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Ruhr
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This article is about the urban area. For the namesake river, see Ruhr (river). For other uses, see Ruhr (disambiguation).
Ruhr Metropolis
Metropole Ruhr

Flag
Seal

map of the Ruhr metropolitan region within Germany
Coordinates: 51°30′N 7°30′E / 51.500°N 7.500°E / 51.500; 7.500Coordinates: 51°30′N 7°30′E / 51.500°N 7.500°E / 51.500; 7.500
Country
Germany
State
North Rhine-Westphalia
Largest Cities
List[hide]
Dortmund
Essen
Duisburg
Bochum
Government
• Body
Regionalverband Ruhr
Area
• Metro
4,435 km2 (1,712 sq mi)
Highest elevation
441 m (1,447 ft)
Lowest elevation
13 m (43 ft)
Population
• Metro
8,572,745
• Metro density
1,646/km2 (4,260/sq mi)
Time zone
CET (UTC+1)
GRP
2007
Nominal
€136($186) billion[1]
Website
www.metropoleruhr.de
The Ruhr (German pronunciation: [ˈʁuːɐ̯], German: Ruhrgebiet), or the Ruhr district, Ruhr region, Ruhr area or Ruhr valley, is a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.[a] With a population density of 2,800/km² and a population of eight and a half million, it is the largest urban area in Germany, and third-largest in the European Union.[3] It consists of several large, industrial cities bordered by the rivers Ruhr to the south, Rhine to the west, and Lippe to the north. In the southwest it borders the Bergisches Land. It is considered part of the larger Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region of more than 12 million people, which is among the largest in Europe.
From west to east, the region includes the cities of Duisburg, Oberhausen, Bottrop, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Bochum, Herne, Hagen, Dortmund, and Hamm, as well as parts of the more "rural" districts of Wesel, Recklinghausen, Unna and Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis. The most populous cities are Dortmund (approx. 600,000), Essen (approx. 590,000) and Duisburg (approx. 500,000). The Ruhr area has no administrative center; each city in the area has its own administration, although there exists the supracommunal "Regionalverband Ruhr" institution in Essen. Historically, the western Ruhr towns, such as Duisburg and Essen, belonged to the historic region of the Rhineland, whereas the eastern part of the Ruhr, including Gelsenkirchen, Bochum, Dortmund and Hamm, were part of the region of Westphalia. Since the 19th century, these districts have grown together into a large complex with a vast industrial landscape, inhabited by some 7.3 million people (including Düsseldorf and Wuppertal).
For 2010, the Ruhr region was one of the European Capitals of Culture.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 History
2.1 Historical development of the term "Ruhr"
2.2 History of the region
3 Climate
4 Demographics
5 Culture
6 Education
6.1 Universities
6.1.1 UA Ruhr
6.2 University of Applied Sciences and Arts
6.2.1 Bochum
6.2.2 Bottrop
6.2.3 Dortmund
6.2.4 Duisburg
6.2.5 Essen
6.2.6 Gelsenkirchen
6.2.7 Hagen
6.2.8 Hamm
6.2.9 Kamp-Lintfort
6.2.10 Mülheim an der Ruhr
6.2.11 Unna
7 Economy
7.1 Largest companies
8 Transport
8.1 Public transport
8.2 Road transport
8.3 Air transport
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Geography[edit]
Map of the Ruhr
The urban landscape of the Ruhr extends from the Lower Rhine Basin east to the Westphalian Plain and south to the hills of the Rhenish Massif. Through the centre of the Ruhr runs a segment of the loess belt that extends across Germany from west to east. Historically, this loess belt has underlain some of Germany's richest agricultural regions.
Geologically, the region is defined by coal-bearing layers from the upper Carboniferous period. The coal seams reach the surface in a strip along the River Ruhr and dip downward from the river to the north. Beneath the River Lippe, the coal seams lie at a depth of 600 to 800 metres (2,000 to 2,600 feet). The thickness of the coal layers ranges from one to three metres (three to ten feet). This geological feature played a decisive role in the development of coal mining in the Ruhr.
According to the Regionalverband Ruhr (RVR, Ruhr Regional Association), 37.6% of the region's area is built up. A total of 40.7% of the region's land remains in agricultural use. Forests account for 17.6%, and bodies of water and other types of land use occupy the rest. The inclusion of four mainly rural districts in the otherwise mainly industrial Ruhr helps to explain the large proportion of agricultural and forested land. In addition, the city boroughs of the Ruhr region have outlying districts with a rural character.
Seen on a map, the Ruhr could be considered a single city, since—at least in the north-south dimension—there are no visible breaks between the individual city boroughs. Thus the Ruhr is described as a polycentric urban area, which shares a similar history of urban and economic development.
Because of its history, the Ruhr is structured differently from monocentric urban regions such as Berlin and London, which developed through the rapid merger of smaller towns and villages with a growing central city. Instead, the individual city boroughs and urban districts of the Ruhr grew independently of one another during the Industrial Revolution. The population density of the central Ruhr is about 2,100 inhabitants per square kilometre (about 5,400 per square mile)—low compared to other German cities.
Between the constituent urban areas are relatively open suburbs and some open land with agricultural fields. In some places, the borders between cities in the central Ruhr are unrecognizable due to continuous development across them.
Replanting of brownfield land has created new parks and recreation areas. The Emscher Landschaftspark (Emscher Landscape Park) lies along the River Emscher, formerly virtually an open sewer, parts of which have undergone natural restoration. This park connects strips of parkland running from north to south, which were developed through regional planning in the 1920s, to form a green belt between the Ruhr cities from east to west.
History[edit]
Main article: History of the Ruhr
Historical development of the term "Ruhr"[edit]
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The 1911 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica has only one definition of "Ruhr": "a river of Germany, an important right-bank tributary of the lower Rhine." The use of the term "Ruhr" for the industrial region started in Britain only after World War I, when French and Belgian troops had occupied the Ruhr district and seized its prime industrial assets in lieu of unpaid reparations in 1923. In 1920, the International Labour Office published a report entitled Coal Production in the Ruhr District. In 1923, the Canadian Commercial Intelligence Journal, Volume 28, Issue 1013, includes the article, "Exports from the Ruhr district of Germany". In 1924 the English and American press was still talking of the "French occupation of the Ruhr Valley" or "Ruhr District". A 62-page publication seems to be responsible for the use of "Ruhr" as a short form of the then more common "Ruhr District" or "Ruhr Valley": Ben Tillett, A. Creech-Jones and Samuel Warren's The Ruhr: The Report of a Deputation from the Transport and General Workers Union (London 1923). Yet "The report of a deputation from the Transport and General Workers' Union which spent a fortnight examining the problems in the Ruhr Valley", published in The Economic Review, Volume 8, 1923, is still using the traditional term. In the same year, "Objections by the United States to discriminatory regulations on exports from the occupied region of the Ruhr" was published in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States.
The 1926 Encyclopædia Britannica, in addition to its article on the river Ruhr, has a further article on "RUHR, the name given to a district of Westphalia, Germany." Thus the name "Ruhr" was given to the region (as a short form of "Ruhr District" or "Ruhr Valley") only a few years before the publication of this edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Even after World War II, the term "Ruhr" may not have been in general use for the region: it was defined in Documents on American Foreign Relations (1948): "For the purposes of the present Agreement: (i) the expression 'Ruhr' means the areas, as presently constituted, in Land North Rhine–Westphalia, listed in the Annex to this Agreement."[4] However, Lawrence K. Cecil and Philip Hauge Abelson still write in 1967: "In the first place, the average person uses the term 'Ruhr' indiscriminately as the Ruhr River or the Ruhr district, two entirely different things. The Ruhr River is only one of half a dozen rivers in the Ruhr district, in addition to the Rhine. The Rhine itself runs through the heart of the Ruhr district."[5] According to Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary, a standard reference on place names around the world, the name "Ruhr" refers to the river. The name preferred for the region in this dictionary is "Ruhrgebiet", followed by "Ruhr Valley".
History of the region[edit]
Gamete of Dortmund, old market square with St. Reinold's Church
During the Middle Ages, much of the region that was later called the Ruhrgebiet was situated in the County of Mark, the Duchies of Cleves and Berg and the territories of the bishop of Münster and the archbishop of Cologne. The region included some villages and castles, and was mainly agrarian: its loess soil made it one of the richer parts of western Germany. The free imperial city of Dortmund was the trading and cultural centre, lying on the Hellweg, an important east-west trading route, that also brought prosperity to the town of Duisburg. Both towns were members of the Hanseatic League.
The development of the region into an urbanized industrial area started in the late 18th century with the early industrialisation in the nearby Wupper Valley in the Bergisches Land. By around 1820, hundreds of water-powered mills were producing textiles, lumber, shingles and iron in automated processes here. And in even more workshops in the hills, highly skilled workers manufactured knives, tools, weapons and harnesses, using water, coal and charcoal. History has no established name for this phase of the industrial revolution, but one could call it the early waterpowered industrial revolution.
As the machines became bigger and moved from water power to steam power, locally mined coal and charcoal became expensive and there was not enough of it. The Bergische industry ordered more and more coal from the new coal mining area along the Ruhr river.[6] Impressive and expensive railways were constructed through the hilly Wupper region, to bring coal, and later steel, in from the Ruhr, and for outward transport of finished products.[7]
Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2001
Zeche Zollern in Dortmund
By 1850, there were almost 300 coal mines in operation in the Ruhr area, in and around the central cities of Duisburg, Essen, Bochum and Dortmund. The coal was exported or processed in coking ovens into coke, used in blast furnaces, producing iron and steel. In this period the name Ruhrgebiet became common. Before the coal deposits along the Ruhr were exhausted, the mining industry moved northward to the Emscher and finally to the Lippe, drilling ever deeper mines as it went. Locks built at Mülheim on the Ruhr led to the expansion of Mülheim as a port. With the construction of the Cologne-Minden railway in the late 19th century, several iron works were built within the borders of the present-day city of Oberhausen.
The population climbed rapidly. Towns with only 2000 to 5000 people in the early 19th century grew in the following 100 years to over 100,000. Skilled mineworkers were recruited from other regions to the Ruhr's mines and steel mills and unskilled people started to move in. From 1860 onwards there was large-scale migration from Silesia, Pomerania, East Prussia and Posen to the Ruhr. Many of them were Polish speakers and they were treated as second class citizens. In 1899 this led to a revolt in Herne of young Polish workers, who later established a Workers' Union. Skilled workers in the mines were often housed in "miners' colonies", built by the mining firms. By the end of the Prussian Kingdom in 1870, over 3 million people lived in the Ruhrgebiet and the new coal-mining district had become the largest industrial region of Europe.[8]
During World War I the Ruhrgebiet functioned as Germany's central weapon factory. At a big Essen company, F. Krupp A.G., the number of employees rose from 40,000 to 120,000 or more, in four years. They were partly women, partly forced labourers.[citation needed]
In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg, which under the Treaty of Versailles formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland. In January 1923 the whole Ruhrgebiet was occupied as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill World War I reparation payments as agreed in the Versailles Treaty. The German government responded with "passive resistance", letting workers and civil servants refuse orders and instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transport came to a standstill and the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and ruined public finances in Germany and France, as well as several other countries. Passive resistance was called off in late 1923, allowing Germany to implement a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan, which led to the withdrawal of the French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr in 1925. However, the occupation of the Ruhr caused several direct and indirect consequences on the German economy and government. Due to the lack of production caused by foreign occupation, the German economy lacked the domestic abilities to pay war reparations without intentionally causing inflation. Moreover, the government became increasingly unpopular due to its "passive resistance" to German production. The halt in domestic production made war reparations impossible to pay.
On 7 March 1936,[9] Adolf Hitler took a massive gamble by sending 30,000 troops into the Rhineland. As Hitler and other Nazis admitted, the French army alone could have destroyed the Wehrmacht.[10] The French passed the problem to the British, who found that the Germans had the right to "enter their own backyard", and no action was taken.[11] In the League of Nations, the Soviet delegate Maxim Litvinov was the only one who proposed economic sanctions against Germany.[9][12] According to historian Samuel Mitcham, the Rhineland crisis was the last chance for the Allies to defeat Hitler while the odds were overwhelmingly on their side. All restraint on German rearmament could now be removed, and was. France's eastern allies (the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia) concluded that since the French refused to defend their own border, they certainly would not stand up for their allies in the East. Hitler could now continue eroding the alliance system that France had built since 1919.[13] On October 16, 1936, Belgium repudiated the 1921 alliance with France and declared its absolute neutrality.[14] In October 1937, Belgium signed a non-aggression pact with Germany.[15]
WWII Ruhr Bombing Operations
1943 March:
Battle of the Ruhr
1943 May:
Operation Chastise
1944 October:
Operation Hurricane
1944 September:
Bombing of German oil
facilities during World War II
During World War II, the bombing of the Ruhr in 1940-44 caused a loss of 30% of plant and equipment (compared to 15–20% for German industry as a whole).[16] A second battle of the Ruhr (6/7 October 1944–end of 1944) began with an attack on Dortmund. The devastating bombing raids of Dortmund at the 12th March 1945 with 1,108 aircraft - 748 Lancasters, 292 Halifaxes, 68 Mosquitos was a record to a single target in the whole the World war II. More than 4,800 tonnage of bombs was dropped through the city centre and the south of the city and destroyed 98% of buildings.[17]
[18] In addition to the strategic bombing of the Ruhr, in April 1945, the Allies trapped several hundred thousand Wehrmacht troops in the Ruhr Pocket.
View of the redeveloped Duisburg Inner Harbour in 2010
After the war, the Level of Industry plans for Germany abolished all German munitions factories and civilian industries that could support them and severely restricted civilian industries of military potential. The French Monnet Plan pushed for an internationalization of the area,[19] and the subsequent Ruhr Agreement was imposed as a condition for the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany.[20]
During the Cold War, the Western allies anticipated that any Red Army thrust into Western Europe would begin in the Fulda Gap and have the Ruhr as a primary target. Increased German control of the area was limited by the pooling of German coal and steel into the multinational European Coal and Steel Community in 1951. The nearby Saar region, containing much of Germany's remaining coal deposits, was handed over to economic administration by France as a protectorate in 1947 and did not politically return to Germany until January 1957, with economic reintegration occurring two years later. Parallel to the question of political control of the Ruhr, the Allies tried to decrease German industrial potential by limitations on production and dismantling of factories and steel plants, predominantly in the Ruhr. By 1950, after the virtual completion of the by-then much watered-down "level of industry" plans, equipment had been removed from 706 manufacturing plants in the west, and steel production capacity had been reduced by 6.7 million tons.[21] Dismantling finally ended in 1951. In all, less than 5% of the industrial base was dismantled.[22]
The Ruhr was at the center of the German economic miracle of the 1950s and 1960s, as very rapid economic growth (9% a year) created a heavy demand for coal and steel.
After 1973, Germany was hard hit by a worldwide economic crisis, soaring oil prices, and increasing unemployment, which jumped from 300,000 in 1973 to 1.1 million in 1975. The Ruhr region was hardest hit, as the easy-to-reach coal mines became exhausted, and German coal was no longer competitive. Likewise the Ruhr steel industry went into sharp decline, as its prices were undercut by lower-cost suppliers such as Japan. The welfare system provided a safety net for the large number of unemployed workers, and many factories reduced their labor force and began to concentrate on high-profit specialty items.[23][24]
As demand for coal decreased after 1958, the area went through phases of structural crisis (see steel crisis) and industrial diversification, first developing traditional heavy industry, then moving into service industries and high technology. The air and water pollution of the area are largely a thing of the past although some issues take a long time to solve.[25][26] In 2005, Essen[27] was the official candidate for nomination as European Capital of Culture for 2010
Climate[edit]
The Ruhr has an oceanic climate in spite of its inland position, with mildening winds from the Atlantic travelling over the lowlands to moderate temperature extremes, in spite of its relatively northerly latitude that sees significant variety in daylight hours. A consequence of the marine influence is a cloudy and wet climate with low sunshine hours. Summers are normally averaging in the low 20's, with winters being somewhat above the freezing point.
[hide]Climate data for Essen
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
4.5
(40.1) 5.5
(41.9) 9.1
(48.4) 12.7
(54.9) 17.6
(63.7) 19.9
(67.8) 22.2
(72) 22.3
(72.1) 18.3
(64.9) 13.7
(56.7) 8.2
(46.8) 5.6
(42.1) 13.3
(55.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)
2.4
(36.3) 2.9
(37.2) 6.0
(42.8) 8.9
(48) 13.4
(56.1) 15.8
(60.4) 18.0
(64.4) 18.0
(64.4) 14.7
(58.5) 10.7
(51.3) 5.9
(42.6) 3.6
(38.5) 10.0
(50)
Average low °C (°F)
0.2
(32.4) 0.3
(32.5) 2.9
(37.2) 5.0
(41) 9.1
(48.4) 11.6
(52.9) 13.7
(56.7) 13.7
(56.7) 11.1
(52) 7.6
(45.7) 3.6
(38.5) 1.6
(34.9) 6.7
(44.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
84.5
(3.327) 58.1
(2.287) 78.2
(3.079) 61.0
(2.402) 72.2
(2.843) 92.8
(3.654) 81.2
(3.197) 78.8
(3.102) 78.0
(3.071) 75.1
(2.957) 81.1
(3.193) 93.1
(3.665) 934.1
(36.776)
Average precipitation days
14.1 10.5 13.6 11.1 11.1 12.0 10.4 9.9 11.2 10.9 13.6 14.1 142.5
Average relative humidity (%)
83 82 78 75 74 76 78 80 79 81 82 80 79
Mean monthly sunshine hours
43.4 78.3 102.3 147.0 192.2 183.0 186.0 182.9 135.0 111.6 57.0 40.3 1,459
Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN),[28] Hong Kong Observatory[29] for data of sunshine hours
Demographics[edit]
See also: List of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants
The ten largest cities of the Ruhr:
Essen is the second largest city of the Ruhr
Pos.
Name
Pop. 2010
Area (km²)
Pop. per km²
map
1 Dortmund 589,283 (2014)[30] 280.37 2,071
2 Essen 584,782 (2015)[31] 210.38 2,733
3 Duisburg 501,564 232.81 2,154
4 Bochum 385,626 145.43 2,652
5 Gelsenkirchen 268,102 104.86 2,557
6 Oberhausen 218,898 77.04 2,841
7 Hagen 196,934 160.36 1,228
8 Hamm 184,239 226.24 814
9 Herne 170,992 51.41 3,326
10 Mülheim an der Ruhr 169,917 91.29 1,861
The local dialect of German is commonly called Ruhrdeutsch or Ruhrpottdeutsch, although there is really no uniform dialect that justifies designation as a single dialect. It is rather a working class sociolect with influences from the various dialects found in the area and changing even with the professions of the workers. A major common influence stems from the coal mining tradition of the area. For example, quite a few locals prefer to call the Ruhr either "Pott", which is a derivate of "Pütt" (pitmen's term for mine; cp. the English "pit"), or "Revier".
During the 19th century the Ruhr attracted up to 500,000 ethnic Poles, Masurians and Silesians from East Prussia and Silesia in a migration known as Ostflucht (flight from the east). By 1925, the Ruhrgebiet had around 3.8 million inhabitants. Most of the new inhabitants came from Eastern Europe, but immigrants also came from France, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. It has been claimed that immigrants came to the Ruhr from over 140 different nations. Almost all their descendants today speak German as a mother tongue, and for various reasons they do not identify with their Polish roots and traditions, often only their Polish family names remaining as a sign of their past.
Culture[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2010)
The city of Essen (representing the Ruhr) was selected as European Capital of Culture for 2010 by the Council of the European Union.
The Industrial Heritage Trail (German: Route der Industriekultur) links tourist attractions related to the European Route of Industrial Heritage in the Ruhr area.
There are lot of classical music activities. There are special classical music halls like the Bochumer Symphoniker, the Duisburg Mercatorhalle, the Saalbau Essen or the Dortmunder Philharmoniker. Each year in spring time, there is the Klavier-Festival Ruhr in the Ruhr area with 50 to 80 events of classical- and jazz music.
There are also several Museums, which covers art and other genres. For example, the Museum Küppersmühle and the Lehmbruck-Museum at Duisburg, the Museum Folkwang at Essen or the German Football Museum and the U-Tower at Dortmund.
Education[edit]
The Ruhr region has with 22 universities and colleges and more than 250.000 [32] students the highest density of further education establishments anywhere in Germany or even Europe. These include five universities alone in the cities of Bochum, Duisburg, Dortmund, Essen and Witten. In addition, Folkwang University of the Arts is an internationally-acclaimed art college with its base in the Ruhr region. Furthermore the universities are not the only places in the Ruhr region where academic qualifications can be obtained. There are 17 different universities of applied sciences which offer students to have the opportunity to undertake practice-relevant and qualified studies in various subjects, such as economics, logistics, administration or management[33].
Universities[edit]
The Ruhr area has 6 major universities in 5 cities with about 120.000 students.
Ruhr University Bochum
University of Duisburg-Essen
Technical University of Dortmund
Folkwang University of the Arts
Witten/Herdecke University
UA Ruhr[edit]
The three largest universities (Ruhr University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, and the University of Duisburg-Essen) opened an alliance called "UA Ruhr". Students enrolled at one of the UA Ruhr universities can attend lectures and seminars at all three institutions without having to pay a visiting student fee. Consequently, they have many options to specialize in and to explore their chosen disciplines in depth. The UA Ruhr has 3 liaison offices for interested students in New York City, Moscow and São Paulo.
University of Applied Sciences and Arts[edit]
Bochum[edit]
Bochum University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule Bochum, formerly Fachhochschule Bochum)
Georg Agricola University of Applied Sciences (TH Georg Agricola)
Protestant University of Applied Sciences, Rheinland-Westphalia-Lippe (Evangelische FH Rheinland-Westfalen-Lippe)
Bochum Acting School (Schauspielschule Bochum)
College of the Federal Social Security, Department of Social Insurance for Seafarers (Fachhochschule des Bundes der Sozialversicherung, Abteilung Knappschaft-Bahn-See)
University of Health Sciences (Hochschule für Gesundheit)
Bottrop[edit]
Hochschule Ruhr West
Dortmund[edit]
Fachhochschule Dortmund:
FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie & Management, Standort Dortmund (Academy for management)
Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung Nordrhein-Westfalen (Academy for public administration)
International School of Management (Private academy focussing on management and economics)
IT-Center Dortmund (Private college)
Duisburg[edit]
Hochschule für Ökonomie und Management (Academy for management)
Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung (Academy for public administration)
Essen[edit]
Hochschule für Ökonomie und Management
Hochschule für bildende Künste
Orchesterzentrum NRW
Gelsenkirchen [edit]
Westfälische Hochschule
Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung NRW (Academy for public administration)
Hagen [edit]
University of Hagen
Hochschule für Ökonomie und Management
Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung (Academy for public administration)
South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences
Hamm [edit]
SRH Hochschule für Logistik und Wirtschaft
Hochschule Hamm-Lippstadt
Kamp-Lintfort [edit]
Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences
Mülheim an der Ruhr [edit]
Hochschule Ruhr West
Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung NRW (Academy for public administration)
Unna [edit]
Hochschule Campus Unna
Economy[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2011)
The economy is largely based on energy, industry, logistics and export.
Largest companies[edit]
Aldi
Amprion
arcandor
Brenntag
BP Europe
Deichmann SE
Douglas Holding
Duisport
E.ON
Evonik Industries
Ferrostaal
Franz Haniel & Cie.
Funke Mediengruppe
Hochtief
Innogy
ista
Karstadt
Klöckner & Co.
Medion
RAG AG
Remondis
Rhenus (company)
RWE
Schenker AG
Signal Iduna
STEAG
Tengelmann
ThyssenKrupp
Wilo
Thyssen-Krupp
WILO SE
Evonik Industries
Signal Iduna
EON Ruhrgas
RWE
DB Schenker
Transport[edit]
Public transport[edit]
Public Transport Rhein-Ruhr
Bundesautobahn 52 in Mülheim
All public transport companies in the Ruhr region are run under the umbrella of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr, which provides a uniform ticket system valid for the entire area. The Ruhr region is well-integrated into the national rail system, the Deutsche Bahn, for both passenger and goods services, each city in the region has at least one or more train stations. The bigger central stations have hourly direct connections to the bigger European cities as Amsterdam, Brussels, Paris, Vienna or Zürich.
The Ruhr area also contains the longest tram system in the world, with tram and Stadtbahn services from Witten to Krefeld. Originally the system was even bigger, it was possible to travel from Unna to Bad Honnef without using railway or bus services.
Road transport[edit]
A40 in Dortmund
The Ruhr has one of the densest motorway networks in all of Europe, with dozens of Autobahns and similar Schnellstraßen (expressways) crossing the region. The Autobahn network is built in a grid network, with four east-west (A2, A40, A42, A44) and seven north-south (A1, A3, A43, A45, A52, A57, A59) routes. The A1, A2 and A3 are mostly used by through traffic, while the other autobahns have a more regional function.
Both the A44 and the A52 have several missing links, in various stages of planning. Some missing sections are currently in construction or planned to be constructed in the near future.
Additional expressways serve as bypasses and local routes, especially around Dortmund and Bochum. Due to the density of the autobahns and expressways, Bundesstraßen are less important for intercity traffic. The first Autobahns in the Ruhr opened during the mid-1930s. Due to the density of the network, and the number of alternative routes, traffic volumes are generally lower than other major metropolitan areas in Europe. Traffic congestion is an everyday occurrence, but far less so than in the Randstad in the Netherlands, another polycentric urban area. Most important Autobahns have six lanes, but there are no eight-lane Autobahns in the Ruhr.
Air transport[edit]
Located in the East of the Ruhr is Dortmund Airport
Düsseldorf Airport is the intercontinental airport for North Rhine-Westphalia and is within 20 km of most of the Western Ruhr area. It is served by the Düsseldorf Flughafen and Düsseldorf Flughafen Terminal railway stations, with its several parking lots, terminals and stations being connected by the Skytrain.
Dortmund Airport in the Eastern Ruhr is a mid-sized airport, offering scheduled flights to domestic and European destinations and its approximately 1.9 million passengers in 2013. Dortmund Airport is served by an express bus to Dortmund main station, a shuttle bus to the nearby railway station Holzwickede/Dortmund Flughafen, a bus connecting to Stadtbahn line U47, as well as a bus to the city of Unna.
See also[edit]
Germany portal
Energy portal
Rhine-Ruhr
Metropolitan regions in Germany
Occupation of the Ruhr (1923–1924)
Ruhrpolen
Silesian metropolitan area
Upper Silesian Coal Basin
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Other colloquial names that are used include Ruhrpott, Revier or Kohlenpott.
"The Heavy Industrial Belt' is commonly, though inaccurately, referred to as the Ruhr. This is a belt of low and level land on the northern edge of the uplands, known as the Sauerland through which flows the Ruhr from east to west" (Dickinson 1945, p. 70).
"Few foreigners know that in fact 'the Ruhr' is the name of a 150-mile-long Rhine right-bank tributary which, after meandering through the industrial basin now named after it, enters its parent near Europe's greatest inland port, Duisburg" (GI staff 1966, p. 30).
"The territory through which the Ruhr flows is called the Ruhr district" (Osmańczyk & Mango, p. 1970).
"Many industries were built in the Ruhr region, where both iron ore and coal were found" (Lane 2001, p. 24).
Jump up ^ metropoleruhr.de
Jump up ^ highest: Wengeberg in Breckerfeld, lowest: Xanten
Jump up ^ Demographia: World Urban Areas. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Samuel Shepard Jones and Denys Peter Myers, Documents on American Foreign Relations, Volume 10 (1948), p. 125: "Part IX: Definitions Article 29".
Jump up ^ Lawrence K. Cecil and Philip Hauge Abelson, Water Reuse (American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1967), p. 122.
Jump up ^ Prof. Dr. Klaus Tenfelde. ""Das Ruhrgebiet! Von der Steinzeit bis zur Kulturhauptsatdt 2010" part 2". Retrieved 2001-11-20.
Jump up ^ Friedrich Harkort, "Die Eisenbahn von Minden nach Köln", Brune, Hagen 1833
Jump up ^ Prof. Dr. Klaus Tenfelde. ""Das Ruhrgebiet! Von der Steinzeit bis zur Kulturhauptsatdt 2010" part 3". Retrieved 2001-11-20.
^ Jump up to: a b R.W. Davies (2014). The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 6: The Years of Progress: The Soviet Economy, 1934-1936. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 275.
Jump up ^ William L. Shirer, Ron Rosenbaum (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. Simon & Schuster. p. 293.
Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor (2001). English History 1914-1945. Oxford University Press. p. 386.
Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor (2001). English History 1914-1945. Oxford University Press. p. 386.
Jump up ^ Samuel W. Mitcham (2008). The Rise of the Wehrmacht: Vol. 1. Praeger. pp. 66–67.
Jump up ^ Samuel W. Mitcham (2008). The Rise of the Wehrmacht, Volume 1. Praeger. p. 66.
Jump up ^ German-Belgian Pact Concluded, October 13, 1937
Jump up ^ Botting (1985), p. 125
Jump up ^ https://www.backtonormandy.org/the-history/air-force-operations/airplanes-in-actions/lancaster/raf-bomber-command-748-lancasters-record-attack-dortmund-12-march-1945.html
Jump up ^ Levine 1992, p. 173.
Jump up ^ French Directorate for Economic Affairs, Memorandum on the separation of the German industrial regions, 8 September 1945
Jump up ^ Yoder (1955), pp. 345–358
Jump up ^ Gareau (1961), pp. 517–534
Jump up ^ John Ardagh, Germany and the Germans (1987) p 84
Jump up ^ Ardagh, Germany and the Germans (1987) pp 74–82
Jump up ^ Christian Berndt, "Ruhr Firms between Dynamic Change and Structural Persistence. Globalization, the 'German Model' and Regional Place-Dependence", Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers New Series, Vol. 23, No. 3 (1998), pp. 331–352 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ De Ridder K. et al., 2008. Simulating the impact of urban sprawl on air quality and population exposure in the German Ruhr area. Part I: Reproducing the base state. Atmospheric Environment 42,7059–7069
Jump up ^ De Ridder K et al., 2008. Simulating the impact of urban sprawl on air quality and population exposure in the German Ruhr area. Part II: Development and evaluation of an urban growth scenario. Atmospheric Environment 42,7070–7077
Jump up ^ http://en.kulturhauptstadt-europas.de/start.php "Essen for the Ruhrgebiet" Archived September 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Weather Information for Essen".
Jump up ^ "Climatological Information for Essen, Germany" – Hong Kong Observatory
Jump up ^ http://www.dortmund.de/de/leben_in_dortmund/nachrichtenportal/alle_nachrichten/nachricht.jsp?nid=336872. Retrieved 2016-01-29. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ https://www.essen.de/rathaus/statistik/Statistik_Bevoelkerung.de.html. Retrieved 2016-01-29. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Ruhr, Regionalverband (2017-09-28). "Studierende". www.metropoleruhr.de (in German). Retrieved 2017-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Studying in the Ruhr region: 22 universities and colleges - welcome.ruhr". www.welcome.ruhr. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
References[edit]
Botting, Douglas (1985), From the Ruins of the Reich: Germany 1945–1949, New York: Crown Publishing, ISBN 0-517-55865-3
Dickinson, Robert E. (1945), The Regions of Germany, 7, London: Routledge, p. 70
French Directorate for Economic Affairs (8 September 1945), Memorandum on the separation of the German industrial regions
Gareau, Frederick H. (June 1961), "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany", Western Political Quarterly, 14 (2): 517–53, JSTOR 443604
GI staff (1966), German International, 10, p. 30
Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan; Mango, Anthony (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F, p. 1970
Lane, Kathryn (2001), Germany: The Land, p. 24
Levine, Alan J (1992), "Second Battle of the Ruhr", The Strategic Bombing of Germany: 1940-1945 (illustrated ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 172–174, ISBN 9780275943196
Yoder, Amos (July 1955), "The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem", Review of Politics, 17 (3): 345–358, JSTOR 1404797, doi:10.1017/s0034670500014261
Further reading[edit]
Kift, Roy, Tour the Ruhr: The English language guide (3rd ed., 2008) (ISBN 3-88474-815-7) Klartext Verlag, Essen
Berndt, Christian. Corporate Germany Between Globalization and Regional Place Dependence: Business Restructuring in the Ruhr Area (2001)
Crew, David. Town in the Ruhr: A Social History of Bochum, 1860–1914 (1979) (ISBN 0231043007)
Fischer, Conan. The Ruhr Crisis, 1923–1924 (2003)
Gillingham, John. "Ruhr Coal Miners and Hitler's War", Journal of Social History Vol. 15, No. 4 (Summer, 1982), pp. 637–653 in JSTOR* Chauncy D. Harris, "The Ruhr Coal-mining District", Geographical Review, 36 (1946), 194–221.
Gillingham, John. Industry and Politics in the Third Reich: Ruhr Coal, Hitler, and Europe (1985) (ISBN 0231062605)
Pounds, Norman J. G. The Ruhr: A Study in Historical and Economic Geography (1952) online
Pierenkemper, Toni. "Entrepreneurs in Heavy Industry: Upper Silesia and the Westphalian Ruhr Region, 1852 to 1913", Business History Review Vol. 53, No. 1 (Spring, 1979), pp. 65–78 in JSTOR
Royal Jae Schmidt. Versailles and the Ruhr: Seedbed of World War II (1968)
Spencer, Elaine Glovka. "Employer Response to Unionism: Ruhr Coal Industrialists before 1914" Journal of Modern History Vol. 48, No. 3 (Sep., 1976), pp. 397–412 in JSTOR
Spencer, Elaine Glovka. Management and Labor in Imperial Germany: Ruhr Industrialists as Employers, 1896–1914. Rutgers University Press. (1984) online
Todd, Edmund N. "Industry, State, and Electrical Technology in the Ruhr Circa 1900", Osiris 2nd Series, Vol. 5, (1989), pp. 242–259 in JSTOR
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ruhrgebiet.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ruhr.
Look up Ruhrgebiet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikinews has related news: Themenportal_Ruhrgebiet
Ruhr Tourism
Post-Surrender Program for Germany (Sept. 1944)
Ruhr Delegation of the United States of America, Council of Foreign Ministers American Embassy Moscow, March 24, 1947
Draft, The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria, Report 3, March, 1947; OF 950B: Economic Mission as to Food…; Truman Papers.
France, Germany and the Struggle for the War-making Natural Resources of the Rhineland Describes the contest for the Ruhr and Saar over the centuries.
Ruhrgebietsbilder: Photos about the Ruhr
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Vikings (season 4)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Vikings (season 4)
DVD cover art for both parts
Country of origin
Canada / Ireland
No. of episodes
20
Release
Original network
History
Original release
Part 1: February 18 (2016-02-18) – April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
Part 2: November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30) – February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 3
Next →
Season 5
List of Vikings episodes
The fourth season of the historical drama television series Vikings premiered on February 18, 2016 on History in Canada. The series broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew, and later those of his sons. The first season of the series begins at the start of the Viking Age, marked by the Lindisfarne raid in 793.
The fourth season consists of a double order of twenty episodes, split into two parts of ten episodes;[1][2][3] the second half premiered on November 30, 2016. The season follows the battles between Ragnar and Rollo in Francia, Bjorn's raid into the Mediterranean, and the Viking invasion of England. It concluded in its entirety on February 1, 2017.[4]
Contents
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
1.3 Special Guest
1.4 Guest
2 Episodes
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Music
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
5 References
6 External links
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Vikings characters
Main[edit]
Travis Fimmel as King Ragnar Lothbrok, the head of the Earldom of Kattegat who became king after Horik's death[3]
Katheryn Winnick as Queen Lagertha, a shieldmaiden and Ragnar's ex-wife; she controls the Earldom of Hedeby calling herself Earl Ingstad. Later, she again becomes queen of Kattegat.[3]
Clive Standen as Duke Rollo, a warrior and Ragnar's brother; he was granted the title of Duke of Normandy by Emperor Charles.[3]
Gustaf Skarsgård as Floki, a gifted shipbuilder and a friend of Ragnar[3]
Alexander Ludwig as Bjorn Ironside, Ragnar and Lagertha's son, who has a relationship with Torvi[3]
Alyssa Sutherland as Queen Aslaug, Brynhildr's daughter and Ragnar's second wife[3]
Ben Robson as Earl Kalf, a Viking warrior; he shares the control of Hedeby with Lagertha.[3]
Lothaire Bluteau as Emperor Charles of West Francia[5]
John Kavanagh as The Seer, the seiðrmann of Kattegat
Peter Franzén as King Harald Finehair, a Viking ambitious to become the first King of Norway[3]
Jasper Pääkkönen as Halfdan the Black, Harald's violent younger brother[3]
Kevin Durand as Harbard, a charismatic wanderer and storyteller[6]
Moe Dunford as Prince Aethelwulf, son of King Ecbert[a]
Alex Høgh as Ivar the Boneless, fourth son of Ragnar and Aslaug[a]
Marco Ilsø as Hvitserk, second son of Ragnar and Aslaug[a]
David Lindström as Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, third son of Ragnar and Aslaug[a]
Jordan Patrick Smith as Ubbe, eldest son of Ragnar and Aslaug[a]
Linus Roache as King Ecbert of Wessex, the ruthless king of Wessex
Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Bishop Heahmund, a very religious warrior priest[7]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e In Part 1, Dunford, Høgh, Ilsø, Lindström, and Smith are credited as guests.
Recurring[edit]
George Blagden as Athelstan, an Anglo-Saxon monk and friend of Ragnar's. He was killed by Floki and appears in Ragnar and Ecbert's visions.
Dianne Doan as Yidu, Queen Aslaug's new slave[3]
Maude Hirst as Helga, Floki's long-suffering lover and wife
Owen Roe as Count Odo of Paris
Edvin Endre as Erlendur, son of King Horik and second husband of Torvi
Georgia Hirst as Torvi, wife of Erlendur and, later, wife of Bjorn
Morgane Polanski as Princess Gisla of West Francia, daughter of Emperor Charles, wedded to Duke Rollo
Stephen Rockett as young Hvitserk
Luke Shanahan as young Ubbe
Elijah O'Sullivan as young Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye
James Quinn Markey as young Ivar the Boneless
Rosalie Connerty as Angrboda, daughter of Floki and Helga
Huw Parmenter as Roland, Count Odo's first-in-command and Therese's brother
Karen Hassan as Therese, Roland's sister and Count Odo's mistress
Amy Bailey as Queen Kwenthrith of Mercia
Jennie Jacques as Princess Judith of Northumbria, daughter of King Aelle, wedded to Aethelwulf
Seán T. Ó Meallaigh as Prudentius of Troyes, a monk serving at the court of King Ecbert
Des Carney as Waerferth the Scout, serving King Ecbert
Conor Ó Hanlon as infant Alfred, Princess Judith and Athelstan's son
Philip O'Sullivan as Bishop Edmund, serving at the court of King Ecbert
Nathan O'Toole as young Bjorn, Ragnar and Lagertha's son. He appears in Ragnar's visions.
Niall Cusack as Abbot Lupus, serving at the court of Emperor Charles
Ivan Kaye as King Aelle of Northumbria
Ruby O'Leary as Gyda, Ragnar and Lagertha's daughter. She appears in Ragnar's visions.
Josefin Asplund as Astrid, Lagertha's lover and advisor
Ida Marie Nielsen as Margrethe, one of Queen Aslaug's slaves
Anton Giltrap as Guthrum, Jarl Borg and Torvi's son
Charles Last as William, first son of Rollo and Gisla
Isaac O'Sullivan as child Alfred, Princess Judith and Athelstan's son
André Eriksen as Odin, appearing in visions
Sinead Gormally as Tanaruz, a Moorish child
Charlie Kelly as Egil, an agent of King Harald
Cathy White as Queen Ealhswith of Northumbria, King Aelle's wife
Caitlin Scott as Princess Blaeja, daughter of King Aelle
Jack Nolan as Earl Jorgensen, a Swedish warlord
Sophie Vavasseur as Princess Ellisif, the object of King Harald's affections
Gary Buckley as Earl Vik, Princess Ellisif's husband
Gary Murphy as Bishop Unwan, serving at the court of King Aelle
Special Guest[edit]
Josh Donaldson as Hoskuld, a Viking warrior of great skill[8]
Guest[edit]
Søren Pilmark as Stender, a farmer whose family was killed in Wessex. He was killed by Ragnar and appears in his dreams.
Steve Wall as Einar, a scheming troublemaker. He is killed by Lagertha.
Frankie McCafferty as Sinric, a polyglot drifter
Cillian O'Sullivan as Eirik, a Viking warrior in Paris, former second in command of Rollo. He is betrayed by him and killed by Franks.
Robban Follin as Berserker, an assassin recruited by Erlendur and Kalf to kill Bjorn. He is killed by Bjorn himself.
Declan Conlon as Lord Wigstan, Queen Kwenthrith's second cousin and the head of the Royal Family of Mercia
John Kavanagh as Pope Leo IV
Adam McNamara as Thorhall, a Danish Viking who delivers bad news to Queen Aslaug and Bjorn
Liam Clarke as Gudmund
Ed Murphy as Gardar
Jack Walsh as John Scotus Eriugena
Cameron Hogan as Magnus, Queen Kwenthrith and King Ragnar's supposed son
Tamaryn Payne as Widow Ordlaf, a lady of Sherborne
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Vikings episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Part 1
30
1 "A Good Treason" Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst February 18, 2016 (2016-02-18)
Ragnar, wounded and near death, has a dream of walking towards the open gates of Valhalla, only to see them close before him. Aslaug asks the Seer if a woman would rule Kattegat, should Ragnar die. Bjorn has Floki arrested for killing Athelstan. When Ragnar awakens, he chastises Bjorn for imprisoning his friend. Bjorn wants to prove himself by surviving deep in the wilderness. Aslaug procures a new slave girl, Yidu. In Hedeby, Earl Kalf announces that he and Lagertha will share the Earldom, to the dislike of Einar. Kalf invites Einar and his men to vote to exile Lagertha, then turns on them, killing the dissidents and allowing Lagertha to kill Einar. In Paris, Rollo is living as a Frankish noble. He marries Princess Gisla, who weeps through the ceremony and holds a knife to his throat on their wedding night. Rollo rides to the Viking encampment outside Paris, and orders their massacre.
31
2 "Kill the Queen" Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst February 25, 2016 (2016-02-25)
Bjorn has set off alone into the harsh Scandinavian winter. Helga frees Floki from his bonds. Ragnar confronts Helga, who admits what she has done, and he tells her that he understands. Ubbe accompanies the manhunt for Floki, and discovers him hiding in a stream. After he is captured, Ragnar chains Floki inside a damp cave. Ragnar finds Helga digging a grave in the frozen ground for her daughter. In Wessex, King Ecbert proposes to rescue Princess Kwenthrith of Mercia and her child, who are being held by rebel nobles. Aethelwulf engages in battle and rescues Kwenthrith. Aethelwulf does not know that his wife Judith is sleeping with his father. In Francia, Duke Rollo tries to assimilate by cutting his hair and dressing appropriately, but continues to be mocked by his new wife. He proposes building forts to stop the Vikings from sailing upriver.
32
3 "Mercy" Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst March 3, 2016 (2016-03-03)
Ragnar and King Ecbert experience separate visions of Athelstan, who relays the words "mercy". Rollo starts to learn the language of Francia. Kalf hires a berserker to assassinate Bjorn, on behalf of Erlendur. Bjorn kills a bear that escaped his trap. Floki and Helga struggle with the death of their daughter. Ragnar approaches the cave and frees Floki. Lagertha sleeps with Kalf and he tells her he loves her. Aethelwulf returns with the rescued Queen Kwenthrith and her son Magnus. Judith's obsession with Athelstan continues. Wessex continues preparing its soldiers. In Francia, Count Odo prepares to defend Paris.
33
4 "Yol" Helen Shaver Michael Hirst March 10, 2016 (2016-03-10)
Floki visits the Seer who tells him that he has waited hundreds of years for Floki's arrival and licks Floki's hand in stead of the other way around. Aslaug asks him to teach Ivar the way of the gods. Ragnar grows closer to Yidu, and lets her live in his private lodge. She gives Ragnar "medicine" from her native China, which leads to a night of hallucination. In the wilderness, Bjorn meets the berserker and kills him. He discovers that the berserker has King Horik's ring. Bjorn arrives back in Hedeby and wants to leave with Erlendur's wife, Torvi. Rollo is served divorce papers, but has by now learned the language, which impresses Gisla. He gives her his armring to show allegiance to her. In Wessex, King Aelle confronts Judith over her affair with King Ecbert. Meanwhile during the Yol celebrations in Kattegat, King Harald Finehair arrives and declares that he wants to become King of all Norway. Ragnar then arrives to see Harald sitting in his hall.
34
5 "Promised" Helen Shaver Michael Hirst March 17, 2016 (2016-03-17)
Ragnar and Bjorn discuss whether they trust King Harald. Ragnar is addicted to Yidu's "medicine", and they discuss their secrets. Yidu says that her father is a Chinese Emperor, while Ragnar confesses the loss of his English settlement. King Harald's brother Halfdan arrives in Kattegat, and lets Ragnar know he is eager to kill Christians. Meanwhile, Torvi reveals to Bjorn that the ring he is carrying, which he took from the berserker, was Erlendur's. In Wessex, Aethelwulf and Judith argue, and Judith tells him they are married in name only. Aethelwulf agrees with Queen Kwenthrith that they need to fight to restore her power in Mercia. In Paris, Therese and Roland reveal to Charles that Odo plans to overthrow him. In Hedeby, Lagertha reveals to Kalf she is pregnant, and Kalf asks her to marry him. Just before their wedding, Lagertha stabs and kills Kalf, and reclaims her status as Earl.
35
6 "What Might Have Been" Ken Girotti Michael Hirst March 24, 2016 (2016-03-24)
Ragnar announces his plan to raid Paris, and gives Ubbe and Hvitserk their arm-rings, so they can travel with him. Before they leave, Ragnar asks the Seer how he will die; he replies that Ragnar will die when "the blind man sees him". In Wessex, Ecbert sends Aethelwulf and Alfred on a pilgrimage to Rome. In Paris, Charles begs Rollo to not return to Ragnar, and Rollo assures him that he will not. Odo reveals to Therese that he will have Charles killed and overthrown. Meanwhile in Kattegat, after the warriors set sail, Harbard returns. A storm throws the Viking's ships off course. Ragnar, Lagertha, and Harald arrive in France, where they set up camp. Harald and Halfdan take their French prisoners and burn them alive, cheered on by Erlendur. Once the remaining ships arrive, the Vikings sail up river towards Paris. Ragnar takes more "medicine", and hallucinates. As the ships approach Paris, they see Rollo waiting with his new French allies.
36
7 "The Profit and the Loss" Ken Girotti Michael Hirst March 31, 2016 (2016-03-31)
Ragnar suggests attacking from both the river and by land. Rollo notices Lagertha's warriors become stuck in the marsh, and fires upon them and the ships. As the ships approach the forts, Rollo orders the Franks to raise a metal chain between them, which capsizes some ships. Lagertha's attack retreats, and the Franks begin to set the Viking ships on fire. Bjorn rescues Harald and Halfdan, and Ragnar saves Floki. As the Vikings retreat, Ragnar shouts to Rollo that he saved his life, when everyone wanted him dead. Meanwhile in Kattegat, Sigurd watches as Harbard and Aslaug kiss. In Wessex, Ecbert leaves for Mercia; he arrives to meet with Prince Wigstan, who tells him that the Mercians will not accept Kwenthrith as Queen. He tells Ecbert that he will hand Mercia over to him. In Paris, the Vikings return to their camp, which Roland has ambushed; Helga is alive but wounded, while Ragnar's sons and Yidu are hiding unharmed. Ragnar demands more "medicine" from Yidu. Floki has a vision of Harbard having sex with Aslaug. Bjorn demands a new plan from Ragnar. Ragnar replies that they will retreat tomorrow, while muttering to decapitated head.
37
8 "Portage" Ken Girotti Michael Hirst April 7, 2016 (2016-04-07)
The Vikings retreat, and Ragnar's leadership is questioned by Harald. Ragnar tells Bjorn to land near a cliff, and reveals a new plan: they will take the ships overland, behind the Frankish forts. In Paris, Odo tells Charles they should not trust Rollo, and Roland agrees. Gisla reveals that she carries Rollo's child. Odo meets Therese, but she and Roland betray and execute him. Rollo is awarded the Iron Hand of Frankia. In Wessex, Ecbert returns after victory over Mercia, but tells Kwenthrith she is no longer Queen. Meanwhile in Kattegat, Aslaug sees Harbard with other women and is jealous. She confronts him, and he leaves. In France, Ragnar asks Yidu for more drugs, but she denies him. They argue and she threatens him with revealing his Wessex secret. Ragnar drowns her in a fit of rage. In Wessex, Kwenthrith sneaks into Ecbert's bed and threatens to kill him, but is then killed by Judith.
38
9 "Death All 'Round" Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst April 14, 2016 (2016-04-14)
As the Vikings carry their ships overland, Harald and Halfdan kill a Frankish family. Lagertha has a miscarriage and is comforted by Ragnar. Aethelwulf and Alfred arrive in Rome, and the Pope makes Alfred a consul. In Wessex, Ecbert is crowned King of both Wessex and Mercia. King Aelle is displeased when Ecbert tells him they are no longer equals. In Kattegat, Sigurd discovers Siggy dead; he tells Aslaug, who shrugs off her death, and jokes with Ivar. In Paris, Charles appoints Roland its protector. The Vikings arrive outside Paris. Erlendur tells Torvi she must kill Bjorn, or he will kill her son; she approaches Bjorn with Erlendur's crossbow, but instead turns and kills Erlendur. Bjorn tells Ragnar that Paris cannot be taken without him. Ragnar replies he does not care about Paris, and that he is here for Rollo. As the Vikings sail for Paris, Ragnar mutters that he must kill Rollo.
39
10 "The Last Ship" Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
A fleet of Frankish ships led by Rollo approaches the Vikings. In Paris, Charles has Roland and Therese executed, while Gisla prays for Rollo. The Vikings and Franks battle, and the Vikings defeat the first French wave. Rollo leads his remaining ships into battle. Halfdan, Floki, and Lagertha are wounded. Ragnar and Rollo begin to fight. The Franks gain the upper hand, and Ragnar tells Bjorn to take Lagertha and retreat. Ragnar charges Rollo, but is grabbed and thrown back into a ship, as they retreat. Rollo is greeted by Charles and Gisla, and acclaimed by Paris. Meanwhile, in Kattegat many years pass. Ragnar has disappeared. Thorhall delivers the news to Aslaug and Bjorn that the Norse settlement in England had been slaughtered, and also that Ragnar has a son named Magnus in Wessex. Bjorn tells his brothers. He plans to sail into the Mediterranean. Ragnar returns to Kattegat and challenges his sons to kill him, if they want to become the King.
Part 2
40
11 "The Outsider" Daniel Grou Michael Hirst November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)
Ubbe steps forward to challenge Ragnar, but instead they embrace. Ragnar asks his sons to come with him to England, but Bjorn refuses, as he plans to raid the Mediterranean with Floki, Harald, and Hvitserk. Ubbe and Sigurd promise to stay and protect their mother and Kattegat, now an important trade center. Ivar sees his brothers sharing the slave girl Margrethe, and wants her as well. After failing to sleep with her, he threatens to kill her but instead cries as she tells him that being Ragnar's son is more difficult than being a common man. Ragnar visits Floki and tells him that he loves him. In Hedeby, Ragnar apologizes to Lagertha after she refuses to accompany him to England. Ragnar finds a large tree while riding back to Kattegat and tries to hang himself. However, ravens chew through the rope to save him. Back in Kattegat, Ragnar finds Ivar in the throne room and persuades Ivar to come with him to England.
41
12 "The Vision" Daniel Grou Michael Hirst December 7, 2016 (2016-12-07)
Ragnar asks warriors to accompany him to England; however they refuse saying the gods have deserted him. Ragnar talks to Bjorn about his plan to sail past France, and Bjorn says he will seek diplomacy with Rollo. Sigurd chides Ivar that their mother and brothers pity him. Harald and Halfdan arrive to sail with Bjorn. Bjorn notes of Harald's conquest of Rogaland, but Harald assures him that he cannot overthrow Ragnar. Lagertha arrives, and agrees with Aslaug to perform a sacrifice to the gods for their sons. Lagertha tells Aslaug she cannot forgive her for taking Ragnar, and that she will never be Queen of Kattegat. Ragnar digs up old treasure, and bribes some older warriors to sail with him to England. Ragnar meets Aslaug and thanks her for letting their sons love him. Aslaug has a vision of Ivar drowning and warns him he will die if he goes to England. Bjorn, Hvisterk, Floki, and Harald set sail for the Mediterranean. Ragnar and Ivar sail for England, but their ships capsize in a violent storm.
42
13 "Two Journeys" Sarah Harding Michael Hirst December 14, 2016 (2016-12-14)
Ragnar, Ivar, and a few other survivors are washed up on the beach in England. Some blame Ragnar for their misfortune. Aethelwulf finds Ragnar's black raven banner on the beach, and alerts King Ecbert, who reassures him that Ragnar is simply one man. In Francia, Bjorn's fleet arrives and he asks Rollo for safe passage, but is imprisoned along with Floki, Harald, and Halfdan. Harald and Halfdan chastise Bjorn for having trusted Rollo. Later, Rollo meets Bjorn and agrees to allow them free passage, if he can sail with them. In Hedeby, Lagertha imprisons Ubbe and Sigurd, and attacks Kattegat, intending to replace Aslaug on the throne. Bjorn's ships set sail, but they stop and submerge Rollo by keelhauling him. Bjorn lets Rollo up, and Rollo laughs as they sail on. In Wessex, Ragnar tells Ivar they must go to the Royal Villa and abandon the others; they kill their fellow Vikings while they are asleep. Ragnar and Ivar arrive at the Royal town and give themselves up.
43
14 "In the Uncertain Hour Before the Morning" Sarah Harding Michael Hirst December 21, 2016 (2016-12-21)
In Kattegat, Aslaug renounces herself as Queen, promising Lagertha that her sons will not seek revenge. In exchange, she wants safe passage to leave. Lagertha initially agrees, but then kills Aslaug. Ubbe and Sigurd arrive to find Lagertha in the great hall. Ubbe challenges Lagertha's warriors in an attempt to kill her, but fails. Astrid tells Ubbe and Sigurd that they will die if they harm Lagertha. In Wessex, Ragnar and Ivar are seized by Aethelwulf. Ecbert arrives and promises no harm will come to Ivar, then introduces Ragnar to Magnus. Ragnar states he and Kwenthrith never had sex and Magnus is expelled. Ecbert admits ordering Aethelwulf to kill the Norse settlers, expresses regret, and frees Ragnar from his cage. The two drunkenly discuss the afterlife and the death of Athelstan, which Ragnar says weighs on his conscience. Ragnar asks Ecbert to kill him, but Ecbert refuses. Instead, Ecbert agrees to hand Ragnar over to King Aelle and arrange safe passage for Ivar to go home. Ragnar promises that his sons will seek vengeance against Northumbria, not Wessex.
44
15 "All His Angels" Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst December 28, 2016 (2016-12-28)
Ecbert has arranged a ship to take Ivar home. Ragnar speaks with Ivar alone and says goodbye, knowing he will be handed over to Aelle and die. Ragnar tells Ivar to take revenge on Ecbert, and to be ruthless. Ragnar gives Athelstan's cross to his son Alfred, and tells Ecbert that in the end, Athelstan chose Christ. On the road, Ragnar has visions of his younger days and of a discussion with the Seer, where he denounces his belief in the gods. Ragnar arrives in Northumbria and is tortured by Aelle. Ecbert travels there in disguise to attend Ragnar's execution. Ragnar says that he dies without apology and welcomes death, and will await his sons in Valhalla to hear stories of their triumphs. Ragnar is then dropped into a pit of snakes where he dies. Ivar returns to Kattegat, to discover that his mother has been killed by Lagertha. Across the fjord, a longship carrying a black cloaked figure, missing his right eye, approaches.
45
16 "Crossings" Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst January 4, 2017 (2017-01-04)
Lagertha in Norway and Aethelwulf in Wessex consider the consequences of Ragnar's death, while his sons start to plan their revenge. Lagertha orders defences to be built around Kattegat. Ivar challenges Lagertha to single combat, but is refused, and promises that he will kill Lagertha one day. Meanwhile, Bjorn and Rollo reach Spain, and raid Algeciras, as Halfdan and Harald start plotting to overthrow the Lothbroks as part of their conquest of all of Norway. Floki is intrigued by his first contact with Islam and forces the Vikings to spare men praying in a mosque. After Floki refuses to have another child with Helga, Helga adopts a Moorish child, Tanaruz, as her daughter. The man in the black cloak – an incarnation of the god Odin – brings news of Ragnar's death to his sons. The Seer tells Lagertha he foresees that she will be killed by one of Ragnar's sons, while Ivar prepares a new sword and dreams of his revenge.
46
17 "The Great Army" Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst January 11, 2017 (2017-01-11)
Ubbe, Sigurd and Ivar decide to gather a large army and return to England to avenge Ragnar. Before returning to Gisla and his children, Rollo offers land in Normandy to any norsemen willing to settle. Halfdan introduces Harald to Egil, the bastard son of an earl. Judith visits her family in Northumbria and tries to convince King Aelle to ally with Ecbert against the coming attack. However, her father shows no intention to reforge an alliance with Wessex. Ubbe frees Margrethe and tells her that he would like to marry her. In Wessex, Ecbert continues to groom Alfred as future king and warns him not to trust others, but think for himself. An armada of Swedish Vikings, led by Earl Jorgensen, arrives to join the Lothbroks. Ivar and Ubbe attempt to kill Lagertha, but are stopped by Bjorn, who makes clear that his brothers will have to kill him before Lagertha. Torvi advises Bjorn not to join Ivar, which causes Bjorn to lash out against her. Bjorn leaves her in a fit of rage and has an encounter with Astrid. Floki presents Ivar with a war chariot which will enable him to lead troops in combat.
47
18 "Revenge" Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst January 18, 2017 (2017-01-18)
As the great army assembles, Bjorn and Ivar argue over its leadership. Harald spots Ellisif, the woman he fell in love with years ago, who he had wanted to impress by conquerIng Norway. But she has since married a Danish earl, of lower status than him. Ubbe and Margrethe are married, but Ubbe agrees to share her with Hvitserk. Helga wants to join the great army with Tanaruz, but Floki is not happy with her decision. Harald and Halfdan have Egil infiltrate Kattegat. Halfdan suggests Harald kill Ellisif to regain his honor, but Harald refuses because she is the only woman he loves. Earl Jorgensen volunteers to be sacrificed to assure victory in the coming war, while Bjorn and Astrid continue their affair. Athelwulf confronts Ecbert about his affair with Judith and questions Ecbert's love for him and his ability as a king. Ecbert asks him to lead the defence against the Norse invaders. As the great army lands in Northumbria, King Aelle's much smaller army is overrun, Aelle is captured, and killed by the blood eagle.
48
19 "On the Eve" Ben Bolt Michael Hirst January 25, 2017 (2017-01-25)
Kattegat is attacked by Egil and his men, but they are repulsed and Egil is captured. Torvi is severely injured. Under torture, Egil confesses to Lagertha that he had been paid by King Harald to attack her. Meanwhile in Mercia, terrified villagers flee before the advancing heathen army. Harald pretends to forgive Ellisif, then kills her husband Vik. Ellisif later pretends to forgive Harald, seduces him, and is about to kill him but is instead killed by Halfdan. Tanaruz runs away from Helga, but Floki manages to find her and convince her to return. Prince Aethelwulf gathers a large army in Wessex and moves to intercept the advancing Vikings in Repton. Before they meet, Ivar persuades Bjorn to scout a potential battlefield and plan to use the terrain to defeat the Saxons. The Vikings then harass the Saxons on the battlefield with archers hidden in the surrounding woods. Prince Aethelwulf decides to move his forces toward the Viking's ships, but the Vikings then ambush them in a tight valley. In panic and frustration, Aethelwulf orders a charge.
49
20 "The Reckoning" Ben Bolt Michael Hirst February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)
The Saxons charge into the Norse shieldwall, and suffer heavy losses. Aethelwulf orders a retreat, and flees to Ecbert's capital to ready its evacuation. Ecbert refuses to leave, and cedes the crown of Wessex to his son. The bishop Edmund refuses to abandon Ecbert. The Vikings arrive and in the ensuing sack, Hvitserk kills Edmund, Ecbert is captured and Tanaruz stabs Helga and then commits suicide. Ivar demands the blood eagle for Ecbert, but Bjorn reminds his brothers of Ragnar's dream of settlement, and agrees to allow Ecbert to choose his own death in exchange for signing over East Anglia. Ecbert then kills himself in his Roman bath. After burying Helga, Floki takes to the sea. Bjorn shares his wish to raid the Mediterranean, while Ivar proposes continued raids in England. In an argument over what action to take next, Sigurd starts to insult Ivar and mock his impotence, and Ivar then kills Sigurd by throwing an axe. In Sherborne, Bishop Heahmund oversees a funeral, and then has sex with the widow of the deceased.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Vikings is an Irish-Canadian co-production presented by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The fourth season was developed and produced by Octagon Films for the first sixteen episodes, TM Productions for the last four episodes, and Take 5 Productions. Morgan O'Sullivan, Sheila Hockin, Sherry Marsh, Alan Gasmer, James Flynn, John Weber, and Michael Hirst are credited as executive producers. This season was produced by Keith Thompson for the first eight and for the last four episodes, and Sanne Wohlenberg for the ninth to sixteenth episodes. Bill Goddard and Séamus McInerney act as co-producers.[9]
The production team for this season includes casting directors Frank and Nuala Moiselle, costume designer Joan Bergin, visual effects supervisor Dominic Remane, stunt action designers Franklin Henson and Richard Ryan, composer Trevor Morris, production designer Mark Geraghty, editors Aaron Marshall for the first, fourth, seventh, fifteenth and eighteenth episodes, Christopher Donaldson for the second, fifth and eighth episodes, Tad Seaborn for the third, sixth, ninth, eleventh, thirteenth, sixteenth and nineteenth episodes, and Don Cassidy for the tenth, twelfth, fourteenth, seventeenth and twentieth episodes, and cinematographers Pj Dillon for the first eight and last four episodes, and Owen McPolin for the ninth to sixteenth episodes.[9]
Music[edit]
The musical score for the fourth season was composed by Trevor Morris in collaboration with Einar Selvik. The opening sequence is again accompanied by the song "If I Had a Heart" by Fever Ray.
Additional non-original music by Norwegian music group Wardruna is featured in the episodes "In the Uncertain Hour Before the Morning" and "Crossings". The featured tracks are "Bjarkan", "Laukr" and "Algir — Tognatale". The episode "All His Angels" also features an original song titled "Snake Pit Poetry", written by Einar Selvik and performed by Hilda Örvarsdóttir.[9] The track was released as a single on October 20, 2017 together with a second version solely performed by Selvik.[10]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92% approval rating, with an average rating of 8.3/10 based on twelve reviews.[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich. "Vikings Gets Supersized Season 4, Premiere Date, 'Last Supper'-y Poster – TVLine". TVLine.
Jump up ^ Mathew, Ilin (July 3, 2015). "'Vikings' Season 4 Spoilers: Queen Aslaug to be Leader; Will Rollo Follow Ragnar's Footsteps?". International Business Times. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "History's Hit Drama Series "Vikings" Returns for Season Four on Thursday, February 18 at 10 PM ET/PT". The Futon Critic. December 17, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise. "'Vikings' Sets Season 4 Midseason Premiere; Moves To Wednesday". Deadline.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - "Vikings" - History's Hit Drama Series Sails Again for Season Three Thursday, February 19 at 10 p.m. ET — TheFutonCritic.com".
Jump up ^ Hayner, Chris E. (July 13, 2015). "Kevin Durand heading back to 'Vikings' to create Season 4 chaos". Zap2It.com. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Tsoumbakos, Rachel (January 10, 2017). "'VIKINGS,' SEASON 5: JONATHAN RHYS MEYERS ROLE IS FINALLY REVEALED". Inquisitr.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Michael Clair (February 17, 2016). "Watch Josh Donaldson transformed into a Viking before your very eyes". MLB. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vikings. Season 4. February 2016 – February 2017. Event occurs at 2:00 approximately. History.
Jump up ^ "Snake Pit Poetry — Single". iTunes. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "VIKINGS: SEASON 4". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
Vikings on IMDb
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History (Canada)

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http://www.history.com/shows/vikings

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values: List of awards and nominations received by Vikings

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values: وایکینگ‌ها (فصل ۴) – Persian

values: Episodi di Vikings (quarta stagione) – Italian

values: Викинги (сезон 4) – Russian

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