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List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots
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Assassination attempts and plots on the President of the United States have been numerous, ranging from the early 1800s to the 2010s. More than 30 attempts to kill an incumbent or former president, or a president-elect have been made since the early 1800s. Four sitting presidents have been killed, all of them by gunshot: Abraham Lincoln (1865), James A. Garfield (1881), William McKinley (1901) and John F. Kennedy (1963). Additionally, two presidents have been injured in attempted assassinations, also by gunshot: Theodore Roosevelt (1912; former president at the time) and Ronald Reagan (1981).
Although the historian James W. Clarke has suggested that most American assassinations were politically motivated actions, carried out by rational men,[1] not all such attacks have been undertaken for political reasons.[2] Some attackers had questionable mental stability, and a few were judged legally insane.[3][4] Since the Vice President of the United States has for more than a century been elected from the same political party as the President, the assassination of the President is unlikely to result in major policy changes. This may explain why political groups typically do not make such attacks.[5]
Contents
1 Presidents assassinated
1.1 Abraham Lincoln
1.2 James A. Garfield
1.3 William McKinley
1.4 John F. Kennedy
2 Assassination plots and attempts
2.1 Andrew Jackson
2.2 Abraham Lincoln
2.3 William Howard Taft
2.4 Theodore Roosevelt
2.5 Herbert Hoover
2.6 Franklin D. Roosevelt
2.7 Harry S. Truman
2.8 John F. Kennedy
2.9 Richard Nixon
2.10 Gerald Ford
2.11 Jimmy Carter
2.12 Ronald Reagan
2.13 George H. W. Bush
2.14 Bill Clinton
2.15 George W. Bush
2.16 Barack Obama
3 Presidential deaths rumored to be assassinations
3.1 Zachary Taylor
3.2 Warren G. Harding
4 Rogues' Gallery: Would-be US Presidential Assassins
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
Presidents assassinated[edit]
Abraham Lincoln[edit]
Shown in the presidential booth of Ford's Theatre, from left to right, are assassin John Wilkes Booth, Abraham Lincoln, Mary Todd Lincoln, Clara Harris, and Henry Rathbone
Main article: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
The assassination of President Lincoln took place on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., at approximately 10:15 p.m.. John Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate sympathizer from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service.[6] In 1864, Booth formulated a plan (very similar to one of Thomas N. Conrad previously authorized by the Confederacy)[7] to kidnap Lincoln in exchange for the release of Confederate prisoners. After attending an April 11, 1865, speech in which Lincoln promoted voting rights for blacks, an incensed Booth changed his plans and became determined to assassinate the president.[8] Learning that the President would be attending Ford's Theatre, Booth formulated a plan with co-conspirators to assassinate Lincoln at the theater, as well as Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William H. Seward at their homes. Lincoln attended the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre.[9] As the President sat in his state box in the balcony, watching the play, with his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, and two guests, Major Henry Rathbone and his fiancée Clara Harris, Booth entered from behind, aimed a .44 caliber Derringer pistol at the back of Lincoln's head, and fired, mortally wounding the President. Rathbone momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped. The unconscious President was carried across the street from the theater to the Petersen House, where he remained in a coma for nine hours before dying the following morning at 7:22 a.m. on April 15.[10]
Beyond Lincoln's death the plot failed: Seward was only wounded and Johnson's would-be attacker lost his nerve.
After being on the run for 12 days, Booth was tracked down and found on April 26, 1865 by Union soldiers on a farm in Virginia, some 70 miles (110 km) south of Washington. After refusing to surrender to Union troops, Booth was shot and killed by Sergeant Boston Corbett. Several other conspirators were later hanged.
James A. Garfield[edit]
President Garfield with James G. Blaine after being shot by Charles J. Guiteau
Main article: Assassination of James A. Garfield
The assassination of President Garfield took place in Washington, D.C., at 9:30 a.m. on Saturday, July 2, 1881, less than four months after he took office. Charles J. Guiteau shot him twice, once in his right arm and once in his back, with a .442 Webley British Bulldog revolver, as the president was arriving at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station. Garfield died 11 weeks later, on September 19, 1881, at 10:35 p.m., of complications caused by infections.
Guiteau was immediately arrested. After a highly publicized trial lasting from November 14, 1881 to January 25, 1882, he was found guilty and sentenced to death. A subsequent appeal was rejected, and he was executed by hanging on June 30, 1882 in the District of Columbia, two days before the first anniversary of the attempt. Guiteau was assessed during his trial as mentally unbalanced and possibly suffered from some kind of bipolar disorder or from the effects of syphilis on the brain. He claimed to have shot Garfield out of disappointment for being passed over for appointment as Ambassador to France. He attributed the president's victory in the election to a speech he wrote in support of Garfield.[11]
William McKinley[edit]
Leon Czolgosz shoots President McKinley with a concealed revolver. Clipping of a wash drawing by T. Dart Walker.
Main article: Assassination of William McKinley
The assassination of President McKinley took place at 4:07 p.m. on Friday, September 6, 1901, at the Temple of Music in Buffalo, New York. McKinley, attending the Pan-American Exposition, was shot twice in the abdomen at close range by Leon Czolgosz, a self-proclaimed anarchist, who was armed with a .32 caliber revolver wrapped up in what seemed to be a bandage. The first bullet ricocheted off either a button or an award medal on McKinley's jacket and lodged in his sleeve but the second shot pierced his stomach. McKinley died seven days later, on September 14, 1901, at 2:15 a.m, after his condition rapidly declined.
Members of the crowd captured and subdued Czolgosz. Afterward, the 4th Brigade, National Guard Signal Corps, and police intervened, beating Czolgosz so severely it was initially thought he might not live to stand trial. On September 24, after a rushed, two-day trial in state court, Czolgosz was sentenced to death. He was executed by electric chair in Auburn Prison on October 29, 1901. Czolgosz's actions were politically motivated, although it remains unclear what outcome, if any, he believed the shooting would yield.
Following the assassination of President William McKinley, Congress directed the Secret Service to protect the President of the United States as part of its mandate.
John F. Kennedy[edit]
JFK, Jackie, and the Connallys in the presidential limousine minutes before the assassination
Main article: Assassination of John F. Kennedy
The assassination of President Kennedy took place on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas, at 12:30 p.m. CST (18:30 UTC), while riding in a presidential motorcade in Dealey Plaza.[12] Kennedy was riding with his wife Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, Connally's wife, Nellie, and two Secret Service agents, when he was fatally shot in the neck and head. He was the only assassinated president to die on the same day of his injuries. Governor Connally was seriously wounded in the attack. The motorcade rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital where President Kennedy was pronounced dead about thirty minutes after the shooting; Connally recovered from his injuries.
Former U.S. Marine and Marxist[13] Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested by members of the Dallas Police Department about 70 minutes after the initial shooting. Oswald was charged under Texas state law with the murder of Kennedy as well as that of a Dallas policeman, J. D. Tippit, who had been fatally shot a short time after the assassination. At 11:21 a.m. Sunday, November 24, 1963, as live television cameras covered his transfer to the Dallas County Jail, Oswald was shot in the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters by Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub operator. Oswald was taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital where he soon died. Ruby was found guilty of murder with malice and sentenced to death by the electric chair. In October 1966, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals reversed the conviction on the grounds of improper admission of testimony and the fact that Ruby could not have received a fair trial in Dallas at the time due to excessive publicity. A new trial was scheduled to take place in Wichita Falls, Texas, in February 1967 but he became ill and was admitted to Parkland Hospital (the same place where Kennedy and Oswald had died). He was diagnosed with lung cancer. On January 3, 1967, he died at age 55 from a blood clot in his lung.
After a ten-month investigation, the Warren Commission concluded that Kennedy was assassinated by Oswald, that Oswald had acted entirely alone, and that Ruby had acted alone in killing Oswald. Nonetheless, polls conducted from 1966 to 2004 found that up to 80 percent of Americans have suspected that there was a plot or cover-up.[14][15] Doubts and conspiracy theories persist to the present.
Assassination plots and attempts[edit]
Andrew Jackson[edit]
Illustration of Jackson's attempted assassination
January 30, 1835: Just outside the Capitol Building, a house painter named Richard Lawrence attempted to shoot Jackson with two pistols, both of which misfired. Lawrence was apprehended after Jackson beat him severely with his cane. Lawrence was found not guilty by reason of insanity and confined to a mental institution until his death in 1861.[16]
Abraham Lincoln[edit]
February 23, 1861: The Baltimore Plot was an alleged conspiracy to assassinate President-elect Abraham Lincoln en route to his inauguration. Allan Pinkerton's National Detective Agency played a key role in protecting the president-elect by managing Lincoln's security throughout the journey. Though scholars debate whether the threat was real, Lincoln and his advisers took actions to ensure his safe passage through Baltimore.
August 1864: A lone rifle shot fired by an unknown sniper missed Lincoln's head by inches (passing through his hat) as he rode in the late evening, unguarded, north from the White House three miles (5 km) to the Soldiers' Home (his regular retreat where he would work and sleep before returning to the White House the following morning). Near 11:00 pm, Private John W. Nichols of the Pennsylvania 150th Volunteers, the sentry on duty at the gated entrance to the Soldiers' Home grounds, heard the rifle shot and moments later saw the president riding toward him "bareheaded". Lincoln described the matter to Ward Lamon, his old friend and loyal bodyguard.[17][18]
William Howard Taft[edit]
William Taft and Porfirio Díaz, historic first presidential summit, Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, October 16, 1909.
In 1909, Taft and Porfirio Díaz planned a summit in El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, a historic first meeting between a U.S. president and a Mexican president and also the first time an American president would cross the border into Mexico.[19] Diaz requested the meeting to show U.S. support for his planned eighth run as president, and Taft agreed to support Diaz in order to protect the several billion dollars of American capital then invested in Mexico.[20] Both sides agreed that the disputed Chamizal strip connecting El Paso to Ciudad Juárez would be considered neutral territory with no flags present during the summit, but the meeting focused attention on this territory and resulted in assassination threats and other serious security concerns.[21] The Texas Rangers, 4,000 U.S. and Mexican troops, U.S. Secret Service agents, FBI agents and U.S. Marshals were all called in to provide security.[22] An additional 250 private security detail led by Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated scout, was hired by John Hays Hammond. Hammond was a close friend of Taft from Yale and a former candidate for U.S. Vice-President in 1908 who, along with his business partner Burnham, held considerable mining interests in Mexico.[23][24][25] On October 16, the day of the summit, Burnham and Private C.R. Moore, a Texas Ranger, discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route.[26] Burnham and Moore captured and disarmed the would-be assassin within only a few feet of Taft and Díaz.[27]
Theodore Roosevelt[edit]
October 14, 1912: Three and a half years after he left office, Roosevelt was running for President as a member of the Progressive Party. While campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, John Flammang Schrank, a saloon-keeper from New York who had been stalking him for weeks, shot Roosevelt once in the chest with a .38-caliber Colt Police Positive Special revolver. The 50-page text of his campaign speech titled "Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual", folded over twice in Roosevelt's breast pocket and a metal glasses case slowed the bullet, saving his life. Schrank was immediately disarmed, captured and might have been lynched had Roosevelt not shouted for Schrank to remain unharmed.[28] Roosevelt assured the crowd he was all right, then ordered police to take charge of Schrank and to make sure no violence was done to him.[29]
Roosevelt, as an experienced hunter and anatomist, correctly concluded that since he was not coughing blood, the bullet had not reached his lung, and he declined suggestions to go to the hospital immediately. Instead, he delivered his scheduled speech with blood seeping into his shirt.[30][31] He spoke for 90 minutes before completing his speech and accepting medical attention. His opening comments to the gathered crowd were, "Ladies and gentlemen, I don't know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot, but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose."[32][33][33][citation needed] [34] Afterwards, probes and an x-ray showed that the bullet had lodged in Roosevelt's chest muscle, but did not penetrate the pleura. Doctors concluded that it would be less dangerous to leave it in place than to attempt to remove it, and Roosevelt carried the bullet with him for the rest of his life.[35][36] He spent two weeks recuperating before returning to the campaign trail. Despite his tenacity, Roosevelt ultimately lost his bid for reelection.[37]
At Schrank's trial, the would-be assassin claimed that William McKinley had visited him in a dream and told him to avenge his assassination by killing Roosevelt. He was found legally insane and was institutionalized until his death in 1943.[38]
Herbert Hoover[edit]
On November 19, 1928,[39] President-elect Hoover embarked on a ten-nation "goodwill tour" of Central and South America.[40] While crossing the Andes mountains from Chile, an assassination plot by Argentine anarchists was thwarted. The group was led by Severino Di Giovanni, who planned to blow up his train as it crossed the Argentinian central plain. The plotters had an itinerary but the bomber was arrested before he could place the explosives on the rails. Hoover professed unconcern, tearing off the front page of a newspaper that revealed the plot and explaining, "It's just as well that Lou shouldn't see it,"[41] referring to his wife. His complimentary remarks on Argentina were well received in both the host country and in the press.[42]
Franklin D. Roosevelt[edit]
On February 15, 1933, in Miami, Florida, Giuseppe Zangara fired five shots at Roosevelt, seventeen days before Roosevelt's first presidential inauguration. Although Zangara did not wound the President-elect, he did kill Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak and wounded five other people. Zangara was found guilty of murder and was executed on March 20, 1933. It has never been determined who was Zangara's target, and most assumed at first that he had been shooting at the President-elect. Another theory, is that it may have been ordered by the imprisoned Al Capone.[43][44]
Soviet authorities claimed to have discovered a German plan to assassinate Roosevelt at the upcoming Tehran Conference in 1943.[45]
Harry S. Truman[edit]
In the summer of 1947, pending the independence of Israel, the Zionist Stern Gang was believed to have sent a number of letter bombs addressed to the president and high-ranking staff at the White House. The Secret Service had been alerted by British intelligence after similar letters had been sent to high-ranking British officials and the Gang claimed credit.The mail room of the White House intercepted the letters and the Secret Service defused them. At the time, the incident was not publicized. Truman's daughter Margaret confirmed the incident in her biography of Truman published in 1972. It had earlier been told in a memoir by Ira R.T. Smith, who worked in the mail room.[46]

Main article: Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
On November 1, 1950, two Puerto Rican pro-independence activists, Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola, attempted to kill Truman at the Blair House, where Truman lived while the White House was being renovated. In the attack, Torresola mortally wounded White House Policeman Leslie Coffelt, who killed the attacker with a shot to the head. Torresola also wounded White House Policeman Joseph Downs. Collazo wounded another officer, and survived with serious injuries. Truman was not harmed, but he was placed at a huge risk. He commuted Collazo's death sentence after conviction in a federal trial to life in prison. In 1979, President Jimmy Carter commuted it to time served.[47]
John F. Kennedy[edit]
December 11, 1960: While vacationing in Palm Beach, Florida, President-elect John F. Kennedy was threatened by Richard Paul Pavlick, a 73-year-old former postal worker driven by hatred of Catholics. Pavlick intended to crash his dynamite-laden 1950 Buick into Kennedy's vehicle, but he changed his mind after seeing Kennedy's wife and daughter bid him goodbye.[48] Pavlick was arrested three days later by the Secret Service after being stopped for a driving violation; police found the dynamite in his car and arrested him.[49] On January 27, 1961, Pavlick was committed to the United States Public Health Service mental hospital in Springfield, Missouri, then was indicted for threatening Kennedy's life seven weeks later.[49] Charges against Pavlick were dropped on December 2, 1963, ten days after Kennedy's assassination in Dallas.[49] Judge Emett Clay Choate ruled that Pavlick was unable to distinguish between right and wrong in his actions, but kept him in the mental hospital. The federal government also dropped charges in August 1964, and Pavlick was eventually released from the New Hampshire State Mental Hospital on December 13, 1966.[49][50][51]
Richard Nixon[edit]
April 13, 1972: Arthur Bremer carried a firearm to an event intending to shoot Nixon, but was put off by strong security. A few weeks later, he instead shot and seriously injured the Governor of Alabama, George Wallace, who was paralyzed for the rest of his life until his death in 1998. Three other people were unintentionally wounded. Bremer served 35 years in prison for the shooting of Governor Wallace.[52]
Late May 1972: During Nixon's official visit to Tehran, Iran, a "Marxist terrorist group" named People's Mujahedin of Iran blew up a bomb at Reza Shah's mausoleum, where Nixon was scheduled to attend a ceremony just 45 minutes after the explosion.[53]
February 22, 1974: Samuel Byck planned to kill Nixon by crashing a commercial airliner into the White House.[54] He hijacked the plane on the ground by force after killing a police officer, and was told that it could not take off with the wheel blocks still in place. After he shot both pilots (one later died), an officer, Charles 'Butch' Troyer, shot Byck through the plane's door window. He survived long enough to kill himself by shooting.
Gerald Ford[edit]
Main articles: attempt in Sacramento (Lynette Fromme) and attempt in San Francisco (Sara Jane Moore)
September 5, 1975: On the northern grounds of the California State Capitol, Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, a follower of Charles Manson, drew a Colt M1911 .45 caliber pistol on Ford when he reached to shake her hand in a crowd. She had four cartridges in the pistol's magazine but none in the firing chamber, and as a result, the gun did not fire. She was quickly restrained by Secret Service agent Larry Buendorf. Fromme was sentenced to life in prison, but was released from custody on August 14, 2009 (two years and 8 months after Ford's death in 2006).[55]
September 22, 1975: In San Francisco, California, only 17 days after Fromme's attempt, Sara Jane Moore fired a revolver at Ford from 40 feet (12 m) away.[56] A bystander, Oliver Sipple, grabbed Moore's arm and the shot missed Ford, striking a building wall and slightly injuring taxi driver John Ludwig.[57] Moore was tried and convicted in federal court, and sentenced to prison for life. She was paroled from a federal prison on December 31, 2007 after serving more than 30 years, one year and five days after Ford's natural death.
Jimmy Carter[edit]
Raymond Lee Harvey was an Ohio-born unemployed American drifter. He was arrested by the Secret Service after being found carrying a starter pistol with blank rounds, ten minutes before Carter was to give a speech at the Civic Center Mall in Los Angeles on May 5, 1979. Harvey had a history of mental illness,[58] but police had to investigate his claim that he was part of a four-man operation to assassinate the president.[59] According to Harvey, he fired seven blank rounds from the starter pistol on the hotel roof on the night of May 4 to test how much noise it would make. He claimed to have been with one of the plotters that night, whom he knew as "Julio". (This man was later identified as a 21-year-old illegal immigrant from Mexico, who gave the name Osvaldo Espinoza Ortiz.)[58] At the time of his arrest, Harvey had eight spent rounds in his pocket, as well as 70 unspent blank rounds for the gun.[60] Harvey was jailed on a $50,000 bond, given his transient status, and Ortiz was alternately reported as being held on a $100,000 bond as a material witness[58] or held on a $50,000 bond being charged with burglary from a car.[60] Charges against the pair were ultimately dismissed for a lack of evidence.[61]
John Hinckley Jr. came close to shooting Carter during his re-election campaign, but he lost his nerve. He would later attempt to kill President Ronald Reagan in March 1981.[62][63]
Ronald Reagan[edit]
Main article: Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan waves just before he is shot outside a Washington hotel on March 30, 1981. From left are Jerry Parr, in white trench coat, who pushed Reagan into the limousine; press secretary James Brady, who was seriously wounded by a gunshot wound to the head; Reagan; aide Michael Deaver; an unidentified policeman; policeman Thomas K. Delahanty, who was shot in the neck; and secret service agent Tim McCarthy, who was shot in the stomach.
On March 30, 1981, as Ronald Reagan returned to his limousine after speaking at the Washington Hilton hotel, he and three others were shot by John Hinckley, Jr. Reagan was struck by a single bullet that broke a rib, punctured a lung, and caused serious internal bleeding, but he recovered quickly.
Hinckley was arrested at the scene, and later said he had wanted to kill Reagan to impress actress Jodie Foster. He was deemed mentally ill and confined to an institution. Besides Reagan, White House Press Secretary James Brady, Secret Service agent Tim McCarthy, and police officer Thomas Delahanty were also wounded. All three survived, but Brady suffered brain damage and was permanently disabled; Brady's death in 2014 was considered homicide because it was ultimately caused by this injury.[64] Hinckley was released from institutional psychiatric care at St. Elizabeth Hospital in Washington, D.C., on September 10, 2016.
George H. W. Bush[edit]
April 13, 1993: Fourteen men believed to be working for Saddam Hussein smuggled bombs into Kuwait, planning to assassinate former President Bush by a car bomb during his visit to Kuwait University three months after he had left office (in January 1993).[65] The plot was foiled when Kuwaiti officials found the bomb and arrested the suspected assassins. Two of the suspects, Wali Abdelhadi Ghazali and Raad Abdel-Amir al-Assadi, retracted their confessions at the trial, claiming that they were coerced.[66] There is evidence that the Iraqi Intelligence Service, particularly Directorate 14, was behind the plot.[67] Then-president Bill Clinton responded by launching a cruise missile attack on an Iraqi intelligence building in Baghdad. The plot was used as one of the justifications for the Iraq Resolution.
Bill Clinton[edit]
January 21, 1994: Ronald Gene Barbour, a retired military officer and freelance writer, plotted to kill Clinton while the President was jogging. Barbour returned to Florida a week later without having fired the shots at the president, who was on a state visit to Russia.[68] Barbour was sentenced to five years in prison and was released in 1998.
September 12, 1994: Frank Eugene Corder flew a stolen single-engine Cessna onto the White House lawn and crashed into a tree. Corder, a truck driver from Maryland who reportedly had alcohol problems, allegedly tried to hit the White House. He was killed in the crash. The President and First Family were not home at the time.[69]
October 29, 1994: Francisco Martin Duran fired at least 29 shots with a semi-automatic rifle at the White House from a fence overlooking the north lawn, thinking that Clinton was among the men in dark suits standing there (Clinton was inside). Three tourists, Harry Rakosky, Ken Davis and Robert Haines, tackled Duran before he could injure anyone. Found to have a suicide note in his pocket, Duran was sentenced to 40 years in prison.[70]
1996: During his visit to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum in Manila in 1996, Clinton's motorcade was rerouted before it was to drive over a bridge. Service officers had intercepted a message suggesting that an attack was imminent, and Lewis Merletti, the director of the Secret Service, ordered the motorcade to be re-routed. An intelligence team later discovered a bomb under the bridge. Subsequent U.S. investigation "revealed that [the plot] was masterminded by a Saudi terrorist living in Afghanistan named Osama bin Laden".[71]
George W. Bush[edit]
Main article: Assassination threats against George W. Bush
February 7, 2001: While President George W. Bush was in the White House, Robert Pickett, standing outside the perimeter fence, discharged a number of shots from a weapon in the direction of the White House. He was sentenced to three years in prison.[72] The attempt happened within a month of the president taking office.
May 10, 2005: While President Bush was giving a speech in the Freedom Square in Tbilisi, Georgia, Vladimir Arutyunian threw a live Soviet-made RGD-5 hand grenade toward the podium. The grenade had its pin pulled, but did not explode because a red tartan handkerchief was wrapped tightly around it, preventing the safety lever from detaching.[73] After escaping that day, Arutyunian was arrested in July 2005. During his arrest, he killed an Interior Ministry agent. He was convicted in January 2006 and given a life sentence.[74][75]
Barack Obama[edit]
Main article: Assassination threats against Barack Obama
April 2009: A plot to assassinate Obama at the Alliance of Civilizations summit in Istanbul, Turkey was discovered after a man of Syrian origins carrying forged Al-Jazeera TV press credentials was found. The man confessed to the Turkish security services details of his plan to kill Obama with a knife with three alleged accomplices.[76]
November 2011: Oscar Ramiro Ortega-Hernandez hit the White House with several rounds fired from a semi-automatic rifle. No one was injured. However, a window was broken.[77] He was sentenced to 25 years in prison.[78]
April 2013: Another attempt was made when a letter laced with ricin, a deadly poison, was sent to President Obama.[79]
Presidential deaths rumored to be assassinations[edit]
Zachary Taylor[edit]
On July 4, 1850, President Zachary Taylor fell ill and was diagnosed by his physicians with cholera morbus, a term that included diarrhea and dysentery but not true cholera. Cholera, typhoid fever and food poisoning have all been indicated as the source of the president's ultimately fatal gastroenteritis. A hasty snack of iced milk, cold cherries and pickles consumed at an Independence Day celebration might have been the culprit.[80] Taylor died five days later in the White House on July 9, 1850, at 10:35 p.m. (22:35).[81]
In the late 1980s, author Clara Rising theorized that Taylor was murdered by poison; she was able to convince Taylor's closest living relative, as well as the coroner of Jefferson County, Kentucky, Dr. Richard Greathouse, to order an exhumation. On June 17, 1991, Taylor's remains were exhumed from the vault at the Zachary Taylor National Cemetery in Louisville, Kentucky. Radiological studies were conducted of the remains before small samples of hair, fingernail, and other tissues were removed. The remains were then retinterred. The samples were sent to Oak Ridge National Laboratory, where neutron activation analysis revealed traces of arsenic, but at levels less than one percent of the level expected in a death by poisoning.[82]
Warren G. Harding[edit]
In June 1923, President Warren G. Harding set out on a cross-country "Voyage of Understanding", planning to meet with citizens and explain his policies. During this trip, he became the first president to visit Alaska, which was then a U.S. territory.[83]
Rumors of corruption in the Harding administration were beginning to circulate in Washington by 1923, and Harding was profoundly shocked by a long message he received while in Alaska, apparently detailing illegal activities by his own cabinet that were allegedly unknown to him. At the end of July, while traveling south from Alaska through British Columbia, he developed what was thought to be a severe case of food poisoning. He gave the final speech of his life to a large crowd at the University of Washington Stadium (now Husky Stadium) at the University of Washington campus in Seattle, Washington. A scheduled speech in Portland, Oregon, was canceled. The President's train proceeded south to San Francisco. Upon arriving at the Palace Hotel, he developed pneumonia. Harding died in his hotel room of either a heart attack or a stroke at 7:35 p.m. (19:35) on August 2, 1923. The formal announcement, printed in The New York Times of that day, stated: "A stroke of apoplexy was the cause of death." He had been ill exactly one week.[84]
Naval physicians surmised that Harding had suffered a heart attack. The Hardings' personal medical advisor, homeopath and Surgeon General Charles E. Sawyer, disagreed with the diagnosis. His wife, Florence Harding, refused permission for an autopsy, which soon led to speculation that the President had been the victim of a plot, possibly carried out by his wife, as Harding apparently had been unfaithful to the First Lady. Gaston B. Means, an amateur historian and gadfly, noted in his book The Strange Death of President Harding (1930) that the circumstances surrounding his death led to suspicions that he had been poisoned. A number of individuals attached to him, both personally and politically, would have welcomed Harding's death, as they would have been disgraced in association by Means' assertion of Harding's "imminent impeachment".
Rogues' Gallery: Would-be US Presidential Assassins[edit]
Richard Lawrence [right] attempts to shoot US President Andrew Jackson January 30,1835
John Wilkes Booth
Charles Guiteau
Leon Czolgosz arrested Buffalo New York September 1901
John Schrank arrested Milwaukee Wis October 1912
Severino di Giovanni
Giuseppe Zangara arrested Miami Florida February 1933
Lee Harvey Oswald arrested Dallas Texas November 23,1963
Lynette Fromme [1965]
John Hinckley, Jr arrested Washington DC March 30,1981
Vladimir Arutyunian

See also[edit]
List of assassinated and executed heads of state and government
List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D.C.
List of White House security breaches
Threatening the President of the United States
Thomas R. Marshall, vice president who was the target of an assassination attempt on July 2, 1915
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, Democratic presidential candidate, on June 5, 1968
Shooting of George Wallace, Democratic presidential candidate, on May 15, 1972
Attempted assassination of Donald Trump, then presumptive Republican nominee for president, on June 18, 2016
Curse of Tippecanoe
Kennedy curse
Assassins (musical), a 1990 musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim
Assassination Vacation, a 2005 book by Sarah Vowell
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "Alleged Carter death plot: man charged", The Sydney Morning Herald May 10, 1979.
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Bibliography[edit]
Hammond, John Hays (1935). The Autobiography of John Hays Hammond. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. ISBN 978-0-405-05913-1.
Hampton, Benjamin B (April 1, 1910). "The Vast Riches of Alaska". Hampton's Magazine. Vol. 24 no. 1.
Harris, Charles H. III; Sadler, Louis R. (2009). The Secret War in El Paso: Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue, 1906-1920. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4652-0.
van Wyk, Peter (2003). Burnham: King of Scouts. Victoria, B.C., Canada: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4120-0901-0.
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Janet Hubert
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Janet Hubert
Born
Janet Louise Hubert
(1956-01-13) January 13, 1956 (age 62)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Education
Juilliard School
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1986–present
Spouse(s)
James Whitten (m. 1990–1994)
Larry Kraft (m. 2005)
Children
1
Janet Louise Hubert (born January 13, 1956)[1] is an American film and television actress. She is best known for playing the role of the original Vivian Banks on the sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air from its first season 1990 until the end of its third season in 1993. Hubert was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series for her role in 1991.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Personal life
3 Career
4 Film and television
5 Video games
6 References
7 External links
Early life
Hubert was born in Chicago, Illinois and spent her early days growing up on Chicago's South Side.[1] At the age of nine she moved with her family to rural Chicago.[1] She won a scholarship to the Juilliard School in New York City, but did not complete her studies.[1]
Personal life
Hubert has been married twice; James Whitten from 1990 until 1994 with whom she has a son, named Elijah Isaac Whitten. She has been married to Larry Kraft since 2005. She suffers from osteoporosis and is the ambassador of the National Osteoporosis Foundation.[3]
Career
Hubert was the original Tantomile in the first Broadway run of Cats.[4] Hubert played Aunt Viv on Fresh Prince, the role she is most known for. After she was fired from The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Hubert's character was played by Daphne Reid for the remainder of the show's run. According to Will Smith, the show's star, he and Hubert had difficulties working together long before her pregnancy.[5]
She was featured in a 2002 episode of Friends as Chandler's boss. In 2005 she began playing the recurring role of Lisa Williamson, mother of attorney Evangeline Williamson, on One Life to Live. Her character has made occasional appearances since then. She was featured as Michel Gerard's mother in an episode of the CW show Gilmore Girls. She has made appearances on episodes of All My Children, Friends, NYPD Blue, The Bernie Mac Show, and Tyler Perry's House of Payne, among others.
Film and television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1988 21 Jump Street Councilwoman Travers Episode: "Fun with Animals"
1989 A Man Called Hawk Serita Episode: "Poison"
1990 Tales from the Crypt Psyche Episode: "Till Death"
1992 Reasonable Doubts Judge Mary Sims Episode: "Brother's Keeper"
1990–1993 The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Vivian Banks 73 episodes
1994 Dave's World Episode: "Shel in Love"
1995 White Man's Burden Dinner Guest
1996 The Faculty Annette Freeman Episode: "Somewhere There's Music"
1997 The Jamie Foxx Show Edwina DuBois Episode: "Act Like You Love Me"
1997 Goode Behavior Dr. Pamela Fordham Episode: "Goode Lovin'"
1998 NYPD Blue Hiruut Kebede Episode: "Weaver of Hate"
1999 All My Children Alice Dawson Selected episodes
2001 30 Years to Life Joy's mother
2001–2002 The Job Adina Phillips 4 episodes
2002 The Weakest Link Herself 4th one voted off
2002 Gilmore Girls Gisele Gerard Episode: "Back in the Saddle Again"
2002 Friends Ms. McKenna Episode: "The One Where Emma Cries"
2004 Neurotica The Neighbor
2003–2004 The Bernie Mac Show Leora 2 episodes: "Meet the Grandparents" and "Make Room for Caddy"
2004 Proud Larry's mother
2004 Christmas at Water's Edge Mrs. Turner TV film
2005, 2010 One Life to Live Lisa Williamson 9 episodes
2011 Tyler Perry's House of Payne Evelyn Episode: "A Mother's Payne"
2015 Life Twirls On Aunt Lorraine TV series
2016 No Letting Go Dr. Stacey Slater Film
Ward of the State Diana Ward Film
Not Another Black Movie Aunt Gloria Film
2017 Marcus Garvey Biopic Sarah Jane Richards Film
Video games
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2013 Grand Theft Auto V Denise Clinton
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2014
Grand Theft Auto V Behind the Voice Actors Award for Best Vocal Ensemble in a Video Game Nominated
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Janet Hubert Biography". Biography. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Tango: Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Awards and Nominations
Jump up ^ McCann, Bob (2010). Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television. McFarland & Company. p. 170. ISBN 9780786437900.
Jump up ^ "Cats". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
Jump up ^ "Smith, Whitten Feud Over Her 'Fresh Prince' Exit", Jet, p. 59, 30 August 1993, ISSN 0021-5996
External links
Janet Hubert on IMDb
"Smith, Whitten feud over her 'Fresh Prince' exit". Jet. 1993-08-30.
"Ex-Aunt Vivian Has Her Own Studio and a Little Fresh Prince". The Los Angeles Times. 1993-08-23.
"Whitten Riled By Recent Firing From NBC-TVs 'Fresh Prince Of Bel-Air'". Jet. 1993-08-09.
"'Bel-Air's' Smith sued". Variety. 1993-12-15.
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WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb15034034r (data)
ISNI: 0000 0000 7845 9197
VIAF: 34737340
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janet_Hubert&oldid=845346089"
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Proto-industrialization
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Proto-industrialization (also spelled proto-industrialisation) was a possible phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded, and created conditions for, the establishment of fully industrial societies. Proto-industrialisation generally refers to the phase before industrialisation. Proto-industrialization was marked by the increasing involvement of agrarian families in market-oriented craft production, mainly through the putting-out system organized by merchant capitalists. It was an effective method of production which was controlled by merchants and had links to developing European consumerism. However, the phase was not observed across Europe, and nor did it always smoothly transition into the Industrial Revolution proper.
The term was coined by F. F. Mendels in 1972,[1] though a UNESCO colloquium on the 10th anniversary of the deaths of Einstein and Teilhard de Chardin and published in 1971 discusses "the basis for proto-industrialization".[2]
The applicability of proto-industrialization in Europe has since been challenged. M.J. Daunton, for example, argues that proto-industrialisation "excludes too much" to fully explain the expansion of industry: not only do proponents of proto-industrialisation ignore the vital town-based industries in pre-industrial economies, but also ignores "rural and urban industry based upon non-domestic organisation", referring to how mines, mills, forges and furnaces fit into the agrarian economy.[3]
Initially using surplus labor available during slow periods of the agricultural seasons, proto-industrialization led to specialization - not only in industrial production but also in commercial agricultural production. This allowed reciprocal trade favored by regional economies of scale. It resulted in accumulation of capital and in the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills by merchant capitalists, which facilitated the development of large-scale, and capital-intensive production methods in the full industrialization phase that followed.
Proto-industrialization sparked social changes in traditional agrarian societies that would become more marked during full industrialization, such as greater independence of women and children, who gained a means of income separate from the family subsistence farm. During this phase of industrialisation, machines were not used. They were not even invented at that time. People could only use their hands or any hand-made material to produce required goods.[citation needed]
The term proto-industrialization has also been used in reference to Mughal India during the 17th–18th centuries, when the Indian subcontinent experienced a growth in manufacturing industries and its economy had similar conditions to 18th-century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mendels, Frank. F. (1972). "Proto-industrialization: The First Phase of the Industrialization Process". Economic History Review.
Jump up ^ UNESCO, ed. (1971). Science and synthesis. An International Colloquium organized by Unesco on the Tenth Anniversary of the Death of Albert Einstein and Teilhard de Chardin. [By] René Maheu, Ferdinand Gonseth, J. Robert Oppenheimer [and others]. Barbara M. Crook (translation). Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 30. ISBN 9780387053448. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
Jump up ^ Daunton, Martin (1995). Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain 1700-1850. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. p. 169. ISBN 0-19-822281-5.
Jump up ^ Lex Heerma van Voss, Els Hiemstra-Kuperus, Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk (2010). "The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India". The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers, 1650-2000. Ashgate Publishing. p. 255. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Further reading[edit]
Mendels, F.F. (1972). "Proto-industrialization: The first phase of the industrialization process". Journal of Economic History. 32: 241–261.
Hudson, P. (1990). "Proto-industrialisation". Recent Findings of Research in Economics and Social History. 10: 1–4.
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Daniela Ruah
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This name uses Portuguese naming customs. The first or maternal family name is Korn and the second or paternal family name is Ruah.
Daniela Ruah
Ruah at the 2012 Monte-Carlo Television Festival
Born
Daniela Sofia Korn Ruah
(1983-12-02) December 2, 1983 (age 34)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Nationality
Portuguese; American[1]
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2000–present
Spouse(s)
David Paul Olsen (m. 2014)
Children
2
Daniela Sofia Korn Ruah (born December 2, 1983)[2] is a Portuguese-American actress best known for playing NCIS Special Agent Kensi Blye in the CBS police procedural series NCIS: Los Angeles. Height: 1.77 meters
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Ruah was born in Boston, U.S., to Jewish parents from Portugal, where her mother is an otologist and her father is an ENT surgeon.[3] When Ruah was 5, the family moved back to Portugal,[3] where she attended an English-language school and, at 16, began acting in telenovelas.[4] She won a Portuguese-television dance competition.[3]
Ruah moved to England at 18 and earned a Bachelor of Arts in performing arts from London Metropolitan University.[5] She returned to Portugal where she continued acting, and in 2007 moved to New York City to study at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute.[5]
Her heritage is Sephardic Jewish and Ashkenazi Jewish.[3] Her father is of Portuguese-Moroccan Jewish ancestry, and her mother's family were Russian-Ukrainian Jews who immigrated to Portugal.[6]
Career[edit]
Ruah started acting in Portuguese soap operas when she was a teen. Her first acting role came at 16, when she played Sara on the soap opera Jardins Proibidos ("Forbidden Gardens"). [7]
At 18, she moved to London to study at the London Metropolitan University, where she earned a First in Performing Arts. Ruah returned to Portugal to pursue her acting career. She was the winner of the celebrity dancing competition Dança Comigo (the Portuguese version of Dancing with the Stars)[3][8] and got main roles in television series, short films, and theatre.[9] In 2007, she moved to New York to study at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute.[9]
Ruah stars as Special Agent Kensi Blye in NCIS: Los Angeles, which first aired on September 22, 2009. In 2011, she portrayed the character in a crossover guest appearance on the series Hawaii Five-0.[10]
In 2013, Ruah appeared in David Auburn's dramatic play Proof at Los Angeles' Hayworth Theatre.[11]
On 8 January 2018, it was confirmed that Ruah would co-host the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 in Lisbon, Portugal alongside Catarina Furtado, Sílvia Alberto and Filomena Cautela.[12][13]
Personal life[edit]
Ruah has a distinguishable birthmark in her right eye, called the nevus of Ota.[4]
Ruah and then fiancé David Paul Olsen, the elder brother and stunt double of Ruah's NCIS: Los Angeles co-star Eric Christian Olsen,[14] had son River Isaac Ruah Olsen on December 30, 2013.[15] Six months later, on June 17, 2014, Ruah and Olsen married in Portugal in an interfaith marriage. Olsen is Lutheran.[6][16][17] Ruah and Olsen had a second child, daughter Sierra Esther Ruah Olsen, on September 4, 2016.[18][19]
Filmography[edit]
Films
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2012 Red Tails Sofia
Brave Merida Portuguese Version
Animated Film
Short Films
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2006 Canaviais Margarida Portuguese short film
2008 Blind Confession Woman
2009 Safe Haven Angela Bowery
Midnight Passion Sophie
2011 Tu & Eu Sophie Asians on Film Festival Award for Best Ensemble Cast – Short Film
2016 Excuse Brenda
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2000–01 Jardins Proibidos Sara Main Cast
Portuguese soap opera broadcast by TVI
2001 Filha do Mar Constança Valadas
Querida Mãe Zezinha Portuguese television film broadcast by SIC
Elsa, Uma Mulher Assim Mónica Portuguese miniseries broadcast by RTP
Season 1, Episode 11
2004 Inspector Max Verónica Botelho Portuguese TV series broadcast by TVI
1 episode, "Marcas do Passado"
2005–06 Dei-te Quase Tudo Rita Cruz Main Cast
Portuguese soap opera broadcast by TVI
2006 Dança Comigo Herself Portuguese version of Dancing with the Stars broadcast by RTP
Winner of the first season
2006–07 Tu e Eu Daniela Pinto Main Cast
Portuguese soap opera broadcast by TVI
2008 Casos da Vida Rita Portuguese TV series broadcast by TVI
1 episode, "Passo em Falso"
2009 Guiding Light Gigi Season 1, Episode 15628
NCIS Kensi Blye 2 pilot episodes: "Legend"
She was part of a guest cast including Chris O'Donnell, LL Cool J, Barrett Foa, Peter Cambor and Louise Lombard
2009–present NCIS: Los Angeles Series regular, 216 episodes
Golden Globe Award (Portugal) for Newcomer of the Year
TV Action Icon Award 2011 of Celebrity & Stuntwomen's Awards
Nominated-Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Action Actress.[20]
2011 Hawaii Five-0 Crossover with NCIS: Los Angeles
Episode: "Ka Hakaka Maika'i"
2018 Eurovision Song Contest 2018 Herself Host
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://articlebio.com/daniela-ruah
Jump up ^ "Daniela Ruah profile". TVGuide.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Henerson, Evan (November 8, 2012). "Film Fest celebrates Sephardim". Jewish Journal. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Sancton, Julian (August 8, 2011). "Daniela Ruah Officially Checks In". Esquire. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hollywood movie and major LA pilot for London Met graduate". London Metropolitan University. October 19, 2009. Archived from the original on October 24, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Miller, Gerri (August 28, 2014). "NCIS: Los Angeles' Daniela Ruah on Interfaith Marriage and Motherhood". InterfaithFamily.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "IMDB Daniela Ruah". Retrieved April 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nicki Gostin (February 29, 2012). "Meet the 'NCIS:LA' star who won 'Dancing' in another country". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Maria Ana Ventura (November 1, 2011). "Daniela Ruah – Shoot for the stars". UP Magazine. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Sandra (September 7, 2011). "'NCIS: LA' exec producer spills on Kensi's trip to 'Hawaii Five-0', possibility of another crossover". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ King, Susan (May 7, 2013). "The Whitmore family will never grow out of this stage". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 7, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Quatro mulheres apresentam Festival Eurovisão da Canção em Lisboa". RTP Notícias (in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Here come the girls! Presenters of Eurovision 2018 revealed!". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Monica Rizzo (September 16, 2013). "Baby Boy on the Way for Daniela Ruah". People. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Michaud, Sarah; Gomez, Patrick (January 5, 2014). "Daniela Ruah Welcomes Son River Isaac". People. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Frith, Vanessa (June 19, 2014). "'NCIS: LA' Daniela Ruah & David Olsen Marry". Enstarz.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ruah, Daniela (June 21, 2014). "Just lived the best week of my life; I married my best friend. [...]". Verified Twitter account. Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ruah, Daniela (September 7, 2016). "Apparently she thought Labor Day weekend [...]". Daniela Ruah Verified Instagram account. On September 4th we welcomed little Miss Sierra Esther Ruah Olsen!
Jump up ^ Kimble, Lindsay; Michaud, Sarah (September 7, 2016). "Daniela Ruah Welcomes Daughter Sierra Esther". People. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lindsay Soll (June 14, 2010). "Teen Choice Awards 2010: First Round Of Nominees Announced". Hollywoodcrush.mtv.com. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daniela Ruah.
Daniela Ruah on IMDb
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Volodymyr Ostapchuk, Oleksandr Skichko and Timur Miroshnychenko Eurovision Song Contest presenter
(with Sílvia Alberto, Filomena Cautela, and Catarina Furtado)
2018 Succeeded by
Incumbent
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