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How Soon Is Now?
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For the TV serial, see How Soon Is Now? (TV series). For the Degrassi: The Next Generation episode, see How Soon Is Now? (D:TNG episode).
"How Soon Is Now?"
Single by The Smiths
from the album Hatful of Hollow
B-side
"Well I Wonder"
Released
28 January 1985 (1985-01-28)
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
1984
Genre
Alternative rock[1]
psychedelia[2]
Length
3:41
Label
Rough Trade
Songwriter(s)
Johnny Marr
Morrissey
Producer(s)
John Porter
The Smiths singles chronology
"William, It Was Really Nothing"
(1984) "How Soon Is Now?"
(1985) "Shakespeare's Sister"
(1985)
"William, It Was Really Nothing"
(1984) "How Soon Is Now?"
(1985) "Shakespeare's Sister"
(1985)
"How Soon Is Now?" is a song by the English rock band the Smiths, written by singer Morrissey and guitarist Johnny Marr. Originally a B-side of the 1984 single "William, It Was Really Nothing", "How Soon Is Now?" was subsequently featured on the compilation album Hatful of Hollow and on US, Canadian, Australian, and Warner UK editions of Meat Is Murder. Belatedly released as a single in the UK in 1985, it reached No. 24 on the UK Singles Chart. When re-released in 1992, it reached No. 16.
In 2007, Marr said "How Soon Is Now?" is "possibly [the Smiths'] most enduring record. It's most people's favourite, I think."[3] Despite its prominent place in the Smiths' repertoire, it is not generally considered to be representative of the band's style.[4] Although a club favourite, it did not chart as well as expected. Most commentators put this down to the fact that the song had been out on vinyl in a number of forms before being released as a single in its own right. The original track runs for nearly seven minutes; however, the 7" single edit cut the length down to under four minutes. The complete version is generally used on compilations.
A cover of the song by Love Spit Love was used in the soundtrack for the 1996 film The Craft and later appeared as the theme song of the television series Charmed for eight seasons.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin and recording
2 Music and lyrics
3 Release
4 Reception
4.1 Rankings in influential music media
5 Artwork and matrix message
6 Music video
7 Live versions
8 Track listing
9 Charts
10 Cover versions
10.1 Paradise Lost
10.2 Love Spit Love
10.3 Snake River Conspiracy
10.3.1 Charts
10.4 The Crying Spell
10.5 t.A.T.u.
10.5.1 Background and release
10.5.2 Critical reception
10.5.3 Chart performance
10.5.4 Track listings
10.5.5 Chart performance
11 Notes
11.1 References
12 External links
Origin and recording[edit]
Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr wrote "How Soon Is Now?" along with "William, It Was Really Nothing" and "Please, Please, Please, Let Me Get What I Want" during a four-day period at Earls Court in London in June 1984.[5] His demo was originally called "Swamp". In contrast to the frequent chord changes he had employed in most Smiths' songs, Marr wanted to explore building a song around a single chord (in this case, F♯) as much as possible, which also appealed to producer John Porter.[6]
Marr recorded the song with bandmates Andy Rourke and Mike Joyce that July at London's Jam Studios. After a night out celebrating the session for "William, It Was Really Nothing" and "Please Please Please Let Me Get What I Want", the trio had reconvened the following afternoon to record what became "How Soon Is Now?". Porter was impressed by the basic riff Marr showed him, but felt the song needed something else. Their discussion turned to the early recordings of Elvis Presley, which led to an impromptu jam session of the song "That's All Right". During the jam, Marr worked on his chord progression for "Swamp", which inspired the arrangement.[7]
They recall the session as being accompanied by heavy marijuana use. "We used to smoke dope from when we got out of bed to when we got back to bed," recalls Porter, and Marr concurred: "You're from Manchester, you smoke weed till it comes out of your ears." Joyce said the band even replaced the studio's light bulbs with red ones for ambience.[6]
Porter recorded the first takes with microphones set up at varying distances from the band to better create a "swampy" mood. Marr was able to keep the F♯ chord going for as long as 16 bars at a time. Despite only doing a few takes, they had filled an entire reel of tape, as one had gone on for 15 minutes.[6]
Marr and Porter decided to add a tremolo effect to the guitar part. He was inspired by Bo Diddley's distinctive syncopated shuffle guitar style, Hamilton Bohannon's "Disco Stomp" and the two guitars in the instrumental break of Can's "I Want More". The effect was created by running the original guitar track through the studio desk into three separate Fender Twin Reverb amplifiers, each with the tremolo control set to a different oscillation speed. Marr and Porter would adjust each by hand while the music played to keep it in rhythm; when they failed, engineer Mark Wallis would rewind the tape and start them again. Some of these segments were no longer than ten seconds.[6]
To make sure the beat was the same throughout the song, Porter took a noise gate and set it to be triggered by a drum machine, using percussion instruments Joyce typically did not, set to 16th notes. This created what he called "a swirling signal" that balanced the analog tremolo effect and made sure the whole song stayed on the same beat. The guitar tracks were then "bounced" down to three of the master recording's 24 available tracks, and the 15-minute version was cut down to 8 minutes. This was longer than any previous Smiths' song had been. But, Porter told Tony Fletcher, "we looked at each other and said, 'It sounds fucking great; let's keep it like that.'"[6]
The rhythm has been compared to Diddley's "Mona", later covered by The Rolling Stones.[8][9] After a break, Marr and Porter added a few overdubs, including a slide guitar part that "gave [the song] real tension", according to the guitarist.[8] It was created using an early harmonizer that was also able to cache 1.2 seconds of delay, a very large amount for the time. Artists had been using it as a sampler; Porter claims that he recorded the delay rather than the original to give it some "weirdness". He also claims that he played one of the slide guitars; Marr disputes this but let him take credit anyway because of his leadership in recording the song.[6]
Marr's other lead guitar part was the harmonic lick after each verse. This is almost a direct quote of a synthetic vibraphone part heard on rapper Lovebug Starski's "You've Gotta Believe," from the previous year. The guitarist meant it as a direct response to some critics who had pigeonholed the Smiths as 1960s revivalists.[6]
That night Porter sent singer Morrissey a rough mix of the song in the mail. The following morning Morrissey arrived and laid down his vocals, culling lyrics from various works in progress in his notebook. According to Porter, the singer completed his vocals in two takes.[10]
Music and lyrics[edit]
The song contains only one verse which is repeated twice, plus a chorus and a bridge. The subject is an individual who cannot find a way to overcome his crippling shyness and find a partner. Two couplets from the song are well known in pop culture, the opening to the verse:
“ I am the son, and the heir, of a shyness that is criminally vulgar
I am the son and heir, of nothing in particular ”
and the chorus:
“ You shut your mouth
How can you say
I go about things the wrong way
I am human and I need to be loved
Just like everybody else does. ”
The opening was adapted from a line in George Eliot's novel Middlemarch: "To be born the son of a Middlemarch manufacturer, and inevitable heir to nothing in particular".[10] Music journalist Jon Savage commented that the song's lyrics were evocative of contemporary Manchester gay club culture.[11]
The tune is built around a guitar chord that rapidly oscillates in volume. As to how the distinctive resonant sound was achieved, Marr gave the following account in 1990:
The vibrato sound is incredible, and it took a long time. I put down the rhythm track on an Epiphone Casino through a Fender Twin Reverb without vibrato. Then we played the track back through four old Twins, one on each side. We had to keep all the amps vibrating in time to the track and each other, so we had to keep stopping and starting the track, recording it in 10-second bursts... I wish I could remember exactly how we did the slide part – not writing it down is one of the banes of my life! We did it in three passes through a harmonizer, set to some weird interval, like a sixth. There was a different harmonization for each pass. For the line in harmonics, I retuned the guitar so that I could play it all at the 12th fret with natural harmonics. It's doubled several times.[12]
Release[edit]
When Rough Trade owner Geoff Travis first heard "How Soon Is Now?", he felt it was too unrepresentative of the Smiths' sound to be released as a single. Despite pressure from Porter to save the song for a later single release as an A-side, "How Soon Is Now?" was included as B-side on the 12" single release of "William, It Was Really Nothing" in August 1984.[13] According to Porter: "I thought 'This is it!' ... but I don't think the record company liked it ... They totally threw it away, wasted it".[14] However, almost immediately night-time British radio picked up on the song, and by autumn it had become the most-requested track on request shows by DJs John Peel, Janice Long, and Annie Nightingale.[15] It was subsequently included on the Smiths' compilation album Hatful of Hollow, released on 12 November 1984. The song was also featured on the soundtrack of the 1986 film Out of Bounds, but was not included on the accompanying soundtrack album.[16]
The song was released on Sire Records in the United States, backed with "Girl Afraid", in November 1984. It was expected to sell well and, for the first time, a video was made to promote one of the band's tracks. However, the song failed to chart. Rough Trade boss Geoff Travis blamed poor promotion: "I can't understand why 'How Soon Is Now?' wasn't a top 10 single, but perhaps I'm being naive. If only their singles had been played on the radio".[17] Morrissey expressed his disappointment in an interview with Creem magazine: "It's hard to believe that 'How Soon Is Now?' was not a hit. I thought that was the one...".[18] "How Soon Is Now?" was released as an A-side in the United Kingdom on 28 January 1985. The 7" featured an edited version of the track, and the B-side was "Well I Wonder", from the about-to-be-released Meat Is Murder album. The 12" single included a new instrumental track, "Oscillate Wildly". It peaked at No. 24 on the UK Singles Chart, a lower placing than the band's three previous singles, which had all hit the Top 20; according to John Porter, "Everybody knew the Smiths' fans already had it".[19]
Following the acquisition of the Rough Trade catalogue by Warner Bros. Records, "How Soon Is Now?" was issued again as a single in the United Kingdom in September 1992. A 7" single and cassette featured the edited version, backed with a live version of "Handsome Devil", recorded at The Haçienda on 4 February 1983 (this had originally been the B-side to the Smiths' first single "Hand in Glove"). Two CD singles featured tracks from the Smiths' back-catalogue which were, following the demise of Rough Trade, unavailable in the United Kingdom at that time. The re-issue reached number 16 in the UK singles chart.
Reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [20]
"Morrissey and co have once again delved into their Sixties treasure-trove, and produced a visceral power capable of blowing the dust off Eighties inertia. The majestic ease of Morrissey's melancholic vocals are tinted with vitriol, as they move through vistas of misery with plaintive spirals around the pulse of Johnny Marr's vibrato guitar. The string's muted strains conjure wistful signs that bridge the schism between crass sentimentality and callous detachment. Each repeated phrase intensifies the hypnotic waves, with results that outflank anything since 'This Charming Man'. Catharsis has rarely been tinged with so much regret, and shared with so much crystalline purity." – Melody Maker, 2 February 1985
"For the most part, Morrissey is the Hilda Ogden of pop, harassed and hard done-by. I guess what seems like meat to one man sounds like murder to another." – Gavin Martin, New Musical Express, 9 February 1985
"The tremolo pulse that opens 'How Soon Is Now?' is the kind of sound musicians and listeners spend a lifetime chasing after: something never heard before and never successfully replicated since." - Philip Sherburne, Pitchfork, 24 August 2015.[21]
Sire Records chief Seymour Stein called it "the 'Stairway to Heaven' of the Eighties".[7][19]
The whistle effect in Mark Snow's theme for the television series The X-Files was inspired by the song's guitar riff.[22]
Rankings in influential music media[edit]
Publisher
List name
Date
Ranking
Rolling Stone The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time 2010 477
NME 500 Greatest Songs of All Time January 2014 4[23]
Pitchfork The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s August 2015 10[21]
Blender magazine The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born 2005 72[24][25]
WFNX Boston Top 101 of the Decade (1980s) 1989 1[26]
Rolling Stone 100 Greatest Guitar Songs 2010 90[27]
Q magazine 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks March 2005 28
NME 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever May 2007 7[28]
VH1 "Top Lyrics" poll[29] April 2006 Runner-up[30]
MOJO The Smiths: Their 50 greatest songs August 2016 1[31]
Uncut The Smiths’ 30 best songs March 2007 1[32]
Artwork and matrix message[edit]
The single's cover art was a still from the film Dunkirk (1958) featuring British actor Sean Barrett, praying but looking sufficiently as though he was holding his crotch to have the sleeve banned in the United States,[33] where a photograph of the band backstage at the 1984 Glastonbury Festival, which had previously appeared on the gatefold inside the Hatful of Hollow compilation, was used instead. It is the only time a portrait of the band has appeared on the cover of one of their releases.[34] Morrissey called it "an abhorrent sleeve – and [given] the time and the dedication that we put into the sleeves and artwork, it was tearful when we finally saw the record..."[35]
British 7" and 12" versions of the vinyl bear the matrix message: THE TATTY TRUTH / TIM TOM[36][37]
Music video[edit]
Sire Records made an unauthorised music video to promote the song. It intercut clips of the band playing live (including a shot of Johnny Marr showing Morrissey how to play the guitar), an industrial part of a city, and a girl dancing.[38] The band were not pleased by the result. Morrissey told Creem in 1985, "We saw the video and we said to Sire, 'You can't possibly release this... this degrading video.' And they said, 'Well, maybe you shouldn't really be on our label.' It was quite disastrous".[35] Nonetheless, the video has been credited with helping make the song their most famous in the United States, along with heavy exposure on college radio.[39]
Live versions[edit]
"How Soon Is Now?" was considered a "major problem" to play in concert by the Smiths, and live versions by the Smiths are relatively rare.[40] One live Smiths performance was recorded during the concerts for the live album Rank (1988), but was not used. Instead, a raw version of this song (and entire concert) appeared on the bootleg A Bad Boy from a Good Family, and other versions have appeared on bootleg records such as A Kind of Loving (a rip of a performance in Oxford recorded and broadcast by the BBC). Morrissey revived the song in his own concerts as a solo artist, and it has been a live staple on all of his tours since 2004.[41] A live recording was used to open Morrissey's album Live at Earls Court (2005) and another was to be included on the aborted performance DVD Live at the Hollywood Bowl. The song has also been performed live by Johnny Marr, both solo and with his band the Healers.
Track listing[edit]
7" RT176
No.
Title
Length
1. "How Soon Is Now?" (7" edit) 3:41
2. "Well I Wonder" 4:00
in original green sleeve
12" RTT176
No.
Title
Length
1. "How Soon Is Now?" 6:46
2. "Well I Wonder" 4:00
3. "Oscillate Wildly" 3:24
12" USA RTT176
No.
Title
Length
1. "How Soon Is Now?" 6:46
2. "Girl Afraid" 2:46
3. "How Soon Is Now?" (USA edit) 3:53
CD 1 (1992)
No.
Title
Length
1. "How Soon Is Now?" (7" edit) 3:41
2. "The Queen Is Dead" 6:25
3. "Handsome Devil" (BBC Radio Session) 2:50
4. "I Started Something I Couldn't Finish" 3:48
CD 2 (1992)
No.
Title
Length
1. "I Know It's Over" 5:49
2. "Suffer Little Children" 5:29
3. "Back to the Old House" 3:04
4. "How Soon Is Now?" 6:46
7" (1992)
No.
Title
Length
1. "How Soon Is Now?" (7" edit) 3:41
2. "Hand in Glove" (single version) 3:16
Cassette Single (1992)
No.
Title
Length
1. "How Soon Is Now?" 6:46
2. "Hand in Glove" (single version) 3:16
Charts[edit]
Chart (1985)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA) 5
UK Singles (The Official Charts Company) 24
Chart (1992)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[42] 190
Ireland (IRMA) 16
UK Singles (The Official Charts Company) 16
Cover versions[edit]
"How Soon Is Now?" has been covered by various artists. The guitar track was sampled, with the Smiths' approval, in 1990 by indie-dance band Soho on their UK Top 10 single "Hippychick". Artists to have covered the song include UK indie band Hundred Reasons, US post-hardcore band Quicksand (bonus track on their Slip album) in 1993, US post-grunge band Everclear, US punk band Meatmen (on the compilation "The World Still Won't Listen") and industrial rockers Snake River Conspiracy.
Paradise Lost[edit]
UK band Paradise Lost covered the song as a bonus track on the Japanese Edition of their album One Second and it was also released on their single Say Just Words from the album as well.
Love Spit Love[edit]
Near the end of 1995, Psychedelic Furs splinter group Love Spit Love was approached by the music supervisor of the movie The Craft, who inquired if the band might record a cover of the Smiths' "How Soon Is Now?". After initial reluctance, the band recorded the song, and it was released as a single from the movie's soundtrack in 1996.
The song became popular after The WB Television Network utilised the band's cover as the theme song for the witchcraft-themed television series Charmed.[43] It was re-mixed greatly for the show, with much different instrumentation and vocal takes. The song went on to appear on Charmed: The Soundtrack (2003) and as a UK and Australian bonus track on Charmed: The Book of Shadows (2005). Both soundtrack albums charted well in the US, with both reaching the top ten on the Billboard Top Soundtracks chart.
The song has since become a staple of '90s popular culture, and has been used in numerous media, including the movie trailer for Cruel Intentions, the film The Craft and the novel Eleanor & Park.
Snake River Conspiracy[edit]
"How Soon is Now?"
Single by Snake River Conspiracy
from the album Sonic Jihad
Released
2000
Format
CD single
Recorded
1999
Length
3:23 (single version)
Label
Reprise
Songwriter(s)
Johnny Marr
Morrissey
Snake River Conspiracy singles chronology
"Vulcan"
(1999) "How Soon is Now?"
(2000) "Breed"
(2000)
"Vulcan"
(1999) "How Soon is Now?"
(2000) "Breed"
(2000)
The song was also covered by the alternative rock band Snake River Conspiracy. It was released as the second single from their debut (and only) full-length album, "Sonic Jihad," and charted in the US and the UK.
The song was successful on several charts. It reached No. 38 on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks chart, and number 15 on the Dance Club Songs chart[44][45] The song also charted on the UK Singles Chart, where it reached number 83.[46] It remains their only charting single in the UK.
A remix of Snake River Conspiracy's version was included on the American Eagle Outfitters sampler "Summer 9ine."[47]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2003)
Peak
position
UK Singles (OCC) 81
US Modern Rock Tracks (Billboard) 38
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) 15
The Crying Spell[edit]
This song has also been covered by Seattle-based alternative rock band The Crying Spell on their debut album Through Hell to Heaven.[48]
t.A.T.u.[edit]
"How Soon Is Now?"
Russian cover
Single by t.A.T.u.
from the album 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane
B-side
"Ne Ver', Ne Boisia"
Released
7 July 2003
Format
CD single
Recorded
2002
Length
3:15
Label
Universal/Interscope
Songwriter(s)
Johnny Marr, Morrissey
Producer(s)
Martin Kierszenbaum, Robert Orton
t.A.T.u. singles chronology
"Ne Ver', Ne Boysia"
(2003) "How Soon Is Now?"
(2003) "All About Us"
(2005)
"Ne Ver', Ne Boysia"
(2003) "How Soon Is Now?"
(2003) "All About Us"
(2005)
Music video
"How Soon Is Now" on YouTube
In 2002, the Russian recording duo t.A.T.u. covered "How Soon Is Now?" for their debut English language studio album 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane. Their version was produced by Martin Kierszenbaum and Robert Orton, with the original lyrics written by Marr and Morrissey. Upon the song's release, the song was considered a commercial success, compared to the original version. The song, however was never commercially released in the USA.
The song received mixed reviews from music critics, who felt it lacked originality, though compared to other covers, they praised this version as best. The song managed to have success on European music charts, peaking inside the top ten in Finland and Sweden. An accompanying music video was issued for the group, featuring them performing the song in behind-the-scenes sessions and live performances.
Background and release[edit]
While the duo was promoting singles off their studio album, the group decided to release "Show Me Love" as the album's third single. However, for unknown reasons, the song was dropped and the group's single "30 Minutes" was then proceeded as the replacement, despite its lack of success on record charts and airplay.
The single was released on 7 July 2003, only four weeks after the group's single "30 Minutes" was released. The song was available in different formats. The master CD single was released with the group's Eurovision entry "Ne Ver', Ne Boysia", a remixes of "30 Minutes" and "Not Gonna Get Us".[49] A Promo CD was released in Japan, including "Ya Soshla S Uma" and an remix of "All The Things She Said".[50] The song was released as a CD Single in the United Kingdom in 2003, including "Ne Ver', Ne Boysia".[51]
Critical reception[edit]
t.A.T.u.'s cover of "How Soon Is Now?" received mixed reviews from music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic said the song was one of the highlights of 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane.[52] A reviewer from entertainment.ie said that though the song was a success, "their rather dour delivery suggests that the humour of the original completely passed them by."[53] James Martin from PopDust noted that reactions to t.A.T.u.'s cover were that it was "either completely hideous and should have remained untouched or the best cover the song has ever received."[54]
Todd Burns from Stylus Magazine stated that though it "fails as an independent entity", he found it a highlight and said its worth a download.[55] Matt Cibula from Popmatters was similar to the PopDust publication, questioning if "people fall all over themselves to either praise or damn the t.A.T.u cover of the Smith's "How Soon Is Now", but I can't get worked up one way or the other about it." Cibula concluded that though its "super-cheesy, which is a good thing", he found it "not as passionate as some people have claimed", criticising the band's vocals.[56]
From the original creators, Marr found t.A.T.u.'s version "just silly",[3] but Morrissey viewed it much more favourably:
Interviewer: Did you hear t.A.T.u's version of 'How Soon Is Now'?
Morrissey: Yes, it was magnificent. Absolutely. Again, I don't know much about them.
Interviewer: They're the teenage Russian lesbians.
Morrissey: Well, aren't we all?[57]
Chart performance[edit]
"How Soon Is Now?" debuted at number 37 in Australia, however it fell out at number 43 the next week. It managed to score the top ten in both the Finnish Singles Chart and Swedish Singles Chart, peaking at eight and ten. Elsewhere, the song was generally moderate in other European singles chart.
Track listings[edit]
Maxi
"How Soon Is Now?" – 3:15
"Ne Ver, Ne Boisia" (Eurovision 2003) – 3:02
"30 Minutes" (Remix) – 5:52
"Not Gonna Get Us" (Hardrum Remix) – 3:50
Bonus T-shirt transfer
CD single
"How Soon Is Now?" – 3:15
"Ne Ver, Ne Boisia" (Eurovision 2003) – 3:02
CD3 (Pock-It)
"How Soon Is Now?" – 3:15
"Not Gonna Get Us" (HarDrum Remix) – 3:50
Promo single
"How Soon Is Now?" – 3:15
"How Soon Is Now?" (music video) – 3:15
Japanese promo
"How Soon Is Now?" – 3:15
"Ya Soshla S Uma" – 3:34
"All the Things She Said" (Running and Spinning Remix) – 6:15
Spanish promo
"How Soon Is Now?" – 3:15
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (2003)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[58] 37
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[59] 37
Chile (Chile Top 20)[60] 7
European Hot 100 Singles[61] 32
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[62] 27
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[63] 27
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[64] 8
Germany (Official German Charts)[65] 33
Greece (Top 20)[66] 7
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[67] 20
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[68] 10
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[69] 21
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Grow, Kory (24 October 2014). "See Noel Gallagher Join Johnny Marr for Electric Iggy Pop and Smiths Covers". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
Jump up ^ DiGravina, Tim. "Song review: How Soon Is Now". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Uncut, March 2007: p.48
Jump up ^ DiGravina, Tim. "How Soon Is Now?" review. Allmusic. Retrieved on 15 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Goddard (2004), pp. 98–99
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Fletcher (2013), p. 353–57
^ Jump up to: a b Goddard (2004), p. 104
^ Jump up to: a b Goddard (2004), p. 105
Jump up ^ Savage, Jon (June 1985). "The Smiths". Spin: 69.
^ Jump up to: a b Goddard (2004), p. 106
Jump up ^ Goddard (2004), pp. 106–107
Jump up ^ Guitar Player magazine, January 1990. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20070811003159/http://foreverill.com/disc/howsoon.htm. Archived from the original on 11 August 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Goddard (2004), p. 107
Jump up ^ Rogan (1994), p. 75
Jump up ^ Goddard (2004), pp. 107–108
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0091706/soundtrack?ref_=tt_trv_snd
Jump up ^ Rogan (1994), p. 103
Jump up ^ Creem magazine, 1987
^ Jump up to: a b Rogan (2006), p. 38
Jump up ^ "How Soon is Now rating". Allmusic. Retrieved on 29 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s: 20-1". pitchfork. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Hurwitz & Knowles 2008, pp. 34–35.
Jump up ^ "The 500 Greatest Songs Of All Time: 100-1". NME. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
Jump up ^ #72 in Blender's The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born Archived 28 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born". Listal. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
Jump up ^ WFNX Top 101 of the Decade
Jump up ^ "Rolling Stone – The Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time". Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) . Retrieved 24 January 2011. "Trading guitarist Johnny Marr's spidery technique for a sobbing oscillation on a few extended chords and a tone-bending wail that sounds like the world racing by, this song became a club standard, opening the passageways between underground rock and dance music."
Jump up ^ Bychawski, Adam. "The Greatest Indie Anthem Ever revealed". NME.com. NME. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Lyric snippet: "So you go and you stand on your own, and you leave on your own, and you go home, and you cry, and you want to die"
Jump up ^ "U2 tops favourite lyric poll". BBC News. Bbc.co.uk. 17 April 2006. Accessed 25 January 2010.
Jump up ^ MOJO Magazine, August 2016
Jump up ^ "The Smiths' 30 best songs". UNCUT. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
Jump up ^ David Bret (2004). Morrissey: Scandal & Passion: p.58
Jump up ^ Fletcher (2013), p. 387
^ Jump up to: a b Creem magazine, 1985
Jump up ^ Huttinger, Robert Huttinger. "Image of etching". Robert Huttinger.
Jump up ^ "The Smiths – How Soon Is Now?". Discogs. Retrieved 6 Feb 2016.
Jump up ^ Goddard (2004), p. 110
Jump up ^ Rogan (2006), pp. 53–54
Jump up ^ Goddard (2004), p. 109
Jump up ^ Passions Just Like Mine – Morrissey gigography
Jump up ^ "Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 12 September 2016". Imgur.com. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Harris, Will. "A Chat with Richard Butler". Bullz-Eye. 16 April 2006.
Jump up ^ "Morrissey Mojo magazine interview/Apr,'01 issue". Retrieved 13 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Snake River Conspiracy chart history". Billboard.biz. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Snake River Conspiracy chart history". Official Charts. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Summer 9ine". Amazon. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Through Hell to Heaven LP Overview". Allmusic. All Media Guide (Rovi). Retrieved 11 December 2011.
Jump up ^ t.A.T.u. – How Soon Is Now? at Discogs.com. Discogs.
Jump up ^ t.A.T.u. – How Soon Is Now? (Promo CD) at Discogs.com.
Jump up ^ "t.A.T.u. – How Soon Is Now?". Discogs. 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
Jump up ^ t.A.T.u. – Songs: All Music. Rovi.
Jump up ^ Music Review| Tatu – 200 KM/H in the Wrong Lane. entertainment.ie.
Jump up ^ Tatu – 200 KM/H In The Wrong Lane. Review by Music @ The Digital Fix.
Jump up ^ Tatu – 200 KM/H In The Wrong Lane. Stylus Magazine. Retrieved on 25 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Cibula, Matt (13 March 2003). "t.A.T.u.: 200 KM/H in the Wrong Lane". PopMatters. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
Jump up ^ welshcake.com, 29 September 2004
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – t.a.t.u. – How Soon is Now?". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – t.a.t.u. – How Soon is Now?" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Europe Singles Chart".
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – t.a.t.u. – How Soon is Now?" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – t.a.t.u. – How Soon is Now?" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "t.a.t.u.: How Soon is Now?" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – t.a.T.u. Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
Jump up ^ http://top40-charts.com/chart.php?cid=2&date=2003-06-15. Retrieved 26 July 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – t.a.t.u. – How Soon is Now?" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – t.a.t.u. – How Soon is Now?". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – t.a.t.u. – How Soon is Now?". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
References[edit]
Fletcher, Tony (2013). A Light That Never Goes Out: the Enduring Saga of the Smiths. London: Windmill Books. ISBN 9780099537922.
Goddard, Simon (2004). The Smiths – Songs That Saved Your Life. Reynolds & Hearn. ISBN 978-1-903111-84-0.
Rogan, Johnny (1994). The Smiths: The Visual Documentary. Omnibus. ISBN 9780711933378.
Rogan, Johnny (2006). Morrissey: The Albums. Calidore. ISBN 9780952954057.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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text:
Cutting off the nose to spite the face
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Look up cut off one's nose to spite one's face in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
A literal illustration of the phrase
"Cutting off the nose to spite the face" is an expression to describe a needlessly self-destructive over-reaction to a problem: "Don't cut off your nose to spite your face" is a warning against acting out of pique, or against pursuing revenge in a way that would damage oneself more than the object of one's anger.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Historical examples
3 See also
4 References
Origins[edit]
The phrase is known to have been used in the 12th century. It may be associated with the numerous legends of pious women disfiguring themselves in order to protect their virginity[citation needed]. These cases include Saint Eusebia, Saint Ebba, Saint Oda of Hainault and Saint Margaret of Hungary.[2]
One example of these cases is that of Saint Ebba (sometimes called Æbbe the Younger), the Mother Superior of the monastery of Coldingham Priory. In 867 AD, Viking pirates from Zealand and Uppsala landed in Scotland. When news of the raid reached Saint Ebba, she gathered her nuns together and urged them to disfigure themselves, so that they might be unappealing to the Vikings. In this way, they hoped to protect their chastity. She demonstrated this by cutting off her nose and upper lip, and the nuns proceeded to do the same. The Viking raiders were so disgusted that they burned the entire building to the ground with the nuns inside.[3]
It was not uncommon in the Middle Ages for a person to cut off the nose of another for various reasons, including punishment from the state, or as an act of revenge.[4] Cognitive scientist Steven Pinker notes that the phrase may have originated from this practice, as at this time "cutting off someone's nose was the prototypical act of spite."[5]
The expression has since become a blanket term for (often unwise) self-destructive actions motivated purely by anger or desire for revenge. For example, if a man was angered by his wife, he might burn down their house to punish her; however, burning down her house would also mean burning down his, along with all of their possessions.
In the 1796 edition of Grose's Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, "He cut off his nose to be revenged of his face" is defined as "one who, to be revenged on his neighbor, has materially injured himself." The word "face" is used here in the sense of "honor."
Historical examples[edit]
The Embargo Act of 1807, passed by the United States Congress in protest against British and French interference in U.S. shipping. The Act had the side-effect of prohibiting nearly all U.S. exports and most imports, greatly disrupting the U.S. economy.
See also[edit]
Rhinectomy, the removal of the nose
Appeal to spite
Inequity aversion
Pyrrhic victory
Self-harm
Spite (sentiment)
The Virgin Martyr
Moby-Dick
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Phrase Finder definition
Jump up ^ Jane Tibbetts Schulenburg, "At What Cost Virginity? Sanctity and the Heroics of Virginity", Forgetful of their sex: female sanctity and society, ca. 500-1100
Jump up ^ "St. Aebbe the Younger".
Jump up ^ Groebner, V. "Losing face, saving face: Noses and honor in the late medieval town." History Workshop Journal, 40, 1-15.
Jump up ^ Pinker, S. The better angels of our nature: Why violence has declined. Penguin Group, 2011. p. 68.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cutting_off_the_nose_to_spite_the_face&oldid=825075848"
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text:
Desertification
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Decertification.
Global desertification vulnerability map
Lake Chad in a 2001 satellite image, with the actual lake in blue. The lake has shrunk by 94% since the 1960s.[1]
Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry area of land becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife.[2] It is caused by a variety of factors, such as through climate change (particularly the current global warming) and through the overexploitation of soil through human activity.[3] When deserts appear automatically over the natural course of a planet's life cycle, then it can be called a natural phenomenon; however, when deserts emerge due to the rampant and unchecked depletion of nutrients in soil that are essential for it to remain arable, then a virtual "soil death" can be spoken of,[4] which traces its cause back to human overexploitation. Desertification is a significant global ecological and environmental problem.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
2 History
3 Areas affected
4 Vegetation patterning
5 Causes
6 Poverty
7 Countermeasures and prevention
7.1 Managed grazing
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Definitions[edit]
Considerable controversy exists over the proper definition of the term "desertification" for which Helmut Geist (2005) has identified more than 100 formal definitions. The most widely accepted[2] of these is that of the Princeton University Dictionary which defines it as "the process of fertile land transforming into desert typically as a result of deforestation, drought or improper/inappropriate agriculture".[6]
Desertification has been neatly defined in the text of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as "land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities."[7]
Another major contribution to the controversy comes from the sub-grouping of types of desertification. Spanning from the very vague yet shortsighted view as the "man-made-desert" to the more broad yet less focused type as the "Non-pattern-Desert"[8]
The earliest known discussion of the topic arose soon after the French colonization of West Africa, when the Comité d'Etudes commissioned a study on desséchement progressif to explore the prehistoric expansion of the Sahara Desert.[9]
History[edit]
The world's most noted deserts have been formed by natural processes interacting over long intervals of time. During most of these times, deserts have grown and shrunk independent of human activities. Paleodeserts are large sand seas now inactive because they are stabilized by vegetation, some extending beyond the present margins of core deserts, such as the Sahara, the largest hot desert.[10]
Desertification has played a significant role in human history, contributing to the collapse of several large empires, such as Carthage, Greece, and the Roman Empire, as well as causing displacement of local populations.[5][11][12][13][14] Historical evidence shows that the serious and extensive land deterioration occurring several centuries ago in arid regions had three epicenters: the Mediterranean, the Mesopotamian Valley, and the Loess Plateau of China, where population was dense.[11][15]
Areas affected[edit]
Sun, Moon, and large telescopes above the desert[16]
Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth’s land area[17][18] and are home to more than 2 billion people.[18] It has been estimated that some 10–20% of drylands are already degraded, the total area affected by desertification being between 6 and 12 million square kilometres, that about 1–6% of the inhabitants of drylands live in desertified areas, and that a billion people are under threat from further desertification.[19][20]
As of 1998, the then-current degree of southward expansion of the Sahara was not well known, due to a lack of recent, measurable expansion of the desert into the Sahel at the time.[21]
The impact of global warming and human activities are presented in the Sahel. In this area, the level of desertification is very high compared to other areas in the world. All areas situated in the eastern part of Africa (i.e. in the Sahel region) are characterized by a dry climate, hot temperatures, and low rainfall (300–750 mm rainfall per year). So, droughts are the rule in the Sahel region.[22] Some studies have shown that Africa has lost approximately 650,000 km² of its productive agricultural land over the past 50 years. The propagation of desertification in this area is considerable.[23]
Some statistics have shown that since 1900 the Sahara has expanded by 250 km to the south over a stretch of land from west to east 6,000 km long.[24][25][26] The survey, done by the research institute for development, had demonstrated that this means dryness is spreading fast in the Sahelian countries. 70% of the arid area has deteriorated and water resources have disappeared, leading to soil degradation. The loss of topsoil means that plants cannot take root firmly and can be uprooted by torrential water or strong winds.[23][27]
The United Nations Convention (UNC) says that about six million Sahelian citizens would have to give up the desertified zones of sub-Saharan Africa for North Africa and Europe between 1997 and 2020.[23][27]
Another major area that is being impacted by desertification is the Gobi Desert. Currently, the Gobi desert is the fastest moving desert on Earth; according to some researchers, the Gobi Desert swallows up over 1,300 square miles (3,370 km²) of land annually. This has destroyed many villages in its path. Currently, photos show that the Gobi Desert has expanded to the point the entire nation of Croatia could fit inside its area.[28] This is causing a major problem for the people of China. They will soon have to deal with the desert as it creeps closer. Although the Gobi Desert itself is still a distance away from Beijing, reports from field studies state there are large sand dunes forming only 70 km (43.5 mi) outside the city.[29]
Vegetation patterning[edit]
As the desertification takes place, the landscape may progress through different stages and continuously transform in appearance. On gradually sloped terrain, desertification can create increasingly larger empty spaces over a large strip of land, a phenomenon known as "Brousse tigrée". A mathematical model of this phenomenon proposed by C. Klausmeier attributes this patterning to dynamics in plant-water interaction.[30] One outcome of this observation suggests an optimal planting strategy for agriculture in arid environments.[31]
Causes[edit]
Preventing Man-made Overgrazing
Goats inside of a pen in Norte Chico, Chile. Overgrazing of drylands by poorly managed traditional herding is one of the primary causes of desertification.
Wildebeest in Masai Mara during the Great Migration. Overgrazing is not caused by nomadic grazers in huge populations of travel herds,[32][33] nor by holistic planned grazing.[34]
The immediate cause is the loss of most vegetation. This is driven by a number of factors, alone or in combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing and deforestation for fuel or construction materials. Vegetation plays a major role in determining the biological composition of the soil. Studies have shown that, in many environments, the rate of erosion and runoff decreases exponentially with increased vegetation cover.[35] Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away with the wind or are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers that bake in the sun and become an unproductive hardpan. Controversially, Allan Savory has claimed that the controlled movement of herds of livestock, mimicking herds of grazing wildlife, can reverse desertification.[36][37][38][39][40]
A shepherd guiding his sheep through the high desert outside Marrakech, Morocco
Poverty[edit]
At least 90% of the inhabitants of drylands live in developing countries, where they also suffer from poor economic and social conditions.[19] This situation is exacerbated by land degradation because of the reduction in productivity, the precariousness of living conditions and the difficulty of access to resources and opportunities.[41]
A downward spiral is created in many underdeveloped countries by overgrazing, land exhaustion and overdrafting of groundwater in many of the marginally productive world regions due to overpopulation pressures to exploit marginal drylands for farming. Decision-makers are understandably averse to invest in arid zones with low potential. This absence of investment contributes to the marginalisation of these zones. When unfavourable agro-climatic conditions are combined with an absence of infrastructure and access to markets, as well as poorly adapted production techniques and an underfed and undereducated population, most such zones are excluded from development.[42]
Desertification often causes rural lands to become unable to support the same sized populations that previously lived there. This results in mass migrations out of rural areas and into urban areas, particularly in Africa. These migrations into the cities often cause large numbers of unemployed people, who end up living in slums.[43][44]
Countermeasures and prevention[edit]
Anti-sand shields in north Sahara, Tunisia
Jojoba plantations, such as those shown, have played a role in combating edge effects of desertification in the Thar Desert, India.[45]
Techniques and countermeasures exist for mitigating or reversing the effects of desertification, and some possess varying levels of difficulty. For some, there are numerous barriers to their implementation. Yet for others, the solution simply requires the exercise of human reason.
One less difficult solution that has been proposed,[46] however controversial it may be, is to bring about a cap on the population growth, and in fact to turn this into a population decay, so that each year there will gradually exist fewer and fewer humans who require the land to be depleted even further in order to grow their food.
One proposed barrier is that the costs of adopting sustainable agricultural practices sometimes exceed the benefits for individual farmers, even while they are socially and environmentally beneficial.[47] Another issue is a lack of political will, and lack of funding to support land reclamation and anti-desertification programs.[48]
Desertification is recognized as a major threat to biodiversity. Some countries have developed Biodiversity Action Plans to counter its effects, particularly in relation to the protection of endangered flora and fauna.[49][50]
Reforestation gets at one of the root causes of desertification and is not just a treatment of the symptoms. Environmental organizations[51] work in places where deforestation and desertification are contributing to extreme poverty. There they focus primarily on educating the local population about the dangers of deforestation and sometimes employ them to grow seedlings, which they transfer to severely deforested areas during the rainy season.[52] The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations launched the FAO Drylands Restoration Initiative in 2012 to draw together knowledge and experience on dryland restoration.[53] In 2015, FAO published global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands, in collaboration with the Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs and the Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency.[54]
Currently, one of the major methods that has been finding success in this battle with desertification. This is known as the Green Wall of China. This wall is a much larger scaled version of what American farmers did in the 1930s to stop the great Midwest dust bowl. This plan was proposed in the late 1970s, and has become a major ecological engineering project that is not predicted to end until the year 2055. According to Chinese reports, there have been nearly 66,000,000,000 trees planted in China's great green wall.[55] Due to the success that China has been finding in stopping the spread of desertification, plans are currently be made in Africa to start a "wall" along the borders of the Sahara desert as well.
Techniques focus on two aspects: provisioning of water, and fixation and hyper-fertilizing soil.
Fixating the soil is often done through the use of shelter belts, woodlots and windbreaks. Windbreaks are made from trees and bushes and are used to reduce soil erosion and evapotranspiration. They were widely encouraged by development agencies from the middle of the 1980s in the Sahel area of Africa.
Some soils (for example, clay), due to lack of water can become consolidated rather than porous (as in the case of sandy soils). Some techniques as zaï or tillage are then used to still allow the planting of crops.[56]
Another technique that is useful is contour trenching. This involves the digging of 150 m long, 1 m deep trenches in the soil. The trenches are made parallel to the height lines of the landscape, preventing the water from flowing within the trenches and causing erosion. Stone walls are placed around the trenches to prevent the trenches from closing up again. The method was invented by Peter Westerveld.[57]
Enriching of the soil and restoration of its fertility is often done by plants. Of these, leguminous plants which extract nitrogen from the air and fix it in the soil, and food crops/trees as grains, barley, beans and dates are the most important. Sand fences can also be used to control drifting of soil and sand erosion.[58]
Some research centra (such as Bel-Air Research Center IRD/ISRA/UCAD) are also experimenting with the inoculation of tree species with mycorrhiza in arid zones. The mycorrhiza are basically fungi attaching themselves to the roots of the plants. They hereby create a symbiotic relation with the trees, increasing the surface area of the tree's roots greatly (allowing the tree to gather much more nutrients from the soil).[59]
As there are many different types of deserts, there are also different types of desert reclamation methodologies. An example for this is the salt-flats in the Rub' al Khali desert in Saudi-Arabia. These salt-flats are one of the most promising desert areas for seawater agriculture and could be revitalized without the use of freshwater or much energy.[60]
Farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) is another technique that has produced successful results for desert reclamation. Since 1980, this method to reforest degraded landscape has been applied with some success in Niger. This simple and low-cost method has enabled farmers to regenerate some 30,000 square kilometers in Niger. The process involves enabling native sprouting tree growth through selective pruning of shrub shoots. The residue from pruned trees can be used to provide mulching for fields thus increasing soil water retention and reducing evaporation. Additionally, properly spaced and pruned trees can increase crop yields. The Humbo Assisted Regeneration Project which uses FMNR techniques in Ethiopia has received money from The World Bank’s BioCarbon Fund, which supports projects that sequester or conserve carbon in forests or agricultural ecosystems.[61]
It is argued that managed grazing methods are able to restore grasslands.[62]
Managed grazing[edit]
Restoring grasslands store CO2 from the air into plant material. Grazing livestock, usually not left to wander, would eat the grass and would minimize any grass growth while grass left alone would eventually grow to cover its own growing buds, preventing them from photosynthesizing and killing the plant.[63] A method proposed to restore grasslands uses fences with many small paddocks and moving herds from one paddock to another after a day or two in order to mimic natural grazers and allowing the grass to grow optimally.[63][64][65] It is estimated that increasing the carbon content of the soils in the world’s 3.5 billion hectares of agricultural grassland would offset nearly 12 years of CO2 emissions.[63] Allan Savory, as part of holistic management, claims that while large herds are often blamed for desertification, prehistoric lands used to support large or larger herds and areas where herds were removed in the United States are still desertifying.[62]
See also[edit]
Wind erosion outside Leuchars
Aridification
Deforestation
Soil retrogression and degradation
Water crisis
Mitigation:
Desert greening
Ecological engineering
Oasification
Environment portal
Ecology portal
Earth sciences portal
Biology portal
Global warming portal
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Attribution
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/".
External links[edit]
Beyerlin, Ulrich. Desertification, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
Bell, Trudy; Phillips, Tony (December 6, 2002). "City-swallowing Sand Dunes". NASA. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-28.
Desert Research Institute in Nevada, United States
Environmental Issues – Desertification in Africa, The Environmental Blog
Eden Foundation article on desertification
FAO Information Portal – Properties and Management of Drylands
UNEP (2006): Global Deserts Outlook
UNEP Programme on Success Stories in Land Degradation/ Desertification Control
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification – Secretariat
Procedural history and related documents on the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Dersertification, Particularly in Africa in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
A guide for desert and dryland restoration by David A. Bainbridge
French Scientific Committee on Desertification (CSFD)
Olive Trees May Be The Answer To Desertification
The End of Eden on Youtube
News
Fighting Desertification Through Conservation Report on a project to stop the advance of the Sahara in Algeria – IPS, 27 February 2007
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