsusha
Shōrō
Tahōtō
Japanese pagoda
Yagura
Roof styles
Hidden
Irimoya
Karahafu
Structural
Burdock piling
Chigi
Disordered piling
Engawa
Fusuma
Hisashi
Irimoya-zukuri
Irori
Jinmaku
Katōmado
Katsuogi
Kuruwa
Mokoshi
Moya
Nakazonae
Namako wall
Nightingale floor
Onigawara
Ranma
Shōji (washi)
Sōrin
Tamagaki
Tatami
Tokonoma
Tokyō
Tsumairi
Shibi
Gates
Approaches
Genkan
Kairō
Karamon
Mon
Nijūmon
Niōmon
Rōmon
Sandō
Sanmon
Sōmon
Torii (Mihashira)
Rooms
Chashitsu
Daidokoro
Mizuya
Shoin
Toilets
Washitsu
Furnishings
Butsudan
Byōbu
Chabudai
Emakimono
Furo
Futon
Getabako
Kaidan dansu
Kamado
Kamidana
Kichō
Kotatsu
Misu
Noren
Sudare
Tamaya
Tansu
Zabuton
Zafu
Outdoor objects
Chōzuya (Temizuya)
Ishigantō
Komainu
Tōrō
Measurements
Ken
Koku
Ri
Shaku
Sun
Organizations
Architectural Institute of Japan
Japan Institute of Architects
Metabolist Movement
Related topics
Groups of Traditional Buildings
Iki
Japanese garden (rock (Zen))
Ryokan
Sentō
Wabi-sabi
Yabo
National Treasures
Castles
Residences
Shrines
Temples
Other structures
Authority control
BNF: cb17144809d (data)
GND: 7850347-4
LCCN: sh85053139
NDL: 01033461
SUDOC: 203726340
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_rock_garden&oldid=843474821"
Categories:
Japanese style of gardening
Zen art and culture
Horticulture and gardening
Rock art in Asia
Rock gardens
Zen Buddhist terminology
Zen gardens
Hidden categories:
Articles containing Japanese-language text
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Latina
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Napulitano
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Русский
Scots
Sicilianu
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
粵語
中文
26 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 May 2018, at 11:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: href title

value: b

values:
/wiki/Zen_Buddhism
mw-redirect
Zen Buddhism

values: Edit section: Early Japanese rock gardens

values:
/wiki/Song_Dynasty
mw-redirect
Song Dynasty

values:
/wiki/Shinto_religion
mw-redirect
Shinto religion

values: Edit section: Zen Buddhism and the Muromachi period (1336–1573)

values:
/wiki/Noh_theater
mw-redirect
Noh theater

values:
/wiki/Muromachi_Period
mw-redirect
Muromachi Period

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Japanese Tea Garden (San Francisco, California)

values: Edit section: Selection and arrangement of rocks

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Subliminal_message
mw-redirect
Subliminal message

values: Edit section: Landscape painting and the Zen garden critique

values: Edit section: List of shrines and temples with rock gardens

values:
/wiki/J%C5%8Dmy%C5%8D-ji_(Kamakura)
mw-redirect
Jōmyō-ji (Kamakura)

values:
/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa
mw-redirect
Kamakura, Kanagawa

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
/wiki/Higashiyama_Bunka
mw-redirect
Higashiyama Bunka

values:
nofollow
http://www.zen-garden.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.kasrl.org/axiomathes.pdf

values:
nofollow
external free
http://edepot.wur.nl/206169

values:
nofollow
external free
https://www.jstor.org/stable/25064424

values: Template talk:Horticulture and gardening

values: Conservation and restoration of historic gardens

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Gardens_in_Scotland
mw-redirect
Gardens in Scotland

values: List of most valuable crops and livestock products

values:
/wiki/Postharvest_physiology
mw-redirect
Postharvest physiology

values: Outline of organic gardening and farming

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup

values: Template talk:Japanese architectural elements

values:
/wiki/Imperial_Crown_style
mw-redirect
Imperial Crown style

values: width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;background:whitesmoke;padding:0 1.0em 0 2.0em;

values:
/wiki/Minka_(architecture)
mw-redirect
Minka (architecture)

values:
/wiki/Ranma_(architectural)
mw-redirect
Ranma (architectural)

values:
/wiki/Misu_(Japanese_architecture)
mw-redirect
Misu (Japanese architecture)

values:
/wiki/Metabolist_Movement
mw-redirect
Metabolist Movement

values:
/wiki/Iki_(aesthetic_ideal)
mw-redirect
Iki (aesthetic ideal)

values: List of National Treasures of Japan (castles)

values: List of National Treasures of Japan (residences)

values: List of National Treasures of Japan (shrines)

values: List of National Treasures of Japan (temples)

values: List of National Treasures of Japan (miscellaneous structures)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/7850347-4

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/203726340

values: Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: حديقة زن – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenhave
Zenhave – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: باغ صخره‌ای ژاپنی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 가레산스이 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Քարերի այգի – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Дзен бағы – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nap
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Сад камней – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: สวนเซ็นญี่ปุ่น – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Японський сад каменів – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Japanese_rock_garden rootpage-Japanese_rock_garden skin-vector action-view


text:
Ordinance (India)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Ordinances are laws that are promulgated by the President of India on the recommendation of the Union Cabinet. They can only be issued when Parliament is not in session. They enable the Indian government to take immediate legislative action. Ordinances cease to operate either if Parliament does not approve of them within six weeks of reassembly, or if disapproving resolutions are passed by both Houses. It is also compulsory for a session of Parliament to be held within one months.[1]
List of Central Government Ordinances since 2003[edit]
Year
Number
Title of Ordinance
Ref.
2003 1 Customs (Tariff) Amendment Ordinance, 2003 [2]
2003 2 Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 [3]
2003 3 National Tax Tribunal Ordinance, 2003 [4]
2003 4 Prevention of Terrorism (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 [5]
2003 5 Representation of the People (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 [6]
2003 6 Delimitation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 [7]
2003 7 Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 [8]
2003 8 Indian Medicine Central Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003 [9]
2004 1 Prevention of Terrorism (Repeal) Ordinance, 2004 [10]
2004 2 Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Ordinance, 2004 [11]
2004 3 Banking Regulation (Amendment) and Miscellaneous Provisions Ordinance, 2004 [12]
2004 4 Securities Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004 [13]
2004 5 Enforcement of Security Interest and Recovery of Debts Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004 [14]
2004 6 National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Ordinance, 2004 [15]
2004 7 Patents (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004 [16]
2004 8 Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Ordinance, 2004 [17]
2005 1 Central Excise Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2005 [18]
2005 2 Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance, 2005 [19]
2005 3 Manipur University Ordinance, 2005 [20]
2005 4 Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2005 [21]
2006 1 National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions (Amendment) Ordinance, 2006 [22]
2006 2 National Council for Teacher Education (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2006 [23]
2006 3 Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Ordinance, 2006 [24]
2007 1 Banking Regulation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007 [25]
2007 2 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007 [26]
2007 3 National Tax Tribunal (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007 [27]
2007 4 Sports Broadcasting Signals (Mandatory Sharing with Prasar Bharati) Ordinance, 2007 [28]
2007 5 State Bank of India (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007 [29]
2007 6 National Capital Territory of Delhi Law (Special Provisions) Ordinance, 2007 [30]
2007 7 National Capital Territory of Delhi Law (Special Provisions) Second Ordinance, 2007 [31]
2007 8 Payment of Bonus (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007 [32]
2008 1 Delimitation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 [33]
2008 2 Railways (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 [34]
2008 3 Forward contracts (Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2008 [35]
2008 4 Sugar Development Fund (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 [36]
2008 5 Prasar Bharti (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Amendment Ordinance, 2008 [37]
2008 6 Food Safety and Standards (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 [38]
2008 7 Employee's State Insurance (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 [39]
2008 8 Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 [40]
2009 1 High Court and Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Amendment Ordinance, 2009 [41]
2009 2 Cental Industrial Security Force (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009 [42]
2009 3 Central Universities Ordinance 2009 [43]
2009 4 Meghalaya Appropriation (Vote on Account) Ordinance, 2009 [44]
2009 5 Meghalaya Appropriation Ordinance, 2008 [45]
2009 6 Competition (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009 [46]
2009 7 Jharkhand Contingency Fund (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009 [47]
2009 8 Central Universities (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009 [48]
2009 9 Essential Commodities (Amendment And Validation) Ordinance, 2009 [49]
2010 1 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment & Validation) Ordinance, 2010 [50]
2010 2 Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2010 [51]
2010 3 Securities and Insurance Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2010 [52]
2010 4 Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2010 [53]
2011 1 Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2011 [54]
2011 2 Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kancheepuram Ordinance, 2011 [55]
2011 3 Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2011 [56]
2012 1 All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (Amendment) Ordinance, 2012 [57]
2013 1 Securities and Exchange Board of India (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013 [58]
2013 2 Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Ordinance, 2013 [59]
2013 3 Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013 [60]
2013 4 Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013 [61]
2013 5 Securities and Exchange Board of India (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2013 [62]
2013 6 Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Second) Ordinance, 2013 [63]
2013 7 National Food Security Ordinance, 2013 [64]
2013 8 Securities Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013 [65]
2013 9 Securities Laws (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2013 [66]
2013 10 Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Third) Ordinance, 2013 [67]
2013 11 Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2013 [68]
2014 1 Scheduled Castes And The Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Ordinance, 2014 [69]
2014 2 Securities Laws (Amendment) Odinance, 2014 [70]
2014 3 Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014 [71]
2014 4 Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014 [72]
2014 5 Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Ordinance, 2014 [73]
2014 6 Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2014 [74]
2014 7 Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Second Ordinance, 2014 [75]
2014 8 Insruance Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014 [76]
2014 9 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency In Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance , 2014 [77]
2015 1 Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015 [78]
2015 2 Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015 [79]
2015 3 Mines And Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2015 [80]
2015 4 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015 [81]
2015 5 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2015 [82]
2015 6 Negotiable Instruments (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015 [83]
2015 7 Negotiable Instruments (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2015 [84]
2015 8 Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts Ordinance, 2015 [85]
2015 9 Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015 [86]
2016 1 Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2016 [87]
2016 2 Uttarakhand Appropriation (Vote on Account) Ordinance, 2016 [88]
2016 3 Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Second Ordinance, 2016 [89]
2016 4 Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2016 [90]
2016 5 Dentists (Amendment) Ordinance, 2016 [91]
2016 6 Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Third Ordinance, 2016 [92]
2016 7 Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Fourth Ordinance, 2016 [93]
2016 8 Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Fifth Ordinance, 2016[94] [95]
2016 9 Payment of Wages (Amendment) Ordinance, 2016 [96]
2016 10 Specified Bank Notes (Cessation of Liabilities) Ordinance, 2016 [97]
2017 11 Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Ordinance, 2017 2018 12 The Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance, 2018
Read more at: http://www.livelaw.in/death-child-rape-criminal-law-amendment-ordinance-2018-promulgated-read-salient-features-read-ordinance/
     Suddav@

References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chowdhury, Kavita (23 December 2014). "Govt points to Ordinance route for crucial bills". Business Standard. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2003/2003.01.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2003/2003.02.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2003/2003.03.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2003/2003.04.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2003/2003.05.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2003/2003.06.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2003/2003.07.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2003/2003.08.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2004/2004.01.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2004/2004.02.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2004/2004.03.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2004/2004.04.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2004/2004.05.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2004/2004.06.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2004/2004.07.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2004/2004.08.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2005/2005.01.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2005/2005.02.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2005/2005.03.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2005/2005.04.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2006/2006.01.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2006/2006.02.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2006/2006.03.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2007/2007.01.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2007/2007.02.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2007/2007.03.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2007/2007.04.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2007/2007.05.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2007/2007.06.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2007/2007.07.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2007/2007.08.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2008/2008.01.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2008/2008.02.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2008/2008.03.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2008/2008.04.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2008/2008.05.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2008/2008.06.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2008/2008.07.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2008/2008.08.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2009/2009.01.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2009/2009.02.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2009/2009.03.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2009/2009.04.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2009/2009.05.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2009/2009.06.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2009/2009.07.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2009/2009.08.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2009/2009.09.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2010/2010.01.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2010/2010.02.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2010/2010.03.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2010/2010.04.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2011/2011.01.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2011/2011.02.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2011/2011.03.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2012/2012.01.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2013/2013.01.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2013/2013.02.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2013/2013.03.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2013/2013.04.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2013/2013.05.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2013/2013.06.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2013/2013.07.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2013/2013.08.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2013/2013.09.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2013/2013.10.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2013/2013.11.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2014/2014.01.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2014/2014.02.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2014/2014.03.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2014/2014.04.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2014/2014.05.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2014/2014.06.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2014/2014.07.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2014/2014.08.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2014/2014.09.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2015/2015.01.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2015/2015.02.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2015/2015.03.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2015/2015.04.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2015/2015.05.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2015/2015.06.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2015/2015.07.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2015/2015.08.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2015/2015.09.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2016/2016.01.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2016/2016.02.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2016/2016.03.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2016/2016.04.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2016/2016.05.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2016/2016.06.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2016/2016.07.pdf
Jump up ^ "Re-promulgation of ordinances fraud on Constitution: SC". Retrieved 3 January 2017.
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2016/2016.08.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2016/2016.09.pdf
Jump up ^ http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/ordinc/2016/2016.10.pdf
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ordinance_(India)&oldid=842608731"
Categories:
Law in India
Government of India
Parliament of India
India law-related lists
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 23 May 2018, at 14:36 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
/wiki/Union_Cabinet
mw-redirect
Union Cabinet

value: sup

value: p

value: span

attrs: class id

values: Edit section: List of Central Government Ordinances since 2003

value: th

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Ordinance_(India)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ordinance_India rootpage-Ordinance_India skin-vector action-view