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Great Lakes region
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This article is about the North American region. For the African region, see African Great Lakes region. For other uses, see Great Lakes (disambiguation).
The states and provinces shown in red all have shorelines on at least one of the Great Lakes.
The Great Lakes region of North America is a bi-national Canadian-American region that includes portions of the eight U.S. states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin as well as the Canadian province of Ontario. The region borders the Great Lakes and forms a distinctive historical, economic, and cultural identity. A portion of the region also encompasses most of the Great Lakes Megalopolis, which extends outside the region to St. Louis, Missouri.
The Great Lakes Commission, authorized by the region's American states and Province of Ontario, and the additional Canadian Province of Quebec, comprises a bi-national authority with specified powers to protect and preserve the water and environmental resources of the Great Lakes and surrounding waterways and aquifers. The Commission's authorities are confirmed by the Canadian and American federal governments, and by its constituent states and provinces. The states and provinces are represented in the Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers.
The Great Lakes region takes its name from the corresponding geological formation of the Great Lakes Basin, a narrow watershed encompassing The Great Lakes, bounded by watersheds to the region's north (Hudson Bay), west (Mississippi), east and south (Ohio). To the east, the rivers of St. Lawrence, Richelieu, Hudson, Mohawk and Susquehanna form an arc of watersheds east to The Atlantic.
The Great Lakes region, as distinct from the Great Lakes Basin, defines a unit of sub-national political entities defined by the U.S. states and the Canadian Province of Ontario encompassing the Great Lakes watershed, and the states and Province bordering one or more of the Great Lakes.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Economy
3 Population centers
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
Map of the Great Lakes Basin.
Prior to European settlement, Iroquoian people lived around Lakes Erie and Ontario, Algonquian peoples around most of the rest, and a variety of other indigenous nation-peoples including the Lakotan, Ojibwa, Illinois, Pottawatmie, Huron, Shawnee, Erie, Fox, Miami, Crow and Ho-Chunk (Winnebago). With the first permanent European settlements in the early seventeenth century, all these nation-peoples developed an extensive fur trade with French, Dutch, and English merchants in the St. Lawrence, Hudson and Mohawk Valleys, and Hudson's Bay, respectively.
The prospects of fur monopolies and discovery of a fabled Northwest Passage to Asia generated sporadic but intense competition among the three most powerful northwest Europe imperial nations to control the territory. A century and a half of naval and land wars among France, The Netherlands and Britain resulted finally in British control of the region, from the Ohio River to the Arctic, and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. Beyond the region, North American claims remained disputed among Britain, France, Spain and Russia.
Britain defeated France decisively at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham near Quebec City in 1759, and the Treaty of Paris (1763) that ended The Seven Years' War, known in America as the French and Indian War ceded the entire region to the victor. Britain's claims were intensely disputed by a confederation of Indians during Pontiac's Rebellion, which induced major concessions to still sovereign Indian nations; and by the Iroquois Confederacy, whose six member nations-Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora-never conceded sovereignty to either Britain or, later, The United States.[1]
During the American Revolution, the region was contested between Britain and rebellious American colonies. Hoping for favorable claims of territorial control in an eventual peace treaty with Britain, American adventurers led by Kentucky militia leader George Rogers Clark briefly occupied village settlements, including Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Vincennes unopposed, with passive support from Francophone inhabitants. In the Peace of Paris (1784) Britain ceded what became known as The Northwest Territory, the area bounded by Great Lakes, Mississippi and Ohio rivers, and the eastern colonies of New York and Pennsylvania, to the fledgling United States. Britain, which may have entertained ambitions to repossess the area if America failed to govern it, retained control over its forts and licensed fur trade for fifteen years.
During the Confederacy Period of 1781–1789, the Continental Congress passed three ordinances whose authority was unclear regarding the region's governance on the American side. The Land Ordinance of 1784 established the broad outlines of future governance. The territory would be divided into six states, which would be given broad powers of constitutional instituting, and admitted to the nation as equal members. The Land Ordinance of 1785 specified the manner in which land would be distributed in the Territory, favoring sale in small parcels to settlers who would work their own farms.
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 defined the political protocols by which American states south of the lakes would enter the union as political equals with the original thirteen colonies. The ordinance, adopted in its final form just before the writing of the United States Constitution, was a sweeping, visionary proposal to create what was at the time a radical experiment in democratic governance and economy. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 prohibited slavery, restricted primogeniture, mandated universal public education, provided for affordable farm land to people who settled and improved it, and required peaceful, lawful treatment of the Indian population. The ordinance prohibited the establishment of state religion and established civic rights that foreshadowed the United States Bill of Rights. Civil rights included freedom from cruel and unusual punishment, trial by jury, and exemption from unreasonable search and seizure. States were authorized to organize constitutional conventions and petition for admission as states equal to the original thirteen. Five states evolved from its provisions: Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin. The northeastern section of Minnesota, from the Mississippi to St. Croix River, also fell under ordinance jurisdiction and extended the constitution and culture of the Old Northwest to the Dakotas. The surge of settlement generated tension culminating in the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.
Britain, fearing that fast American settlement could lead to annexation of its western provinces, countered with The Constitution Act of 1791, granting limited self-government to Canadian provinces, and creating two new provinces out of Canada: Lower Canada (today's Quebec) and Upper Canada (Ontario).
Settlement and economic expansion on both sides accelerated after the 1825 opening of The Erie Canal, an astonishingly successful public venture that effectively integrated markets and commerce between the Atlantic seaboard and the region. The region on both sides of the border became a vast research and design laboratory for agricultural machinery and techniques. Owner-operator family farms transformed both demographics and ecology into a vast terrain of farmlands, producing primarily wheat and corn. In western New York and northeast Ohio, the St. Lawrence, Mohawk, and Hudson rivers provided outlets for commercial corn and wheat, while The Ohio River let agricultural products from western Pennsylvania and southern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois journey downstream to New Orleans. Mining, primarily soft metals of copper, zinc, and lead; and timber to supply rapidly expanding sawmills that supplied lumber for new settlements.
Agricultural and industrial production generated distinctive political and social cultures of independent republican producers, who consolidated an ideology of personal liberty, free markets, and great social visions, often expressed in religious terms and enthusiasms. The region's alliance of antislavery with free soil movements contributed troops and agricultural goods that proved critical in the Union's victory. The Homestead and Morrill Acts, donating federal land to extend the agrarian economic franchise, and support state universities, modeled western expansion and education for all future states.
The British-Canadian London Conference of 1866, and subsequent Constitution Act of 1867 analogously derived from political, and some military, turmoil in the former jurisdiction of Upper Canada, which was renamed and organized in the new dominion as the Province of Ontario. Like the provisions of the ordinance, Ontario prohibited slavery, made provisions for land distribution to farmers who owned their own land, and mandated universal public education.
Ford's River Rouge assembly plant 1941
Industrial production, organization, and technology have made the region among the world's most productive manufacturing centers. Nineteenth-century proto-monopolies such as International Harvester, Standard Oil, and United States Steel established the pattern of American centralized industrial consolidation and eventual global dominance. The region hosted the world's greatest concentrations of production for oil, coal, steel, automobiles, synthetic rubber, agricultural machinery, and heavy transport equipment. Agronomy industrialized as well, in meat processing, packaged cereal products, and processed dairy products. In response to disruptions and imbalances of power resulting from so vast a concentration of economic power, industrial workers organized the Congress of Industrial Organizations, a coherent agricultural cooperative movement, and the Progressive politics led by Wisconsin's Governor and Senator Robert M. La Follette Sr.. State universities, professional social work, and unemployment and workers' compensation were some of the region's permanent contributions to American social policy.
The Great Lakes region has produced globally influential breakthroughs in agricultural technology, transportation and building construction. Cyrus McCormick's reaper, John Deere's steel plow, Joseph Dart (Dart's Elevator), and George Washington Snow's balloon-frame construction are some of innovations that made significant, global impact. Case Western Reserve University and the University of Chicago figured prominently in developing nuclear power. Automobile manufacture developed simultaneously in Ohio and Indiana and became centered in the Detroit area of Michigan. Henry Ford's movable assembly line drew on regional experience in meat processing, agricultural machinery manufacture, and the industrial engineering of steel in revolutionizing the modern era of mass production manufacturing. Chicago-based Montgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck companies complemented mass manufactures with mass retail distribution.
Chicago and Detroit carry important roles in the field of architecture. William LeBaron Jenney was the architect of the first skyscraper in the world; The Home Insurance Building in Chicago is the first skyscraper because of the use of structural steel in the building. Engineering innovation established Chicago from that time on to become one of the world's most influential epicenters of contemporary urban and commercial architecture. Less famous, but equally influential, was the 1832 invention of balloon-framing in Chicago that replaced heavy timber construction requiring massive beams and great woodworking skill with pre-cut timber. This new lumber could be nailed together by farmers and settlers who used it to build homes and barns throughout the western prairies and plains. Wisconsin-born, Chicago-trained Sullivan apprentice Frank Lloyd Wright designed prototypes for architectural designs from the commercial skylight atrium to suburban ranch house.
German-born Pennsylvania immigrant John A. Roebling invented steel wire rope, a pivotal part of suspension bridges he designed and whose construction he supervised in Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and Buffalo, based on earlier successful canal aqueducts. His most famous project was the Brooklyn Bridge.
Contributions to modern transportation include the Wright brothers' early airplanes, designed and perfected in their Dayton, Ohio mechanics' workshops; distinctive Great Lakes freighters, and railroad beds constructed of wooden ties and steel rails. The early nineteenth century Erie Canal and mid-twentieth century St. Lawrence Seaway expanded the scale and capacity of massive water-born freight.
Agricultural associations joined the nineteenth century Grange, which in turn generated the agricultural cooperatives that defined much of rural political economy and culture throughout the region. Fraternal, ethnic, and civic organizations extended cooperatives and supported local ventures from insurance companies to orphanages and hospitals. The region was the political base, and provided much leadership political parties in the region.
The region's greatest institutional contributions were major corporate, labor, educational and cooperative organizations. It hosted some of the most influential national and international corporations of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century monopoly age, including John Deere Plow, McCormack Reaper, New York Central and Erie railroads, Carnegie Steel, U.S. Steel, International Harvester and Standard Oil. In part to balance democratic representation against the economic and political power of these corporations, the region hosted industrial labor organization, consolidated agricultural cooperatives and state educational systems. The Big Ten Conference memorializes the nation's first region in which every state sponsored major research, technical-agricultural, and teacher-training colleges and universities. The Congress of Industrial Organizations grew out of the region's coal and iron mines; steel, automobile and rubber industries; and breakthrough strikes and contracts of Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan.
During World War II, the region became the global epicenter of motorized land vehicles, including cars, trucks and jeeps, as well as a major supplier of engine, transmission, and electrical components to the wartime aeronautics industry. Despite extreme labor shortages, the region increased mechanization, and absorbed large numbers of women and immigrant labor, to increase its food production.
Economy[edit]
Great Lakes region
State or Province
2008 GDP
millions
of USD
%
New York 7006114108800000000♠1,141,088 25.2
Illinois 7005633697000000000♠633,697 14.0
Ontario 7005584460000000000♠584,460 12.9
Pennsylvania 7005553301000000000♠553,301 12.2
Ohio 7005471508000000000♠471,508 10.4
Michigan 7005382544000000000♠382,544 8.4
Minnesota 7005262847000000000♠262,847 5.8
Indiana 7005254861000000000♠254,861 5.6
Wisconsin 7005240429000000000♠240,429 5.3
TOTAL 7006452812800000000♠4,528,128 100.00
Navigable terrain, waterways, and ports spurred an unprecedented construction of transportation infrastructure throughout the region. The region is a global leader in advanced manufacturing and research and development, with significant innovations in both production processes and business organization. John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil set precedents for centralized pricing, uniform distribution, and controlled product standards through Standard Oil, which started as a consolidated refinery in Cleveland. Cyrus McCormick's Reaper and other manufacturers of agricultural machinery consolidated into International Harvester in Chicago. Andrew Carnegie's steel production integrated large-scale open-hearth and Bessemer processes into the world's most efficient and profitable mills. The largest, most comprehensive monopoly in the world, United States Steel, consolidated steel production throughout the region. Many of the world's largest employers began in the Great Lakes region.
Mass marketing in the modern sense was born in the region. Two competing Chicago retailers—Montgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck—developed mass marketing and sales through catalogues, mail-order distribution, and the establishment of their brand names as purveyors of consumer goods. The region's natural features, cultural institutions, and resorts make it a popular destination for tourism.
Advantages of accessible waterways, highly developed transportation infrastructure, finance, and a prosperous market base make the region the global leader in automobile production and a global business location. Henry Ford's movable assembly line and integrated production set the model and standard for major car manufactures. The Detroit area emerged as the world's automotive center, with facilities throughout the region. Akron, Ohio became the global leader in rubber production, driven by the demand for tires. Over 200 million tons of cargo are shipped annually through the Great Lakes.[2][3][4]
According to the Brookings Institution, if it stood alone as a country, the Great Lakes economy would be one of the largest economic units on earth (with a $4.5-trillion gross regional product). It contains most of an area urban planners have viewed as an emerging Great Lakes Megalopolis which has an estimated 54 million people. Furthermore, Greater Montreal, a major metropolitan area in the Canadian province of Quebec, links to the region along the St. Lawrence Seaway.
Population centers[edit]
Rank
Area
State/
Province
Image
CSA/CMA
2009 population
Projected[5][6][7]
2025 population
Projected increase
2009–2025
1 Chicago IL-IN-WI 9,804,845 10,935,100 1,130,255
2 Toronto ON 5,741,400 7,408,000 1,666,600
3 Detroit MI 5,327,764 6,191,000 863,236
4 Cleveland OH 3,515,646 3,795,658 280,012
5 Milwaukee WI 1,760,268 1,913,000 157,732
6 Ottawa – Gatineau ON-QC 1,451,415 1,596,556 145,141
7 Grand Rapids MI 1,327,366 1,530,000 202,634
8 Buffalo NY 1,203,493 1,040,400 -163,093
9 Rochester NY 1,149,653 1,248,600 98,947
10 Hamilton ON 740,200 954,858 214,658
11 Toledo OH 672,220 672,220 0
12 Kalamazoo MI 524,030 540,000 15,970
13 Lansing MI 523,609 547,325 23,716
14 Kitchener – Cambridge – Waterloo ON 492,400 635,196 142,796
15 London ON 492,200 634,938 142,738
16 Fort Wayne IN 414,315 455,623 39,366
17 St. Catharines – Niagara ON 404,400 521,676 117,276
18 Windsor ON 330,900 426,861 95,961
19 South Bend-Mishawaka IN 319,224
20 Erie PA 280,985 N/A N/A
See also[edit]
Geography of Canada portal
Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers
Great Lakes Megalopolis
Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)
Index: Great Lakes
Great Lakes WATER Institute, largest academic freshwater research facility on the Great Lakes
Quebec City – Windsor Corridor
Southern Ontario
The Great Lakes region in baseball's Little League World Series
Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Middle Ground: Empires, Indians and Republics in The Great Lakes Region 1603–1815, Richard White, 1991 Cambridge University Press
Jump up ^ "About Our Great Lakes -Great Lakes Basin Facts- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab (GLERL)". Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Economy of the Great Lakes Region". Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ U.S Army Corps of Engineers (January 2009).Great Lakes Navigation System: Economic Strength to the Nation Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved on July 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Home - Federation for American Immigration Reform". Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ontario Population Projections". Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Institut de la statistique Quebec Archived 2003-12-07 at the Wayback Machine.
References[edit]
Cronon, William (1991). Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West, W.W. Norton. pp. 333–340.
Onuf, Peter S (1987). A History of the Northwest Ordinance, Indiana University Press.
Taylor, Alan (2010) "The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels and Indian Allies", Knopf
White, Richard (1991), The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires and Republics in The Great Lakes Region 1965-1815, Cambridge University Press
Further reading[edit]
Chandler, Alfred D. and Hikino, Takashi (1994), Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism, Harvard University Press.
Chandler, Alfred D., (1977) The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business, Harvard University Press.
Cronon, William (1991). Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West, W.W. Norton.
Foner, Eric (1970). Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War, Oxford University Press
Reese, T (2001). Soft Gold: A History of the Fur Trade in the Great Lakes Region and Its Impact on Native American Culture, Heritage Press.
Shannon, Fred (1945). The Farmer's Last Frontier: Agriculture, 1860–1897, Farrar & Rineheart.
Taylor, Alan (2007), The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution, Vintage Books.
External links[edit]
The Fresh Coast – Issue briefing on Great Lakes Region
Great Lakes Information Network
Midwest Lakes Policy Center
The Nature Conservancy's Great Lakes Program
Third Coast Magazine
Great Lakes Book Project
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Cinnamon Girl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the song by Prince, see Cinnamon Girl (Prince song).
"Cinnamon Girl"
Cover of German issue single
Single by Neil Young and Crazy Horse
from the album Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere
B-side
"Sugar Mountain"
Released
April 20, 1970
Format
45 rpm Record
Recorded
March 20, 1969 at Wally Heider Recording, Hollywood, CA
Genre
Hard rock
Length
2:58
Label
Reprise
Songwriter(s)
Neil Young
Producer(s)
Neil Young
David Briggs
Neil Young and Crazy Horse singles chronology
"Down by the River"
(1969) "Cinnamon Girl"
(1970) "Only Love Can Break Your Heart"
(1970)
"Down by the River"
(1969) "Cinnamon Girl"
(1970) "Only Love Can Break Your Heart"
(1970)
"Cinnamon Girl" is a song by Neil Young. It debuted on the 1969 album Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere, which was also Young's first album with backing band Crazy Horse. Released as a single the following year, it reached #55 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1970.
Contents
[hide]
1 Songwriting
1.1 Music
1.2 Lyrics
2 Cover versions
3 References
4 External links
Songwriting[edit]
Music[edit]
Like two other songs from Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere, "Cowgirl in the Sand" and "Down by the River", Young wrote "Cinnamon Girl" while he was suffering from the flu with a high fever at his home in Topanga, California.[1][2]
This song displays the very prominent role played by Danny Whitten in the sound of Young's early recordings. The vocals are a duet, with Whitten singing the high harmony against Young's low harmony. (The 45 rpm single mix of the song, in addition to being in mono and cutting off the guitar outro, features Whitten's vocal more prominently than the album version.) Young performed the song on his then-recently acquired Gibson Les Paul, "Old Black".
The song was written in Double drop D tuning (DADGBD). This tuning is used in several of his most famous songs, such as "The Loner", "The Old Laughing Lady", "When You Dance I Can Really Love", "Ohio", and "Cortez the Killer".[citation needed] The music features a prominent descending bass guitar line.[3] The song's "one note guitar solo", consisting largely of a repeating, sharply played jangling D note, has often been singled out for praise. [4]
Lyrics[edit]
The lyrics have the singer daydreaming for a girl to love, singing that he waits "between shows" for his lover.[5] Young has claimed that he wrote the song "for a city girl on peeling pavement coming at me through Phil Ochs' eyes playing finger cymbals. It was hard to explain to my wife."[3] The city girl playing finger cymbals is a reference to folk singer Jean Ray.[5] Music critic Johnny Rogan described the lyrics as "exotic and allusive without really saying anything at all."[3] Critic Toby Creswell describes the lyrics as "cryptic love lyrics" noting that they are sung "over the crunching power of Crazy Horse."[2] Critic John Mendelsohn felt the song conveyed a message of "desperation begetting brutal vindictiveness," hinted at by the "almost impenetrably subjective words" but carried strongly by the sound of Crazy Horse's "heavy, sinister accompaniment."[2] Introducing the song at a performance associated with Writer's Week at Whittier College (California) in April, 2015, Los Lobos co-founder Louie Perez said that when he first heard "Cinnamon Girl", he was sure it was about a Mexican girl.[6]
In an interview with Q magazine, singer Beck named the "Cinnamon Girl" riff as his all-time favourite, equal with Black Sabbath's "Supernaut".
Cover versions[edit]
"Cinnamon Girl" has been covered by many artists:
The Gentrys recorded a version for a 1970 single release on Sun Records.
Hole recorded an instrumental cover of the song on their 1991 album Pretty on the Inside.
Type O Negative on their 1996 album October Rust.
Replicants on their 1995 self-titled album.
John Entwistle of The Who recorded a version of the song as an outtake for his 1971 solo album Smash Your Head Against the Wall.
The Smashing Pumpkins released a version on the 2012 reissue of Pisces Iscariot.
Wilco and members of My Morning Jacket have performed the song at various stops on the 2013 Americanarama Music Festival tour.
Matthew Sweet and Susanna Hoffs on their album, Under the Covers, Vol. 1 (2006).
Danish band Kashmir performed a cover version on their live CD/DVD The Aftermath.
Phish has covered the song a total of four times, once at Gallagher's in Vermont on 3/1/1989, twice during their 1997 tours, and once at Madison Square Garden on 07/29/2017. [7]
The Dream Syndicate included a version on their 1986 album Out of the Grey.
Radiohead is known to have played the song live on several occasions and bootlegs are common on YouTube.
JEFF The Brotherhood plays a heavy version of the song live.
Foo Fighters covered this song live at their first of two Toronto, Ontario, Canada shows on July 8, 2015
The Madison, Wisconsin-based noise rock band Killdozer (band) covered this song for their 1985 album Snake Boy.
The 8th track on Boyd Tinsley's solo album True Reflections.
Mudhoney incorporated the outro of "Cinnamon Girl" into the song "Broken Hands" on their 1991 album Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Williamson, N. (2002). Journey Through the Past: The Stories Behind the Classic Songs of Neil Young. Hal Leonard. pp. 27–28. ISBN 9780879307417.
^ Jump up to: a b c Creswell, T. (2006). 1001 Songs: The Great Songs of All Time. Thunder's Mouth Press. pp. 267, 372. ISBN 1560259159.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rogan, J. (1996). The Complete Guide to the Music of Neil Young. Omnibus Press. p. 18. ISBN 0711953996.
Jump up ^ Ben, Party. "Music: Great One-Note Guitar Solos". Mother Jones. Mother Jones. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Bielen, K. (2008). The Words and Music of Neil Young. Praeger. p. 11. ISBN 0275999025.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-05-05. Retrieved 2015-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Cinnamon Girl History". Phish.net. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
External links[edit]
Neil Young portal
Planer, Lindsay (2008). "'Cinnamon Girl' review", AllMusic.
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text:
Robert Alden
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Edwin Hyde Alden
Born
(1836-01-14)January 14, 1836
Windsor, Vermont, USA
Died
May 6, 1911(1911-05-06) (aged 75)
Chester, Vermont
Occupation
Congregational Church minister
Played on Little House on the Prairie by Dabbs Greer
Spouse(s)
Twice married
Reverend Edwin Hyde Alden, known as Robert Alden (January 14, 1836 – May 6, 1911) was one of the many real people upon whom Laura Ingalls Wilder based a character in the "Little House on the Prairie" series of books and the NBC television series of the same name.
Life and work[edit]
Reverend Alden was born in Windsor, Vermont. He was the founding pastor of the First Congregational Church of Waseca, Minnesota in 1868, the first organized church in that town. Alden was later the minister at the Congregational Church in Walnut Grove, Minnesota, which was described in the book "On the Banks of Plum Creek". He was a home missionary, having a church in the East, involved in planting new churches, such as the one in Walnut Grove, on the western frontier, which he founded in 1875. Charles and Caroline Ingalls were among the first baptized members.
When the Ingalls family left Walnut Grove, they were convinced they would never see him again, but he unexpectedly appeared in Dakota Territory, which Laura Ingalls Wilder mentioned in "By the Shores of Silver Lake". Reverend Alden held the first church service in De Smet in February, 1880, in the surveyors' house where the Ingalls family was temporarily living.
In the time between these two meetings with the Ingalls family, Alden went further north in Dakota Territory to work for the United States government as an Indian Agent at Fort Berthold. He was later accused of committing fraud while working there, and the natives he dealt with came to view him as dishonest, eventually threatening to kill him if he did not leave. The details surrounding Alden's practices, which were reported in the New York Times on August 15, 1878, state that Alden was charged with putting his wife on the agency payroll when she was still living in Minnesota.[1]
Alden was married twice and had two children. He died in Chester, Vermont, at the age of 75.[2]
Television series[edit]
Reverend Alden was portrayed in the television series "Little House on the Prairie" and its movie sequels, (1974–1984) by actor Dabbs Greer.
Reverend Alden is depicted as a loving, caring man who faithfully ministers the Word of God to the citizens of Walnut Grove and Hero Township, and is seen as a community leader who is looked to for his wisdom and understanding. As in real life, he has a particularly close relationship with the Ingalls family; in addition, the television series showed him to be close friends with Doctor Baker and Nels Oleson. He was frequently at odds, however, with Nels' snobbish wife, Harriet, who was a social climber and looked at others, especially the Ingalls' family, with scorn and disdain, and was upset that Alden often thwarted her plans for social climbing. Although Reverend Alden was generally patient with Mrs. Oleson, Nels and/or other members of the community frequently defended him.
Unlike most Christian teachings of the late 1800s, which emphasized fire and brimstone, Alden's teachings more closely reflected the religious teachings contemporary to the 1970s and early 1980s, the time period in which the television series was originally broadcast. However, Alden does deliver fiery sermons on occasion, as he did once (off-screen) in the episode "Fred" after he is butted by a goat while working at the church; he also gets angry and physical with a trouble-making family in "The Bully Boys."
Reverend Alden tends to be stubborn and has an ample sense of pride. The latter instance is shown in the episode "The Faith Healer," where a charismatic man claiming to have healing powers woos most of his congregation, deeply upsetting him and (temporarily) alienating Charles Ingalls when he tried to console him. When the faith healer is exposed as a fraud and the congregation returns, instead of a stern reprimand, Alden apologizes for his own stubbornness and pride.
Reverend Alden's tense relationship with Mrs. Oleson is most evident in the episode "The Preacher Takes a Wife," when Mrs. Oleson spreads scandalous gossip around town about his relationship with church parishioner Anna Craig, and later tries to contact the church synod, but when they are accepting, she is forced to relent. Anna's fate is left unclear, although she is referred to in a later episode.
In storyline terms, little was known about Reverend Alden's background until late in Season 8, when his past is finally revealed in "A Promise to Keep." In that episode, after Isaiah Edwards has lost his family due to a relapse into alcoholism, Edwards goes into the church to pray and ask for God's guidance. Alden enters the church, overhears Edwards, and eventually comforts him, revealing that he was a farmer who had his own struggles with alcohol after his entire family had died due to an illness.
Reverend Alden continued his ministries until the series' finale, "Little House: The Last Farewell," where the townspeople make a final stand against land baron Nathan Lassiter, after he was proven to hold deed to the land where Walnut Grove was located. When the townspeople blow up the town's buildings, leaving only the church and school building remaining, Lassiter realizes he'll have to rebuild everything. Leaders of other settlements say that they, too, will blow up their buildings to discourage his plans, When Lassiter walks off in defeat, Alden loudly proclaims, "Did you hear? Walnut Grove did not die in vain!"
Vermont portal
North Dakota portal
South Dakota portal
Minnesota portal
Christianity portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Special Dispatch to the New York Times. "New York Times" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Frontier Girl". Liwfrontiergirl.com. 1911-05-06. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
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List of Caribbean countries by population
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It has been suggested that this article be merged with List of Caribbean islands by area. (Discuss) Proposed since May 2017.
This list of Caribbean countries and dependent territories is sorted by the mid-year normalized demographic projections. Inland and island countries in the Caribbean region, even if technically not in the Caribbean Sea itself, are included. Some lists include Bermuda, which is located about 1,000 miles from any Caribbean island, and Belize. For related lists, see Caribbean-related below.
Contents
[hide]
1 Table
2 See also
2.1 Caribbean-related
2.2 Other
2.2.1 Countries by population
2.2.2 Island countries
3 Notes
Table[edit]
Rank
Country
(or dependent territory)
Abbr.
July 1, 2017
projection[1]
% of
pop.
Average
relative
annual
growth
(%)[2]
Average
absolute
annual
growth
[3]
Estimated
doubling
time
(Years)[4]
Official
figure
(where
available)
Date of
last figure
Source
1 Cuba CU 11,252,000 26.48 0.25 28,000 278 11,238,317 December 31, 2014 Official estimate
2 Haiti HT 10,981,229 25.49 0.98 97,000 71 9,980,243 2015 Official estimate
3 Dominican Republic DO 10,766,998 23.87 2.31 248,000 30 10,911,819 2015 Official estimate
4 Puerto Rico (US)[5] PR 3,508,000 8.26 -1.13 -40,000 - 3,548,397 July 1, 2014 Official estimate
5 Jamaica JM 2,729,000 6.42 0.26 7,000 270 2,723,246 December 31, 2014 Official estimate
6 Trinidad and Tobago TT 1,357,000 3.19 0.52 7,000 134 1,349,667 2015 Official estimate
7 Guadeloupe (France) GP 405,000 0.95 0.25 1,000 280 403,314 January 1, 2012 Official estimate
8 Martinique (France) MQ 383,000 0.90 -0.52 -2,000 - 388,364 January 1, 2012 Official estimate
9 Bahamas BS 379,000 0.89 1.34 5,000 52 369,670 2015 Official estimate
10 Barbados BB 283,000 0.67 0.35 1,000 196 277,821 May 1, 2010 2010 census result
11 Saint Lucia LC 172,000 0.40 0.58 1,000 119 166,526 May 10, 2010 Preliminary 2010 census result
12 Curaçao (Kingdom of the Netherlands) CW 157,000 0.37 0.64 1,000 108 154,843 January 1, 2014 Official estimate
13 Aruba (Kingdom of the Netherlands) AW 110,000 0.26 1.85 2,000 38 109,517 2015 Official estimate
14 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines VC 110,000 0.26 0.00 0 - 109,434 2014 Official estimate
15 United States Virgin Islands (US) VI 105,000 0.25 0.00 0 - 106,405 April 1, 2010 2010 census result
16 Grenada GD 104,000 0.24 0.00 0 - 103,328 May 12, 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result
17 Antigua and Barbuda AG 89,000 0.21 1.14 1,000 61 85,567 May 27, 2011 Final 2011 census result
18 Dominica DM 71,000 0.17 0.00 0 - 71,293 May 14, 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result
19 Cayman Islands (UK) KY 59,000 0.14 3.51 2,000 20 58,238 December 31, 2014 Official estimate
20 Saint Kitts and Nevis KN 46,000 0.11 0.00 0 - 46,204 May 15, 2011 2011 census result
21 Sint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands) SX 39,000 0.09 2.63 1,000 27 37,224 February 1, 2014 Official estimate
22 Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) TC 37,000 0.09 5.71 2,000 12 31,618 January 25, 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result
23 Saint Martin (France) MF 36,000 0.08 0.00 0 - 35,742 January 1, 2012 Official estimate
24 British Virgin Islands (UK) VG 31,000 0.07 3.33 1,000 21 28,054 July 12, 2010 2010 census result
25 Caribbean Netherlands (Kingdom of the Netherlands) AN 26,000 0.06 4.00 1,000 18 24,593 January 1, 2015 Official estimate
26 Anguilla (UK) AI 14,000 0.03 0.00 0 - 13,037 May 11, 2011 Final 2011 census result
27 Saint Barthélemy (France) BL 10,000 0.02 0.00 0 - 9,131 January 1, 2012 Official estimate
28 Montserrat (UK) MS 5,000 0.01 0.00 0 - 4,922 May 12, 2011 2011 census result
Total 42,491,000 100.00 0.86 364,000 81
CFTO to I tumultuous
See also[edit]
Caribbean-related[edit]
List of Caribbean islands by area
List of Caribbean islands by political affiliation
List of metropolitan areas in the West Indies
List of West Indian First-level Subdivisions
Other[edit]
Countries by population[edit]
List of countries by population
List of African countries by population
List of countries in the Americas by population
List of Arab countries by population
List of Asian countries by population
List of Eurasian countries by population
List of European countries by population
List of European Union member states by population
List of Latin American countries by population
List of member states of the Commonwealth of Nations by population
List of Middle East countries by population
List of North American countries by population
List of Oceanian countries by population
List of South American countries by population
List of countries by past and future population
List of countries by past population (United Nations)
List of countries by population in 2000
List of countries by population in 2010
Island countries[edit]
List of island countries
List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania
List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Indian Ocean
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Calculated, when available, from the latest national censuses or most recent official estimates (many of which are cited in their respective column), using the exponential formula shown on the List of countries by past and future population article. This is done to normalize the different populations to a unique date, so that they are really comparable.
Jump up ^ It corresponds to the following formula: projection2015/projection2014x100-100.
Jump up ^ It corresponds to the calculation: projection2015*annual_growth/100.
Jump up ^ It corresponds to the formula: LN(2)/LN(growth/100+1), which produces exactly the same result as LOG10(2)/LOG10(growth/100+1).
Jump up ^ Commonwealth of the United States since July 26, 1952.
[show]
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