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Dave Pelzer
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David Pelzer
Pelzer speaking to Airmen while visiting troops in Southwest Asia.
Born
(1960-12-29) December 29, 1960 (age 57)
Daly City, California
Occupation
Autobiographer, motivational speaker
Nationality
American
Notable works
A Child Called "It", Help Yourself
Website
www.davepelzer.com
David James "Dave" Pelzer (born December 29, 1960 in San Francisco, California)[1] is an American author, of several autobiographical and self-help books.[2] He is best known for his 1995 memoir of childhood abuse, A Child Called "It".
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
2 Abuse
3 Books
3.1 Reception of A Child Called It
4 Controversy
5 Current life
6 Work
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Biography
Pelzer was born in San Francisco, California the second of five boys. He grew up in Daly City, California.[3] He is the son of Catherine Roerva Christen Pelzer (1929-1992) and San Francisco fireman Stephen Joseph Pelzer (1923-1980). Pelzer's books describe the abuse he suffered for several years of childhood, including continual mistreatment and beatings by his mother, who he said thought of it as a game. His teachers stepped in on March 5, 1973, when 12-year-old Pelzer was placed in foster care. At age 18 he joined the U.S. Air Force in 1979 and served in the Gulf War.[4][5] In the 1980s Pelzer married his first wife Patsy (a pseudonym), with whom he had a son. In 1996 he carried a torch in the 1996 Summer Olympics torch relay.[6] Pelzer and Patsy divorced and many years later he married his second wife, Marsha, who was his editor.[7]
Abuse
His book A Child called "It" describes from his viewpoint the severe abuse he suffered as a child. He writes how his mother was physically and emotionally abusive towards him from ages 4 to 12. He describes how his mom starved him, forced him to drink ammonia, stabbed him in the stomach, burned his arm on a gas stove, and forced him to eat his own vomit. He mentioned that his father was not active in resolving or stopping the conflicts between Pelzer and his alcoholic mother. He was sent to a foster family at age 12 in 1973. In the book he refers to his relatives by pseudonyms.
One of Dave's brothers, Richard B. Pelzer, published his own autobiography, A Brother's Journey, that detailed his experiences. A Brother's Journey.[8] Paraphrased, Pelzer said in the afterword of his book that his objectives for his story was to show how a parent can become abusive and how the human spirit can triumph and survive.[9]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2014)
Books
Pelzer's first book, A Child Called "It" was published in 1995 and describes the abuse Pelzer suffered in his childhood. His second book, The Lost Boy: A Foster Child's Search for the Love of a Family was published shortly after in 1997. The book covered Pelzer's teen years. The third book in his series, A Man Named Dave: A Story of Triumph and Forgiveness[10] was about Pelzer's experiences as an adult and how he forgave his father. In 2001 he wrote Help Yourself: Finding Hope, Courage, And Happiness which was a self-help book. When discussing his seventh book Moving Forward he said, "My message has always been about resilience". [11]
Reception of A Child Called It
His first book, A Child Called It, was successful and garnered interest.[12] It was listed on the New York Times Bestseller List for several years and in 5 years had sold at least 1.6 million copies.[13][14] Pelzer was invited to television shows such as Montel Williams and The Oprah Winfrey Show to give interviews after the book was published.
In a 2001 news article Orion UK Publishing's Trevor Dolby said, "We get 10 letters a day from people saying the first book mirrors their own childhood, which is very depressing." [12] One reader was quoted: "(The book) made me see that I wasn't the only one out there...that had this...in their life. That there's people who do understand."[15]
Writer David Plotz criticized Pelzer in an article he wrote for Slate. In the article Plotz says that because Pelzer's parents are dead it is hard to question them.[14]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2014)
Controversy
The assertions in his memoirs have led to some skeptical commentary.[16] In a 2002 New York Times article by Pat Jordan the author questioned the reliability of Pelzer's recollections. He said that "Pelzer has an exquisite recall of his abuse, but almost no recall of anything that would authenticate that abuse", such as any details about his mother.[2] Two members of his family, his maternal grandmother and brother, have disputed his book. One of his younger brothers, Stephen, denies that any abuse took place, and says that he thinks David was placed in foster care because "he started a fire and was caught shoplifting".[2] However, his other brother Richard Pelzer is author of the book A Brother's Journey, which confirms much of what David has said and describes his own abuse when David was finally removed from the home. In regard to this, Dave has said that Stephen had affection towards his mother and that "he misses her terribly because she protected him".[7] Due to the criticism from the New York Times article Dave does not give interviews often.[7]
In an article in The Boston Globe Pelzer's grandmother said she believed Dave had been abused but not as severely as he described. She also said she didn't believe his brother Richard was abused. It was revealed, however, that Pelzer's grandmother did not live in the same state as his brothers and family and was not in contact with them when the abuse happened.[17]
An article in The Guardian notes that gaps in the background narrative "makes the foreground harder to trust".[13] The author writes, "My own hunch is that, substantially, he's telling the truth ... But there is a definite feeling of exaggeration in the later two books..." The author then states the same feeling Plotz also covered in his article, that she feels Pelzer is profiting from his abuse and minimizing the seriousness of the crime by making the writing "entertaining".[13]
Current life
Pelzer spends his time giving lectures across the country. He is also a volunteer.[7][18]
Work
A Child Called It (1995)
The Lost Boy: A Foster Child's Search for the Love of a Family (1997)
A Man Named Dave: A Story of Triumph and Forgiveness (2000)
Help Yourself (2001)
The Privilege of Youth (2004)
Help Yourself for Teens (2005)
Moving Forward (2009)
See also
Richard B. Pelzer
References
Jump up ^ "California Birth Index", www.ancestry.com : "David J Pelzer, December 29, 1960, San Francisco County, mother's maiden name Christa"
^ Jump up to: a b c Jordan, Pat (July 28, 2002). "Dysfunction For Dollars". New York Times.
Jump up ^ de Bertodano, Helena (29 March 2005). "Memories of a family at war". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Dave Pelzer website bio
Jump up ^ PR Web news article
Jump up ^ Canfield, Jack (1997). A 4th Course of Chicken Soup for the Soul. HCI. p. 343. ISBN 978-1558744592.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kellaway, Kate (February 14, 2004). "No pain, no gain". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Pelzer, Dave (1995). A Child Called It: One Child's Courage to Survive. HCI. p. 52. ISBN 978-1558743663.
Jump up ^ Pelzer, Dave (1999) "A Man Named Dave: A Story of Triumph and Forgiveness" Published by Penguin Group; 1999, New York. ISBN 0-525-94521-0 (hc.), ISBN 0-452-28190-3 (pbk. 339 pp).
Jump up ^ Jardine, Cassandra (June 20, 2008). "Dave Pelzer: 'You don't get over it, just accept it'". Telegraph. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dave Pelzer: Dave who?". BBC. January 27, 2001. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bedell, Geraldine (1 September 2001). "Child abuse as entertainment". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Plotz, David (September 29, 2000). "Dave Pelzer The child-abuse entrepreneur". Slate. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Coffel, Cynthia (2010). Thinking Themselves Free: Research on the Literacy of Teen Mothers. Peter Lang Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 978-1433109720.
Jump up ^ "Is He Making "It" All Up?". The Mail on Sunday.
Jump up ^ English, Bella (26 April 2006). "Family Feud". Boston Globe. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Olive (June 17, 2011). "Author Dave Pelzer visits Joplin to help aid recovery". GateHouse News Service. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
External links
Dave Pelzer's Official Website
An interview with Dave Pelzer
Audio interview with Dave Pelzer at Oprah.com
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 27944449
LCCN: n94079943
ISNI: 0000 0000 6317 9010
GND: 122082389
SELIBR: 243145
SUDOC: 084273097
BNF: cb144028421 (data)
NDL: 00714813
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Bigg Boss 11
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Bigg Boss
◄
Season 11 (2017–18)
[show]Housemates
Name Entered Exited
Shilpa Day 1 Day 105
Hina Day 1 Day 105
Vikas Day 1 Day 105
Puneesh Day 1 Day 104
Akash Day 1 Day 101
Luv Day 1 Day 98
Priyank Day 1
Day 26 Day 7
Day 92
Arshi Day 1 Day 83
Hiten Day 1 Day 77
Bandgi Day 1 Day 63
Sapna Day 1 Day 56
Benafsha Day 1 Day 49
Sabyasachi Day 1 Day 42
Mehjabi Day 1 Day 42
Pooja Day 21 Day 35
Jyoti Day 1 Day 28
Lucinda Day 1 Day 15
Sshivani Day 1 Day 14
Zubair Day 1 Day 7
Winner
Runner-up
Evicted
Ejected
2nd Runner-up
Bigg Boss 11 was the eleventh season of Indian reality TV series Bigg Boss, which was telecasted on Colors TV. Salman Khan hosted for the eighth time in a row for the main series as he was not in Bigg Boss Halla Bol. It premiered on 1 October 2017[1] The grand finale of the show which took place on 14 January 2018 was won by Shilpa Shinde while Hina Khan finished runner-up.[2] Vikas Gupta was the second runner up of the show
This was the second season of Bigg Boss to appear on Voot. Like the previous season, Bigg Boss 11 on Voot offers viewers show extension properties such as Unseen Undekha, Cutless and a new weekend special, Bigg Buzz.[3][better source needed] For the first time, the voting could only be exclusively done via Voot.[4][better source needed]
This was the first season of Bigg Boss to be aired on MTV India. MTV India also aired MTV Bigg Boss – Extra Dose content starting on 9 October 2017, with content airing in Afternoon Dose segment and Night Dose segment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Housemates
2 Special episodes
3 Guests
4 References
5 External links
Housemates[edit]
Housemates
Occupation
Status
Shilpa Shinde Indian TV actress Winner
Hina Khan Indian TV actress Runner-up
Vikas Gupta TV show and web series producer, talk show host 2nd Runner-up
Puneesh Sharma Reality show alumni, civil engineer 3rd Runner-up
Akash Anil Dadlani Rapper Evicted on January 10
Luv tyagi Model, civil engineer Evicted on 7 January
Priyank Sharma Dancer, model and reality star Evicted on December 30
Arshi Khan Model, video content creator Evicted on December 23
Hiten Tejwani Indian TV & film actor Evicted on December 17
Bandgi Kalra Software engineer, model Evicted on December 3
Sapna Choudhary Stage performer, Haryanavi singer and dancer Evicted on November 26
Benafsha Soonawalla VJ and model Evicted on November 19
Sabyasachi Satpathy TV host, dancer, designer Evicted on November 12
Mehjabi Siddiqui Housewife Evicted on November 12
Dhinchak Pooja Internet personality Entered as Wild-Card entry on October 22 (Day 21)
Evicted on November 5
Jyoti Kumari Student Evicted on October 29
Lucinda Nicholas Australian model, actress and yoga instructor Ejected on October 16
Sshivani Durga A religious devotee, astrologist Evicted on October 15
Zubair Khan Producer and director Evicted on October 8
Special episodes[edit]
Week(s)
Title
Date
Guest(s)
Notes
1 Bigg Boss - Friday Ka Faisla 6 October 2017 Pritam Singh and Malishka RJ As the panelist.
2 Bigg Boss - Friday Ka Faisla 13 October 2017 Manu Punjabi and Sargun Mehta As the panelist.
12 Bigg Boss - Weekend ka Vaar - LIVE 23 December 2017 none Live voting between Priyank and Vikas to determine the first semi-finalist
13 30 December 2017 Live voting between Hina and Shilpa to determine the most entertainer.
14 7 January 2018 Live voting between Hina and Puneesh to determine the who should be the winner, Commoners or Celebrities.
Guests[edit]
Week(s)
Guest(s)
Notes
Premiere Varun Dhawan, Jacqueline Fernandez and Taapsee Pannu To promote their film Judwaa 2.[5][6][7]
1 Pritam Singh and Malishka RJ As the panelist on Friday Ka Faisla
Rohit Shetty, Ajay Devgn, Parineeti Chopra, Tabu, Tusshar Kapoor, Shreyas Talpade and Kunal Khemu To promote their film Golmaal Again.
2 Manu Punjabi and Sargun Mehta As the panelist on Friday Ka Faisla
Ravi Dubey and Rithvik Dhanjani To participate in a task.
3 Arjun Bijlani, Rashami Desai, Jasmin Bhasin, Rubina Dilaik, Avika Gor and Meghna Malik From Colors' Ishq Mein Marjawan, Dil Se Dil Tak (TV series), Shakti — Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki and to promote Laado 2.
Aditya Narayan To promote Entertainment Ki Raat
4 Gauhar Khan To give away a Special Power.
Rohit Shetty, Ajay Devgn, Parineeti Chopra and Tabu To celebrate the success of their film Golmaal Again.
Manu Punjabi and Lopamudra Raut As the ex-contestent of last season and to motivate housemates.
Dipika Kakar, Devyansh and Balraj Syal To promote Entertainment Ki Raat
5 Tanisha Mukherjee, Karanvir Bohra and Sweta Singh To judge the Task for immunity in the next nominations.
6 Kapil Sharma To promote his film Firangi.
Vidya Balan To promote her film Tumhari Sulu.
7 Sunny Leone and Arbaaz Khan To promote their film Tera Intezaar.
Deepika Padukone To promote her film Padmavati.
8 Remo D'Souza, Ramesh S. Taurani, Bobby Deol, Jacqueline Fernandez, Saqib Saleem and Daisy Shah To promote their film Race 3.
9 Katrina Kaif To promote her film Tiger Zinda Hai.
10 Puneesh's father To surprise his son Puneesh in the Statue Task.
Arshi's father To surprise his daughter Arshi in the Statue Task.
Shilpa's mother To surprise her daughter Shilpa in the Statue Task.
Divya Agarwal To surprise her ex-boyfriend Priyank in the Statue Task.
Vikas's mother To surprise her son Vikas in the Statue Task.
Akash's mother To surprise her son Akash in the Statue Task.
Rocky Jaiswal To surprise his girlfriend Hina in the Statue Task.
Luv's father To surprise his son Luv in the Statue Task.
Gauri Tejwani To surprise her husband Hiten in the Statue Task.
Karan Patel, Rohan Mehra & Karishma Tanna To surprise the housemates in the Statue Task.
Pulkit Samrat, Richa Chadda, Manjot Singh & Varun Sharma. To promote their film Fukrey Returns.
11 Mouni Roy Guest appearance.
12 Mika Singh To promote his song 'Ali Ali'
13 Bandgi Kalra (Punnesh's girlfriend), Shilpa's brother, Rocky Jaiswal (Hina's boyfrined), Luv's mother, Akash's mother, Vikas's mother & Priyank's mother. To be the part of Task. Entered the Neighbour (Padois) House on Day 86. And Left on Day 89.
Balraj Syal Guest appearance to entertain Top 6 on occasion of New Year.
14 Rani Mukerji To promote her film Hichki.
Manoj Bajpayee, Rakul Preet Singh & Sidharth Malhotra To promote their film Aiyaary.
15 Arshi Khan To be a part of the Task.
Finale Akshay Kumar To promote his film Pad Man.
Krystle D'Souza & Dheeraj Sarna To promote their show Belan Wali Bahu.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Premiere date of the show revealed". India Today. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Shilpa Shinde wins Bigg Boss 11, Hina Khan becomes first runner-up". The Indian Express. 2018-01-14. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
Jump up ^ "Best Media Info; 70 million views in just first 10 days of Bigg Boss 11 on Voot".
Jump up ^ "Ad Age India; Voting on Voot".
Jump up ^ "Bigg Boss 11: Salman Khan welcomes contestants, Shilpa Shinde picks up a fight". Hindustan Times. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bigg Boss 11: Salman Khan, A Surprise And Other Highlights From The Grand Premiere". NDTV. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bigg Boss 11: Judwaa 2 team Varun Dhawan, Taapsee Pannu and Jacqueline Fernandez reveal first look of Bigg Boss house. See video". The Indian Express. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
External links[edit]
Official Website
Bigg Boss 11 on Twitter
[show]
v
t
e
Programs currently broadcast by Colors
Reality show
Bigg Boss 11
Entertainment Ki Raat
Weekly drama
Chandrakanta
Mahakali
Drama fiction
Dil Se Dil Tak
Ishq Mein Marjawan
Karamafal Daata Shani
Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki
Laado Veerpur Ki Mardani
Sasural Simar Ka
Savitri Devi College & Hospital
Shakti
Tu Aashiqui
Udaan
[show]
v
t
e
Bigg Boss
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Spin-off
Bigg Boss Halla Bol
Winners
Rahul Roy
Ashutosh Kaushik
Vindu Dara Singh
Shweta Tiwari
Juhi Parmar
Urvashi Dholakia
Gauahar Khan
Gautam Gulati
Prince Narula
Manveer Gurjar
Shilpa Shinde
Notable
Contestants
Ajaz Khan
Armaan Kohli
Arshi Khan
Arya Babbar
Dimpy Ganguly
Dolly Bindra
Gurbani Judge
Hina Khan
Hiten Tejwani
Imam Siddique
Jade Goody
Kashmira Shah
Karishma Tanna
Kishwar Merchant
Mahek Chahal
Pooja Misrra
Pratyusha Banerjee
Rahul Mahajan
Rakhi Sawant
Rochelle Maria Rao
Sambhavna Seth
Sana Khan
Sara Khan
Sonali Raut
Sunny Leone
Tanisha Mukherjee
Veena Malik
Vikas Gupta
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bigg_Boss_11&oldid=828304923"
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Matilda (1996 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Matilda
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Danny DeVito
Produced by
Danny DeVito
Michael Shamberg
Stacey Sher
Liccy Dahl
Screenplay by
Nicholas Kazan
Robin Swicord
Based on
Matilda
by Roald Dahl
Starring
Mara Wilson
Danny DeVito
Rhea Perlman
Embeth Davidtz
Pam Ferris
Music by
David Newman
Cinematography
Stefan Czapsky
Edited by
Lynzee Klingman
Brent White
Production
company
Jersey Films
Distributed by
TriStar Pictures
Release date
August 2, 1996 (1996-08-02)
Running time
98 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$36 million[2]
Box office
$62.1 million[3]
Matilda is a 1996 American children's fantasy comedy film directed by Danny DeVito, who also produced with Michael Shamberg, Stacey Sher, and Lucy Dahl. It was written by Nicholas Kazan and Robin Swicord, based on Roald Dahl's novel of the same name. Mara Wilson, DeVito, Rhea Perlman, Embeth Davidtz, and Pam Ferris star. The film is about a young genius named Matilda, who uses telekinesis to deal with her parents, who do not value education, and Agatha Trunchbull, the oppressive principal of Crunchem Hall Elementary School.
The film was released in the United States on August 2, 1996.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Music
5 Reception
6 Home media
7 Awards and nominations
7.1 Wins
7.2 Nominations
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Matilda Wormwood is a genius, but her parents, Harry and Zinnia, and her brother Michael ignore and mistreat her. Since babyhood, Matilda has displayed incredible learning ability and develops a strong sense of independence due to her often being left alone at home every weekday when her father is at work, her mother is playing bingo, and Michael is at school. To pass the time, Matilda learns the route to the public library to read books.
At age six-and-a-half, Matilda begins to lose patience with her parents, expressing a desire to go to school, which her parents refuse blatantly and mock her. In retaliation for her father constantly berating her, she resolves to punish him each time, first by adding hydrogen peroxide to his hair tonic to turn his hair an unhealthy blonde, and then gluing his hat to his head after learning about his cheating car business. Coincidentally, unlucky things begin to happen around Harry when Matilda gets angry with him. For instance, when reading a borrowed library copy of Moby-Dick, which Harry rips up and makes her watch television instead, her increasing anger causes the television set to suddenly explode.
Harry finally relents to letting Matilda go to school after meeting a client named Agatha Trunchbull, the tyrannical principal of a rundown elementary school, Crunchem Hall. There, Matilda befriends several children and learns of Trunchbull's violent nature and overly harsh punishments of the students. Thankfully, Matilda's teacher, Jennifer Honey, is a kind woman who adores her class and takes an immediate liking to Matilda's gentle and humble nature despite her incredible genius. She requests to Trunchbull that Matilda be moved up to a higher class, but Trunchbull refuses. That night, Miss Honey pays the Wormwoods a visit to encourage them to spend more time with Matilda, but they snub her. Meanwhile, Matilda discovers that her family is under surveillance by FBI agents Bob and Bill due to her father's illegal dealings, but her parents refuse to believe her, as Zinnia thinks they are speedboat salesmen.
Matilda soon learns about Trunchbull's weekly "checkups" to belittle the students. As a prank, Lavender, one of Matilda's friends, places a newt in Trunchbull's water jug to frighten her. Upon discovery of the newt, Trunchbull accuses Matilda, whose anger at the injustice leads her to telekinetically tip the glass over, splashing water and the newt on Trunchbull. Afterward, Miss Honey invites Matilda to her house for tea. On the way, they pass Trunchbull's house, and Miss Honey reveals a secret of hers: When she was two, her mother died, so her father, Magnus, invited his stepsister-in-law, Trunchbull, to live with them and look after her. However, Trunchbull regularly abused her. When Miss Honey was five, her father died of an alleged suicide. Eventually, she moved into a small cottage. She and Matilda sneak into Trunchbull's house while she is out to obtain some of Miss Honey's belongings, but Trunchbull's unexpected return leads to a cat-and-mouse chase, with them only barely escaping without revealing themselves.
When Matilda's telekinetic powers manifest again during an argument with her father, she trains herself to use them at her own will. She returns to Trunchbull's house and uses her telekinesis to wreak havoc in an attempt to scare her away. She almost flees, but Trunchbull finds Matilda's hair ribbon and realizes her presence. The following day, Trunchbull visits Miss Honey's class again to get Matilda to admit her guilt. Matilda magically writes a message on the blackboard, posing as the ghost of Magnus, accusing Trunchbull of murdering him. Trunchbull goes berserk and attacks the students, but Matilda keeps them out of harm's way with her powers, and together they force Trunchbull out of the school permanently. Miss Honey subsequently moves back into her true home.
The FBI finally uncovers enough evidence to prosecute Harry, and the Wormwoods prepare to flee to Guam. They stop by Miss Honey's house to pick up Matilda, but she refuses to go with them and suggests Miss Honey adopt her. In that moment, a remorseful Zinnia laments over not understanding her daughter and regrets that she didn't treat her better. She and Harry subsequently sign the adoption papers that Matilda had kept for a long time. They escape and Matilda lives a happy life with Miss Honey, who becomes the new principal of Crunchem Hall.
Cast[edit]
Mara Wilson as Matilda Wormwood
Alissa and Amanda Graham, Trevor and James Gallagher as Matilda – newborn
Kayla and Kelsey Fredericks as Matilda – 9 months old
Amanda and Caitlin Fein as Matilda – 2 years old
Sara Magdalin as Matilda – 4 years old
Danny DeVito as Harry Wormwood
Rhea Perlman as Zinnia Wormwood
Embeth Davidtz as Miss Jennifer Honey
Amanda and Kristyn Summers as Miss Honey – 2 years
Phoebe Pearl as Miss Honey – 5 years
Pam Ferris as Miss Trunchbull
Brian Levinson as Michael Wormwood
Nicholas Cox as Michael – 6 years
Paul Reubens as FBI Agent Bob
Tracey Walter as FBI Agent Bill
Kiami Davael as Lavender
Jean Speegle Howard as Miss Phelps
Production[edit]
Pam Ferris (Miss Trunchbull) incurred several injuries while making the film. The climactic scene where she is whacked by blackboard erasers required her to keep her eyes open, causing chalk dust to get caught in her eyes and necessitating several trips to the hospital to get her eyes washed out.[4] The scene where Trunchbull whirls Amanda Thripp (Jacqueline Steiger) by her pigtails required a harness to support the little girl, the wires of which were threaded through the pigtails and then looped around Ferris's fingertips to give her grip. As she swung her around the centrifugal force grew too great and tore the top part of Ferris' finger, requiring 7 or 8 stitches.[4]
The Crank House, in Altadena, California, stood in for Miss Trunchbull's house.[5] The house would later be used as the Omega Beta Zeta sorority house in Scream 2 (1997) and in Catch Me If You Can (2002). The exterior of Matilda's house is located on Youngwood Drive in Whittier, California,[6] and the library she visits is the Pasadena Public Library on East Walnut Street in Pasadena, CA.[7]
Music[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017)
Two songs are featured in the film. One of them, "Send Me On My Way" by Rusted Root, is played twice: when four-year-old Matilda is left alone at her house, making pancakes, and at the end of the film, set to a montage of Matilda and Miss Honey playing at Miss Trunchbull's former house. The other song is Thurston Harris's "Little Bitty Pretty One", played when Matilda is learning to control her telekinetic powers. The film's original score was composed by David Newman.
Reception[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, Matilda holds an approval rating of 90% based on 21 reviews with an average rating of 7.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Danny DeVito-directed version of Matilda is odd, charming, and while the movie diverges from Roald Dahl, it nonetheless captures the book's spirit."[8] In the United States, it earned $33 million in contrast to its $36 million budget.[2] It fared better during its worldwide release and ended up earning back nearly double its original budget as well as on home video and television.[3]
Roger Ebert praised the film's oddity, giving it 3 out of 4 stars, writing: "Trunchbull is the kind of villainess children can enjoy, because she is too ridiculous to be taken seriously and yet really is mean and evil, like the witch in Snow White. And since most children have at one time or another felt that their parents are not nice enough to them, they may also enjoy the portrait of Matilda's parents."[9]
Home media[edit]
In 1997, it was released on VHS and DVD. In 2005, it was released on the special edition DVD. In 2013, Wilson and her costars from the film had a reunion to celebrate its 17th anniversary and it being released on Blu-ray.[10] The reunion scene was featured in the Blu-ray release.[11]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Wins[edit]
YoungStar Award
Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film — Mara Wilson
Cinekid Lion Audience Award
Best Director — Danny DeVito
Oulu International Children's Film Festival Starboy Award
Best Director — Danny DeVito
Nominations[edit]
Satellite Awards
Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture — Comedy or Musical (Danny DeVito)
Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a Feature Film — Leading Young Actress (Mara Wilson)
Best Performance in a Feature Film — Supporting Young Actress (Kira Spencer Hesser)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "MATILDA (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. August 14, 1996. Retrieved July 24, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Matilda at Box Office Mojo
^ Jump up to: a b "Matilda (1996)". worldwideboxoffice.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Lazarus, Susanna (26 September 2016). "9 fascinating facts from behind the scenes of Matilda". Radio Times. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
Jump up ^ Andrew Lasane (2014-10-22). "The Real-World Locations of Iconic Movie Homes". Complex magazine. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Whittier's film highlights include 'Back to the Future"". Whittier Daily News. July 8, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Russo, Stacy Shotsberger (2008). The Library as Place in California. McFarland & Company. p. 108. ISBN 9780786431946.
Jump up ^ "Matilda". Rotten Tomatoes. August 2, 1996. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (August 2, 1996). "Matilda". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Matilda reunion: Former child star Mara Wilson catches up with Danny DeVito and Embeth Davidtz". MailOnline. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mara Wilson On 'Matilda' Reunion: It Was 'Just Heartwarming'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Matilda (film)
Matilda on IMDb
Matilda at the TCM Movie Database
Matilda at the American Film Institute Catalog
Matilda at Box Office Mojo
Matilda at Rotten Tomatoes
Film in the United States portal
1990s portal
Comedy portal
[show]
v
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Films by Danny DeVito
Directed
The Ratings Game (1984)
Throw Momma from the Train (1987)
The War of the Roses (1989)
Hoffa (1992)
Matilda (1996)
Death to Smoochy (2002)
Duplex (2003)
Produced
Hoffa (1992)
Reality Bites (1994)
Pulp Fiction (1994)
8 Seconds (1994)
Get Shorty (1995)
Feeling Minnesota (1996)
Matilda (1996)
Gattaca (1997)
Out of Sight (1998)
Living Out Loud (1998)
Man on the Moon (1999)
Drowning Mona (2000)
Erin Brockovich (2000)
How High (2001)
Camp (2003)
Garden State (2004)
Along Came Polly (2004)
Be Cool (2005)
Even Money (2006)
Relative Strangers (2006)
Freedom Writers (2007)
Reno 911!: Miami (2007)
A Walk Among the Tombstones (2014)
[show]
v
t
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Roald Dahl
Children's fiction
The Gremlins (1943)
James and the Giant Peach (1961)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964)
The Magic Finger (1966)
Fantastic Mr Fox (1970)
Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator (1972)
Danny, the Champion of the World (1975)
The Enormous Crocodile (1978)
The Twits (1980)
George's Marvellous Medicine (1981)
The BFG (1982)
The Witches (1983)
The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me (1985)
Matilda (1988)
Esio Trot (1990)
The Vicar of Nibbleswicke (1991)
The Minpins (1991)
Children's poetry
Revolting Rhymes (1982)
Dirty Beasts (1983)
Rhyme Stew (1989)
Adult novels
Sometime Never: A Fable for Supermen (1948)
My Uncle Oswald (1979)
Adult short story
collections
Over to You: Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying (1946)
Someone Like You (1953)
Kiss Kiss (1960)
Lamb to the Slaughter (1953)
Switch Bitch (1974)
The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More (1977)
The Best of Roald Dahl (1978)
Tales of the Unexpected (1979)
More Tales of the Unexpected (1980)
The Roald Dahl Omnibus (1986)
Two Fables (1986)
Ah, Sweet Mystery of Life: The Country Stories of Roald Dahl (1989)
The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl (1991)
The Roald Dahl Treasury (1997)
The Great Automatic Grammatizator (1998)
Skin and Other Stories (2000)
Roald Dahl: Collected Stories (2006)
Non-fiction
The Mildenhall Treasure (1946)
Boy: Tales of Childhood (1984)
Going Solo (1986)
Memories with Food at Gipsy House (1991)
Roald Dahl's Guide to Railway Safety (1991)
My Year (1993)
Film adaptations
36 Hours (1965)
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
Danny, the Champion of the World (1989)
The BFG (1989)
The Witches (1990)
Four Rooms (1995)
James and the Giant Peach (1996)
Matilda (1996)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005)
Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)
Roald Dahl's Esio Trot (2015)
The BFG (2016)
Revolting Rhymes (2016)
Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (2017)
Film scripts
The Bells of Hell Go Ting-a-ling-a-ling (1966, unfinished)
You Only Live Twice (1967)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
The Night Digger (1971)
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
Television series
'Way Out (1961)
Tales of the Unexpected (1979–88)
Musicals and plays
The Honeys (1955)
James and the Giant Peach (2010)
Matilda (2010)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2013)
Fantastic Mr Fox (2016)
See also
Quentin Blake
Roald Dahl bibliography
Roald Dahl short stories bibliography
Roald Dahl's Book of Ghost Stories (1983)
List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes
Related
Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre
Roald Dahl Children's Gallery
Patricia Neal (wife)
Tessa Dahl (daughter)
Ophelia Dahl (daughter)
Lucy Dahl (daughter)
Sophie Dahl (granddaughter)
Phoebe Dahl (granddaughter)
[show]
v
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Roald Dahl's Matilda
Characters
Matilda Wormwood
Miss Trunchbull
Adaptations
Matilda (1996 film)
Matilda the Musical (2010 musical)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matilda_(1996_film)&oldid=837210415"
Categories:
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Films based on children's books
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Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution
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For modern textile manufacturing, see Textile manufacturing. For hand techniques, and those used before 1770, see Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods.
Early industrialised region at Barmen in the Wupper Valley, 1870 - painting by August von Wille
Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution in Britain was centred in south Lancashire and the towns on both sides of the Pennines. In Germany it was concentrated in the Wupper Valley, Ruhr Region and Upper Silesia, in Spain it was concentrated in Catalonia while in the United States it was in New England. The four key drivers of the Industrial Revolution were textile manufacturing, iron founding, steam power and cheap labour.
Before the 18th century, the manufacture of cloth was performed by individual workers, in the premises in which they lived and goods were transported around the country by packhorses or by river navigations and contour-following canals that had been constructed in the early 18th century. In the mid-18th century, artisans were inventing ways to become more productive. Silk, wool, and fustian fabrics were being eclipsed by cotton which became the most important textile.
Innovations in carding and spinning enabled by advances in cast iron technology resulted in the creation of larger spinning mules and water frames. The machinery was housed in water-powered mills on streams. The need for more power stimulated the production of steam-powered beam engines, and rotative mill engines transmitting the power to line shafts on each floor of the mill. Surplus power capacity encouraged the construction of more sophisticated power looms working in weaving sheds. The scale of production in the mill towns round Manchester created a need for a commercial structure; for a cotton exchange and warehousing. The technology was used in woollen and worsted mills in the West Riding of Yorkshire and elsewhere.

Contents
1 Elements of the Industrial Revolution
2 Processing of cotton
3 Industry and Invention
4 Early Inventions
4.1 East India Company
4.2 Britain
4.3 Timeline of inventions
4.4 Start of the Revolution
4.5 Later developments
4.5.1 Robert's power loom
4.5.2 Robert's self acting mule
5 Working practices
6 A representative early spinning mill 1771
7 A representative mid-century spinning mill 1840
8 Export of technology
9 Art and literature
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Elements of the Industrial Revolution[edit]
The only surviving example of a Spinning Mule built by the inventor Samuel Crompton
The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[1] made in the second half of the 18th century:
Textiles – John Kay's 1733, Flying shuttle enabled cloth to be woven faster, of a greater width, and for the process to later be mechanised. Cotton spinning using Richard Arkwright's water frame, James Hargreaves's Spinning Jenny, and Samuel Crompton's Spinning Mule (a combination of the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame). This was patented in 1769 and so came out of patent in 1783. The end of the patent was rapidly followed by the erection of many cotton mills. Similar technology was subsequently applied to spinning worsted yarn for various textiles and flax for linen.
Steam power – The improved steam engine invented by James Watt and patented in 1775 was initially mainly used for pumping out mines, but from the 1780s was applied to power machines. This enabled rapid development of efficient semi-automated factories on a previously unimaginable scale in places where waterpower was not available.
Iron founding – In the Iron industry, coke was finally applied to all stages of iron smelting, replacing charcoal. This had been achieved much earlier for lead and copper as well as for producing pig iron in a blast furnace, but the second stage in the production of bar iron depended on the use of potting and stamping (for which a patent expired in 1786) or puddling (patented by Henry Cort in 1783 and 1784).
These represent three 'leading sectors', in which there were key innovations, which allowed the economic take off by which the Industrial Revolution is usually defined. This is not to belittle many other inventions, particularly in the textile industry. Without earlier ones, such as the spinning jenny and flying shuttle in the textile industry and the smelting of pig iron with coke, these achievements might have been impossible. Later inventions such as the power loom and Richard Trevithick's high pressure steam engine were also important in the growing industrialisation of Britain. The application of steam engines to powering cotton mills and ironworks enabled these to be built in places that were most convenient because other resources were available, rather than where there was water to power a watermill.
Processing of cotton[edit]
Cotton manufacturing processes hide
Bale Breaker Blowing Room
Willowing
Breaker Scutcher Batting
Finishing Scutcher Lapping
Carding Carding Room
Sliver Lap
Combing
Drawing
Slubbing
Intermediate
Roving Fine Roving
Mule Spinning - Ring Spinning Spinning
Reeling Doubling
Winding Bundling Bleaching
Weaving shed Winding
Beaming Cabling
Warping Gassing
Sizing/Slashing/Dressing Spooling
Weaving
Cloth Yarn (Cheese)- - Bundle Sewing Thread
Cotton is the world's most important natural fibre. In the year 2007, the global yield was 25 million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in more than 50 countries.[2]
Cultivating and Harvesting
Preparatory Processes
Spinning
Weaving
Finishing
Industry and Invention[edit]
Before the 1760s, textile production was a cottage industry using mainly flax and wool. A typical weaving family would own one hand loom, which would be operated by the man with help of a boy; the wife, girls and other women could make sufficient yarn for that loom.
The knowledge of textile production had existed for centuries. India had a textile industry that used cotton, from which it manufactured cotton textiles. When raw cotton was exported to Europe it could be used to make fustian.[3]
Two systems had developed for spinning: the simple wheel, which used an intermittent process and the more refined, Saxony wheel which drove a differential spindle and flyer with a heck that guided the thread onto the bobbin, as a continuous process. This was satisfactory for use on hand looms, but neither of these wheels could produce enough thread for the looms after the invention by John Kay in 1734 of the flying shuttle, which made the loom twice as productive.
Cloth production moved away from the cottage into manufactories. The first moves towards manufactories called mills were made in the spinning sector. The move in the weaving sector was later. By the 1820s, all cotton, wool and worsted was spun in mills; but this yarn went to outworking weavers who continued to work in their own homes. A mill that specialised in weaving fabric was called a weaving shed.
Early Inventions[edit]
East India Company[edit]
Prior to the start of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century, Mughal India was the most important manufacturing center in world trade,[4] producing about 25% of the world's industrial output,[5] with the Mughal Bengal province dominant in the textile manufacturing industry.[6][7][8] Real wages in 18th century southern India were also comparable to those in southern England at the time.[5] In early modern Europe, there was significant demand for textiles from Mughal India, including cotton textiles and silk products.[9] European fashion, for example, became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Mughal India accounted for 95% of British imports from Asia.[10]
During the second half of the 17th century, the newly established factories of the East India Company (EIC) in South Asia started to produce finished cotton goods in quantity for the UK market. The imported Calico and chintz garments competed with, and acted as a substitute for indigenous wool and the linen produce, resulting in local weavers, spinners, dyers, shepherds and farmers petitioning their MP's and in turn the United Kingdom government for a ban on the importation, and later the sale of woven cotton goods. Which they eventually achieved via the 1700 and 1721 Calico Acts. The acts banned the importation and later the sale of finished pure cotton produce, but did not restrict the importation of raw cotton, or sale or production of Fustian.
The exemption of raw cotton saw two thousand bales of cotton being imported annually, from Asia and the Americas, and forming the basis of a new indigenous industry, initially producing Fustian for the domestic market, though more importantly triggering the development of a series of mechanised spinning and weaving technologies, to process the material. This mechanised production was concentrated in new cotton mills, which slowly expanded till by the beginning of the 1770s seven thousand bales of cotton were imported annually, and pressure was put on Parliament, by the new mill owners, to remove the prohibition on the production and sale of pure cotton cloth, as they wished to compete with the EIC imports.[3]
Indian cotton textiles, particularly those from Bengal, continued to maintain a competitive advantage up until the 19th century. In order to compete with India, Britain invested in labour-saving technical progress, while implementing protectionist policies such as bans and tariffs to restrict Indian imports.[3] At the same time, the EIC's rule in India contributed to its deindustrialization, opening up a new market for British goods,[3] while the capital amassed from Bengal after its 1757 conquest was used to invest in British industries such as textile manufacturing and greatly increase British wealth, contributing to Britain's Industrial Revolution.[6][7][8] Britain eventually surpassed India as the world's leading cotton textile manufacturer in the 19th century.[3]
Britain[edit]
During the 18th and 19th centuries, much of the imported cotton came from slave plantations in the Southern United States. In periods of political uncertainty in North America, during the Revolutionary War and later American Civil War, however, Britain relied more heavily on imports from the colonial Indian British Raj to feed its cotton manufacturing industry. Ports on the west coast of Britain, such as Liverpool, Bristol, and Glasgow, became important in determining the sites of the cotton industry.
Lancashire became a centre for the nascent cotton industry because the damp climate was better for spinning the yarn. As the cotton thread was not strong enough to use as warp, wool or linen or fustian had to be used. Lancashire was an existing wool centre. Likewise, Glasgow benefited from the same damp climate.
The early advances in weaving had been halted by the lack of thread. The spinning process was slow and the weavers needed more cotton and wool thread than their families could produce. In the 1760s, James Hargreaves improved thread production when he invented the Spinning Jenny. By the end of the decade, Richard Arkwright had developed the water frame. This invention had two important consequences: it improved the quality of the thread, which meant that the cotton industry was no longer dependent on wool or linen to make the warp, and it took spinning away from the artisans' homes to specific locations where fast-flowing streams could provide the water power needed to drive the larger machines. The Western Pennines of Lancashire became the centre for the cotton industry. Not long after the invention of the water frame, Samuel Crompton combined the principals of the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame to produce his Spinning Mule. This provided even tougher and finer cotton thread.
The textile industry was also to benefit from other developments of the period. As early as 1691, Thomas Savery had made a vacuum steam engine. His design, which was unsafe, was improved by Thomas Newcomen in 1698. In 1765, James Watt further modified Newcomen's engine to design an external condenser steam engine. Watt continued to make improvements on his design, producing a separate condenser engine in 1774 and a rotating separate condensing engine in 1781. Watt formed a partnership with a businessman called Matthew Boulton, and together they manufactured steam engines which could be used by industry.
Prior to the 1780s, most of the fine quality cotton muslin in circulation in Britain had been manufactured in India. Due to advances in technique, British "mull muslin" was able to compete in quality with Indian muslin by the end of the 18th century.[11]
Timeline of inventions[edit]
In 1734 in Bury, Lancashire, John Kay invented the flying shuttle — one of the first of a series of inventions associated with the cotton industry. The flying shuttle increased the width of cotton cloth and speed of production of a single weaver at a loom.[12] Resistance by workers to the perceived threat to jobs delayed the widespread introduction of this technology, even though the higher rate of production generated an increased demand for spun cotton.
Shuttles
In 1738, Lewis Paul (one of the community of Huguenot weavers that had been driven out of France in a wave of religious persecution) settled in Birmingham and with John Wyatt, of that town, they patented the Roller Spinning machine and the flyer-and-bobbin system, for drawing wool to a more even thickness. Using two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds yarn could be twisted and spun quickly and efficiently. This was later used in the first cotton spinning mill during the Industrial Revolution.
1742: Paul and Wyatt opened a mill in Birmingham which used their new rolling machine powered by donkey; this was not profitable and was soon closed.
1743: A factory opened in Northampton, fifty spindles turned on five of Paul and Wyatt's machines proving more successful than their first mill. This operated until 1764.
1748: Lewis Paul invented the hand driven carding machine. A coat of wire slips were placed around a card which was then wrapped around a cylinder. Lewis's invention was later developed and improved by Richard Arkwright and Samuel Crompton, although this came about under great suspicion after a fire at Daniel Bourn's factory in Leominster which specifically used Paul and Wyatt's spindles. Bourn produced a similar patent in the same year.
1758: Paul and Wyatt based in Birmingham improved their roller spinning machine and took out a second patent. Richard Arkwright later used this as the model for his water frame.
Start of the Revolution[edit]
The Duke of Bridgewater's canal connected Manchester to the coal fields of Worsley. It was opened in July 1761. Matthew Boulton opened the Soho Foundry engineering works in Handsworth, Birmingham in 1762. These were both events that enabled cotton mill construction and the move away from home-based production. In 1764, Thorp Mill, the first water-powered cotton mill in the world was constructed at Royton, Lancashire, England. It was used for carding cotton.[13]
The multiple spindle spinning jenny was invented in 1764. James Hargreaves is credited as the inventor. This machine increased the thread production capacity of a single worker — initially eightfold and subsequently much further. Others[14] credit the original invention to Thomas Highs. Industrial unrest forced Hargreaves to leave Blackburn, but more importantly for him, his unpatented idea was exploited by others. He finally patented it in 1770. As a result, there were over 20,000 spinning jennies in use (mainly unlicensed) by the time of his death.
Arkwright's Cromford Mill.
Richard Arkwright first spinning mill, Cromford Mill, Derbyshire, was built in 1771. It contained his invention the water frame. The water frame was developed from the spinning frame that Arkwright had developed with (a different) John Kay, from Warrington. The original design was again claimed by Thomas Highs: which he purposed he had patented in 1769.[15] Arkwright used waterwheels to power the textile machinery. His initial attempts at driving the frame had used horse power, but a mill needed far more power. Using a waterwheel demanded a location with a ready supply of water, hence the mill at Cromford. This mill is preserved as part of the Derwent Valley Mills Arkwright generated jobs and constructed accommodation for his workers which he moved into the area. This led to a sizeable industrial community. Arkwright protected his investment from industrial rivals and potentially disruptive workers. This model worked and he expanded his operations to other parts of the country.
Matthew Boulton partnership with Scottish engineer James Watt resulted, in 1775, in the commercial production of the more efficient Watt steam engine which used a separate condensor.
Samuel Crompton of Bolton combined elements of the spinning jenny and water frame in 1779, creating the spinning mule. This mule produced a stronger thread than the water frame could. Thus in 1780, there were two viable hand operated spinning system that could be easily adapted to run by power of water.[16] As early mules were suitable for producing yarn for use in the manufacture of muslin, and which were known as the muslin wheel or the Hall i' th' Wood (pronounced Hall-ith-wood) wheel. As with Kay and Hargreaves, Crompton was not able to exploit his invention for his own profit, and died a pauper.
In 1783 a mill was built in Manchester at Shudehill, at the highest point in the city away from the river. Shudehill Mill was powered by a 30 ft diameter waterwheel. Two storage ponds were built, and the water from one passed from one to the other turning the wheel. A steam driven pump returned the water to the higher reservoir. The steam engine was of the atmospheric type.[16] An improvement devised by Joshua Wrigley, trialled in Chorlton-upon-Medlock used two Savery engines to supplement the river in driving on overshot waterwheel.[17]
In 1784, Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom,[12] and produced a prototype in the following year. His initial venture to exploit this technology failed, although his advances were recognised by others in the industry. Others such as Robert Grimshaw (whose factory was destroyed in 1790 as part of the growing reaction against the mechanization of the industry) and Austin[18] – developed the ideas further.
In the 1790s industrialists, such as John Marshall at Marshall's Mill in Leeds, started to work on ways to apply some of the techniques which had proved so successful in cotton to other materials, such as flax.
In 1803, William Radcliffe invented the dressing frame which was patented under the name of Thomas Johnson which enabled power looms to operate continuously.
Later developments[edit]
For further details of the operation and history of looms, see Power loom.
For further details of the operation and history of spinning mules, see Spinning mule.
With the Cartwright Loom, the Spinning Mule and the Boulton & Watt steam engine, the pieces were in place to build a mechanised textile industry. From this point there were no new inventions, but a continuous improvement in technology as the mill-owner strove to reduce cost and improve quality. Developments in the transport infrastructure - the canals and, after 1831, the railways - facilitated the import of raw materials and export of finished cloth.
The use of water power to drive mills was supplemented by steam driven water pumps, and then superseded completely by the steam engines. For example, Samuel Greg joined his uncle's firm of textile merchants, and, on taking over the company in 1782, he sought out a site to establish a mill. Quarry Bank Mill was built on the River Bollin at Styal in Cheshire. It was initially powered by a water wheel, but installed steam engines in 1810.[a] In 1830, the average power of a mill engine was 48 hp, but Quarry Bank mill installed a new 100 hp water wheel.[19] This was to change in 1836, when Horrocks & Nuttall, Preston took delivery of 160 hp double engine. William Fairbairn addressed the problem of line-shafting and was responsible for improving the efficiency of the mill. In 1815 he replaced the wooden turning shafts that drove the machines at 50rpm, to wrought iron shafting working at 250 rpm, these were a third of the weight of the previous ones and absorbed less power.[19] The mill operated until 1959.
Robert's power loom[edit]
A Roberts loom in a weaving shed in 1835. Note the wrought iron shafting, fixed to the cast iron columns
In 1830, using an 1822 patent, Richard Roberts manufactured the first loom with a cast-iron frame, the Roberts Loom.[12] In 1842 James Bullough and William Kenworthy, made the Lancashire Loom. It is a semiautomatic power loom. Although it is self-acting, it has to be stopped to recharge empty shuttles. It was the mainstay of the Lancashire cotton industry for a century, when the Northrop Loom invented in 1894 with an automatic weft replenishment function gained ascendancy.
Number of Looms in UK[20]
Year 1803 1820 1829 1833 1857
Looms 2,400 14,650 55,500 100,000 250,000
Robert's self acting mule[edit]
Roberts self-acting mule with quadrant gearing
Also in 1830, Richard Roberts patented the first self-acting mule. The Stalybridge mule spinners strike was in 1824, this stimulated research into the problem of applying power to the winding stroke of the mule.[21][22] The draw while spinning had been assisted by power, but the push of the wind had been done manually by the spinner, the mule could be operated by semiskilled labour. Before 1830, the spinner would operate a partially powered mule with a maximum of 400 spindles after, self-acting mules with up to 1,300 spindles could be built.[23]
The savings that could be made with this technology were considerable. A worker spinning cotton at a hand-powered spinning wheel in the 18th century would take more than 50,000 hours to spin 100 lb of cotton; by the 1790s, the same quantity could be spun in 300 hours by mule, and with a self-acting mule it could be spun by one worker in just 135 hours.[24]
Working practices[edit]
The nature of work changed during industrialisation from a craft production model to a factory-centric model. It was during the years 1761 to 1850 that these changes happened. Textile factories organized workers' lives much differently from craft production. Handloom weavers worked at their own pace, with their own tools, and within their own cottages. Factories set hours of work, and the machinery within them shaped the pace of work. Factories brought workers together within one building to work on machinery that they did not own. Factories also increased the division of labour. They narrowed the number and scope of tasks. They included children and women within a common production process. As Manchester mill owner Friedrich Engels decried, the family structure itself was "turned upside down" as women's wages undercut men's, forcing men to "sit at home" and care for children while the wife worked long hours.[25] Factories flourished over manual craftsmanship because they had more efficient production output per worker, keeping prices down for the public, and they had much more consistent quality of product. The work-discipline was forcefully instilled upon the workforce by the factory owners, and he found that the working conditions were poor, and poverty levels were at an unprecedented high. Engels was appalled, and his research in Derby played a large role in his and Marx's book 'Das Kapital'. At times, the workers rebelled against poor wages. The first major industrial action in Scotland was that of the Calton weavers in Glasgow, who went on strike for higher wages in the summer of 1787. In the ensuing disturbances, troops were called in to keep the peace and three of the weavers were killed.[26] There was continued unrest. In Manchester in May 1808, 15,000 protesters gathered on St George's Fields and were fired on by dragoons, with one man dying. A strike followed, but was eventually settled by a small wage increase.[27] In the general strike of 1842, half a million workers demanded the Charter and an end to pay cuts. Again, troops were called in to keep the peace, and the strike leaders were arrested, but some of the worker demands were met.[28]
The early textile factories employed a large share of children, but the share declined over time. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children. Sir Robert Peel, a mill owner turned reformer, promoted the 1802 Health and Morals of Apprentices Act, which was intended to prevent pauper children from working more than 12 hours a day in mills. Children had started in the mills at around the age of four, working as mule scavengers under the working machinery until they were eight, they progressed to working as little piecers which they did until they were 15. During this time they worked 14 to 16 hours a day, being beaten if they fell asleep.[29] The children were sent to the mills of Derbyshire, Yorkshire and Lancashire from the workhouses in London and other towns in the south of England. A well-documented example was that of Litton Mill. Further legislation followed. By 1835, the share of the workforce under 18 years of age in cotton mills in England and Scotland had fallen to 43%. About half of workers in Manchester and Stockport cotton factories surveyed in 1818 and 1819 had begun work at under ten years of age.[30] Most of the adult workers in cotton factories in mid-19th-century Britain were workers who had begun work as child labourers. The growth of this experienced adult factory workforce helps to account for the shift away from child labour in textile factories.
A representative early spinning mill 1771[edit]
Gateway to Arkwright's Mill
Cromford Mill was an early Arkwright mill and was the model for future mills. The site at Cromford had year-round supply of warm water from the sough which drained water from nearby lead mines, together with another brook. It was a five-storey mill. Starting in 1772, the mills ran day and night with two 12-hour shifts.
It started with 200 workers, more than the locality could provide so Arkwright built housing for them nearby, one of the first manufacturers to do so. Most of the employees were women and children, the youngest being only 7 years old. Later, the minimum age was raised to 10 and the children were given 6 hours of education a week, so that they could do the record keeping their illiterate parents could not.
The first stage of the spinning process is carding, initially this was done by hand, but in 1775 he took out a second patent for a water-powered carding machine and this led to increased output. He was soon building further mills on this site and eventually employed 1,000 workers at Cromford. By the time of his death in 1792, he was the wealthiest untitled person in Britain.[31] The gate to Cromford Mill was shut at precisely 6am and 6pm every day and any worker who failed to get through it not only lost a day's pay but was fined another day's pay. In 1779, Arkwright installed a cannon, loaded with grapeshot, just inside the factory gate,[32] as a warning to would-be rioting textile workers, who had burned down another of his mills in Birkacre, Lancashire. The cannon was never used.
The mill structure is classified as a Grade I listed building, it was first classified in June 1950.[33]
A representative mid-century spinning mill 1840[edit]
Brunswick Mill, Ancoats is a cotton spinning mill in Ancoats, Manchester, Greater Manchester. It was built around 1840, part of a group of mills built along the Ashton Canal, and at that time it was one of the country's largest mills. It was built round a quadrangle, a seven-storey block faced the canal.[34] It was taken over by the Lancashire Cotton Corporation in the 1930s and passed to Courtaulds in 1964. Production finished in 1967.
The Brunswick mill was built around 1840 in one phase.[34] The main seven storey block that faces the Ashton Canal was used for spinning. The preparation was done on the second floor and the self-acting mules with 400 spindles were arranged transversely on the floors above. The wings contained the blowing rooms, some spinning and ancillary processes like winding. The four storey range facing Bradford Road was used for warehousing and offices. The mill was built by David Bellhouse, but it is suspected that William Fairbairn was involved in the design. It is built from brick, and has slate roofs. Fireproof internal construction was now standard. Brunswick was built using cast iron columns and beams, each floor was vaulted with transverse brick arches.[35] There was no wood in the structure. It was powered by a large double beam engine.[34]
In 1850 the mill had some 276 carding machines, and 77,000 mule spindles,[36] 20 drawing frames, fifty slubbing frames and eighty one roving frames.[37]
The structure was good and it successfully converted to ring spinning in 1920- and was the first mill to adopt mains electricity as its principal source of power. The mill structure was classified as a Grade II listed building in June 1994.[35]
Export of technology[edit]
While profiting from expertise arriving from overseas (e.g. Lewis Paul), Britain was very protective of home-grown technology. In particular, engineers with skills in constructing the textile mills and machinery were not permitted to emigrate — particularly to the fledgeling America.
Horse power (1780–1790)
The earliest cotton mills in the United States were horse-powered. The first mill to use this method was the Beverly Cotton Manufactory, built in Beverly, Massachusetts. It was started on 18 August 1788 by entrepreneur John Cabot and brothers. It was operated in joint by Moses Brown, Israel Thorndike, Joshua Fisher, Henry Higginson, and Deborah Higginson Cabot. The Salem Mercury reported that in April 1788 the equipment for the mill was complete, consisting of a spinning jenny, a carding machine, warping machine, and other tools. That same year the mill's location was finalized and built in the rural outsets of North Beverly. The location had the presence of natural water, but it was cited the water was used for upkeep of the horses and cleaning of equipment, and not for mass-production.[38][39]
Much of the internal designs of the Beverly mill were hidden due to concerns of competitors stealing designs. The beginning efforts were all researched behind closed doors, even to the point that the owners of the mill set up milling equipment on their estates to experiment with the process. There were no published articles describing exactly how their process worked in detail. Additionally, the mill's horse-powered technology was quickly dwarfed by new water-powered methods.[40][41]
Slater
Following the creation of the United States, an engineer who had worked as an apprentice to Arkwright's partner Jedediah Strutt evaded the ban. In 1789, Samuel Slater took his skills in designing and constructing factories to New England, and he was soon engaged in reproducing the textile mills that helped America with its own industrial revolution.
Local inventions spurred this on, and in 1793 Eli Whitney invented and patented the cotton gin, which sped up the processing of raw cotton by over 50 times.

Art and literature[edit]
William Blake: Jerusalem - dark satanic mills (1804) and other works.
Mrs Gaskell: Mary Barton(1848), North and South (1855)
Charlotte Brontë: Shirley (1849)
Cynthia Harrod-Eagles wrote fictional accounts of the early days of factories and the events of the Industrial Revolution in The Maiden (1985), The Flood Tide (1986), The Tangled Thread (1987), The Emperor (1988), The Victory (1989), The Regency (1990), The Reckoning (1992) and The Devil's Horse (1993), Volumes 8-13, 15 and 16 of The Morland Dynasty.
See also[edit]
Cotton mill
References[edit]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Quarry Bank Mill in Cheshire still exists as a well-preserved museum. It illustrates how the mill owners used child labour, taking orphans from nearby Manchester; it shows working conditions and how children were housed, clothed, fed and provided with some education. This mill also shows the transition from water power to steam power; steam engines to drive the looms being installed in 1810.
Notes
Jump up ^ The Industrial Revolution – Innovations
Jump up ^ Majeed, A (January 19, 2009), Cotton and textiles — the challenges ahead, Dawn-the Internet edition, retrieved 2009-02-12 < "Machine processes", Spinning the Web, Manchester City Council: Libraries, retrieved 2009-01-29
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Broadberry, Stephen; Gupta, Bishnupriya. "Cotton textiles and the great divergence: Lancashire, India and shifting competitive advantage, 1600-1850" (PDF). International Institute of Social History. Department of Economics, University of Warwick. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011), Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850, Cambridge University Press, p. 2, ISBN 978-1-139-49889-0
^ Jump up to: a b Jeffrey G. Williamson, David Clingingsmith (August 2005). "India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries" (PDF). Harvard University. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Junie T. Tong (2016), Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets, page 151, CRC Press
^ Jump up to: a b John L. Esposito (2004), The Islamic World: Past and Present 3-Volume Set, page 190, Oxford University Press
^ Jump up to: a b Ray, Indrajit (2011). Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857), Routledge, ISBN 1136825525
Jump up ^ Karl J. Schmidt (2015), An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History, page 100, Routledge
Jump up ^ Om Prakash, "Empire, Mughal", History of World Trade Since 1450, edited by John J. McCusker, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237-240, World History in Context, accessed 3 August 2017
Jump up ^ Gail Marsh, 19th Century Embroidery Techniques (Guild of Master Craftsman Publications Ltd, 2008), p. 70.
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams & Farnie 1992, p. 11.
Jump up ^ Mortimer, John (1897), Industrial Lancashire
Jump up ^ Grimshaw Archived 2005-10-29 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [1]: Press the 'Ingenious' button and use search key '10302171' for the patent
^ Jump up to: a b Hills 1993, p. 43
Jump up ^ Hills 1993, p. 44
Jump up ^ Guest source
^ Jump up to: a b Hills 1993, p. 113
Jump up ^ Hills 1993, p. 117
Jump up ^ Roberts, Richard (DNB00). Wikisource.
Jump up ^ Hills 1993, p. 118
Jump up ^ Williams & Farnie 1992, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Griffin, Emma (2010). A Short History of the British Industrial Revolution. Palgrave. p. 91.
Jump up ^ Cora Granata and Cheryl A. Koos, Modern Europe 1750 to the Present (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2008) 31.
Jump up ^ George MacGregor (1881). The history of Glasgow: from the earliest period to the present time. T. D. Morison. pp. 371–372.
Jump up ^ WORKERS: The long agony of the handloom weaver, Cotton Times, 2010, retrieved 2010-02-09
Jump up ^ "General Strike, 1842 Half a million workers demand the Charter and an end to pay cuts". Chartist Ancestors. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
Jump up ^ Rowland, David (1832), Children of the Revolution, Cotton Times, archived from the original on 2010-08-17, retrieved 2010-02-09
Jump up ^ Galbi, Douglas (1997). "Child Labor and the Division of Labor in the Early English Cotton Mills". Journal of Population Economics. 10 (4): 357–75.
Jump up ^ Thornber, Craig. "RICHARD ARKWRIGHT (1732-1792)". Cheshire Antiquities. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Cotton Times website
Jump up ^ Historic England, "Cromford Mill (1248010)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 1 February 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams & Farnie 1992, pp. 154–156.
^ Jump up to: a b Historic England, "Brunswick Mill (1197807)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 12 May 2014
Jump up ^ "Graces guides, Brunswick Mill". Retrieved 2009-01-10.
Jump up ^ Parkinson-Bailey, John (2000). Manchester: An architectural history. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5606-2.
Jump up ^ Beverly Community History Cotton Mill, www.globalindex.com. URL accessed January 14, 2007.
Jump up ^ The Worcester (Mass.) Spy. August 31, 1897, Wednesday. Page 2
Jump up ^ The Beverly Cotton Manufactory: Or some new light on an early cotton mill. Robert W Lovett. Business Historical Society. Bulletin of the Business Historical Society pre.. Dec 1952; 26, 000004; ABI/INFORM(pg. 218)
Jump up ^ "Made In Beverly-A History of Beverly Industry", by Daniel J. Hoisington. A publication of the Beverly Historic District Commission. 1989.
Bibliography
Copeland, Melvin Thomas. The cotton manufacturing industry of the United States (Harvard University Press, 1912) online
Cameron, Edward H. Samuel Slater, Father of American Manufactures (1960) scholarly biography
Conrad, Jr., James L. "'Drive That Branch': Samuel Slater, the Power Loom, and the Writing of America's Textile History," Technology and Culture, Vol. 36, No. 1 (January 1995), pp. 1–28 in JSTOR
Griffin, Emma, A Short History of the British Industrial Revolution (Palgrave, 2010), pp. 86–104
Griffiths, T., Hunt, P.A., and O'Brien, P. K. "Inventive activity in the British textile industry", Journal of Economic History, 52 (1992), pp. 881–906.
Griffiths, Trevor; Hunt, Philip; O'Brien, Patrick. "Scottish, Irish, and imperial connections: Parliament, the three kingdoms, and the mechanization of cotton spinning in eighteenth-century Britain," Economic History Review, Aug 2008, Vol. 61 Issue 3, pp 625–650
Hills, Richard Leslie (1993), Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine (paperback ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 244, ISBN 9780521458344, retrieved January 2009 Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
Miller, Ian; Wild, Chris (2007), A & G Murray and the Cotton Mills of Ancoats, Lancaster Imprints, ISBN 978-0-904220-46-9
Ray, Indrajit (2011). Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857), Routledge, ISBN 1136825525.
Tucker, Barbara M. "The Merchant, the Manufacturer, and the Factory Manager: The Case of Samuel Slater," Business History Review, Vol. 55, No. 3 (Autumn, 1981), pp. 297–313 in JSTOR
Tucker, Barbara M. Samuel Slater and the Origins of the American Textile Industry, 1790–1860 (1984)
Williams, Mike; Farnie (1992), Cotton Mills of Greater Manchester, Carnegie Publishing
External links[edit]
University of Arizona pdf Repository of Textile books
Essay and source material on Arkwright and Cartwright
The cotton industry during the Industrial Revolution
Factory Workers in the British Industrial Revolution
Spartacus Educational(2014)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution&oldid=855815250"
Categories:
Industrial Revolution in England
History of the textile industry
Cotton industry in England
Industrial Revolution
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Textile mills completed in the 18th century
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Manufacturing companies established in the 19th century
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