text:
Pardon my French
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This article is about the phrase. For other uses, see Pardon my French (disambiguation) and Excuse My French (disambiguation).
"Pardon my French" or "Excuse my French" is a common English language phrase ostensibly disguising profanity as words from the French language. The phrase is uttered in an attempt to excuse the user of profanity, swearing, or curses in the presence of those offended by it, under the pretense of the words being part of a foreign language.[1] Although the phrase is often used without any explicit or implicit intention of insulting the French people or language, it can nevertheless be perceived as offensive and belittling by Francophone speakers.[2] However, most users of the term intend no such belittlement, but rather a light-hearted way of apologizing on-the-fly for having used a somewhat profane comment. In other words, it can be (and usually is) used as a very effective oral English device to indicate that the speaker does not intend to escalate the general level of profanity use.
Contents
[hide]
1 Usage
2 Related expressions
3 Notes
4 References
Usage[edit]
At least one source[3] suggests that the phrase "derives from a literal usage of the exclamation. In the 19th century, when English people used French expressions in conversation they often apologized for it - presumably because many of their listeners (then as now) wouldn't be familiar with the language". The definition cites an example from The Lady's Magazine, 1830:[4]
Bless me, how fat you are grown! - absolutely as round as a ball: - you will soon be as embonpoint† (excuse my French) as your poor dear father, the major.
The phrase has been used in broadcast television and family films where less offensive words are preceded by "pardon my French" to intensify their effect without violating censorship or rating guidelines. A good example is in the movie Ferris Bueller's Day Off. Cameron calls Mr. Rooney and says, "Pardon my French, but you're an asshole".[5]
Related expressions[edit]
Poster for the 1921 movie Pardon My French, the character of the left uses the French profanity "Diable !".
Incidentally, several expressions are used by both the English and the French to describe the same culturally unacceptable habit, but attributing the habit to the other people:
"to take a French leave" (to depart a party or other gathering without taking polite leave of one's host) is referenced in French as filer à l'anglaise (lit. "leave English-style").[6]
"French letter" (now somewhat archaic; referring to a condom) is rendered in French as capote anglaise ("English hood" or "English cap").[7][8]
During the 16th century in England, genital herpes was called the "French disease" and "French-sick" was a term for syphilis, while at the same time, it was called le Mal de Naples (the Napoli disease), hence attributing the belief that syphilis came from the south, into France, and then into England.[9][10]
Notes[edit]
^ † Embonpoint is French for "plumpness"; state of being well-nourished.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rory T. Cornish, Margueritte Quintelli-Neary, Phrases.org.uk: "Crafting Infinity: Reworking Elements in Irish Culture", Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013
Jump up ^ Marie Treps, "Oh là là, ces Français ! Du pire au meilleur, comment le monde parle de nous." La Librairie Vuibert, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Phrases.org.uk: "Excuse my French"
Jump up ^ Frances White, Why do we say “Excuse my French”? on historyanswers.co.uk, 11th March 2015
Jump up ^ Melissa, How the Tradition of Saying “Pardon My French” After Saying Swear Words Started, on todayifoundout.com, October 8, 2013
Jump up ^ Geraldine Jones, “Excuse my French!” and other popular European sayings, on everywordcounts.co.uk, May 14, 2016
Jump up ^ Matt Soniak , Why Do We Say “Pardon My French” When We Curse?, on mentalfloss.com, October 26, 2012
Jump up ^ Twelve 'French' things that aren't actually French at all, on thelocal.fr, 19 August 2016
Jump up ^ Eatough G (1984). Fracastoro's Syphilis. Liverpool: Francis Cairns.
Jump up ^ Girolamo Fracastoro, Ibid., p. 91
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Polynesian languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Polynesian
Geographic
distribution
Polynesia
Linguistic classification
Austronesian
Malayo-Polynesian
Oceanic
Central Pacific
East Fijian – Polynesian
Polynesian
Proto-language
Proto-Polynesian
Subdivisions
Tongic
Nuclear Polynesian
Glottolog
poly1242[1]
The Central Pacific languages
Olive is Polynesian (not shown: Rapa Nui)
The Polynesian languages are a language family spoken in geographical Polynesia and on a patchwork of outliers from south central Micronesia to small islands off the northeast of the larger islands of the southeast Solomon Islands and sprinkled through Vanuatu. They are classified as a subgroup of the much larger and more developed Austronesian family, belonging to the Oceanic branch of that family.[2] Polynesians share many primitive and unique cultural traits that resulted from only about 1000 years of common development, including common linguistic development, in the Tonga and Sāmoa area through most of the first millennium BC.
There are approximately forty Polynesian languages. The most prominent of these are Tahitian, Sāmoan, Tongan, Māori and Hawaiian. Because the Polynesian islands were settled relatively recently and because internal linguistic diversification only began around 2,000 years ago, their languages retain strong commonalities. There are still many cognate words across the different islands e.g. tapu, ariki, motu, kava (Kava culture), and tapa as well as Hawaiki, the mythical homeland for some of the cultures.
All Polynesian languages show strong similarity, particularly in vocabulary. The vowels are often stable in the descendant languages, nearly always a, e, i, o and u. The legendary homeland of the Māori of New Zealand, where w is used instead of v, is called Hawaiki; in the Cook Islands, where h is replaced with the glottal stop, it is 'Avaiki; in the Hawaiian Islands, where w is used and k is replaced with the glottal stop, the largest island of the group is named Hawai'i; in Sāmoa, where s has not been replaced by h, v is used instead of w, and k is replaced with the glottal stop, the largest island is called Savai'i. In the Society Islands, k and ng are replaced by the glottal stop, so the name for the ancestral homeland is pronounced Havai'i.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Languages
1.1 History of classification
1.2 Internal correspondences
2 Personal pronouns
2.1 a and o possession
3 Orthography
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Further reading
7 References
8 External links
Languages[edit]
Polynesian languages fall into two branches, Tongic and Nuclear Polynesian. Tongan and Niuean constitute the Tongic branch; all of the rest are part of the Nuclear Polynesian branch.[4]
Tongic: Tongan, Niuafoʻou, Niuean
Nuclear Polynesian linkage
Futunic: Wallisian or East Uvean (fakaʻuvea) (Wallis Island, Wallis and Futuna), Fakafutuna or (East) Futunan (Futuna Island, Wallis and Futuna), Pukapukan, Rennell-Bellona, Tikopia, West Uvean or Faga Uvea (on Ouvéa off New Caledonia), Futuna-Aniwan or West Futunan (on Futuna and Aniwa in Vanuatu), Mele-Fila (in Mele, southern Éfaté island in Vanuatu), Emae (on Emae in Vanuatu), Anuta
Ellicean
Samoic: Sāmoan, Tokelauan
Ellicean–Outlier: Tuvaluan, Nukuoro (Nukuoro in the FSM), Kapingamarangi (on Kapingamarangi in the FSM), Nukuria (Nuguria in the east of Papua New Guinea),[5] Takuu (Takuu Atoll in the east of Papua New Guinea), Nukumanu (Nukumanu in the east of Papua New Guinea), Ontong Java (or Luangiua; Ontong Java in the Solomon Islands), Sikaiana (Sikaiana in the Solomons), Pileni (and Taumako; Reef Islands in the Solomons)
Eastern Polynesian
Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
Central Eastern Polynesian
Marquesic
Marquesan (Marquesas Islands in French Polynesia)–Mangarevan (Gambier Islands in French Polynesia)
Hawaiian
Tahitic
Tahitian (Society Islands)
Austral (Tubuaian)
Rapan (Rapa Iti)
Tuamotuan (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia)
Rarotongan (Cook Islands Māori)
Rakahanga-Manihiki (Rakahanga and Manihiki, northern Cook Islands)
Penrhyn (or Tongarevan; Tongareva in the northern Cook Islands)
New Zealand Maori–Moriori (Chatham Islands)
History of classification[edit]
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The contemporary classification of the Polynesian languages began with certain observations by Andrew Pawley in 1966 based on shared innovations in phonology, vocabulary and grammar showing that the East Polynesian languages were more closely related to Sāmoan than they were to Tongan, calling Tongan and its nearby relative Niuean "Tongic" and Sāmoan and all other Polynesian languages of the study "Nuclear Polynesian".[6]
Previously, there had been only lexicostatistical studies[7][8] that squarely suggested a "West Polynesian" group composed of at least Tongan and Sāmoan and that an "East Polynesian" group was equally distant from both Tongan and Sāmoan. Lexicostatistics is a controversial tool that can identify points in languages from which linguistic relations can be inferred[clarify]. Since Pawley's 1966 publication, inferring the ancient relationships of the Polynesian languages has proceeded by the more diagnostic findings of studies employing the comparative method[clarify] and the proofs of shared innovations.
Pawley published another study in 1967.[9] It began the process of extracting relationships from Polynesian languages on small islands in Melanesia, the "Polynesian Outliers", whose languages Pawley was able to trace to East Futuna in the case of those farther south and perhaps to Sāmoa itself in the case of those more to the north.
Except for some minor differentiation of the East Polynesian tree, further study paused for almost twenty years until Wilson[10] published a study of Polynesian pronominal systems in 1985 suggesting that there was a special relationship between the East Polynesian languages and all other Nuclear Polynesian but for Futunic, and calling that extra-Futunic group the "Ellicean languages". Furthermore, East Polynesian was found to more likely have emerged from extra-Sāmoan Ellicean than out of Sāmoa itself, an astonishing suggestion given the long assumption of a Sāmoan homeland for the origins of East Polynesian. Wilson named this new group "Ellicean" after the pre-independence name of Tuvalu and presented fine-grained evidence for subgroups within that overarching category.
Marck,[11] in 2000, was able to offer some support for some aspects of Wilson's suggestion through comparisons of shared sporadic (irregular, unexpected) sound changes, e. g., Proto-Polynesian and Proto-Nuclear-Polynesian *mafu 'to heal' becoming Proto-Ellicean *mafo. This was made possible by the massive Polynesian language comparative lexicon ("Pollex" – with reconstructions) of Biggs and Clark.[12]
Despite the relative low number of Polynesian languages, and the relative abundance of data already available on many of them, the comparative method was often reduced to comparisons of vocabulary, shared sporadic sound changes and, as Wilson had done in 1985, comparison of pronominal systems, which is perhaps the second most commonly described aspect of "minor" languages often available for comparison after the lexicostatistical lists. Wilson has a forthcoming work[13] providing further evidence of fine grained subgroups within Ellicean and a consideration of other recent work[14] on the matter of Ellicean internal relations. Wilson's new work brings the matter to the approximate limits of current data available, incorporating much data unknown to most other researchers.
Returning to lexicostatistics, it must be emphasised that the method does not make the best possible use of its short word lists of 100 or 200 words. Dyen's[15] massive lexicostatistical study of Austronesian, for instance, showed a great deal of (lexicostatistical) diversity in the Austronesian languages of Western Melanesia. This was sometimes on par with the lexicostatistical distance of Taiwan Austronesian languages from other Austronesian including Taiwan Austronesian languages from each other (Taiwan now definitively known to be the homeland of the language family itself). But the low lexicostatistical agreement of many Western Melanesian Oceanic languages with other Oceanic Austronesian can be easily dismissed as of little subgrouping interest because those languages are nevertheless full of diagnostic innovations of Oceanic Austronesian in their sound systems and vocabulary, including many Oceanic lexical innovations found in the 100 and 200 lexicostatistical word lists (and the deadly conclusive evidence of the shared phonological innovations of those low-scoring groups with all other Oceanic Austronesian). The Western Oceanic Melanesian "diversity" of lexicostatistical studies was never of any interest in terms of attributing any special time depth or subgrouping significance to it. They are just languages with accelerated loss of vocabulary, sometimes, in the Westerm[clarification needed] Oceanic case, because they involve certain more ancient peoples of the region shifting to Oceanic speech after Oceanic-speaking peoples arrived.[16]
Internal correspondences[edit]
Partly because Polynesian languages split from one another comparatively recently, many words in these languages remain similar to corresponding words in others. The table below demonstrates this with the words for 'sky', 'north wind', 'woman', 'house' and 'parent' in a representative selection of languages: Tongan; Niuean; Sāmoan; Sikaiana; Takuu; Rapanui language; Tahitian; Cook Islands Māori (Rarotongan); Māori; North Marquesan; South Marquesan; Hawaiian and Mangarevan.
Tongan
Niuean
Sāmoan
Sikaiana
Takuu
Rapanui
Tahitian
Rarotongan
Māori
North Marquesan
South Marquesan
Hawaiian
Mangarevan
sky /laŋi/ /laŋi/ /laŋi/ /lani/ /ɾani/ /ɾaŋi/ /ɾaʔi/ /ɾaŋi/ /ɾaŋi/ /ʔaki/ /ʔani/ /lani/ /ɾaŋi/
north wind /tokelau/ /tokelau/ /toʔelau/ /tokelau/ /tokoɾau/ /tokeɾau/ /toʔeɾau/ /tokeɾau/ /tokeɾau/ /tokoʔau/ /tokoʔau/ /koʔolau/ /tokeɾau/
woman /fefine/ /fifine/ /fafine/ /hahine/ /ffine/ /vahine/ /vaʔine/ /wahine/ /vehine/ /vehine/ /wahine/ /veine/
house /fale/ /fale/ /fale/ /hale/ /faɾe/ /haɾe/ /faɾe/ /ʔaɾe/ /ɸaɾe/ /haʔe/ /haʔe/ /hale/ /faɾe/
parent /maːtuʔa/ /motua/ /matua/ /maatua/ /matuʔa/ /metua/ /metua/ /matua/ /motua/ /motua/ /makua/ /matua/
Certain regular correspondences can be noted between different Polynesian languages. For example, the Māori sounds /k/, /ɾ/, /t/, and /ŋ/ correspond to /ʔ/, /l/, /k/, and /n/ in Hawaiian. Accordingly, "man" is tangata in Māori and kanaka in Hawaiian, and Māori roa "long" corresponds to Hawaiian loa. The famous Hawaiian greeting aloha corresponds to Māori aroha, "love, tender emotion". Similarly, the Hawaiian word for kava is ʻawa.
Similarities in basic vocabulary may allow speakers from different island groups to achieve a surprising degree of understanding of each other's speech. When a particular language shows unexpectedly large divergence in vocabulary, this may be the result of a name-avoidance taboo situation – see examples in Tahitian, where this has happened often.
Many Polynesian languages have been greatly affected by European colonization. Both Māori and Hawaiian, for example, have lost many speakers to English, and only in the last twenty years[when?] have they resurged in popularity.[citation needed]
Personal pronouns[edit]
In general, Polynesian languages have three numbers for pronouns and possessives: singular, dual and plural. For example, in Māori: ia (he/she), rāua (they two), rātou (they 3 or more). The words rua (2) and toru (3) are still discernible in endings of the dual and plural pronouns, giving the impression that the plural was originally a trial (threesome) or paucal (a few), and that an original plural has disappeared.[17] Polynesian languages have four distinctions in pronouns and possessives: first exclusive, first inclusive, second and third. For example, in Māori, the plural pronouns are: mātou (we, exc), tātou (we, inc), koutou (you), rātou (they). The difference between exclusive and inclusive is the treatment of the person addressed. Mātou refers to the speaker and others but not the person or persons spoken to (i.e., "I and some others, but not you"), while tātou refers to the speaker, the person or persons spoken to, and everyone else (i.e., "You and I and others").
a and o possession[edit]
Many Polynesian languages distinguish two possessives. The a-possessives (as they contain that letter in most cases), also known as subjective possessives, refer to possessions that must be acquired by one's own action (alienable possession). The o-possessives or objective possessives refer to possessions that are fixed to you, unchangeable, and do not necessitate any action on your part (but upon which actions can still be performed by others) (inalienable possession). Some words can take either form, often with a difference in meaning. One example is the Sāmoan word susu, which takes the o-possessive in lona susu (her breast) and the a-possessive in lana susu (her breastmilk). Compare also the particles used in the names of two of the books of the Māori Bible: Te Pukapuka a Heremaia (The Book of Jeremiah) with Te Pukapuka o Hōhua (The Book of Joshua); the former belongs to Jeremiah in the sense that he was the author, while the Book of Joshua was written by someone else about Joshua. The distinction between one's birth village and one's current residence village can be made similarly.
Orthography[edit]
Written Polynesian languages use orthography based on Latin script. Most Polynesian languages have five vowel qualities, corresponding roughly to those written i, e, a, o, u in classical Latin. However, orthographic conventions for phonemes that are not easily encoded in standard Latin script had to develop over time. Influenced by the traditions of orthographies of languages they were familiar with, the missionaries who first developed orthographies for unwritten Polynesian languages did not explicitly mark phonemic vowel length or the glottal stop. By the time that linguists trained in more modern methods made their way to the Pacific, at least for the major languages, the Bible was already printed according to the orthographic system developed by the missionaries, and the people had learned to read and write without marking vowel length or the glottal stop.
This situation persists in many languages. Despite efforts at reform by local academies, the general conservative resistance to orthographic change has led to varying results in Polynesian languages, and several writing variants co-exist. The most common method, however, uses a macron to indicate a long vowel, while a vowel without that diacritical mark is short, for example, ā versus a. Sometimes, a long vowel is written double, e.g. Maaori. The glottal stop (not present in all Polynesian languages, but where present is one of the most common consonants) is indicated by an apostrophe, for example, 'a versus a. This is somewhat of an anomaly as the apostrophe is most often used to represent letters that have been omitted, while the glottal stop is rather a consonant that is not written. The problem can somewhat be alleviated by changing the simple apostrophe for a curly one, taking a normal apostrophe for the elision and the inverted comma for the glottal stop. The latter method has come into common use in Polynesian languages.
See also[edit]
Proto-Polynesian language – the reconstructed ancestral language from which modern Polynesian languages are derived.
ʻOkina – a glyph shaped like (but distinct from) an apostrophe: used to represent the glottal-stop consonant in some Polynesian Latin-based scripts.
Rongorongo – the undeciphered script of Easter Island (Rapanui).
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Polynesian". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Jump up ^ In number of languages, the 38 members of the Polynesian branch represent 7 percent of the 522 Oceanic languages, and 3 percent of the Austronesian family (source: Glottolog).
Jump up ^ Hiroa, Te Rangi (1964). Vikings of the Sunrise. New Zealand: Whitecombe and Tombs Ltd. p. 69. ISBN 0-313-24522-3. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Lynch, John; Malcolm Ross; Terry Crowley (2002). The Oceanic languages. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 978-0-7007-1128-4. OCLC 48929366.
Jump up ^ Marck, Jeff (2000), Topics in Polynesian languages and culture history. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics
Jump up ^ Pawley, Andrew, 1966, Polynesian languages: a subgrouping based upon shared innovations in morphology. Journal of the Polynesian Society 75(1):39–64. JSTOR 20704348.
Jump up ^ Elbert, Samuel H., 1953, Internal relationships of Polynesian languages and dialects. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 9(2):147–173. doi:10.1086/soutjanth.9.2.3628573. JSTOR 3628573.
Jump up ^ Emory, Kenneth P., 1963, East Polynesian relationships: settlement pattern and time involved as indicated by vocabulary agreements. Journal of the Polynesian Society 72(2):78–100. JSTOR 20704084.
Jump up ^ Pawley, Andrew, 1967, The relationships of Polynesian Outlier languages. Journal of the Polynesian Society 76(3):259–296. JSTOR 20704480.
Jump up ^ Wilson, William H., 1985, Evidence for an Outlier source for the Proto-Eastern-Polynesian pronominal system. Oceanic Linguistics 24(1/2):85-133. doi:10.2307/3623064. JSTOR 3623064.
Jump up ^ Marck, Jeff (2000), Topics in Polynesian languages and culture history. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Jump up ^ Biggs, Bruce (1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994) and Bruce Biggs and Ross Clark (1996), Pollex: Comparative Polynesian Lexicon (computer data base). Auckland: Department of Anthropology, University of Auckland.
Jump up ^ Wilson, William H., 2012, Whence the East Polynesians? Further linguistic evidence for a Northern Outlier Source. Oceanic Linguistics 51(2):289–359. JSTOR 23321860.
Jump up ^ E.g., Kirch, Patrick Vinton and Roger Green (2001) Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Pawley, Andrew (2009) Polynesian paradoxes: subgroups, wave models and the dialect geography of Proto Polynesian. Unpublished paper delivered at the 11th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Aussois, France.
Jump up ^ Dyen, Isidore, 1965. A Lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages. International Journal of American Linguistics (Memoir 19).
Jump up ^ Ross, Malcolm, 2008. The integrity of the Austronesian language family: from Taiwan to Oceania, in Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, Roger Blench, Malcolm D. Ross, Ilia Peiros and Marie Lin (ed.), Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, Great Britain, pp. 161–181.
Jump up ^ Indeed Fijian, a language closely related to Polynesian, has singular, dual, paucal, and plural; and even there we may see the paucal replacing the plural in generations to come, as the paucal currently can be used for a group from 3 up to as many as 10, usually with some family, workgroup or other association.
Further reading[edit]
Edward Tregear (1891). The Maori-Polynesian comparative dictionary. Lyon and Blair. p. 675. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
Edward Tregear (1891). The Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary. Lyon and Blair. at archive.org.
Edward Tregear (1895). A Paumotuan dictionary with Polynesian comparatives. Whitcombe & Tombs Limited. p. 76. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
References[edit]
Charpentier, Jean-Michel; François, Alexandre (2015). Atlas Linguistique de Polynésie Française – Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia (in French and English). Mouton de Gruyter & Université de la Polynésie Française. ISBN 978-3-11-026035-9.
Irwin, Geoffrey (1992). The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonisation of the Pacific. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Krupa V. (1975–1982). Polynesian Languages, Routledge and Kegan Paul
Lynch, J. (1998). Pacific Languages : an Introduction. University of Hawai'i Press.
Lynch, John, Malcolm Ross & Terry Crowley (2002). The Oceanic languages. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.
Marck, Jeff (2000), Topics in Polynesian languages and culture history. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
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A Fox, a Rabbit, and a Cabbage
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"A Fox, a Rabbit, and a Cabbage"
Fargo episode
In an elevator, Lester Nygaard (Martin Freeman, top left)'s new encounter with Lorne Malvo (Billy Bob Thornton, top right) results yet again in a bloodbath.
Episode no.
Season 1
Episode 9
Directed by
Matt Shakman
Written by
Noah Hawley
Featured music
Jeff Russo
Production code
XFO01009
Original air date
June 10, 2014 (2014-06-10)
Running time
53 minutes
Guest appearance(s)
Bob Odenkirk as Bill Oswalt
Keith Carradine as Lou Solverson
Keegan-Michael Key as FBI Agent Pepper
Jordan Peele as FBI Agent Budge
Joey King as Greta Grimly
Susan Park as Linda Park
Stephen Root as Burt Canton
Helena Mattsson as Jemma Stalone
Jennifer Copping as Louise Weezy Canton
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The Heap" Next →
"Morton's Fork"
Fargo (season 1)
List of Fargo episodes
"A Fox, a Rabbit, and a Cabbage" is the ninth episode of the FX anthology series Fargo. It was written by series creator and showrunner Noah Hawley and directed by Matt Shakman. The episode title refers to a variation of the fox, goose and bag of beans puzzle.[1]
The episode is set after the one-year ellipsis featured in the previous episode: Lorne Malvo (Billy Bob Thornton) now has a completely new life as a dentist known as "Dr. Michael". However, his plans are compromised when Lester Nygaard (Martin Freeman) incidentally runs into him. Meanwhile, Gus Grimly (Colin Hanks), now a mailman, is happily married to Molly Solverson (Allison Tolman), whose theory that Lester was involved in the murders finds new supporters in FBI agents Pepper (Keegan-Michael Key) and Budge (Jordan Peele).
"A Fox, a Rabbit, and a Cabbage" received critical acclaim, and was seen by 1.90 million viewers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Reception
2.1 Ratings
2.2 Critical reception
3 References
4 External links
Plot[edit]
Lorne Malvo is now posing as a dentist named "Dr. Michael" in Kansas City, Missouri. One night, Malvo, along with his fiancée, Jemma Stalone, throw a dinner party at his place, which is attended by his co-worker Dr. Burt and his wife, Louise. While Malvo and Burt have a chat over wine, Burt brings up his estranged brother, who he remains in contact with him, even though he isn't allowed to as the brother is currently under witness protection. Burt drunkenly suggests they go to Las Vegas to visit him and Malvo agrees. Later that night, Malvo sits alone in his room listening to one of his phone recordings on his cassette tapes, involving a man committing suicide after confessing to Malvo that Malvo ruined his life.
In a Las Vegas casino bar, Malvo sits at a table talking to Burt, Louise, and Jemma as Lester Nygaard watches from the bar. Burt tells Mike they will meet his brother tomorrow, but they can't bring phones. Before Malvo can ask who is after his brother, Lester walks up to him and taps him on the shoulder. Malvo pretends not to recognize him, despite Lester's attempts to explain what happened in Minnesota last year. Malvo tells Burt that he has never met this man and suggests that they leave. As they get up from the table, Malvo quietly tells Lester, "Walk away."
As they get onto the elevator, Lester stops the elevator door at the last second and enters. He demands that Malvo recognize him, saying the "new Lester" will not let things slide as easily. Malvo tells him to stop talking, and he stares Lester down and asks if this is what he wants. Lester is confused and Malvo repeats the question, asking "Yes or no?". Lester says yes, and Malvo shoots Burt, Louise, and Jemma in the head. He tells Lester that their deaths are on him. As they continue to ride the elevator, Malvo explains that he had been working Burt for six months in order to get to his brother, who apparently has a $100,000 bounty which has now gone to waste. The elevator arrives at a service floor and Malvo asks Lester to help move the bodies to the dumpster. Instead, Lester hits Malvo with his award and runs away. Malvo, smiling, watches Lester run away and says that he'll see him soon.
Lester reaches his hotel room and makes Linda, his wife, get up and pack. He quickly leads her out of the hotel and they catch a late-night plane back to Minnesota. Meanwhile, in Fargo, North Dakota, an FBI agent asks Budge and Pepper to pull the file for the Fargo syndicate massacre. This immediately sparks their interest, and they ask why he needs the file. He tells them a deputy from Bemidji has been calling them, and they decide to pay the deputy a visit.
At Lou's Coffee Shop, Lou serves breakfast to Molly, Gus, and Greta. They discuss the time when Bill Oswalt posed for a newspaper article, and mention he is currently in Saint Paul for a law enforcement conference, and Molly is in charge until he returns. Gus leaves to take Greta to school and Molly gets a call from the Nevada Police Department. They ask her to follow up on a case about three people being murdered on an elevator at a casino by interviewing a witness that called it in: Lester Nygaard.
As Lester and Linda are driving home, Linda asks if leaving early was her fault. He assures her it has nothing to do with her, and decides they should go to Mexico for a vacation right away to make it up to her. After pulling into the driveway of their house (which has changed in the past year to a much larger house with surrounding woods), Lester tells Linda to go inside and pack for their trip, saying to himself they will probably never come back. As she goes upstairs, Lester checks everywhere to be sure Malvo isn't waiting for him. He goes into the basement and pulls out Chaz's old hunting gear from a pile of boxes. In it is a bear trap, as well as a pistol with magazines, which he puts in his back pocket.
Before Lester can leave for his office, Molly arrives at the front door to ask about the murders in Vegas. Lester tries to send her off, but Linda lets her come in due to needing to use the restroom. Meanwhile, Gus is on his mail route when he sees a red car pass by. He gets a quick glimpse of the driver, and believes him to be Lorne Malvo. Malvo drives to Lester's old house with plans to kill Lester, only to find out that he has moved and a new family is now living there. Malvo deviously tells them that there were multiple murders in the house at one point, and it could be haunted. He leaves and goes to Lester's workplace, where he now has his own insurance company. He finds it to be closed.
Meanwhile, Molly talks with Lester and Linda about the events of the murder. Lester makes up a story, saying he never met anyone on his way back to the hotel room. Molly asks why they tried to board a plane at the last minute, Linda backs up Lester's story by saying she was homesick. Molly finishes up and leaves, but before she does she tells them the Vegas PD will be sending over some security footage, so they shouldn't leave town for a while. Linda is about to bring up their trip, but Lester assures Molly they will stay put.
Returning to her car, Molly gets a call from the Bemidji PD, saying two FBI agents were at the department looking for her, and were sent to Lou's to find her, and suggests she go over there. Before she goes, she sees Lester watching her from his window. At the diner, Malvo arrives and orders a coffee and a slice of apple pie. Malvo deduces Lou was a cop at one point, Lou tells him he was one for eighteen years. The two of them exchange stories of their previous affiliations with the police, though Malvo doesn't mention his very specifically. Malvo tries to change the subject by asking where he can find Lester's new residence, which Lou doesn't know. Lou becomes suspicious, and brings up the Sioux Falls case, and tells him what happened there, which gets Malvo's attention. Molly pulls into the back parking lot of the shop, and enters through the back door as Malvo exits through the front. Bill and Webb arrive shortly after to ask Molly about the Fargo case. Molly decides to show them her conspiracy board.
At the Bemidji PD, Bill and Webb are amazed at Molly's work on the case. Suddenly Bill Oswalt returns from the conference, and is frustrated to see Molly's board out again. The two FBI agents calm him down, and decide they will be spending the night to further investigate, hoping to contact Lester. Back at home, Gus enters his room and looks at the more elaborate version of Molly's board. He studies the pictures of Malvo and tries to confirm whether or not he really saw Malvo drive past him.
That night, Lester buys two online plane tickets out of Minneapolis while still constantly looking over his shoulder for Malvo. He tells Linda they're leaving soon. She reminds him they need to stay in town, Lester lies and says he talked with Molly and they are free to go. Before leaving town, Lester says they need to stop by the office to pick up some cash and their passports from the safe. In the parking lot, Lester notices a light on that he didn't turn on. Suspicious, he sends Linda into the office wearing his coat to get what they came for. Malvo appears inside the office and shoots Linda in the back of her head, thinking her to be Lester. Realizing his mistake, Malvo exits the building and scans the parking lot for Lester. Seeing no one, he lights a cigarette and walks away as Lester nervously watches from a distance.
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
The episode was first aired in the US on FX on June 10, 2014 and obtained 1.90 million viewers.[2]
Critical reception[edit]
The episode was very well received among critics. It currently holds a perfect 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[3]
The A.V. Club writers Zack Handlen and Todd VanDerWerff gave the episode an A rating.[4]
Another positive review came from IGN writer Roth Cornet, who gave the episode a 9.0/10 "amazing" rating.[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Phillips, Kate (June 10, 2014). "'Fargo' Recap: It’s a Turducken". The New York Times. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (June 11, 2014). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Pretty Little Liars' & 'Deadliest Catch' Win Night, 'Fargo', 'Royal Pains', 'Chasing Life' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ ""A Fox, a Rabbit, and a Cabbage" critical consensus". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Handlen, Zack; VanDerWerff, Todd (June 10, 2014). "Fargo: “A Fox, A Rabbit, And A Cabbage”". The A.V. Club. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cornet, Roth (June 10, 2014). "Fargo: “A Fox, A Rabbit, and A Cabbage” Review". IGN. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
External links[edit]
"A Fox, a Rabbit, and a Cabbage" on IMDb
"A Fox, a Rabbit, and a Cabbage" at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Fargo
Film
Characters
Marge Gunderson
Jerry Lundegaard
TV series
Episodes
Season 1
"The Crocodile's Dilemma"
"The Rooster Prince"
"A Muddy Road"
"Eating the Blame"
"The Six Ungraspables"
"Buridan's Ass"
"Who Shaves the Barber?"
"The Heap"
"A Fox, a Rabbit, and a Cabbage"
"Morton's Fork"
Season 2
"Waiting for Dutch"
Season 3
"The Law of Vacant Places"
"The Law of Non-Contradiction"
"The Narrow Escape Problem"
Characters
Season 1
Lorne Malvo
Molly Solverson
Lester Nygaard
Lou Solverson
Mr. Wrench and Mr. Numbers
Season 2
Peggy Blumquist
Lou Solverson
Floyd Gerhardt
Season 3
Gloria Burgle
Mr. Wrench
Related articles
Awards and nominations
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List of FIFA World Cup finals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For a list of FIFA Women's World Cup finals, see List of FIFA Women's World Cup finals.
List of FIFA World Cup finals
France celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final
Founded
1930
Region
International (FIFA)
Number of teams
204 (qualifiers)
32 (finals)
Current champions
France (2nd title)
Most successful team(s)
Brazil (5 titles)
The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930. It is contested by the men's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The tournament has taken place every four years, except in 1942 and 1946, when the competition was cancelled due to World War II. The most recent World Cup, hosted by Russia in 2018, was won by France, who beat Croatia 4–2 in regulation time.
The World Cup final match is the last of the competition, and the result determines which country is declared world champions. If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw, an additional 30-minute period of play, called extra time, is added. If such a game is still tied after extra time, it is then decided by a penalty shoot-out. The team winning the penalty shoot-out are then declared champions.[1] The tournament has been decided by a one-off match on every occasion except 1950, when the tournament winner was decided by a final round-robin group contested by four teams (Uruguay, Brazil, Sweden, and Spain). Uruguay's 2–1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match (and one of the last two matches of the tournament) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions. Therefore, this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup.[2]
In the 21 tournaments held, 79 nations have appeared at least once. Of these, 13 have made it to the final match, and eight have won.[n 1] With five titles, Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament.[4] Italy and Germany have four titles. Current champion France, along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina, have two titles each, while England and Spain have one each. The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy, and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy.[5]
The 1970 and 1994, along with the 1986, 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams (Brazil–Italy and Argentina–Germany respectively). As of 2018, the 1934 final[n 2] remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final. The final match of the most recent tournament in Russia took place at the country's biggest sports complex, the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow.[6] The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday. The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday. As of 2018, only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final. Six nations have won the final as host: Uruguay, Italy, England, Germany, Argentina and France. Two nations have lost the final as host: Brazil and Sweden.
Contents
1 List of finals
2 Results
3 Footnotes
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
List of finals[edit]
1930
1978
1950, 2014
1962
1966
1938, 1998
2006
1934, 1990
2002
1970, 1986
2010
1982
1958
1954
1994
1974
2018
2022
Locations of FIFA World Cup finals
Key to the list of finals
Match was won during extra time
Match was won on a penalty shoot-out
The "Year" column refers to the year the World Cup was held, and wikilinks to the article about that tournament. The wikilinks in the "Final score" column point to the article about that tournament's final game. Links in the "Winners" and "Runners-up" columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries, not the articles for the countries.
List of finals matches, their venues and locations, the finalists, and final scores
Year
Winners
Final score[2]
Runners-up
Venue
Location
Attendance
References
1930
Uruguay 4–2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo, Uruguay 80,000 [7][8]
1934
Italy 2–1
[n 3] Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome, Italy 50,000 [9][10]
1938
Italy 4–2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris, France 45,000 [11][12]
1950[n 4]
Uruguay 2–1
[n 5] Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 199,854[13] [14][15]
1954
West Germany 3–2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern, Switzerland 60,000 [16][17]
1958
Brazil 5–2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna, Sweden 51,800 [18][19]
1962
Brazil 3–1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago, Chile 69,000 [20][21]
1966
England 4–2
[n 6] West Germany Wembley Stadium London, England 93,000 [22][23]
1970
Brazil 4–1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City, Mexico 107,412 [24][25]
1974
West Germany 2–1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich, West Germany 75,200 [26][27]
1978
Argentina 3–1
[n 7] Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires, Argentina 71,483 [28][29]
1982
Italy 3–1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid, Spain 90,000 [30][31]
1986
Argentina 3–2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City, Mexico 114,600 [32][33]
1990
West Germany 1–0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome, Italy 73,603 [34][35]
1994
Brazil 0–0
[n 8] Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena, United States 94,194 [36][37]
1998
France 3–0 Brazil Stade de France Saint-Denis, France 80,000 [38][39]
2002
Brazil 2–0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama, Japan 69,029 [40][41]
2006
Italy 1–1
[n 9] France Olympiastadion Berlin, Germany 69,000 [42][43]
2010
Spain 1–0
[n 10] Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg, South Africa 84,490 [44][45]
2014
Germany 1–0
[n 11] Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 74,738 [46][47]
2018
France 4–2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow, Russia 78,011
Upcoming finals
Year
Team 1
v
Team 2
Venue
Location
Attendance
References
2022
Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail, Qatar
2026
TBD United States
Results[edit]
Map of winning countries
Results by nation
National team
Wins
Runners-up
Total finals
Years won
Years runners-up
Brazil 5 2 7 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, 2002 1950, 1998
Germany 4 4 8 1954, 1974, 1990, 2014 1966, 1982, 1986, 2002
Italy 4 2 6 1934, 1938, 1982, 2006 1970, 1994
Argentina 2 3 5 1978, 1986 1930, 1990, 2014
France 2 1 3 1998, 2018 2006
Uruguay 2 0 2 1930, 1950 –
England 1 0 1 1966 –
Spain 1 0 1 2010 –
Netherlands 0 3 3 – 1974, 1978, 2010
Czechoslovakia 0 2 2 – 1934, 1962
Hungary 0 2 2 – 1938, 1954
Sweden 0 1 1 – 1958
Croatia 0 1 1 – 2018
Results by confederation
Confederation
Appearances
Winners
Runners-up
UEFA
28 12 16
CONMEBOL
14 9 5
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ This follows FIFA's consideration that the national teams of West Germany/Germany, Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic, Yugoslavia/Serbia and Montenegro/Serbia, and USSR/Russia are combined respectively for record-keeping.[3]
Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers, but Brazil's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous "final" appearance for the team.
Jump up ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes.[9][10]
Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final, rather, the tournament was decided by a 4-team round robin phase.
Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage.
Jump up ^ Score was 2–2 after 90 minutes.[22][23]
Jump up ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes.[28][29]
Jump up ^ Score was 0–0 after 120 minutes. Brazil won 3–2 on penalties.[36][37]
Jump up ^ Score was 1–1 after 120 minutes. Italy won 5–3 on penalties.[42][43]
Jump up ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes.[44][45]
Jump up ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes.[46][47]
See also[edit]
List of FIFA World Cup opening matches
FIFA World Cup referees
References[edit]
Book: FIFA World Cup
General
"World Cup 1930–2014". Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). 17 July 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
Specific
Jump up ^ "Laws of the Game" (PDF). FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Retrieved 9 February 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930" (PDF). FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Retrieved 3 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "All-time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930-2010" (PDF). FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Retrieved 30 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "World Cup Spotlight on Brazil". CNN. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
Jump up ^ "Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil (World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil)". Globo TV. 21 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html
Jump up ^ "1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Uruguay 1930". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "1934 FIFA World Cup Italy". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Cup history – Italy 1934". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1938 FIFA World Cup France". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – France 1938". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Janela, Mike (June 12, 2018). "World Cup Rewind: Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final". Guinness World Records. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Brazil 1950". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Switzerland 1954". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Sweden 1958". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1962 FIFA World Cup Chile". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Chile 1962". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "1966 FIFA World Cup England". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Cup history – England 1966". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Mexico 1970". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1974 FIFA World Cup Germany". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – West Germany 1974". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Cup history – Argentina 1978". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1982 FIFA World Cup Spain". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Spain 1982". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Mexico 1986". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1990 FIFA World Cup Italy". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Italy 1990". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "1994 FIFA World Cup USA". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Cup history – USA 1994". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1998 FIFA World Cup France". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – France 1998". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Japan & South Korea 2002". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "2006 FIFA World Cup Germany". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zidane off as Italy win World Cup". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Retrieved 12 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Netherlands 0–1 Spain (aet)". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 12 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Estadio Do Maracana, Rio de Janeiro". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). 18 January 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b McNulty, Phil (13 July 2014). "Germany 1–0 Argentina". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
show
v
t
e
FIFA World Cup champions
1930: Uruguay
1934: Italy
1938: Italy
1950: Uruguay
1954: West Germany
1958: Brazil
1962: Brazil
1966: England
1970: Brazil
1974: West Germany
1978: Argentina
1982: Italy
1986: Argentina
1990: West Germany
1994: Brazil
1998: France
2002: Brazil
2006: Italy
2010: Spain
2014: Germany
2018: France
show
v
t
e
FIFA World Cup
Tournaments
Uruguay 1930
Italy 1934
France 1938
Brazil 1950
Switzerland 1954
Sweden 1958
Chile 1962
England 1966
Mexico 1970
West Germany 1974
Argentina 1978
Spain 1982
Mexico 1986
Italy 1990
United States 1994
France 1998
South Korea–Japan 2002
Germany 2006
South Africa 2010
Brazil 2014
Russia 2018
Qatar 2022
Canada–Mexico–United States 2026
2030
2034
Qualification
1930
1934
1938
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Finals
1930
1934
1938
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Squads
1930
1934
1938
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Seedings
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Broadcasters
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Bids
2014
2018 and 2022
2026
2030
Statistics
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Disciplinary record
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Team appearances
AFC
CAF
CONCACAF
CONMEBOL
OFC
UEFA
Teams with no appearances
Overall records
All-time table
Goalscorers
top goalscorers
finals goalscorers
hat-tricks
own goals
Penalty shoot-outs
Player appearances
Red cards
Referees
Winners
Miscellaneous
Openings
Stadiums
Awards
Balls
Economics
Final draw
History
Hosts
Mascots
Official films
Official anthems & songs
Organisers
Trophy
Video games
Notes: There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only. In 1950, there was no final; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage.
show
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e
FIFA World Cup Final venues
Estadio Centenario (1930)
Stadio Nazionale PNF (1934)
Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir (1938)
Maracanã Stadium (1950)
Wankdorf Stadium (1954)
Råsunda Stadium (1958)
Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos (1962)
Wembley Stadium (1966)
Estadio Azteca (1970)
Olympiastadion (1974)
Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti (1978)
Santiago Bernabéu Stadium (1982)
Estadio Azteca (1986)
Stadio Olimpico (1990)
Rose Bowl (1994)
Stade de France (1998)
International Stadium Yokohama (2002)
Olympiastadion (2006)
FNB Stadium (2010)
Maracanã Stadium (2014)
Luzhniki Stadium (2018)
Lusail Iconic Stadium (2022)
TBA (2026)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=854075621"
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