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Young Sheldon
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Young Sheldon
Genre
Comedy
Created by
Chuck Lorre
Steven Molaro
Starring
Iain Armitage
Zoe Perry
Lance Barber
Montana Jordan
Raegan Revord
Jim Parsons
Annie Potts
Narrated by
Jim Parsons
Opening theme
"Mighty Little Man" by Steve Burns
Composer(s)
John Debney
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
22 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Steven Molaro
Jim Parsons
Todd Spiewak
Jon Favreau
Producer(s)
Timothy Marx
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
22 minutes
Production company(s)
Chuck Lorre Productions
Warner Bros. Television
Distributor
Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Release
Original network
CBS
Picture format
HDTV 1080i
Audio format
Dolby Digital 5.1
Original release
September 25, 2017 (2017-09-25) – present (present)
Chronology
Related shows
The Big Bang Theory
External links
Website
Young Sheldon (stylized as young Sheldon) is an American television comedy on CBS created by Chuck Lorre and Steven Molaro. The series is a spin-off prequel to The Big Bang Theory and follows the character Sheldon Cooper at the age of nine, living with his family in East Texas and going to high school. Iain Armitage stars as young Sheldon, alongside Zoe Perry, Lance Barber, Montana Jordan, Raegan Revord, and Annie Potts. Jim Parsons, who portrays the adult Sheldon Cooper on The Big Bang Theory, narrates the series and serves as an executive producer.
Development of the prequel series began in November 2016, from an initial idea that Parsons passed along to The Big Bang Theory producers. The following March, Armitage and Perry were cast, and the series was ordered by CBS. The series premiered as a special preview on September 25, 2017, and two days later, CBS picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes. On November 2, 2017, new episodes began airing weekly. In January 2018, CBS renewed the series for a second season which is set to premiere on September 24, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Notable guests
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Casting
5 Release
6 Reception
6.1 Ratings
6.2 Critical response
7 Home media
8 References
9 External links
Premise[edit]
Set in 1989, the series follows 9-year-old Sheldon Cooper as he attends high school in the fictional town of Medford, Texas, and tries to fit in the world around him while his family and friends attempt to deal with his unique intellectual capabilities and social challenges.[1][2]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Iain Armitage as Sheldon Cooper, a 9-year-old child prodigy with a "once-in-a-generation mind capable of advanced mathematics and science". While well-versed in all types of math and science, he is shown to prefer theoretical physics, stating that he decided to pursue the field around the same time as the show began. While academically gifted, Sheldon lacks a full understanding of social cues and behaviors, in addition to having a sense of superiority over everyone around him due to his intelligence. Sheldon is prone to travel his own path even if he gets into trouble along the way. Nevertheless, Sheldon has proven to love his family and almost always has his heart in the right place.[2][3]
Zoe Perry as Mary Cooper, Sheldon's mother. She is very protective and patient with Sheldon but also struggles to understand him at times. She is a devout Christian and so has friction with Sheldon's atheism and derision of Christianity. Nevertheless, she deeply loves her son and wants to protect him for as long as she can.[3]
Lance Barber as George Cooper Sr., Sheldon's father and the head football coach at Medford High. While often a voice of reason, George is not the brightest member of the family, leading others, especially Meemaw, to doubt him being Sheldon's father. While he may struggle with understanding his intellectually gifted son, George is a loving father and has defended Sheldon on multiple occasions, earning Sheldon's love and appreciation.[1][2]
Montana Jordan as George "Georgie" Cooper Jr., Sheldon's older brother. Georgie openly despises Sheldon and never hesitates to bully him. He is not very intelligent and so is mocked and teased by the rest of the family, particularly Sheldon and Meemaw. While he is outwardly confident in himself, Georgie hides deep insecurities over feeling inferior to his genius brother and thus copes by trying to belittle Sheldon's intelligence in any way he can. He attends Medford High with Sheldon and plays on the football team.[1][2]
Raegan Revord as Missy Cooper, Sheldon's twin sister. She teases Sheldon along with Georgie but not as much. She does not share Sheldon's intelligence but is very perceptive. While she does not always get along with Sheldon, she finds in her twin brother a solid confidant and has admitted to not feel as whole without him.[1] In episode 21 she asks her father to call her Melissa, implying that Missy is a nickname.
Jim Parsons as the voice of adult Sheldon Cooper, who narrates the series as the older, present-day version of the character.[1]
Annie Potts as Constance "Connie" Tucker, Sheldon's maternal grandmother, whom he refers to as "Meemaw". She is very close with Mary and her grandchildren but does not think highly of George and often jokes about him. She is the most patient and understanding of Sheldon's quirks and advises Mary to trust that Sheldon will find his way.[4]
Recurring[edit]
Wyatt McClure as Billy Sparks, the son of a neighbor to the Cooper family, who is not very intelligent.
Billy Gardell as Herschel Sparks, Billy's father.[5]
Melissa Peterman as Brenda Sparks, Billy's mother who works at the bowling alley frequented by Meemaw.
Ryan Phuong as Tam Nguyen, Sheldon’s Vietnamese-American childhood best friend and classmate. Tam is responsible for introducing Sheldon to many of his non-scientific interests, including comic books and role-playing games.
Matt Hobby as Pastor Jeff Hodgkins, the upbeat pastor at the Cooper family’s church. Like Mary, he has friction with Sheldon's atheism, but he challenges Sheldon to explore their line of thought through logic exercises.
Valerie Mahaffey as Ms. Victoria MacElroy, Sheldon's homeroom teacher at Medford High.
Rex Linn as Principal Tom Petersen, the principal of Medford High.
Danielle Pinnock as Ms. Evelyn Ingram, Sheldon's math teacher at Medford High.
Brian Stepanek as Mr. Hubert Givens, Sheldon's science teacher at Medford High.
Doc Farrow as Assistant Coach Roy Wilkins, Sheldon's P.E. teacher and the assistant football coach at Medford High.
Sarah Baker as Ms. Sheryl Hutchins, the Medford High librarian.
Wallace Shawn as Dr. John Sturgis, a college physics professor who is romantically interested in Meemaw with Sheldon's encouragement.
Notable guests[edit]
Melissa Tang as Ms. Fenley, a music teacher at Sheldon's high school. Tang had previously played the character Mandy Chao in an episode of The Big Bang Theory.
Bob Newhart as Arthur Jeffries, a scientist who plays the title character of Professor Proton, Sheldon's favorite educational television series. Newhart reprises his portrayal of the character from The Big Bang Theory.
Vernee Watson as Nurse Robinson, a nurse who caters to George when he suffers a mild heart attack. Watson also plays a nurse named Althea in numerous episodes of The Big Bang Theory, including its pilot.
John Hartman as Dr. Goetsch, the psychiatrist Sheldon sees when he has Phagophobia and when he loses at the Medford High science fair.
Ray Liotta as Vincent, Meemaw's bookie.
Jason Kravits as Dr. Ronald Hodges, a NASA engineer and college roommate of Mr. Givens. He makes a presentation about his work to Mr. Givens' science class, which intrigues Sheldon to solve the challenges of reusable launch systems.
Dave Florek as Dr. Eberland, Sheldon's doctor.
Karly Rothenberg as Mrs. Janice Veazey, Dr. Hodges' secretary.
Frances Conroy as Dr. Flora Douglas, headmaster of the boarding school Sheldon briefly attends.
Harry Groener as Elliot Douglas, Dr. Douglas' husband.
Paul Yen as Le Nguyen, Tam's father. He runs Medford Mart with his wife.
Vyvy Nguyen as Trang Nguyen, Tam's mother and Mr. Nguyen's wife.
Richard Kind as Ira Rosenbloom, one of Meemaw's boyfriends.
Jason Alexander as Mr. Lundy, Medford High School's resident drama teacher.[6]
Ella Allan and Mia Allan as Bobbi Sparks, Billy Sparks' younger sister with a reputation for tormenting Sheldon.
Cleo King as Mrs. Costello, a Medford High School counselor.
Michael Cudlitz as a NASA supervisor who appears in Sheldon's daydream sequence
Elon Musk makes a cameo appearance in the episode "A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac" in a flashforward scene set 27 years into the future.
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
"Pilot" Jon Favreau Chuck Lorre & Steve Molaro September 25, 2017 (2017-09-25) T12.15551 17.21[7]
Sheldon Cooper, a 9-year-old genius, begins his first day of high school in the ninth grade with his older brother, George "Georgie" Cooper Jr. Having shown more skills than a typical child his age, he skipped several grades. On his first day, he questions his teachers and informs students of their rule-breaking. He tries to find his place in the new school and Georgie must deal with having a much younger sibling in his class.
2
"Rockets, Communists, and the Dewey Decimal System" Michael Zinberg Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02) T12.15552 12.66[8]
Sheldon learns that his mother is worried about his not having any friends. He therefore gets a copy of How to Win Friends and Influence People from the school library and tries its methods on various students and teachers without success. Missy recommends that he try to make friends with other people who checked out the book, since they too are looking to make friends. That also fails. He eventually meets a Vietnamese American boy named Tam who sees him with the book and they share how difficult it has been for them to make friends. As they start speaking, they realize that they also share an interest in rocketry. Sheldon's mother is so happy that she insists Sheldon invite Tam over for dinner and lifts the ban on Sheldon's model rocketry hobby. The dinner turns awkward when Sheldon's parents exhibit cultural insensitivity as Tam tells them the story of his life. After dinner, the boys' launch attempt goes out of control just as FBI agents arrive to ask Sheldon why he was trying to buy uranium.
3
"Poker, Faith, and Eggs" Michael Zinberg Story by : Damir Konjicija & Dario Konjicija
Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09) T12.15553 12.39[9]
Sheldon debates the relationship between religion and science with Jeff Hodgkins, his family's pastor, while Billy Sparks brings some eggs for Missy. George suffers a mild heart attack, so Mary takes him to the hospital after calling Meemaw to watch the children. While she is sleeping, Georgie "borrows" her car and takes the other children to see their father. In the hospital chapel, Sheldon prays to Blaise Pascal for his father's recovery. When he does recover, Sheldon briefly doubts his atheism, but immediately gets over it after his family eats Billy's eggs and suffers from food poisoning. When Sheldon gets into another debate with Pastor Jeff, George pretends to have heart trouble in order to get his family out of the church service.
4
"A Therapist, a Comic Book, and a Breakfast Sausage" Jaffar Mahmood Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro
Teleplay by : Rob Ulin & Dave Bickel November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16) T12.15554 11.83[10]
Sheldon chokes on a sausage and becomes fearful of solid foods. His parents take him to a psychiatrist, Dr. Goetsch, who talks to his parents first, and tells Sheldon that he can read any of the comic books that are in the waiting room whilst waiting for him. Although Sheldon had previously not been interested in comic books, he starts reading X-Men, which inspires him. He then leaves Dr. Goetsch's office and wanders away to a comic book store to read the next volume of X-Men. He runs into Tam, who is eating licorice at the store. Due to his fear of solid foods, Sheldon initially refuses the licorice that Tam offers him, but eventually gives in and eats one, solving his eating disorder. Meanwhile, Meemaw babysits Georgie and Missy and comforts them on their feelings of being invisible because of Sheldon's quirks taking most of their parents' attention.
5
"A Solar Calculator, a Game Ball, and a Cheerleader's Bosom" Chris Koch Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro
Teleplay by : Damir Konjicija & Dario Konjicija November 23, 2017 (2017-11-23) T12.15555 11.43[11]
Sheldon uses sports analytics to help his school's football team, coached by his father, win games, but immediately becomes too popular for his taste as a result. Georgie struggles with his father neglecting him in favor of spending time with Sheldon, while Missy and Tam revel in Sheldon's new popularity. Meanwhile, Meemaw also asks for his advice for her sports bets. Sheldon gets a B+ on a math test from his exhaustion after accompanying Tam to a party and decides that he cannot keep helping the team and continue giving Meemaw advice. He tells on his family to Mary, which prompts her to reprimand them on their actions. George begins ignoring Sheldon again for being a "snitch" and reconciles with Georgie.
6
"A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac®" Don Scardino Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro
Teleplay by : Anthony Gioe & Nick Mandernach November 30, 2017 (2017-11-30) T12.15556 12.11[12]
Dr. Ronald Hodges, a NASA engineer, appears as a guest speaker in Sheldon's science class and does not take his idea about VTVL technology seriously, making Sheldon go to great lengths to prove him wrong. He does the calculations himself and mails his notebook to NASA. Frustration from receiving no replies give Sheldon a stress ulcer, prompting George to impulsively drive the family to the Johnson Space Center and demand that Hodges listen to Sheldon's idea. Hodges admits that it is theoretically valid, but that NASA lacks the technical capability to implement it. Sheldon asks to be contacted when they do before leaving and thanks George for standing up for him. A flashforward shows the successful SpaceX CRS-8 mission, followed by SpaceX founder Elon Musk looking over Sheldon's old notebook, then hiding it in a desk drawer.
7
"A Brisket, Voodoo, and Cannonball Run" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Nick Bakay
Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro December 7, 2017 (2017-12-07) T12.15557 12.49[13]
Meemaw's disdain for George emerges when she refuses to give him her brisket recipe. George later complains that Mary always takes her mother's side. To get back at George for secretly searching her home for it, Meemaw gives him a fake recipe which requires him to go to great lengths to get the ingredients. After George spends 14 hours cooking in vain, he attempts to ban her from the household. When Georgie and Missy fear their parents might divorce over this, Sheldon suddenly recalls a memory of Meemaw telling him her recipe when he was 23 months old, so he threatens to reveal it unless the two of them make up. While he initially shows his interest in the recipe, George states that he is more bothered by the fact that she never thought he was good enough for her daughter. He acknowledges being a disappointment when they first met, but he also believes that he has grown since then. Meemaw seemingly accepts him as a worthy son-in-law, only for George to get the recipe from Sheldon as soon as she leaves.
8
"Cape Canaveral, Schrödinger's Cat, and Cyndi Lauper's Hair" Howie Deutch Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro
Teleplay by : David Bickel December 14, 2017 (2017-12-14) T12.15558 11.64[14]
George takes the boys to Florida to see a Space Shuttle launch to cater to Sheldon's interests for a change, but it gets rained out. To cheer him up, George pretends to act dumb and asks Sheldon how lightning and thunder work, leading the latter to appreciate the former more. Meanwhile, Mary, Missy and Meemaw go to a beauty salon. Mary and Meemaw get into a heated argument after the latter comments on the former for being "no fun" for forbidding Missy to dye her hair, but both later make amends with one another.
9
"Spock, Kirk, and Testicular Hernia" Peter Lauer Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro December 21, 2017 (2017-12-21) T12.15559 11.32[15]
Sheldon tutors Georgie for their math test, only to discover that the latter cheated to pass. Since Star Trek character Captain Kirk also got away with cheating on the Kobayashi Maru test, Sheldon decides to adapt the "playing fast-and-loose with the rules" lifestyle he believes both Georgie and Kirk embrace by forging Mary's signature on a note excusing him from P.E. class and not checking out the school library books. He eventually gets caught after Coach Wilkins shows George the note, prompting Mary to tell off Sheldon to make amends by making him return the books and go back to P.E., where Coach Wilkins makes him climb the gym rope.
10
"An Eagle Feather, a String Bean, and an Eskimo" Rebecca Asher Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro
Teleplay by : Rob Ulin & David Bickel January 4, 2018 (2018-01-04) T12.15560 14.70[16]
Sheldon's principal asks Mary and George to consider sending Sheldon to a school for the gifted in Dallas. Sheldon and his teachers are delighted by the idea, but his family (except for Georgie) quickly begin to miss him. Sheldon enjoys the intellectual stimulation but dislikes the folk rock-singing family that he lives with. When George impulsively drives to Dallas to bring him home, Sheldon is happy to go back home.
11
"Demons, Sunday School, and Prime Numbers" Howie Deutch Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro
Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan January 11, 2018 (2018-01-11) T12.15561 14.17[17]
Mary becomes worried when she finds Sheldon playing Dungeons & Dragons with Tam and Billy. She tries to ask Tam's and Billy's parents' help to try to put an end to the game, but they see the game as harmless. Mary then seeks advice from Pastor Jeff, who with Mary, convinces Sheldon to study Baptist theology. Sheldon, however, takes it a step further and starts researching all of the major religions, but is ultimately unsatisfied with any of the major religions. One night he has a dream about two living numbers, a 1 and a 0, who almost reveal the secrets of the universe to him before Georgie wakes him up. He then decides to start his own religion which he calls "Mathology" and in which the only sin is being stupid.
12
"A Computer, a Plastic Pony, and a Case of Beer" Richie Keen Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro
Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Tara Hernandez January 18, 2018 (2018-01-18) T12.15562 13.33[18]
Sheldon asks Mary to buy him a Tandy 1000 SL computer. George insists that they cannot afford it, but Mary reveals that she has been secretly saving money. They get into a heated argument about the secret fund, which prompts Mary to take Sheldon and Missy to live with Meemaw for a while. She buys Sheldon the computer to make a point to George and, while Sheldon is initially overjoyed, he finds that its ELIZA psychotherapy program's advice on how to fix his parents' marriage proves to be useless. Meemaw eavesdrops on Sheldon and forces Mary to feel out George to get her out of her house. Meanwhile, Georgie advises George to apologize to Mary, which the latter eventually does. In the ensuing days, the family finds various uses for the computer.
13
"A Sneeze, Detention, and Sissy Spacek" Howie Deutch Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro
Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01) T12.15563 12.92[19]
Sheldon's mysophobia surfaces when influenza hits his school. He is successively sentenced to detention and suspension for leaving his class and the school. He then uses his suspension time in an attempt to convert the garage into a closed ecological system. While George, Missy and Meemaw are mostly amused by his behavior, Mary is the only member of the family to be really worried about it. Meanwhile, Georgie takes advantage of Sheldon's situation to gain sympathetic hugs from girls at school. With numerous attempts to get him out of the garage proving to be futile, Meemaw finally coaxes Sheldon out by appealing to his pride as a Texan. Nevertheless, he gets sick, but feels better when his mother sings "Soft Kitty" to him.
14
"Potato Salad, a Broomstick, and Dad's Whiskey" Howie Deutch Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Tara Hernandez March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01) T12.15564 12.42[20]
Mary gets a job as church secretary, but Pastor Jeff quickly begins asking her for advice, since his beautiful new wife does not speak English and is spending all his money. Since Mary does not get home until 6 pm, and Meemaw refuses to watch them until then, Missy and Sheldon become latchkey kids. When Meemaw peeks in on the twins, they think that she is a burglar and spray her with a fire extinguisher. When Sheldon gets a splinter in his finger, Missy searches all over the house for tweezers with which to extract it. She eventually finds them in an Operation game and successfully removes the splinter.
15
"Dolomite, Apple Slices, and a Mystery Woman" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro
Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Tara Hernandez March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08) T12.15565 12.52[21]
Sheldon and Tam befriend Libby, an 11th-grade girl with an interest in geology. During one of their lunches at the library, Libby offers to drive the three of them to the Houston Museum of Natural Science to see an IMAX film. However, Sheldon is devastated to learn that Libby thinks of him as a child during her talk with Mary. While Sheldon resolves never to make any more friends, Mary assures him that he will be surrounded by a lot of them who are also smart. Tam and Libby end up going to Houston without Sheldon to see the film, where Tam's advances are rejected by Libby. Sheldon and Tam later revert to a two-man social group, where Sheldon reconsiders geology as "not a science" to the point where he considers it as more of a hobby.
16
"Killer Asteroids, Oklahoma, and a Frizzy Hair Machine" Howie Deutch Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro
Teleplay by : Steven Molaro March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29) T12.15566 11.91[22]
At the school science fair, Sheldon is devastated when his asteroid impact avoidance project loses to another student's Van de Graaf generator, and vows to quit science. After a therapy session with Dr. Goetsch, Sheldon decides to become an actor. In an acting class, he impresses the drama teacher, Mr. Lundy, and gets the lead role in Annie. His parents worry about him playing a female role, but Sheldon dismisses their concerns until he experiences stage fright on opening night and refuses to perform, leaving Mr. Lundy to take over his role.
17
"Jiu-Jitsu, Bubble Wrap, and Yoo-Hoo" Jaffar Mahmood Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro
Teleplay by : Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05) T12.15567 11.66[23]
Sheldon is being bullied by Bobbi Sparks, the six-year-old neighbor girl. His parents have different ideas about how to handle the situation, neither of which is effective. In the end, George and Bobbi's dad hang out and plan to tell their wives the made-up story of them being involved in a deadly fight. Sheldon even tries paying Missy to warn Bobbi off using his life savings, but that plan eventually fails.
18
"A Mother, A Child, and a Blue Man's Backside" Jaffar Mahmood Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Teagan Wall
Teleplay by : David Bickel & Damir Konjicija & Dario Konjicija April 12, 2018 (2018-04-12) T12.15568 11.70[24]
After Mary confiscates Sheldon's comic books, due to the rather explicit content in an issue of Watchmen, Sheldon demands to be treated like an adult and fails his every attempt to live like one, but a tornado warning reminds Sheldon of family values.
19
"Gluons, Guacamole, and the Color Purple" Alex Reid Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Tara Hernandez April 19, 2018 (2018-04-19) T12.15569 11.67[25]
Meemaw drives Sheldon to a nearby college so that he can audit a weekly class on quantum chromodynamics. The professor, Dr. John Sturgis, asks Meemaw out on a date. She has a nice time, but finds that he is like an older version of Sheldon. The following week, she has to leave the class because her presence is too distracting for Sturgis. Meanwhile, Missy gets Georgie to help her with her homework. Stimulated by Sheldon's example, they actually make some progress.
20
"A Dog, A Squirrel, and a Fish Named Fish" Jaffar Mahmood Story by : Damir Konjicija & Dario Konjicija & Teagan Wall
Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & David Bickel April 26, 2018 (2018-04-26) T12.15570 11.15[26]
Sheldon's cynophobia surfaces when the Sparks family begins taking care of a relative's dog, which shows a strange attraction to Sheldon. The families are unable to agree about how to control the dog until Pastor Jeff mediates. Sheldon tries to overcome his fear by dressing in protective clothing and petting the dog, but this backfires when the dog licks him, apparently stimulated by the smell of his Brylcreem. Meemaw tries to get Sheldon accustomed to animals by buying him a fish, but the fish bites both him and George.
21
"Summer Sausage, a Pocket Poncho, and Tony Danza" Alex Reid Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Stacey Pulwer
Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Tara Hernandez & Connor Kilpatrick May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03) T12.15571 11.67[27]
Sheldon invites John to dinner without telling anyone. The next evening, John comes to Meemaw's house to cook her some Sichuan cuisine, after which she invites him to stay for the night. Sheldon monitors the event through binoculars. George takes Missy, who is dressed as a princess, to dinner at Red Lobster. That leaves Mary and Georgie to have dinner together, where he quizzes her about the chronology of his conception.
22
"Vanilla Ice Cream, Gentleman Callers, and a Dinette Set" Jaffar Mahmood Story by : Jeremy Howe & Damir Konjicija & Dario Konjicija
Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan May 10, 2018 (2018-05-10) T12.15572 12.44[28]
Meemaw tries to date John and Ira simultaneously, but then decides to dump Ira, who tries to win her back by giving her furniture. John goes to confront Ira, and they reach an understanding. Meemaw is furious that John did that without her permission, and that Sheldon is meddling in their relationship. It then occurs to Sheldon that he can draw up a relationship agreement which covers the three of them. He also mentions that he eventually draws up a contract for his own children.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In November 2016, it was reported that CBS was in negotiations to create a spin-off of The Big Bang Theory centered on Sheldon Cooper as a young boy. The prequel series, described as "a Malcolm in the Middle-esque single-camera family comedy" would be executive produced by The Big Bang Theory co-creator Chuck Lorre and producer Steven Molaro, with The Big Bang Theory co-creator Bill Prady expected to be involved in some capacity, and intended to air in the 2017–18 season alongside The Big Bang Theory.[29][30] The initial idea for the series came from Jim Parsons (who portrays the older Sheldon on The Big Bang Theory), who passed it along to The Big Bang Theory producers.[3] On March 13, 2017, CBS ordered the spin-off Young Sheldon series, which was created by Lorre and Molaro. Jon Favreau directed and executive produced the pilot. Parsons, Lorre, Molaro and Todd Spiewak also serve as executive producers on the series, for Chuck Lorre Productions, Inc. in association with Warner Bros. Television.[1] On September 27, 2017, CBS picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes.[31] On January 6, 2018, the show was renewed for a second season.[32] The second season is scheduled to premiere on September 24, 2018.[33]
Casting[edit]
In early March 2017, Iain Armitage was cast as the younger Sheldon, as well as Zoe Perry as his mother, Mary Cooper. Perry is the real-life daughter of Laurie Metcalf, who portrays Mary Cooper on The Big Bang Theory.[3] Lance Barber stars as George Cooper Sr., Sheldon's father; he had previously appeared in one episode of The Big Bang Theory.[34] Raegan Revord stars as Missy Cooper, Sheldon's twin sister; and Montana Jordan as George Cooper Jr., Sheldon's older brother. Jim Parsons reprises his role as adult Sheldon Cooper, as narrator for the series.[2] In July 2017, Annie Potts was cast as Meemaw, Sheldon's grandmother.[4]
Release[edit]
Young Sheldon began airing weekly episodes on CBS from November 2, 2017, after The Big Bang Theory. It premiered as a special preview on September 25, 2017.[2]
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Pilot" September 25, 2017 3.8/13 17.21[7] 1.7 5.25 5.5 22.46[35]
2 "Rockets, Communists, and the Dewey
Decimal System" November 2, 2017 2.2/8 12.66[8] 1.1 3.89 3.3 16.74[36]
3 "Poker, Faith, and Eggs" November 9, 2017 2.2/8 12.39[9] 1.2 4.07 3.4 16.47[37]
4 "A Therapist, a Comic Book, and a Breakfast
Sausage" November 16, 2017 2.0/8 11.83[10] 1.2 3.54 3.2 15.37[38]
5 "A Solar Calculator, a Game Ball, and a
Cheerleader's Bosom" November 23, 2017 2.6/11 11.43[11] 1.3 4.10 3.9 15.53[39]
6 "A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac" November 30, 2017 2.1/8 12.11[12] 1.0 3.60 3.1 15.71[40]
7 "A Brisket, Voodoo and Cannonball Run" December 7, 2017 2.2/8 12.49[13] 1.1 3.71 3.3 16.20[41]
8 "Cape Canaveral, Schrödinger's Cat, and Cyndi Lauper's Hair" December 14, 2017 2.0/8 11.64[14] N/A N/A N/A N/A
9 "Spock, Kirk, and Testicular Hernia" December 21, 2017 1.8/8 11.32[15] N/A N/A N/A N/A
10 "An Eagle Feather, a String Bean, and an Eskimo" January 4, 2018 2.6/10 14.70[16] 1.1 3.73 3.7 18.43[42]
11 "Demons, Sunday School, and Prime Numbers" January 11, 2018 2.6/10 14.17[17] 1.1 3.81 3.7 17.99[43]
12 "A Computer, a Plastic Pony, and a Case of Beer" January 18, 2018 2.4/9 13.33[18] 1.2 4.04 3.6 17.37[44]
13 "A Sneeze, Detention, and Sissy Spacek" February 1, 2018 2.3/9 12.92[19] 1.3 4.03 3.6 16.95[45]
14 "Potato Salad, a Broomstick, and Dad's Whiskey" March 1, 2018 2.1/8 12.42[20] 1.3 4.30 3.4 16.72[46]
15 "Dolomite, Apple Slices, and a Mystery Woman" March 8, 2018 2.1/9 12.52[21] 1.2 4.09 3.3 16.61[47]
16 "Killer Asteroids, Oklahoma, and a Frizzy Hair Machine" March 29, 2018 2.0/9 11.91[22] 1.2 4.06 3.2 15.97[48]
17 "Jiu-Jitsu, Bubble Wrap, and Yoo-Hoo" April 5, 2018 1.9/8 11.66[23] 1.2 4.02 3.1 15.69[49]
18 "A Mother, A Child, and a Blue Man's Backside" April 12, 2018 1.9/8 11.70[24] 1.1 3.67 3.0 15.37[50]
19 "Gluons, Guacamole, and the Color Purple" April 19, 2018 1.9/8 11.67[25] 1.1 3.89 3.0 15.56[51]
20 "A Dog, A Squirrel, and a Fish Named Fish" April 26, 2018 1.8/7 11.15[26] 1.0 3.62 2.8 14.78[52]
21 "Summer Sausage, a Pocket Poncho, and Tony Danza" May 3, 2018 1.9/8 11.67[27] 1.2 3.76 3.1 15.44[53]
22 "Vanilla Ice Cream, Gentleman Callers, and a Dinette Set" May 10, 2018 2.2/9 12.44[28] 1.1 3.96 3.3 16.41[54]
Critical response[edit]
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 76% approval rating with an average rating of 6.81/10 based on 41 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Young Sheldon's appealing cast and relatable themes bring a fresh—and overall enjoyable—perspective to its central character's familiar story."[55] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 63 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[56]
Home media[edit]
The first season of Young Sheldon is set to be released on DVD by Warner Brothers on September 4, 2018.[57]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Andreeva, Nellie (March 13, 2017). "'The Big Bang Theory' Spinoff 'Young Sheldon' Gets CBS Series Order, Rounds Out Cast; Jon Favreau Set To Direct". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Andreeva, Nellie (May 17, 2017). "CBS Fall 2017 Schedule: No Major Changes, 'Young Sheldon' Joins 'The Big Bang Theory', 'S.W.A.T.' On Thursday". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Andreeva, Nellie (March 2, 2017). "'Big Bang' Sheldon Spinoff Inches Closer With Iain Armitage & Zoe Perry Castings". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Goldberg, Lesley (July 18, 2017). "'Young Sheldon' Taps Annie Potts to Play Key 'Big Bang Theory' Role (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (October 24, 2017). "Young Sheldon books Mike and Molly star". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Turchiano, Danielle (February 6, 2018). "Jason Alexander to Guest Star on 'Young Sheldon' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (September 26, 2017). "'Big Bang' and 'Young Sheldon' adjust up, 'Good Doctor,' 'DWTS,' 'The Brave,' 'Me, Myself & I' down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 3, 2017). "'Will & Grace' adjusts up, 'Sheldon' and other CBS shows adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 10, 2017). "'Big Bang Theory' and 'Thursday Night Football' adjust up: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 17, 2017). "'Supernatural' and NFL adjust up, 'Young Sheldon' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 28, 2017). "Primetime NFL adjusts up on Thanksgiving: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (December 4, 2017). "'Supernatural,' 'Big Bang Theory' and NFL adjust up: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (December 8, 2017). "'Supernatural' and NFL adjust up: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (December 15, 2017). "'Thursday Night Football' adjusts up, still at season low: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (December 22, 2017). "'Young Sheldon,' 'Great News,' 'SNL Christmas' adjust up, 'SWAT' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 8, 2018). "'The Four,' 'Will & Grace,' everything else unchanged: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 12, 2018). "'Big Bang Theory,' 'Young Sheldon' and 'The Four' adjust up: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 22, 2018). "'Grey's Anatomy' adjusts up, 'The Four,' 'Scandal' and 'Great News' down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (February 2, 2018). "'Big Bang Theory,' 'The Four' adjust up, 'Mom' and 'AP Bio' adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 2, 2018). "'Superstore,' 'SWAT,' 'Scandal' and 'AP Bio' adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 9, 2018). "'Young Sheldon,' 'SWAT,' all NBC shows adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 30, 2018). "'Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' and 'Chicago Fire' adjust up, 'SWAT' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 6, 2018). "'Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' adjust up, 'Mom,' 'Supernatural,' 'Arrow' down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 13, 2018). "'Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' and 'Superstore' adjust up: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 20, 2018). "'Grey's Anatomy' adjusts up, 'SWAT,' 'Supernatural' & 'Arrow' adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 27, 2018). "'Grey's Anatomy,' 'Big Bang Theory,' 'Young Sheldon' and 'Supernatural' adjust up: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 4, 2018). "'Gotham' and 'Big Bang Theory' adjust up, 'Life in Pieces,' 'Showtime at the Apollo' and 'Station 19' adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 11, 2018). "'Grey's Anatomy,' 'Big Bang Theory,' 'Young Sheldon' adjust up, 'Supernatural' & 'Arrow' down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 7, 2016). "'The Big Bang Theory' Eyes Young Sheldon Spinoff Prequel Series on CBS". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (November 7, 2016). "'Big Bang Theory' Sheldon Prequel Series in the Works at CBS". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (September 27, 2017). "'Young Sheldon' Gets Full-Season Order From CBS After Strong Debut". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 6, 2018). "'Young Sheldon' Renewed For Season 2 By CBS". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 9, 2018). "CBS Fall 2018 Premiere Dates: 'Big Bang' & 'Young Sheldon' To Help Launch 'Magnum PI' & 'Murphy Brown' Revival". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Young Sheldon interview: Lance Barber on playing Sheldon's father George Cooper Sr". CarterMatt. September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 13, 2017). "'This Is Us' and 'The Good Doctor' score big in premiere week broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 17, 2017). "'This Is Us' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 27, 2017). "'This Is Us' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 5, 2017). "'Jane the Virgin,' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 7, 2017). "'Chicago Med' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 15, 2017). "CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 21, 2017). "'Agents of SHIELD' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (January 12, 2018). "Delayed Viewing Ratings: 'Big Bang Theory' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong". Variety. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 26, 2018). "'The Brave' goes from low to... less low: Week 16 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 1, 2018). "'This Is Us,' 'The Good Doctor' both double in week 17 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 15, 2018). "Closing the book on the Super Bowl 'This Is Us': Week 19 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the numbers. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 15, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD,' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 22, 2018). "'This Is Us' leads the week 24 broadcast Live +7 ratings – by quite a bit". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 11, 2018). "'Roseanne' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 19, 2018). "'Will & Grace' finale, 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 26, 2018). "'New Girl' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 7, 2018). "'Scandal' and 'Criminal Minds' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 10, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD,' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (May 21, 2018). "Delayed Viewing Ratings: 'Roseanne' Returns on Top". Variety. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 24, 2018). "'Chicago PD' wins the Windy City battle in week 33's broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Young Sheldon: Season 1 (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Young Sheldon: Season 1". Metacritic. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Young Sheldon DVD Release Date". DVDs Release Dates. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
External links[edit]
Official website
Young Sheldon on IMDb
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Mosquito-borne disease
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Endemic range of yellow fever in Africa (2005)
Endemic range of yellow fever in South America (2005)
Mosquito-borne diseases or mosquito-borne illnesses are diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes. They can transmit disease without being affected themselves. Nearly 700 million people get a mosquito borne illness each year resulting in greater than one million deaths.[1]
Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes include: malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, chikungunya, yellow fever,[1] filariasis, tularemia, dirofilariasis, Japanese encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Ross River fever, Barmah Forest fever, La Crosse encephalitis, and Zika fever.[better source needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
1.1 Protozoa
1.2 Myiasis
1.3 Helminthiasis
1.4 Virus
2 Transmission
3 Mechanism
4 Signs/symptoms
4.1 Zika virus
4.2 West Nile virus, dengue fever
4.3 Chikungunya
5 Prevention
5.1 Insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying
5.2 Personal protection methods
5.3 Vaccines
5.4 Education and community involvement
6 Epidemiology
7 Diagnosis
7.1 Dengue fever
7.2 West Nile virus
7.3 Zika virus
7.4 Chikungunya
8 Treatments
8.1 Yellow fever
8.2 Dengue fever
8.3 Zika virus
8.4 Chikungunya
8.5 Latest treatment
9 References
Types[edit]
Protozoa[edit]
The female mosquito of the genus Anopheles carries the malaria parasite (see Plasmodium). Worldwide, malaria is a leading cause of premature mortality, particularly in children under the age of five, with an estimated 207 million cases and more than half a million deaths in 2012, according to the World Malaria Report 2013 published by WHO.
Myiasis[edit]
Main article: Myiasis
Botflies are known to parazitise humans or other mammalians thus causing myiasis and to use mosquitoes as intermediate vector agents to deposit eggs on a host. The human botfly Dermatobia hominis attaches its eggs to the underside of a mosquito, and when the mosquito takes a blood meal from a human or an animal, the body heat of the mammalian host induces hatching of larvae.
Helminthiasis[edit]
Some species of mosquito can carry the filariasis worm, a parasite that causes a disfiguring condition (often referred to as elephantiasis) characterized by a great swelling of several parts of the body; worldwide, around 40 million people are living with a filariasis disability.
Virus[edit]
The viral diseases yellow fever, dengue fever, Zika fever and chikungunya are transmitted mostly by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
Other viral diseases like epidemic polyarthritis, Rift Valley fever, Ross River fever, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis, La Crosse encephalitis and several other encephalitic diseases are carried by several different mosquitoes. Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and Western equine encephalitis (WEE) occurs in the United States where it causes disease in humans, horses, and some bird species. Because of the high mortality rate, EEE and WEE are regarded as two of the most serious mosquito-borne diseases in the United States. Symptoms range from mild flu-like illness to encephalitis, coma and death.[2]
Viruses carried by arthropods such as mosquitoes or ticks are known collectively as arboviruses. West Nile virus was accidentally introduced into the United States in 1999 and by 2003 had spread to almost every state with over 3,000 cases in 2006.
Other species of Aedes as well as Culex and Culiseta are also involved in the transmission of disease.
Transmission[edit]
A mosquito's period of feeding is often undetected; the bite only becomes apparent because of the immune reaction it provokes. When a mosquito bites a human, it injects saliva and anti-coagulants. For any given individual, with the initial bite there is no reaction but with subsequent bites the body's immune system develops antibodies and a bite becomes inflamed and itchy within 24 hours. This is the usual reaction in young children. With more bites, the sensitivity of the human immune system increases, and an itchy red hive appears in minutes where the immune response has broken capillary blood vessels and fluid has collected under the skin. This type of reaction is common in older children and adults. Some adults can become desensitized to mosquitoes and have little or no reaction to their bites, while others can become hyper-sensitive with bites causing blistering, bruising, and large inflammatory reactions, a response known as skeeter syndrome.
Mechanism[edit]
Mosquitoes carrying such arboviruses stay healthy because their immune systems recognizes the virions as foreign particles and "chop off" the virus's genetic coding, rendering it inert. Human infection with a mosquito-borne virus occurs when a female mosquito bites someone while its immune system is still in the process of destroying the virus's harmful coding.[3] It is not completely known how mosquitoes handle eukaryotic parasites to carry them without being harmed. Data has shown that the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum alters the mosquito vector's feeding behavior by increasing frequency of biting in infected mosquitoes, thus increasing the chance of transmitting the parasite.[4]
The mechanism of transmission of this disease starts with the injection of the parasite into the victim's blood when malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquitoes bite into a human being. The parasite uses human liver cells as hosts for maturation where it will continue to replicate and grow, moving into other areas of the body via the bloodstream. The spread of this infection cycle then continues when other mosquitoes bite the same victim. The result will cause that mosquito to ingest the parasite and allow it to transmit the Malaria disease into another person through the same mode of bite injection.[5]
Other viral transmission for Flaviviridae diseases include West Nile virus, yellow fever virus and hepatitis B and C, via vectors like mosquitoes consists of a single stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that is enveloped membranous in a protein coat. Once inside the host's body, the virus will attach itself to a cell's surface through receptor-mediated endocytosis. This essentially means that the proteins and DNA material of the virus are ingested into the host cell. The viral RNA material will undergo several changes and processes inside the host's cell so that it can release more viral RNA that can then be replicated and assembled to infect neighboring host cells.[6]
Currently, there are no specific vaccine therapies for West Nile virus approved for humans; however, vaccines are available and some show promising for animals, as a means to intervene with the mechanism of spreading such pathogens.[7]
Signs/symptoms[edit]
Symptoms of illness are specific to the type of viral infection and vary on severity, based on the individuals infected.
Zika virus[edit]
Symptoms vary on severity, from mild unnoticeable symptoms to more common symptoms like fever, rash, headache, achy muscle and joints, and conjunctivitis. Symptoms can last several days to weeks, but death resulting from this infection is rare.[8]
West Nile virus, dengue fever[edit]
Most people infected with the West Nile virus usually do not develop symptoms. However, some individuals can develop cases of severe fatigue, weakness, headaches, body aches, joint and muscle pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash, which can last for weeks or months. More serious symptoms have a greater risk of appearing in people over 60 years of age, or those suffering from cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and kidney disease.[9]
Dengue fever is mostly characterized by high fever, headaches, joint pain, and rash. However, more severe instances can lead to hemorrhagic fever, internal bleeding, and breathing difficulty, which can be fatal.[10]
Chikungunya[edit]
People infected with this virus can develop sudden onset fever along with debilitating joint and muscle pain, rash, headache, nausea, and fatigue. Symptoms can last a few days or be prolonged to weeks and months. Although patients can recover completely, there have been cases in which joint pain has persisted for several months and can extend beyond that for years. Other people can develop heart complications, eye problems, and even neurological complications.[11]
Prevention[edit]
There is a re-emergence of mosquito vector viruses (arthropod-borne viruses) called arboviruses carried by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Examples are the Zika virus, chikungunya virus, yellow fever and dengue fever. The re-emergence of the viruses has been at a faster rate, and over a wider geographic area, than in the past. The rapid re-emergence is due to expanding global transportation networks, the mosquito's increasing ability to adapt to urban settings, the disruption of traditional land use and the inability to control expanding mosquito populations.[12] Like malaria, other mosquito borne diseases do not have a drug. The only exception is yellow fever. Prevention is focused on reducing the adult mosquito populations, controlling mosquito larvae and protecting individuals from mosquito bites. Depending on the mosquito vector, and the affected community, a variety of prevention methods may be deployed at one time. In particular, Aedes aegypti (the vector of dengue and chikungunya) density is effectively controlled by source reduction and anti-larval measures.
Insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying[edit]
The use of insecticide treated mosquito nets (ITNs) are at the forefront of preventing mosquito bites that cause malaria. The prevalence of ITNs in sub-Saharan Africa has grown from 3% of households to 50% of households from 2000 to 2010 with over 254 million insecticide treated nets distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa for use against the mosquito vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus which carry malaria. Because the Anopheles gambiae feeds indoors (endophagic) and rests indoors after feeding (endophilic), insecticide treated nets (ITNs) interrupt the mosquito's feeding pattern. The ITNs continue to offer protection, even after there are holes in the nets, because of their excito-repellency properties which reduce the number of mosquitoes that enter the home. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends treating ITNs with the pyrethroid class of insecticides. There is an emerging concern of mosquito resistance to insecticides used in ITNs. Twenty-seven (27) sub-Saharan African countries have reported Anopheles vector resistance to pyrethroid insecticides.[13]
Indoor spraying of insecticides is another prevention method widely used to control mosquito vectors. To help control the Aedes aegypti mosquito, homes are sprayed indoors with residual insecticide applications. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) reduces the female mosquito population and mitigates the risk of dengue virus transmission. Indoor residual spraying is completed usually once or twice a year. Mosquitoes rest on walls and ceilings after feeding and are killed by the insecticide. Indoor spraying can be combined with spraying the exterior of the building to help reduce the number of mosquito larvae and subsequently, the number of adult mosquitoes.[14]
Personal protection methods[edit]
There are other methods that an individual can use to protect themselves from mosquito bites. Limiting exposure to mosquitoes from dusk to dawn when the majority of mosquitoes are active and wearing long sleeves and long pants during the period mosquitoes are most active. Placing screens on windows and doors is a simple and effective means of reducing the number of mosquitoes indoors. Anticipating mosquito contact and using a topical mosquito repellant with DEET or icaridin is also recommended. Draining or covering water receptacles, both indoor and outdoors, is also a simple but effective prevention method. Removing debris and tires, cleaning drains, and cleaning gutters help larval control and reduce the number of adult mosquitoes.[15]
Vaccines[edit]
There is a vaccine for yellow fever which was developed in the 1930s, the yellow 17D vaccine, and it is still in use today. The initial yellow fever vaccination provides lifelong protection for most people and provides immunity within 30 days of the vaccine. Reactions to the yellow fever vaccine have included mild headache and fever, and muscle aches. There are rare cases of individuals presenting with symptoms that mirror the disease itself. The risk of complications from the vaccine are greater for individuals over 60 years of age. In addition, the vaccine is not usually administered to babies under nine months of age, pregnant women, people with allergies to egg protein, and individuals living with AIDS/HIV. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that 105 million people have been vaccinated for yellow fever in West Africa from 2000 to 2015.[16]
Education and community involvement[edit]
The arboviruses have expanded their geographic range and infected populations that had no recent community knowledge of the diseases carried by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Education and community awareness campaigns are necessary for prevention to be effective. Communities are educated on how the disease is spread, how they can protect themselves from infection and the symptoms of infection.[15] Community health education programs can identify and address the social/economic and cultural issues that can hinder preventative measures. Community outreach and education programs can identify which preventative measures a community is most likely to employ. Leading to a targeted prevention method that has a higher chance of success in that particular community. Community outreach and education includes engaging community health workers and local healthcare providers, local schools and community organizations to educate the public on mosquito vector control and disease prevention.[17]
Epidemiology[edit]
Mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue fever and malaria, typically affect third world countries and areas with tropical climates. Mosquito vectors are sensitive to climate changes and tend to follow seasonal patterns. Between years there are often dramatic shifts in incidence rates. The occurrence of this phenomenon in endemic areas makes mosquito-borne viruses difficult to treat.[18]
Dengue fever is caused by infection through viruses of the family Flaviviridae. The illness is most commonly transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions.[19] Dengue virus has four different serotypes, each of which are antigenically related but have limited cross-immunity to reinfection.[20]
Although dengue fever has a global incidence of 50-100 million cases, only several hundreds of thousands of these cases are life-threatening. The geographic prevalence of the disease can be examined by the spread of the Aedes aegypti.[21] Over the last twenty years, there has been a geographic spread of the disease. Dengue incidence rates have risen sharply within urban areas which have recently become endemic hot spots for the disease.[22] The recent spread of Dengue can also be attributed to rapid population growth, increased coagulation in urban areas, and global travel. Without sufficient vector control, the dengue virus has evolved rapidly over time, posing challenges to both government and public health officials.
Malaria is caused by a protozoan called Plasmodium falciparum. P. falciparum parasites are transmitted mainly by the Anopheles gambiae complex in rural Africa.[19] In just this area, P. falciparum infections comprise an estimated 200 million clinical cases and 1 million annual deaths. 75% of individuals afflicted in this region are children.[23] As with dengue, changing environmental conditions have led to novel disease characteristics. Due to increased illness severity, treatment complications, and mortality rates, many public health officials concede that malaria patterns are rapidly transforming in Africa.[24] Scarcity of health services, rising instances of drug resistance, and changing vector migration patterns are factors that public health officials believe contribute to malaria’s dissemination.
Climate heavily affects mosquito vectors of malaria and dengue. Climate patterns influence the lifespan of mosquitos as well as the rate and frequency of reproduction. Climate change impacts have been of great interest to those studying these diseases and their vectors. Additionally, climate impacts mosquito blood feeding patterns as well as extrinsic incubation periods.[19] Climate consistency gives researchers an ability to accurately predict annual cycling of the disease but recent climate unpredictability has eroded researchers’ ability to track the disease with such precision.

Diagnosis[edit]
Doctors can typically identify a mosquito bite by sight.[25]
A doctor will perform a physical examination and ask about medical history as well as any travel history.[25] Be ready to give details on any international trips, including the dates you were traveling, the countries you visited and any contact you had with mosquitoes.
Dengue fever[edit]
Diagnosing dengue fever can be difficult, its symptoms often overlap with many other diseases such as malaria and typhoid fever.[26] Laboratory tests can detect evidence of the dengue viruses, however the results often come back too late to assist in directing treatment.[26]
West Nile virus[edit]
Medical testing can confirm the presence of West Nile fever or a West Nile-related illness, such as meningitis or encephalitis.[27] If infected, a blood test may show a rising level of antibodies to the West Nile virus. A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is the most common way to diagnose meningitis, by analyzing the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding your brain and spinal cord.[28] The fluid sample may show an elevated white cell count and antibodies to the West Nile virus if you were exposed.[28] In some cases, an electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan can help detect brain inflammation.[28]
Zika virus[edit]
A Zika virus infection might be suspected if symptoms are present and an individual has traveled to an area with known Zika virus transmission.[29] Zika virus can only be confirmed by a laboratory test of body fluids, such as urine or saliva, or by blood test.[29]
Chikungunya[edit]
Laboratory blood tests can identify evidence of chikungunya or other similar viruses such as dengue and Zika.[30] Blood test may confirm the presence of IgM and IgG anti-chikungunya antibodies. IgM antibodies are highest 3 to 5 weeks after the beginning of symptoms and will continue be present for about 2 months.[30]
Treatments[edit]
Yellow fever[edit]
Numerous drugs have been used to treat yellow fever disease with minimal satisfaction to date. Patients with multisystem organ involvement will require critical care support such as possible hemodialysis or mechanical ventilation. Rest, fluids, and acetaminophen are also known to relieve milder symptoms of fever and muscle pain. Due to hemorrhagic complications, aspirin should be avoided. Infected individuals should avoid mosquito exposure by staying indoors or using a mosquito net.[31]
Dengue fever[edit]
Dengue infection's therapeutic management is simple, cost effective and successful in saving lives by adequately performing timely institutionalized interventions. Treatment options are restricted, while no effective antiviral drugs for this infection have been accessible to date. Patients in the early phase of the dengue virus may recover without hospitalization. However, ongoing clinical research is in the works to find specific anti-dengue drugs.[32]
Zika virus[edit]
Zika virus vaccine clinical trials are to be conducted and established. There are efforts being put toward advancing antiviral therapeutics against zika virus for swift control. Present day Zika virus treatment is symptomatic through antipyretics and analgesics. Currently there are no publications regarding viral drug screening. Nevertheless, therapeutics for this infection have been used.[33]
Chikungunya[edit]
There are no treatment modalities for acute and chronic chikungunya that currently exist. Majority of treatment plans use supportive and symptomatic care like analgesics for pain and anti-inflammatories for inflammation caused by arthritis. In acute stages of this virus, rest, antipyretics and analgesics are used to subside symptoms. Most use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In some cases, joint pain may resolve from treatment but stiffness remains.[34]
Latest treatment[edit]
The sterile insect technique (SIT) uses irradiation to sterilize insect pests before releasing them in large numbers to mate with wild females. Since they do not produce any offspring, the population, and consequently the disease incidence, is reduced over time. Used successfully for decades to combat fruit flies and livestock pests such as screwworm and tsetse flies, the technique can be adapted also for some disease-transmitting mosquito species. Pilot projects are being initiated or are under way in different parts of the world.[35][36]
References[edit]
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Zoonotic viral diseases (A80–B34, 042–079)
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La Crosse virus

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