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Alternative periodic tables
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Theodor Benfey's periodic table (1964)
Part of a series on the
Periodic table
Periodic table forms[show]
18-column
large cells
32-column (large cells)
Alternative forms
Chemical Galaxy
Janet's left step
Beyond period 7
Fricke
large cells
Pyykkö
Periodic table history[show]
Dmitri Mendeleev
predictions
Discovery of elements
Naming & etymology
for places
for scientists
controversies
(in East Asia)
Systematic element names
Sets of elements
By periodic table structure[show]
Groups (1–18)
1 (alkali metals)
2 (alkaline earth metals)
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 (pnictogens)
16 (chalcogens)
17 (halogens)
18 (noble gases)
Periods (1–7 ...)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8+
Aufbau
Fricke
Pyykkö
Blocks (s, p, d, f, ...)
Atomic orbitals
Aufbau principle
By metallic classification[show]
Metals
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alkaline earth
transition
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List of chemical elements ...[show]
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Alternative periodic tables are tabulations of chemical elements differing significantly in their organization from the traditional depiction of the periodic system.[1][2] Several have been devised, often purely for didactic reasons, as not all correlations between the chemical elements are effectively captured by the standard periodic table.
Alternative periodic tables are developed often to highlight or emphasize different chemical or physical properties of the elements which are not as apparent in traditional periodic tables. Some tables aim to emphasize both the nucleon and electronic structure of atoms. This can be done by changing the spatial relationship or representation each element has with respect to another element in the table. Other tables aim to emphasize the chemical element isolations by humans over time.
Contents
[hide]
1 Major alternative structures
1.1 Left step periodic table (Janet, 1928)
1.2 ADOMAH (2006)
1.3 Two-dimensional spiral (Benfey, 1964)
1.4 Three-dimensional, physicist's (Timothy Stowe)
1.5 Three-dimensional, flower-like (Paul Giguère, 1966)
1.6 Elements repeating (Ronald L. Rich, 2005)
1.7 Other
2 Variants of the classical layout
3 Extension of the periodic table
4 Gallery
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Major alternative structures[edit]
Left step periodic table (Janet, 1928)[edit]
Charles Janet's Left step periodic table (1928)[3] is considered to be the most significant alternative to the traditional depiction of the periodic system. It organizes elements according to orbital filling (instead of valence) and is widely used by physicists.[4]
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Left-step periodic table (by Charles Janet)
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10 f11 f12 f13 f14 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 d10 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 s1 s2
1s H He
2s Li Be
2p 3s B C N O F Ne Na Mg
3p 4s Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
3d 4p 5s Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr
4d 5p 6s Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I  Xe Cs Ba
4f 5d 6p 7s La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra
5f 6d 7p 8s Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og 119 120
f-block d-block p-block s-block
This form of periodic table is more congruent with the order in which electron shells are ideally filled according to Madelung's rule, as shown in the accompanying sequence in the left margin (read from top to bottom, left to right). In reality, the filling of electron shells is characterized by a number of irregularities.
Left to right: s-, f-, d-, p-block in the common periodic table presentation; for sufficiently high principal quantum numbers, these blocks fill out in the order of s, p, d, and f. The left-step periodic table is organized according to a reversal of this order, so that the true order is maintained through a proper reading.
Compared to the common layout, the Left step table has these changes:
Helium is placed in group 2,
Groups 1 and 2 (the s-block), including elements 119 and 120 in extended period 8, are moved to the right side of the table
The s-block is shifted upwards one row, and all elements not in the s-block are now one row lower than in the standard table. For example, most of the fourth row in the standard table is the fifth row in this table.
ADOMAH (2006)[edit]
The ADOMAH periodic table is based on the electron's quantum numbers
A modern version of the periodic table is constructed by Valery Tsimmerman, named the ADOMAH periodic table (2006).[5] Its structure is based on the four quantum numbers of the electron configuration, hence it has a four-dimensional base.[6]
Two-dimensional spiral (Benfey, 1964)[edit]
In Theodor Benfey's periodic table (1964), the elements form a two-dimensional spiral, starting from hydrogen, and folding their way around two peninsulars, the transition metals, and lanthanides and actinides. A superactinide island is already slotted in.[7] The Chemical Galaxy (2004) is organized in a similar way.
Three-dimensional, physicist's (Timothy Stowe)[edit]
Timothy Stowe's physicist's periodic table is three-dimensional with the three axes representing the principal quantum number, orbital quantum number, and orbital magnetic quantum number. Helium is again a group 2 element.
Three-dimensional, flower-like (Paul Giguère, 1966)[edit]
Paul Giguère's 3-D periodic table consists of 4 connected billboards with the elements written on the front and the back. The first billboard has the group 1 elements on the front and the group 2 elements at the back, with hydrogen and helium omitted altogether. At a 90° angle the second billboard contains the groups 13 to 18 front and back. Two more billboard each making 90° angles contain the other elements.[8][9]
Elements repeating (Ronald L. Rich, 2005)[edit]
Ronald L. Rich has proposed a periodic table where elements appear more than once when appropriate.[10] He notes that hydrogen shares properties with group 1 elements based on valency, with group 17 elements because hydrogen is a non-metal but also with the carbon group based on similarities in chemical bonding to transition metals and a similar electronegativity. In this rendition of the periodic table carbon and silicon also appear in the same group as titanium and zirconium.
Other[edit]
A chemists' table ("Newlands Revisited") with an alternative positioning of hydrogen, helium and the lanthanides was published by EG Marks and JA Marks in 2010.[11]
Variants of the classical layout[edit]
From Mendeleev's original periodic table, elements have been basically arranged by valence (groups in columns) and the repetition therein (periods in rows). Over the years and with discoveries in atomic structure, this schema has been adjusted and expanded, but not changed as a principle.
Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table in VIII columns. Nowadays, roughly spoken, pairs of Reihen are shown as grouplabels A, B (for example: Reihen 4, 5 are written as period 3 and groups (columns) IA–VIIIA, IB–VIIIB).
The oldest periodic table is the short form table (columns I–VIII) by Dmitri Mendeleev, which shows secondary chemical kinships. For example, the alkali metals and the coinage metals (copper, silver, gold) are in the same column because both groups tend to have a valence of one. This format is still used by many, as shown by this contemporary Russian short form table, which includes all elements and element names until roentgenium.
H. G. Deming used the so-called long periodic table (18 columns) in his textbook "General Chemistry", which appeared in the USA for the first time in 1923 (Wiley), and was the first to designate the first two and the last five main groups with the notation "A", and the intervening transition groups with the notation "B".
The numeration was chosen so that the characteristic oxides of the B groups would correspond to those of the A groups. The iron, cobalt, and nickel groups were designated neither A nor B. The noble-gas group was originally attached (by Deming) to the left side of the periodic table. The group was later switched to the right side and usually labeled as group VIIIA.
Extension of the periodic table[edit]
In the extended periodic table, suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969, yet unknown elements are included up to atomic number 218. Theoretical periods above regular period 7 are added.
In the research field of superatoms, clusters of atoms have properties of single atoms of another element. It is suggested to extend the periodic table with a second layer to be occupied with these cluster compounds. The latest addition to this multi-story table is the aluminium cluster ion Al−
7, which behaves like a multivalent germanium atom.[12]
Gallery[edit]
Spiral periodic table (Robert W Harrison)
The Ring Of Periodic Elements (TROPE)
Curled ribbon periodic table (J. F. Hyde)
Circular periodic table
Alternative circular periodic table
Spiral periodic table (Jan Scholten)
Mendeleev's Flower (Flower periodic table)
Binary electron shells periodic table
"Stowe" periodic table
"Zmaczynski & Bayley" periodic table
ADOMAH periodic table (V. Tsimmerman)
Newlands revisited
Pyramidal periodic table
Stowe–Janet–Scerri with 3D electron orbitals
4D Stowe–Janet–Scerri periodic table
References[edit]
Jump up ^ E. R. Scerri. The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford University Press, New York, 2006, ISBN 0195345673.
Jump up ^ Henry Bent. New Ideas in Chemistry from Fresh Energy for the Periodic Law. AuthorHouse, 2006, ISBN 978-1-4259-4862-7.
Jump up ^ "Left Step Periodic Table". 1928. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Philip J. (2009). "Charles Janet: Unrecognized genius of the periodic system". Foundations of Chemistry. 12: 5. doi:10.1007/s10698-008-9062-5.
Jump up ^ Tsimmerman, Valery (2006). "ADOMAH Periodic Table". Retrieved 2014-02-16.
Jump up ^ Tsimmerman, Valery (2008). "Periodic Law can be understood in terms of the Tetrahedral Sphere Packing!". Retrieved 2014-02-16. creation of the first man, Adam, from the dust of the earth, in Hebrew, Adomah
Jump up ^ Benfey's table appears in an article by Glenn Seaborg, "Plutonium: The Ornery Element", Chemistry, June 1964, 37 (6), 12–17, on p. 14.
Jump up ^ Mazurs, E. G. (1974). Graphical Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years. Alabama: University of Alabama Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-8173-3200-6.
Jump up ^ The animated depiction of Giguère's periodic table that is widely available on the internet (including from here) is erroneous, as it does not include hydrogen and helium. Giguère included hydrogen, above lithium, and helium, above beryllium. See: Giguère P. A. (1966). "The 'new look' for the periodic system". Chemistry in Canada vol. 18 (12): 36–39 (see p. 37).
Jump up ^ Rich, Ronald L. (2005). "Are Some Elements More Equal Than Others?". J. Chem. Educ. 82 (12): 1761. Bibcode:2005JChEd..82.1761R. doi:10.1021/ed082p1761.
Jump up ^ Marks, E. G.; Marks, J. A. (2010). "Newlands revisited: A display of the periodicity of the chemical elements for chemists". Foundations of Chemistry. 12: 85. doi:10.1007/s10698-010-9083-8.
Jump up ^ Amato, Ivan (November 21, 2006). "Beyond The Periodic Table Metal clusters mimic chemical properties of atoms". Chemical & Engineering News.
Further reading[edit]
A 1974 review of the tables then known is considered a definitive work on the topic: Mazurs, E. G. Graphical Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years. Alabama; University of Alabama Press, 1974, ISBN 0-8173-3200-6.
Hjørland, Birger (2011). The periodic table and the philosophy of classification. Knowledge Organization, 38(1), 9–21.
External links[edit]
Representing the Periodic Table in Different Ways a site curated by the Michigan State University Alumni Association Knowledge Network
Robert Harrison's modern spiral periodic table
Janet's Left Step Periodic Table
Correction to Physicist periodic table offered by Jeries Rihani as Meitnerium occupies the position that Hassium should have.
A Wired Article on Alternate Periodic Tables
A Selection of Periodic Tables
http://periodicspiral.com/ arranges the periodic table in a (hexagonal) spiral.
Rotaperiod.com A new periodic table.
Note on the T-shirt topology of the Z-spiral.
New Periodic Table of the Elements this is in a square-triangular periodic arrangement.
Periodic Table based on electron configurations
Database of Periodic Tables
Periodic Fractal of the Elements
Bob Doyle Periodic Table of the Elements A regrouping by properties used to better explain electron grouping
Earth Scientist's Periodic Table
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The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today
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The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today
1st edition book cover
Author
Mark Twain, Charles Dudley Warner
Country
United States
Language
English
Publisher
American Publishing Company
Publication date
1873
Media type
Print (Hardback)
Pages
630
The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today is a novel by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner first published in 1873. It satirizes greed and political corruption in post–Civil War America. Although not one of Twain's best-known works, it has appeared in more than one hundred editions since its original publication. Twain and Warner originally had planned to issue the novel with illustrations by Thomas Nast. The book is remarkable for two reasons–-it is the only novel Twain wrote with a collaborator, and its title very quickly became synonymous with graft, materialism, and corruption in public life. The novel gave the era its name: the period of US history from the 1870s to about 1900 is now referred to as the Gilded Age.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of the collaboration
2 Plot summary
3 Literary significance and criticism
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History of the collaboration[edit]
Charles Dudley Warner, a writer and editor, was a neighbor and good friend of Mark Twain in Hartford, Connecticut. According to Twain's biographer, Albert Bigelow Paine, their wives challenged Twain and Warner at dinner to write a better novel than what they were used to reading. Twain wrote the first eleven chapters, followed by twelve chapters written by Warner. Most of the remaining chapters were also written by only one of them, but the concluding chapters were attributed to joint authorship. The entire novel was completed between February and April 1873.
Contemporary critics, while praising its humor and satire, did not consider the collaboration a success because the independent stories written by each author did not mesh well. A review published in 1874 compared the novel to a badly-mixed salad dressing, in which "the ingredients are capital, the use of them faulty."[1]
Plot summary[edit]
The term gilded age, commonly given to the era, comes from the title of this book. Twain and Warner got the name from Shakespeare's King John (1595): "To gild refined gold, to paint the lily... is wasteful and ridiculous excess." (Act IV, scene 2) Gilding gold, which would be to put gold on top of gold, is excessive and wasteful, characteristics of the age Twain and Warner wrote about in their novel. Another interpretation of the title, of course, is the contrast between an ideal "Golden Age" and a less worthy "Gilded Age," as gilding is only a thin layer of gold over baser metal, so the title now takes on a pejorative meaning as to the novel's time, events and people.
The novel concerns the efforts of a poor rural Tennessee family to become affluent by selling in a timely manner the 75,000 acres (300 km2) of unimproved land acquired by their patriarch, Silas “Si” Hawkins. After several adventures in Tennessee, the family fails to sell the land and Si Hawkins dies. The rest of the Hawkins story line focuses on their beautiful adopted daughter, Laura. In the early 1870s, she travels to Washington, D.C. to become a lobbyist. With a senator's help, she enters Society and attempts to persuade Congressmen to require the federal government to purchase the land.
A parallel story written by Warner concerns two young upperclass men, Philip Sterling and Henry Brierly, who seek their fortunes in land in a novel way. They make a journey with a group intent on surveying land in Tennessee in order to acquire it for speculation. Philip is good-natured but plodding. He is in love with Ruth Bolton, an aspiring physician and feminist. Henry is a born salesman, charming but superficial.
The theme of the novel is that the lust for getting rich through land speculation pervades society, illustrated by the Hawkinses as well as Ruth's well-educated father, who nevertheless cannot resist becoming enmeshed in self-evidently dubious money-making schemes.
The Hawkins sections were written by Twain; these include several humorous sketches. Examples are the steamboat race that leads to a wreck (Chapter IV) and Laura’s toying with a clerk in a Washington bookstore (Chapter XXXVI). Notable too is the comic presence throughout the book of the eternally optimistic and eternally broke Micawber-like character, Colonel Beriah Sellers. The character was named Escol Sellers in the first edition and changed to Beriah when an actual George Escol Sellers of Philadelphia objected. A real Beriah Sellers then also turned up, causing Twain to use the name Mulberry Sellers in The American Claimant. The Sellers character was modeled after Twain's maternal cousin, James Lampton, and the land-purchase plot parallels Twain's father's purchase of a Tennessee parcel whose prospective sale, Twain wrote in his autobiography, "kept us hoping and hoping, during 40 years, and forsook us at last."[2]
The main action of the story takes place in Washington, D.C., and satirizes the greed and corruption of the governing class. Twain also satirizes the social pretensions of the newly rich. Laura's Washington visitors include "Mrs. Patrique Oreille (pronounced O-relay)," the wife of "a wealthy Frenchman from Cork," indicating the O'Reilly family has altered their last name to hide their Irish origins.
The book does not touch upon other themes now associated with the "Gilded Age,” such as industrialization, monopolies, and the corruption of urban political machines. This may be because this book was written at the very beginning of the period.
In the end, Laura fails to convince Congress to purchase the Hawkins land. She kills her married lover but is found not guilty of the crime, with the help of a sympathetic jury and a clever lawyer. However, after a failed attempt to pursue a career on the lecture circuit, her spirit is broken, and she dies regretting her fall from innocence. Washington Hawkins, the eldest son, who has drifted through life on his father’s early promise that he would be "one of the richest men in the world," finally gives up the family's ownership of the still-unimproved land parcel when he cannot afford to pay its $180 of taxes. He also appears ready to overcome his passivity: "The spell is broken, the life-long curse is ended!" Philip, drawing upon his engineering skills, discovers coal on Mr. Bolton's land, wins Ruth Bolton's heart and appears destined to enjoy a prosperous and conventionally happy marriage. Henry and Sellers, presumably, will continue to live gaily by their wits while others pay their bills.
Literary significance and criticism[edit]
Although more than a century has passed since its publication, the novel's satirical observations of political and social life in Washington, D.C. are still pertinent.
Playwright and screenwriter David Mamet, speaking of his book Bambi Meets Godzilla: On the Nature, Purpose and Practice of the Movie Business, used The Gilded Age as a metaphor for Hollywood. On an NPR call-in show, Mamet drew comparisons between the Hawkins family's 40-year quest to win funding for a dam in their hometown and the plight of a young filmmaker trying to sell a script in the unforgiving studio system.[3]
See also[edit]
Mark Twain bibliography
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Budd, Louis J. Mark Twain: The Contemporary Reviews. Cambridge UP, 2011 p.130
Jump up ^ Keillor, Garrison "Mark Twain’s Riverboat Ramblings", review in The New York Times, December 16, 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
Jump up ^ Transcript, Talk of the Nation discussion with Neal Conan, host, and "Keith ... from Buffalo, NY", February 12, 2007. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
External links[edit]
Full text of the story
The Gilded Age at Project Gutenberg
The Gilded Age public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Works by Albert Bigelow Paine at Project Gutenberg
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Mark Twain
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Novels
The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
The Prince and the Pauper
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court
The American Claimant
Tom Sawyer Abroad
Pudd'nhead Wilson
Tom Sawyer, Detective
Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc
A Double Barrelled Detective Story
A Horse's Tale
The Mysterious Stranger
Hellfire Hotchkiss
Short stories
"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County"
"Cannibalism in the Cars"
"General Washington's Negro Body-Servant"
"My Late Senatorial Secretaryship"
"Some Learned Fables for Good Old Boys and Girls"
"A Literary Nightmare"
"A Murder, a Mystery, and a Marriage"
"The Invalid's Story"
"The Great Revolution in Pitcairn"
"1601"
"The Stolen White Elephant"
"Luck"
"The Million Pound Bank Note"
"A Double Barrelled Detective Story"
"Those Extraordinary Twins"
"The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg"
"A Dog's Tale"
"Extracts from Adam's Diary"
"The War Prayer"
"Eve's Diary"
"Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven"
"My Platonic Sweetheart"
"The Private Life of Adam and Eve"
"Advice to Little Girls"
"The Purloining of Prince Oleomargarine"
Short story
collections
Mark Twain's (Burlesque) Autobiography and First Romance
Sketches New and Old
A True Story and the Recent Carnival of Crime
Punch, Brothers, Punch! and Other Sketches
Mark Twain's Library of Humor
Merry Tales
The £1,000,000 Bank Note and Other New Stories
The $30,000 Bequest and Other Stories
The Curious Republic of Gondour and Other Whimsical Sketches
The Washoe Giant in San Francisco
Plays
Is He Dead?
Colonel Sellers
Colonel Sellers as a Scientist
Essays
"The Awful German Language"
"Advice to Youth"
"English As She Is Taught"
How to Tell a Story and Other Essays
"Concerning the Jews"
"A Salutation Speech From the Nineteenth Century to the Twentieth"
"To the Person Sitting in Darkness"
"To My Missionary Critics"
"Edmund Burke on Croker and Tammany"
"What Is Man?"
"Queen Victoria's Jubilee"
"The United States of Lyncherdom"
"Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses"
Letters from the Earth
Non-fiction
Territorial Enterprise letters
Letters from Hawaii
The Innocents Abroad
Roughing It
Old Times on the Mississippi
A Tramp Abroad
Life on the Mississippi
Following the Equator
Is Shakespeare Dead?
Autobiography of Mark Twain
Mark Twain's Notebook
King Leopold's Soliloquy
The Private History of a Campaign That Failed
Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire
The Bible According to Mark Twain
Christian Science
Speeches
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"Votes for Women"
Places and events
Conception
Birthplace Historic Site
State Park
Boyhood Home and Museum
Mark Twain Cave
Mark Twain in Nevada
Territorial Enterprise
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Mark Twain House, Hartford, Connecticut
Stormfield
Publisher, Ulysses S. Grant's memoirs
Twain–Ament indemnities controversy
In popular culture
Mark Twain Prize for American Humor
Mark Twain Tonight!
The Adventures of Mark Twain (1944 film)
The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985 film)
Mark Twain: The Musical
Family
Olivia Langdon Clemens (wife)
Susy Clemens (daughter)
Clara Clemens (daughter)
Jean Clemens (daughter)
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Orion Clemens (brother)
Related
Jap Herron
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 18145424494486830812
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