text:
Indian Ambassador to the United States
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Ambassador of India to the United States
Incumbent
Navtej Singh Sarna
since September 2016
Nominator
Pranab Mukherjee
Inaugural holder
Asaf Ali
Formation
1947
Website
Embassy of India, Washington D.C., United States
Embassy of India in Washington, D.C.
The Indian Ambassador to the United States is the chief diplomatic representative of India to the United States, housed in Embassy of India, Washington, D.C..
Contents
[hide]
1 List of Indian Ambassadors to the United States
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
List of Indian Ambassadors to the United States[edit]
Name
Photo
Entered office
Left office
Notes
Asaf Ali 1947 1948
Benegal Rama Rau 1948 1949 4th Governor of Reserve Bank of India
Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit 1949 1951 First Woman President of the United Nations General Assembly (1953)
Binay Ranjan Sen 1951 1952 Director General of Food and Agriculture Organization (1956–67)
Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta 1952 1958
M. C. Chagla 1958 1961
Braj Kumar Nehru 1961 1968
Ali Yavar Jung 1968 1970
Lakshmi Kant Jha 1970 1973 8th Governor of Reserve Bank of India
T. N. Kaul 1973 1976
Kewal Singh 1976 1977
Nanabhoy Palkhivala 1977 1979
K. R. Narayanan 1980 1984 10th President of India
K. Shankar Bajpai 1984 1986
P. K. Kaul 1986 1989
Karan Singh 1989 1990 Titular Maharajah of Jammu and Kashmir
Abid Hussain 1990 1992
Siddhartha Shankar Ray 1992 1996 Minister of Education, Chief Minister of West Bengal
Naresh Chandra 1996 2001
Lalit Mansingh 2001 2004
Ronen Sen 2004 2009
Meera Shankar 2009 2011
Nirupama Rao 2011 2013
Subrahmanyam Jaishankar 2013 28 January 2015
Arun Kumar Singh 2015 2016
Navtej Sarna 2016
See also[edit]
India–United States relations
United States Ambassador to India
References[edit]
India Ambassador, Official page indianembassy.org
Embassay of India, Washington DC-Ambassadors of India to the United States
External links[edit]
Media related to Ambassadors of India to the United States at Wikimedia Commons
India Ambassador, Official page at Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.
Ministry of External Affairs, Official website
[hide]
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Countries
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ambassador_to_the_United_States&oldid=781817174"
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The Most Beautiful Girl in the World (Prince song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Most Beautiful Girl in the World"
Single by Prince
from the album The Beautiful Experience and The Gold Experience
B-side
"Beautiful"
"Beautiful" (Extended Club Mix by Simon Harris) (UK 12")
"Beautiful Beats" (UK 12")
Released
February 24, 1994
Format
7" single
12" single
Cassette single
CD single
Recorded
Paisley Park Studios September 20, 1993; Late January 1994[citation needed]
Genre
Soft rock, R&B, pop
Length
4:07 (single edit)
4:37 (original mix)
4:25 (Gold Experience version)
Label
NPG, Bellmark, Edel
Songwriter(s)
Prince
Producer(s)
Prince, Ricky Peterson
Prince singles chronology
"Peach"
(1993) "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World"
(1994) "Pope"
(1994)
"Peach"
(1993) "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World"
(1994) "Pope"
(1994)
Music video
«The Most Beautiful Girl in The World» on YouTube
Prince (UK) singles chronology
"Controversy"
(1993) Controversy1993 "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World"
(1994) The Most Beautiful Girl in the World1994 "Letitgo"
(1994) Letitgo1994
This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (November 2016)
"The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" is the lead single from the 1994 EP The Beautiful Experience by Prince (The Artist Formerly Known As Prince), and his 1995 album The Gold Experience. In his singles chronology, it was his third major release since changing his stage name to "The Artist Formerly Known As Prince" or "TAFKAP." In his albums chronology, it along with the EP was his second release after changing his name. With the consent of Prince's usual record distributor Warner Bros. Records, "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" was released by NPG Records and Edel Music, and independently distributed by Bellmark Records, under the control and guidance of Music of Life, as a one-off single, topping five different charts.
The single was released in February 1994 in the United Kingdom, and remains Prince's only number one single in the UK Singles Chart,[1] and was shortly followed by an EP of remixes titled The Beautiful Experience that also charted on #18 in the chart in the United Kingdom. The version that was released on The Gold Experience is a different mix of the song.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Track listings
3 Charts
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Mayte version
5 Cover versions
6 Bibliography
7 References
Development[edit]
The original track is a slow-grooving ballad that serenades a beautiful woman, his soon-to-be fiancé, Mayte Garcia. The song was played during the Miss USA pageant in 1994, but not in full. It was widely advertised in news and trade magazines that a new song from Prince would be premiered at the pageant. The ads had Prince sitting in a chair with a hat pulled down over his face, and Garcia standing next to his chair. The song was officially released on February 24, 1994. It later appeared on The Gold Experience.
The version on The Gold Experience is remixed. The drums are more crisp in the mix, and there are slight instrumental changes. There are also added sound effects and instrumental breaks in the second version. The bridge is slightly more robust as well. The song is still based in light guitar, keyboards and live drums. Although most of the song is sung in falsetto with Prince reaching some extremely high notes, the final bridge has him using his regular voice as well as a lower baritone range in one small segment.
The song was a worldwide hit and established Prince's ability to succeed commercially under his new name, peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was certified gold by the RIAA and sold 700,000 copies domestically.[2][3] However, the song was his last top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 during his lifetime.[4]
It became his first and only United Kingdom No. 1 single under any name as a performer.[1] He did have two other United Kingdom number ones as a songwriter: the 1984 hit single "I Feel for You" covered by Chaka Khan and Sinéad O'Connor's 1990 cover of "Nothing Compares 2 U". Prince danced to his own song "The Most Beautiful Girl In The World" after the World Music Awards at an after show event with Kylie Minogue in 1994.
Track listings[edit]
Single
"The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" (single edit) – 4:06
"Beautiful" (single edit) – 3:54
United Kingdom 12"
"The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" – 4:07
"Beautiful" – 3:57
"Beautiful" (extended club mix by Simon Harris) – 6:25
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1994–95)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[5]
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[6]
5
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[7]
4
Canada (Canadian Singles Chart)
6
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)[8]
2
France (SNEP)[9]
5
Germany (Official German Charts)[10]
9
Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[11]
15
Ireland (IRMA)
4
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[12]
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[13]
1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[14]
1
Norway (VG-lista)[15]
4
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[16]
13
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[17]
1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[18]
1
US Billboard Hot 100[19]
3
US Hot R&B Singles (Billboard)[20]
2
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[21]
3
US Rhythmic Top 40 (Billboard)[22]
3
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1994)
Position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[23] 41
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[24] 7
US Billboard Hot 100[25] 19
Mayte version[edit]
Mayte Garcia later recorded her own version called "The Most Beautiful Boy in the World". The song appears on her album Child of the Sun. It has the same instrumental backing track with extra reverb, and her vocals, with a few slight ad-lib changes. It was released by NPG Records.
Cover versions[edit]
In 1998, rapper Raheem the Dream sampled the song to make his own track, also titled "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World".
In 2003, pianist Alex Bugnon covered the song on his album Southern Living[26][27].
In 2013, artist Bruno Mars covered the song during The Moonshine Jungle Tour.
Bibliography[edit]
Uptown: The Vault – The Definitive Guide to the Musical World of Prince: Nilsen Publishing 2004, ISBN 91-631-5482-X
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 565. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "American certifications – Prince – The Most Beautiful Girl in the World". Recording Industry Association of America.
Jump up ^ "Best-Selling Records of 1994". Billboard. BPI Communications. 107 (3): 57. January 21, 1995. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2016-05-02). "Desiigner Holds Off Drake Atop Hot 100, Prince & Beyonce Hit Top 10". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – The Symbol – The Most Beautiful Girl in the World". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – The Symbol – The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Symbol – The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. May 7, 1994. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – The Symbol – The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – The Symbol – The Most Beautiful Girl in the World". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (07.04.1994-13.04.1994)" (PDF). Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – The Symbol" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Symbol – The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – The Symbol – The Most Beautiful Girl in the World". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – The Symbol – The Most Beautiful Girl in the World". VG-lista. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – The Symbol – The Most Beautiful Girl in the World". Singles Top 100. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – The Symbol – The Most Beautiful Girl in the World". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Prince: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Prince – Chart History: The Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Prince – Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Prince – Chart History: Pop Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Prince – Chart History: Rhythmic Top 40". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1994". RPM. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1994". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 Hits for 1994". Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Southern Living". Narada.com. Archived from the original on July 6, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Southern Living Alex Bugnon". JazzTimes.com. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Preceded by
"Everything Changes" by Take That UK Singles Chart number-one single
April 17, 1994 – April 30, 1994 Succeeded by
"The Real Thing" by Tony Di Bart
Preceded by
"The Sign" by Ace of Base Australian ARIA Singles Chart number-one single
May 29, 1994 – June 11, 1994 Succeeded by
"Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm" by Crash Test Dummies
[hide]
v
t
e
Prince singles
1970s
"Soft and Wet"
"Just as Long as We're Together"
"I Wanna Be Your Lover"
1980s
"Why You Wanna Treat Me So Bad?"
"Still Waiting"
"Sexy Dancer"
"Uptown"
"Dirty Mind"
"Do It All Night"
"Gotta Stop (Messin' About)"
"Controversy"
"Let's Work"
"Do Me, Baby"
"1999"
"Little Red Corvette"
"Delirious"
"Automatic"
"Let's Pretend We're Married"
"When Doves Cry"
"Let's Go Crazy"
"Purple Rain"
"I Would Die 4 U"
"Take Me with U"
"Paisley Park"
"Raspberry Beret"
"Pop Life"
"America"
"Kiss"
"Mountains"
"Anotherloverholenyohead"
"Girls & Boys"
"Sign "O" the Times"
"If I Was Your Girlfriend"
"U Got the Look"
"I Could Never Take the Place of Your Man"
"Alphabet St."
"Glam Slam"
"I Wish U Heaven"
"Batdance"
"Partyman"
"The Arms of Orion"
"Scandalous!"
1990s
"The Future"
"Thieves in the Temple"
"New Power Generation"
"Gett Off"
"Cream"
"Diamonds and Pearls"
"Money Don't Matter 2 Night"
"Insatiable"
"Thunder"
"Sexy MF"
"My Name Is Prince"
"7"
"Damn U"
"The Morning Papers"
"Pink Cashmere"
"Nothing Compares 2 U"
"Peach"
"The Most Beautiful Girl in the World"
"Letitgo"
"Space"
"Purple Medley"
"I Hate U"
"Gold"
"Dinner with Delores"
"Betcha by Golly Wow!"
"The Holy River"
"Somebody's Somebody"
"The Truth"
"Extraordinary"
"The Greatest Romance Ever Sold"
2000s
"U Make My Sun Shine" (with Angie Stone)
"When Will We B Paid?" (with Audio Stepchild)
"Supercute"
"The Work, pt. 1"
"Days of Wild"
"Musicology"
"Cinnamon Girl"
"Controversy (Live in Hawaii)"
"S.S.T."
"Te Amo Corazón"
"Black Sweat"
"Fury"
"Guitar"
"F.U.N.K."
2010s
"Breakfast Can Wait"
Promotional
singles
"When You Were Mine"
"Erotic City"
"Nothing Compares 2 U"
"Love Sign" (with Nona Gaye)
"Somebody's Somebody"
"The Rest of My Life"
"5 Women"
"It's About That Walk"
"Man'O'War"
"Call My Name"
"The Song of the Heart"
Airplay-only songs
"International Lover"
Internet downloads
"One Song"
"Glass Cutter"
"Live from Paisley Park"
"Strange Relationship"
"Guitar (original "demo" version)"
EPs
The Beautiful Experience
NYC
1999: The New Master
Other songs
"I Feel for You"
"When You Were Mine"
"Private Joy"
"How Come U Don't Call Me Anymore?"
"17 Days"
"The Beautiful Ones"
"Computer Blue"
"Darling Nikki"
"Baby I'm a Star"
"4 the Tears in Your Eyes"
"Sometimes It Snows in April"
"Adore"
"Don't Talk 2 Strangers"
"I Can't Make U Love Me"
"La, La, La Means I Love U"
"One of Us"
"Everyday Is a Winding Road"
"A Case of U"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Most_Beautiful_Girl_in_the_World_(Prince_song)&oldid=835199083"
Categories:
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text:
Most common words in English
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Studies that estimate and rank the most common words in English examine texts written in English. Perhaps the most comprehensive such analysis is one that was conducted against the Oxford English Corpus (OEC), a very large collection of texts from around the world that are written in the English language. A text corpus is a large collection of written works that are organised in a way that makes such analysis easier.
In total, the texts in the Oxford English Corpus contain more than 2 billion words.[1] The OEC includes a wide variety of writing samples, such as literary works, novels, academic journals, newspapers, magazines, Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, blogs, chat logs, and emails.[2]
Another English corpus that has been used to study word frequency is the Brown Corpus, which was compiled by researchers at Brown University in the 1960s. The researchers published their analysis of the Brown Corpus in 1967. Their findings were similar, but not identical, to the findings of the OEC analysis.
According to The Reading Teacher's Book of Lists, the first 25 words in the OEC make up about one-third of all printed material in English, and the first 100 words make up about half of all written English.[3] According to a study cited by Robert McCrum in The Story of English, all of the first hundred of the most common words in English are of Anglo-Saxon origin.[4]
Some lists of common words distinguish between word forms, while others rank all forms of a word as a single lexeme (the form of the word as it would appear in a dictionary). For example, the lexeme be (as in to be) comprises all its conjugations (is, was, are, were, etc.), and contractions of those conjugations.[5] Note also that these top 100 lemmas listed below account for 50% of all the words in the Oxford English Corpus.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 100 most common words
1.1 Parts of speech
1.1.1 Nouns
1.1.2 Verbs
1.1.3 Adjectives
1.1.4 Prepositions
1.1.5 Others
2 See also
2.1 Word lists
3 References
4 External links
100 most common words
Based on an analysis of the Oxford English Corpus (a large collection of texts in the English language), the 100 words that occur most frequently in written English is given below.[1]
The table also includes frequencies from other corpora, note that as well as usage differences, lemmatisation may differ from corpus to corpus - for example splitting the prepositional use of "to" from the use as a particle. Also the COCA list includes dispersion as well as frequency to calculate rank.
Word
Parts of speech
OEC rank
COCA rank[6]
Dolch level
Fry's Sight Words
the Article 1 1 Pre-primer
be Verb 2 2 Primer
to Preposition 3 7, 9 Pre-primer
of Preposition 4 4 Grade 1
and Conjunction 5 3 Pre-primer
a Article 6 5 Pre-primer
in Preposition 7 6, 128, 3038 Pre-primer
that Conjunction et al. 8 12, 27, 903 Primer
have Verb 9 8 Primer
I Pronoun 10 11 Pre-primer
it Pronoun 11 10 Pre-primer
for Preposition 12 13, 2339 Pre-primer
not Adverb et al. 13 28, 2929 Pre-primer
on Preposition 14 17, 155 Primer
with Preposition 15 16 Primer
he Pronoun 16 15 Primer
as Adverb, conjunction, et al. 17 33, 49, 129 Grade 1
you Pronoun 18 14 Pre-primer
do Verb, noun 19 18 Primer
at Preposition 20 22 Primer
this Determiner, adverb, noun 21 20, 4665 Primer
but Preposition, adverb, conjunction 22 23, 1715 Primer
his Possessive pronoun 23 25, 1887 Grade 1
by Preposition 24 30, 1190 Grade 1
from Preposition 25 26 Grade 1
they Pronoun 26 21 Primer
we Pronoun 27 24 Pre-primer
say Verb et al. 28 19 Primer
her Possessive pronoun 29, 106 42 Grade 1
she Pronoun 30 31 Primer
or Conjunction 31 32 Grade 2
an Article 32 (a) Grade 1
will Verb, noun 33 48, 1506 Primer
my Possessive pronoun 34 44 Pre-primer
one Noun, adjective, et al. 35 51, 104, 839 Pre-primer
all Adjective 36 43, 222 Primer
would Verb 37 41 Grade 2
there Adverb, pronoun, et al. 38 53, 116 Primer
their Possessive pronoun 39 36 Grade 2
what Pronoun, adverb, et al. 40 34 Primer
so Conjuntion, adverb, et al. 41 55, 196 Primer
up Adverb, preposition, et al. 42 50, 456 Pre-primer
out Preposition 43 64, 149 Primer
if Conjunction 44 40 Grade 3
about Preposition, adverb, et al. 45 46, 179 Grade 3
who Pronoun, noun 46 38 Primer
get Verb 47 39 Primer
which 48 58 Grade 2
go Verb, noun 49 35 Pre-primer
me Pronoun 50 61 Pre-primer
when 51 57, 136 Grade 1
make Verb, noun 52 45
can 53 37, 2973
like 54 74, 208, 1123, 1684, 2702
time 55 52
no 56 93, 699, 916, 1111, 4555
just Adjective 57 66, 1823
him Pronoun 58 68
know Verb, noun 59 47
take Verb, noun 60 63
people Noun 61 62
into 62 65
year Noun 63 54
your Possessive pronoun 64 69
good Adjective 65 110, 2280
some 66 60
could Verb 67 71
them 68 59
see Verb 69 67
other 70 75, 715, 2355
than 71 73, 712
then 72 77
now 73 72, 1906
look Verb 74 85, 604
only 75 101, 329
come Verb 76 70
its Possessive pronoun 77 78
over Preposition 78 124, 182
think 79 56
also 80 87
back 81 108, 323, 1877
after Preposition 82 120, 260
use Verb, noun 83 92, 429
two 84 80
how 85 76
our Posessive pronoun 86 79
work Verb, noun 87 117, 199
first 88 86, 2064
well Adverb 89 100, 644
way 90 84, 4090
even 91 107, 484
new Adjective et al. 92 88
want 93 83
because 94 89, 509
any 95 109, 4720
these 96 82
give Verb 97 98
day 98 90
most 99 144, 187
us Pronoun 100 113
Parts of speech
The following is the same list subdivided by part of speech.[1] The list labeled "Others" includes pronouns, possessives, articles, modal verbs, adverbs, and conjunctions.
Nouns
time
person
year
way
day
thing
man
world
life
hand
part
child
eye
woman
place
work
week
case
point
government
company
number
group
problem
fact
Verbs
be
have
do
say
get
make
go
know
take
see
come
think
look
want
give
use
find
tell
ask
work
seem
feel
try
leave
call
Adjectives
good
new
first
last
long
great
little
own
other
old
right
big
high
different
small
large
next
early
young
important
few
public
bad
same
able
Prepositions
to
of
in
for
on
with
at
by
from
up
about
into
over
after
Others
the
and
a
that
I
it
not
he
as
you
this
but
his
they
her
she
or
an
will
my
one
all
would
there
their
See also
Languages portal
Basic English
Frequency analysis, the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters
Letter frequencies
Oxford English Corpus
Swadesh list, a compilation of basic concepts for the purpose of historical-comparative linguistics
Zipf's law, a theory stating that the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in a frequency table
Word lists
Dolch Word List, a list of frequently used English words
General Service List
Word lists by frequency
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Oxford English Corpus: Facts about the language". OxfordDictionaries.com. Oxford University Press. What is the commonest word?. Archived from the original on December 26, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Oxford English Corpus". AskOxford.com. Retrieved June 22, 2006.
Jump up ^ The First 100 Most Commonly Used English Words.
Jump up ^ Bill Bryson, The Mother Tongue: English and How It Got That Way, Harper Perennial, 2001, page 58
Jump up ^ Benjamin Zimmer. June 22, 2006. Time after time after time.... Language Log. Retrieved June 22, 2006.
Jump up ^ https://www.wordfrequency.info/free.asp
External links
Look up frequency lists in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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text:
National Prosecuting Authority
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act No. 108 of 1996), created a single National Prosecution Authority (NPA), which is governed by the National Prosecuting Authority Act (Act No. 32 of 1998). The Constitution, read with this Act, provides the NPA with the power to institute criminal proceedings on behalf of the State, to carry out any necessary functions incidental to institution of criminal proceedings and to discontinue criminal proceedings. The NPA is accountable to Parliament, while the final responsibility over the prosecuting authority lies with the Minister of Justice and Correctional Services.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Business units
3 Leadership
3.1 List of Directors
3.2 Suspension of Vusi Pikoli
3.3 Application to suspend Shaun Abrahams
4 References
5 External links
Structure[edit]
See also: Director of Public Prosecutions
On a national level, the NPA is headed by the National Director of Public Prosecutions (NDPP). The NDPP is appointed by the President of South Africa for a term of 10 years.[1][2]
The NDPP is supported by a chief executive officer, a position which was filled by Marion Sparg from 2000 to 2007, and by four Deputy National Directors. Every seat of the High Court of South Africa is served by a Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), who acts as the prosecution authority for such Court's jurisdictional area. Further support comes from Special Directors and Investigating Directors.
Business units[edit]
The NPA comprises various core business units:
The National Prosecution Service (NPS) is composed of the various DPP offices (and their subordinates) and are responsible for the day to day criminal prosecutions. State Advocates (attached to the office of the DPP) prosecute matters in the Superior Courts, whilst Public Prosecutors (attached to various Magistrate's Courts), prosecute matters in the Lower Courts.
The Directorate of Special Operations (DSO or Scorpions) was launched on 1 September 1999, in Cape Town, as a step towards putting in place the necessary machinery to eradicate organised crime in South Africa. It was the birth of what is envisaged to become a world-class law enforcement agency. The DSO was later disbanded in July 2009 and the investigative capacity transferred to the South African Police Service
The Asset Forfeiture Unit (AFU) was established in May 1999, to give effect to certain provisions in the Prevention of Organised Crime Act (Act 121 of 1998) allowing for the criminal or civil seizure (and subsequent forfeiture to the State) of assets belonging to perpetrators of crime. Once forfeited, these assets are realised and are utilised to compensate the victims of crime and/or are ploughed back into law enforcement.
Sexual Offences and Community Affairs (SOCA) was established in October 1999, with the main objective of eradicating all forms of gender-based violence against women and children. The Unit comprises four sections, namely the Sexual Offences Section; the Domestic Violence Section; the Maintenance Section; and the Child Justice Section.
The Specialised Commercial Crime Unit (SCCU) was established with the focal objective of prosecuting serious economic offences, such as Fraud and related offences.
The Witness Protection Unit (WPU) essentially provides support services to vulnerable and intimidated witnesses and related persons in any judicial proceedings in the Criminal Justice System. The unit also provides assistance and co-operation to other countries, Tribunals and Special Courts, in the field of Witness Protection. The functions and duties of the WPU are classified "SECRET" in terms of the Witness Protection Act.
The Priority Crimes Litigation Unit (PCLU) was created by Presidential proclamation on 23 March 2003. In terms of its mandate, it is to manage and direct investigations and prosecutions relating to: criminal prosecutions arising from the Rome Statute; crimes against the State, including national and international terrorism; matters emanating from the Truth and Reconciliation (TRC) process and contraventions of The Regulation of Foreign Military Assistance Act (Act No 15 of 1998), the Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction Act (Act No 87 of 1993), The National Conventional Arms Control Act (Act No 41 of 2002), The Nuclear Energy Act (Act No 46 of 1999) and The Intelligence Services Act (Act No 65 of 2002).
The Integrity Management Unit (IMU) is a relatively new unit, tasked to continually assess, prevent, monitor, evaluate and maintain the NPA's integrity so that it is not in any way compromised. The IMU is further tasked to have complete oversight of the reactive systems and processes in instances where there has been a compromise of the organisation’s integrity.
Corporate Services (CS) is tasked to focus on servicing customer needs and to concentrate resources to provide low cost, high quality corporate service support to multiple business partners within the NPA.
Leadership[edit]
Controversial extraordinary changes in NPA leadership have been attributed to political interference.[1][2][3][4][5] In June 2014 former NPA prosecutor Glynnis Breytenbach, a Member of Parliament for the Democratic Alliance (DA) and Shadow Minister of Justice,[6][7] called for an end to ongoing political interference that has compromised the integrity of the NPA.[8][9]
The first NDPP, Bulelani Ngcuka, was appointed in 1998 and resigned in 2004.[5] He was succeeded by Vusi Pikoli (2005–2007), Mokotedi Mpshe (acting NDPP),[10][11] Menzi Simelane (2009–2012), Nomgcobo Jiba (acting NDPP),[10] and Mxolisi Nxasana appointed with effect from 1 October 2013.[1][5][12] On 5 July 2014, President Zuma announced an inquiry to determine whether Nxasana is fit and proper to hold office in terms of section 12(6)(a)(iv) of the National Prosecuting Authority Act, 1998.[2][5][13] On 11 May 2015, the inquiry was terminated, but unconfirmed reports suggested that Nxasana has agreed to resign his post.[14] On 31 May 2015 it was announced that Nxasana was stepping down as the National Director of Public Prosecutions.[15] He was paid out the value of the remainder of his 10-year-contract amounting to R17 million.[16] On 16 June 2015, Shaun Abrahams was appointed as the National Director of Public Prosecutions.[17]
List of Directors[edit]
Bulelani Ngcuka (1998 -2004)
Vusi Pikoli (2005–2007)
Mokotedi Mpshe (acting NDPP)
Menzi Simelane (2009–2012)
Nomgcobo Jiba (acting NDPP)
Mxolisi Nxasana (1 October 2013 - 11 May 2015)
Shaun Abrahams (2015 - )
Suspension of Vusi Pikoli[edit]
On 23 September 2007 President Thabo Mbeki suspended the then NDPP Vusi Pikoli.[18] Following Pikoli’s suspension, President Mbeki established a Commission of Enquiry headed by Dr Frene Ginwala (Ginwala Commission) in terms of section 12(6) of the National Prosecuting Act 32 of 1998 to determine the fitness of Pikoli to hold office of National Director. In the Report of the Enquiry into the Fitness of Advocate VP Pikoli to Hold the Office of the NDPP, the Ginwala Commission made a number of recommendations including that “Pikoli should be restored to his position and be sensitized to the broader responsibilities of his office and in particular to enhance his understanding of the security environment in which that office should function”.[19] One scholar has observed that despite the Ginwala Commission’s recommendations, Advocate Pikoli was removed from office by President Kgalema Montlante on 8 December 2008.[20] Mhango, who has written on the subject, notes that Montlante was later prevented by the judiciary in Pikoli v President and Others[21] to appoint a permanent NDPP until the legalities regarding the removal of Pikoli had been sorted in the courts.[22]
On 27 September 2007 the South African Broadcasting Corporation claimed that a warrant was issued on 10 September by the NPA for the arrest of the head of the South African Police and Interpol, Jackie Selebi. According to SABC the warrant was secured by Pikoli, before Pikoli was suspended by the country's President Mbeki.[23] [24] President Mbeki suspended NPA Head Vusi Pikoli, allegedly because of "an irretrievable breakdown" in the relationship between Pikoli and Justice Minister Brigitte Mabandla. However, journalists at the Mail and Guardian claim to have solid information supporting the widespread suspicion that President Mbeki suspended Pikoli as part of a bid to shield Police Commissioner Selebi.[25]
DA leader Helen Zille said that the suspension of Pikoli was a "serious development" that needed further explanation: "The country needs to know why Pikoli has been suspended."[26] Human Sciences Research Council political commentator Adam Habib said:[27]
“ If the president suspended Mr Pikoli on the grounds that he had issued a warrant for the commissioner's arrest, then it suggests that an invasion is being made into an independent institution's operations. Intervening in the operations of the National Prosecuting Authority constitutes a violation of our Constitution. ”
Application to suspend Shaun Abrahams[edit]
The application to suspend Shaun Abrahams was struck off the roll.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Mhango, Mtende (13 July 2014). "Don't touch independence of NPA". Sunday Independent. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c du Plessis, Charl (6 July 2014). "Nxasana's head is on the block". City Press. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Interference by political bosses is the NPA's undoing". The Times. 29 May 2013. Archived from the original on 7 May 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Political interference blamed for NPA's woes". SABC News. 26 June 2014. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bailey, Candice (6 July 2014). "Nxasana drinks from poisoned chalice". Sunday Independent. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Ferreira, Emsie (21 May 2014). "Glynnis Breytenbach sworn in as MP". IOL. SAPA. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "DA announces 'shadow cabinet'". Times LIVE. SAPA. 5 June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "DA calls for MPs to investigate NPA head". Mail & Guardian. SAPA. 11 June 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Breytenbach, Glynnis (15 July 2014). "The NPA's reputation is in tatters (Speech by the DA's Shadow Minister of Justice, Glynnis Breytenbach MP during the budget vote debate on Justice, Parliament, July 15, 2014)". Politicsweb. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Shamase, Nelly (6 January 2012). "Fall from grace does not harm Jiba's climb in NPA". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Spy tapes: Mpshe ignored recommendations". IOL. SAPA. 30 August 2013. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Hartley, Wyndham (30 August 2013). "Zuma names new heads for NPA, Special Investigating Unit". Business Day. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Zuma announces inquiry into NPA boss Nxasana". Mail & Guardian. 5 July 2014. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
Jump up ^ http://mg.co.za/article/2015-05-11-are-mxolisi-nxasanas-skeletons-ready-for-inspection
Jump up ^ http://ewn.co.za/2015/05/31/Mxolisi-Nxasana-resigns
Jump up ^ http://ewn.co.za/2015/06/03/Nxasana-paid-a-little-over-R17m-after-resigning
Jump up ^ https://www.enca.com/south-africa/shaun-abrahams-appointed-national-director-public-prosecutions
Jump up ^ For a discussion of the reasons for the suspension, see Report of the Enquiry into the Fitness of Advocate VP Pikoli to Hold the Office of the National Director (2008); and Mtendeweka Mhango, Constitutional Eighteenth Amendment Bill: An Unnecessary Amendment to the South African Constitution? 35(1) Statute Law Rev 19-34 (2014).
Jump up ^ Ibid at 212-214; Mhango above.
Jump up ^ Mhango above at 20
Jump up ^ Pikoli v President and Others [2009] ZAGPPHC 99; 2010 (1) SA 400 (interdicting President Montlante from making a permanent NDPP before the legal proceedings regarding the legality of the removal of Pikoli were decided).
Jump up ^ Mhango at 20
Jump up ^ News24 (28 September 2007). "'Deafening' silence on Selebi". News24. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
Jump up ^ BBC News (27 September 2007). "SA's top policeman 'not arrested'". BBC News. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
Jump up ^ "The desperate bid to shield Selebi". Mail & Guardian. 5 October 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Clayton (27 September 2007). "Heads roll in bitter ANC turf war". The Times. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
Jump up ^ "Rumours swirl over Pikoli's suspension". Mail & Guardian. 30 September 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
External links[edit]
Official NPA Website
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Asif Ghafoor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Major General
Asif Ghafoor
HI(M)
Director-General Inter-Services Public Relations
Incumbent
Assumed office
15 December 2016
President
Mamnoon Hussain
Prime Minister
Shahid Khaqan Abbasi
Preceded by
Lt Gen Asim Saleem Bajwa
Personal details
Awards
Hilal-i-Imtiaz (Military)
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Pakistan
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Pakistan Army
Rank
Major General
Major General Asif Ghafoor is a Pakistani two-star general who is the current director-general of the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR), the media wing of the Pakistan Armed Forces. Previously, he commanding a division in Swat.[1][2][3]
Ghafoor was a part of the artillery regiment and also served in the military operations directorate.[1] His brother Tariq Ghafoor also served as a major-general in the army.[4]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Maj Gen Asif Ghafoor appointed DG ISPR". DAWN.COM. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Maj-Gen Asif Ghafoor named DG ISPR - The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Maj Gen Asif Ghafoor is new DG ISPR". The News. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Rehman, Dawood (15 December 2017). "Lesser known facts about new DG ISPR Maj. Gen. Asif Ghafoor". Daily Pakistan. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
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Lt Gen Asim Saleem Bajwa Director General of the ISPR
2016 – Incumbent
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This page was last edited on 9 November 2017, at 20:46.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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