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Masking (personality)
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Masking is a process in which an individual changes or "masks" their natural personality to conform to social pressures, abuse, and/or harassment. Some examples of masking are a single overly dominant temperament, or humor, two incongruent temperaments, or displaying three of the four main temperaments within the same individual. Masking can be strongly influenced by environmental factors such as authoritarian parents, rejection, and emotional, physical, or sexual abuse. An individual may not even know he or she is wearing a mask because it is a behavior that can take many forms.
In theater, comedy and tragedy masks are used to help the actors portray their emotions similar to how people in society wear a mask to portray emotions that are acceptable
Masking should not be confused with masking behavior which is to mentally block feelings of suffering as a survival mechanism.
Contents
1 History
2 Causes
2.1 Situations
2.2 Gender differences
2.3 Ethnicity
3 Signs and symptoms
4 Consequences
5 Masked emotions
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The term masking was first used to describe the act of concealing disgust by Ekman (1972) and Friesen (1969).[1] It was also thought of as a learned behavior. Developmental studies have shown that this ability has begun as early as preschool and improves with age.[2] In recent developmental studies, masking has evolved and is now defined as concealing one's emotion by portraying another emotion. It is mostly used to conceal a negative emotion (usually sadness, frustration, and anger) with a positive emotion.[1]
Causes[edit]
Contextual factors including relationships with one's conversation partner, status differences, location, and social setting are all reasons as to why an individual would express, suppress, or mask an emotion.[1] Masking is a facade to behave in certain ways that would help one hide their emotions and represses emotions that are not approved by those around them. Because a person wants to receive acceptance from the public, masking helps disguise characteristics like anger, jealousy or rage - emotions that would not be considered socially acceptable.[3][medical citation needed]
Situations[edit]
Personal space: Varies with individuals could be masking emotions to those close to them or strangers.
Setting
Gender differences[edit]
Masking negative emotions differ for each gender. Females tend to have an easier time hiding their negative emotions towards something they dislike than males do.[4] One of the disputable reasons as to why females are able to mask their negative emotions better is society's pressure that a girl must act nice.[4]
Ethnicity[edit]
Masking also differs between cultures. Some studies state that certain cultures tend to moderate their expressions of emotion while others show a greater amount of positive emotions and expressions.[1]
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Each person masks their emotions differently. During one's childhood, an individual learns to behave a certain way when they receive approval from those around them and thus develops a mask. The individual is "not conscious of the role they've adopted and is projecting outwards to people they meet".[5] In some cases where the individual is highly conscious, they may not know that they are wearing a mask. Wearing a mask takes away energy from our consciousness and, in the long run, wears out our energy.[5] A person's mask is noticeable when he or she is sick or weak as the individual will no longer have the power to keep the mask on.
Consequences[edit]
Little is known about the effects of masking one's negative emotions. In the workplace, masking leads to feelings of dissonance, insincerity, job dissatisfaction, emotional and physical exhaustion, and self-reported health problems.[6] Some have also reported experiencing somatic symptoms and deleterious physiological and cognitive effects as a consequence.[1]
A mask is usually used to conceal emotions
Masked emotions[edit]
Emotions that are usually concealed:
Anger
Anxiety
Disgust
Embarrassment
Fear
Frustration
Sadness
Emotions that are expressed in place of the concealed emotions:
Amusement
Boredom
Contempt
Frustration
Happiness
Interest
Sadness
See also[edit]
Psychology portal
Psychiatry portal
Alter ego
Beard (companion)
Closet Jew
Closeted
Defense mechanism
Dramaturgy (sociology)
Facial Action Coding System
Identity formation
Minority stress
Model minority
Passing
Persona (psychology)
Shibboleth
Stigma management
Undercover
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e De Gere, Dawn (2008). "The face of masking: Examining central tendencies and between-person variability in display management and display rule". ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.
Jump up ^ Cole, Pamela (Dec 1986). "Children's Spontaneous Control of Facial Expression". Child Development. 57 (6): 1309–1321. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1986.tb00459.x.
Jump up ^ Malchiodi, Cathy. "The Healing Arts". Psychology Today.
^ Jump up to: a b Davis, Teresa (1995). "Gender Differences in Masking Negative Emotions: Ability or Motivation?". Developmental Psychology. 31 (4): 660–667. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.31.4.660.
^ Jump up to: a b Kundalini, Betsy. "Article: The Mask of the Personality".
Jump up ^ Fisher, Cynthia; Neal Ashkanasy (2000). "The Emerging Role of Emotions in Work Life: An introduction" (PDF). Journal of Organizational Behavior. 21: 123–129. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(200003)21:2<123::aid-job33>3.3.co;2-#.
[1][2][3][4][5][6]
External links[edit]
The Mask of Sanity
Jump up ^ Hall, Karyn (2012). "Wearing Masks". Psych Central. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hanson, Rick (March 17, 2011). "Who Is Behind the Mask". Psychology Today. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sparks, Susan (Oct 20, 2015). "The Masks That We Wear". Psychology Today. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andrews, Victoria ; et al. (2011). "No Evidence for Subliminal Affective Priming with Emotional Facial Expression Primes". Motivation and Emotion. 35.1: 33–43. doi:10.1007/s11031-010-9196-3 – via ProQuest. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Underwood, Marion K. (1997). "Peer Social Status and Children's Understanding of the Expression and Control of Positive and Negative Emotions". Merrill - Palmer Quarterly. 43.4: 610–34 – via ProQuest.
Jump up ^ Hemmesch, Amanda R. (2011). "The Stigmatizing Effects of Facial Masking and Abnormal Bodily Movement on Older Adults' First Impressions of Individuals with Parkinson's Disease". Brandeis University – via ProQuest.
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