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Washington Naval Treaty
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Washington Naval Treaty
Limitation of Naval Armament
Signing of the Washington Naval Treaty.
Type
Arms control
Context
World War I
Signed
February 6, 1922 (1922-02-06)
Location
Memorial Continental Hall, Washington, D.C.
Effective
August 17, 1923 (1923-08-17)
Expiration
December 31, 1936 (1936-12-31)
Negotiators
Charles Evans Hughes
Arthur Balfour
Albert Sarraut
Carlo Schanzer
Katō Tomosaburō
Signatories
Warren G. Harding
George V
Alexandre Millerand
Victor Emmanuel III
Yoshihito
Parties
United States
British Empire
France
Kingdom of Italy
Empire of Japan
Language
English
Washington Naval Treaty, 1922 at Wikisource
The Washington Naval Treaty, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, the Four-Power Treaty, and the Nine-Power Treaty, was a treaty among the major nations that had won World War I, which agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting naval construction. It was negotiated at the Washington Naval Conference, held in Washington, D.C., from November 1921 to February 1922, and it was signed by the governments of the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, France, and Italy. It limited the construction of battleships, battlecruisers and aircraft carriers by the signatories. The numbers of other categories of warships, including cruisers, destroyers and submarines, were not limited by the treaty, but those ships were limited to 10,000 tons displacement.
The naval treaty was concluded on February 6, 1922. Ratifications of that treaty were exchanged in Washington on August 17, 1923, and it was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on April 16, 1924.[1]
Later naval arms limitation conferences sought additional limitations of warship building. The terms of the Washington treaty were modified by the London Naval Treaty of 1930 and the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936. By the mid-1930s, Japan and Italy renounced the treaties, making naval arms limitation an increasingly untenable position for the other signatories.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Negotiations
2.1 Capital ships
2.2 Cruisers and destroyers
2.3 Submarines
2.4 Pacific bases
3 Terms
4 Effects
5 Japanese denunciation
6 Influences of cryptography
7 See also
8 References
9 Sources
10 External links
Background[edit]
Immediately after World War I, the United Kingdom had the world's largest and most powerful navy, followed by the United States and more distantly by Japan. The three nations had been allied for World War I, but a naval arms race seemed likely for the next few years.[2] President Woodrow Wilson's administration had already announced successive plans for the expansion of the US Navy from 1916 to 1919 that would have resulted in a massive fleet of 50 modern battleships.[3] At the time, it was engaged in building six battleships and six battlecruisers.[citation needed]
In response, the Japanese parliament finally authorized construction of warships to enable the Japanese Navy to reach its target of an "eight-eight" fleet programme, with eight modern battleships and eight battlecruisers. The Japanese started work on four battleships and four battlecruisers, all much larger and more powerful than those of the classes preceding. [4]
The 1921 British Naval Estimates planned four battleships and four battlecruisers, with another four battleships to follow the subsequent year.[2]
The U.S. public was largely unwelcoming of the new "arms race". The United States Congress disapproved of Wilson's 1919 naval expansion plan, and during the 1920 presidential election campaign, politics returned to the non-interventionalism of the prewar era, with little appetite for continued naval expansion.[5] Britain could also ill afford any resumption of battleship construction, given the exorbitant price of naval construction.[6]
In late 1921, the US government became aware that Britain was planning a conference to discuss the strategic situation in the Pacific and Far East. To forestall the conference and satisfy domestic pressure for a global disarmament conference, the Harding administration called the Washington Naval Conference during November 1921.[7]
Negotiations[edit]
At the first plenary session held November 21, 1921, US Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes presented his country's proposals. Hughes provided a dramatic beginning for the conference by stating with resolve: "The way to disarm is to disarm".[8] The ambitious slogan received enthusiastic public endorsement and likely shortened the conference while helping ensure his proposals were largely adopted. He subsequently proposed the following:
A ten-year pause or "holiday" in the construction of capital ships (battleships and battlecruisers), including the immediate suspension of all capital ship building.
The scrapping of existing or planned capital ships to give a 5:5:3:1.75:1.75 ratio of tonnage with Britain, the United States, Japan, France and Italy respectively.
Ongoing limits of both capital ship tonnage and the tonnage of secondary vessels with the 5:5:3 ratio.
Capital ships[edit]
The proposals on capital ships were largely accepted by the British delegation, but they were controversial with the public. It would no longer be possible for Britain to have adequate fleets in the North Sea, the Mediterranean, and the Far East simultaneously. That provoked outrage from parts of the Royal Navy.
Nevertheless, there was huge pressure on Britain to agree. The risk of war with the United States was increasingly regarded as merely theoretical, as there were very few policy differences between the two countries. Naval spending was also unpopular in both Britain and its dominions. Furthermore, Britain was implementing major decreases of its budget because of the post–World War I recession.[9]
The Japanese delegation was divided. Japanese naval doctrine required the maintenance of a fleet 70% the size of that of the United States, which was felt to be the minimum necessary to defeat the United States in any subsequent war. The Japanese envisaged two separate engagements, first with the U.S. Pacific Fleet and then with the U.S. Atlantic Fleet. It calculated that a 7:5 ratio in the first battle would produce a big enough margin of victory to be able to win the subsequent engagement and so a 5:3 ratio, or 60%, was unacceptable. Nevertheless, the director of the delegation, Katō Tomosaburō, preferred accepting the latter to the prospect of an arms race with the United States, as the relative industrial output of the two nations would cause Japan to lose such an arms race and possibly an economic crisis. Going into the negotiations, the Japanese had only 55% of capital ships and 18% of the GDP that the Americans did.
Akagi (A former Japanese battlecruiser converted to an aircraft carrier) being relaunched in April 1925.
His opinion was opposed strongly by Katō Kanji, the president of the Naval Staff College, who acted as his chief naval aide at the delegation and represented the influential "big navy" school of thought. It held that in the event of war, the United States would be able to build indefinitely more warships, because of its huge industrial power, and so Japan needed to prepare as thoroughly as possible for the inevitable conflict with America.
Katō Tomosaburō was finally able to persuade the Japanese high command to accept the Hughes proposals, but the outcome of the treaty was for years a cause of controversy in the navy.[10]
The French delegation initially responded angrily to the idea of reducing its capital ships tonnage to 175,000 tons and demanded 350,000, slightly above Japan. In the end, concessions regarding cruisers and submarines helped persuade the French to agree to the limit on capital ships.[11] Another issue that was seen as critical by the French representatives was Italy's request of substantial parity, which was seen as unsubstantiated; however, pressure from the American and British delegations led them to give in. That was seen as a great success in Italy, but parity would never actually be reached.[12]
There was much discussion about the inclusion or exclusion of individual warships. In particular, the Japanese delegation was keen to retain their newest battleship Mutsu, which had been funded with great public enthusiasm, including donations from schoolchildren.[13] That resulted in provisions to allow the United States and Britain to construct equivalent ships.
Cruisers and destroyers[edit]
Hawkins lead ship for the Hawkins class cruisers alongside the quay, probably Interwar period
Hughes proposed to limit secondary ships (cruisers and destroyers) in the same proportions as capital ships. However, that was unacceptable to both the British and the French. The British counterproposal, in which the British would be entitled to 450,000 tons of cruisers in consideration of its imperial commitments but the United States and Japan only 300,000 and 250,000 respectively, proved equally contentious. Thus, the idea of limiting total cruiser tonnage or numbers was rejected entirely.[11]
Instead, the British suggested a qualitative limit of future cruiser construction. The limit proposed, of a 10,000 ton maximum displacement and 8-inch calibre guns, was intended to allow the British to retain the Hawkins class, then being constructed. That coincided with US requirements for cruisers for Pacific operations and also with Japanese plans for the Furutaka class. The suggestion was adopted with little debate.[11]
Submarines[edit]
A major British demand during the negotiations was the complete abolition of the submarine, which had proved so effective against them in the war. However, that proved impossible, particularly as a result of French opposition; they demanded an allowance of 90,000 tons of submarines[14] and so the conference ended without an agreement on restricting submarines.[15]
Pacific bases[edit]
Article XIX of the Treaty also prohibited Britain, Japan, and the United States from constructing any fortifications or naval bases in the Pacific Ocean. That was a significant victory for Japan, as fortified British or American bases would pose a serious problem for the Japanese in the event of any future war. The provision of the treaty essentially guaranteed that Japan would be the dominant power in the Western Pacific Ocean and was crucial in gaining Japanese acceptance of the limits on capital ship construction.[16]
Terms[edit]
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Tonnage limitations
Country
Capital ships
Aircraft carriers
British Empire 525,000 tons
(533,000 tonnes) 135,000 tons
(137,000 tonnes)
United States 525,000 tons
(533,000 tonnes) 135,000 tons
(137,000 tonnes)
Empire of Japan 315,000 tons
(320,000 tonnes) 81,000 tons
(82,000 tonnes)
France 175,000 tons
(178,000 tonnes) 60,000 tons
(61,000 tonnes)
Italy 175,000 tons
(178,000 tonnes) 60,000 tons
(61,000 tonnes)
The treaty strictly limited both the tonnage and construction of capital ships and aircraft carriers and included limits of the size of individual ships.
The tonnage limits defined by Articles IV and VII (tabulated) gave a strength ratio of approximately 5:5:3:1.75:1.75 for Britain, the United States, Japan, Italy, and France.
The qualitative limits of each type of ship were as follows:
Capital ships (battleships and battlecruisers) were limited to 35,000 tons standard displacement and guns of no larger than 16-inch calibre. (Articles V and VI)
Aircraft carriers were limited to 27,000 tons and could carry no more than 10 heavy guns, of a maximum calibre of 8 inches. However, each signatory was allowed to use two existing capital ship hulls for aircraft carriers, with a displacement limit of 33,000 tons each (Articles IX and X). For the purposes of the treaty, an aircraft carrier was defined as a warship displacing more than 10,000 tonnes constructed exclusively for launching and landing aircraft. Carriers lighter than 10,000 tonnes, therefore, did not count towards the tonnage limits (Article XX, part 4). Moreover, all aircraft carriers then in service or building (Argus, Furious, Langley and Hosho) were declared "experimental" and not counted (Article VIII).
All other warships were limited to a maximum displacement of 10,000 tons and a maximum gun calibre of 8 inches (Articles XI and XII).
The treaty also detailed by Chapter II the individual ships to be retained by each navy, including the allowance for the United States to complete two further ships of the Colorado class and for Britain to complete two new ships in accordance with the treaty limits.
Chapter II, part 2, detailed what was to be done to render a ship ineffective for military use. In addition to sinking or scrapping, a limited number of ships could be converted as target ships or training vessels if their armament, armour and other combat-essential parts were removed completely. Some could also be converted into aircraft carriers.
Part 3, Section II specified the ships to be scrapped to comply with the treaty and when the remaining ships could be replaced. In all, the United States had to scrap 30 existing or planned capital ships, Britain 23 and Japan 17.
Effects[edit]
The treaty arrested the continuing upward trend of battleship size and halted new construction entirely for more than a decade.
The treaty marked the end of a long period of increases of battleship construction. Many ships then being constructed were scrapped or converted into aircraft carriers. Treaty limits were respected and then extended by the London Naval Treaty of 1930. It was not until the mid-1930s that navies began to build battleships once again, and power and size of new battleships began to increase once again. The Second London Naval Treaty in 1936 sought to extend the Washington Treaty limits until 1942, but in the absence of Japan or Italy, it was largely ineffective.
There were fewer effects on cruiser building. While the treaty specified 10,000 tons and 8-inch guns as the maximum size of a cruiser, that was also the minimum size cruiser that any navy was willing to build. The treaty began a building competition of 8-inch, 10,000 ton "treaty cruisers", which gave further cause for concern.[17] Subsequent naval treaties sought to address this, by limiting cruiser, destroyer and submarine tonnage.
Unofficial terms of the treaty included the end of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance by Britain. It was not part of the Washington Treaty in any way, but the American delegates had made it clear they would not agree to the treaty unless Britain ended its alliance with the Japanese. [18]
Japanese denunciation[edit]
Japanese denunciation of the Washington Naval Treaty, 29 December 1934
The naval treaty had a profound effect on the Japanese. With superior American and British industrial power, a long war would very likely end in a Japanese defeat. Thus, gaining parity on the strategic level was not economically possible.
Many Japanese considered the 5:5:3 ratio of ships as another way of being snubbed by the West, but it can be argued that the Japanese had a greater concentration of force than the U.S Navy or the Royal Navy. It also contributed to controversy in high ranks of the Imperial Japanese Navy between the Treaty Faction officers and their Fleet Faction opponents, who were also allied with the ultranationalists of the Japanese army and other parts of the Japanese government. For the Treaty Faction, the treaty was one of the factors that contributed to the deterioration of the relationship between the United States and Japanese governments. Some have also argued that the treaty was one major factor in prompting Japanese expansionism by the Fleet Faction during the early 1930s.[19] The perception of unfairness resulted in Japan's renunciation of the Naval Limitation Treaties in 1936.
Yamato during sea trials, October 1941. She displaced 72,800 tonnes at full load.
Isoroku Yamamoto, who later masterminded the Attack on Pearl Harbor, argued that Japan should remain in the treaty. His opinion was more complex, however, in that he believed the United States could outproduce Japan by a greater factor than the 5:3 ratio because of the huge US production advantage of which he was an expert since he had served with the Japanese Embassy in Washington. "Anyone who has seen the auto factories in Detroit and the oil-fields in Texas", he commented after the signing of the treaty, "knows that Japan lacks the power for a naval race with America." He later added, "The ratio works very well for Japan – it is a treaty to restrict the other parties."[20] He believed that other methods than a spree of construction would be needed to even the odds, which may have contributed to his advocacy of the plan to attack Pearl Harbor. However, he did not have sufficient influence at Navy headquarters or in the government.[citation needed]
On December 29, 1934, the Japanese government gave formal notice that it intended to terminate the treaty. Its provisions remained in force until the end of 1936 and were not renewed. Japan effectively ignored the treaty in 1936.[citation needed]
Influences of cryptography[edit]
What was unknown to the participants of the Conference was that the American "Black Chamber" (the Cypher Bureau, a US intelligence service), commanded by Herbert Yardley, was spying on the delegations' communications with their home capitals. In particular, Japanese communications were penetrated thoroughly, and American negotiators were able to get the absolute minimum possible deal that the Japanese had indicated they would ever accept.
As it was unpopular with much of the Imperial Japanese Navy and with the increasingly active and important ultranationalist groups, the value that the Japanese government accepted was the cause of much suspicion and accusation among Japanese politicians and naval officers.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
HMAS Australia (1911) The Treaty required the destruction of Australia as part of the British Empire's commitment, and she was scuttled off Sydney Heads in 1924.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 25, pp. 202–227.
^ Jump up to: a b Marriott 2005, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Potter 1981, p. 232.
Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 1997, p. 174.
Jump up ^ Potter 1981, p. 233.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 1983, p. 274.
Jump up ^ Marriott 2005, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Jones 2001, p. 119.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 1983, pp. 275–276.
Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 1997, pp. 193–196.
^ Jump up to: a b c Marriott 2005, p. 11.
Jump up ^ Giorgerini, Giorgio (2002). Uomini sul fondo : storia del sommergibilismo italiano dalle origini a oggi. Milano: Mondadori. pp. 84–85. ISBN 8804505370.
Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 1997, p. 197.
Jump up ^ Marriott 2005, pp. 10–11.
Jump up ^ Donald S. Birn, "Open Diplomacy at the Washington Conference of 1921–2: The British and French Experience", Comparative Studies in Society and History 12.3 (July 1970) p. 312.
Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 1997, p. 199.
Jump up ^ Marriott 2005, p. 3.
Jump up ^ Howarth 1983, p. 167.
Jump up ^ Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Conway Maritime Press. p. 3. ISBN 0851771467.
Jump up ^ Howarth 1983, p. 152.
Sources[edit]
Evans, David; Peattie, Mark (1997), Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 0-87021-192-7 .
Kennedy, Paul (1983), The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, London: Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-35094-4
Marriott, Leo (2005), Treaty Cruisers: The First International Warship Building Competition, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, ISBN 1-84415-188-3
Potter, E, ed. (1981), Sea Power: A Naval History (2nd ed.), Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 0-87021-607-4
Jordan, John (2011), Warships after Washington: The Development of Five Major Fleets 1922–1930, Seaforth Publishing, ISBN 1-84832-117-1
Jones, Howard (2001), Crucible of power: a history of US foreign relations since 1897, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-8420-2918-4
Howarth, Stephen (1983), The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun, Atheneum, ISBN 0-689-11402-8
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Washington Naval Treaty, 1922
Conference on the Limitation of Armament (full text). iBiblio. 1922. : the Washington Naval Treaty.
"The New Navies". Popular Mechanics (article): 738–48. May 1929. : on warships provided for under the treaty.
EDSITEment lesson Postwar Disillusionment and the Quest for Peace 1921–1929
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Trader Vic's
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Trader Vic's, London
Old menu cover, original Trader Vic's, Oakland
Trader Vic's is a restaurant chain headquartered in Emeryville, California, United States. Victor Jules Bergeron, Jr. (December 10, 1902, San Francisco – October 11, 1984, Hillsborough, California) founded a chain of Polynesian-themed restaurants that bore his nickname, "Trader Vic". He was one of two people who claimed to have invented the Mai Tai.[1] The other was his amicable competitor for many years, Don the Beachcomber.
Contents
1 Beginnings
2 Expansion
3 Headquarters
4 Restaurant locations
4.1 Current locations
4.2 Former locations
5 Books of recipes and stories
6 Books published by third parties
7 In popular culture
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Beginnings[edit]
Bergeron attended Heald College in San Francisco.[2] On November 17, 1934, using $500 in borrowed money, Bergeron opened a small bar/restaurant across from his parents' grocery store at San Pablo Avenue and 65th Street[3] in the Golden Gate District of Oakland.[4] He named it Hinky Dink's. As its popularity spread, the menu and decor developed an increasingly tropical flair, and Hinky Dink's soon became Trader Vic's. In 1940 the first franchised Trader Vic's opened in Seattle, Washington.[5] In 1950, Bergeron opened a Trader Vic's location in Hawaii[5] and in 1951 at 20 Cosmo Place in San Francisco.[4]
Expansion[edit]
During the Tiki culture fad of the 1950s and 1960s, as many as 25 Trader Vic's restaurants were in operation worldwide. They all featured the popular mix of Polynesian artifacts, unique cocktails, and exotic cuisine. The chain of restaurants grew and is credited as one of the first successful themed chains, a marketing model that many other restaurants followed. In 1972 the original location in Oakland was closed and replaced by a bayfront restaurant in Coordinates: 37°50′17″N 122°18′28″W / 37.8380°N 122.3078°W / 37.8380; -122.3078 (Trader Vic's Flagship Restaurant) nearby Emeryville, now considered the chain's flagship restaurant. In the 1980s and 1990s, the chain began to shrink as a younger generation had little connection to the chain's tiki theme. Poor locations or less trendy addresses took a toll on the chain's popularity. While many of the original locations have closed, Trader Vic's once again has grown to 18 locations around the globe.[6] As of 2018 there are two Trader Vic's restaurants in the United States, two in Europe, eleven in the Middle East, two in East Asia, and one in Seychelles. The Trader Vic's Corporation also franchises restaurants and bars under the names the Mai Tai Lounge, Trader Vic's Island Bar & Grill (which opened in 2010 in Sarasota, Florida, and shuttered in 2013 - where the company experimented with a Hooters-like concept but not a true Hooters knockoff), and Señor Pico,[7][8] which take the total restaurant count up to 27.
Headquarters[edit]
The company is headquartered in Emeryville, California.[9]
At times the company had its headquarters in several locations in the San Francisco Bay Area, including Corte Madera and San Rafael.[10][11]
According to the Trader Vic's website, the Mai-Tai was invented by "Trader Vic" Bergeron in 1944 in Oakland, CA.
Restaurant locations[edit]
In addition to the current locations below, Trader Vic's has several future locations planned. A restaurant is planned for the Swiss-Belhotel Erbil in Iraqi Kurdistan. The hotel and restaurant are expected to open in 2015. A Trader Vic's was also planned for the Corbin Park development in Overland Park, Kansas, although opening was delayed when the Corbin Park developer filed for bankruptcy in 2010. Construction activity began resuming in 2012; however, a new completion date for Trader Vic's has not been announced.
Current locations[edit]
Country
State/Province
City
Year opened
Notes
United Kingdom Greater London London 1963 Located in the London Hilton on Park Lane
Germany Bavaria Munich 1971 Located in the Hotel Bayerischer Hof
United States California Emeryville 1972 Flagship location[12]
Japan Tokyo Prefecture Tokyo 1974 Located in the Hotel New Otani Tokyo
United States Georgia Atlanta 1976 Located on the lower level of the Hilton Atlanta
Thailand Bangkok 1992 Located in the Anantara Bangkok Riverside, renovated and reopened in 2011
United Arab Emirates Emirate of Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi 1994 Located in the Beach Rotana Hotel & Towers
United Arab Emirates Dubai Dubai 1994 Located in the Crowne Plaza Hotel Dubai
United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Al Ain 1999 Located in the Al Ain Rotana Hotel
Bahrain Capital Governorate Manama 2000 Located in the Seef district at the Ritz-Carlton
Oman Muscat Governorate Muscat 2000 Located in the InterContinental Hotel in Shati Al-Qurm
United Arab Emirates Dubai Dubai 2004 Located in Souk Madinat Jumeirah
Jordan Amman Amman 2007 Located in the Regency Palace Hotel
Saudi Arabia Riyadh Riyadh 2009 Located in Panorama Mall
Qatar Ad Dawhah Doha 2012 Located in West Bay neighborhood at the Hilton Doha
Seychelles Mahe Island Beau Vallon 2017 Located in the H Resort
United Arab Emirates Dubai Dubai 2018 Located in the Hilton Dubai Jumeirah
United Arab Emirates Ras Al Khaimah Ras Al Khaimah 2014[13] Located in the Hilton Al Hamra Golf & Beach Resort
Former locations[edit]
Country
State/Province
City
Year opened
Year closed
Notes
United States Oregon Portland 2011 Located in the Pearl District from 1996 to March 2016,[14] formerly located in the Benson Hotel from 1959 to 1996 Rent for the location was said to be $20,000 a month and the restaurant never made a profit.
United States California Oakland 1934 1972 The original Trader Vic's restaurant, originally known as "Hinky Dink's"; closed and relocated to Emeryville, California, in November 1972
United States California San Francisco 1951 1994[15] 20 Cosmo Place[4][16]
United States Colorado Denver 1954 1978 Originally opened under the name "The Outrigger", located in Hotel Cosmopolitan at 18th and Broadway. Name changed to Trader Vic's in 1962. Closed in 1978 when Trader Vic's opened a different location at the Denver Hilton.
United States California Beverly Hills 1955 2007 Located in The Beverly Hilton; closed in April 2007 as a result of reconstruction plans to convert the hotel to a Waldorf Astoria. A Trader Vic's Lounge poolside bar was opened offering some of the signature drinks and limited food options.[17]
United States Illinois Chicago 1957 2005 Located in The Palmer House Hilton; closed on New Year's Eve in December 2005 as a result of the hotel's acquisition by Thor Equities[18]
United States New York New York 1958 1965 Located in the Savoy-Plaza Hotel; opened in April 1958; closed in 1965 when the hotel was demolished to make room for construction of the General Motors Building
Cuba Havana Havana 1958 1960 Opened in the Habana Hilton just before Castro took power in Cuba in 1959. After the hotel was nationalized and renamed the Habana Libre, the restaurant was renamed Polinesio, and still operates today with the original tiki theme and much of the original Trader Vic's decor.[19][20]
United States District of Columbia Washington 1961 1995 Located in the Statler Hotel Washington, later known as the Capital Hilton
Canada British Columbia Vancouver 1961 1996 Located in the Westin Bayshore Resort & Marina at Coal Harbour[21]
United States Arizona Scottsdale 1962 1990
United States Michigan Detroit 1963 1975 Located in the Detroit Statler Hotel. Opened in 1963 while the hotel was operated under the Hilton name. Closed in 1975 along with the rest of the hotel after Detroit Edison ended utility service.[22][23][24]
United States Massachusetts Boston ? ? This Trader Vic's was in the Statler Hilton (now Boston Park Plaza Hotel & Towers). It was in operation in the early '70s. A McCormick & Schmick's is in this spot now.
United States New York New York 1965 1989 Located in the basement of the Plaza Hotel; opened in 1965 following the closure of the previous location at the Savoy-Plaza Hotel; contained an outrigger canoe used in the film Mutiny on the Bounty; closed in 1989 as a result of Donald Trump's purchase of the Plaza Hotel. Trump considered Trader Vic's to be tacky and inconsistent with his vision for the hotel.[25][26]
United States Missouri St. Louis 1968 1985 Located in the Bel Air East Motor Hotel at 4th and Washington
United States Missouri Kansas City 1973 1996 Located in Crown Center in the Westin Hotel; closed in 1996 when its lease was not renewed by the hotel[27]
Canada Ontario Toronto 1975[28] 1991 Located in the basement of the Hotel Toronto (now the Hilton Toronto).[28][29] Now occupied by a Ruth's Chris Steak House.
United States Colorado Denver 1978 1985 Opened in the Denver Hilton in 1978 after the previous Denver location closed at the Hotel Cosmopolitan
Japan Osaka 1986 2006 Opened in September 1986 at the Hotel New Otani Osaka. Closed in June 2006.
Lebanon Beirut 2000 2006 Opened in 2000 at the Gefinor Rotana Hotel. Closed in 2006.
United States California Palo Alto 2001 2012 When it opened in 2001, it was the first new Trader Vic's location in the United States in 28 years. Closed in August 2012[30][31]
Germany Berlin Berlin 2003 2009 Located at the Hilton Berlin; opened in April 2003; closed March 2009
Germany Hamburg Hamburg 1991 2013 Located at the Radisson Hotel
United States California San Francisco 2004 2007 Located in the Civic Center; closed December 2007[32]
United States Washington Seattle 1948 1991 Located in the Benjamin Franklin Hotel (site of the present-day Westin Hotel); closed June 1991
United States Washington Bellevue 2006 2008 Located in Lincoln Square, adjacent to the Bellevue Westin; opened in March 2006; closed in August 2008[33]
United States Arizona Scottsdale 2006 2011 Located in Hotel Valley Ho; opened in summer 2006; closed in July 2011 to make way for a more casual restaurant that would be open for more than just dinner[34]
China Shanghai 2006 2008 Opened in December 2006; closed February 2008[35]
United States Texas Dallas 1967 1989 Located in the Hilton Inn off North Central Expressway and Mockingbird Lane; opened in March 1967; closed in 1989
United States Texas Dallas 2007 2010 Located in the Hotel Palomar (former Hilton Inn); opened in March 2007; closed in January 2010 for temporary renovations due to a burst pipe; closure was announced to be permanent in April 2010[36]
United States Texas Houston 1965 1986 Located in the Shamrock Hilton
United States Florida Destin 2007 2010 Located in the Palms of Destin resort; opened in April 2007; closed in 2010
United States Nevada Las Vegas 2007 2009 Located in the Miracle Mile Shops at the Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino; opened in October 2007; closed in 2009[37]
China Beijing 2007 2008 Opened in December 2007; closed in February 2008[38]
United States Illinois Chicago 2008 2011 Opened in December 2008 on the ground floor of the Newberry Plaza building, using much of the original decor from the former Palmer House Hilton location; closed in July 2011[39]
United States California Los Angeles 2009 2014 Located in the L.A. Live entertainment district, adjacent to the Staples Center; opened in 2009; closed March 2014[40]
India Maharashtra Mumbai 2013 UNKNOWN Located in High Street Phoenix
United Arab Emirates Dubai Dubai 2012 UNKNOWN Located in Dubai Festival City
United Arab Emirates Dubai Dubai 2014 UNKNOWN Trader Vic's Mai-Tai Lounge; Located in Al Fattan Marine Towers[41]
Books of recipes and stories[edit]
Trader Vic's Book of Food and Drink (1946)
Bartender's Guide by Trader Vic (1947)
Trader Vic's Kitchen Kibitzer (1952)
Trader Vic's Pacific Island Cookbook (1968)
Trader Vic's Bartenders Guide (1972)
The Menehunes (1972)
Trader Vic's Book of Mexican Cooking (1973)
Frankly Speaking: Trader Vic's Own Story (1973) (ISBN 0385031750)
Trader Vic's Helluva Man's Cookbook (1976)
Books published by third parties[edit]
Trader Vic's Tiki Party!: Cocktails & Food to Share with Friends
Cocktails of the South Pacific and Beyond (with a detailed early history of Trader Vic's original location)
Smuggler's Cove: Exotic Cocktails, Rum, and the Cult of Tiki by Martin Cate with Rebecca Cate[42] discusses the franchise
In popular culture[edit]
The song "Werewolves of London," a Top 40 hit co-written by Warren Zevon and appearing on his 1978 album Excitable Boy, contains the line "I saw a werewolf drinking a piña colada at Trader Vic's," presumably referring to the chain's London location.[43]
See also[edit]
Trader Joe's, which was inspired in part by the success of Trader Vic's
San Francisco Bay Area portal
Companies portal
Food portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Trader Vic put mai tai on the lips of millions". San Francisco Chronicle. November 11, 2004.
Jump up ^ Heald College: Career Education and Hands-On Learning Archived 2005-11-23 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Google Maps". Google Maps.
^ Jump up to: a b c "1984: Trader Vic dies", San Francisco Chronicle (October 9, 2009)
^ Jump up to: a b Trader Vic's legacy Archived 2010-01-24 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [[1] "Trader Vic's locations"] Check |url= value (help). Retrieved 6 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Eating L.A.: Historic L.A.: Senor Pico was Trader Vic's Mexican cousin". blogspot.com. 5 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Slightly OT: Senor Pico's". Tiki Central.
Jump up ^ ""Corporate Contacts"". Archived from the original on November 10, 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-25. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) . Trader Vic's. Retrieved on February 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ ""Corporate Contacts"". Archived from the original on August 21, 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-25. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) . Trader Vic's. August 21, 2006. Retrieved on February 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ ""Contacts"". Archived from the original on March 19, 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-25. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) . Trader Vic's. March 19, 2008. Retrieved on February 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lucchesi, Paolo (September 16, 2010). "Trader Vic's Emeryville ready to reopen after a dark summer". Inside Scoop SF. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ https://ameinfo.com/travel/trader-vics-mai-tai-lounge-opened-hilton-al-hamra-beach-golf-resort/
Jump up ^ Russell, Michael (March 29, 2016). "Why Trader Vic's closed its Portland location". The Oregonian.
Jump up ^ Bauer, Michael (January 16, 2005). "Polynesian Kitsch / The newly redone Trader Vic's may be too retro for its own good". San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ "Trader Vic's San Francisco - Cosmo Place, San Francisco, CA (restaurant)". Tiki Central.
Jump up ^ Khalil, Ashraf (May 8, 2007). "Tikiphiles carrying a torch for Trader Vic's". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Trader Vic's moves out of historic spot". Chicago Tribune. January 10, 2006. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Moruzzi, Peter (2009). Havana Before Castro: When Cuba Was a Tropical Playground. pp. 216–217. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Trader Vic's/Polinesio, Havana, Cuba (restaurant)". Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Burnett, Katherine (September 19, 2012). "Restaurants that Changed Vancouver: Trader Vic's". Spacing Vancouver. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kohrman, David (27 March 2018). "Detroit's Statler and Book-Cadillac Hotels: The Anchors of Washington Boulevard". Arcadia Publishing – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "The Statler Hotel: 1962-1975". www.forgottendetroit.com.
Jump up ^ "Statler Hotel — Historic Detroit". www.historicdetroit.org.
Jump up ^ "Trump to Close a 'Tacky' Trader Vic's". The New York Times. January 25, 1989. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Morabito, Greg (October 30, 2013). "Remembering Trader Vic's, New York's Favorite Tiki Bar". New York Eater. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ferruzza, Charles (June 2, 2005). "High Steaks". The Pitch. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Vintage Toronto Ad: Welcome to the Hotel Toronto". Torontoist. 26 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Siegelman, Stephen (4 February 2014). "Trader Vic's Tiki Party!: Cocktails and Food to Share with Friends". Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Savage, Daryl (July 23, 2012). "Shop Talk: Trader Vic's departs for The Sea". Palo Alto Weekly. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bauer, Michael (March 10, 2002). "A little taste of paradise / Trader Vic's blends campy atmosphere with old-fashioned service, classic food". San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ Wang, Andy J. (March 26, 2009). "Trader Vic's Returns From Grave to Sue Over Construction". Curbed. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Leson, Nancy (August 26, 2008). "Trader Vic's Bellevue location didn't last long". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Soenarie, Angelique (July 12, 2011). "Trader Vic's at Hotel Valley Ho in Scottsdale is closing". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Trader Vic's to close?". Shanghaiist. December 21, 2007. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nichols, Nancy (April 14, 2010). "Official Notice: Trader Vic's in Dallas Has Left the Building". D Magazine. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Green, Steve (January 7, 2010). "Owner of closed Trader Vic's files for bankruptcy". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wang, Jessica (February 19, 2008). "Trader Vic's Closed". The Beijinger. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Christopher, Rob (July 1, 2011). "The Sad Story of Trader Vic's in Chicago". Chicagoist. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kang, Matthew (April 1, 2014). "Five Years In, Trader Vic's at LA Live Serves Tiki No More". Los Angeles Eater. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Trader Vic's Mai Tai Lounge - RMAL Hospitality". rmalhospitality.ae.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "Werewolves Of London - Warren Zevon". Retrieved 2016-12-25.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trader Vic's.
Trader Vic's company website
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