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Golden calf
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For other uses, see Golden calf (disambiguation).
The Adoration of the Golden Calf – Picture from the Hortus deliciarum of Herrad of Landsberg (12th century)
The Adoration of the Golden Calf by Nicolas Poussin
According to the Bible, the golden calf (עֵגֶּל הַזָהָב ‘ēggel hazāhāv) was an idol (a cult image) made by the Israelites during Moses' absence, when he went up to Mount Sinai. In Hebrew, the incident is known as ḥēṭ’ ha‘ēggel (חֵטְא הַעֵגֶּל) or "The Sin of the Calf". It is first mentioned in Exodus 32:4.
Bull worship was common in many cultures. In Egypt, whence according to the Exodus narrative the Hebrews had recently come, the Apis Bull was a comparable object of worship, which some believe the Hebrews were reviving in the wilderness;[1] alternatively, some believe the God of Israel was associated with or pictured as a calf/bull deity through the process of religious assimilation and syncretism. Among the Egyptians' and Hebrews' neighbors in the ancient Near East and in the Aegean, the Aurochs, the wild bull, was widely worshipped, often as the Lunar Bull and as the creature of El.
Contents
[hide]
1 In the Book of Exodus
1.1 Exclusion of the Levites and mass execution
2 Other mentions in the Bible
3 Jeroboam's golden calves at Bethel and Dan
4 Jewish views
5 Islamic narrative
6 Criticism and interpretation
6.1 As adoration of wealth
7 In popular culture
7.1 Eponymous subjects
7.2 Others
8 See also
9 Notes
10 External links
In the Book of Exodus[edit]
The Worship of the Golden Calf by Filippino Lippi (1457–1504)
When Moses went up into Biblical Mount Sinai to receive the Ten Commandments (Exodus 24:12-18), he left the Israelites for forty days and forty nights. The Israelites feared that he would not return and demanded that Aaron make them "gods" to go before them (Exodus 32:1). Aaron gathered up the Israelites' golden earrings and ornaments, constructed a "molten calf" and they declared: "These [be] thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt." (Exodus 32:4)
Aaron built an altar before the calf and proclaimed the next day to be a feast to the LORD. So they rose up early the next day and "offered burnt-offerings, and brought peace-offerings; and the people sat down to eat and to drink, and rose up to play." (Exodus 32:6) God told Moses what the Israelites were up to back in camp, that they had turned aside quickly out of the way which God commanded them and he was going to destroy them and start a new people from Moses. Moses besought and pleaded that they should be spared (Exodus 32:11-14), and God "repented of the evil which He said He would do unto His people."
Moses went down from the mountain, but upon seeing the calf, he became angry and threw down the two Tablets of Stone, breaking them. Moses burnt the golden calf in a fire, ground it to powder, scattered it on water, and forced the Israelites to drink it. When Moses asked him, Aaron admitted collecting the gold, and throwing it into the fire, and said it came out as a calf (Exodus 32:21-24).
Exclusion of the Levites and mass execution[edit]
Main article: Levite
The Bible records that the tribe of Levi did not worship the golden calf. When Moses stood in the gate of the camp, and said: 'Whosoever is on the LORD's side, let him come unto me.' And all the sons of Levi gathered themselves together unto him. And he said unto them: 'Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel: Put ye every man his sword upon his thigh, and go to and fro from gate to gate throughout the camp, and slay every man his brother, and every man his companion, and every man his neighbour.' And the sons of Levi did according to the word of Moses; and there fell of the people that day about three thousand men. (Exodus 32:26-28)
Other mentions in the Bible[edit]
The golden calf is mentioned in Nehemiah 9:16–21.
"But they, our ancestors, became arrogant and stiff-necked, and they did not obey your commands. They refused to listen and failed to remember the miracles you performed among them. They became stiff-necked and in their rebellion appointed a leader in order to return to their slavery. But you are a forgiving God, gracious and compassionate, slow to anger and abounding in love. Therefore you did not desert them, even when they cast for themselves an image of a calf and said, 'This is your god, who brought you up out of Egypt,' or when they committed awful blasphemies. "Because of your great compassion you did not abandon them in the wilderness. By day the pillar of cloud did not fail to guide them on their path, nor the pillar of fire by night to shine on the way they were to take. You gave your good Spirit to instruct them. You did not withhold your manna from their mouths, and you gave them water for their thirst. For forty years you sustained them in the wilderness; they lacked nothing, their clothes did not wear out nor did their feet become swollen."
The language suggests that there are some inconsistencies in the other accounts of the Israelites and their use of the calf. As the version in Exodus and 1 Kings are written by Deuteronomistic historians based in the southern kingdom of Judah, there is a proclivity to expose the Israelites as unfaithful. The inconsistency is primarily located in Exodus 32.4 where "gods" is plural despite the construction of a single calf. When Ezra retells the story, he uses the single, capitalized God.[2]
Conversely, a more biblically conservative view offers a tenable explanation accounting for the discrepancy between "gods" in Exodus 32 and "God" in Nehemiah 9:18. In both instances, the Hebrew 'elohim' is used. Since ancient Hebrew failed to distinguish 'elohim' God (known as the majestic plural) from 'elohim' gods, Biblical translations are either determined by a) context or b) the local verb(s). In the original account in Exodus 32, the local verb is in the 3rd person plural. In Nehemiah 9, the verb connected to 'elohim' is singular. For the JEDP (i.e. Deuteronomistic) theorist, this inconsistency is confirmatory since the theory maintains a roughly equivalent date for the composition of Exodus and Nehemiah. More conservative scholarship would argue that these two texts were composed about 1000 years apart: Exodus (by Moses) circa 1500 BCE, and Nehemiah circa 500 BCE. The biblically conservative framework would therefore account for the verbal inconsistency from Exodus to Nehemiah as a philological evolution over the approximate millennium separating the two books.
Jeroboam's golden calves at Bethel and Dan[edit]
Main article: Jeroboam
Worshiping the Golden Calf
According to 1 Kings 12:26–30, after Jeroboam establishes the northern Kingdom of Israel, he contemplates the sacrificial practices of the Israelites.
Jeroboam thought to himself, "The kingdom will now likely revert to the house of David. If these people go up to offer sacrifices at the temple of the LORD in Jerusalem, they will again give their allegiance to their lord, Rehoboam king of Judah. They will kill me and return to King Rehoboam." After seeking advice, the king made two golden calves. He said to the people, "It is too much for you to go up to Jerusalem. Here are your gods, Israel, who brought you up out of Egypt." One he set up in Bethel, and the other in Dan. And this thing became a sin; the people came to worship the one at Bethel and went as far as Dan to worship the other.
His concern was that the tendency to offer sacrifices in Jerusalem, which is in the southern Kingdom of Judah, would lead to a return to King Rehoboam. He makes two golden calves and places them in Bethel and Dan. He erects the two calves in what he figures (in some interpretations) as substitutes for the cherubim built by King Solomon in Jerusalem.[3]
Richard Elliott Friedman says "at a minimum we can say that the writer of the golden calf account in Exodus seems to have taken the words that were traditionally ascribed to Jeroboam and placed them in the mouths of the people." Friedman believes that the story was turned into a polemic, exaggerating the throne platform decoration into idolatry, by a family of priests sidelined by Jeroboam.[4]
The declarations of Aaron and Jeroboam are almost identical:
'These are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt' (Exod 32:4, 8);
'Behold your gods, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt (1 Kings 12:28)
After making the golden calf or golden calves both Aaron and Jeroboam celebrate festivals. Aaron builds an altar and Jeroboam ascends an altar (Exod 32:5–6; 1 Kings 12:32–33).[5]
Jewish views[edit]
In Legends of the Jews, a conservative rabbi Louis Ginzberg wrote that the worship of the Golden Calf was the disastrous consequence for Israel who took mixed multitude in their exodus from Egypt. Had not the mixed multitude joined them, Israel would not have been misled to worship this molten idol. The form of calf itself came from a magical virtue of an ornament leaf with the image of the bull which is made by Moses.[6]
The devotion of Israel to this worship of the calf was partly explained by a circumstance at passing through the Red Sea, when they beheld the most distinct creature about the Celestial Throne which is the resemblance of ox, then they thought it was an ox who had helped God in their journey from Egypt.[6] After seeing Hur son of Miriam who was carelessly murdered by the people following his rebuke of their ingratitude action to God, Aaron was willing rather to take a sin upon himself to make an idol than to cast the burden of an evil deed upon the people if they commit so terrible sin of killing a priest and prophet among them.[6]
Also there would be among Israel no caste of priesthood, and the nation would have been a nation of priests only if Israel had not sinned through worshiping the Golden Calf that the greater part of the people lost the right to priesthood, except tribe of Levi as the only tribe who remained faithful to God and did not partake in this sinful deed.[7]
Islamic narrative[edit]
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See also: Moses in Islam and Islamic view of Aaron
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The incident of the worship of the Golden Calf is narrated in the Qur'an and other Islamic literature. The Qur'an narrates that after they refused to enter the promised land, God decreed that as punishment the Israelites would wander for forty years. Moses continued to lead the Israelites to Mount Sinai for Divine guidance. According to Islamic literature, God ordered Moses to fast for thirty days, and upon near completion of the thirty days, Moses ate a scented plant to improve the odour of his mouth. God commanded Moses to fast for ten more days, before receiving the guidance for the Israelites. When Moses completed the fasts, he approached God for guidance. During this time, Moses had instructed the Israelites that Aaron (Harun) was to lead them. The Israelites grew restless, since Moses had not returned to them, and after thirty days, a man the Qur'an names Samiri raised doubts among the Israelites. Samiri claimed that Moses had forsaken the Israelites and ordered his followers among the Israelites to light a fire and bring him all the jewelry and gold ornaments they had.[8] Samiri fashioned the gold into a golden calf along with the dust on which the angel Gabriel had trodden, which he proclaimed to be the God of Moses and the God who had guided them out of Egypt.[9] There is a sharp contrast between the Qur'anic and the biblical accounts the prophet Aaron's actions. The Qur'an mentions that Aaron attempted to guide and warn the people from worshipping the Golden Calf. However, the Israelites refused to stop until Moses had returned.[10] The righteous separated themselves from the pagans. God informed Moses that He had tried the Israelites in his absence and that they had failed by worshipping the Golden Calf.
Returning to the Israelites in great anger, Moses asked Aaron why he had not stopped the Israelites when he had seen them worshipping the Golden Calf. The Qur'an reports that Aaron stated that he did not act due to the fear that Moses would blame him for causing divisions among the Israelites. Moses realized his helplessness in the situation, and both prayed to God for forgiveness (Qur'an 7:150-151). Moses then questioned Samiri for the creation of the Golden Calf; Samiri justified his actions by stating that he had thrown the dust of the ground upon which Gabriel had tread on into the fire because his soul had suggested it to him.[8] Moses informed him that he would be banished and that they would burn the Golden Calf and spread its dust into the sea. Moses ordered seventy delegates to repent to God and pray for forgiveness.[11] The delegates traveled alongside Moses to Mount Sinai, where they witnessed the speech between him and God but refused to believe until they had witnessed God with their sight. As punishment, God struck the delegates with lightning and killed them with a violent earthquake.[12] Moses prayed to God for their forgiveness. God forgave and resurrected them and they continued on their journey.
In the Islamic view, the Calf-worshipers' sin had been shirk (Arabic: شرك), the sin of idolatry or polytheism. Shirk is the deification or worship of anyone or anything other than the singular God (Allah), or more literally the establishment of "partners" placed beside God, a most serious and unforgivable sin, with the Calf-worshipers' being ultimately forgiven being a mark of special forbearance by Allah.
Criticism and interpretation[edit]
This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (April 2015)
Despite a seemingly simplistic façade, the golden calf narrative is complex. According to Michael Coogan, it seems that the golden calf was not an idol for another god, and thus a false god.[13] He cites Exodus 32:4-5 as evidence: He [Aaron] took the gold from them, formed it in a mold, and cast an image of a calf; and they said, "These are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt!" When Aaron saw this, he built an altar before it; and Aaron made proclamation and said, "Tomorrow shall be a festival to the Lord (Yahweh)." Importantly, there is a single calf in this narrative. While the people refer to it as representative of the "gods", this is a possessive form of the word Elohim (אֱלֹהֶיךָ elo'hecha, from אֱלֹהִים), which is a name of God as well as general word for "gods". While a reference to singular god does not necessarily imply Yahweh worship, the word usually translated as 'lord' is Yahweh יהוה in the original, so at least it can't be ruled out.[13] It should also be noted that "in the chronology of the narrative of the Ten Commandments" the commandment against the creation of graven images had not yet been given to the people when they pressed upon Aaron to help them make the calf, and that such behavior was not yet explicitly outlawed.[13]
Another understanding of the golden calf narrative is that the calf was meant to be the pedestal of Yahweh. In Near Eastern art, gods were often depicted standing on an animal, rather than seated on a throne.[13] This reading suggests that the golden calf was merely an alternative to the ark of the covenant or the cherubim upon which Yahweh was enthroned.[13]
The reason for this complication may be understood as 1.) a criticism of Aaron, as the founder of one priestly house that rivaled the priestly house of Moses, and/or 2.) as "an attack on the northern kingdom of Israel."[13] The second explanation relies on the "sin of Jeroboam," who was the first king of the northern kingdom, as the cause of the northern kingdom’s fall to Assyria in 722 BCE.[13] Jeroboam’s "sin" was creating two calves of gold, and sending one to Bethel as a worship site in the south of the Kingdom, and the other to Dan as a worship site in the north, so that the people of the northern kingdom would not have to continue to go to Jerusalem to worship (see 1 Kings 12.26–30). According to Coogan, this episode is part of the Deuteronomistic history, written in the southern kingdom of Judah, after the fall of the Northern kingdom, which was biased against the northern kingdom.[13] Coogan maintains that Jeroboam was merely presenting an alternative to the cherubim of the Temple in Jerusalem, and that calves did not indicate non-Yahwehistic worship.[13]
The documentary hypothesis can be used to further understand the layers of this narrative: it is plausible that the earliest story of the golden calf was preserved by E (Israel source) and originated in the Northern kingdom. When E and J (Judah source) were combined after the fall of northern kingdom, "the narrative was reworked to portray the northern kingdom in a negative light," and the worship of the calf was depicted as "polytheism, with the suggestion of a sexual orgy" (see Exodus 32.6). When compiling the narratives, P (a later Priest source from Jerusalem) may have minimized Aaron’s guilt in the matter, but preserved the negativity associated with the calf.[13]
Alternatively it could be said that there is no golden calf story in the J source, and if it is correct that the Jeroboam story was the original as stated by Friedman, then it is unlikely that the Golden Calf events as described in Exodus occurred at all. Friedman states that the smashing of the Ten Commandments by Moses when he beheld the worship of the golden calf, is really an attempt to cast into doubt the validity of Judah's central shrine, the Ark of the Covenant. "The author of E, in fashioning the golden calf story, attacked both the Israelite and Judean religious establishments." [14]
As to the likelihood that these events ever took place, on the one hand there are two versions of the ten commandments story, in E (Exodus 20) and J (Exodus 34), this gives some antiquity and there may be some original events serving as a basis to the stories. The Golden Calf story is only in the E version and a later editor added in an explanation that God made a second pair of tablets to give continuity to the J story.[15] The actual Ten Commandments as given in Exodus 20 were also inserted by the redactor who combined the various sources.[16]
Archaeologists Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman say that while archaeology has found traces left by small bands of hunter-gatherers in the Sinai, there is no evidence at all for the large body of people described in the Exodus story: "The conclusion – that Exodus did not happen at the time and in the manner described in the Bible – seems irrefutable... repeated excavations and surveys throughout the entire area have not provided even the slightest evidence."[17]
As adoration of wealth[edit]
A metaphoric interpretation emphasizes the "gold" part of "golden calf" to criticize the pursuit of wealth.
This usage can be found in Spanish[18] where Mammon, the Gospel personification of idolatry of wealth, is not so current.
In popular culture[edit]
Eponymous subjects[edit]
See also: Golden calf (disambiguation)
Le veau d'or est toujours debout (The Golden Calf is still standing), an aria in Charles Gounod's opera Faust
Cave of the Golden Calf, a notorious nightclub in Edwardian London, created by Frida Uhl
"The Golden Calf and the Altar", an episode in the unfinished opera Moses und Aron, a three-act, uncompleted opera by Arnold Schoenberg
The Golden Calf, a sculpture by conceptual artist Damien Hirst
"The Golden Calf", a song on the Prefab Sprout album From Langley Park to Memphis
Mooby the Golden Calf, a fictional character featured in the works of Kevin Smith
The Little Golden Calf, a satirical novel by Soviet authors Ilf and Petrov.
Others[edit]
In Episode 79 of Batman the Golden Calf was nabbed by The Riddler
Le veau d'or est toujours debout (The Golden Calf is still standing) is an aria in Charles Gounod's opera Faust
See also[edit]
Gugalanna
Ki Tissa and Eikev, Torah parshiot dealing with the Golden Calf
Red Heifer
Tauroctony
Apis (deity)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The early Christian Apostolic Constitutions, vi. 4 (c. 380), mentions that "the law is the decalogue, which the Lord promulgated to them with an audible voice, before the people made that calf which represented the Egyptian Apis."
Jump up ^ Coogan, 2009, pg. 116–7.
Jump up ^ Coogan, pg. 117, 2009
Jump up ^ Friedman, Richard Elliott "Who Wrote the Bible?" 1987 pp 72–3
Jump up ^ Harvey, John E. (2004). Retelling the Torah: the Deuteronomistic historian's use of Tetrateuchal Narratives. New York; London: T & T Clark International. p. 2. : "The subsequent declarations of Aaron's people and Jeroboam are almost identical: 'These are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt' (Exod 32:4, 8); 'Behold your gods, O Israel, who brought you up from the land ..."
^ Jump up to: a b c Ginzberg, Louis (1909). The Legends of the Jews Volume III : The Golden Calf (Translated by Henrietta Szold) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society
Jump up ^ Ginzberg, Louis (1909) The Legends of the Jews Volume III : The Revelations in the Tabernacle (Translated by Henrietta Szold) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society
^ Jump up to: a b M. Th Houtsma. First encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. p. 136.
Jump up ^ Abdul-Sahib Al-Hasani Al-'amili. The Prophets, Their Lives and Their Stories. p. 354.
Jump up ^ IslamKotob, Sayyed Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi. Stories of the Prophets - قصص الانبياء. p. 115.
Jump up ^ IslamKotob, Sayyed Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi. Stories of the Prophets - قصص الانبياء. p. 113.
Jump up ^ Iftikhar Ahmed Mehar. Al-Islam: Inception to Conclusion. p. 123.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Coogan, M. A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in its Context. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2009. p.115.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Richard Elliott "Who Wrote the Bible?" 1987 p 74
Jump up ^ Friedman, Richard Elliott "The Bible with Sources Revealed" 2003 page 177
Jump up ^ Friedman, Richard Elliott "The Bible with Sources Revealed" 2003 page 153
Jump up ^ Finkelstein, Israel and Silberman, Neil Asher "The Bible Unearthed" 2001 p 63
Jump up ^ becerro de oro in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden calf.
The Golden calf from a Jewish perspective at Chabad.org
Rabbi Fohrman's Lectures on the Golden Calf
The Golden calf from Ein Hod perspective
Islamic interpretation of the story of the Golden calf in the Qur'an
Story of Muses and Aaron in the Qur'an
Jewish Encyclopedia: Calf, Golden
Online Quran Project 20.83
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Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad
Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot
Locations
Mentioned
Al-Arḍ Al-Mubārakah ("The Land The Blessed")
Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ("The Land The Holy")
In the Arabian Peninsula (excluding Madyan)
Al-Aḥqāf ("The Sandy Plains," or "the Wind-curved Sand-hills")
Iram dhāṫ al-‘Imād (Iram of the Pillars)
Al-Madīnah (formerly Yathrib)
‘Arafāṫ
Al-Ḥijr (Hegra)
Badr
Ḥunayn
Makkah (Mecca)
Bakkah
Ka‘bah (Kaaba)
Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham)
Safa and Marwah
Saba’ (Sheba)
‘Arim Saba’ (Dam of Sheba)
Rass
Jahannam (Hell)
Jannah (Paradise, literally 'Garden')
In Mesopotamia:
Al-Jūdiyy
Munzalanm-Mubārakan ("Place-of-Landing Blessed")
Bābil (Babylon)
Qaryaṫ Yūnus ("Township of Jonah," that is Nineveh)
Door of Hittah
Madyan (Midian)
Majma' al-Bahrain
Miṣr (Mainland Egypt)
Salsabîl (A river in Paradise)
Sinai Region or Tīh Desert
Al-Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa)
Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai)
Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor
Implied
Antioch
Antakya
Arabia
Ayla
Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn
Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha
Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia)
Canaan
Cave of Seven Sleepers
Dār al-Nadwa
Al-Ḥijāz (literally "The Barrier")
Black Stone (Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il
Cave of Hira & Ghar al-Thawr (Cave of the Bull)
Ta'if
Hudaybiyyah
Jordan River
Nile River
Palestine River
Paradise of Shaddad
Religious locations
Bay'a (Church)
Mihrab
Monastery
Masjid (Mosque, literally "Place of Prostration")
Al-Mash‘ar Al-Ḥarām ("The Monument the Sacred")
Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (Al-Aqsa Mosque, literally "The Place-of-Prostration The Farthest")
Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca)
Masjid al-Dirar
A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly:
Masjid Qubâ’ (Quba Mosque)
The Prophet's Mosque
Salat (Synagogue)
Plant matter
Fruits
Ḥabb dhul-‘aṣf (Corn of the husk)
Rummān (Pomegranate)
Ukul khamṭ (Bitter fruit or food of Sheba)
In Paradise
Forbidden fruit of Adam
Bushes, trees or plants
Plants of Sheba
Athl (Tamarisk)
Sidr (lote-tree)
Līnah (Tender palm tree)
Nakhl (date palm)
Rayḥān (Scented plant)
Sidraṫ al-Munṫahā
Zaqqūm
Texts
Al-Injîl (The Gospel of Jesus)
Al-Qur’ân (The Book of Muhammad)
Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrâhîm (Scroll(s) of Abraham)
Aṫ-Ṫawrâṫ (The Torah)
Ṣuḥuf-i-Mûsâ (Scroll(s) of Moses)
Tablets of Stone
Az-Zabûr (The Psalms of David)
Umm al-Kiṫâb ("Mother of the Book(s)")
Objects of people or beings
Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles
Noah's Ark
Staff of Musa
Ṫābūṫ as-Sakīnah (Casket of Shekhinah)
Throne of Bilqis
Trumpet of Israfil
Mentioned idols
(cult images)
'Ansāb
Idols of Israelites:
Baal
The ‘ijl (golden calf statue) of Israelites
Idols of Noah's people:
Nasr
Suwā‘
Wadd
Yaghūth
Ya‘ūq
Idols of Quraysh:
Al-Lāṫ
Al-‘Uzzá
Manāṫ
Jibṫ and Ṭâghûṫ
Celestial bodies
Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'):
Al-Qamar (The Moon)
Kawâkib (Planets)
Al-Arḍ (The Earth)
Nujūm (Stars)
Ash-Shams (The Sun)
Liquids
Mā’ (Water or fluid)
Nahr (River)
Yamm (River or sea)
Sharâb (Drink)
Events
Battle of al-Aḥzāb ("the Confederates")
Battle of Badr
Battle of Hunayn
Battle of Khaybar
Battle of Tabouk
Battle of Uhud
Conquest of Mecca
Incident of Ifk
Laylat al-Mabit
Mubahala
Sayl al-‘Arim (Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba)
The Farewell Pilgrimage (Hujja al-Wada')
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
Umrah al-Qaza
Yawm al-Dār
Implied
Event of Ghadir Khumm
Note: The names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)
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Contactless payment
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
EMV contactless symbol used on compatible payment terminals
A contactless enabled American Express charge card issued in the UK
Contactless payment systems are credit cards and debit cards, key fobs, smart cards, or other devices, including smartphones and other mobile devices, that use radio-frequency identification (RFID) or near field communication (NFC, e.g. Samsung Pay, Apple Pay, Google Pay, Fitbit Pay, or any bank mobile application that support Contactless) for making secure payments. The embedded chip and antenna enable consumers to wave their card, fob, or handheld device over a reader at the point of sale terminal. Contactless payments are made in close physical proximity, unlike mobile payments which use broad-area cellular or WiFi networks and do not involve close physical proximity.
Some suppliers claim that transactions can be almost twice as fast as a conventional cash, credit, or debit card purchase. Because no signature or PIN verification is typically required, contactless purchases are typically limited to small value sales. Lack of authentication provides a window during which fraudulent purchases can be made while the card owner is unaware of the card's loss.
In 2012, MasterCard Advisors wrote that consumers are likely to spend more money using their cards due to the ease of small transactions.[1] MasterCard Canada says it has seen "about 25 percent" higher spending by users of its Mastercard Contactless-brand RFID credit cards.[2] EMV is a common standard used by major credit card and smartphone companies for use in general commerce. Contactless smart cards that function as stored-value cards are becoming popular for use as transit system farecards, such as the Oyster card or RioCard. These can often store non-currency value (such as monthly passes) in additional to fare value purchased with cash or electronic payment.
Contents
1 History
2 Security
3 Floor limit
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Mobil was one of the most notable early adopters of a similar technology, and offered their "Speedpass" contactless payment system for participating Mobil gas stations as early as 1997. Although Mobil has since merged with Exxon, the service is still offered at many of ExxonMobil's stations. Freedompay also had early wins in the contactless space with Bank of America[3] and McDonald's.[4]
McDonald's, KFC, Burger King, Boots, Eat, Heron Foods, Pret a Manger, Stagecoach Group, Subway, AMT Coffee, Tesco, Asda and Lidl are among the retailers offering contactless payments to their customers in the UK. In March 2008, Eat became the first restaurant chain to adopt contactless.[5]
Major financial entities now offering contactless payment systems include MasterCard, Citibank, JPMorgan Chase, American Express, KeyBank, Barclays, Barclaycard, HSBC, Lloyds Banking Group, FreedomPay, The Co-operative Bank, Nationwide Building Society and The Royal Bank of Scotland Group. Visa payWave, American Express Expresspay, and MasterCard Contactless are examples of contactless credit cards which have become widespread in the U.S. and UK.
The first contactless cards in the UK were issued by Barclaycard in 2007.[6] As of December 2014[update], there are approximately 58 million contactless-enabled cards in use, in the UK, and over 147,000 terminals in use though this is growing in numbers and percentages of adoption.[7][8]
Telecom operators are starting to get involved in contactless payments via the use of near field communication phones. Belgacom's Pingping, for example, has a stored value account and via a partnership with Alcatel-Lucent's Touchatag provides contactless payment functionalities. In January 2010, Barclaycard partnered with mobile phone firm Orange, to launch a contactless credit card in the UK.[9] Orange and Barclaycard also announced in 2009 that they would be launching a mobile phone with contactless technology.[10]
In October 2011, the first mobile phones with MasterCard PayPass and/or Visa payWave certification appeared. A PayPass or payWave account can be assigned to the embedded secure element and/or SIM card within the phones. Google Pay is an application for devices running Google's Android OS, which allows users to make purchases using NFC, which initially required a physical secure element but this was replaced by host card emulation which was introduced in Android 4.4 (KitKat). Softcard (formerly known as Isis mobile wallet), Cityzi and Quick Tap wallets for example, use a secure SIM card to store encrypted personal information. Contactless payments with enabled mobile phones still occur on a small scale, but every month an increasing number of mobile phones are certified.[11]
In February 2014, MasterCard announced that it would partner with Weve, which is a joint venture between EE, Telefónica UK, and Vodafone UK, to focus on mobile payments. The partnership will promote the development of "contactless mobile payment systems" by creating a universal platform in Europe for it.[12]
In September 2014, Transport for London's Tube began accepting contactless payment. The number of completed contactless journeys has now exceeded 300m. On Friday 18 December, the busiest single day in 2015, a record 1.24m journeys were completed by over 500k unique contactless cards.[13]
In 2016 Erste Group launched an NFC only debit card implemented as a sticker in Austria. It can be used at any NFC supporting terminal for transactions of unlimited amount however for transactions over the floor limit of 25 EUR a PIN is required to confirm the transaction.[14]
In 2016, contactless payments start to become even broader with wearable technology devices also offering this payment feature.
In 2018, the Westpac Banking Corporation in Australia revealed contactless payment statistics from 2017 and claimed in the report that contactless payments approached saturation point by being used in over 90% of purchases. The Australian St.George Bank reported 94.6% usage for the same period.[15]
Security[edit]
Depending on the economic space, there may be a payment limit on single transactions, and some contactless cards can only be used a certain number of times before customers are asked for their PIN.[16] Contactless debit and credit transactions use the same chip and PIN network as older cards and are protected by the same fraud guarantees. Where PIN is supported, the contactless part of the card remains non-functional until a standard chip and PIN transaction has been executed.[verification needed] This provides some verification that the card was delivered to the actual cardholder.
Under fraud guarantee standards U.S. banks are liable for any fraudulent transactions charged to the contactless cards.[verification needed]
Floor limit[edit]
Because no signature or PIN verification is typically required, contactless purchases are typically limited to a set maximum amount per transaction, known as a floor limit. Limits may vary between banks.
Economic space
Limit
Comment
Australia No limit For transactions over A$100 a PIN is required.[17][18]
Austria No limit For transactions exceeding €25 a PIN is required. Additionally for cards produced before 2017 only five transactions can be made without a PIN.[19] Cards issued after December 2016 need a PIN code for transactions over €25 or a contactless total of €125.
Belgium €25 For transactions over €25 a PIN is required. When several contactless payments in a row reach the amount of €50, the PIN is required.
Brazil No limit For transactions over R$50,00 a PIN is required.
Bulgaria No limit For transactions over 25 BGN (~€12) a PIN is required.
Canada CA$100 Limits are completely at the discretion of the merchant's acquiring bank and the consumer's bank. There is no law limiting the amounts. However financial institutions limit contactless payments to $CA100.
Chile $12.000 CLP
China CN¥1000[20] UnionPay QuickPass. PIN required unless disabled with bank.
Croatia[21] No limit For transactions over 100HRK PIN or signature are needed.
Czech Republic No limit For transactions over 500 CZK PIN is needed. For every 3 consecutive contactless transactions PIN is needed.
Denmark[22] No limit For transactions over 350 DKK PIN is needed. Sometimes PIN is needed anyway to ensure the card is used by its owner.
Dominican Republic No Limit
Eurozone €25 In general[citation needed]
Estonia[23] €25
Finland €25
France €30 Can be used up to three times a day. Cannot be used for transactions over €30.
Germany €25 For each transaction over €25 or €50 (some Visa cards) a PIN or CDCVM verification is required.
Greece €25 For transactions over €25 a PIN is required
Hong Kong No limit Initially banks, not government, set it for $500 or under, then (for some banks) under $1000 (HKD), until the limits were removed.
Hungary No limit For transactions over 5000 HUF PIN is needed. For every 10 consecutive contactless transactions or if you reach 10.000 HUF PIN is needed.
Iceland ISK 5.000 Íslandsbanki has a lower limit of ISK 4.200. For each transaction over the limit, Chip and PIN are required. Also, a cumulative limit of ISK 10.000 between Chip and PIN uses.
India Rs. 2000 Above Rs. 2000 Contact chip transaction needs to be done.
Ireland €30 Previously €15 until 1 October 2015.
Italy €25 For transactions over €25 PIN is needed
Japan JP¥20000 JCB QUICPay and QUICPay＋[24]
Latvia €25
Lithuania[25] €25
Macedonia, Republic of 750 MKD
Malaysia RM250 Cumulative limits (total amount and/or consecutive transactions) differ between card issuers.[26]
By default, for each transaction above RM250 PIN is required. But the limit is customizable. [27]
Netherlands[28] No limit For card payments of more than €25 at once or €50 in a row a PIN is required. Some older cards only allow five transactions in a row without PIN. Most retailers have terminals that support CDCVM as verification (i.e. Apple Pay). While some banks already offer Android NFC/Tap&Pay, both service's are supported. Also note that broad acceptance of creditcards isn't commonplace yet, so that's up to the individual merchant.
New Zealand No limit For each transaction over NZ$80 a PIN is required.
Norway 200 NOK For each transaction over 200 NOK a PIN is required.
Poland No limit For transactions over or equal to 50 PLN PIN is required.
Portugal €20
Romania No limit For transactions over or equal to 100 lei PIN is required.
Russia No limit For transactions over ₽1000 PIN or signature is required.
Serbia No limit For more than 2000RSD PIN verification is mandatory
Singapore S$ 100 The current transaction limit for contactless payments in Singapore is S$100, although some banks offer higher[29].
Slovakia No limit For transactions over €20 PIN is needed. For every 3 consecutive contactless transactions PIN is needed.
Slovenia No limit For transactions over €15 PIN is needed.
South Africa 500 ZAR Increased to R500 in May 2017 (except for ABSA Bank which remained at R200)[30]
Spain No limit For more than €20 PIN verification is mandatory
Sweden 200 SEK For each transaction over 200 SEK a PIN is required.
Switzerland 40 CHF For transactions over 40 CHF a PIN is required.
Taiwan No limit Signatures may be required for large purchases.
Thailand ฿1500
Turkey 90 TL Transactions over 90 TL require PIN entry.
Ukraine No limit For transactions over 100 UAH a PIN is required
United Kingdom £30 £20 until 1 September 2015;[31] still £20 limit on some cards. Sometimes PIN is needed anyway to ensure the card is used by its owner. Some retailers will allow higher value purchases using newer hardware that supports high value purchases if the contactless authentication method is biometric (e.g. Apple Touch ID used in Apple Pay)[32]
United States of America No limit
See also[edit]
Apple Pay
Contactless smart card
Dashtop mobile
Google Pay
Microsoft Wallet
Mobile payment
Near field communication
Proximity card
Octopus card
OPUS card
Oyster card
Presto card
Samsung Pay
Softcard (formerly Isis mobile wallet)
Vicinity cards
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "New MasterCard Advisors Study on Contactless Payments Shows Almost 30% Lift in Total Spend Within First Year of Adoption". newsroom.mastercard.com. 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
Jump up ^ Dubinsky, Zach. "New credit cards pose security problem". CBCNews.ca. 2010-06-02. Retrieved 2010-06-03.
Jump up ^ "FreedomPay makes waves in contactless payment - SecureIDNews".
Jump up ^ "McDonald's testing e-payment system". USA Today. 2001-05-29.
Jump up ^ "First Fully Integrated Contactless Payment System in UK". www.paymentnews.com. 2008-03-26. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Barclaycard rolls out Oyster payments card". Finextra. Finextra. September 2007.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Francis. "Contactless payments taking off in the UK in 2015". mobiletransaction.org. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Key Facts and Stats". Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Orange and Barclaycard deliver next step in their partnership with contactless co-branded credit card". Barclaycard. Barclaycard. January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Barclaycard and Orange unveil pay-by-mobile service by Garry White". Daily Telegraph. London. 2009-03-08. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Certified phones". nfc-phones.org. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
Jump up ^ Villarreal, Alexandra. "MasterCard, Weve partner to accelerate contactless payments shift in U.K." Archived 2016-01-17 at the Wayback Machine. Bank Credit News. 2/10/2014. Retrieved 2/10/2014.
Jump up ^ "Contactless has caught on underground". Barclaycard. Barclaycard. February 2016.
Jump up ^ "BankCard Sticker". Erste Bank und Sparkassen. Erste Bank Group. January 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-08-22.
Jump up ^ "Contactless Payments Statistics Australia 2017 | Westpac". www.westpac.com.au. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
Jump up ^ "Lloyds Bank - UK Bank Accounts - Contactless Debit Cards".
Jump up ^ "MasterCard® contactless". MasterCard. MasterCard Australia. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Visa payWave: FAQs". Visa Australia. Visa. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Maestro® kontraktlos". Maestro. Maestro Austria. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.unionpayintl.com/en/enaboutUpi/ennewsCenter/encompanyNews/3002674.shtml
Jump up ^ "Beskontaktno plaćanje - Prihvat kartica - PBZCard.hr".
Jump up ^ "Dankortet bliver nu kontaktløst"[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Swedbank". Swedbank. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
Jump up ^ "JCB QUICPay". Retrieved 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Contactless cards". Swedbank. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
Jump up ^ "FAQs on migration to PIN-based payment cards" (PDF). Bank Negara Malaysia. 28 October 2016. p. 2. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
Jump up ^ John Lim. "How to disable contactless payment?". says.com.
Jump up ^ "Mijlpaal: 100 miljoen contactloze betalingen | CCV Holland". www.ccv.nl. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
Jump up ^ Boon, Rachel (8 February 2017). "Nets payments to go digital and contactless". The Straits Times. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Tap 'n go' not as risky as many fear". Retrieved 2018-03-28.
Jump up ^ "Contactless card limit rises to £30 as card use surges". 1 September 2015 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Apple Pay 100% Backed By UK's Major Banks -- Including Barclays". Know Your Mobile. Retrieved 2016-05-04.
External links[edit]
A Comprehensive Technical Overview of Contactless
Contactless.info, archived from the original on April 24, 2014 is designed to provide information for UK retailers that have an interest in Contactless card acceptance]
Blog focused on contactless technologies
New credit cards pose security problem, CBC News
Chase's "blink" uses RFID
Gateway Ticketing Systems UK Integrates Contactless Payment
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