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Sagging (fashion)
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A sagger in New York City.
Sagging is a manner of wearing trousers or jeans which sag so that the top of the trousers or jeans are significantly below the waist, sometimes revealing much of the underwear.
Sagging is predominantly a male fashion. Women's wearing of low-rise jeans to reveal their G-string underwear (the "whale tail") is not generally described as sagging.[1] A person wearing sagging trousers is sometimes called a "sagger",[2] and in some countries this practice is known as "low-riding".[3][4] It has become popular since the popularity of wearing brightly colored and patterned "boxer shorts".[citation needed]
Sagging first peaked in popularity during the 1990s and remained popular into the mid 2000s, but it has recently made a comeback in the 2010s, with celebrities like Justin Bieber, Liam Payne, Ross Lynch and more bringing back the fashion trend. Sagging in the 1990s usually focused on baggy trousers with plaid boxers, but in the 2010s sagging has become popular with skinny jeans and branded boxer-briefs.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Reaction
3 Music videos
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Origin[edit]
The style was popularized by skaters and hip-hop artists in the 1990s.[5][6] It later became a symbol of freedom and cultural awareness among some youths[7] or a symbol of their rejection of the values of mainstream society.[8]
It is often claimed the style originated from the United States prison system where belts are sometimes prohibited[9] and there can be a lack of appropriately sized clothing.[5][10]
Reaction[edit]
Two male Detroiters sagging their pants in 2007
During the first decade of the 21st century, many North American local governments, school systems, transit agencies, and even airlines passed laws and regulations against the practice of wearing sagging pants, although no state or federal laws have been enacted banning the practice.[11] US presidential candidate Barack Obama, speaking just before the 2008 US Presidential Election, appeared on MTV and said that laws banning the practice of wearing low-slung pants that expose one's underwear were "a waste of time ... Having said that, brothers should pull up their pants. You are walking by your mother, your grandmother, your underwear is showing. What's wrong with that? Come on. Some people might not want to see your underwear. I'm one of them."[12]
In June 2007 the Town Council of Delcambre, Louisiana, passed an indecent exposure ordinance, which prohibited intentionally wearing trousers in such a way as to show underwear.[13] In March 2008 the Hahira, Georgia City Council passed a controversial clothing ordinance, in the name of public safety, that bans citizens from wearing pants with top below the waist that reveal skin or undergarments. The council was split 2–2, but the tie was broken by the mayor.[14]
Benetta Standly, statewide organizer for the American Civil Liberties Union of Georgia stated, "In Atlanta, we see this as racial profiling ... It's going to target African-American male youths. There's a fear with people associating the way you dress with crimes being committed."[15] The interim police chief of Flint, Michigan ordered the arrest of saggers for disorderly conduct; however, as of August 2008[update], only warnings had been issued. The local chapter of the ACLU threatened legal action in response, saying that sagging did not violate the Flint disorderly conduct ordinance[16] and a Florida judge threw out a case brought under a similar rule, as being unconstitutional.[17]
Sagging clothing is a violation of some school dress codes,[3][18][19][20] and the prohibition has been supported in the court system.[21]
Two weeks after the "Pants on the Ground" video became popular thanks to American Idol (see below), a billboard campaign against the style of sagging pants was launched in the Dallas, Texas, area. The billboards feature Big Mama Joseph from the 1997 film Soul Food saying, "Pull 'Em Up!" and asks youngsters to "Keep it a secret!" The campaign is the brainchild of Dallas Mayor Pro Tem Dwaine R. Caraway, and uses advertising space donated by Clear Channel Outdoor.[22] Another billboard campaign against sagging pants was launched in Brooklyn, New York by New York State Senator Eric Adams on March 28, 2010.[23] In May 2010 New York State Senate President Malcolm Smith used US$2,200 from his campaign fund to launch a similar campaign in Queens.[24]
At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Japanese snowboarder Kazuhiro Kokubo was barred from participating in the opening ceremonies due to dressing sloppily, including a loosened tie, shirt hanging out, and sagging pants.[25]
In the fall of 2010 at Westside Middle School in Memphis, Tennessee, the policy on handling sagging pants is for students to pull them up or get "Urkeled", a reference to the character Steve Urkel of the 1990s television show Family Matters. In this practice, teachers would pull their pants up and attach them there using zip ties. Students would also have their photo taken and posted on a board in the hallway, for all of their classmates to see. In an interview with WMC-TV, Principal Bobby White stated that the general idea is to fight pop culture with pop culture.[26] One teacher at the school claimed to have "Urkeled" up to 80 students per week, although after five weeks students got the message, and the number dropped to 18.[27]
On November 23, 2010, Albany, Georgia passed a city ordinance that banned the wearing of pants or skirts with top more than three inches below the top of the hips, and imposed a fine of $25 for the first offense, increasing to up to $250 for subsequent offenses. By September 2011, City Attorney Nathan Davis reported that 187 citations had been issued and fines of $3,916 collected.[28]
On December 8, 2010, the city of Opa-locka, Florida voted unanimously on a $250 fine or 10 hours of community service for individuals who did not pull their pants up.[29]
In Fort Worth, Texas, the local transportation authority implemented a policy in June 2011 that prohibited any passenger from boarding a bus while wearing sagging pants that exposes their underwear or buttocks. Signs were posted on buses saying, "Pull 'em up or find another ride", and one City Council member was looking for funds for a billboard campaign. The communications manager for the Fort Worth Transportation Authority said that on the first day the policy was enforced, 50 people were removed from buses for wearing improper pants. Some complained about the policy, but the overall response was positive.[7]
A state law went into effect in Florida for the 2011–2012 school year banning the practice of sagging while at school. Pupils found in violation receive a verbal warning for the first offense, followed by parental notification by the principal for the second offense, which will require the parent to bring a change of clothing to school. Students would then face in-school suspension for subsequent violations.[30]
University of New Mexico football player Deshon Marman was removed from a U.S. Airways flight bound for Albuquerque, New Mexico for wearing sagging pants.[31] A few months later Green Day singer Billie Joe Armstrong was removed from a Southwest Airlines flight from Oakland to Burbank, California for the same reason.[31]
In April 2012 Alabama County Circuit Judge John Bush sentenced 20-year-old LaMarcus Ramsey to three days in jail for appearing in court with sagging blue jeans that exposed his underwear, telling him, "You are in contempt of court because you showed your butt in court."[32]
On June 12, 2013, the Town Council of Wildwood, New Jersey, located on the Jersey Shore, voted unanimously to ban sagging pants from the town's boardwalk.[33]
In Ocala, FL, a law was passed against sagging jeans, violators face a $500 fine or up to six months in jail. Something similar was done in Wildwood, NJ.[34]
On July 5, 2016 an ordinance was passed in Timmonsville, SC that punishes sagging pants. If the law is violated, offenders could face up to a $600 fine.[35]
Music videos[edit]
American rapper Travis Scott sagging his pants while performing in 2015.
Sagging has been ridiculed in music videos, first, in the 1996 song "Back Pockets on the Floor" performed by The Green Brothers of Highland Park, Michigan.[36] Another song in 2007 by Dewayne Brown of Dallas, Texas entitled "Pull Your Pants Up" has a similar message.[37] On January 13, 2010, "General" Larry Platt performed "Pants on the Ground" during auditions for the ninth season of American Idol in Atlanta, Georgia.[38] In 2012 a 9-year-old rapper named Amor "Lilman" Arteaga wrote a song titled "Pull Ya Pants Up," and made a music video with an appearance by Brooklyn president Marty Markowitz.[39]
See also[edit]
Buttock cleavage
Wide leg jeans
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "In Pictures: Sagging Pants". BBC News. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lung, Haha (2008). Mind Fist: The Asian Art of the Ninja Masters. Kensington Publishing Corp. p. 168. ISBN 0-8065-3062-6.
^ Jump up to: a b "Low-riding cool dudes told to hitch 'em high", Jun 30, 2000, Angela Gregory, NZ Herald
Jump up ^ "Undie-exposed for the beach", Jan 1, 2002, Patrick Gower, NZ Herald
^ Jump up to: a b Koppel, Niko (August 30, 2007). "Are Your Jeans Sagging? Go Directly to Jail". New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Teens' Sagging Jeans Not Just for 'Gangstas.'", Jennifer Skordas, Salt Lake Tribune. 15 October 1995 (p. B1).
^ Jump up to: a b Forsyth, Jim (June 2, 2011). "Saggy pants mean no ride on one Texas bus system". Reuters. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Westbury, Anthony (October 21, 2010). "Saggy pants symbolize what's gone wrong in black community, kids say". TCPalm. Florida. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Christian, Margena A. (May 7, 2007). "The facts behind the saggin' pants craze". Jet. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Mikkelson, Barbara (October 15, 2005). "Sag Harbored". Snopes.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Robert Murray (2008). What schools ban and why. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-313-35298-0. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ Haberman, Clyde (November 13, 2008). "Can Obama Help Kill Baggy Pants Look?". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ Siddique, Haroon (June 14, 2007). "US town bans saggy pants". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved June 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Fulton, Malynda (March 6, 2008). "Hahira passes clothing ordinance". Valdosta Daily Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Crackdown! - Cities begin to belt wearers of saggy pants — but do laws violate rights?". Associated Press. September 17, 2007. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ Bennett, Jessica; Mary Chapman (18 August 2008). "Fashion Police: Flint Cracks Down on Sagging". Newsweek. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Judge rules saggy pants law unconstitutional/", 9/17/2008, NBC
Jump up ^ Board Approves Dress Code Changes Archived 2008-10-27 at the Wayback Machine., Fresno Unified School District, 1993, retrieved 2008-11-23
Jump up ^ Central Unified School District Dress Code Archived 2008-12-10 at the Wayback Machine., Central Unified School District, retrieved 2008-11-23
Jump up ^ Anderson Union High School District Dress Code Guidelines[permanent dead link], Anderson Union High School district, 2008-08-20, retrieved 2008-11-23
Jump up ^ Brunsma, David L. (2004). The school uniform movement and what it tells us about American education: a symbolic crusade. Scarecrow Education. p. 60. ISBN 1-57886-125-X. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ Heinz, Frank (January 26, 2010). "City Begins Battle Against Saggy Drawers". www.nbcdfw.com. Retrieved February 3, 2010. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ Pearson, Jake (March 28, 2010). "Sen. Eric Adams fights 'crack' epidemic by launching ads urging youth to pull up saggy pants". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Schneiderman, R.M. (May 17, 2010). "Ad Campaign Asks Queens Bus Riders to Pull Up Their Pants". The Wall Street Journal. Metropolis (blog). Retrieved May 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Japan rider apologises for hip-hop dress attire". AFP. February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Bruce, Becky (December 7, 2010). "Threat of 'Urkel' solves sagging pants problem". KSL.com. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Students get 'Urkeled' for baggy pants". ABC2. December 7, 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2010. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ "City Makes Thousands From Sagging Pants". WYFF-TV. September 27, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2011. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "'Pull Your Pants Up,' City Officials Say". WPLG Local 10. December 8, 2010. Archived from the original on December 9, 2010. Retrieved December 9, 2010. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ Valero, Marc (August 2, 2011). "Droopy drawers' law is mixed bag". The Tampa Tribune. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Green Day's Billie Joe Armstrong Kicked Off Plane for Saggy Pants". US Magazine. September 3, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Alabama Judge Slaps Saggy Pants-Wearing Man With Jail Sentence". NewsOne. April 12, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marcius, Chelsia Rose; Stephen Rex Brown; Daniel Beekman (June 12, 2013). "'Crack-down' in NJ town bans saggy pants, too-short skirts, other fashion flubs". Daily News. New York. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Demby, Gene. "Sagging Pants and the Long Histor of 'Dangerous' Street Fashion." npr.org. 11 Sept. 2014. Web. 11 Apr. 2015.
Jump up ^ Ian Cross July 5, 2016 "South Carolina town passes ordinance banning sagging pants" http://www.foxcarolina.com/story/32378388/south-carolina-town-passes-ordinance-banning-sagging-pants?clienttype=generic&sf30338757=1
Jump up ^ "'Pants on the Ground' similar to 'Back Pockets on the Floor?'". USA Today. January 26, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Goodwyn, Wade (October 24, 2007). "In Dallas, a Hip-Hop Plea: Pull Your Pants Up". NPR. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jonsson, Patrik (January 16, 2010). "'Pants on the ground' goes viral: Top five Larry Platt covers". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Weichselbaum, Simone (September 17, 2012). "Flatbush rapper Amor Arteaga, 9, is creative force behind music video titled: 'Pull Ya Pants Up'". Daily News. New York. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
External links[edit]
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Douchi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Douchi (豆豉)
A close-up of douchi
Alternative names
Fermented black soybeans, Chinese fermented black beans, salted black beans, salty black beans
Place of origin
Chinese
Main ingredients
Fermented soybean
Cookbook: Douchi (豆豉) Media: Douchi (豆豉)
Douchi
"Douchi" in Chinese characters
Chinese
豆豉
Hanyu Pinyin
dòuchǐ
Cantonese Yale
dauh-sih
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
dòuchǐ
IPA
[tôu.ʈʂʰɨ̀]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
dauh-sih
IPA
[tɐ̀u.sìː]
Jyutping
dau6-si6
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
tāu-sīⁿ
Douchi (Chinese: 豆豉; pinyin: dòuchǐ), or Tochi is a type of fermented and salted black soybean. In English, it is known as fermented black soybeans, Chinese fermented black beans (Chinese: 黑豆豆豉; pinyin: hēidòu dòuchǐ), salted black beans, salty black beans, or just black beans. They are a flavoring most popular in the cuisine of China, where they are most widely used for making black bean sauce dishes.[1][page needed]
Douchi is made by fermenting and salting black soybeans. The black type soybean is most commonly used and the process turns the beans soft, and mostly semi-dry (if the beans are allowed to dry). Regular soybeans (white soybeans) are also used, but this does not produce "salted black beans"; instead, these beans become brown. The smell is sharp, pungent, and spicy; the taste is salty, somewhat bitter and sweet.[citation needed] The product made with white soybeans is called mianchi.
The process and product are similar to ogiri and iru, both being African fermented bean products[citation needed].
Douchi, "Chinese salted black beans", and "black soybeans" should not be confused with the black turtle bean, a variety of common bean that is commonly used in the cuisines of Central America, South America, and the Caribbean.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Use
2.1 Around the world
3 Black bean paste
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
Fermented black soybeans are the oldest-known food made from soybeans. In 165 BC, they were placed, clearly marked, in Han Tomb No. 1 at Mawangdui Tomb Site in South Central China. The tomb was sealed about 165 BC and was first opened in 1972.[1][page needed] The high-ranking woman to whom the undisturbed tomb belonged was probably the wife of the first Marquis of Tai.[citation needed]
In 90 BC, in the Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian, Chapter 69, refers to 1,000 earthenware vessels of mold-fermented cereal grains and salty fermented soybeans (shi). They were now an important commodity in China. When the prince of Huainan (legendary inventor of tofu) was exiled for inciting rebellion (in 173 BC) against his brother, the Han Emperor Wendi, his retinue and he were, nevertheless, provided with such necessities of life as firewood, rice, salt, shi (fermented black soybeans), and cooking utensils. This date, 173 BC, is before Han Tomb No. 1 at Mawangdui was sealed.
Use[edit]
Several varieties of douchi and douchi products
Chicken feet dim sum with preserved black beans
It is used as an ingredient for mapo tofu. Douchi is also used to flavor fish or stir-fried vegetables (particularly bitter melon and leaf vegetables). Unlike some other fermented soybean-based foods such as natto or tempeh, douchi is used only as a seasoning, and is not meant to be consumed in large quantities, being typically much saltier.
Small packets of douchi are available wherever Chinese foods are sold.
Some common dishes made with douchi are steamed spare ribs with fermented black beans and chili pepper (豉椒排骨), and braised mud carp with fermented black beans (豆豉鯪魚).
Around the world[edit]
Fermented black soybeans are an ancient traditional food, used as condiments and seasonings in many Far Eastern countries and Chinese diaspora communities, where they are known by a variety of names.[1][page needed]
In Japanese, douchi is also referred to as daitokuji natto, hamanatto, hamananatto, shiokara-natto, and tera-natto, sometimes using the same Han characters (豆豉), similar ones (豆鼓), or completely different ones; however, they are almost never known by their Chinese name.
In Korea, a similar black bean sauce made from roasted soy beans called chunjang is used in the well-known jjajangmyeon. It was first introduced by Chinese settlers in Incheon in the early 20th century; chunjang has made several changes and evolutionary steps over time.
In Vietnam, this sauce is called tàu xì or đậu xị and is made from the black soybean.
In Cambodia, douchi is also referred to as seang, or fermented salted bean, in the Khmer language, and is a common recipe. It is often used with the fermented salted fish prahok.
In Philippine cuisine, it is called tausi in Cebuano and Tagalog, both derived from the Lan-nang tāu-sīⁿ (豆豉). It is often used when steaming fish.
In Cantonese-speaking regions, douchi is referred to as dau6si6 or hak1dau6 dau6si6.
In Chinese Indonesian cuisine, it is called tausi which is derived from its Hokkien name. It is usually used in kakap tahu tausi, which is stir-fried red snapper, tofu, and douchi.
In Spanish-speaking parts of Latin America, douchi is commonly referred to as tausí or tau-sí.
Black bean paste[edit]
A condiment called black bean paste, black bean sauce (豆豉醬),[2] or black bean garlic sauce (蒜蓉豆豉酱), Tochidjan (豆豉醬), prepared from douchi, garlic, and soy sauce, is popular in Chinese cuisine; it can be home-made or commercially prepared. In shops, it is available as either paste (in a jar) or sauce (in a bottle).
See also[edit]
Food portal
List of fermented foods
List of fermented soy products
Yellow soybean paste
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Preserved black beans.
^ Jump up to: a b c Shurtleff, W.; Aoyagi, A History of Fermented Black Soybeans (165 B.C. to 2011). Lafayette, California: Soyinfo Center, 2011
Jump up ^ BBC Food: black bean sauce recipes
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Glycitein
Ononin
Daidzein
Equol (metabolite)
O-DMA (metabolite)
Daidzin (leaves)
Globulins (proteins)
Beta-conglycinin
Gylcinin
PHAs (Lectins)
Soybean agglutinin (lectin)
Enzymes
Beta-amylase
Lipoxygenase
Cysteine proteases
Trypsin inhibitors
Kunitz inhibitor
Bowman-Birk inhibitor
Other
Soy lecithin (mix of Phospholipids)
Lunasin
Unsaponifiables
Tocopherols
Sterols
Antinutrients
Phytates
Protease Inhibitors
Cystatins
Companies
8th Continent
Alpro
Boca Burger
Gardenburger
Kikkoman
Morningstar Farms
Plamil Foods
Silk
So Good
Tofutti
Vitasoy
Yamasa
Yeo Hiap Seng
Other
Yuasa, artisan town of historic soy sauce distilleries
Kikkoman Soy Sauce Museum
[show]
v
t
e
Cantonese cuisine
Main dishes
Bao yu
Bird's nest soup
Buddha's delight
Cantonese seafood soup
Chinese steamed eggs
Congee
Crispy fried chicken
Dragon tiger phoenix
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Dim sum and yum cha
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Nian gao
Ox-tongue pastry
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Shumai
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Steamed meatball
Swiss wing
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Tendon
Tofu skin roll
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Yau gok
Youtiao
Zhaliang
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Chinese sausage
Lou mei
Orange cuttlefish
Roast goose
Siu mei
Siu yuk
White cut chicken
Desserts and pastry
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Biscuit roll
Deuk Deuk Tong
Douhua
Ginger milk curd
Lo mai chi
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Red bean soup
Sausage bun
Tong sui
White sugar sponge cake
Condiments and spices
Fermented bean curd
Five-spice powder
XO sauce
Ingredients
Beef ball
Black bean paste
Chenpi
Conpoy
Fermented black beans
Fish ball
Fish slice
Frog legs
Garland chrysanthemum
Kai-lan
Mantis shrimp
Ong choy
Pig blood curd
Pig's ear
Prawn ball
Rapeseed
Saang mein
Sea cucumber
Shahe fen
Shrimp roe noodles
Spare ribs
Suan cai
Tofu skin
Wonton
Yi mein
Youmian
Zha cai
Others
Chinese herb tea
Dried shredded squid
Cantonese restaurant
Beijing cuisine
Shanghai cuisine
Hong Kong cuisine
Macanese cuisine
Chinese cuisine
History of Chinese cuisine
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